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tilyupo

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trivia_qa

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[ { "answer": "None", "passage": "A 1942 survey of former major league managers pointed the finger toward Ty Cobb as the greatest baseball player of all time. Many great players have surfaced on the diamond, but none out-hit, outplayed, or out-hustled the man they called \"The Georgia Peach.\" According to the Elias Sports Bureau, during 24 seasons, most with the Detroit Tigers and a couple with the Philadelphia Athletics, Cobb compiled a .367 batting average, the highest in the history of the game. He is the leader in runs scored with 2,245, and was the all-time hit leader until the mid-1980s when Pete Rose eclipsed him. In 1936, Ty Cobb became the first inductee of baseball�s Hall of Fame, earning 222 out of a possible 226 votes.", "precise_score": 4.547369956970215, "rough_score": 7.229405879974365, "source": "search", "title": "The Official Web Site Of Ty Cobb ; Biography Of Ty Cobb" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "A 1942 survey of former Major League managers pointed the finger toward Ty Cobb as the greatest baseball player of all time. Many great players have surfaced on the diamond, but none out-hit, outplayed, or out-hustled the man they called \"The Georgia Peach.\" During 24 seasons, most with… more", "precise_score": 1.372621774673462, "rough_score": 2.2844316959381104, "source": "search", "title": "Ty Cobb - TV.com" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "After being admitted to the Olympics as a medal sport beginning with the 1992 Games, baseball was dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympic Games at the 2005 International Olympic Committee meeting. It remained part of the 2008 Games. The elimination of baseball, along with softball, from the 2012 Olympic program enabled the IOC to consider adding two different sports, but none received the votes required for inclusion. While the sport's lack of a following in much of the world was a factor, more important was Major League Baseball's reluctance to have a break during the Games to allow its players to participate, as the National Hockey League now does during the Winter Olympic Games. Such a break is more difficult for MLB to accommodate because it would force the playoffs deeper into cold weather. Seeking reinstatement for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the IBAF proposed an abbreviated competition designed to facilitate the participation of top players, but the effort failed. Major League Baseball initiated the World Baseball Classic, scheduled to precede the major league season, partly as a replacement, high-profile international tournament. The inaugural Classic, held in March 2006, was the first tournament involving national teams to feature a significant number of MLB participants. The Baseball World Cup was discontinued after its 2011 edition in favor of an expanded World Baseball Classic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.90320873260498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baseball" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "Baseball has certain attributes that set it apart from the other popular team sports in the countries where it has a following, including American and Canadian football, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer. All of these sports use a clock; in all of them, play is less individual and more collective; and in none of them is the variation between playing fields nearly as substantial or important. The comparison between cricket and baseball demonstrates that many of baseball's distinctive elements are shared in various ways with its cousin sports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517502784729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baseball" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "Another bittersweet moment in Cobb's life reportedly came in the late 1940s, when he and sportswriter Grantland Rice were returning from the Masters golf tournament. Stopping at a Greenville, South Carolina liquor store, Cobb noticed that the man behind the counter was none other than \"Shoeless\" Joe Jackson, who had been banned from baseball almost 30 years earlier following the Black Sox scandal. But Jackson did not appear to recognize him, and after making his purchase an incredulous Cobb asked, \"Don't you know me, Joe?\" \"I know you\", replied Jackson, \"but I wasn't sure you wanted to speak to me. A lot of them don't.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.291647911071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ty Cobb" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "The American League won every All-Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home-field advantage from 2002, when it also had home-field advantage based on the alternating schedule, through 2009. From 2003 to 2010, the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times, but none of them had gone the full seven games. Since then, the 2011 and 2014 World Series have gone the full seven games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.283768653869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Series" }, { "answer": "None", "passage": "#Since their first championship in 1923, the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s, when they won none. Additionally, they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s. (They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s.) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row, winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939, and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.505921840667725, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Series" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bicycle moto x (cross)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "bicycle moto x cross" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bicycle moto x cross", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Bicycle moto x (cross)" }

[ { "answer": "Bicycle moto x (cross)", "passage": "Bicycle moto x (cross)", "precise_score": -2.5635876655578613, "rough_score": -2.767951726913452, "source": "search", "title": "bets basketball Archives - valleyresponsemagazinekern.com" }, { "answer": "Bicycle moto x (cross)", "passage": "29 A $300 D home Bicycle moto x (cross).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454302787780762, "source": "search", "title": "Abcde home. What state are the Magic from? answer Q $100 B ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "brooklyn dodgers in 1938" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "brooklyn dodgers in 1938", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938" }

[ { "answer": "The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938", "passage": "After retiring from playing, Ruth was the first base coach of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938 but he lasted only one season before quitting.", "precise_score": 6.851762771606445, "rough_score": 6.956074237823486, "source": "search", "title": "Babe Ruth Biography - ESPN" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "350 pounds minimum is 200 pounds" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "350 pounds minimum is 200 pounds", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds" }

[ { "answer": "350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds", "passage": "31 A $300 E home 350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds.", "precise_score": -4.412145614624023, "rough_score": -8.263553619384766, "source": "search", "title": "Abcde home. What state are the Magic from? answer Q $100 B ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "joe nickro in 1976 nickro pitcher with houston astros hit four bagger off his brother phil who was pitching fro atlanta braves houston won game 4 3" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "joe nickro in 1976 nickro pitcher with houston astros hit four bagger off his brother phil who was pitching fro atlanta braves houston won game 4 3", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3" }

[ { "answer": "Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3", "passage": "Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3.", "precise_score": 1.4450005292892456, "rough_score": -2.1701414585113525, "source": "search", "title": "TRIVIA - SPORTS - cecilbuffington.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "23 years third baseman robinson played with baltimore orioles from 1955 to 1977 carl yastrzemski outfielder first baseman played with boston red sox from 1961 to 1983" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "23 years third baseman robinson played with baltimore orioles from 1955 to 1977 carl yastrzemski outfielder first baseman played with boston red sox from 1961 to 1983", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983" }

[ { "answer": "23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983", "passage": "23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983.", "precise_score": 3.7464213371276855, "rough_score": 6.136710166931152, "source": "search", "title": "TRIVIA - SPORTS - cecilbuffington.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "at least 6 grams silver medals must be at least 925 sterling silver" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "at least 6 grams silver medals must be at least 925 sterling silver", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver" }

[ { "answer": "At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver", "passage": "At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver.", "precise_score": -1.7414066791534424, "rough_score": -6.268629550933838, "source": "search", "title": "TRIVIA - SPORTS - cecilbuffington.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mormon leader Brigham Young" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "mormon leader brigham young" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mormon leader brigham young", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Mormon leader Brigham Young" }

[ { "answer": "Mormon leader Brigham Young", "passage": "Young was inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame on 7 August 2005… Young is a great-great-great-grandson of Mormon leader Brigham Young .", "precise_score": 2.229611873626709, "rough_score": -4.969079494476318, "source": "search", "title": "Steve Young Biography (Football Player) - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Mormon leader Brigham Young", "passage": "Mormon leader Brigham Young.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13210678100586, "source": "search", "title": "TRIVIA - SPORTS - cecilbuffington.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "only wimbledon trophy is gold others for u s open french open and australian open are sliver" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "only wimbledon trophy is gold others for u s open french open and australian open are sliver", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver" }

[ { "answer": "Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver", "passage": "Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver.", "precise_score": 0.5899773240089417, "rough_score": -5.020352840423584, "source": "search", "title": "TRIVIA - SPORTS - cecilbuffington.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "New York bagel", "American bagel", "Biegel", "Bagels", "Beygl", "The Bagel", "“everything” bagel", "Bagel", "New York-style bagel", "Water bagel", "%22Everything%22 Bagel", "Everything bagel", "Salt bagel", "BAGELS", "%22everything%22 bagel", "Beigel", "Bagles", "New York style bagel", "Everything Bagel" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "bagel", "beigel", "water bagel", "american bagel", "22everything 22 bagel", "new york style bagel", "everything bagel", "salt bagel", "biegel", "bagels", "bagles", "beygl", "“everything” bagel", "new york bagel" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bagel", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Bagel" }

[ { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Contrary to some beliefs, the bagel was not created in the shape of a stirrup to commemorate the victory of Poland's King John III Sobieski over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Linguist Leo Rosten wrote in \"The Joys of Yiddish\" about the first known mention of the Polish word bajgiel derived from the Yiddish word bagel in the \"Community Regulations\" of the city of Kraków in 1610, which stated that the item was given as a gift to women in childbirth. ", "precise_score": -3.2503349781036377, "rough_score": -4.289782524108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Beygl", "passage": "Variants of the word beugal are used in Yiddish and in Austrian German to refer to a somewhat similar form of sweet filled pastry (Mohnbeugel (with poppy seeds) and Nussbeugel (with ground nuts), or in southern German dialects (where beuge refers to a pile, e.g., holzbeuge \"woodpile\"). According to the Merriam-Webster's dictionary, 'bagel' derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish 'beygl', which came from the Middle High German 'böugel' or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English bēag \"ring\" and būgan \"to bend, bow\". Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German beugel, a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German bügel, a stirrup or ring. ", "precise_score": -4.655496597290039, "rough_score": -2.318164825439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "The ideal bagel should have a slightly crispy crust, a distinct \"pull\" when a piece is separated from the whole by biting or pinching, a chewy inside, and the flavor of bread freshly baked. The taste of a bagel may additionally be complemented by additions cooked on the bagel, such as onion, garlic, sesame seeds, or poppy seeds. The appeal of a bagel may change upon being toasted. Toasting can have the effect of bringing or removing desirable chewiness, softening the crust, and moderating off-flavors.", "precise_score": -9.308954238891602, "rough_score": -8.7566556930542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "New York bagel", "passage": "In distinction, the \"New York bagel\" contains salt and malt and is boiled in water before baking in a standard oven. The resulting bagel is puffy with a moist crust, while the \"Montreal\" bagel is smaller (though with a larger hole), crunchier, and sweeter. There is also a belief that \"New York bagel\" are the best due to the quality of the local water. However, this belief is still heavily debated. For instance, Davidovich Bagels, made in NYC, are a recognized wholesale manufacturer of bagels that still use these traditional bagel making techniques (associated here with the \"Montreal-style bagel\"), including kettle boiling and plank baking in a wood fired oven. ", "precise_score": -9.037384033203125, "rough_score": -9.537654876708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Poppy seeds are sometimes referred to by their Yiddish name, spelled either mun or mon (written מאָן), which is very similar to the German word for poppy, Mohn, as used in Mohnbrötchen. American chef John Mitzewich suggests a recipe for what he calls “San Francisco-Style Bagels”. His recipe yields bagels flatter than New York-style bagels, characterized by a rough-textured crust. ", "precise_score": -5.074803829193115, "rough_score": -8.500337600708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Breakfast bagels, a softer, sweeter variety usually sold in fruity or sweet flavors (e.g., cherry, strawberry, cheese, blueberry, cinnamon-raisin, chocolate chip, maple syrup, banana and nuts) are commonly sold by large supermarket chains. These are usually sold sliced and are intended to be prepared in a toaster.", "precise_score": -5.102116107940674, "rough_score": -8.916802406311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The New York Style Snacks brand has developed the baked snacks referred to as Bagel Crisps and Bagel Chips, which are marketed as a representation of the \"authentic taste\" of New York City bakery bagels. ", "precise_score": -8.525314331054688, "rough_score": -8.528180122375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "\"Bagel\" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straight—e.g., \"I slept a bagel last night.\" There are various opinions as to the origins of this term. It may be a reference to the fact that bagel dough has to \"rest\" for at least 12 hours between mixing and baking, or simply to the fact that the hour hand on a clock traces a bagel shape over the course of twelve hours.", "precise_score": -8.34373664855957, "rough_score": -9.37380599975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "In Tennis, a \"bagel\" refers to a player winning a set 6–0, and winning a match 6–0, 6–0, 6–0 is called a \"triple bagel\".", "precise_score": -9.273340225219727, "rough_score": -9.620894432067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "According to legend, the world's first bagel was produced in 1783 as a tribute to Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. The king, a renowned horseman, had just saved the people of Austria from an onslaught by Turkish invaders. In gratitude, a local baker shaped yeast dough into the shape of stirrup to honor him and called it the Austrian word for stirrup, beugel. The roll soon became a hit throughout Eastern Europe. Over time, its shape evolved into a circle with a hole in the center and its named was converted to its modern form, bagel.", "precise_score": 1.7830320596694946, "rough_score": -7.3431830406188965, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1683 -- According to legend the first bagels rolled into the world in 1683 when a Viennese baker wanted to pay tribute to Jan Sobieski, the King of Poland. King Jan had just saved the people of Austria from an onslaught of Turkish invaders. The King was a great horseman, and the baker decided to shape the yeast dough into an uneven circle resembling a stirrup (or 'beugal'). (Other German variations of the word are: 'beigel', meaning 'ring', and 'bugel', meaning bracelet.)", "precise_score": -1.3623230457305908, "rough_score": -8.495203018188477, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "The history of the bagel, the familiar breakfast food that only looks like a doughnut", "precise_score": -4.274652481079102, "rough_score": -9.090571403503418, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "A common breakfast among commuters, bagels stand alone as the only bread that is boiled before it is baked, providing chewiness instead of brittle crumbs. Yeast dough is shaped into rings, allowed to rise, then briefly tossed into vigorously boiling water for a few seconds. Then it is baked, where the prior boiling creates a chewy texture. Those that like a bit of gloss on the crust can brush them with sugar water, the traditional method, or egg, a more modern method abhorred by purists.", "precise_score": -6.912604331970215, "rough_score": -9.546927452087402, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "The origin of the bagel is up for debate, although it seems to have early taken a foothold in Poland. The first printed mention occurs in Krakow, in 1610 in a list of community regulations that stipulate that bagels are to be given to pregnant women. (Interestingly, given the bagel's association as a 'Jewish' food, there is no mention of religion in this regulation-apparently Christian women ate bagels as well). Others support the theory that an Austrian baker created a stirrup (or 'beugal') made out of dough to give to the King of Poland in 1683, in thanks for his help in defeating the Turks, and in honor of his great horsemanship. (Other German variations of the word are: 'beigel', meaning 'ring', and 'bugel', meaning bracelet.)", "precise_score": 0.7109107971191406, "rough_score": -7.783969879150391, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "     Purists tend to favour this theory for two reasons. First, the traditional hand-rolled bagel  remains less than perfect in shape. Instead of the symmetry of a doughnut, good bagels skew into a \"stirrup-like\" shape. Second, the Austrian word for \"stirrup\" is beugel.", "precise_score": 3.342494249343872, "rough_score": -1.5232205390930176, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "     Over the years, the \"traditional\" bagel flavours, sesame seed, poppy seed, and plain, have been joined by almost a dozen other varieties, from cinnamon and raisin to Muesli. But the essence of the bagel remains the same, and fresh, hot bagels have become a daily staple for thousands of people in the Ottawa region.", "precise_score": -9.074333190917969, "rough_score": -9.438496589660645, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": ", Austria . The story goes that in 1683 a (probably) Jewish baker wanted to thank the king of Poland for protecting his countrymen from Turkish invaders and celebrate victory in the Battle of Vienna. In order to do this he made a special bread roll in the shape of a riding stirrup, known as a 'Steigbügel' in German. However, another theory is that the bagel originated in Krakow Poland sometime earlier. There are historical references to women being given 'beygls' as a gift during childbirth. Bagels are still used by mothers as teething rings today.", "precise_score": -1.8790953159332275, "rough_score": -7.272733688354492, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "bagel (BAY-guhl) – Bagel derives from the Yiddish word beygl, which comes from the German word beugel meaning a “bracelet.”  Bagels are bread rolls in the shape of a doughnut or an old-fashioned curtain ring.  The brown crust is obtained on the rolls by first boiling them in water and then baking them in an oven.", "precise_score": -2.9196693897247314, "rough_score": -9.631913185119629, "source": "search", "title": "Culinary Dictionary - B, Food Dictionary, Whats Cooking ..." }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "History:  According to legend, the world’s first bagel was produced in 1683 as a tribute to Jan Sobieski, King of Poland.  The king, a renowned horseman, had just saved the people of Austria from an onslaught by Turkish invaders.  In gratitude, a local baker shaped yeast dough into the shape of stirrup to honor him and called it the Austrian word for stirrup, “beugel.”  The roll soon became a hit throughout Eastern Europe.", "precise_score": 1.9312373399734497, "rough_score": -7.8686676025390625, "source": "search", "title": "Culinary Dictionary - B, Food Dictionary, Whats Cooking ..." }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "A bagel ( '; ), also spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, which is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust, with the traditional ones being poppy, sunflower or sesame seeds. Some also may have salt sprinkled on their surface, and there are also a number of different dough types, such as whole-grain or rye. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.751096725463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Though the origins of bagels are somewhat obscure, it is known that they were widely consumed in eastern European Jewish communities from the 17th century. The first known mention of the bagel, in 1610, was in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928411483764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America, especially in cities with a large Jewish population, many with different ways of making bagels. Like other bakery products, bagels are available (either fresh or frozen, and often in many flavor varieties) in many major supermarkets in those countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.859903335571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The basic roll-with-a-hole design is hundreds of years old and has other practical advantages besides providing for a more even cooking and baking of the dough: the hole could be used to thread string or dowels through groups of bagels, allowing for easier handling and transportation and more appealing seller displays. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28238582611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels, or as locally spelled, \"beigels\", have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden dowels, up to a metre in length, on racks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47817325592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Bagels were brought to the United States by immigrant Polish Jews, with a thriving business developing in New York City [when? 1800? 1960?] that was controlled for decades by Bagel Bakers Local 338, which had contracts with nearly all bagel bakeries in and around the city for its workers, who prepared all their bagels by hand. The bagel came into more general use throughout North America in the last quarter of the 20th century, which was due at least partly to the efforts of bagel baker Harry Lender, his son, Murray Lender, and Florence Sender, who pioneered automated production and distribution of frozen bagels in the 1960s. Murray also invented pre-slicing the bagel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168129920959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "At its most basic, traditional bagel dough contains wheat flour (without germ or bran), salt, water, and yeast leavening. Bread flour or other high gluten flours are preferred to create the firm and dense but spongy bagel shape and chewy texture. Most bagel recipes call for the addition of a sweetener to the dough, often barley malt (syrup or crystals), honey, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, with or without eggs, milk or butter. Leavening can be accomplished using either a sourdough technique or using commercially produced yeast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462418556213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Bagels are traditionally made by:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256607055664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "* shaping the dough into the traditional bagel shape, round with a hole in the middle, from a long thin piece of dough", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253520965576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "* proofing the bagels for at least 12 hours at low temperature (40–50 °F = 4.5–10 °C)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422796249389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "* boiling each bagel in water that may or may not contain additives such as lye, baking soda, barley malt syrup, or honey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269688606262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "It is this unusual production method which is said to give bagels their distinctive taste, chewy texture, and shiny appearance. In recent years, a variant of this process has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. To make a steam bagel, the process of boiling is skipped, and the bagels are instead baked in an oven equipped with a steam injection system. In commercial bagel production, the steam bagel process requires less labor, since bagels need only be directly handled once, at the shaping stage. Thereafter, the bagels need never be removed from their pans as they are refrigerated and then steam-baked. The steam-bagel is not considered to be a genuine bagel by purists, as it results in a fluffier, softer, less chewy product more akin to a finger roll that happens to be shaped like a bagel. Steam bagels are also considered lower quality by purists as the dough used is intentionally more basic. The increase in pH is to aid browning, since the steam injection process uses neutral water steam instead of a basic solution bath.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023845672607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "If not consumed immediately, there are certain storing techniques that can help to keep the bagel moist and fresh. First, cool bagels in a paper bag, then wrap the paper bag in a plastic bag (attempting to rid the bags of as much air as possible without squishing the bagels), then freeze for up to six months. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420490264892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "Bagel quality ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299742698669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "The quality of a bagel may be evaluated by considering the experience it provides as it is eaten and its nutritional content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121681213378906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "A typical bagel has 260–350 calories, 1.0–4.5 grams of fat, 330–660 milligrams of sodium, and 2–5 grams of fiber. Gluten-free bagels have much more fat, often 9 grams, because of the presence in the dough of ingredients that supplant wheat flour in the original.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183120727539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Traditional bagels in North America can be either Montreal-style bagel or New York-style bagels, although both styles reflect traditional methods used in Eastern Europe before bagels' importation to North America. The distinction is less rigid than often maintained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324066162109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The \"Montreal style bagel\" contains malt and sugar with no salt; it is boiled in honey-sweetened water before baking in a wood-fired oven; and it is predominantly of the sesame \"white\" seeds variety (while, for instance, bagels in Toronto are similar to those made in New York in that they are less sweet, generally are coated with poppy seeds and are baked in a standard oven).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.693846702575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "New York bagel", "passage": "As suggested above, other bagel styles can be found in other places, akin to the way in which families within a given culture employ a variety of methods when cooking a specific indigenous dish. Thus, Chicago-style bagels are baked or baked with steam. The traditional London bagel (or beigel as it is spelled) is harder and has a coarser texture with air bubbles. Furthermore, in Canada the distinction is made between Montreal and Toronto bagels as opposed to the one cited here between Montreal and New York bagels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937273979187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The bublik in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and the obwarzanek (in particular obwarzanek krakowski) in Poland are essentially larger bagels, but having a wider hole. Similar to bagels, these breads are usually topped with sesame and poppy seeds. Other ring-shaped breads known among East Slavs are baranki (smaller and drier) and sushki (even smaller and drier). In Lithuania, similar breads are called riestainiai, and sometimes by their Slavic name baronkos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287877082824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "German pretzels, (which are soft and are either formed into rings or long rectangular shapes) are somewhat similar to bagels in texture, the main exceptions being the shape and the alkaline water bath that makes the surface dark and glossy. In addition, traditional Mohnbrötchen, which are covered in poppy seeds, have a similar flavour to many bagels in that they are slightly sweet and rather dense in texture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454221725463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "In Romania, covrigi are topped with poppy, sesame seeds or large salt grains, especially in the central area of the country, and the recipe does not contain any added sweetener. They are usually shaped like pretzels rathen than bagels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063748359680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "In some parts of Austria, ring-shaped pastries called Beugel are sold in the weeks before Easter. Like a bagel, the yeasted wheat dough, usually flavored with caraway, is boiled before baking. However, the Beugel is crispy and can be stored for weeks. Traditionally it has to be torn apart by two individuals before eating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079517364501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "In Turkey, a salty and fattier form is called açma. However, the ring-shaped simit, is sometimes marketed as Turkish bagel. Archival sources show that the simit has been produced in Istanbul since 1525. Based on Üsküdar court records (Şer’iyye Sicili) dated 1593, the weight and price of simit was standardized for the first time. Famous 17th-century traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote that there were 70 simit bakeries in Istanbul during the 1630s Jean Brindesi's early 19th-century oil-paintings about Istanbul daily life show simit sellers on the streets. Warwick Goble made an illustration of these simit sellers of Istanbul in 1906. Surprisingly, simit is very similar to the twisted sesame-sprinkled bagels pictured being sold in early 20th century Poland. Simit are also sold on the street in baskets or carts, like bagels were then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013360023498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "The Uyghurs of Xinjiang, China, enjoy a form of bagel known as girdeh nan (from Persian, meaning round bread), which is one of several types of nan, the bread eaten in Xinjiang. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496769905090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "In Japan, the first kosher bagels were brought by BagelK (ベーグルK) from New York in 1989. BagelK created green tea, chocolate, maple-nut, and banana-nut flavors for the market in Japan. There are three million bagels exported from the U.S. annually, and it has a 4%-of-duty classification of Japan in 2000. Some Japanese bagels, such as those sold by BAGEL & BAGEL, are soft and/or sweet; others, such as Einstein Bro. bagels sold by Costco in Japan (コストコ), are the same as in the U.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049118041992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "In New York City, the \"bagel brunch\" became popular circa 1900. The bagel brunch consists of a bagel topped with lox, cream cheese, capers, tomato and red onion. This and similar combinations of toppings have remained associated with bagels into the 21st century. Scott Rossillo, the owner and head baker of The Bagel Store located in Williamsburg, introduced The Rainbow Bagel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976319313049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "While normally and traditionally made of yeasted wheat, in the late 20th century many variations on the bagel flourished. Nontraditional versions which change the dough recipe include pumpernickel, rye, sourdough, bran, whole wheat, and multigrain. Other variations change the flavor of the dough, often using blueberry, salt, onion, garlic, egg, cinnamon, raisin, chocolate chip, cheese, or some combination of the above. Green bagels are sometimes created for St. Patrick's Day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838489532470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Many corporate chains now offer bagels in such flavors as chocolate chip and French toast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272623062133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Sandwich bagels have been popularized since the late 1990s by bagel specialty shops such as Bruegger's and Einstein Brothers, and fast food restaurants such as McDonald's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261709213256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "A flat bagel, known as a 'Flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. According to a review attributed to New York's Village Voice food critic Robert Seitsema, the Flagel was first created by Brooklyn's Tasty Bagels deli in the early 1990s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062376022338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Though the original bagel has a fairly well defined recipe and method of production, there is no legal standard of identity for bagels in the United States. Bakers are thus free to call any bread torus a bagel, even those that deviate wildly from the original formulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078863143920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "According to the American Institute of Baking (AIB), year 2008 supermarket sales (52 week period ending January 27, 2009) of the top eight leading commercial fresh (not frozen) bagel brands in the United States:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278093338012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "* the top eight leading brand names for the above were (by order of sales): Thomas', Sara Lee, (private label brands) Pepperidge Farm, Thomas Mini Squares, Lender's Bagels (Pinnacle Foods), Weight Watchers and The Alternative Bagel (Western Bagel).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680306434631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "Further, AIB-provided statistics for the 52 week period ending May 18, 2008, for refrigerated/frozen supermarket bagel sales for the top 10 brand names totaled US$50,737,860, based on 36,719,977 unit package sales. Price per package was $3.02 for fresh, $1.38 for frozen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381589889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The AIB reported US$626.9 million fresh bagel US supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 11 April 2012. Fresh/frozen supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 13 May 2012 was US$592.7 million. The average price for a bag of fresh bagels was $3.27, for frozen it was $1.23.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445764541625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagel" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "The Bagel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133980751037598, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "A Short History of the Bagel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326799392700195, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1880's -- Thousands of Eastern European Jews immigrated to the United States. They brought with them a desire for bagels. Soon bagels became closely associated with New York and Chicago, both cities with large Jewish populations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309152603149414, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "1907 -- A union just for bagel bakers is formed, the International Bakers Union, joining together 300 bakers. Only sons of union members could be apprenticed to learn the secrets of bagel baking in order to safeguard the culinary art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281832695007324, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "New York bagel", "passage": "1935 -- The first Bagel Boss opened, bringing high quality New York bagels to Long Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464800834655762, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1960s -- Bagel production skyrocketed as machines capable of producing 200 to 400 bagels per hour were popularized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463099479675293, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1987 -- Bagels made their way into mainstream America, sold around the country in grocery stores and listed as standard items on fast food menus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930744171142578, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "1988 -- Americans were eating an average of one bagel per month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378644943237305, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1993 -- America's consumption of bagels doubled to an average of one bagel every two weeks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352407455444336, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Despite being popular in Europe among the Jewish residents, it is in America that the bagel becomes widely popular, especially in Chicago and New York. The next bagel breakthrough came in 1872, with the making of cream cheese. In 1880, Philadelphia Cream Cheese was started, and in 1920, Breakstone Cream Cheese. In 1907, a union just for bagel bakers is formed, the International Bakers Union, joining together 300 bakers. Despite New York City's claims for having the best bagels, residents of Montreal would disagree, citing their wood-fired ovens and honey flavored boiling water makes for a superior product.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516266822814941, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "Polish émigré Harry Lender opens up Lender's Beigel Bakery in 1927 in West Haven, Connecticut. His primary customers are Jewish delicatessens in New York. His sons, Murray and Marvin take over the business as adults, and specialize in the flash-frozen bagel, allowing Americans nationwide to enjoy this previously ethnic and urban food. In 1984, having grown to 600 employees, they will be bought out by Kraft. H. Lender and Sons restaurants in Connecticut now receive the benefit of the true Lender's bagel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823046684265137, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "Why have they become so popular? Ease of eating, a greater degree of portability than toast, and a more satisfying chew than ordinary sandwich bread. Plain, they offer a non-sweet alternative to doughnuts (man, was I disappointed in my first bagel-what a terrible doughnut!) Their heartiness makes them more filling than a croissant, and without any type of topping (i.e. cream cheese, butter, or jelly), they are a reasonable 200 calories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590545654296875, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "When the Eastern European Jewish immigrants arrived in North America at the turn of the century, they brought the bagel with them. Many settled in Canada, giving cities like Toronto and Montreal their reputation for having superb bagels. The American bagel industry established formal roots in New York between 1910 and 1915 with the formation of Bagel Bakers Local #338. This exclusive group of 300 craftsmen with \"bagels in their blood\" limited its members to sons of its members. At the time, it was probably easier to get into medical school than to get an apprenticeship in one of the 36 union bagel shops in New York City and New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.731087684631348, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Professional bagel baking required know-how and backbreaking labor. Bagel makers' sons apprenticed for months to learn the trade. Men were paid by the piece and usually worked in teams of four. Two made the bagels, one baked, and a \"kettleman\" was in charge of boiling the bagels. The men earned 19 cents a box, and each box typically contained 64 bagels. It was not unusual for a team to make a hundred boxes a night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.881481170654297, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "With the rising of the yeast in countless bakeries, the popularity of the bagel rose far beyond the boundaries of ethnic neighborhoods. In the late 1950's and 1960's, bakers from New York and New Jersey began moving to other parts of the country. One such veteran who opened a bagel bakery in a suburb of Washington, D.C., in 1966, remembers his skeptical landlord nervously questioning, \"Who's gonna spend seven cents for one of those things?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849489212036133, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Prepackaged bagels first became available in grocery stores in the 1950's. With the introduction of frozen bagels in the 1960's, consumers had access to bagels even if they didn't live near a bagel bakery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296499252319336, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Bagel-making machines, a boon to commercial bakers, were also introduced in the early 1960's. The machines form bagels by extruding the dough through the ring shape. Inventor Dan Thompson says, \"I was born to invent a bagel machine. My father was thinking about a bagel-making machine when I was conceived.\" That may not be far from the truth, because Dan's father had a wholesale bakery in Winnipeg, Canada, and was already working on a bagel-making machine back in 1926. But it was far too complicated, too slow, and too costly to manufacture and wasn't commercially feasible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69006061553955, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "There were as many as fifty unsuccessful attempts to produce a bagel-making machine in the early twentieth century. The Thompson Bagel Machine Corporation developed the first viable model, despite \"doubting Thompsons\" who insisted that no machine would ever replace the human hand in forming bagels. Most of the early machines were leased by bakers who paid by the dozen on the time meter. Now most are purchased. Popular with \"Mom and Pop\" bagel bakeries is the single-bank Thompson model with a dough divider that forms 175 dozen (2,100) bagels an hour. Large-scale production companies use multiples of the double-bank machine, each of which produces 400 dozen (4,800) bagels hourly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785656929016113, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "� The Father of the Bagel was probably an unknown Viennese baker, who wanted to pay tribute to the King of Poland. In 1683, King Jan had just saved the people of Austria from an onslaught of Turkish invaders. As the King was an avid and accomplished horseman, the baker decided to shape the yeast dough into an uneven circle resembling a stirrup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.977380752563477, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "     The Canadian history of the bagel is much clearer. When Vincenzo Piazza brought the \"Montreal-style\" bagel to Ottawa in 1984, he was the first to have a wood-burning oven and hand-rolled bagels. It takes a roller over three months of training to reach the necessary speed of rolling 40 bagels every three minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855402946472168, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "What is a bagel? Well, it's essentially a bread roll with a hole in it. However, it's the texture that makes it distinct. The outside is usually brown and slightly crispy. Once you bite inside, it's usually dense, chewy and doughy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995665550231934, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "These bready bites come in a variety of flavours and are often topped with seeds baked onto the outer crust. Legend has it that the bagel originated in", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607158660888672, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "The bagels popularity in Eastern Europe spread and eventually these bread rolls made their way to Russia where they were sold on strings and viewed as a symbol of good luck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976776123046875, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "At the turn of the 20th century,Eastern Europe immigrants began pouring into North America and with them brought their recipes for bagels. Many settled in Canada and in 1919 Isabel Shlafman opened the first bagel bakery in Montreal in a lane just of the street which was at that time known as 'The Main'. Today this street is Saint-Lawrence Boulevard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758501052856445, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The bagels were rolled by hand and baked in a wood-fired oven, as they still are today in the bakery's present location on which lent the bakery its name. The Original Fairmount Bakery officially opened for business in this spot in 1949 in what was a converted cottage housing the family above the shop. The family still runs the business today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709643363952637, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "The bakery is open 24 hours and seven days a week. There are often queues out the door as customers line up to purchase the fresh bagel in flavours as diverse as sun-dried tomato and chocolate chip. Also on sale is a selection of accompaniments such as smoked salmon, tzaziki and cream cheese. Bagelicious!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086539268493652, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Bagels for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner in Montreal, Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685710906982422, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "The History of Bagels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292662620544434, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "1880s -- Hundreds of thousands of Eastern European Jews emigrated to America, bringing with them a love for bagels. New York City vendors used the bagel's hole-in-the-middle shape to their merchandising advantage by threading them onto dowels and selling them on street corners throughout the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227361679077148, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "1907 -- The International Bagel Bakers Union was founded in New York City. Only sons of union members could be apprenticed to learn the secrets of bagel baking in order to safeguard the culinary art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367339134216309, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "1927 -- Polish baker Harry Lender opened the first bagel plant outside New York City in New Haven, Conn. The bagel's popularity began to spread in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438621520996094, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1960s -- Bagel production skyrocketed as machines capable of producing 200 to 400 bagels per hour were popularized and the tradition of hand-forming bagels virtually vanished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405461311340332, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1987 -- Bagels made their way into mainstream America, sold around the country in grocery stores and listed as standard items on fast food menus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930744171142578, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "1988 -- Americans were eating an average of one bagel per month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378644943237305, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "American bagel", "passage": "1993 -- American bagel consumption doubled to an average of one bagel every two weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46963882446289, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "1997 -- Schnucks' Nancy Anne Bakery introduced 17 bagels reformulated to match the special tastes and texture desires of Midwesterners, along with six cream cheese spreads, four types of bagel melts and eight bagel sandwiches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80501937866211, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagels", "passage": "Q: Why do Bagels have a hole in the middle?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413897514343262, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "A:The hole in the center of the bagel ensures that it bakes and boils evenly. Because its dough is fairly dense, the hole in the center allows for water and heat to circulate around the most surface area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173453330993652, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "Bagel", "passage": "Other Interesting Bagel Facts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392189025878906, "source": "search", "title": "The Bagel - Haruth" }, { "answer": "The Bagel", "passage": "Over time, its shape evolved into a circle with a hole in the center and its named was converted to its modern form, bagel.  In the 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Eastern European Jews immigrated to America, bringing with them a love for bagels.  In 1927, Polish baker Harry Lender opened the first bagel plant outside New York City in New Haven, Conn.  The bagel’s popularity began to spread in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078291893005371, "source": "search", "title": "Culinary Dictionary - B, Food Dictionary, Whats Cooking ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mothers ruin", "List of gins", "List of gin brands", "London Dry Gin", "GIN", "Gins", "Gin" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "list of gins", "mothers ruin", "london dry gin", "gin", "list of gin brands", "gins" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "gin", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Gin" }

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{ "aliases": [ "Houstonians", "Houston, Texas", "The City of Houston", "Houstan, TX", "Houston texas", "City of Houston", "Media of Houston", "Houston city", "Houstan, Texas", "Houston, Texas, USA", "Ciudadehouston.org", "Media in Houston", "Houston Texas", "Houston, Texas (redir)", "Houston, USA", "The Energy Capital of the World", "Houston, United States", "Houston, Texas, U.S.A.", "Houston, Texas, U.S.", "Houstontx.gov", "Houston, TX, USA", "Houston, US-TX", "Hoston", "UN/LOCODE:USHOU", "Houston, Texas, United States", "Houston, Tx", "Houston", "Houston, texas", "Houston,Texas", "Houston, Tex.", "Houstan", "Houston (TX)", "Houston TX", "Houston,TX", "City of Houston, Texas", "Houston, TX", "Houston,Texas, United States" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "houston texas usa", "houstonians", "ciudadehouston org", "houston city", "houstan texas", "hoston", "un locode ushou", "houstontx gov", "media of houston", "houston", "houston us tx", "houston usa", "houston tx usa", "houston texas redir", "houston texas", "houston texas u s", "houston united states", "city of houston", "houstan tx", "houston tx", "city of houston texas", "houston texas united states", "energy capital of world", "houston tex", "houstan", "media in houston" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "houston texas", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Houston Texas" }

[ { "answer": "Houston", "passage": "ABOUT VIETNAMESE SPRING ROLLS \"When New York Times food writer Craig Claiborne wrote about Routhier and her Vietnamese spring roll, or cha gio, he catapulted her into the culinary limelight. In the 1985 article about upcoming young chefs, he praised her creation as \"the best cha gio I have eaten since - in fact, I found them the equal of those in Vietnam.\" As they say, the rest is history. Between writing cookbooks and teaching classes, Houstonian Routhier continues to make her famous Vietnamese spring rolls for friends and relatives.", "precise_score": -10.461642265319824, "rough_score": -10.108880996704102, "source": "search", "title": "The Food Timeline: history notes--Asian-American cuisine" }, { "answer": "Houston", "passage": "About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (including suburbs); about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions, the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California. In 2008, 273 incorporated places had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four global cities had over two million (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston). There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million. Of the 50 fastest-growing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South. The metro areas of San Bernardino, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312400817871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States" }, { "answer": "Houston", "passage": "---\"For fresh, contemporary flavor with ancient Asian flair, nothing beats; SPRING ROLLS,\" The Houston Chronicle, July 26, 2000, (Food P. 1)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.521653175354004, "source": "search", "title": "The Food Timeline: history notes--Asian-American cuisine" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds", "passage": "6. Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second? (Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds.)", "precise_score": 9.759073257446289, "rough_score": 10.10532283782959, "source": "search", "title": "Corners of the Globe - DHS International Week 2014" }, { "answer": "Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds", "passage": "How did pound cake get its name? A: From the one-pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs, and flour) in the original recipe. What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for \"stirrup\"? A: The Bagel. What animal is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese? A: The ewe, or female sheep. Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle? A: The animal-shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty-and packaged so they could be hung from Christmas trees. How did the manufacturers of Old Grand-Dad bourbon get away with producing their whisky during Prohibition? A: The marked the bottles \"for medicinal purposes.\" What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores? A: Gin. What beverage did Pope Clement VIII officially recognize as a Christian drink in an edict issued in 1592? A: Coffee, which had been introduced to Europe by Arab traders and was considered by many Roman Catholics to be the wine of infidels. In wine making, what is the must? A: The juice drawn from the grapes but not yet fermented into wine. What elaborate confection was inspired by St. Bride's Church in London? A: The tiered wedding cake-which was based on the tiered spire of the church, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. On what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath? A: The onion. Its round shape symbolized eternity. How was the dish we know as chicken a la king first listed when it was added to the menu at New York's Delmonico's restaurant in the 1880's? A: As chicken a la Keene-it was named in honor of Foxhall Keene, a regular at Delmonico's. What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States? A: Houston Texas. What drink is named for the wormwood plant? A: Vermouth, which is flavored with wormwood (vermout in French; wermut in German)-so called because the bitter-tasting plant was once used as a cure for intestinal worms. Only the harmless blossoms of the plant, not its toxic leave, are used in making vermouth. Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second? A: Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds. When Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it? A: Frosted food. What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree? A: Nutmeg, which is produced from he kernel; and mace, which is produced from the kernel's lacy covering. How many different animal shapes are there in the \"Animal Crackers\" cookie zoo? A: Eighteen-two bears (one walking, one seated), a bison, camel, cougar, elephant, giraffe, gorilla, hippopotamus, hyena , kangaroo, lion, monkey, rhinoceros, seal, sheep, tier, and zebra. How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an Oreo cookie? A: Twelve. Each has four petals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84765625, "source": "search", "title": "Wikipe - Dawn's Recipe Wiki" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Frosted food", "passage": "In the early 1920s, the company develops the first top display case, which allows customers to view the merchandise inside. Other innovations include the 1927 introduction of the first all-metal case and the 1928 introduction of the first display case capable of maintaining frozen food and ice cream at the right temperatures. When Swift and Company is looking for a case to use for frozen meat, they are surprised to learn that one has already been developed by Hill. Swift uses the Hill case successfully in their laboratory test helping to establish the retail frozen food business in grocery stores. In 1929 Hill installs the first frozen food case in a retail food store and in 1930 Clarence Birdseye recommends the use of the Hill 2000 model to display the Birdseye “frosted foods” then being introduced in the marketplace.", "precise_score": 6.132542610168457, "rough_score": 9.177375793457031, "source": "search", "title": "About Us « Hillphoenix" }, { "answer": "Frosted food", "passage": "Two years later, The Goldman-Sachs Trading Corporation and the Postum Company (later the General Foods Corporation) bought Clarence Birdseye’s patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million. The first quick-frozen vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts, under the trade name Birds Eye Frosted Foods®. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.172247886657715, "source": "search", "title": "A Chilling History of Frozen Food - About.com Money" }, { "answer": "Frosted food", "passage": "It wasn't until 1927 that Birdseye applied to patent a multiplate freezing machine. According to the Handbook of Frozen Foods, Birdseye placed food between two metallic plates at -13 degrees F against a low convection tunnel to flash-freeze the product. In 1928, Birdseye was successful in creating the double belt freezer which would be the forerunner to modern freezing technology. In 1930, the first line of frozen foods went public through the Birds Eye Frosted Food Company which was later sold to Postum, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.062498092651367, "source": "search", "title": "The Strange History of Frozen Food: From Clarence Birdseye ..." }, { "answer": "Frosted food", "passage": "A: Frosted Food. Company officials feared the word frozen would suggest flesh burns. The name was changed to frozen soon after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.586010932922363, "source": "search", "title": "The PeopleString Story - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Frosted food", "passage": "1930 – Clarence Birdseye recommends the use of the Hill “2000” model frozen food case to display the new Birdseye “frosted foods” then being introduced in the marketplace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.006627082824707, "source": "search", "title": "About Us « Hillphoenix" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar (known in Homer's writings as the \"Pillars of Hercules\") in the west and to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, in the east. The Sea of Marmara is often considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the Black Sea is generally not. The 163 km long artificial Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.", "precise_score": 5.833059310913086, "rough_score": -2.7393343448638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or Erythrean invasion. The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species.", "precise_score": 1.1041326522827148, "rough_score": -1.660783052444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.", "precise_score": -0.178053617477417, "rough_score": -3.144821882247925, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas was officially opened in a lavish ceremony at Egypt’s Port Said. The canal took more than 15 years to plan and build, and its construction was repeatedly hindered by political disputes, labor shortages and even a deadly cholera outbreak. When finally completed, the 101-mile-long waterway permanently transformed international shipping by allowing vessels to skip the long and treacherous transit around the southern tip of Africa. On the 145th anniversary of its opening, check out nine surprising facts about the canal that links the Eastern and Western worlds.", "precise_score": 6.123414039611816, "rough_score": 4.778496265411377, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal Connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea", "precise_score": 5.761778831481934, "rough_score": 1.7367430925369263, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Although the Suez Canal wasn't officially completed until 1869, there is a long history of interest in connecting both the Nile River in Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is believed that the first canal in the area was constructed between the Nile River delta and the Red Sea in the 13th Century B.C.E. During the 1,000 years following its construction, the original canal was neglected and its use finally stopped in the 8th Century.", "precise_score": 1.8307452201843262, "rough_score": -1.1395881175994873, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal has no locks because Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez have approximately the same water level. It takes around 11 to 16 hours to pass through the canal and ships must travel at a low speed to prevent erosion of the canal's banks by the ships' waves.", "precise_score": 1.6528016328811646, "rough_score": -0.18626034259796143, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube", "precise_score": 5.473177909851074, "rough_score": 0.679081916809082, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea", "precise_score": 5.710201263427734, "rough_score": 3.2141001224517822, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea", "precise_score": 5.710201263427734, "rough_score": 3.2141001224517822, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal is actually the first canal that directly links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.", "precise_score": 5.852474212646484, "rough_score": 2.0269148349761963, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal is considered to be the shortest link between the east and the west due to its unique geographic location; it is an important international navigation canal linking between the Mediterranean sea at Port said and the red sea at Suez. The idea of linking the Mediterranean sea with the red sea by a canal dates back to 40 centuries as it was pointed out through history starting by the pharaohs era passing by the Islamic era until it was dredged reaching its current condition today.", "precise_score": 5.51777458190918, "rough_score": 0.5592522621154785, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In modern times the Suez Canal is actually the first canal directly linking the Mediterranean to the Red sea.", "precise_score": 5.71070671081543, "rough_score": 0.8148309588432312, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The two bodies of water connected by the Suez Canal are the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Suez Canal is located through a narrow strip of land in the north of Egypt.", "precise_score": 3.224701404571533, "rough_score": -2.9561426639556885, "source": "search", "title": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal was opened to commercial shipping in 1869. The canal measures 100.82 miles, with a northern access channel 14 miles in length and a southern access channel 5.6 miles long. Its northern point on the Mediterranean sea is Port Said, while its southern point along the Red Sea is Port Tewfik. The canal reduces the sea voyage between Europe and Asia by about 4,300 miles.", "precise_score": 5.017377853393555, "rough_score": 6.61452579498291, "source": "search", "title": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The original Suez Canal opened almost 150 years ago and links the Mediterranean with the Red Sea.", "precise_score": 4.1842756271362305, "rough_score": 4.353322505950928, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal, mostly man made, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Gulf of Suez.", "precise_score": 5.131902694702148, "rough_score": -2.115255355834961, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal - World Atlas" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.820964813232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "**On the southeast: The entrance to the Suez Canal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335334777832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70% of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63% of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranean are of Indo Pacific origin, introduced into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of \"alien\" species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some lessepsian species have proven to be considerable mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a \"familiar sight\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.726581573486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition, as well as Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and they are outside their normal area of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are \"Alien Invasive Species\", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, \"introduction\" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (man made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore \"introduced\" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from marine biologists, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.331514358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mediterranean Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.91817569732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.24268102645874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Sea" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez canal which connects the... View the full answer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119718551635742, "source": "search", "title": "Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Isn't that the Suez Canal?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37932014465332, "source": "search", "title": "Which 100- mile-long waterway links the mediterranean and ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the Headlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350807189941406, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273991584777832, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Painting of the Suez Canal by Albert Reiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33642864227295, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273991584777832, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273991584777832, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The modern Suez Canal is only the most recent of several manmade waterways that once snaked their way across Egypt. The Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret III may have built an early canal connecting the Red Sea and the Nile River around 1850 B.C., and according to ancient sources, the Pharaoh Necho II and the Persian conqueror Darius both began and then abandoned work on a similar project. The canal was supposedly finished in the 3rd century B.C. during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and many historical figures including Cleopatra may have traveled on it. Rather than the direct link offered by the modern Suez Canal, this ancient “Canal of the Pharaohs” would have wound its way the through the desert to the Nile River, which was then used to access the Mediterranean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.132074356079102, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Planning for the Suez Canal officially began in 1854, when a French former diplomat named Ferdinand de Lesseps negotiated an agreement with the Egyptian viceroy to form the Suez Canal Company. Since Lesseps’ proposed canal had the support of the French Emperor Napoleon III, many British statesmen considered its construction a political scheme designed to undermine their dominance of global shipping. The British ambassador to France argued that supporting the canal would be a “suicidal act,” and when Lesseps tried to sell shares in the canal company, British papers labeled the project “a flagrant robbery gotten up to despoil the simple people.” Lesseps went on to engage in a public war of words with British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, and even challenged railway engineer Robert Stephenson to a duel after he condemned the project in Parliament. The British Empire continued to criticize the canal during its construction, but it later bought a 44 percent stake in the waterway after the cash-strapped Egyptian government auctioned off its shares in 1875.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09388542175293, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Building the Suez Canal required massive manpower, and the Egyptian government initially supplied most of the labor by forcing the poor to work for nominal pay and under threat of violence. Beginning in late-1861, tens of thousands of peasants used picks and shovels to dig the early portions of the canal by hand. Progress was painfully slow, and the project hit a snag after Egyptian ruler Ismail Pasha abruptly banned the use of forced labor in 1863. Faced with a critical shortage of workers, Lesseps and the Suez Canal Company changed their strategy and began using several hundred custom-made steam- and coal-powered shovels and dredgers to dig the canal. The new technology gave the project the boost it needed, and the company went on to make rapid progress during the last two years of construction. Of the 75 million cubic meters of sand eventually moved during the construction of the main canal, some three-fourths of it was handled by heavy machinery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289788246154785, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "As the Suez Canal neared completion in 1869, French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi tried to convince Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Egyptian government to let him build a sculpture called “Egypt Bringing Light to Asia” at its Mediterranean entrance. Inspired by the ancient Colossus of Rhodes, Bartholdi envisioned a 90-foot-tall statue of a woman clothed in Egyptian peasant robes and holding a massive torch, which would also serve as a lighthouse to guide ships into the canal. The project never materialized, but Bartholdi continued shopping the idea for his statue, and in 1886 he finally unveiled a completed version in New York Harbor. Officially called “Liberty Enlightening the World,” the monument has since become better known as the Statue of Liberty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.564543724060059, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869 (Credit: The Print Collector/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296148300170898, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Having silenced his critics by completing the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps later turned his attention toward cutting a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in Central America. Work began in 1881, but despite Lesseps’ prediction that the new canal would be “easier to make, easier to complete, and easier to keep up” than the Suez, the project eventually descended into chaos. Thousands died during construction in the sweltering, disease-ridden jungle, and the team burned through nearly $260 million without ever completing the project. The company finally went belly up in 1889, triggering a massive scandal that saw Lesseps and several others—including Eiffel Tower designer Gustave Eiffel, who had been hired to design canal locks—convicted of fraud and conspiracy. It would take another 25 years before the Panama Canal was finally completed in a decade-long, American-led construction project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103327751159668, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In 1956, the Suez Canal was at the center of a brief war between Egypt and the combined forces of Britain, France and Israel. The conflict had its origins in Britain’s military occupation of the canal zone, which had continued even after Egypt gained independence in 1922. Many Egyptians resented the lingering colonial influence, and tensions finally boiled over in July 1956, when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, supposedly to help fund a dam across the Nile River. In what became known as the Suez Crisis, a combined British, Israeli and French force launched an attack on Egypt in October 1956. The Europeans succeeded in advancing close to the canal, but later withdrew from Egypt in disgrace following condemnation from the United States and the threat of nuclear retaliation from the Soviet Union. British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned in the wake of the scandal, and the Suez Canal was left under Egyptian control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116004943847656, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Sunken ships during the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis (Credit: Fox Photos/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302652359008789, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "During June 1967’s Six Day War between Egypt and Israel, the Suez Canal was shut down by the Egyptian government and blocked on either side by mines and scuttled ships. At the time of the closure, 15 international shipping vessels were moored at the canal’s midpoint at the Great Bitter Lake. They would remain stranded in the waterway for eight years, eventually earning the nickname the “Yellow Fleet” for the desert sands that caked their decks. Most of the crewmembers were rotated on and off the stranded vessels on 3-month assignments, but the rest passed the time by forming their own floating community and hosting sporting and social events. As the years passed, the fleet even developed its own stamps and internal system of trade. The 15 marooned ships were finally allowed to leave the canal in 1975. By then, only two of the vessels were still seaworthy enough to make the voyage under their own power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.787896156311035, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal has enjoyed increased traffic in recent years, with roughly 50 ships passing through its waters every day. Shipping tolls allow Egypt to rake in around $5 billion annually, but the canal is still hampered by its narrow width and shallow depth, which are insufficient to accommodate two-way traffic from modern tanker ships. In August 2014, Egypt’s Suez Canal Authority announced an ambitious plan to deepen the canal and create a new 22-mile lane branching off the main channel. Preliminary work has already begun on the $8.5 billion project, which Egyptian authorities claim could more than double the canal’s annual revenue by 2023.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931007385253906, "source": "search", "title": "9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38364028930664, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Egptian Suez Canal Has Been Center of Conflict", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416642189025879, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The guided missile destroyer USS Scott transits the Suez Canal.  Getty Images", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362629890441895, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal Construction History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405789375305176, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Construction of the Suez Canal officially began on April 25, 1859. It opened ten years later on November 17, 1869 at a cost of $100 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796991348266602, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal Use and Control", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377239227294922, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Almost immediately after its opening, the Suez Canal had a significant impact on world trade as goods were moved around the world in record time. In 1875, debt forced Egypt to sell its shares in ownership of the Suez Canal to the United Kingdom . However, an international convention in 1888 made the canal available for all ships from any nation to use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039264678955078, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Shortly thereafter, conflicts began to arise over use and control of the Suez Canal. In 1936 for example, the U.K. was given the right to maintain military forces in the Suez Canal Zone and control entry points. In 1954, Egypt and the U.K. signed a seven year contract that resulted in the withdrawal of British forces from the canal area and allowed Egypt to take control of the former British installations. In addition, with the creation of Israel in 1948, the Egyptian government prohibited the use of the canal by ships coming and going from the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22824478149414, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In November 1956, the Suez Crisis ended when the United Nations arranged a truce between the four nations. The Suez Canal then reopened in March 1957 when the sunken ships were removed. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Suez Canal was closed several more times because of conflicts between Egypt and Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219510078430176, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In 1962, Egypt made its final payments for the canal to its original owners (the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company) and the nation took full control of the Suez Canal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126888275146484, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal Today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155380249023438, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Today, the Suez Canal is operated by the Suez Canal Authority. The canal itself is 101 miles (163 km) long and 984 feet (300 m) wide. It begins at the Mediterranean Sea at Point Said flows through Ismailia in Egypt, and ends at Suez on the Gulf of Suez. It also has a railroad running its entire length parallel to its west bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.269930839538574, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal can accommodate ships with a vertical height (draft) of 62 feet (19 m) or 210,000 deadweight tons. Most of the Suez Canal is not wide enough for two ships to pass side by side. To accommodate this, there is one shipping lane and several passing bays where ships can wait for others to pass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79798412322998, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Significance of the Suez Canal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359221458435059, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In addition to dramatically reducing transit time for trade worldwide, the Suez Canal is one of the world's most significant waterways as it supports 8% of the world's shipping traffic and almost 50 ships pass through the canal daily. Because of its narrow width, the canal is also considered a significant geographic chokepoint as it could easily be blocked and disrupt this flow of trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83553695678711, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Future plans for the Suez Canal include a project to widen and deepen the canal to accommodate the passage of larger and more ships at one time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134222984313965, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "To read more about the Suez Canal visit the Suez Canal Authority official website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290847778320312, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal is the largest man-made artificial sea-level waterway found in Egypt. It was opened in the 1869 to allow water transportation between Europe and Asia to avoid ships navigation around Africa. The canal original size was 164 km long and 8metre deep. However enlargements have been undertaken and it now has a length of 193.30 km and its 24 metres deep. It also has a northern access channel of 22 km and 9 km southern access. The canal has a northern terminus known as Port Said and a southern terminus called Port Tewfik.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.957232475280762, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority of the Arab Republic of Egypt. A treaty signed under the International Treaty Act shows that the canal can be used in times of war or peace by every vessel of commerce or of war and no flag is required for distinction. The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 metres and with weight of 240,000 tons. The height allowed above water is a maximum of 68 metres. Big ships offload their cargo to canal- owned boats to reduce their weight and reload later at the end of the canal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622623443603516, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal attracts a lot of visitors who come to see the amazing wonders of this man made sea. It serves as the first salt water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The canal has attracted attention from film makers. A film known as Suez was made in 1938 and it's based on the canal's history. Also in the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, a character known as Nautilus travels through an underwater passage beneath the Suez Canal. All these highlight the canal as a very import part in opening up Africa to other parts of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.376821994781494, "source": "search", "title": "Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Suez Canal ’s role is not confined to servicing the world trade. It goes beyond that to serve the Canal Zone community ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320672035217285, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal History:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367273330688477, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In Paris, the Saint-Simoniens created an association in 1846 to study the possibility of the Suez Canal once again. In 1847, Bourdaloue confirmed that there was no real difference in the levels between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and it was Linant de Bellefonds that drew up the technical report. Unfortunately, there was considerable British opposition to the project, and Mohammed Ali, who was ill by this time, was less than enthusiastic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.739317893981934, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "In 1858 La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez (Universal Company of the Maritime Suez Canal) was formed with authority to cut a canal and to operate it for 99 years, after which ownership would return to the Egyptian government. The company was originally a private Egyptian concern, its stock owned chiefly by French and Egyptian interests. In 1875 the British government purchased Egypt's shares.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434536933898926, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The completion of the Suez Canal was a cause for considerable celebration. In Port Said , the extravaganza began with fireworks and a ball attended by six thousand people. They included many heads of state, including the Empress Eugenie, the Emperor of Austria, the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Prussia and the Prince of the Netherlands. Two convoys of ships entered the canal from its southern and northern points and met at Ismailia. Parties continued for weeks, and the celebration also marked the opening of Ismail's old Opera House in Cairo , which is now gone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107367515563965, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Because of external debts, the British government purchased the shares owned by Egyptian interests, namely those of Said Pasha, in 1875, for some 400,000 pounds sterling. Yet France continued to have a majority interest. Under the terms of an international convention signed in 1888 (The Convention of Constantinople), the canal was opened to vessels of all nations without discrimination, in peace and war. Nevertheless, Britain considered the canal vital to the maintenance of its maritime power and colonial interests. Therefore, the provisions of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to maintain a defensive force along the Suez Canal Zone. However, Egyptian nationalists demanded repeatedly that Britain evacuate the Suez Canal Zone, and in 1954 the two countries signed a seven-year agreement that superseded the 1936 treaty and provided for the gradual withdrawal of all British troops from the zone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803078651428223, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The canal remained under the control of two powers until Nasser nationalized it in 1956; it has since been operated by the Suez Canal Authority .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136213302612305, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "2 Mar 1888, The Convention of Constantinople guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the Suez Canal during war and peace...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300321578979492, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "13 Jun 1956, Suez Canal Zone restored to Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223520278930664, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "26 Jul 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125627517700195, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "5 Jun 1975, Suez Canal reopened...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203107833862305, "source": "search", "title": "Canal History - Suez Canal Authority" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect? | Reference.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36073112487793, "source": "search", "title": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356940269470215, "source": "search", "title": "What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect ..." }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434248924255371, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390619277954102, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The first cargo ships have passed through Egypt's second Suez Canal, amid tight security, ahead of the new waterway's official opening next month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246110916137695, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329224586486816, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Source: Suez Canal Authority", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374238967895508, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The project has been labelled \"a rebirth\" for Egypt by the head of the Suez Canal Authority, Adm Mohab Mameesh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462166786193848, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Map of Suez Canal - Suez Canal Map, History Facts, Suez Canal Location - World Atlas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263603210449219, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal - World Atlas" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "SUEZ CANAL", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177492141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal - World Atlas" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "Suez Canal - Map & Details", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33596134185791, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal - World Atlas" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "A terrific photo by NASA: the Suez Canal .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271719932556152, "source": "search", "title": "Suez Canal - World Atlas" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The Red Sea contains some of the world’s hottest and saltiest seawater . With its connection to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal, it is one of the most heavily traveled waterways in the world, carrying maritime traffic between Europe and Asia . Its name is derived from the colour changes observed in its waters. Normally, the Red Sea is an intense blue-green; occasionally, however, it is populated by extensive blooms of the algae Trichodesmium erythraeum, which, upon dying off, turn the sea a reddish brown colour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.481926441192627, "source": "search", "title": "Red Sea | sea, Middle East | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Suez Canal", "passage": "The following discussion focuses on the Red Sea and the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba. For treatment of the Suez Canal, see Suez Canal .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.095577239990234, "source": "search", "title": "Red Sea | sea, Middle East | Britannica.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam built across the Nile at Aswan, Egypt between 1898 and 1902. Since the 1960s, the name commonly refers to the Aswan High Dam. Construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the Egyptian Government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as the ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity were seen as pivotal to Egypt's industrialization. The High Dam was constructed between 1960 and 1970, and has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.", "precise_score": 8.002911567687988, "rough_score": 2.8805360794067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Just north of the border between Egypt and Sudan lies the Aswan High Dam, a huge rockfill dam which captures the world's longest river , the Nile River, in the world's third largest reservoirs, Lake Nasser. The dam, known as Saad el Aali in Arabic, was completed in 1970 after ten years of work.", "precise_score": 7.139382362365723, "rough_score": 3.175501823425293, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World", "precise_score": 6.450196266174316, "rough_score": 2.909846305847168, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt", "precise_score": 6.913590431213379, "rough_score": 2.561893939971924, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt", "precise_score": 6.913590431213379, "rough_score": 2.561893939971924, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Lexicons added the term “hydropolitics” since the High Dam at Aswan. There are two dams: the Low Dam built by Mohammed Ali, founder of modern Egypt, in 1843; and the High Dam built between 1960 and 1970. When the High Dam was bid on there was a long line of possible suitors. First, of course, the Egyptians, but then jointly by the British and Americans, followed by the World Bank. Having had a difficult experience during the Suez Canal’s nationalization, the World Bank demurred. Instead, the United States initially offered and then declined the project; the eventual winner of the contract was Soviet Russia. Nikita Khrushchev was soon welcomed by Nasser; his visit marked the first Soviet general secretary to set foot in an Arab country. But even before Russia, others envied the Nile’s power. Napoleon observed, at a time when the French were occupying Egypt, “If I were to rule a country like Egypt, not a single drop of water would be allowed to flow into the Mediterranean.” (Biswas, 25; Building the World, 612).", "precise_score": 3.903082847595215, "rough_score": 3.721176862716675, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "There are two dams on the Nile River at Aswan, Egypt’s southernmost city. The first site developed, in 1843 by Albanian founder of modern-day Egypt, Mohammed Ali, was a barrage (an artificial obstruction to encourage irrigation) to improve agriculture. While the Nile is revered as a fountain of life, only 4% of Egypt’s soil was nourished by the river, leaving the rest of the country a desert. As the population of Egypt expanded, demands upon the Nile grew. From 1898 to 1902, the Egyptians and British collaborated to build what is now referred to as the Aswan Low Dam. Built with the dual purpose of irrigation and power generation, this Low Dam measures 7,000 feet (2,100 meters)long; after additional heightening in 1907-12 and again from 1929-34, it is now 125 feet (38 meters) high. In comparison, Itaipu is 55 meters high. The Low Dam has 180 sluices through which silt-laden water passes – the design proved to be a boon to the land near the riverbanks. The High Dam is located four miles (six kilometers) upstream. Made of earth and rock fill on a core of cement and clay, the dam is 3,000 feet (about 1,000 meters) thick at the base and 130 feet (40 meters) at the top. The reservoir is one of the world’s largest with capacity of 131 million acre feet or MAF (162 billion cubic meters) of water.", "precise_score": 5.819169998168945, "rough_score": 1.4038887023925781, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Hydropolitics: A dam in Egypt built (and financed) by Russia, the High Dam at Aswan opened a new era of hydropolitics. Today, shared water resources present challenges and opportunities around the world: Middle East (Israel, Jordan, Palestine) and the Jordan River, for example. Or the Mekong river in Southeast Asia where Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam might share a vision. Can the lessons learned about ocean waters by UMB’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security ( www.umb.edu/ciocs/ ) inform decisions about the understanding of human and environmental security implications of climate change and effects on oceans and rivers?", "precise_score": 3.42130446434021, "rough_score": 3.7308602333068848, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Steele, James. “The Effect of the Aswan High Dam upon Village Life in Upper Egypt.” IASTE 2nd International Conference. “First World-Third World: Duality and Coincidence in Traditional Dwellings and Settlements.” University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA, October 1990.", "precise_score": 4.01443338394165, "rough_score": 2.364060163497925, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Aswan Dam was an important change for Egypt.It is an enbankment dam. The Egyptian Government had this as a key objective in their eyes because the power to control floods which brought famine to Egypt would change their country forever and it also generates hydroelectricity. It is situated in Aswan, in Egypt. The dam was started to be built in 1960 and was opened in 1970. It is 111 metres tall and 3,830 metres long. It's Surface area is 5,250 square kilometres and it's normal elevation is 183 metres high. It's maximum water depth is 180 metres deep. It's reservoir length is 550 km whereas it's width is 35. The amount of MW it's creates per average each day is 2,100.", "precise_score": 7.641355514526367, "rough_score": 4.656593322753906, "source": "search", "title": "The Aswan Dam - The River Nile" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "A documentary about the Aswan Dam on the Nile river in Egypt.", "precise_score": 7.368427276611328, "rough_score": 3.5693559646606445, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan Dam - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In the middle of the arid Egyptian desert lies one of the largest embankment dams in the world. It is called the Aswan High Dam, or Saad el Aali in Arabic, and it captures the mighty Nile River in the world's third largest reservoir, Lake Nasser. Before the dam was built, the Nile River overflowed its banks once a year and deposited four million tons of nutrient-rich silt on the valley floor, making Egypt's otherwise dry land productive and fertile. But there were some years when the river did not rise at all, causing widespread drought and famine. In 1952, Egyptian president Gamal Abdal-Nasser pledged to control his country's annual flood with a giant new dam across the Nile River. His plan worked.", "precise_score": 6.394104957580566, "rough_score": 3.5190677642822266, "source": "search", "title": "BUILDING BIG: Databank: Aswan High Dam - PBS" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt", "precise_score": 7.534586429595947, "rough_score": 4.695443630218506, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Aswan High Dam is a rock-fill dam located at the northern border between Egypt and Sudan. The dam is fed by the River Nile's waters, and the reservoir created by the dam forms Lake Nasser.", "precise_score": 8.121742248535156, "rough_score": 4.852817535400391, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "\"Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam.\"", "precise_score": 5.071106433868408, "rough_score": 3.018686532974243, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The High Dam of Aswan is one of the most important achievements of the in the last century in Egypt, even for many years it was a symbol of the New Era of the Revolution of 1952. It provided Egypt with water and electricity and secured the country of the risk of the destructive inundation.", "precise_score": 7.777029037475586, "rough_score": 5.7229437828063965, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - Egypt Travel Guide & Information, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Aswan High Dam was a great project! In fact it was one of the most important achievements of the last century in Egypt, for many years symbolising the New Era after 1952. Today It provides Egypt with water and electricity, and secures the country from the risk of the destructive inundation of the River Nile.", "precise_score": 7.396372318267822, "rough_score": 5.1617655754089355, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - Egypt Travel Guide & Information, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Before the dams were built, the Nile flooded every year during late summer, when water flowed down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water and natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along the floodplain and delta; this had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. Because floods vary, in high-water years the whole crop might be wiped out, while in low-water years widespread drought and famine occasionally occurred. As Egypt's population grew and conditions changed, both a desire and ability developed to control the floods, and thus both protect and support farmland and the economically important cotton crop. With the reservoir storage provided by the Aswan dams, the floods could be lessened and the water stored for later release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.637203216552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.21881335973739624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In 1912 the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost over-topped in 1946, the Egyptian government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower, was favored. The Egyptian position changed completely with the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the US and the Soviet Union were interested in the development of the dam, but this occurred in the midst of the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab rivalries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8039170503616333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In 1955 Nasser was trying to portray himself as the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially Hashemite Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the US feared that communism would spread to the Middle East and saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anti-communist pro-capitalist Arab League. America and Britain offered to help finance construction of the high dam, with a loan of US$270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed both to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser presented himself as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the United States and the Soviet Union for Egyptian and Arab benefit. After a particularly criticized raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not legitimately portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and turned first to the US.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293285369873047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and American President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the US would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and accompanied by US military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions and then looked to the Soviet Union for support. Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the Soviet Union would not aid Nasser, he was wrong—the Soviet Union promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. This explains the later offer of December 1955, in which the US and Britain pledged $56 and $14 million respectively towards the construction of the dam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765162467956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Though the Czech arms deal actually increased US willingness to invest in Aswan, the British cited the deal as a reason for betraying their promise of funds. What angered Dulles much more was Nasser's recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment. There are several other reasons why the US decided to withdraw the offer of funding. Dulles believed that the Soviet Union would not fulfill its commitment to help the Egyptians. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were irritated and jealous that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.012969017028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal as well as fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal helping to fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai, but pressure from the US and the Soviet Union at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.068172454833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685298919677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320869445800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13374137878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507637023925781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about , a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 km3, the annual salt import reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is . At an annual discharge of 10 km3 (not counting the 2 kg/m3 of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure \"Water balances\"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the salt export was higher than the import, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8737082481384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973 and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships. A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.634271144866943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–1973 and 1983–1987 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 ha that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km³ of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km³ of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km³. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.157884120941162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 MW, with a total of . Power generation began in 1967. When the dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's entire electricity production (about 15 percent by 1998) and allowed most Egyptian villages to use electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.916505813598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Lake Nasser flooded much of lower Nubia and 100,000 to 120,000 people were resettled in Sudan and Egypt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252716064453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Kom Ombo, 45 kilometers downstream from Aswan in what was called “New Nubia”. Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.161191940307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.030030250549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of bilharzia (schistosomiasis) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that biharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomaisis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large scale treatment programs in the 1990s using single dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.114360809326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690321922302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the Sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that \"the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.677561283111572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aswan Dam" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Cars drive on a bridge crossing the Nile River in central Cairo, Egypt.  Getty Images Europe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043169021606445, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egypt has always depended on the water of the Nile River. The two main tributaries of the Nile River are the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The source of the White Nile are the Sobat River Bahr al-Jabal (The \"Mountain Nile\") and the Blue Nile begins in the Ethiopian Highlands. The two tributaries converge in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan where they form the Nile River. The Nile River has a total length of 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers) from source to sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.739947319030762, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Before the building of a dam at Aswan, Egypt experienced annual floods from the Nile River that deposited four million tons of nutrient-rich sediment which enabled agricultural production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.16793951392173767, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "This process began millions of years before Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley and continued until the first dam at Aswan was built in 1889. This dam was insufficient to hold back the water of the Nile and was subsequently raised in 1912 and 1933. In 1946, the true danger was revealed when the water in the reservoir peaked near the top of the dam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9393914341926575, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In 1952, the interim Revolutionary Council government of Egypt decided to build a High Dam at Aswan, about four miles upstream of the old dam. In 1954, Egypt requested loans from the World Bank to help pay for the cost of the dam (which eventually added up to one billion dollars). Initially, the United States agreed to loan Egypt money but then withdrew their offer for unknown reasons. Some speculate that it may have been due to Egyptian and Israeli conflict. The United Kingdom , France, and Israel had invaded Egypt in 1956, soon after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal to help pay for the dam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.46724772453308105, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Soviet Union offered to help and Egypt accepted. The Soviet Union's support was not unconditional, however. Along with the money, they also sent military advisers and other workers to help enhance Egyptian-Soviet ties and relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483492851257324, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In order to build the Aswan Dam both people and artifacts had to be moved. Over 90,000 Nubians had to be relocated. Those who had been living in Egypt were moved about 28 miles (45 km) away but the Sudanese Nubians were relocated 370 miles (600 km) from their homes. The government was also forced to develop one of the largest Abu Simel temple and dig for artifacts before the future lake would drown the land of the Nubians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0052504539489746, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "After years of construction (the material in the dam is the equivalent to 17 of the great pyramid at Giza), the resulting reservoir was named for the former president of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser , who died in 1970. The lake holds 137 million acre-feet of water (169 billion cubic meters). About 17 percent of the lake is in Sudan and the two countries have an agreement for distribution of the water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.262233734130859, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Aswan Dam benefits Egypt by controlling the annual floods on the Nile River and prevents the damage which used to occur along the floodplain. The Aswan High Dam provides about a half of Egypt's power supply and has improved navigation along the river by keeping the water flow consistent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9350112080574036, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Poor drainage of the newly irrigated lands has led to saturation and increased salinity. Over one half of Egypt's farmland in now rated medium to poor soils.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26512336730957, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Nile River and now the Aswan High Dam are Egypt's lifeline. About 95% of Egypt's population live within twelve miles from the river. Were it not for the river and its sediment, the grand civilization of ancient Egypt probably would have never existed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5153651237487793, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - About Geography: World Maps, Country ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "WHY EGYPT?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481119155883789, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The legendary Nile, river of Cleopatra, has enchanted the world. The Nile has sustained Egypt for years, as it has always been a source of transport, commerce, irrigation, and inspiration. However, floods were a frequent threat, choked in turn by alternating times of drought. Interventions in the Nile can be traced back to 1843. But the most dramatic harnessing of the mighty river went far beyond national traditions of the pyramids and pharaohs when Egypt partnered with Soviet Russia to build the High Dam at Aswan. A new word entered modern parlance: hydropolitics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.051450729370117, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Politics on the Nile continue today. According to the Earth Policy Institute, Saudi Arabia may be tapping the Nile. Institute president Lester Brown stated: “The Saudis tapped into an aquifer far below the desert to produce irrigated wheat, making themselves self-sufficient.” But now almost all that water is gone, and Saudis are investing in farmland in Ethiopia and Sudan, but that means they will draw more Nile water for irrigation away from Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15231990814209, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Results brought many benefits including electricity for every city, town, and village in Egypt, as well as agricultural improvements through irrigation, fewer disastrous floods, and better navigation on the Nile. But there were consequences. The portion of the Nile downstream lost much of its power, something of concern to Brazilians living near the site of Belo Monte, Itaipu’s successor. Prior to the dam’s construction, the river brought along 12 million tons of rich silt full of nutrients, but after completion, silt now collects instead behind the dam. Whereas the silt used to bring fertilizing nitrogen to the land, now nutrients must be added via lime-nitrate. Salinity is also a major problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96915340423584, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Flooding to create a reservoir entails difficult decisions regarding relocation. Such was the case when developing the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the United States and in China’s Three Gorges Dam. But Egypt faced a particularly difficult situation, in part due to its history. Land of the Pharaohs, pyramids, and the ancient Nubians, Egypt struggled to balance history and innovation; areas designated for flooding contained treasures. Before flooding, Egyptian museums and government agencies mounted one of the most massive relocation programs of historic objects in history. Egyptian tombs were relocated, temples, monuments and relics were excavated and moved. In the site of Abu Simbel, the cost of transferring objects mounted to over US$40 million. But even after the effort to save Egyptian treasures, many were lost in the flooding of what would become Lake Nasser. And not just objects were destroyed (or perhaps are waiting to be discovered) but 150 islands were now just 36.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.285857200622559, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Whether Australia’s Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric , Egypt’s Aswan or Brazil and Paraguay’s Itaipú , dams eventually cause salinity. In California, the Imperial Valley now suffers from increased salinity in its irrigated soil. In the Netherlands the same problem is seen. The Nile River also suffers. In fact, 40% of all irrigated land in the world is currently damaged by salinity. The World Bank, who did not get involved in the High Dam at Aswan, has built more dams than any other organization in history: 527 dam-construction loans totally US$58billion (in 1993 dollars). Altogether, more than 604 dams have been built in 93 countries with World Bank funding. In the late 1990’s, the Manibeli Declaration, endorsed by groups from 44 countries and many nongovernmental organizations, suggested a halt to World Bank funding of more dams until a worldwide body was established to review environmental implications. Is it time to universities and businesses in countries with significant hydroelectric salinity problems to found a global program to find a solution? Will water resources faculty at leading universities such as the University of Massachusetts Amherst Water Resources Research Center find the saline solution? Might the work of Ellen Douglas, Allen Gontz and others at the Department of Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences bring to impacts of dam removal? Will discussions between Jack Wiggin of the Urban Harbors Institute and Robbin Peach of the Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security– both at University of Massachusetts Boston – reveal important findings?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.425484299659729, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Fahim, Hussein M. Egyptian Nubians: Resettlement and Years of Coping. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459864616394043, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "For a drawing showing both the Low Dam and High Dam, as well as detailing the cooperative efforts between Egypt and the Soviet Union, see:  http://carbon.Cudenver.edu/stc-link/aswan/organi.htm .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.869677186012268, "source": "search", "title": "High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4320650100708, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Naturally, when the river's flow was below the long-term average, sharing according to those specifications was impossible. The Egyptians, who are more heavily industrialized than the Sudanese, claimed that their water needs should take priority, leading to regional tensions that persist to this day. Oddly enough, the Ethiopians, in whose country the Blue Nile begins, were left out of the 1959 agreement entirely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950011253356934, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Nile River and the Aswan High Dam are Egypt's lifelines. About 95% of Egypt's population lives within twelve miles of the river. The dam benefits Egypt by controlling the annual floods on the Nile and prevents the damage that used to occur along the floodplain. The Aswan High Dam provides about a half of Egypt's power supply and has improved navigation along the river by keeping the water flow consistent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.07189030945301056, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "changes to the Egyptian fishing industry, and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477849006652832, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Poor drainage of the newly irrigated lands has led to soil saturation and increased salinity. Over half of Egypt's farmland is now rated medium to poor in quality. The high cost of developing drainage systems is the main problem, and Egypt lacks hard foreign investment currency. The water table has risen since the dam was built, increasing the danger of fertilizer and other agricultural waste products seeping into the river, which is the main source of drinking water for the local population. Why would the water table rise? All soil is permeable, so water will always leak out of the lake. The lake essentially forces water into the surrounding soils when it is full, and then water can flow back into the lake when it is low.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.646141052246094, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In order to build the dam, both people and artifacts had to be moved. Over 90,000 (by some estimates over 120,000) Nubians had to be relocated. Those who had been living in Egypt were moved about 28 miles (45 km) away, but the Sudanese Nubians were relocated 370 miles (600 km) from their homes. The resettlement program was carried out very quickly, with severe consequences for the ~50,000 farmers who had to abandon their land. Their settlement, called New Nubia, was far from arable land. Like the northern Nile valley, agriculture in Nubia had traditionally been based on the annual flood of the rivers. The regulation of the rivers put an end to this kind of farming. In addition, arable land was submerged by the reservoir. The people tried to farm the riverbank instead, causing increased erosion. Efforts to start a system of rotation of crops clashed with tradition and did not work out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.012142181396484, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Ambitious rescue operations were begun in 1960, after an appeal by the Director-General of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). Twenty monuments from the Egyptian part of Nubia and four monuments from the Sudan were dismantled, relocated and re-erected. Many others were identified during the survey, and were documented before their subsequent inundation. Special permits were issued by the Egyptian and Sudanese governments for archaeological excavations conducted by multinational teams of researchers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081415176391602, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Changes to the Egyptian fishing industry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54167366027832, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "One good aspect of the lake was to be its contribution to a new Egyptian fishing industry. However, weeds flourished in the reservoir, causing problems for the dam and the generators. Five years after the dam was built, two thousand fishermen managed to catch 3,628 tons annually, while the catch was expected to be around 20,000 tons. Ten years later the catch had dropped to 907 tons, and in 1978 the fisheries were so poor that only a small part of the population was able to live off fishing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992278099060059, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Before the High Dam was built, fifty percent of the Nile flow drained into the Mediterranean. During an average flood, the total discharge of nutrient salts was estimated to be approximately 5,500 tons of phosphate and 280,000 tons of silicate. The nutrient-rich floodwater, or Nile Stream, was ~15 kilometers wide; it extended along the Egyptian coast and was detected off the Israeli coast and sometimes off southern Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.057765960693359, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In recent years there has been a noticeable increase in the sardine catch along the Egyptian coast (8,590 tons in 1992) with most of the landings coinciding with the period of maximum discharge from the coastal lakes during winter. Since the late 1980s, the total fish catch (pelagic and bottom) off the Egyptian coast has grown to levels comparable to those that existed before construction of the dam. Whether this is due to improved fishing efforts or recovery of fish stocks is not clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0920991897583, "source": "search", "title": "Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go?" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Unfortunately, the dam has also produced several negative side effects. In order to build the dam, 90,000 Egyptian peasants had to move. To make matters worse, the rich silt that normally fertilized the dry desert land during annual floods is now stuck at the bottom of Lake Nasser! Farmers have been forced to use about one million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for natural nutrients that once fertilized the arid floodplain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.622826099395752, "source": "search", "title": "BUILDING BIG: Databank: Aswan High Dam - PBS" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "About 95 percent of Egypt's population lives within 12 miles of the Nile River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486406326293945, "source": "search", "title": "BUILDING BIG: Databank: Aswan High Dam - PBS" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Since the dam was completed in 1970, the fertility of Egypt's farmland has gradually decreased. Today, more than half of Egypt's soil is rated medium to poor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.491042613983154, "source": "search", "title": "BUILDING BIG: Databank: Aswan High Dam - PBS" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "With a reservoir capacity of 132 cubic kilometres, the Aswan High Dam provides water for about 33,600km of irrigation land. It serves the irrigation needs of both Egypt and Sudan, controls flooding, generates power and helps in improving navigation across the Nile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.40097227692604065, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egypt and Sudan reached an agreement in 1959, as part of which about 18.5 cubic kilometres of water from the reservoir was allocated to Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72653579711914, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The US and Britain had earlier tried to fund part of the project but it did not materialise. The US withdrew the funding, followed by Britain and the World Bank. The Soviet Union finally came to the rescue of Egypt by providing the required funds for the project in 1958. Construction of Aswan High Dam finally began in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3227893114089966, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The dam was constructed with the primary aim of regulating the flow of the River Nile, which serves as a lifeline to almost the whole of Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.098536014556885, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The dam also improved navigation across the Nile, benefiting the tourism and fishing industries. Water from the dam is used for feeding 12 power turbines providing half of Egypt's power needs. The reservoir also helps to supply the stored water during droughts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.525081634521484, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "\"The dam was constructed with the aim of regulating the flow of the River Nile, which serves as a lifeline to almost all of Egypt.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.872532844543457, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Nile River Barrage, Naga Hammadi, Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04076099395752, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "It created tension between various countries and lead, in part, to the Cold War, when Egypt decided to fund the project by nationalising the Suez Canal. The project came through after the then Soviet Union funded part of the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205652236938477, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam. Out of the 34,000 people involved during the construction process, 25,000 were Egyptian engineers. The construction project involved Osman Ahmed Osman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.13127487897872925, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egypt High Dam", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.806554317474365, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - Egypt Travel Guide & Information, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "As a result of its construction, a great lake was formed, Lake Nasser, which is about 10 km wide in some places, and 500km long. extending between Egypt and The Sudan – the worlds largest man-made lake! This lake also has an immense fish population, which is commercially exploited. Because raising the water caused the damage, and loss, of so many of the Nubian monuments, great efforts were made by the Egyptian Government, aided by UNESCO and other countries, to save the most important monuments of Nubia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076991081237793, "source": "search", "title": "Aswan High Dam - Egypt Travel Guide & Information, Egypt ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada (; 2816 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda, ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Kenya and Uganda. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army, and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.", "precise_score": 9.286893844604492, "rough_score": 9.79194450378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During his years in power, Amin shifted in allegiance from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable Israeli support to being backed by Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union, and East Germany.Gareth M. Winrow. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141. In 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity of the African states. During the 1977–1979 period, Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Amin did however enjoy the support of the American CIA, which helped deliver bombs and other military equipment to Amin's Army and helped take part in military operations with Amin's forces in Uganda. In 1977, when Britain broke diplomatic relations with Uganda, Amin declared he had defeated the British and added \"CBE\", for \"Conqueror of the British Empire\", to his title. Radio Uganda then announced his entire title: \"His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE\".", "precise_score": 4.012026786804199, "rough_score": 6.593995571136475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British and Ugandan army. At 193 cm (6 ft 4 in) tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Idi Amin was also a formidable rugby forward, although one officer said of him: \"Idi Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter\". In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC.Cotton, p111 There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by East Africa for their match against the 1955 British Lions. Amin, however, does not appear on the team photograph or on the official team list. Following conversations with a colleague in the British Army, Amin became a keen fan of Hayes Football Club – an affection that would remain for the rest of his life. ", "precise_score": 1.4139490127563477, "rough_score": 5.524391174316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972, by purging the army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups. In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers were massacred in the Jinja and Mbarara barracks, and, by early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared. The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile. ", "precise_score": 2.488827705383301, "rough_score": 6.148483753204346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an \"economic war\", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda when the country was still a British colony. Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy. On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens (most of them held British passports). This was later amended to include all 80,000 Asians, except for professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers. A plurality of the Asians with British passports, around 30,000, emigrated to the UK. Others went to Australia, Canada, India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sweden, Tanzania, and the U.S. Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and handed them over to his supporters. The businesses were mismanaged, and industries collapsed from lack of maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining economy.", "precise_score": 0.07068202644586563, "rough_score": 5.866924285888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "That year, relations with Israel soured. Although Israel had previously supplied Uganda with arms, in 1972 Amin expelled Israeli military advisers and turned to Muammar Gaddafi of Libya and the Soviet Union for support. Amin became an outspoken critic of Israel. In return, Gaddafi gave financial aid to Amin. In the 1974 French-produced documentary film General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait, Amin discussed his plans for war against Israel, using paratroops, bombers, and suicide squadrons.", "precise_score": 2.4960567951202393, "rough_score": 7.048042297363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "By 1978, the number of Amin's supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled into exile. In November 1978, after Amin's vice president, General Mustafa Adrisi, was injured in a car accident, troops loyal to him mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, ordered the invasion of Tanzanian territory, and formally annexed a section of the Kagera Region across the boundary.", "precise_score": 1.659850001335144, "rough_score": 4.98235559463501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, and, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Amin was forced to flee into exile by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured. He escaped first to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for his staying out of politics. Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda–Tanzania war for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman Mohamed Amin of Visnews in Nairobi, located Amin in 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. ", "precise_score": 4.97540807723999, "rough_score": 6.3960280418396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "A polygamist, Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he divorced. He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora, and Kay. Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya. She later moved to London where she operates a restaurant in East London. In 1974, Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered. Nora fled to Zaire in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown.", "precise_score": 2.4404077529907227, "rough_score": 8.012567520141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin (1975) based on The Collected Bulletins of President Idi Amin (1974) and Further Bulletins of President Idi Amin (1975) by Alan Coren, portraying Amin as an amiable, if murderous, buffoon in charge of a tin-pot dictatorship. It was a British comedy album parodying Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, released in 1975 on Transatlantic Records. Performed by John Bird and written by Alan Coren, it was based on columns he wrote for Punch magazine", "precise_score": -0.36175501346588135, "rough_score": 6.611568450927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin In this video… Charles talks about Idi Amin, former President of Uganda (1971 – 1979). He was a brutal dictator and many people died during his regime.", "precise_score": 6.803302764892578, "rough_score": 8.595375061035156, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "As president of Uganda (1971-1979) Idi Amin Dada (born c. 1925) became notorious for massive violations of human rights, economic decline, and social disintegration.", "precise_score": 7.059610843658447, "rough_score": 8.513141632080078, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin's fortune may be followed in: lain Grahame, Amin and Uganda: A Personal Memoir (London, 1980); David Gwyn, Idi Amin: Deathlight of Africa (1977); Henry Kyemba, State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin (1977); Judith Listowel, Amin (1973); David Martin, General Amin (London, 1974); Ali A. Mazrui, Soldiers and Kinsmen in Uganda (1975); and Thomas Medlady and Margaret Medlady, Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa (1977). □", "precise_score": 1.244330644607544, "rough_score": 7.018645286560059, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin (ē´dē amēn´), c.1925–2003, Ugandan army officer and dictator. From the small Kakwa ethnic group, he advanced in the Ugandan armed forces from private (1946) to major general (1968). In 1971 he seized control of the government, toppling the regime of Milton Obote . In power, Amin exhibited an unpredictable personality, often capricious and cruel yet displaying a modicum of shrewdness and cunning. His relatively brief regime was nonetheless vicious and corrupt; he brutally suppressed other ethnic groups and political enemies, killed what is believed to be nearly 300,000 (most innocent of any wrongdoing), tortured uncounted thousands more, and looted the nation's treasury. In 1972 he ordered the expulsion of Ugandans of Asian extraction, thrusting the nation into economic chaos. Tanzanian troops joined exiled Ugandan nationalists to invade Uganda in 1978, and Amin was driven into exile in Saudi Arabia the following year.", "precise_score": 6.044635772705078, "rough_score": 9.18077278137207, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "See J. T. Strate, Post-Military Coup Strategy in Uganda: Amin's Early Attempts to Consolidate Political Support in Africa (1973), H. Kyemba, A State of Blood (1977), D. Barnett and R. Wooding, Uganda Holocaust (1980), and P. A. Allen, Interesting Times: Life in Uganda under Idi Amin (2000); B. Schroeder, dir., General Idi Amin Dada (documentary film, 1976; video, 2002).", "precise_score": 2.6907618045806885, "rough_score": 6.588147163391113, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1971, General Idi Amin overthrew the elected government of Milton Obote and declared himself president of Uganda, launching a ruthless eight-year regime in which an estimated 300,000 civilians were massacred. His expulsion of all Indian and Pakistani citizens in 1972—along with increasing military expenditures—brought about the country’s economic decline, the impact of which lasted decades. In 1979 his reign of terror came to an end as Ugandan exiles and Tanzanians took control of the capital of Kampala, forcing Amin to flee. Never brought to justice for his heinous crimes, Amin lived out the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": 7.498340129852295, "rough_score": 8.795320510864258, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada was born c. 1925 in Koboko, in northwestern Uganda, to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother, who separated shortly afterwards. In 1946, after receiving only a rudimentary education, Amin joined the King’s African Rifles (KAR), a regiment of the British colonial army, and quickly rose through the ranks. He was deployed to Somalia in 1949 to fight the Shifta rebels and later fought with the British during the suppression of the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya (1952-56). In 1959 he attained the rank of effendi—the highest position for a black African soldier within the KAR—and, by 1966, he had been appointed commander of the armed forces.", "precise_score": 1.604052186012268, "rough_score": 6.214859962463379, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin ruled Uganda from 1971-1979 during which time it is reputed that some 300,000 Ugandans were put to death. Given Amin's reputation I was expecting him to have the personality of a Stalin, but not so. In many ways he seemed to be a fun-loving, likable guy. For example, at a dance he would play an accordion-like instrument, dance and joke around. He seemed to have a genuine appreciation for wildlife and the countryside. But as the movie went on you began to feel that behind the bonhomie was a personality disorder. For one thing he was delusional - he had, or said he had, a hatred of the Jews and in one scene he was seen staging a mock invasion and capture of the Golan Heights. This was a pretty pathetic performance - a few dozen soldiers with a helicopter backup. The thing that makes the movie interesting is that you can never quite figure Amin out. Did he actually believe that he could take the Golan Heights, or were the maneuvers just a game?", "precise_score": 8.99186897277832, "rough_score": 9.08841323852539, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "President of Uganda Idi Amin. He seized power after a coup in January 1971 and was driven from Uganda by Tanzanian forces in 1979.  Keystone / Staff/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images", "precise_score": 7.581117153167725, "rough_score": 8.839151382446289, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada, who became known as the 'Butcher of Uganda' for his brutal, despotic rule whilst president of Uganda in the 1970s, is possibly the most notorious of all Africa's post-independence dictators. Amin seized power in a military coup in 1971 and ruled over Uganda for 8 years. Estimates for the number of his opponents who were either killed, tortured, or imprisoned vary from 100,000 to half a million.", "precise_score": 6.871438026428223, "rough_score": 8.457660675048828, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "On his return to Uganda in 1964, Idi Amin was promoted to major and given the task of dealing with an army in mutiny. His success led to a further promotion to colonel. In 1965 Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle gold, coffee, and ivory out of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - the subsequent funds should have been channeled to troops loyal to the murdered DRC prime minister Patrice Lumumba, but according to their leader, General Olenga, never arrived. A parliamentary investigation demanded by President Edward Mutebi Mutesa II (who was also the King of Buganda, known colloquially as 'King Freddie') put Obote on the defensive - he promoted Amin to general and made him Chief-of-Staff, had five ministers arrested, suspended the 1962 constitution, and declared himself president. King Freddie was finally forced into exile in Britain in 1966 when government forces, under the command of Idi Amin, stormed the royal palace.", "precise_score": 1.6784145832061768, "rough_score": 7.020793437957764, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin began to strengthen his position within the army, using the funds obtained from smuggling and from supplying arms to rebels in southern Sudan. He also developed ties with British and Israeli agents in the country. President Obote first responded by putting Amin under house arrest, and when this failed to work, Amin was sidelined to a non-executive position in the army. On 25 January 1971, whilst Obote attended a Commonwealth meeting in Singapore, Amin led a coup d'etat and took control of the country, declaring himself president. Popular history recalls Amin's declared title to be: \"His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin , VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular.\"", "precise_score": 5.4260358810424805, "rough_score": 7.71644401550293, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin was initially welcomed both within Uganda and by the international community. King Freddie had died in exile in 1969 and one of Amin's earliest acts was to have the body returned to Uganda for state burial. Political prisoners (many of whom were Amin followers) were freed and the Ugandan Secret Police was disbanded. However, at the same time Amin had 'killer squads' hunting down Obote's supporters.", "precise_score": 3.505929470062256, "rough_score": 6.361319541931152, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "                           Amin, Idi , president of Uganda (1971-1979), also known as Idi Amin Dada, whose brutality and disregard for the rule of law led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and plunged the country into chaos and poverty.", "precise_score": 7.805932998657227, "rough_score": 9.334989547729492, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Cape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "     Idi Amin was born in Buganda to parents who came from northwestern Uganda. He received little formal education and pursued a career in the army from a young age . Amin gained the attention and admiration of his superiors by becoming the heavyweight boxing champion of Uganda, a title he held from 1951 to 1960 . Once in power, Amin appointed well-qualified administrators to most of the positions in his first cabinet, but he paid no attention to their advice. To control the army, Amin relied on the support of soldiers he had recruited from the northwest corner of Uganda.", "precise_score": 3.1541008949279785, "rough_score": 6.456940174102783, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Cape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "    In his first year as president Amin ordered massacres of  large numbers of Langi and Acholi troops who were suspected of being loyal to Obote. After Amin's demands for large increases in military assistance were rebuffed by Israel and Britain, he expelled all Israeli advisers in 1972 and turned to the Arab Republic of  Libya, which gave him immediate support. In doing so, Amin became the first black African leader to renounce ties with the Jewish state of Israel and side instead with Islamic nations in the Middle East conflict over. Subsequently, Amin made a number of anti-Semitic declarations, including praising German dictator Adolf Hitler for killing Jewish people during World War II. To cover up an army mutiny in southwestern Uganda, Amin invaded Tanzania, seizing a strip of Tanzanian territory north of the Kagera River in late 1978. The Tanzanian government swiftly mobilized its army and forced out the Ugandan soldiers. Then, accompanied by a small contingent of anti-Amin Ugandan rebels, the Tanzanian army invaded Uganda in early 1979. By April they had fought their way to Kampala, the Ugandan capital, and overthrown Amin's government.", "precise_score": 3.6757171154022217, "rough_score": 6.571165561676025, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Cape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "    Amin fled to Libya where he was offered asylum, but after an altercation between his security guards and the Libyan police, he was forced to leave at the end of 1979. He then accepted asylum in Saudi Arabia, settling in Jiddah. He made one known attempt to return to Uganda, in early 1989, getting as far as Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), where he was identified and forced to return to Saudi Arabia. Amin's rule had many lasting negative consequences for Uganda: It led to low regard for human life and personal security, widespread corruption, and the disruption of economic production and distribution.", "precise_score": 6.74188232421875, "rough_score": 5.387633800506592, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Cape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1964, two years after Uganda was granted independence from Great Britian, Amin was appointed deputy chief of the nation's army and air force with the rank of colonel. When Amin's friend, Dr. Milton Obote, seized power in Uganda in February 1966, he placed Amin as his right-hand man in full command of the armed forces, promoting him to major general in 1968. By 1970 a rift had developed between the two men, both wanting more power.", "precise_score": 2.635831832885742, "rough_score": 5.341306686401367, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "On January 25, 1971, Amin overthrew Obote in a military coup, forcing him into exile. Amin then declared himself president and general, and a year later promoted himself to field marshal. Amin's victory over the authoritarian Obote regime was initially greeted with widespread support. However, that soon turned to hatred and fear when Amin began solidifying his absolute control over the nation. Within months after assuming office this large man (standing 6'4\" and weighing 280 pounds) ordered the murder of over 5,000 members of the rival Acholi and Langi tribes which Obote and his supporters came from, beginning a reign of terror in Uganda from 1971 to 1979 in which at least 350,000 Ugandans were murdered by Amin and his secret police.", "precise_score": 6.403960704803467, "rough_score": 6.613577842712402, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1972 Amin, angered over foreign residents' control of Ugandan commerce, ordered the expulsion of 55,000 Asian workers and businessmen and seized their businesses and assets for himself and his supporters. Amin also stole $1.5 billion in US and British foreign aid money and squandered it on military weapons, tripling the size of Uganda's army. In 1975 he declared himself president for life and embarked on a campaign to humiliate British nationals, climaxing in the summer of that year when he forced four Englishmen to carry him around in an Organization of African Unity rally in a sedan chair.", "precise_score": 1.9241747856140137, "rough_score": 5.315569877624512, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Kampala - Idi Amin, who is fighting for his life in a Saudi hospital, ruled Uganda in an eight-year orgy of slaughter and lunatic brutality that claimed hundreds of thousands of lives.", "precise_score": 4.390034198760986, "rough_score": 5.037111759185791, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The one leader prepared to stand up to Amin was President Julius Nyere of neighboring Tanzania. In 1978, Amin made the mistake of invading Tanzania. Nyere counter-attacked with a force of Tanzanian troops and Ugandan exiles, culminating in the capture of Kampala after seven months, forcing Amin to flee in April 1979.", "precise_score": 5.161628246307373, "rough_score": 5.165675163269043, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin, who ruled Uganda between 1971 and 1979, is fighting for his life at a Saudi hospital.", "precise_score": 8.49734115600586, "rough_score": 8.637797355651855, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Dissent within Uganda and Amin's attempt to annex the Kagera province of Tanzania in 1978, led to the Uganda–Tanzania War and the demise of his eight-year regime, leading Amin to flee into exile to Libya and then Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8046225309371948, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin never wrote an autobiography nor did he authorize any official written account of his life, so there are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born. Most biographical sources hold that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state Amin's year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928. Amin's son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928. According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Idi Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889–1976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910, and changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his first-born son after himself. Abandoned by his father at a young age, Idi Amin grew up with his mother's family in a rural farming town in northwestern Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amin's mother was Assa Aatte (1904–1970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education, and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.525869607925415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1959, Amin was made Afande (warrant officer), the highest rank possible for a Black African in the colonial British Army of that time. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and, in 1961, he was promoted to lieutenant, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers. He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's Karamojong and Kenya's Turkana nomads. In 1962, following Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom, Amin was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army. In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.449851989746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.441190481185913, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, South Sudanese, and other ethnic groups from the West Nile area bordering South Sudan. The South Sudanese had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.695348739624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off Entebbe International Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. Amin announced that he was a soldier, not a politician, and that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elections, which would be announced when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all political prisoners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6227882504463196, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin gave former King (Kabaka) of Buganda and President, Sir Edward Mutesa (who had died in exile), a state funeral in April 1971, freed many political prisoners, and reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period possible. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6545052528381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Army Chief of Staff, and Chief of Air Staff. He announced that he was suspending certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution, and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers with himself as the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts and parastatal agencies, and informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military discipline. Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to \"The Command Post\". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of Nakasero became the scene of torture and executions over the next few years. Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the military police and the Public Safety Unit (PSU).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.019981384277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised coup attempt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9162169694900513, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight-year reign. The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organizations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000. Among the most prominent people killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka, a former prime minister and chief justice; Janani Luwum, the Anglican archbishop; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of the central bank of Uganda; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice chancellor of Makerere University; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers, Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth Ofumbi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.132793426513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's army was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 percent Congolese, with only 24 percent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.368483304977417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as Israel, West Germany and, in particular, Great Britain. During the late 1960s, Obote's move to the left, which included his Common Man's Charter and the nationalisation of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the Soviet Union. Amin, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the Mau Mau uprising prior to Ugandan independence was known by the British as \"intensely loyal to Britain\"; this made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.268385171890259, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part of his \"economic war\", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the UK and nationalised eighty-five British-owned businesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4792299270629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The Soviet Union became Amin's largest arms supplier. East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies which were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8053693771362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1973, U.S. Ambassador Thomas Patrick Melady recommended that the United States reduce its presence in Uganda. Melady described Amin's regime as \"racist, erratic and unpredictable, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, and militaristic\". Accordingly, the United States closed its embassy in Kampala.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2892866134643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner from Tel Aviv to Paris hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German Revolutionäre Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport. There the hijackers were joined by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe), on the night of 3–4 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos were flown in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; 7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu, were killed. A fourth hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its High Commission in Uganda. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.042121648788452, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within 32 km of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with \"a single inch of territory\". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armored personnel carriers along the Kenya–Uganda border. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.335565447807312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him, and never expressed remorse for the nature of his regime. In 1989, he attempted to return to Uganda, apparently to lead an armed group organised by Colonel Juma Oris. He reached Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), before Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko forced him to return to Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5542893409729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "On 19 July 2003, one of Amin's wives, Madina, reported that he was in a coma and near death at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from kidney failure. She pleaded with the Ugandan President, Yoweri Museveni, to allow him to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to \"answer for his sins the moment he was brought back\". Amin's family decided to disconnect life support and Amin died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave without any fanfare. After Amin's death, David Owen revealed that when he was the British Foreign Secretary, he had proposed having Amin assassinated. He has defended this, arguing: \"I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of Pol Pot as one of the worst of all African regimes\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.247537612915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin's egotistical behaviour and mental health have been the subjects of much speculation throughout his reign and life. He was described as having a quick-change and violent short temper; being charming, happy, and charismatic one minute and then suddenly angry, violent, and brutal the next, with little or no warning. Many have speculated that his behaviour was either the result of long-term syphilis of the brain or possibly undiagnosed and untreated bipolar disorder. As the years progressed, Amin's behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and outspoken. After the United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared he had defeated the British, and conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: \"His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular\", in addition to his officially-stated claim of being the uncrowned King of Scotland. He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British Victoria Cross. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.078766822814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric figure. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a Time magazine article described him as a \"killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting martinet\". The comedy-variety series Saturday Night Live aired four Amin sketches between 1976–79, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against venereal disease. In a Benny Hill show transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading \"ME TARZAN, U GANDA\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9373923540115356, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasizing Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behavior. Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.209493637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* Mississippi Masala (1991), a film depicting the resettlement of an Indian family after the expulsion of Asians from Uganda by Idi Amin. Joseph Olita again plays Amin in a cameo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.633537769317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* The Man Who Stole Uganda (1971), World In Action first broadcast 5 April 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.239766597747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* I Love Idi Amin: The Story of Triumph under Fire in the Midst of Suffering and Persecution in Uganda (1977) by Festo Kivengere", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.5568366050720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* Impassioned for Freedom: Uganda, Struggle Against Idi Amin (2006) by Eriya Kategaya", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2180938720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* \"Kahawa\" by Donald Westlake; a thriller in which Amin is a minor character, but Amin's Uganda is portrayed in detail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.084064483642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=h7YGkcrJZJsC Culture of the Sepulchre] (2012) by Madanjeet Singh (former Indian Ambassador to Uganda), ISBN 0-670-08573-1 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.007773399353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "* \"Springtime in Uganda\" (2004) by Blaze Foley (posthumous release)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37115478515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375012397766113, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Uganda’s recent history includes civil war and two brutal dictatorships. In a country with so much beauty and natural wealth, how did this happen?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431866645812988, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The historical influence of Arab merchants and Catholic and Protestant missionaries also caused Ugandans of different religions to fight for dominance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415848731994629, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The British, who took over in the 1890s, favoured the Protestant Bagandans (people of Buganda). This group was given rule of the country, creating resentment elsewhere. After independence from Britain in 1962, grievances caused political meltdown and civil conflict.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.36323356628418, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The country’s prosperous Asian community were viewed as a popular target during the reign of Idi Amin. All Asians without Ugandan nationality were ordered to leave.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3840315341949463, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "While Idi Amin and then Milton Obote were in power, half a million Ugandans died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.285689353942871, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The violence of the past has not totally disappeared. A guerrilla group called the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) has terrorised people across northern Uganda and neighbouring countries over the past two decades. Led by a brutal leader called Joseph Kony, the LRA has killed and abducted tens of thousands of civilians, including many children, and displaced more than 1.5 million people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392068862915039, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Mr Musevni appointed a government from across ethnic lines, re-established the rule of law and set up a Human Rights Commission. Foreign investment and tourism were encouraged and Uganda’s economy began to grow. The monarchies of key Ugandan regions were also restored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285589218139648, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Brief history of Uganda’s peoples", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33444881439209, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "After AD1500, three kingdoms rose up – the Bunyoro, Buganda and Ankole. At first, the Bunyoro was the largest. It had a central structure under a king (omakuma) and a strong trading position, because of its salt mines. But by the late 1700s, the Buganda kingdom and its king (the kabaka) had become established as the major regional power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347305297851562, "source": "search", "title": "History & Politics — Uganda — Our Africa" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Born between 1925 and 1927 in Koboko, West Nile Province, Idi Amin's father was a Kakwa. The Kakwa tribe exists in Uganda, Zaire (now Congo), and Sudan; some members of the tribe are associated with the Nubi, an uprooted population which emerged as a result of 19th century political upheavals. The Nubi (Nubians) are urbanized and individualistic, have a reputation for homicide and military careers, and are Muslims. Amin embraced Islam and attained a fourth grade education.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5634081363677979, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin accompanied his mother and apparently acquired the militaristic qualifications prized by the British at that time: he was tall and strong, spoke the Kiswahili language, and lacked a good education, ensuring subservience. Enlisting in the army as a private in 1946, Amin impressed his superiors by being a good swimmer, rugby player, and boxer. He won the Uganda heavyweight boxing championship in 1951, a title he held for nine years. He was promoted to corporal in 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9907246828079224, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During the 1950s Amin fought against the Mau Mau African freedom fighters, who were opposed to British colonialism in Kenya. Despite his ruthless record during the uprisings, he was promoted to sergeant in 1951, lance corporal in 1953, and sergeant-major and platoon commander in 1958. In 1959 he attended a course in Nakuru (Kenya) where he performed so well that he was awarded the sword of honor and promoted to effendi, a rank invented for outstanding African non-commissioned officers (NCOs). By 1961 Amin and Shaban Opolot became the first two Ugandan commissioned officers with the rank of lieutenant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1147102117538452, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1962 Amin participated in stopping cattle rustling between neighboring ethnic groups in Karamoja (Uganda) and Turkana (Kenya). Because of atrocities he committed during these operations, British officials recommended to Apolo Milton Obote (Uganda's prime minister) that he be prosecuted. Obote instead reprimanded him, since it would have been unpolitical to prosecute one of the two African commissioned officers just before Uganda was to gain her independence from Britain on October 9, 1962. Thereafter Amin was promoted to captain in 1962 and major in 1963 and was selected to participate in the commanding officers' course at Wiltshire school of infantry in Britain in 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.398134469985962, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The need for pay increases and the removal of British officers led to an army mutiny in 1964. Amin was called upon to calm the soldiers. The resulting settlement from this crisis led to Amin's promotion to colonel and commanding officer of the First Battalion Uganda Rifles. The 1964 events catapulted the army into political prominence, something Amin fully understood, and he used the political process to gain favors from his superiors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.16506028175354, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin's close association with Obote apparently began in 1965 when, in sympathy for the followers of Patrice Lumumba (the murdered prime minister of Congo), Obote asked Amin for help in establishing military training camps. Amin also brought coffee, ivory, and gold into Uganda from the Congo so that the rebels there could have money to pay for arms. The opponents of Obote, such as the Kabaka (king) of Buganda (one of Uganda's ancient precolonial kingdoms), wanted an investigation of the illegal entry of gold and ivory into Uganda. Obote appointed a face-saving commission of inquiry and promoted Amin to chief of staff in 1966 and to brigadier and major-general in 1967. An attack on the Kabaka's palace forced the king to flee to Britain, where he died in exile in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.114685535430908, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Ugandans joyfully welcomed Amin. He was a towering charismatic figure and yet simple enough to shake hands with common people and participate in their traditional dances; he was charming, informal, and flexible: and because he married women from different ethnic groups, he was perceived as a nationalist. His popularity increased when he allowed the return of Kabaka's body for a royal burial, appointed a cabinet of technocrats, disbanded Obote's secret police, granted amnesty to political prisoners, and assured Ugandans that he would hand power back to the civilians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.668359279632568, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During this euphoric period, Amin's other personality began to emerge: ruthless, capricious, cunning, shrewd, and a consummate liar. His \"killer squads\" systematically eliminated Obote's supporters and murdered two Americans (Nicholas Stroh and Robert Siedle) who were investigating massacres that had occurred at Mbarara barracks in Western Uganda. It was becoming clear that Amin's apparent friendliness, buffoonery, and clowning were but a mask to hide a terrible brutality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.85999870300293, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1972 he savagely attacked the Israelis and the British who previously had been his close foreign allies. The bone of contention was his inability to procure arms from these countries. Once Muammar Qaddafi of Libya agreed to help, Amin immediately expelled the Israelis and 50,000 Asians holding British passports. The sudden expulsion of Asian traders not only wrecked Uganda's once prosperous economy, it also earned Amin a negative international image.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4095702171325684, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin used institutionalized violence or terror to eliminate his real and imaginary enemies. His success in using terror was partly due to divisions among Ugandans who on different occasions became his willing spies. The human cost of Amin's rule was devastating not only in terms of the loss of thousands of Ugandans, but also because of its dehumanizing effects. Human life became less important than wealth. The ritualistic and sadistic methods used in the various murders led to conclusions by reputable doctors that Amin's \"mental ill-health\" must account for what transpired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.584033012390137, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "By the late 1970s Amin's luck was running out. Coffee prices had plummeted from a high of $3.18 a pound to $1.28; the United States' stoppage of the purchase of Ugandan coffee in 1978 exacerbated the situation, and Arabs, who had generously donated funds, were concerned about Amin's failure to show how Uganda was being Islamized and why he was killing fellow Muslims. The deteriorating state of the economy made it difficult to import luxury consumer goods for the army. To divert attention from this internal crisis, Amin ordered an invasion of Tanzania in October 1978, allegedly because the latter planned to overthrow his government. The invaders were repelled. Tanzanians and exiled Ugandan soldiers then invaded Uganda and continued their pursuit of Amin until his government was overthrown on April 11, 1979. Amin fled to Libya, which had assisted throughout the years and during the war, but he later moved to Jidda, Saudi Arabia. Amin remained in Saudia Arabia until he was expelled in the early 1990s, when he relocated to Bahrain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4123079776763916, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "A continuing instability in Uganda attested to the enormous drain which Amin's policies had upon the political, economic, social, and cultural life of that country. Amin has been remembered best as the tyrant of Uganda who was responsible for a reign which was overwrought with mass killings and disarray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.06820011138916, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During his time in the army, Amin became the light heavyweight boxing champion of Uganda, a title he held for nine years between 1951 and 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2248941659927368, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin Commandeers Control of Uganda’s Government", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18002700805664, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "After more than 70 years under British rule, Uganda gained its independence on October 9, 1962, and Milton Obote became the nation’s first prime minister. By 1964, Obote had forged an alliance with Amin, who helped expand the size and power of the Ugandan Army. In February 1966, following accusations that the pair was responsible for smuggling gold and ivory from Congo that were subsequently traded for arms, Obote suspended the constitution and proclaimed himself executive president. Shortly thereafter, Obote sent Amin to dethrone King Mutesa II, also known as “King Freddie,” who ruled the powerful kingdom of Buganda in south-central Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.889969348907471, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1972, Amin expelled Uganda’s Asian population, which numbered between 50,000 and 70,000, resulting in a collapse of the economy as manufacturing, agriculture and commerce came to a screeching halt without the appropriate resources to support them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.237221717834473, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Over time, the number of Amin’s intimate allies dwindled and formerly loyal troops began to mutiny. When some fled across the border into Tanzania, Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of instigating the unrest and retaliated by annexing the Kagera Salient, a strip of territory north of the Kagera River, in November 1978. Two weeks later, Nyerere mobilized a counter-offensive to recapture the land, and drove the Ugandan Army out with the help of Ugandan exiles. The battle raged into Uganda, and on April 11, 1979, Amin was forced to flee when Kampala was captured. Although he originally sought refuge in Libya, he later moved to Saudi Arabia, where he lived comfortably until his death of multiple organ failure in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.212730407714844, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "This film is an expose of the life and times of Idi Amin, at a time when he was becoming increasingly notorious in the world. Filmed by a French movie crew, Amin probably saw this as a chance to score a public relations coup with the world, but he ends up being his own worst enemy. The film begins with a short segment about Uganda in general, the story of how Amin came to power in a coup in 1971, and how things had deteriorated in the country since the takeover. Following Amin around in his official duties and during his recreation time, the film captures the madman he was on film. The movie crew plays him absolutely straight; you can see his change in emotions from jovial to barely restrained rage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.849320650100708, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Besides showing Amin at his worst, this film also tells the tale of everyday life in modern Africa, and shows how Ugandans tried to make the best a miserable situation. One interesting part of the movie is that it shows how the old and new mix in Africa; a group of tribal dancers performs at a military base with a modern jet fighter in the background, for example. Great scenery of the Nile and wildlife as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100863456726074, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "I saw the film on rental DVD which is out of print and very difficult to get ahold of if no out of print VHS copy is available. This is a compelling and fascinating documentary on the former and ousted Uganda dictator Idi Amin Dada who thought it would be ideal as a positive public relations tool to use a documentary film to voice his views. It proved the opposite as you watch the film that maintains truth and objectivity while letting Idi expound his opinions to inform the viewers of his views and justify his decisions as the despotic ruler of Uganda between 1971 and 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7329556941986084, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Without Barbet Schroeder's brutally honest documentary, we would not be aware of what was inside the warped mind of Idi Amin to justify the horror bestowed upon the victims in the wrong place at the wrong time from all directions in Uganda under his coup d'etat rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.92305588722229, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Be that as it may, if the film were fictional it would be brilliant. Scenes like the off-tune band playing in the background and labeled \"revolutionary band\" lest anyone confuse them with an establishment or reactionary band, or how Idi uses what looks like a second-hand news helicopter and a rag-tag company of infantry running about in a simulated attach of the Golan Heights are absolutely ridiculous. Lacking an aircraft to train his paratroopers, he simply makes them roll onto the ground from less than 1 m elevation. He goes on a 5 minute rant about how the fruit markets in Nigeria and Ghana are open at 5 AM while Uganda is falling behind. He has more medals on his uniform than there are gold coins left in the treasury when he's done \"massaging\" and \"modernizing\" the economy. Almost completely illiterate and certainly not lacking in spontaneity, I.A.D. was probably the biggest lunatic of the late 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576030731201172, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Watching Forest Whitaker's performance as Ugandan military dictator Idi Amin in 2006's slightly disappointing The Last King Of Scotland, and then watching this, Barbet Schroeder's fantastic 1974 documentary about the same man, you have to applaud Whitaker's Oscar winning depiction. He not only grasped the man's sense of humour and desire for approval, but his terrifying ferocity which led to Amin being one of the most loathed and feared rulers in recent history. Yet if ever an Oscar was truly deserved, the Academy should have handed Idi Amin himself the award for Best Actor in 1974. The term 'autoportrait' (self-portrait) is cleverly used in the title, as that is exactly what it is. This might seem like a fly-on-the-wall depiction of a man narrating through his everyday duties, yet the film is very much controlled as much as Kevin Macdonald's fictional film was. Only it's not the director that is calling the shots in this film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.379558563232422, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The film depicts both the political and social sides of Amin. As well as his claims to being the 'last king of Scotland' and his invitation to Queen Elizabeth to visit Africa and meet 'a real man', it also shows the increasingly uneasy relationship that Amin and Uganda had at the time with neighbouring country Tanzania and their President Julius Nyerere. Amin would have you believe otherwise, laughing off these claims and joking that the two have a friendly and informal relationship (the two countries would eventually go to war between 1978 and 1979, leading to the overthrowing of Amin's regime). We also see him with his children from many wives (he was a polygamist, marrying six women) and taking Schroeder and his crew on a boat trip down the River Nile, pointing out the wildlife and talking about Uganda being the most beautiful place on the planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9614171981811523, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The documentary was forced to be edited and released in two versions - one hour-long version in Uganda, and the full length version everywhere else. Amin sent spies to France to make extensive notes on the full film, which lead to the kidnapping of over a hundred French citizens residing in Uganda. According the Schroeder, he was forced to re-edit the film in order for the captives to be released. The film lay in this state until Amin's fall from power, to which the film was restored and re-released in it's entirety.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.321279525756836, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "While it doesn't go into the holocaust he perpetrated on the Ugandans (a very valid point above,) the final meeting with the doctors shows exactly the fear and paranoia he felt. It is in the final scene; with Amin breathing heavily into the microphone, gulping down spit, eyes darting around the room in fear, that we can see what led him to kill 300-500,000 of his own people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656768798828125, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Keep in mind as well, that the murders were only beginning when the film was made. The film is effective in showing what led to the holocaust of the Ugandan people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488896369934082, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In anticipation of a career best performance by Forest Whitaker in \"The Last King of Scotland\", I hunted down the Criterion of this remarkably pieced together composite of General Idi Amin Dada, the forgotten Ugandan tyrant who seized power in the early 70s and ruled it with a murderous fist until his eventual ouster. The records speak for itself. The genocide, the corruption and the paranoid executions of his confidants find its way into the documentary but Barbet Schroeder's unique and darkly humorous focus always stays on the hauntingly paradoxical look at the avuncular disposition of the despicable despot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.811914920806885, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "After the filming, Schroeder found himself in a predicament when word got back to Idi Amin after its initial release in France and London that its audience found it to be \"funny like a comedy\". When his demands for cuts were not met, Idi Amin rounded up the French living in Uganda and threatened their lives if Schroeder did not relent. And of course, he did. Thankfully it was restored after Idi Amin's exile from the country. Even under the restrictive guise of a self-portrait, Schroeder masterfully instills a subtext that even before the cuts, Idi Amin could not properly discern because of his ego. The awkward gazes and listless looks of his employees and citizens are an inside joke for us but a reality for the megalomaniac. Schroeder lets Idi Amin present to us his own insanity within the smiles and guffaws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2282891273498535, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "It starts with a terrific close up of the portraited: Idi Amin Dada does not whisper \"Rosebud\". He just breathes heavily, shifting his eyes attentively from left to right and back – it's just as enigmatic. His Xanadu is a Wildlife Park with crocodiles, elephants and exotic birds, a rooftop swimming pool and rolling grassland, where he enacts the destruction of Israel - tanks, jet planes, helicopters and walky-talkies included. In short: The movie shows us Uganda as a boy's dream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.660371780395508, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Watching French filmmaker Barbet Schroeder's 1974 documentary General Idi Amin Dada: Autoportrait two things came to mind. First was an old Mad magazine spoof of Amin titled Idiot And Mean, in which, I believe the 1970s dictator of Uganda was visited by the crew of the original Star Trek television series, and also that fact that the word Dada, while literally part of Amin's name, also was an early 20th Century arts movement that embraced the meaningless of all art. The first point is obvious, because the name accorded Amin fits, and so does the second point fit, since the real Amin, as portrayed in this film, seems actually meaningless. He is now years dead, after being ousted and living out his life in exile in Saudi Arabia, and the anomic documentary oddly seems perfectly apropos of the man and the movement. One might say that General Idi Amin Dada: Autoportrait is, while not a great film, the first actually successful Dadaist work of art ever. Yet, I am more drawn to the first point, the Idiot And Mean riff, because, in watching this film, one must admit that, while the two words describe Amin to a proverbial T, the 92 minute long film shows that the word affable should also have been included.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.057587146759033, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "That's because Amin comes off as a very likable person, at least in his best moments, but like the girl with the curl in the middle of her forehead, when Amin was bad he was horrid, and the film gives glimpses of this, even though Amin does his best to destroy this. When the film premiered, it was actually taken as a comedy, and Amin was furious, and threatened to kill all French citizens living in Uganda unless Schroeder cut requested parts. Schroeder did, but restored the film once Amin went into exile. The whole project was apparently Amin's idea- a sort of vanity hagiography because he felt he was not respected in the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.033435821533203, "source": "search", "title": "General Idi Amin Dada Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5563223361968994, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He was ousted in 1979 by Ugandan nationalists, after which he fled into exile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.453747749328613, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Date of birth: 1925, near Koboko, West Nile province, Uganda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75239372253418, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada was born in 1925 near Koboko, in the West Nile Province of what is now the Republic of Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5725739002227783, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin received little formal education: sources are unclear whether or not he attended the local missionary school. However, in 1946 he joined the King's African Rifles , KAR (Britain's colonial African troops), and served in Burma, Somalia, Kenya (during the British suppression of the Mau Mau ) and Uganda. Although he was considered a skilled, and somewhat overeager, soldier, Amin developed a reputation for cruelty - he was almost cashiered on several occasions for excessive brutality during interrogations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9657058715820312, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He rose through the ranks, reaching sergeant-major before finally being made an effendi, the highest rank possible for a Black African serving in the British army. Amin was also an accomplished sportsman, holding Uganda's light heavyweight boxing championship from 1951 to 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.264355659484863, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "As Uganda approached independence Idi Amin's close colleague Apolo Milton Obote , the leader of the Uganda People's Congress (UPC), was made chief minister, and then prime minister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1032766103744507, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Obote had Amin, one of only two high ranking Africans in the KAR, appointed as First Lieutenant of the Ugandan army. Sent north to quell cattle stealing, Amin perpetrated such atrocities that the British government demanded he be prosecuted. Instead Obote arranged for him to receive further military training in the UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.057191848754883, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: Idi Amin Dada, the Butcher of Uganda" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born in the rural village of Koboko, Uganda, in 1923, a member of the Kakwa tribe. Raised in the isolated farming country of northwestern Uganda, Amin received a scant education which left him functionally illiterate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6324712634086609, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "During the Second World War, at the age of 18, he enlisted in the British Army in the East African Rifles and fought in Burma against the Japanese. At the end of the war Amin joined the British 4th Ugandan Battalion. After distinguishing himself in the fight against Kenya's Mau Maus between 1953 and 1957, Amin was promoted to sergeant major and admitted to an officer training program. Despite his lack of formal education, he proved to be one of Uganda's most able military commanders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.608610153198242, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Although he converted to Islam, Amin was oppressive in his new religion and was a noted polygamist with at least five wives and 23 children. By 1977 Uganda's economy was in shambles with a failing infrastructure, and Amin began losing support almost everywhere. In an attempt to rally the Ugandan people for his support, Amin in the spring of 1978 ordered his army to invade neighboring Tanzania, occupying 400 square miles of the country, supposedly the beginning of his plan to conquer all of Africa for himself. After a slow start, a force of 6,000 Ugandan rebels-in-exile, aided by a slowly mobilized 50,000-strong Tanzanian army, launched a counter-offensive against Amin's 70,000-strong army in December 1978. Amin's forces, demoralized and unwilling to fight any longer for their leader, rapidly collapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3485774993896484, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Although Col. Muammar Gadaffi of Libya sent troops and equipment to aid Amin's army, and the Palestine Liberation Organization sent some of its fighters, they were not sufficient to quell the popular uprising that ensued throughout Uganda and the approaching Tanzanian troops and Ugandan rebels. Amin's oppressive rule was brought to an end on April 11, 1979 when Tanzanian soldiers captured the Ugandan capital of Kampala, forcing Amin to flee into exile, taking most of his ill-gotten wealth and supporters with him. Amin first went to Libya and then to Saudi Arabia where he lived until his death in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.630316734313965, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "With Amin overthrown, the third part of our serialisation of Col Bernard Rwehururu's book, CROSS TO THE GUN, examines the divisions in the Uganda Army that, coupled with lack of support from the population, made it increasingly difficult to fight the enemy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.935730934143066, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "I still had hope that if we put our act together, we would be in a position to give the Tanzanians and their Ugandan allies a good military drubbing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402881622314453, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Two days after pitching camp in Kigumba, I developed terrible diarrhoea, but there were no medical facilities in the nearby Kiryandongo Hospital, so I had to be rushed to Lacor Hospital in Gulu, northern Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501399993896484, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The main area of action, stretching from the Uganda-Tanzania border to Kampala", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338899612426758, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The same men and officers, who had been talking in heated tones about regrouping our forces for purposes of driving the enemy off Ugandan soil, seemed to have totally changed their minds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391369819641113, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"The workload was so taxing for Amin's men that the Ugandan president was eventually forced to commission the establishment of a torture facilty in Nakasero. He called it the State Research Bureau. The bureau treated prisoners to nails in the skull and broken or shattered limbs. They were given hammers and encouraged to bludgeon each other to death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463005065917969, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "We know of an African government not far from where Lodge lives that has reduced to rubble an economy that was 10 times larger than Uganda's and has reduced its people to oppressed beggars who have to queue for nearly every basic commodity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404180526733398, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"I was in exile in Kenya when Ephraim Kamuntu, Akena Pajok and Ateker Ejalu requested us to join other people who were going to liberate Uganda with the help of Tanzania,\" Lwoka, who spoke a mixture of Luganda and Acholi said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207066535949707, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"We were joined by other men and then embarked on the voyage to Uganda via Lake Victoria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366350173950195, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"Our group was called the Save Uganda Movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416586875915527, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"The rest of us retreated and crossed to Uganda through Mutukula, Masaka and finally Mutundwe in Kampala where many of our colleagues were killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214390754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin did as much as any other African despot to stain the continent with a reputation for bloodshed and backwardness, killing more than 300 000 political rivals and ordinary Ugandans and destroying the country's economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630821228027344, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin also drove out of the country about 80 000 Ugandans of Asian origin, saying God had commanded him to do so in a dream. He distributed their vast businesses to his cronies, who mismanaged them, leading to a phenomenal economic meltdown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98814582824707, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin's reputation as a buffoonish butcher did not prevent him from strutting on the international stage bedecked with medals and braid. He once addressed the UN General Assembly - in the local Lugandan tongue rather than in English, which he said was the language of colonialists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.088119506835938, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Among the many titles he conferred on himself was that of CBE - \"Conqueror\" rather than \"Commander of the British Empire,\" as well as conferring on himself a doctorate of law, declaring himself a field marshal and, in 1975, life president of Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958291053771973, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "When Palestinian commandos seized a French airliner carrying Israelis and forced it to land at Entebbe in 1976, Amin sided with the hijackers and allowed them to keep their hostages at the airport. The hostages were rescued in a daring raid by an elite Israeli assault force, in which several Ugandan soldiers and all the hijackers were killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.044377326965332, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin was born in either 1924 or 1925 into the Muslim Kakwa tribe in Koboko in northwest Uganda, close to the borders of Zaire - now the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.042667031288147, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "In 1946, he joined the King's African Rifles of the British colonial army, and being both big and a good sportsman - he held the title of Ugandan heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960 - he attracted attention among his superiors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002503395080566, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Patrick Luganda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497133255004883, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "By the time the military took over power in Uganda in 1971, the gross domestic product had been rising at an average of 4.6%. The expulsion of the Asians in 1972 was the last nail in the coffin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.031970500946045, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Britain was particularly uneasy about the constant attack by Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia and Milton Obote of Uganda, the trio that led the vitriolic attack on Britain's support of Northern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20482063293457, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "These notes made a few months after the coup, prior to Amin's visit to Britain where he met none other than the Queen herself, were to prove an embarrassment to the British. Less than a year down the road, the head of state 'had a dream' while on a tour of the eastern region. In Tororo, he announced that he had been directed in a dream to rid Uganda of all Asians and foreigners, who were milking the economy with total disregard of the nationals of Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19477367401123, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "One of the declarations of the economic war was a directive that all banking business including accounts of the government, companies and cooperative unions had to bank with Uganda Commercial Bank. The effect was the closure of all foreign-owned banks branches upcountry. Many of them ended up clustering in Kampala.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385238647460938, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "It appears, however, that some army officers try to own a house in every town in Uganda. This is capitalism. They are spoiling Uganda's name,\" Amin told Drum magazine in a 1974 interview.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.112338066101074, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin believed that the people were far better off than before the economic war: \"My aim is to revolutionalise Uganda and see that all Ugandans are very rich in future,\" he said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.595634460449219, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Amin who was later declared life president and awarded a doctorate by Makerere University, is responsible for Uganda's economic crisis. Today, the nation is still struggling to climb out of the pit of economic decline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.943227767944336, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Mr Lucien Tibaruha yesterday told The Monitor that Ugandan law does not exempt people from trial on account of poor health or old age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509921073913574, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Asked why the government has never tried to extradite Amin, Tibaruha said that Uganda does not have an extradition treaty with Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.071333885192871, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "A joint force of Uganda exiles and the Tanzanian army toppled Amin on April 11, 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.741505146026611, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The public generally wants Amin pardoned and his wishes to be granted, while President Yoweri Museveni has said that the former president would be arrested and charged the moment he returns to Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.530738830566406, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Colonel Nasur Abdul Abdullah has challenged any Ugandan he forced to \"eat slippers\" to come out with evidence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415492057800293, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Nasur also strongly defended Amin, saying that the former president did a lot for Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.218623161315918, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "\"Amin started Uganda Airlines. He built Entebbe Airport, Nile Hotel and many other buildings. He even expelled Asians to empower Africans economically. Ugandans should be proud of him,\" the colonel said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.331832885742188, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He advised other Ugandan exiles to return home and help to rebuild their nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466853141784668, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Mufti Mubajje dismissed reports that the Muslim leadership was organising to bury the former president at the Uganda Muslim Supreme Council (UMSC) headquarters at Old Kampala.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660431861877441, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "They argued that it would be better for Amin to be buried there than transporting his body back to Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.073286056518555, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Imam Ssentongo said that even if Amin were to return to Uganda when he is still alive, it would still be \"un-Islamic\" to bury him at the mosque compound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.866195678710938, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He said that Amin is the most patriotic leader Uganda ever had, adding that the country might never produce his equal again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.148089408874512, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "The chairman of the Uganda Muslim Youth Assembly, Imam Kasozi, has said that former President Idi Amin did a lot to develop the Muslim community and the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4091923236846924, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He said that even those who killed Ugandans are now pointing fingers at Amin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025169372558594, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Mr Amin said he is ready to work under President Museveni for the good of Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.973023414611816, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "President Museveni said there is no need for anyone to be in self-imposed exile at this stage of Uganda's development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133516311645508, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He assured Mr Amin that he is welcome because Uganda is his country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.544075012207031, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He said the contribution of the Movement was aimed at making sure that Uganda reverted to constitutional rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121969223022461, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He told Mr Amin that by 1995, the country had already got a new constitution. President Museveni promised to support Mr Amin \"in any way possible\". He added that Mr Amin's supporters, both in the DRC and the Sudan, would be assisted to relocate to Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.223608493804932, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "Mr Amin, who at one time took over the Ugandan embassy in Kinshasa and was reportedly organizing a rebel group to attack Uganda, thanked Mr Museveni for his warm invitation and welcome at State House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.225581645965576, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" }, { "answer": "Uganda", "passage": "He advised the people of Uganda that there isn't much to gain by fighting, dividing and destroying the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383866310119629, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Uganda Mission" } ]

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[ { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The rand has the symbol \"R\" and is subdivided into 100 cents, symbol \"c\". Unlike the dollar, the decimal separator between a rand and cent is expressed by a comma. The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand (South African rand). The rand is the currency of the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Namibia.", "precise_score": 7.353487491607666, "rough_score": 6.5084733963012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "By the end of 2014, the rand had weakened to R 15.05 per dollar, partly due to South Africa's consistent trade account deficit with the rest of the world.", "precise_score": 3.011422872543335, "rough_score": 5.294119834899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Following the United Kingdom's (UK) vote to leave the European Union (EU), the rand dropped in value over 8% against the United States dollar on the 24th June 2016, the currency's largest single-day decline since the 2008 crash. This was partly due to a general global financial retreat from currencies seen as risky to the US dollar and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU would impact South Africa's economy and trade relations. ", "precise_score": 3.6258199214935303, "rough_score": 6.133488178253174, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In 2011, the South African Reserve Bank issued 100-rand banknotes which were defective because they lacked fluorescent printing visible under UV light. In June, printing of this denomination was moved from the South African Bank Note Company to Crane Currency’s Swedish division (Tumba Bruk), which reportedly produced 80 million 100-rand notes. The South African Reserve Bank shredded 3.6 million 100-rand banknotes printed by Crane Currency because they had the same serial numbers as a batch printed by the South African Bank Note Company. In addition, the notes printed in Sweden were not the correct colour, and they were 1 mm short. ", "precise_score": -1.2854232788085938, "rough_score": 4.291744232177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African Rand is the currency of South Africa, and is issued by the South African Reserve Bank. The currency takes its name from the Witwatersrand (\"White-waters-ridge\"), the ridge where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found and where Johannesburg was built. The Rand has the symbol \"R\" and is subdivided into 100 cents.", "precise_score": 6.4023590087890625, "rough_score": 7.357841968536377, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Hi Sarah, you caught me out! No, I haven’t been to any of these countries. The purpose of this post was to highlight that the strength of a currency really doesn’t tell us much about the strength of a country’s economy. South Africans love to hate the Rand, constantly moaning about how weak it is and that they can’t travel on it. I wanted to point out that yes, there are African countries with stronger currencies but many of them don’t have merit for having a stronger currency. Perhaps I could have focussed more on the actual differences between the countries but it would have for a very long read. Perhaps an idea for next time.", "precise_score": 2.270599126815796, "rough_score": 4.704467296600342, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The weak rand has a number of implications for the country’s growth prospect. Firstly, the weakening currency carries the risk of pushing up inflation because imported goods are more expensive. This means that the South African Reserve Bank faces a difficult decision. It can keep interest rates low but then faces even higher inflation. This will only devalue the rand further.", "precise_score": 2.6442482471466064, "rough_score": 6.6679582595825195, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In 2013 the South African rand was ranked as the 18th most-traded currency in the world . Surprisingly, while South Africa accounts for only 0.3% of the world’s daily foreign exchange market turnover, the rand accounts for 1.1% of worlds daily currency trading .", "precise_score": 5.982370376586914, "rough_score": 4.774796009063721, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Rand is the official unit of currency used as a legal tender in Republic of South Africa. The ISO 4217 currency code for the South African rand is ZAR and numeric code is 710. ZAR is an acronym for Zuid afrikaanse Rand, \"Zuid Afrika\" being a term used for the country�s name in the Dutch language. It was introduced as the national currency of South Africa with the independence of the country in 1961 and hence it replaced the South African pound. The rand is divided into 100 equal parts of its subunit, which is none other than \"cent\".", "precise_score": 6.923715114593506, "rough_score": 7.395807266235352, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African currency gets its name from \"Witswatersrand\" i.e. the name of the white water ridge onto which the city of Johannesburg is constructed and most of the South African gold deposits are located, rand meaning a ridge. In daily use, South African rand is denoted with the symbol \"R\".", "precise_score": 3.446641445159912, "rough_score": 4.328349590301514, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South Africa is one the fastest developing countries of the world courtesy the possession of large pool of abundant natural resources, but the growth of the nation still had been on a weaker side. The problems of high poverty and unemployment still prevail dominantly over the economy of South Africa. The same trend had been observed in the case of value of its currency. During the initial 20 years of existence, the South African rand was valued even higher than US dollar; the fall in the value of the currency in the recent years hasn�t been recovered yet. Though some industries have benefited from this fall in the value of rand like the tourism industry and even the more important gold mining industry.", "precise_score": 2.2497434616088867, "rough_score": 4.415740966796875, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In the current scenario, the rand has caught attention of the speculators and investors because it is considered to be under rated by 15 to 20% and the values are subject to fluctuations. There also exist some government currency policies to control the import-export of the currency. One is that the import and export of more than R5000 is restricted except if it is exchanged with the countries Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia. Any foreign currency imported and exported from South Africa must be declared.", "precise_score": 3.433821201324463, "rough_score": 5.808046340942383, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African rand being a newly adopted currency uses the decimal system like all other modern currencies. The issuance and distribution of rand in bank notes as well as coinage are in the hands of South African Reserve Bank. The calculation of the requirement of currency in the country, the supply and maintenance of the availability are all the functions of the reserve bank. But the major issues like what denominations to be issued or removed etc are decided upon by the government of the country. The unit of South African currency is subdivided into 100 equal cents and like most of the currencies; the smaller denominations of the currency are available in coins only. Coins are minted in 9 denominations i.e. 1 cent, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, 1 rand, 2 and 5 rands. The 1c and 2c coins are rarely used in the daily operations as most of the goods in the country have rounded off values to the nearest 5c. Some other coins are also issued by the reserve bank that cannot be termed as a normal currency and are used rarely. One of them is a gold coin Kruger rand, that can be cashed from any bank in the world and is valued depending upon the value of gold. The other one is the Mandela R5 proof coin that is the first ever coin in the history that feature a smiling statesman. Rand banknotes are printed in only 5 face values i.e. R10, R20, R50, R100 and R200.", "precise_score": 2.927183151245117, "rough_score": 4.230432987213135, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The current official currency of South Africa i.e. South African rand came into existence 1961 when it replaced the prevailing currency at that time i.e. pound sterling. The reserve bank of South Africa was established in the country as the central bank in the year 1921, took over the control of the new national currency. Previously, the printed bank notes of currency were imported from the United Kingdom, as there were no printing facilities available in the country but a short while after the introduction of South African rand, a bank note factory was also established. Since its inception until 1982, rand had a high value, even higher than the US dollar. But after 1982, the phase of constant devaluation of the currency commenced. A series of events including the infamous Rubicon speech by the state president adversely affected the currency and till 2001, the currency dropped down to its lowest value that was US$1 = R13.84. The currency has recovered quite a bit but is still at value lower as compared to that of dollar.", "precise_score": 4.873630046844482, "rough_score": 7.040281772613525, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Zimbabwe’s adoption of the South African rand (ZAR) as its main transaction currency to replace the US dollar in the country’s multi-currency system will “encourage” foreign direct investment according to an investment specialist in Zimbabwe at one of the world’s largest independent financial advisory organizations managing billions of dollars.", "precise_score": 5.31582498550415, "rough_score": 6.376296520233154, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "“When the rand becomes the de facto currency of Zimbabwe, the country’s economic woes could seriously start to diminish” he also suggests. And, this according to the South African would “drive confidence in Zimbabwe” as being a place to do business and invest.", "precise_score": 5.69324254989624, "rough_score": 6.256007194519043, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "They'll trade in the U.S. dollar, Australian dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan and Indian rupee.", "precise_score": -0.8036702275276184, "rough_score": 5.868753910064697, "source": "search", "title": "This country has nine currencies - Feb. 29, 2016 - CNNMoney" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Historical users of the South African rand included South-West Africa and the nominally independent bantustans under the apartheid system: Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei and Venda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8076171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The rand takes its name from the Witwatersrand (literally \"white waters' ridge\" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.418359279632568, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The cent was introduced in the then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the Republic of South Africa was established. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, \"the rand-cent man\" (known in Afrikaans as Dan Desimaal). This was accompanied by a radio jingle, to inform the public about the new currency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.351327419281006, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "As it became clear in the early 1990s that the country was destined for black majority rule and one reform after the other was announced, uncertainty about the future of the country hastened the depreciation until the level of R 3 to the dollar was breached in November 1992. A host of local and international events influenced the currency after that, most notably the 1994 democratic election which had it weaken to over R 3.60 to the dollar, the election of Tito Mboweni as the new governor of the South African Reserve Bank, and the inauguration of President Thabo Mbeki in 1999 which had it quickly slide to over R 6 to the dollar. The controversial land reform program that was kicked off in Zimbabwe, followed by the September 11, 2001 attacks, propelled it to its weakest historical level of R 13.84 to the dollar in December 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.49702262878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "This downward slide could be attributed to a range of factors: South Africa's worsening current account deficit, which widened to a 36‑year high of 7.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007; inflation at a five-year high of just under 9%; escalating global risk aversion as investors' concerns over the spreading impact of the subprime crisis grew; and a general flight to \"safe havens\", away from the perceived risks of emerging markets. The rand depreciation was exacerbated by the Eskom electricity crisis, which arose from the utility being unable to meet the country's rapidly growing energy demands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.348441123962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The January drop in value was also partly caused by Japanese retail investors cutting their losses in the currency to look for higher-yield investments elsewhere and due to concerns over the impact of the economic slowdown in China, South Africa's largest export partner. By mid-January, economists were speculating that the rand could expect to see further volatility for the rest of 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6742388606071472, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The 2005 series has the same principal design, but with additional security features such as colour-shifting ink on the 50-rand and higher and the EURion constellation. The obverses of all denominations are printed in English, while two other languages are printed on the reverses, thus making use of all 11 official languages of South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.863341808319092, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In 2010, the South African Reserve Bank and commercial banks withdrew all 1990 series R 200 banknotes due to relatively high-quality counterfeit notes in circulation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890569686889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "South African rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.612433433532715, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African Rand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.355554580688477, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African Rand is also legal tender in Swaziland and Lesotho, and is accepted in Namibia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.676274299621582, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era, including poverty, lack of economic empowerment for the disadvantaged, and inadequate public transportation. Unemployment is extremely high (approaching 25%), and South Africa ranks poorly for income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466920852661133, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African Rand was introduced on February 14, 1961, replacing Round Sterling as legal tender, at two Rand = 1 Pound 10 shillings. 1961 was also the year the country became a republic and left the Commonwealth of Nations following a whites-only referendum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9316034317016602, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR | South African Rand | OANDA" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "A very surprising example of a strong African currency, Ghana’s Cedi. Ghana is well known for its extensive natural resources, namely Gold from it’s Ashanti region (hence the Anglo-Ashanti gold company famous in South Africa). This one is actually a cheat though, the Cedi is actually in its 3rd rendition under the same name as the currency has been revalued a couple of times. The most recent revaluation was 2007 and it’s lost almost 50% of it’s value against the Rand since then, so the current rate of R3.79 for 1 Cedi shouldn’t last long.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8060245513916016, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Nick you clearly haven’t been to any of the countries in the list above. Have it better in what sense, when SA has now the 2nd strongest economy in Africa after Nigeria but still the largest rich-poor gap in the world??? The people using those currencies at least don’t experience the depths of poverty experienced in South Africa. They clearly have better value for money, not only in currency but in quality of living standards. Even countries with weaker currencies experience far better living standards. Rand is nothing to ride home about.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.046337127685547, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "I am a Zambian citizen,have stayed in South africa for two years,the level of poverty is to high than in my country or botswana,southafrica is only known for its historical people outside they think like its a country of full of opoturnity to if you came here that’s when you realise that your country is better than these place.I support nick zambian curency is more powerful than rand the only thing you can came and to in southafrica is to buy goods cause they are more cheap than in my country if I go and sell their I make more profit. Zawa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.449019908905029, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "I am a Zambian citizen,have stayed in South africa for two years,the level of poverty is to high in southafrica than Zambia, southafrica is only known for its historical people outside they think like its a country of full of opoturnity but if you came here that’s when you realise that your country is better than southafrica.I support nick zambian curency is more powerful than rand the only thing you can came and do in southafrica is to buy goods and go and sell them in your country cause they are cheap,if I go and sell in Zambia I make more profit. Zawa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.756382942199707, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "hi ken phiri kazawara, you are really funny lol. You claim to think zambia is better than south africa yes? Would you explain why we get people from your country and other african countries everywhere in the streets of south africa? We are the best place to live in, in south africa i tell you mate! I don’t think there is any african country that would say they have alot of south africans trying to make a living there. Guess that explains which country is of best preference yes?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062333106994629, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Hi Mxolisi you are wrong there mate Botswana is much much better.though in Botswana Batswana are nearly 2.2 million and half a million are foreigners mostly from South Africa,Nigeria,Zimbabwe……Batswana don’t walk the streets just visit Gaborone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146791458129883, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "S Africa", "passage": "MX I agree with you , nothing the guy says is fact , I’m not from SA but travel into the region and across Africa a lot , currency values mean nothing at all , standard of living and basic access to services has a greater impact and SA particularly shines in that area , yes there is abject poverty in some sectors but . even that level outperforms poverty levels in most African countries … Some of the comments made rather uninformed and quite frankly unnecessary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.918235778808594, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "I ‘ve been to most countries in Africa, including the ones listed above. Honestly speaking, life in South Africa is far much better as compared to any of the African countries… including Nigeria! South Africans keep complaining but they have no idea that they are far much better than any African nation out there, as most countries still have most of their citizens living below the poverty line. The value of a currency really means nothing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.181034088134766, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "One important factor to look at is not only the so-called “buying power”, but also something economists call “GDP per Capita”. I am not an economist but I can attempt to elaborate GDP per Capita as the average amount of money that a country can equally share among its citizens. Nigeria was recently declared Africa’s strongest economy, reposition South Africa and the second. But how do these two nations’ GDP per Capita display themselves?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58752727508545, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Now back to our GDP per Capita concept, Nigeria has a population of 160 million with a total economy of USD580 billion, and South Africa has a population of 56 million with an economy valued at USD350 billion. Now with the amount of money that Nigeria has, each citizen can equally have USD3,625.00, and South Africa can give to each and every citizen in Mzantsi, an amount equivalent to USD6,250.00 – almost double that a Nigerian can claim!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.201471328735352, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Those that are saying the Kwacha is weaker than the rand. Try knock of a few zeros off the zip dollar and see if the zip dollar will be equally strong. The zambian Kwacha is the only currency that has once been stronger than the British pound. And is one of the most improving currency even after a few changes have caused our economy to be challenged. Other than that we are getting there. Most south African stores are now flooding our malls cause of the currency here. You sell clothes at an exact exchange rate example R450=k450 and yet the kwacha is double the value hence profitable to you. South Africa rand R100=k60=$10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2858963012695312, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "All the above African countries have much smaller economies than South Africa. Most of them are basically poor countries compared to S.A. How is it that the S.A Rand is much weaker than their currencies. It just makes no sense. What’s pulling the Rand down! Is it the incompetence of our government or bad economic growth? I think it’s both but still it’s rather strange that the Rand is weaker then the currencies of the countries mentioned. Can someone please explain!!!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.89115047454834, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "If SA is bad in a sense of poverty, why all these people from other african countries with strong currencies leave their strong currency countries and decide to come to South Africa where they say poverty is like breathing in and out? Why Woman of Neighbouring cross boarders illigally just to get best medical service for their pregnancy and want their kids to be born in south africa so that they can have full citizen rights? Because SA is the best in africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.842327117919922, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "currencies mean nothing an south africa is the best country with the best economy ,just that nw we r strugling a little bit because of china s economy ,remember china is the only country that purchase most of our products", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500593185424805, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Very true, South Africa is a land of opportunity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489197731018066, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "People here have very little information about countries. i have stayed in most southern african countries, exept few like angola, swaziland, mozambique. I have been to south africa, zimbabwe, malawi, zambia, nambia, botswana, just to mention a few. south africa is the most industrialized and good infastracture, that does not mean its economy is the best, if you look at there budget, yes its big but its not catering every person in there country, south africa was good years back, but now things are failing. there so many south african in other countries including zimbabwe, botswana, nambia and zambia. so you guys are you telling we are should chase them out. its be reasonable when are taliking about other countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674768447875977, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "zambia is there another with the only problem being political leaders and corruption, mind you south africa is worse then zambia when it comes to corruption. but the country is growing faster then almost all the countries in the southern africa. zambia made sure that each and every country in africa is independent. there so many south africans, zimbabwens, congoless, malawins, angolans. rwandess, and many other africans, european and asians, but you will never hear this country go to the streets to burn people alive. thats how peacefull that country is.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980488777160645, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "S Africa", "passage": "so when you are comparing the countries without visting and staying there, you might think your country is the best, but in the real world others are better then yours. having your country being well advertisered does not mean its the best. the other thing you need to look at is the budgeting balancing with the population and economy. every party of this africa is the same. africa is africa every single part of it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96307373046875, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "I see!! Interesting comments! I live in SA from west Africa. Facts are facts! The are many opportunities and riches in south Africa but…hey! Poverty in SA is toooo bad as compared to west Africa! Amongst the rural blacks in SA is in eye sore! Probably as Bible has “With knowledge you have riches”! No one can be rich in absolute ignorance and that is perishing black south Africans in the land of honey and milk!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347063064575195, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Having good infrastructure is not an indicator of a county’s economic strength and that’s the mistake most black South Africans make.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488788604736328, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African rand has fallen and the economy is at the brink of total collapse. There’s no African country that is growing at 0.8% like South Africa, so that tells you a lot. The myth of South Africa being the best in the continent is what fuels xenophobia by black South Africans who after 21 years have forgotten how full they were in our countries. Corruption and education here are also among the worst in Africa. South Africans should just accept that the spotlight has passed to other countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.964923858642578, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "I think we should separate the issues on here. If we want to discuss or compare any African country to SA we should make a distinction. Yes the South African Rand has fallen compared to the countries in question but it is not true to say those countries are better than SA. SA is far much better than some countries on the list and this can be seen from the citizens flocking to SA for greener pastures. SA is better many ways except they have most likely the highest crime rate still!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.298532009124756, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Interesting conversation about African countries, their currencies and standard of living. At times it is good for a currency to be weak, as long as this leads to more production, tourism and further investments. Most of the countries in Africa have Government controlled currencies with the result that investors can’t get their returns out of the countries concerned. They cannot even use the money to buy stock from abroad. Nigeria, Angola, Ghana etc. Long term this becomes a problem, investors pull out. South Africa however has a free market economy (value of the rand is determined by what we sell and what we buy that includes stock market products). At the moment the rand is weak because (1) There is a general risk associated with third world countries. (2) There is a general mismanagement of the economy by Government, that includes finance minister Nene’s removal. (3) The huge imports of food due to draught. (4) The general depreciation of our minerals due to weak demand from China. Most of the above reasons are temporal, so we don’t need to panic. A correction is coming soon as long as we continue producing and we attract direct foreign investments. Zuma is not going to rule for ever(at least the constitution does not allow him to do so), if he does we are doom. With regards to whether South Africa is worse than the other 9 countries with stronger currencies, I don’t think so except for Botswana maybe(because they have few people) but we still have better road infrastructure, better universities, better manufacturing sector(they buy most of their products from South Africa). I have been to all the countries mentioned above except Egypt). Non of them can economically match the South African economy. Even the gap between the rich and poor is compensated by the fact that in SA there is Old age grant, children grant, which is non existant in the rest of Africa. It makes a difference, just that it might also be the reason why some rural communities have stopped subsistence farming. I have travelled most of Africa and I spent 5 years in Cuba and 1 year in Germany. Those talk of Zambia being better have only been to rich sections of cities. You can find people using charcoal for cooking in some townships of Livingston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5846202373504639, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "Mzansi", "passage": "Well they can say whatever they want to, but they have now crowded mzansi yet the claim to be better than us. One day we will have an intelligent president and all this nonsense will stop. We love you africans outside RSA even though you are mocking us. mxm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403700828552246, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South Africa is a type of United States of America in Africa.I am a Nigerian,but there is something about South Africa that makes it stand out as the best in Africa.”IT IS THE LAND OF GREAT OPPORTUNITIES”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27601432800293, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "Mzansi", "passage": "Never argue from something you don’t understand education is important, the level of illiteracy is to high in SA, thus only few understands this issues. Ba mfwetu somuchela Mzansi yapelile manje, zonke izinto zapelile, muyashonepa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502420425415039, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Infrastructure in south africa is okey but poverty their is second to non.Many west african came with high hope,but they were caught by poverty beyond their imagination”but going back home is not as easy as you think.Strong currency and economy is nothing with out improving the livies of the people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454147338867188, "source": "search", "title": "9 African Countries With Stronger Currencies Than The Rand" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling — Quartz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.902470588684082, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Given that South Africa operates within a flexible exchange rate regime , the value of the rand, like any commodity, is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. The demand for a currency relative to the supply will determine its value in relation to another currency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4847118854522705, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South Africa’s currency lost 26% of its value in the six months after turmoil gripped Chinese markets in June 2015. This was when the People’s Bank of China surprised markets by executing a 2% devaluation of the yuan and changing the way it traded its currency. The aim was to weaken the yuan to boost its export competitiveness .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.089418888092041, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "This, coupled with slower economic growth, has aggravated the situation for South Africa as well as other African countries that rely on oil and mineral exports to China. Emerging markets most exposed to lower growth prospects and subdued commodity prices have seen the sharpest falls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84074592590332, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The rand’s weakening could not have come at a worse time for South Africa. The country is suffering from the worst drought since 1992 which has increased food costs and pushed the farming industry into recession. The price of white corn, a staple food in southern Africa, has more than doubled on the South African Futures Exchange in the past year .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.523548126220703, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The weaker rand may also have short-term benefits for sub-Saharan countries importing substantial volumes from South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3158860206604, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "This difference is largely due to the daily trade taking place outside South Africa by non-residents. This is partly a result of virtually no exchange control restrictions for foreigners trading the rand but many in place for South Africans who wish to trade in foreign currency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3777496814727783, "source": "search", "title": "How to explain why the South African rand keeps falling ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African Rand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.355554580688477, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "SOUTH AFRICAN RAND", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.355554580688477, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Introduction | Overview | Structure | History | Factors affecting change in exchange rates | Weekly trend of South African rand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33542251586914, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The African continent stayed unexplored for ages until the European super powers of that time started exploration voyages. The \"cape of good hope\" was the first African headland to be discovered by the Portuguese and by 1652, the Dutch started to get settled there. The cape was an important landmark in establishing a sea route to the Far East and the country acted as the door to explore Africa. The inhabitants of South Africa earlier used barter system of exchange before it was discovered but with time as it transformed into a trading center, many a currencies were used depending upon the respective rule over the country. The first currency introduced in the country was guilder and since then a long list of currencies were used. During the late 18th century, Rix dollar used to be the currency of South Africa and during this phase, for the first time in history of the country, paper money in the form of written bank notes were issued. Shortly after the introduction of paper money in the country, bank was established for the first time in 1793 with the name of Lombard bank but was forced to discontinue its operations in 1837 because of the stiff competition from the private banks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.501657962799072, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand - crnindia" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost Investment & Be Championed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036502838134766, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost Investment & Be Championed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036502838134766, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The assessment from South African-born Shane Helberg, Area Manager of Zimbabwe, Botswana and Mozambique at deVere Group , which has around $10bn under advice from 80,000 mainly expatriate clients globally, comes after reports that the development is around the corner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125428199768066, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "At the heart of the matter for Zimbabwe is a dire shortage of foreign investment. Shifting to the South African rand could help the authorities gain time and allow them to initiate a much needed shot in the arm in terms of implementing policies that are investor friendly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.571772575378418, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "As to who will champion it, reports have pointed to the Zimbabwean and South African governments reaching an agreement during the recent continental summit in Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236627578735352, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The South African president Jacob Zuma has also been quoted as saying: “I’m very much impressed by such a great and historical event that will be witnessed between the two countries both economically and socially.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104926109313965, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Using one primary currency, the rand, for commerce is likely to be beneficial for a number of key reasons. “Firstly, it’s is better to move to using one single semi-convertible currency than a multiplicity of currencies at the moment as it reduces confusion and uncertainty,” says the South African.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8907780647277832, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Secondly, the measure should also help boost trade links with South Africa, Zimbabwe’s major trading partner. For many years, South Africa has been Zimbabwe’s single largest trading partner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118915557861328, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "According to statistics from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe imports from South Africa in March 2016 represented 22% of total imports. On the export front, South Africa accounted for 78% of the nation’s total.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.467589378356934, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "It has been reported that China is expected to channel more than $20bn worth of investments to Zimbabwe and South Africa. And, Helberg posits that this “arrangement might have helped spur on the agreement” on rand use between the beneficiaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.166092395782471, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Currently the majority of Zimbabwean manufacturers are importing raw materials from South Africa. In addition, Zimbabwe imports household and basic goods from South Africa as the local industry is still struggling to meet demand. Similarly, Zimbabwean supermarket shelves are found to have around two-thirds of imported products mainly from South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544641494750977, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "S Africa", "passage": "On the property front, emerging and frontier markets - including in Africa - presents unique and individual challenges for property occupiers and investors. And, highlighting that countries across Africa cannot be considered as homogenous, a report published last year by commercial property and real-estate consultants Cushman & Wakefield rated Zimbabwe ‘high risk’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1434907913208, "source": "search", "title": "South African Rand Adoption For Zimbabwe Should Boost ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "ZAR - South African Rand rates, news, and tools", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027375221252441, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR - South African Rand rates, news, and tools - XE.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African Rand History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.092978477478027, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR - South African Rand rates, news, and tools - XE.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "As a trading center, multiple currencies circulated throughout South Africa. The first official currency used was the Guilder. During the late 17th century, the Rixdollar was used and was the first South African currency to include paper notes. During British occupation, in 1826, the Cape Colony was put on a sterling basis, though other currencies, including Spanish Dollars, US Dollars , French Francs, and Indian Rupees continued to circulate. In 1921, the Reserve Bank of South Africa was established as the central bank. In 1961, the South African Rand replaced the Pound under a decimalized system. The ratio was 2 ZAR to 1 GBP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7263738512992859, "source": "search", "title": "ZAR - South African Rand rates, news, and tools - XE.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "\"Most currencies are for trading purposes,\" Reserve Bank Governor John Mangudya told CNNMoney. \"50% of our trade is with China and South Africa so we need to allow trading in many currencies.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133024215698242, "source": "search", "title": "This country has nine currencies - Feb. 29, 2016 - CNNMoney" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "On the streets of the capital Harare, the U.S. dollar is preferred but traders accept a variety of currencies. Near the borders with South Africa and Botswana, the rand, pula and the euro are popular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.201664447784424, "source": "search", "title": "This country has nine currencies - Feb. 29, 2016 - CNNMoney" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Dahomey kingdom", "Dohomey", "Danhome", "Dahomey", "Kingdom of Dahomey", "DHY", "Dahomeyan" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "kingdom of dahomey", "danhome", "dhy", "dahomey", "dahomeyan", "dahomey kingdom", "dohomey" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dohomey", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Dohomey" }

[ { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Benin ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming. ", "precise_score": -6.9303107261657715, "rough_score": -8.230828285217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The new name, Benin, was chosen for its neutrality. Dahomey was the name of the former Kingdom of Dahomey, which covered only most of the southern third of the present country and therefore did not represent Porto-Novo (a rival state in the south), the northwestern sector Atakora, nor the kingdom of Borgu, which covered the northeastern third. ", "precise_score": -6.211050987243652, "rough_score": -6.757417678833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day Benin. The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It effectively lasted until 1 March 1990, with the adoption of a new constitution, and the abolition of Marxism-Leninism in the nation in 1989. ", "precise_score": -2.3030524253845215, "rough_score": -5.845710277557373, "source": "wiki", "title": "People's Republic of Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Gen. Christophe Soglo deposed the first president, Hubert Maga, in an army coup in 1963. He dismissed the civilian government in 1965, proclaiming himself chief of state. A group of young army officers seized power in Dec. 1967, deposing Soglo. In Dec. 1969, Benin had its fifth coup of the decade, with the army again taking power. In May 1970, a three-man presidential commission with a six-year term was created to take over the government. In May 1972, yet another army coup ousted the triumvirate and installed Lt. Col. Mathieu Kérékou as president. Between 1974 and 1989 Dahomey embraced socialism, and changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin. The name Benin commemorates an African kingdom that flourished from the 15th to the 17th century in what is now southwest Nigeria. In 1990, Benin abandoned Marxist ideology, began moving toward multiparty democracy, and changed its name again, to the Republic of Benin.", "precise_score": -5.2505903244018555, "rough_score": -8.308527946472168, "source": "search", "title": "Benin: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "a republic in W Africa, on the Bight of Benin, a section of the Gulf of Guinea: in the early 19th century a powerful kingdom, famed for its women warriors; became a French colony in 1893, gaining independence in 1960. It consists chiefly of coastal lagoons and swamps in the south, a fertile plain and marshes in the centre, and the Atakora Mountains in the northwest. Official language: French. Religion: animist majority. Currency: franc. Capital: Porto Novo (the government is based in Cotonou). Pop: 9 877 292 (2013 est). Area: 112 622 sq km (43 474 sq miles) Former name (until 1975) Dahomey", "precise_score": -5.26305627822876, "rough_score": -6.519968509674072, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | Define Benin at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "former West African kingdom, from the Bini people, whose name is perhaps related to Arabic bani \"sons.\" Though now the people is associated with Nigeria, the name was taken 1974 by the former nation of Dahomey.", "precise_score": -5.285898685455322, "rough_score": -4.7031660079956055, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | Define Benin at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Identification. Before 1975, the Republic of Benin was known as Dahomey, its French colonial name. Three years after the coup that brought Major Kérékou to power, the name was changed to the People's Republic of Benin, reflecting the Marxist-Leninist ideology of the new government. After the collapse of the Kérékou government in 1989, the name was shortened to the Republic of Benin. In the precolonial period, Dahomey was the name of the most powerful kingdom on the Slave Coast, which extended along the Bight of Benin to Lagos. Today Benin includes not only the ancient Fon kingdom of Dahomey but also areas inhabited by many other groups.", "precise_score": -1.7518718242645264, "rough_score": -5.462087631225586, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The modern republic of Benin, given that name only in 1975, is the successor to one of west Africa's most interesting and long-lasting kingdoms, that of Dahomey. The traditional date of the founding of the local dynasty is1625, when three brothers of the Dahomey people rule adjacent territories along the lower reaches of the Mono river. In the early eighteenth century one member of the family defeats his cousins and brings into a single kingdom the region known today as Benin.", "precise_score": -4.308477878570557, "rough_score": -5.702016830444336, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "From the 17th to the 19th century, the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey along with the city-state of Porto-Novo and a large area with many different tribes to the north. This region was referred to as the Slave Coast from as early as the 17th century due to the large number of slaves shipped to the New World during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. After slavery was abolished, France took over the country and renamed it French Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France, and had a tumultuous period with many different democratic governments, many military coups and military governments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672311782836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "During the colonial period and at independence, the country was known as Dahomey. On 30 November 1975 it was renamed to Benin, after the body of water on which the country lies—the Bight of Benin—which, in turn, had been named after the Benin Empire (nowadays Nigeria). The country of Benin has no connection to Benin City in modern Nigeria, nor to the Benin bronzes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.105064392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The current country of Benin combines three areas which had different political and ethnic systems prior to French colonial control. Before 1700, there were a few important city states along the coast (primarily of the Aja ethnic group, but also including Yoruba and Gbe peoples) and a mass of tribal regions inland (composed of Bariba, Mahi, Gedevi, and Kabye peoples). The Oyo Empire, located primarily to the east of modern Benin, was the most significant large-scale military force in the region and it would regularly conduct raids and exact tribute from the coastal kingdoms and the tribal regions. The situation changed in the 1600s and early 1700s as the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was of Fon ethnicity, was founded on the Abomey plateau and began taking over areas along the coast. By 1727, king Agaja of the Kingdom of Dahomey had conquered the coastal cities of Allada and Whydah, but it had become a tributary of the Oyo empire and did not directly attack the Oyo allied city-state of Porto-Novo. The rise of the kingdom of Dahomey, the rivalry between the kingdom and the city of Porto-Novo, and the continued tribal politics of the northern region, persisted into the colonial and post-colonial periods. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.1812105178833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey kingdom", "passage": "The Dahomey Kingdom was known for its culture and traditions. Young boys were often apprenticed to older soldiers, and taught the kingdom's military customs until they were old enough to join the army. Dahomey was also famous for instituting an elite female soldier corps, called Ahosi i.e. the king's wives or Mino, \"our mothers\" in the Fon language Fongbe, and known by many Europeans as the Dahomean Amazons. This emphasis on military preparation and achievement earned Dahomey the nickname of \"black Sparta\" from European observers and 19th century explorers like Sir Richard Burton. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636082649230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives into transatlantic slavery; otherwise the captives would have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs. By about 1750, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling Africans to the European slave-traders. Though the leaders of Dahomey appeared initially to resist the slave trade, it flourished in the region of Dahomey for almost three hundred years, beginning in 1472 with a trade agreement with Portuguese merchants, leading to the area's being named \"the Slave Coast\". Court protocols, which demanded that a portion of war captives from the kingdom's many battles be decapitated, decreased the number of enslaved people exported from the area. The number went from 102,000 people per decade in the 1780s to 24,000 per decade by the 1860s. The decline was partly due to the banning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade by Britain and other countries. This decline continued until 1885, when the last slave ship departed from the coast of the present-day Benin Republic bound for Brazil, a former Portuguese colony that had yet to abolish slavery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.218433380126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "By the middle of the nineteenth century, Dahomey had begun to lose its status as the regional power. This enabled the French to take over the area in 1892. In 1899, the French included the land called French Dahomey within the larger French West Africa colonial region. In 1958, France granted autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey, and full independence on 1 August 1960. The president who led them to independence was Hubert Maga. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311854362487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "On 26 October 1972, the army led by Commander Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the government, suspended the constitution and dissolved both the National Assembly and the Presidential Council. On 30 November 1972 it released the keynote address of New Politics of National Independence. The territorial administration was reformed, mayors and deputies replacing traditional structures (village chiefs, convents, animist priests, etc.). On 30 November 1974 he declared in the city of Abomey, before an assembly of stunned notables, a speech proclaiming the formal accession of his government to Marxism-Leninism. He soon aligned Dahomey with the Soviet Union. The People's Revolutionary Party of Benin, designed as a vanguard party, was created on the same day as the country's only legal party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5479154586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "People's Republic of Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The Abomey kingdom of the Dahomey, or Fon, peoples was established in 1625. A rich cultural life flourished, and Dahomey's wooden masks, bronze statues, tapestries, and pottery are world renowned. One of the smallest and most densely populated regions in Africa, Dahomey was annexed by the French in 1893 and incorporated into French West Africa in 1904. It became an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958, and on Aug. 1, 1960, Dahomey was granted its independence within the Community.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.872661590576172, "source": "search", "title": "Benin: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "With an area of 112,622 km² the country is slightly larger than Bulgaria , or slightly smaller than the U.S. state Pennsylvania . Benin's former name, until 1975, was Dahomey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.144233703613281, "source": "search", "title": "Benin - Republic of Benin - Country Profile - West Africa" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Formerly Dahomey . a republic in W Africa: formerly part of French West Africa; gained independence in 1960. 44,290 sq. mi. (114,711 sq. km).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.843499183654785, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | Define Benin at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "In the seventeenth century, slaves became the most important commodity, traded for manufactured items. At first the trade took place with coastal kingdoms, but the interior kingdom of Dahomey later conquered those kingdoms. Although a tributary of the Yoruba kingdom Oyo from 1740 to 1818, Dahomey dominated the regional slave trade. Traders dealt directly with the royalty of Dahomey, who continued to sell slaves to Brazilian merchants after the 1830s. Merchants and travelers wrote about the power of the Dahomean monarch, his army of \"amazons\" (female warriors), and ceremonies that included human sacrifice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250244140625, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The French presence and influence increased after 1840 as a result of commercial and missionary activity. Tension with France increased as competition between European imperial powers escalated. France engaged in three military campaigns against Dahomey, and in 1894 King Behanzin surrendered and was exiled. By 1900, the Bariba had been defeated and the new boundaries had been determined. From 1904 to 1958, Dahomey was a colony in the federation of French West Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286917686462402, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "After World War II, France followed a policy of increased representation and autonomy. During this period, a triumvirate of leaders emerged who would dominate national politics for decades. In 1958, Dahomey chose independence, which was declared in 1960. Hubert Maga was elected as the first president. His term was interrupted by a military coup in 1963, the first of six in the next nine years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154716491699219, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey kingdom", "passage": "Ethnic Relations. Beninese recognize about twenty sociocultural groups. In some cases, a cultural cluster is associated with one or more of the ancient kingdoms. The Fon (founders of the Dahomey kingdom) are the largest group. Their language is closely related to that of the Aja and Goun, and there are close ethnic ties with those groups as a result of shared precolonial history. Lines of cleavages create constantly changing northern, southern, and south-central coalitions of leaders who vie for control of limited resources and political power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.909440994262695, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Traditional Benin applique cloth; these are associated with the ancient Beninese cultures of Dahomey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432866096496582, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey kingdom", "passage": "The Relative Status of Women and Men. Although women in the Dahomey kingdom could increase their wealth and power as part of the royal palace organization and often served in primarily male occupations, the general pattern has always been for women to be socially and economically subordinate to men. The 1977 constitution conferred legal equality on women, but this was ignored in practice. Currently 65 percent of girls are not in school.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127055168151855, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Graphic Arts. The arts include fine craftsmanship in iron and brass and cloth appliqué banners associated with ancient Dahomey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491647720336914, "source": "search", "title": "Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women ..." }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Benin gained independence in 1960 as a Republic of Dahomey.  Up to 1975 the flag was the same as the current one.  However, between 1975 and 1990 the country was known as the People's Republic of Benin and used a flag that was red with green star in the canton.  The flag originally adopted at independence was re-introduced in 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.948223114013672, "source": "search", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Kingdom of Dahomey (19th century)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444623947143555, "source": "search", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Image by Jaume Oll�, 12 Sept 1996 The Béhanzin king (1889-1892, born 1844, died 1906), successor of the king Gle-Gle, had a flag (r atio 43:59) with a light blue field. The shield is yellow with a dark grey shark, and white egg and tusks; green palm; light green snakes, and a white ribbon. Some inscriptions suggest manufacture by one of the Portuguese who had commercial relations along the coast. The French General Alfred Dodds captured a flag in the Dahomey royal Palace at Abomey on 18 November 1892. It was sent to the Musee de l'Arme in Paris and was transferred in 1932 to the Musee Colonial (now the Musée des Arts Africains et Océaniens).  Details of the flag is reported in the issue 145 of the Flag Bulletin. That museum has an engraving by Albert Vallon, showing a French mission being received by King Ghezo (1818-1858), with a different flag, which suggests that each king may have had his own flag. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222092628479004, "source": "search", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The United States established diplomatic relations with Benin (then called Dahomey) in 1960, following its independence from France. Between 1960 and 1972, a succession of military coups brought about many changes of government, followed by one-party, Marxist-Leninist rule until the early 1990s, when the country transitioned to a democratic government. In the years since then, the history of bilateral relations has been excellent. The United States supports the consolidation of democracy and economic liberalization in Benin. Presidential and legislative elections in 2011 were peaceful and benefited from strong citizen participation and robust press freedom. However, poor health care, low quality of public education, and insufficiently transparent governance persist as obstacles to national development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462602615356445, "source": "search", "title": "Benin : U.S. State Department Background Notes" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The kingdom of Dahomey: 17th-19th century", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399225234985352, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "There are European trading stations on the Dahomey coast from the 17th century. Europe is fascinated by news of the local customs, and in particular Dahomey's famous Amazons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442471504211426, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Women, trained to form the crack regiments of the king's army, are given the place of honour in any military campaign. Richard Burton, visiting Dahomey in 1862, sees some 2500 women setting off as if for battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398277282714844, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "But in fact battle is what they are trained to avoid. The slave trade is the king's major source of revenue, and the classic Dahomey tactic is surprise. When still a few days away from an enemy town, the invading army abandons the established tracks and melts into the jungle. Strict silence is maintained. Fires are forbidden. Under cover of darkness the town is surrounded. In a dawn raid the intention is to capture everyone, with minimum loss of life, for the slave markets on the coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433441162109375, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The only occasion on which Dahomey is profligate with life, again mesmerizing European observers, is on the death of the king. In a custom practised also in the earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia and China , large numbers of people (said to be about 500 in a funeral ceremony in 1791) are sacrificed to provide the ruler with wives and attendants in the next world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79870319366455, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The customs of Dahomey greatly offend the sensibilities of many 19th-century Europeans, in particular those trying to abolish the slave trade. They also provide an excellent motive for colonial interference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410368919372559, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "The French have been the first in the region, with a fort established at Ouidah in the 17th century, and it is they who launch a military campaign into the interior in the 1890s. A French protectorate is established in part of the kingdom in 1892. By the end of the decade the entire region is under control. In 1899 Dahomey is included in the newly established French West Africa , to begin sixty years under French colonial rule - until achieving independence in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152764320373535, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "Dahomey has a turbulent existence in its first decades of independence, from 1960, after the dissolution of French West Africa . Power changes hands in no fewer than six military coups between 1963 and 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32266616821289, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" }, { "answer": "Dahomey", "passage": "In the last of these coups, in 1972, control of the state is seized by Major Mathieu Kérékou. Pursuing a communist policy, he introduces a measure of stability in the nation's life. As if to write a line under the past he changes the name of the republic in 1975 from Dahomey to Benin. (The historic Benin lies to the east, in Nigeria, but Dahomey's coastline is on the Bight of Benin.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.113581657409668, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "ISO 3166-1:MA", "Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya", "Maroc", "Royaume du Maroc", "Norocco", "Moraco", "Sultanate of Fez", "Etymology of Morocco", "المغرب", "Al-Mamlaka al-Maġribiyya", "Maroc (disambiguation)", "Morroco", "Al-Maġrib", "Lmaġrib", "Sherifian Empire", "Maroco", "Name of Morocco", "Morrocco", "Moroccan Kingdom", "Morocco", "Morrocan", "Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyah", "Moroco", "Marokko", "المملكة المغربية", "Marocko", "Sultanate of Morocco", "Al-Mamlaka al-Maghrebia", "Kingdom of Morocco" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "moraco", "morrocco", "maroc disambiguation", "sherifian empire", "al mamlaka al maġribiyya", "norocco", "maroco", "name of morocco", "kingdom of morocco", "maroc", "iso 3166 1 ma", "morrocan", "al mamlakah al maġribiyya", "al mamlakah al maġribiyah", "morocco", "moroco", "royaume du maroc", "etymology of morocco", "marocko", "al mamlaka al maghrebia", "morroco", "sultanate of fez", "sultanate of morocco", "المغرب", "al maġrib", "moroccan kingdom", "marokko", "lmaġrib", "المملكة المغربية" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "morocco", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Morocco" }

[ { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier (; Ṭanjah; Berber: Ṭanja; old Berber name: Tingi, ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ; other English name: Tangiers) is a major city in northwestern Morocco. It is located on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Region and of the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco.", "precise_score": 6.755101203918457, "rough_score": 5.29843282699585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier's geographic location made it a centre for European diplomatic and commercial rivalry in Morocco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the opening of the 20th century, it had a population of about 40,000, including 20,000 Muslims, 10,000 Jews, and 9,000 Europeans (of whom 7,500 were Spanish). The city was increasingly coming under French influence, and it was here in 1905 that Kaiser Wilhelm II triggered an international crisis that almost led to war between his country and France by pronouncing himself in favour of Morocco's continued independence.", "precise_score": 4.693792343139648, "rough_score": 3.099623918533325, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1912, Morocco was effectively partitioned between France and Spain, the latter occupying the country's far north and far south, while France declared a protectorate over the remainder. The last Sultan of independent Morocco, Moulay Hafid, was exiled to the Sultanate Palace in the Tangier Kasbah after his forced abdication in favour of his brother Moulay Yusef.", "precise_score": 0.36567267775535583, "rough_score": 0.6462504863739014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Under the Portuguese domination, there was a Bishop of Tangier who was a suffragan of the diocese of Lisbon but in 1570 the diocese was united to the diocese of Ceuta. Six Bishops of Tangier from this period are known, the first, who did not reside in his see, in 1468. During the era of the protectorate over Morocco, Tangier was the residence of the Prefect Apostolic of Morocco, the mission having been founded on November 28, 1630, and entrusted to the Friars Minor. At the time it had a Catholic church, several chapels, schools, and a hospital. The Prefecture Apostolic was raised to the status of a Vicariate Apostolic of Marocco April 14, 1908, and on November 14, 1956, became the Archdiocese of Tangier. ", "precise_score": 0.8501673340797424, "rough_score": -0.15242020785808563, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The writer George Orwell and his wife (travelling as Mr. & Mrs. Blair) visited Tangier in September, 1938. Orwell reported newspapers on sale: \"La Press Morocain, strongly pro-Franco; Le Petite Morocain, impartial; La Dépêche Morocain, somewhat pro-Franco; Le Journal De Tanger, seemingly non-political; Tangier Gazette & Morocco Mail, an English weekly, slightly antifascist and strongly anti-Japanese.\" He also noted \"There are four post offices, one French, one British, and two Spanish - Franco and government. Stamps are British surcharged Tangier. Coinage as in French Morocco.\" ", "precise_score": -0.06784917414188385, "rough_score": -0.4311233162879944, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "After several years of gradual disentanglement from Spanish and French colonial control, Morocco reintegrated the city of Tangier at the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956. Tangier remains a very popular tourist destination for cruise ships and day visitors from Spain and Gibraltar.", "precise_score": 4.735006809234619, "rough_score": 5.686666965484619, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "I.R.T. (or Ittihad Riadi de Tanger) is a football club. Tangier would be one of the host cities for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, which would be played at the new Ibn Batouta Stadium and in other cities across Morocco, until Morocco was banned from participating the Africa Cup of Nations due to their denial. ", "precise_score": 5.339319705963135, "rough_score": 4.954734802246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial centre after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified: textile, chemical, mechanical, metallurgical and naval. Currently, the city has four industrial parks of which two have the status of free economic zone (see Tangier Free Zone).", "precise_score": 7.621335983276367, "rough_score": 6.866146087646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier's Ibn Batouta International Airport and the rail tunnel will serve as the gateway to the \"Moroccan Riviera\" the coast between Tangier and Oujda. Traditionally the north coast was an impoverished and underdeveloped region of Morocco but it has some of the best beaches on the Mediterranean and is likely to see rapid development.", "precise_score": 3.477081298828125, "rough_score": 6.592189311981201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, Tangier, Al Hoceima, and Laayoune, as well as other cities.", "precise_score": 4.906979560852051, "rough_score": 2.0162947177886963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Spend three nights in cosmopolitan Casablanca, a vibrant port city that blends old-world charm with modern prosperity. Home to a pleasant, subtropical climate, Casablanca is Morocco’s largest city and financial hub. Originating with the ancient Berbers, Casablanca has been impacted by its former Phoenician, Roman, Jewish, Portuguese and French inhabitants; today you will still notice a French-colonial influence present in the city’s architecture and restaurant scene. Then travel to Tangier, Morocco’s 5th-largest city and your home for three nights. Located directly south of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic, Tangier boasts a fascinating history that spans roughly 2500 years.", "precise_score": 5.6925554275512695, "rough_score": 6.180727005004883, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier and Casablanca - Go-today.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Board your flight from the United States to Tangier, Morocco.", "precise_score": 2.606212615966797, "rough_score": 1.6680113077163696, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier and Casablanca - Go-today.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com", "precise_score": 4.332397937774658, "rough_score": 3.796785831451416, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier, French Tanger, Spanish Tánger, Arabic Ṭanjah, port and principal city of northern Morocco . It is located on a bay of the Strait of Gibraltar 17 miles (27 km) from the southern tip of Spain; Tétouan lies about 40 miles (65 km) to the southeast. Pop. (2004) 669,685.", "precise_score": 4.861971855163574, "rough_score": 6.112048625946045, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier is built on the slopes of a chalky limestone hill. The old town (medina), enclosed by 15th-century ramparts, is dominated by a casbah, the sultan’s palace (now a museum of Moroccan art), and the Great Mosque. European quarters, whose populations have declined considerably since integration with Morocco in 1956, stretch to the south and west. Tangier has been the summer site of the Moroccan royal residence since 1962. An important port and trade centre, the city has excellent road and rail connections with Fès , Meknès , Rabat , and Casablanca , as well as an international airport and regular shipping services to Europe . The building trades, fishing , and textile and carpet manufacturing supplement the city’s vibrant tourist trade.", "precise_score": 5.901604175567627, "rough_score": 6.45463752746582, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1580 Tangier passed, with Portugal itself, to Spain ; it returned to independent Portugal in 1656. In 1662 it was transferred to the English crown as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza , wife of Charles II . The English put great hopes on this new possession, but, though a fine mole (breakwater) was built and a new fortification erected, the expense of maintaining the city against Moroccan attacks and the Protestant suspicion that it was a centre of Roman Catholicism caused it to be abandoned again in 1684. Since then it has remained a part of Morocco.", "precise_score": 0.5630435347557068, "rough_score": 0.0011702924966812134, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier began to play a significant role in history again in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At the end of the 18th century, a British consul and some 100 British citizens resided there and in the surrounding Tétouan region. During the siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish (1779–83), these Britons were expelled by the sultan. Tangier became the diplomatic capital of Morocco in the 19th century, and in 1845 Sir John Drummond Hay began his four-decade tenure there as British representative in Morocco; throughout that period British trade and political influence predominated in the region.", "precise_score": 1.1962496042251587, "rough_score": 4.802555084228516, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1844 Tangier was bombarded by a French fleet as part of French campaigns against the Algerian emir Abdelkader . The Spanish then invaded Morocco in 1860, thus challenging a British policy aimed at preventing any Continental power from securing control of the southern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. This situation led the British to issue a warning that a permanent Spanish occupation of Tangier or of the nearby Moroccan coast would not be permitted. About the same time, various foreign powers began to establish their own postal services, and in 1864 a lighthouse was established at Cape Spartel that was maintained by the consuls.", "precise_score": 1.099582552909851, "rough_score": 3.1419031620025635, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The result of these activities and privileges was that Tangier received an international regime of its own when the rest of the country became a French protectorate in 1912. Already in the proposed Franco-Spanish Agreement of 1902, the two powers had been willing to see the city eventually become neutral, and the Anglo-French Agreement of 1904 stipulated that Tangier should have a special status. This was confirmed at the Algeciras Conference (1906), a meeting that arose partly from calls for Morocco’s independence made by the German emperor William II during a visit to Tangier the previous year (these events were part of what came to be called the Moroccan crises ). With the establishment of the French protectorate, a commission with French, Spanish, and British members was appointed to oversee the administration of Tangier, and by 1914 it had with difficulty agreed on certain recommendations. The outbreak of World War I necessitated fresh discussions, and a statute was not agreed upon until 1923. Five years later further modifications were introduced, with Great Britain, France , Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium , Sweden, Portugal, and Italy being recognized as the administering powers. This statute remained operative until June 1940, when Spain took advantage of the fall of France during World War II (1939–45) to occupy the zone in the name of the khalīfah of Tétouan and to impose a Spanish regime on the city. After the war the victorious Allies insisted on Spanish withdrawal, and in October 1945 the international administration was reestablished, with the participation of the United States; Italy, an Axis country during the war, was readmitted later. With some minor modifications, the statute then remained in force until the independence of Morocco in 1956.", "precise_score": 1.0468484163284302, "rough_score": 0.47290751338005066, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The North African city of Tangier, Morocco, is at the western end of the Strait of Gibraltar. It lies on a curving bay 17 miles (27 kilometers) from the coast of Spain. The city appears to rise like an amphitheater into low hills. Domes and minarets rise high above the white, flat-topped houses. Near the city’s center is the Casbah, in ancient times a walled fort but now crowded with living quarters and marketplaces. The many narrow streets of the outer city are lined with tiny shops. In addition to an extensive tourist business, fishing, building trades, and textile manufacture-especially carpets-support the economy. The port handles cereal and sugar imports.", "precise_score": 3.979602575302124, "rough_score": 1.6003882884979248, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "According to the same source, there are between 5,000 and 25,000 foreign Christians living in Morocco, especially in Rabat, Tangier and Casablanca.", "precise_score": 4.9368157386779785, "rough_score": 5.195402145385742, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1912, Morocco became a French protectorate. Certain portions of Morocco also came under Spanish control, including the province of Tangier. However, the United States did not recognize the French and Spanish protectorates until October 20, 1917, when Secretary of State Robert Lansing sent a letter formally acknowledging the protectorate to Jean Jules Jusserand, French Ambassador to the United States.", "precise_score": 0.9662842750549316, "rough_score": 1.3974796533584595, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Tangier (Tanger, Tangiers) earliest date March 31, 1791, closed early 1989. Tangier, which had been an international city (but still technically part of Morocco) was fully integrated into Morocco on October 29, 1956.", "precise_score": 5.27425479888916, "rough_score": 6.176068305969238, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "After the recognition of Moroccan independence, the post of diplomatic agent was again raised, this time to the level of ambassador, and the U.S. embassy was established at the capital of Rabat on Jun 11, 1956, with William J. Porter as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim; upon its establishment Legation Tangier was changed in status to a Consulate General. On October 6, 1956, Cavendish Cannon presented his credentials as the first U.S. ambassador to Morocco. On September 5, 1956, Dr. El Mehdi Mohammed Ben Aboud of Morocco presented his credentials to U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "precise_score": -0.6731208562850952, "rough_score": 2.283348798751831, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco has capitalized on its proximity to Europe and relatively low labor costs to work towards building a diverse, open, market-oriented economy. Key sectors of the economy include agriculture, tourism, aerospace, automotive, phosphates, textiles, apparel, and subcomponents. Morocco has increased investment in its port, transportation, and industrial infrastructure to position itself as a center and broker for business throughout Africa. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements - most visibly illustrated by a new port and free trade zone near Tangier - are improving Morocco's competitiveness.", "precise_score": 1.0291045904159546, "rough_score": 0.6442007422447205, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "An attempt of Sultan Moulay Ismail of Morocco to seize the town in 1679 was unsuccessful; but a crippling blockade by his Jaysh al-Rifi ultimately forced the English to withdraw. The English destroyed the town and its port facilities prior to their departure in 1684. Under Moulay Ismail the city was reconstructed to some extent, but it gradually declined until, by 1810, the population was no more than 5,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554619789123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Spanish troops occupied Tangier on June 14, 1940, the same day Paris fell to the Germans. Despite calls by the writer Rafael Sánchez Mazas and other Spanish nationalists to annex \"Tánger español\", the Franco regime publicly considered the occupation a temporary wartime measure. A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter's abolition of the city's international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area. The territory was restored to its pre-war status on October 11, 1945. Pre-1956 Tangier had a population of 40,000 Muslims, 31,000 Europeans and 15,000 Jews. Tangier joined with the rest of Morocco following the restoration of full sovereignty in 1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.41677188873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "It was after Delacroix that Tangier became an obligatory stop for artists seeking to experience the colors and light he spoke of for themselves—with varying results. Matisse made several sojourns in Tangier, always staying at the Grand Hotel Villa de France. \"I have found landscapes in Morocco,\" he claimed, \"exactly as they are described in Delacroix's paintings.\" The Californian artist Richard Diebenkorn was directly influenced by the haunting colors and rhythmic patterns of Matisse's Morocco paintings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.894071340560913, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Maroc", "passage": "Antonio Fuentes was born in Tangier in 1905 from a Spanish family. An article in La Gazette du Maroc described Antonio Fuentes as the Picasso of Tangier, and he died in the city 90 years later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.950943470001221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "National Cricket Stadium is the only major cricket stadium in Morocco. Stadium hosted its first International Tournament from 12 to 21 August 2002. Pakistan, South Africa and Sri Lanka competed in a 50-overs one day triangular series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202496528625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The ICC has granted international status to the Tangier Cricket Stadium in Morocco official approval that will allow it become North Africa's first international cricket venue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.762085199356079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Maroc", "passage": "The Ibn Batouta International Airport has been being expanded and modernized to accommodate more flights. The biggest airline at the airport is Royal Air Maroc. In addition, a TGV high-speed train system is being built. It will take a few years to complete, and will become the fastest train system in North Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463377952575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Most of the inhabitants of Tangier speak the Darija, mainly influenced by Spanish. About 25% of the city inhabitants speak Berber in their daily lives. Tangerian, as the residents refer to their language, is different from the rest of Morocco, with a lexicon derived from Berber, Spanish, English, and old Tangerian words. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9610595703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "* Abderrahmane Youssoufi – former Prime Minister of Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.529998779296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tangier" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca (, ad-Dār al-Bayḍa’; ; local informal name: Kaẓa) is the largest city of Morocco, located in the central-western part of the country on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in the Maghreb, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5850278735160828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers on the African continent. The 2012 census, adjusted with recent numbers, recorded a population of about 4 million in the prefecture of Casablanca. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, while the national political capital is Rabat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.228128433227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The original name of the city was Anfa, in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC. After the Portuguese took control of Anfa in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca. It derives from the Portuguese word combination meaning \"White House\" (' \"white\", ' \"house\"). The present name, which is the Spanish version, came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated to the Spanish kingdom. During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca, pronounced \"[kɑzɑblɑnkɑ]\" (in French accent) by the French. In the 18th century, an earthquake destroyed most of the town. It had been rebuilt by the Sultan who changed the name into the local Arabic which is A-ddar Al Baidaa, although Arabic also has its own version of Casablanca (كازابلانكا, Kāzāblānkā). The city is still nicknamed Casa by many locals and outsiders to the city. In many other cities with a different dialect, it is called A-ddar Al-Bida, instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7841596603393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as it became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing Morocco's national drink, gunpowder tea). By the 1860s, around 5,000 residents were there, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s. Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in the town, at first administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1906. By 1921, this rose to 110,000, largely through the development of shanty towns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.520139694213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In October 1930, Casablanca hosted a Grand Prix, held at the new Anfa Racecourse. In 1958, the race was held at Ain-Diab circuit (see Moroccan Grand Prix). Morocco gained independence from France on 2 March 1956. In 1983, Casablanca hosted the Mediterranean Games. The city is now developing a tourism industry. Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of Morocco, while Rabat is the political capital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6447556018829346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca is located in the Chawiya Plain which has historically been the breadbasket of Morocco. Apart from the Atlantic coast, the Bouskoura forest is the only natural attraction in the city. The forest was planted in the 20th century and consists mostly of eucalyptus, palm, and pine trees. It is located halfway to the city's international airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.299708843231201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco. Almost the entire Casablanca waterfront is under development, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan II Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near the business, entertainment and living centre of Megarama, the shopping and entertainment complex of Morocco Mall, as well as a complete renovation of the coastal walkway. The Sindbad park is planned to be totally renewed with rides, games and entertainment services. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.287590980529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Maroc", "passage": "Royal Air Maroc has its head office at the Casablanca-Anfa Airport. In 2004, it announced that it was moving its head office from Casablanca to a location in Province of Nouaceur, close to Mohammed V International Airport. The agreement to build the head office in Nouaceur was signed in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6753621101379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The population of Grand Casablanca was estimated in 2005 to be 3.85 million. About 98% live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Grand Casablanca is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb. The number of inhabitants is, however, disputed by the locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work. 99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.045586585998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "During the French protectorate in Morocco, European Christians formed almost half the population. Later after the independence in 1956, the European population has decreased substantially.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94851303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "A popular site among locals is the small island Marabout de Sidi Abderrahmane. It is possible to walk across to the rocky island at low tide. This outcrop contains the tomb of Sidi Abderrhamane Thaalibi, a Sufi from Baghdad and the founder of Algiers. He is considered a saint in Morocco. Because of this, many Moroccans make informal pilgrimages to this site \"to reflect on life and to seek religious enlightenment\". Some believe that the saint possessed magical powers, so his tomb still possesses these powers. People come and seek this magic to be cured. Non-Muslims may not enter the shrine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.866439342498779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco was scheduled to host the 2015 African Nations Cup, but decided to decline due to Ebola fears. Morocco was expelled and the tournament was held in Equatorial Guinea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.866569995880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The Grand Stade de Casablanca is the proposed title of the planned football stadium to be built in the city. Once completed in 2014, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team. The stadium was designed with a capacity of 80,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa. Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V. The initial idea of the stadium was for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to South Africa. Nevertheless, the Moroccan government supported the decision to go ahead with the plans. It will be completed in 2014, ready for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.072723865509033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca is home to two popular football clubs, Wydad Casablanca and Raja Casablanca. Raja's symbol is an eagle and Wydad's symbol is a goose. These two popular clubs have produced some of Morocco's best players, such as: Salaheddine Bassir, Abdelmajid Dolmy, Baddou Zaki, Aziz Bouderbala, and Noureddine Naybet. Other football teams on top of these two major teams based in the city of Casablanca include Rachad Bernoussi, TAS de Casablanca, Majd Al Madina, and Racing Casablanca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.432380199432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.504728317260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Casablanca" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.886693954467773, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.886693954467773, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Official Name: Kingdom of Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.259963989257812, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Read the Department of State’s Fact Sheet on Morocco for information on U.S. – Morocco relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17895793914795, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Visas are not required for visits lasting less than 90 days.  Visit the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco website for the most current visa information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479625701904297, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "If you remain in Morocco beyond 90 days without having requested an extension of stay, you will need to appear before a judge prior to departing Morocco.  Please contact the immigration office at your local police station for details.  Clearance may include the payment of a fine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672727584838867, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Travelers who plan to reside in Morocco must obtain a residence permit from immigration authorities (Service Etranger) at the central police station of the district of residence.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.253626823425293, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Children who possess U.S. passports and who are born to a Moroccan father may experience difficulty leaving Morocco without the father's permission, even if the parents are divorced and the mother has legal custody.  Under Moroccan law, these children are considered Moroccan citizens.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.096023082733154, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "U.S. citizen women married to Moroccans do not need their spouse's permission to leave Morocco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.055423736572266, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "HIV/AIDS:  The U.S. Department of State is unaware of any HIV/AIDS entry restrictions for visitors to or foreign residents of Morocco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019979476928711, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The potential for terrorist violence against U.S. interests and citizens exists in Morocco.  Moroccan authorities continue to disrupt groups seeking to attack U.S. or Western-affiliated and Moroccan government targets, arresting numerous individuals associated with international terrorist groups.  With indications that such groups still seek to carry out attacks in Morocco, it is important for U.S. citizens to be keenly aware of their surroundings and adhere to prudent security practices such as avoiding predictable travel patterns and maintaining a low profile. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.844779014587402, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Demonstrations occur frequently in Morocco and are typically focused on political or social issues.  During periods of heightened regional tension, large demonstrations may take place in the major cities.  By law, all demonstrations require a government permit, but spontaneous unauthorized demonstrations, which have greater potential for violence, can occur.  In addition, different unions or groups may organize strikes to protest an emerging issue or government policy.  Travelers should be aware of the current levels of tension in Morocco and stay informed of regional issues that could resonate in Morocco and create an anti-American response.  Avoid demonstrations if at all possible.  If caught in a demonstration, remain calm and move away immediately when provided the opportunity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422993659973145, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The Western Sahara is an area where the legal status of the territory and the issue of its sovereignty remain unresolved.  The area was long the site of armed conflict between Moroccan government forces and the POLISARIO Front, which continues to seek independence for the territory.  However, a cease-fire has been fully in effect since 1991 in the UN-administered area.  There are thousands of unexploded mines in the Western Sahara and in areas of Mauritania adjacent to the Western Saharan border.  Exploding mines are occasionally reported, and they have caused death and injury.  There have been sporadic reports of violence in the cities of Laayoune and Dakhla stemming from sporting events and from political demonstrations.  Morocco claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara and closely monitors and controls access to the territory.  There have been instances in which U.S. citizens suspected of being participants in political protests or of supporting NGOs that are critical of Moroccan policies have been expelled from, or not been allowed to enter, the Western Sahara. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.668725967407227, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Crimes of fraud, including passing bad checks, non-payment of bills (including hotel bills), or breach of contract are considered serious in Morocco and can often result in imprisonment and/or fines.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099848747253418, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Bail generally is not available to non-residents of Morocco who are arrested for crimes involving fraud.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383991241455078, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Debtors may be unable to work in Morocco without passports while still being held responsible for their debts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.619280815124512, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Faith-Based Travelers:  Islam is the official religion in Morocco.  However, the constitution provides for the freedom to practice one's religion.  The Moroccan government does not interfere with public worship by the country’s Jewish minority or by expatriate Christians.  Proselytizing is, however, prohibited.  In the past, U.S. citizens have been arrested, detained, and/or expelled for discussing or trying to engage Moroccans in debate about Christianity. In February 2014, several U.S. citizens were expelled from Morocco for alleged proselytizing.  Many of those expelled were long-time Moroccan residents.  In these cases, U.S. citizens were given no more than 48 hours to gather their belongings or settle their affairs before being expelled.  See the  Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.568361282348633, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "LGBTI Travelers:  Consensual same-sex sexual relations are criminalized in Morocco.  Penalties include fines and jail time.  See our  LGBTI Travel Information  page and section 6 of our   Human Rights report  for further details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531590461730957, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Travelers Who Require Accessibility Assistance:  While in Morocco, individuals with disabilities may find accessibility and accommodation very different from what is customary in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235340118408203, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Individuals planning on residing in Morocco or relocating to the U.S. may be asked to provide a notarized change of residence form.  This form is available at the U.S. Consulate by appointment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27563762664795, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Sending Passports through the Mail:  According to Moroccan law, it is prohibited to send passports by mail across international borders.  Passports sent to or through Morocco via Fedex, DHL, or other courier will be confiscated by Moroccan authorities. Confiscated U.S. passports are sent to the U.S. Consulate General in Casablanca after being processed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  If your passport has been confiscated, you can contact the American Citizens Services section at  acscasablanca@state.gov  to ask if it has been received.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.906182765960693, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "If there is concern over the protection of property left behind in Morocco due to confiscation or deportation for political, legal, or other reasons, U.S. citizens should take every precaution to ensure that available legal safeguards are in place either before, or immediately after, purchasing property in Morocco or taking up residence there.  U.S. citizens are also encouraged to consider assigning a Power of Attorney, or Procuration, to be used in Morocco if necessary.  More  information and sample Power of Attorney forms are available on the  Consulate General of the Kingdom of Morocco in New York  website. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.052595138549805, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Professional Basketball in Morocco:  The U.S. Consulate General in Casablanca is aware that there are local professional basketball teams who have made contracts with U.S. citizens to play on Moroccan teams.  Some of these players have subsequently claimed they were not paid as stipulated per the terms of the contract.   Individuals considering playing basketball professionally in Morocco may wish to consult with a lawyer regarding the terms of their contract prior to signing.  A  list of lawyers  can be found on the Consulate’s webpage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.558742046356201, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Adequate medical care is available in Morocco’s largest cities, particularly in Rabat and Casablanca, although not all facilities meet Western standards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.872179985046387, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The U.S. Mission in Morocco is unable to pay your medical bills.  Be aware that U.S. Medicare does not apply overseas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.479514122009277, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "If traveling with prescription medication, check with the Government of Morocco Ministry of Foreign Affairs to ensure the medication is legal in Morocco.  Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.236950874328613, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Road Conditions and Safety:  Traffic accidents are a significant hazard in Morocco.  Driving practices are very poor and have resulted in serious injuries to and fatalities of U.S. citizens.  This is particularly true at dusk during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, when adherence to traffic regulations is lax, and from July to September when Moroccans resident abroad return from Europe by car in large numbers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361408233642578, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Foreign driver’s licenses are valid for use in Morocco for up to one year.  After that, foreign residents must pass the Moroccan driver’s test and obtain a Moroccan driver’s license.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.084803581237793, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "See our Road Safety page for more information.  Visit Morocco’s National Tourism website for additional information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.510863304138184, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Aviation Safety Oversight:  The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the Government of Morocco’s Civil Aviation Authority as being in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of Morocco’s air carrier operations.  Further information may be found on the FAA’s safety assessment page .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44760799407959, "source": "search", "title": "Country Information for Morocco - State" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "After breakfast in the hotel, bid farewell to Morocco as you board your return flight to the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11068344116211, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier and Casablanca - Go-today.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "After five centuries of Roman rule and a brief occupation by the Vandals in the 5th century, Tingis was captured by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century. When the Arabs arrived in the 7th century, however, Ceuta , not Tangier, seems to have been their principal fortress on the strait. The Arab general ʿUqbah ibn Nāfiʿ (Sidi Okba) reached Tangier in 682 and from there raided deep into Morocco. In 707, when Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr was appointed governor of North Africa , he had to reconquer Tangier; the Amazigh (Berber) Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād was appointed governor and in 711 launched an invasion of Spain , where his landing point, Gibraltar , still bears his name as a corruption of Jabal Ṭāriq (Mount Ṭāriq). In 951 ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III of Córdoba, the first caliph of the western Umayyad dynasty , annexed the city, and it remained under Muslim Spanish rule until the collapse of the caliphate about 80 years later. Under the Almoravids , Tangier became Moroccan again and—despite a failed attempt to conquer the city by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator in 1437—remained so until captured by the Portuguese in 1471.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1049551963806152, "source": "search", "title": "Tangier | Morocco | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "1000+ images about Country.. Morocco on Pinterest | Casablanca, Blue doors and Morocco travel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2892853021621704, "source": "search", "title": "Country.. Morocco on Pinterest | Morocco, Casablanca ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Country.. Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.873164176940918, "source": "search", "title": "Country.. Morocco on Pinterest | Morocco, Casablanca ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.321334838867188, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.321334838867188, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "New York – A new ranking released by the non-profit organization “ Portes Ouvertes ,” (Open Doors) ranked Morocco among the safest countries in the world for Christians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.594338417053223, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The new ranking establishes a list of the 50 countries where Christians are persecuted or prevented from freely practicing their religion. According to the ranking, Morocco and Mauritania are the only countries in the Africa and the Middle East region (MENA) where Christians are not exposed to persecution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79345703125, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco keeps its status as “tolerant” country with regards to Christians. In the 2015 report, the North African country was ranked with Bahrain as the only countries in the MENA region where Christian do not face persecution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9912028312683105, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "According to the US State Department’s Religious Freedom Report for 2014, there are between 4,000 and 8,000 Christians living in Morocco, mostly ethnic Amazigh. Most Moroccan Christians live in the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.048044204711914, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Among Safest Countries in the World for Christians" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.670499801635742, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco - Countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.064858436584473, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573631286621094, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco formally recognized the United States by signing a treaty of peace and friendship in 1786. Despite a longstanding consular presence, permanent diplomatic relations did not begin until 1905. Morocco entered into the status of a French protectorate from 1912 to 1956, and normal diplomatic relations were resumed after U.S. recognition of Moroccan independence in 1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.825652122497559, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Modern Flag of Morocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618636131286621, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco recognized the United States on June 23, 1786, when a treaty of peace and friendship was signed by U.S. Minister Thomas Barclay and Sidi Muhammad, Sultan of Morocco, at Marrakech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.981783866882324, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco Under French and Spanish Control, 1912-1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770529747009277, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "U.S. Consul Appointed to Morocco, 1797.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26680850982666, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Below are dates for the earliest and latest extant dates of U.S. consulates in Morocco. The only Consulate currently in operation is in Casablanca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.326468467712402, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco under French and Spanish Control, 1912-1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770529747009277, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The United States did not initially recognize the French and Spanish protectorate over Morocco which was formally established in 1912. However, upon U.S. entry into the First World War, the U.S. Government issued a statement recognizing the protectorate over Morocco on October 20, 1917, whereupon the U.S. Minister at Tangier was downgraded to the status of Diplomatic Agent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4556838274002075, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Where is Casablanca, Morocco? / Where is Casablanca, Morocco Located in The World? / Casablanca Map - WorldAtlas.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9005649089813232, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Casablanca, Morocco? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Where is Casablanca, Morocco?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.018611907958984, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Casablanca, Morocco? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Casablanca is a city found in Grand Casablanca, Morocco . It is located 33.59 latitude and -7.61 longitude and it is situated at elevation 27 meters above sea level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7696893215179443, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Casablanca, Morocco? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 80% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - Western Sahara's liberation movement - and leads ongoing negotiations over the status of the territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2142013311386108, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first ever direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49654769897461, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Geography :: MOROCCO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.123074531555176, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco is undergoing a demographic transition. Its population is growing but at a declining rate, as people live longer and women have fewer children. Infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been reduced through better health care, nutrition, hygiene, and vaccination coverage, although disparities between urban and rural and rich and poor households persist. Morocco’s shrinking child cohort reflects the decline of its total fertility rate from 5 in mid-1980s to 2.2 in 2010, which is a result of increased female educational attainment, higher contraceptive use, delayed marriage, and the desire for smaller families. Young adults (persons aged 15-29) make up almost 26% of the total population and represent a potential economic asset if they can be gainfully employed. Currently, however, many youths are unemployed because Morocco’s job creation rate has not kept pace with the growth of its working-age population. Most youths who have jobs work in the informal sector with little security or benefits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.373276710510254, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "During the second half of the 20th century, Morocco became one of the world’s top emigration countries, creating large, widely dispersed migrant communities in Western Europe. The Moroccan Government has encouraged emigration since its independence in 1956, both to secure remittances for funding national development and as an outlet to prevent unrest in rebellious (often Berber) areas. Although Moroccan labor migrants earlier targeted Algeria and France, the flood of Moroccan “guest workers” from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s spread widely across northwestern Europe to fill unskilled jobs in the booming manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture industries. Host societies and most Moroccan migrants expected this migration to be temporary, but deteriorating economic conditions in Morocco related to the 1973 oil crisis and tighter European immigration policies resulted in these stays becoming permanent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.241732120513916, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In the mid-1990s, Morocco developed into a transit country for asylum seekers from sub-Saharan Africa and illegal labor migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia trying to reach Europe via southern Spain, Spain’s Canary Islands, or Spain’s North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla. Forcible expulsions by Moroccan and Spanish security forces have not deterred these illegal migrants or calmed Europe’s security concerns. Rabat remains unlikely to adopt an EU agreement to take back third-country nationals who have entered the EU illegally via Morocco. Thousands of other illegal migrants have chosen to stay in Morocco until they earn enough money for further travel or permanently as a “second-best” option. The launching of a regularization program in 2014 legalized the status of some migrants and granted them equal access to education, health care, and work, but xenophobia and racism remain obstacles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5576581954956055, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "note: Morocco claims the territory of Western Sahara, the political status of which is considered undetermined by the US Government; portions of the regions Guelmim-Oued Noun and Laayoune-Sakia al Hamra as claimed by Morocco lie within Western Sahara; Morocco also claims a 12th region, Dakhla-Oued ed Dahab, that falls entirely within Western Sahara", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.721049308776855, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Mohamed YATIM]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95549201965332, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Economy :: MOROCCO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18209171295166, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In the 1980s, Morocco was a heavily indebted country before pursuing austerity measures and pro-market reforms, overseen by the IMF. Since taking the throne in 1999, King MOHAMMED VI has presided over a stable economy marked by steady growth, low inflation, and gradually falling unemployment, although poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown. To boost exports, Morocco entered into a bilateral Free Trade Agreement with the US in 2006 and an Advanced Status agreement with the EU in 2008. In late 2014, Morocco eliminated subsidies for gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, dramatically reducing outlays that weighted on the country’s budget and current account. Subsidies on butane gas and certain food products remain in place. Morocco also seeks to expand its renewable energy capacity with a goal of making renewable more than 50% of installed electricity generation capacity by 2030.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.444065093994141, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment, poverty, and illiteracy, particularly in rural areas. Key economic challenges for Morocco include reforming the education system and the judiciary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.335249423980713, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "international: country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Euroafrica, Spain-Morocco, and SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optic telecommunications undersea cables that provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations (2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320176124572754, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Transnational Issues :: MOROCCO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.242395401000977, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains unresolved; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco is a dormant dispute", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.01810884475708, "source": "search", "title": "CIA - The World Factbook: Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3560051918029785, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "About Morocco Hide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13239860534668, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details Morocco phone code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99167251586914, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The Morocco country code 212 will allow you to call Morocco from another country. Morocco telephone code 212 is dialed after the IDD. Morocco international dialing 212 is followed by an area code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.03133487701416, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The Morocco area code table below shows the various city codes for Morocco. Morocco country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete Morocco dialing code, you can make your international call.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8032660484313965, "source": "search", "title": "Morocco Country Code 212 Country Code MA" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr (1973), during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. ", "precise_score": 10.05706787109375, "rough_score": 9.973411560058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "At first, Sadat was succeeded by Sufi Abu Taleb as Acting President of Egypt for eight days until 14 October 1981, when Sadat's Vice President, Hosni Mubarak, became the new Egyptian President for nearly 30 years until resigning as a result of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.", "precise_score": 5.844799518585205, "rough_score": 5.539000988006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat ( ' Egyptian; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "precise_score": 9.271066665649414, "rough_score": 9.448010444641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.", "precise_score": 8.358680725097656, "rough_score": 9.223739624023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated", "precise_score": 9.009407043457031, "rough_score": 8.769497871398926, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated", "precise_score": 9.272330284118652, "rough_score": 9.185093879699707, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, the month after the crackdown, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade in Cairo. A fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U.S. for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. However, the officers in charge of that procedure were on hajj to Mecca.", "precise_score": 3.7288265228271484, "rough_score": 4.911403656005859, "source": "search", "title": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY.com Audio", "precise_score": 5.994192600250244, "rough_score": 3.816927194595337, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated", "precise_score": 6.883791923522949, "rough_score": 6.0037841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated", "precise_score": 6.883791923522949, "rough_score": 6.0037841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On October 6, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat was shot by Muslim extremists during a military parade commemorating the 1973 Yom Kippur War against Israel. In the first hours following the shooting, while Sadat lay in a hospital, the CBS News Bureau in Cairo tries to make sense of conflicting reports on whether the Egyptian leader had died.", "precise_score": 9.487337112426758, "rough_score": 6.552744388580322, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated", "precise_score": 6.883791923522949, "rough_score": 6.0037841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On October 6, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat was shot by Muslim extremists during a military parade commemorating the 1973 Yom Kippur War against Israel. In the first hours following the shooting, while Sadat lay in a hospital, the CBS News Bureau in Cairo tries to make sense of conflicting reports on whether the Egyptian leader had died.", "precise_score": 9.487337112426758, "rough_score": 6.552744388580322, "source": "search", "title": "Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat Assassinated - HISTORY ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egypt's Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981", "precise_score": 9.028109550476074, "rough_score": 8.840435028076172, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981", "precise_score": 8.966482162475586, "rough_score": 8.790945053100586, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On October 7, 1981, Egypt was celebrating Egypt’s Armed Forces Day to commemorate its surprise attack on Israel in 1973. In this attack, Egyptian Army was initially successful in pushing back the Israeli forces who were occupying Sinai since 1967. However, Israel received help in the form of American weapons airlift and that’s where the tide turned in its favor. Egypt was defeated but not annihilated in this war which came to be known as Yom Kippur War . Egypt and Israel reached an impasse, a settlement which was seen as a victory for Egypt and its President Anwar Sadat.", "precise_score": 3.812263250350952, "rough_score": 3.276890754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "One thought on “Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981”", "precise_score": 7.918503761291504, "rough_score": 7.685976505279541, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak.", "precise_score": 7.636189937591553, "rough_score": 7.7562255859375, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The constitution does not directly stipulate any role for the Prime Minister in the process of presidential succession, when the former post of Vice President still existed it was a tradition for the People's Assembly to nominate the vice-president for the vacant office of the president. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as vice-presidents at the time the presidential office became vacant, however on Mubarak's succession in 1981 as president he did not appoint a vice-president until 29 January 2011 when during substantial protests demanding reforms he appointed Omar Suleiman to the role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880829811096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Following the Camp David Accords, Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. But the subsequent 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was received with controversy among Arab nations, particularly the Palestinians. Egypt's membership in the Arab League was suspended (and not reinstated until 1989). PLO Leader Yasser Arafat said \"Let them sign what they like. False peace will not last.\" In Egypt, various jihadist groups, such as the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, used the Camp David Accords to rally support for their cause. Previously sympathetic to Sadat's attempt to integrate them into Egyptian society, Egypt's Islamists now felt betrayed and publicly called for the overthrow of the Egyptian president and the replacement of the nation's system of government with a government based on Islamic theocracy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2224399745464325, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Though Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6462697982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed under Nasser but Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad. According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch \"a complete overthrow of the existing order\" in Egypt. Chief strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose \"plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing—he expected—a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.030574321746826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes. All non-government press was banned as well. The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who would succeed in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.050107002258301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "According to Tala'at Qasim, ex-head of the Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report, it was not Islamic Jihad but his organization, known in English as the \"Islamic Group\", that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli). Members of the Group's 'Majlis el-Shura' ('Consultative Council') – headed by the famed 'blind shaykh' – were arrested two weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446657180786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, a victory parade was held in Cairo to commemorate the eighth anniversary of Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air Force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, Egyptian Army soldiers and troop trucks towing artillery paraded by. One truck contained the assassination squad, led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. As it passed the tribune, Islambouli forced the driver at gunpoint to stop. From there, the assassins dismounted and Islambouli approached Sadat with three hand grenades concealed under his helmet. Sadat stood to receive his salute (Anwar's nephew Talaat El Sadat later said, \"The president thought the killers were part of the show when they approached the stands firing, so he stood saluting them\"), whereupon Islambouli threw all his grenades at Sadat, only one of which exploded (but fell short), and additional assassins rose from the truck, indiscriminately firing AK-47 assault rifles into the stands until they had exhausted their ammunition and then attempted to flee. After Sadat was hit and fell to the ground, people threw chairs around him to shield him from the hail of bullets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2974157333374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The attack lasted about two minutes. Sadat and ten others were killed outright or suffered fatal wounds, including the Cuban ambassador to Egypt, an Omani general, and a Coptic Orthodox bishop. Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers. Security forces were momentarily stunned but reacted within 45 seconds. One of the attackers was killed, and the three others injured and arrested. Sadat was airlifted to a military hospital, where eleven doctors operated on him. He died nearly two hours after he was taken to the hospital. Sadat's death was attributed to \"violent nervous shock and internal bleeding in the chest cavity, where the left lung and major blood vessels below it were torn.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.899491310119629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat was buried in the Unknown Soldier Memorial, located in the Nasr City district of Cairo. The inscription on his grave reads: \"hero of war and peace\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966089248657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In 2012, Khaled Al-Islambouli's mother spoke highly of her son's actions to the Iranian Fars News Agency. She said \"I am very proud that my son killed Anwar Al-Sadat… The government called him a terrorist, a criminal, and a murderer.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011632919311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; this won him and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate. Though reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm Peace with Israel] it was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and leftists in particular, who felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state. With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0640931129455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu al-Kum, al-Minufiyah, Egypt to a poor Nubian family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the October War of 1973. His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat was an Upper Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was a Sudanese from her father. Thus, he faced insults by his Arab opponents in Egypt for not looking \"Egyptian enough\" and \"Nasser's black poodle.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.711129665374756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "During the Second World War he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to obtain help from the Axis Powers in expelling the occupying British forces. Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt, the pro-palace Iron Guard of Egypt, and the secret military group called the Free Officers. Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew King Farouk on 23 July of that year. Sadat was assigned to announce the news of the revolution to the Egyptian people over the radio networks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.692073822021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily Al Gomhuria. In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the National Assembly (1960–1968) and then vice president and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.857407093048096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Some of the major events of the Sadat's presidency were his \"Corrective Revolution\" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with Israel, the \"opening up\" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.696988582611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970. Sadat's presidency was widely expected to be short-lived. Viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nasser's supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat surprised everyone with a series of astute political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right. On 15 May 1971, Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution, purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent Nasserists. Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them \"considerable cultural and ideological autonomy\" in exchange for political support. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8608429431915283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In 1971, three years into the War of Attrition in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring, which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045469284057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali Sabri, who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawy Gomaa, the Interior Minister, who controlled the secret police. Sadat's rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police, expelled Soviet military from the country and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.908474445343018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched the October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement (Operation Badr, also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line. This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.936904907226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, trying to encircle first the Egyptian Second Army, and, when this failed, the Egyptian Third Army. Prompted by an agreement between the United States of America, and the Soviet Union, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973, calling for an immediate ceasefire. Although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken. Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, cancelled an official meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen to travel to Egypt where he tried to persuade Sadat to sign a peace treaty. During Kosygin's two-day long stay it is unknown if he and Sadat ever met in person. The Israeli military then continued their drive to encircle the Egyptian army. The encirclement was completed on 24 October, three days after the ceasefire was broken. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Damascus and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.910255432128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the \"Hero of the Crossing\". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and the second on 4 September 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.08859920501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "One major aspect of Sadat's peace policy was to gain some religious support for his efforts. Already during his visit to the US in October–November 1975, he invited Evangelical pastor Billy Graham for an official visit, which was held a few days after Sadat's visit. In addition to cultivating relations with Evangelical Christians in the US, he also built some cooperation with the Vatican. On 8 April 1976, he visited the Vatican for the first time, and got a message of support from Pope Paul VI regarding achieving peace with Israel, to include a just solution to the Palestinian issue. Sadat, on his part, extended to the Pope a public invitation to visit Cairo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430015563964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat also used the media to promote his purposes. In an interview he gave to the Lebanese paper El Hawadeth in early February 1976, he claimed he had secret commitment from the US government to put pressure on the Israeli government for a major withdrawal in Sinai and the Golan Heights. This statement caused some concern to the Israeli government, but Kissinger denied such a promise was ever made. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.618547439575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In January 1977, a series of 'Bread Riots' protested Sadat's economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread. The riots lasted for two days and included hundreds of thousands in Cairo. 120 buses and hundreds of buildings were destroyed in Cairo alone. The riots ended with the deployment of the army and the re-institution of the subsidies/price controls. During this time, Sadat was also taking a new approach towards improving relations with the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961846351623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East. Syria continued to resist such a conference. Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248808860778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "On 19 November 1977, Sadat became the first Arab leader to visit Israel officially when he met with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which included the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. He said during his visit that he hopes \"that we can keep the momentum in Geneva, and may God guide the steps of Premier Begin and Knesset, because there is a great need for hard and drastic decision\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231840133666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978), a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US President Jimmy Carter. Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.66853141784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider Muslim World. His predecessor Nasser had made Egypt an icon of Arab nationalism, an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an Egyptian orientation following the 1973 war (see Egypt). The neighboring Arab countries believed that in signing the accords, Sadat had put Egypt's interests ahead of Arab unity, betraying Nasser's pan-Arabism, and destroyed the vision of a united \"Arab front\" for the support of the Palestinians against the \"Zionist Entity\". However, Sadat decided early on that peace is the solution. Sadat's shift towards a strategic relationship with the US was also seen as a betrayal by many Arabs. In the United States his peace moves gained him popularity among some Evangelical circles. He was awarded the Prince of Peace Award by Pat Robertson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1456990242004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal Abdel Nasser's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.868494987487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In 1971, Sadat addressed the Iranian parliament in Tehran in fluent Persian, describing the 2,500-year-old historic connection between the two lands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267877578735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, called Sadat his \"dear brother\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75634479522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and the Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was Princess Fawzia of Egypt. She was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I) and his second wife Nazli Sabri.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630311965942383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that he be given a state funeral and be interred at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, the resting place of Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha, his mother Khushyar Hanim, and numerous other members of the royal family of Egypt and Sudan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.14832878112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Though Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6462697982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed under Nasser but Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad. According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch \"a complete overthrow of the existing order\" in Egypt. Chief strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose \"plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing—he expected—a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.006278991699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes. All non-government press was banned as well. The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who would succeed in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.050107002258301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "According to Tala'at Qasim, ex-head of the Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report, it was not Islamic Jihad but his organization, known in English as the \"Islamic Group\", that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli). Members of the Group's 'Majlis el-Shura' ('Consultative Council') – headed by the famed 'blind shaykh' – were arrested two weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446657180786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League — Oman, Somalia and Sudan — sent representatives at all. Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral. Begin even walked throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath. Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.439196586608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy. On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved: \"No one from the special personal protection group of the late president fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial,\" he said. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.20633864402771, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511388778686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries based on the life of Anwar Sadat, aired on US television with Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett, Jr. in the title role. The film was promptly banned by the Egyptian government, as were all other movies produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures, over allegations of historical inaccuracies. A civil lawsuit was brought by Egypt's artists' and film unions against Columbia Pictures and the film's directors, producers and scriptwriters before a court in Cairo, but was dismissed; the court held, \"the distortions and the slanders found in the film took place outside the country,\" so that \"the crimes were not within the Egyptian courts' jurisdiction.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.611275672912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "F40F1FF63C5F0C718CDDAB0894DC484D81 Upset by 'Sadat,' Egypt Bars Columbia Films] Either way, one Western source wrote that Sadat's portrayal by Gossett \"bothered race-conscious Egyptians and wouldn't have pleased [the deceased] Sadat\". – The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.609946250915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayyam El Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) was released in Egyptian cinemas. This movie, by contrast, was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance to date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.958160400390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The BBC also produced a film on Sadat titled \"Why Was Cairo Calm?\". Film director and blogger Adam Curtis summarizes the documentary: \"It tells the story of Sadat's presidency—and how the American TV networks created a fantasy vision of him as a wise democratic leader who had opened up the Egyptian economy to the free market, and was loved by his people for making peace for Israel. As the film shows—this was a complete illusion.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.034741401672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The young Sadat is a major character in Ken Follett's thriller The Key to Rebecca, taking place in World War II Cairo. Sadat, at the time a young officer in the Egyptian Army and involved in anti-British revolutionary activities, is presented quite sympathetically; his willingness to cooperate with German spies is clearly shown to derive from his wish to find allies against British domination of his country, rather than from support of Nazi ideology. Some of the scenes in the book, such as Sadat's arrest by the British, closely follow the information provided in Sadat's own autobiography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.54636001586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "In the 2009 film \"I Love You Man\", Jason Segal has a dog named Anwar Sadat. He claims it is because they share such a similar resemblance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480132102966309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat was a recurring character on Saturday Night Live, played by Garrett Morris, who bore a resemblance to Sadat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328052520751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Islamic extremists assassinate Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, as he reviews troops on the anniversary of the Yom Kippur War. Led by Khaled el Islambouli, a lieutenant in the Egyptian army with connections to the terrorist group Takfir Wal-Hajira, the terrorists, all wearing army uniforms, stopped in front of the reviewing stand and fired shots and threw grenades into a crowd of Egyptian government officials. Sadat, who was shot four times, died two hours later. Ten other people also died in the attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.766252279281616, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Despite Sadat’s incredible public service record for Egypt (he was instrumental in winning the nation its independence and democratizing it), his controversial peace negotiation with Israel in 1977-78, for which he and Menachem Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize, made him a target of Islamic extremists across the Middle East. Sadat had also angered many by allowing the ailing Shah of Iran to die in Egypt rather than be returned to Iran to stand trial for his crimes against the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.294473171234131, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Libyan leader Muammar Qadaffi, who sponsored Takfir Wal-Hajira, had engineered his own unsuccessful attempt on Sadat’s life in 1980. Despite the well-known threats on his life, Sadat did not withdraw from the public eye, believing it was important to the country’s well-being that he be open and available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.565199851989746, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Before executing their plan, Islambouli’s team of assassins took hits of hashish to honor a long-standing Middle Eastern tradition. As their vehicle passed the reviewing stand, they jumped out and started firing. Vice President Hosni Mubarak was sitting near Sadat but managed to survive the attack. Taking over the country when Sadat died, Mubarak arrestedhundreds of peoplesuspected to have participated in the conspiracy to kill Sadat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.930984497070312, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Sadat of Egypt has died after being shot by gunmen who opened fire as he watched an aerial display at a military parade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.773926258087158, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Sadat was attending the eighth anniversary of the Yom Kippur war with Israel as Field Marshal of the armed forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775327682495117, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Sadat was airlifted by helicopter to a military hospital. He is believed to have died about two hours later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864953994750977, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Reaction to President's Sadat's death has been mixed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375753402709961, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Reagan condemned Anwar Sadat's death as an act of infamy. Her said: \"America has lost a great friend, the world has lost a great statesman, and mankind has lost a champion of peace.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.818428993225098, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Neither has the Palestinian Liberation Organisation condemned the assassination. Nabil Ramlawi, a PLO official, said: \"We were expecting this end of President Sadat because we are sure he was against the interests of his people, the Arab nations and the Palestinian people.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.736264705657959, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat ..." }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Anwar Sadat , the President of Egypt, was... View the full answer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.386666297912598, "source": "search", "title": "Which Egyptian president was assassinated in 1981?" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Anwar sadat the then president of egypt assasination occured on 6 october 1981,This was... View the full answer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8115921020507812, "source": "search", "title": "Which Egyptian president was assassinated in 1981?" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598088264465332, "source": "search", "title": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.706461906433105, "source": "search", "title": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "As air force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, a troop truck halted before the presidential reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades and firing assault rifle rounds. The attack lasted about two minutes. Photographer Bill Foley captured one of the last shots of a living Sadat. The photograph is titled \"The Last Smile.\" The lead assassin Khalid Islambouli shouted \"Death to Pharaoh!\" as he ran towards the stand and shot Sadat. After he fell to the floor people around Sadat threw chairs on his body to try to protect him from the bullets. Eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador a Omani general and a Coptic Orthodox bishop, and 28 were wounded, including James Tully, the Irish Minister for Defence, and four U.S. military liaison officers. Sadat was then rushed to a hospital, but was declared dead within hours. This was the first time in Egyptian history that the head of state had been assassinated by an Egyptian citizen. Two of the attackers were killed and the others were arrested by military police on-site. Islambouli was later found guilty and was executed in April 1982.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0265910625457764, "source": "search", "title": "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Why was Anwar Sadat assassinated in 1981?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.29636675119400024, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "Sadat Celebrating on the Day of Assassination", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837546348571777, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "The war strengthened Sadat’s stance to launch the next bold move against Israel, especially after the negotiations between Egypt and Israel, signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978 and Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty in 1979 , however, he did not make through the day. The Assassination While Sadat and the whole of Egypt was still celebrating their accomplishments, a troop of French Mirage jet fighters soared past overhead as a part of the pageantry and at the same moment, several soldiers moved towards the reviewing stands, jumped off from the trucks they were riding, opened fire and threw grenades at the reviewing stand. Sadat was rushed to the hospital but he had expired before reaching there. Hosni Mubarak, who was previously the vice president, assumed Sadat’s power. In a speech to his people several hours after the assassination, Mubarak stated that the country was “committed to all charters, treaties, and international obligations that Egypt has concluded.” This came as a relief to the nation Attackers Involved in the Assassination Among the attackers were a lieutenant, an army major and four enlisted men. Three of these were killed by the other members of the military and the rest were arrested, later identified as Islamist nationalists, associates of Muslim Brotherhood operating under Islamic Jihad. The group leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri was identified to have ties with al-Qaeda. He was imprisoned for three years, tried and subsequently expelled from Egypt. These Islamic radicals were offended by Sadat’s peace-making efforts with Israel and accused him of apostasy and killed him on the day when he was celebrating his country’s perceived victory over Israel. Sadat’s funeral was attended by several important political figures from United States, including the three former presidents, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. In reaction to the assassination, President Carter stated: “There was no sign of fear about Sadat, and I think he feels God will take care of him. He has a very remarkable sense of destiny.”  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.795673370361328, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt’s Anwar Sadat Assassinated in 1981 - PalestineFacts" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "the Assassination of President Anwar Al-Sadat - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.532181739807129, "source": "search", "title": "the Assassination of President Anwar Al-Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "the Assassination of President Anwar Al-Sadat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.010229110717773, "source": "search", "title": "the Assassination of President Anwar Al-Sadat - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser (in office November 14, 1954 to September 28, 1970)--Nasser became president after forcing President Naguib from office. Nasser served as president until his death. Nasser was succeeded by his vice-president, Anwar Sadat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.303210258483887, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" }, { "answer": "Sadat", "passage": "President Hosni Mubarak (in office October 6, 1981 to February 11, 2011 )--Mubarak became president upon the assassination of his predecessor, Anwar Sadat. Mubarak imposed Emergency Rule upon the death of Sadat, and maintained his rule as an autocratic dictator until resignining the presidency in February, 2011 in the face of massive unrest .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.09423144161701202, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Thomas Sankara came to power through a military coup d'état on August 4, 1983. After the coup, he formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as president. Under the direction of Sankara, the country changed its name on August 4, 1984, from the Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, which means \"Land of Incorruptible People\".", "precise_score": 5.515958786010742, "rough_score": 4.08397102355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republic of Upper Volta" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso ( ;) is a landlocked country in West Africa around 274200 km2 in size. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. Its capital is Ouagadougou. In 2014, its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country. It has a population of 18.7 million as of 2016.", "precise_score": -10.43896198272705, "rough_score": -9.867783546447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Residents of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé ( ). French is an official language of government and business.", "precise_score": 7.558374881744385, "rough_score": 7.526926040649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Before the conquest of what is now Burkina Faso by the French and other colonial powers during the late 19th century the country was ruled by various ethnic groups including the Mossi kingdoms. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes. Blaise Compaoré was the most recent president and ruled the country from 1987 until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014. This resulted in a semi-presidential republic which lasted from October 2014 to September 2015. On 17 September 2015 the provisional government was in turn toppled by an apparent military coup d'état carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security. On 24 September 2015, after pressure from the African Union, ECOWAS, and the armed forces, the military junta agreed to step down, and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President. ", "precise_score": -9.295644760131836, "rough_score": -8.451091766357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The northwestern part of today's Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5000 BC. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archeological excavations. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC. The Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso. Iron industry, in smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC. ", "precise_score": -11.15822982788086, "rough_score": -10.42932415008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "During the early 16th century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso. During the 18th century the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo Dioulasso and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and Birifor settled along the Black Volta. ", "precise_score": -7.7158660888671875, "rough_score": -8.545628547668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Draftees from the territory participated in the European fronts of World War I in the battalions of the Senegalese Rifles. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government: the Volta-Bani War. ", "precise_score": -7.616131782531738, "rough_score": -6.6294708251953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.", "precise_score": 2.619610071182251, "rough_score": 2.836313486099243, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso (Since 1984)", "precise_score": -4.29998254776001, "rough_score": -8.137275695800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (land of the upright/honest people). ", "precise_score": 7.292727947235107, "rough_score": 7.014598846435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "On 15 October 1987, Sankara along with twelve other officials were killed in a coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré, Sankara's former colleague and Burkina Faso's president until October 2014. After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days. A majority of Burkinabé citizens hold that France's foreign ministry, the Quai d'Orsay, was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup.", "precise_score": -10.543970108032227, "rough_score": -9.598583221435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso's 17.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from the area of Ghana Empire about 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in Ouagadougou.[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2834.htm \"Burkina Faso\"], U.S. Department of State, June 2008.", "precise_score": -6.985159397125244, "rough_score": -7.458771228790283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of President Sankara. (In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagaoudougou.) Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are Gaston Kaboré, Idrissa Ouedraogo and Dani Kouyate. Burkina produces popular television series such as Les Bobodiouf. The internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate make popular television series.", "precise_score": -9.665040969848633, "rough_score": -10.271419525146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Have you ever wondered about the name of the country Burkina Faso?  Why would a country have two names, i.e. Burkina and then Faso?  or even simply two names in its history: Upper Volta and then Burkina Faso?  Well, the country named Upper Volta  was given a new name in 1984 by then President Thomas Sankara , who chose the name Burkina Faso .", "precise_score": 6.405856132507324, "rough_score": 5.497867584228516, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Well, on 4 August 1984, Thomas Sankara , with his usual charisma and revolutionary spirit, decided to change the country’s name to Burkina Faso.  He chose two names after two main languages of the country: the Moore  (or Mossi language) and the Dioula .  Burkina from Mòoré means ‘men of integrity‘, while Faso in Diouala means ‘fatherland‘.  Thus the Burkina Faso is ‘the land of upright people‘ or ‘the land of honest people‘.  The people of the country are known as the Burkinabé, where the suffix ‘bé’ comes from the Foufouldé language spoken by the Peulh  people (a tribe found in many countries across West Africa), and means ‘men or women’.  Thus, Thomas used three of the main languages in his country to choose a name that was truly representative of the country and its people.  Sankara was then addressed as the PF or the President of the Faso.  The national cloth made up of woven strips of cotton or silk was called faso dan fani (this will be the subject for another post).", "precise_score": -5.792314052581787, "rough_score": -7.6895751953125, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The flag of Burkina Faso consists of two horizontal stripes in red and green colors and a golden star located in the center of the flag on the borderline of these stripes. The colors used are typical examples of pan-African colors, however, the official explanation says that the red symbolizes the socialist revolution and that the green color stands for natural wealth of the country. Burkina Faso was a French colony until 1960 and it was called Upper Volta. The flag has been adopted in 1984 when the country was renamed to Burkina Faso (in translation \"a country of unbribables\") after the series of military coups. The colors also refer to solidarity towards other African nations and the golden star recalls the guiding light of the revolution.", "precise_score": 5.260633945465088, "rough_score": 1.1004338264465332, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | Flags of countries" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso, Upper Volta(noun)", "precise_score": 1.874031662940979, "rough_score": -0.06488245725631714, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "A country in Western Africa (formerly Upper Volta). Official name: Burkina Faso.", "precise_score": 4.040826320648193, "rough_score": 4.313933849334717, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso, also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a landlocked country in west Africa around 274,200 square kilometres in size. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. Its capital is Ouagadougou. In 2010, its population was estimated at just under 15.75 million. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, using a word from each of the country's two major native languages, Mòoré and Dioula. Figuratively, \"Burkina\", from Mòoré, may be translated as \"men of integrity\", while \"Faso\" means \"fatherland\" in Dioula. \"Burkino Faso\" is thus meant to be understood as \"Land of upright people\" or \"Land of honest people\". Inhabitants of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabè. Between 14,000 and 5000 BC, Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers in the country's northwestern region. Farm settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC. What is now central Burkina Faso was principally composed of Mossi kingdoms. These Mossi Kingdoms became a French protectorate in 1896. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes until arriving at its current form, a semi-presidential republic. The president is Blaise Compaoré.", "precise_score": 3.545039415359497, "rough_score": 2.3227436542510986, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Bourkina Fasso", "passage": "Upper Volta's Name Now Bourkina Fasso - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": -0.5373258590698242, "rough_score": 1.137169599533081, "source": "search", "title": "Upper Volta's Name Now Bourkina Fasso - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Bourkina Fasso", "passage": "Upper Volta's Name Now Bourkina Fasso", "precise_score": 0.13126486539840698, "rough_score": 1.3572112321853638, "source": "search", "title": "Upper Volta's Name Now Bourkina Fasso - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Bourkina Fasso", "passage": "OUAGADOUGOU, Bourkina Fasso, Aug. 3— The West African country of Upper Volta changed its name today to Bourkina Fasso, which in the language of the dominant Mossi tribe means ''land of upright men.''", "precise_score": 3.851231575012207, "rough_score": -0.821277916431427, "source": "search", "title": "Upper Volta's Name Now Bourkina Fasso - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "A former French colony, it gained independence as Upper Volta in 1960; the name Burkina Faso, which means “Land of Incorruptible People,” was adopted in 1984. The capital, Ouagadougou , is in the centre of the country and lies about 500 miles (800 km) from the Atlantic Ocean .", "precise_score": 6.069481372833252, "rough_score": 5.8080949783325195, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is bounded by Mali to the north and west, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, and Côte d’Ivoire , Ghana , and Togo to the south.", "precise_score": -11.08223819732666, "rough_score": -10.581978797912598, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is situated on an extensive plateau, which is slightly inclined toward the south. The lateritic (red, leached, iron-bearing) layer of rock that covers the underlying crystalline rocks is deeply incised by the country’s three principal rivers—the Black Volta (Mouhoun), the Red Volta (Nazinon), and the White Volta (Nakambé)—all of which converge in Ghana to the south to form the Volta River . The Oti , another tributary of the Volta, rises in southeastern Burkina Faso. Great seasonal variation occurs in the flow of the rivers, and some rivers become dry beds during the dry season. In the southwest there are sandstone plateaus bordered by the Banfora Escarpment, which is about 500 feet (150 metres) high and faces southeast. Much of the soil in the country is infertile.", "precise_score": -4.587388515472412, "rough_score": -5.4359564781188965, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso’s currency is the CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc , which has been officially pegged to the euro . It is issued by the Central Bank of West African States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union , which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau , Mali, Niger, Senegal , and Togo) that were once French colonies in Africa. Branches of the central bank in Burkina Faso are located in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. Among the partially or wholly state-owned commercial banks, the most important is the Banque Internationale du Burkina in Ouagadougou.", "precise_score": -10.925073623657227, "rough_score": -10.009049415588379, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Folkloric traditions are rich in Burkina Faso, reflecting the country’s ethnic diversity . The Mossi are known for creating antelope masks that reach heights of up to 7 feet (2 metres). Bobo butterfly masks and the wood carvings of the Lobi are also well regarded for their artistry. The biennial Pan-African Film Festival (FESPACO) in Ouagadougou is popular, as is the International Crafts Fair, which celebrates the country’s artisans. The National Museum (1962) in the capital city houses artifacts from the country’s diverse ethnic groups. Information about earlier inhabitants of the area can be gleaned from the ruins of a fortified settlement at Loropéni, located in the southern part of the country. The ruins date back some 1,000 years and were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009.", "precise_score": -10.91239070892334, "rough_score": -10.588675498962402, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Upper Volta first sent an Olympic team to the 1972 Munich Games, although the first athletes from Upper Volta to participate in the Olympics were two javelin throwers who competed in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics as members of the French team. The country’s first participation in the Olympics as Burkina Faso was in the 1988 Seoul Games.", "precise_score": 1.7317394018173218, "rough_score": 3.8550546169281006, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Axes belonging to a Neolithic culture have been found in the north of Burkina Faso. The Bobo , the Lobi , and the Gurunsi are the earliest known inhabitants of the country. About the 15th century ce, conquering horsemen invaded the region from the south and founded the Gurma and Mossi kingdoms, in the eastern and central areas, respectively. Several Mossi kingdoms developed, the most powerful of which was that of Ouagadougou, located in the centre of the country. Headed by an emperor, the morho naba (“great lord”), the Ouagadougou Mossi state defeated attempted invasions by the Songhai and Fulani empires yet maintained valuable commercial links with major western African trading powers, including the Dyula , the Hausa , and the Asante .", "precise_score": -11.003433227539062, "rough_score": -10.387028694152832, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Historians debate the exact dates when Burkina Faso's many ethnic groups arrived. The Proto-Mossi arrived in the far eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries, the Samo arrived around the 15th century, the Dogon lived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuries, and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population arrived in the region during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889921188354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Starting in the early 1890s a series of British, French and German military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties amongst themselves. Through a complex series of events what is Burkina Faso eventually became a French protectorate in 1896. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167463302612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered; however, French control of many parts remained uncertain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15446662902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "`Burkina Faso became food self-sufficient in the span of four years. Sankara rejected the imperialist aid industry and encouraged local production and trade. He nationalized Burkina Faso’s land and mineral wealth against the broaching power of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42483901977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Alongside the economic revolution, he instated a vast social-cultural transformation wherein civil servants were forbidden from driving Mercedes vehicles and required to wear cotton tunics indigenous to the country. The women of Burkina Faso partook in the revolution with action centering on their rights. Sankara outlawed female genital mutilation and polygamy, and more women joined the military and were appointed to government positions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21446418762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Sankara's revolution took place within the context of the Cold War, and his visits to the Soviet Union and Cuba, calls for the cancellation of African debts held by Western governments and institutions and Marxist political regime were controversial, in particular in France and the United States as well as in most of Burkina Faso's immediate neighbors, all of which were generally western-oriented or else cautious towards the Soviet bloc with the exception of Togo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067447662353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given by Compaoré for the coup. Compaoré argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power France and neighbouring Ivory Coast (both of which supported the change in government). Following the coup Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Limited democratic reforms were introduced in 1990 by Compaoré. Under the new constitution, Compaoré was re-elected without opposition in 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won election in a landslide. In 2004 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment. , Burkina Faso remains one of the least developed countries in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.859293937683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "On 31 October 2014, President Compaoré, facing mounting pressure, resigned after 27 years in office. Lt. Col. Isaac Zida said that he would lead the country during its transitional period before the planned 2015 presidential election but there were concerns over his close ties to the former president. In November 2014 opposition parties, civil society groups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections. Under the plan Michel Kafando was made the transitional President of Burkina Faso and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309747695922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "In the 2010 Presidential elections, President Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6 million Burkinabés voted, out of a total population 10 times that size.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533661842346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The 2011 Burkinabè protests were a series of popular protests that called for the resignation of Compaoré, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants and economic freedom. As a result, Governors were replaced and wages for public servants were raised. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365209579467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Political freedoms are severely restricted in Burkina Faso. Human rights organizations had criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447420120239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a member of the African Union, Community of Sahel-Saharan States, La Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Economic Community of West African States, and United Nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99960708618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The army consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According to Jane’s Sentinel Country Risk Assessment, Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254654884338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used by French police. France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces. The Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade level. The Gendarmerie operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34704875946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384369850158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 m. The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m. Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791059494018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 60 and of rainfall; in the dry season, the harmattan – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, May/June through September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 60 cm of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5 –.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286251068115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South. Situated between 11°3' and 13°5' north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 90 cm of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27386474609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso's natural resources include gold, manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, and salt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44659423828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso has a larger number of elephants than many countries in West Africa. Lions, leopards and buffalo can also be found here, including the dwarf or red buffalo, a smaller reddish-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. Other large predators live in Burkina Faso, such as the cheetah, the caracal or African lynx, the spotted hyena and the African wild dog, one of the continent’s most endangered species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243607521057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso's fauna and flora are protected in four national parks:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494550704956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "* The W National Park in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232667922973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "and several reserves: see List of national parks in Africa and Nature reserves of Burkina Faso.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493437767028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from $2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in 2012. Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of rearing livestock. Especially in the south and southwest, the people grow crops of sorghum, pearl millet, maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427298545837402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso was ranked the 111th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings. Remittances used to be an important source of income to Burkina Faso until the 1990s, when unrest in Ivory Coast, the main destination for Burkinabe emigrants, forced many to return home. Remittances now account for less than 1% of GDP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958477020263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is part of the West African Monetary and Economic Union (UMEOA) and has adopted the CFA Franc. This is issued by the Central Bank of the West African States (BCEAO), situated in Dakar, Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999. Micro-finance institutions are governed by a separate law, which regulates micro-finance activities in all WAEMU countries. The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605262756347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "There is mining of copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), and phosphates. These operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402134895324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as SIAO, Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de Ouagadougou, and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282763481140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392903327941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "222&titleburkina-faso Pipes and People: Progress in Water Supply in Burkina Faso's Cities], London: Overseas Development Institute High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454133987426758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45916748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Transport in Burkina Faso is hampered by a largely underdeveloped infrastructure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464649200439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Rail transport in Burkina Faso consists of a single line which runs from Kaya to Abidjan in Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora. Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487152099609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "There are 12,506 kilometres of highway in Burkina Faso, of which 2,001 kilometres are paved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532452583312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 persons per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072575569152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The total fertility rate of Burkina Faso is 5.93 children born per woman (2014 estimates), the sixth highest in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48557186126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "In 2009 the U.S. Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report reported that slavery in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims. Slavery in the Sahel states in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to the Arab slave trade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393987655639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a multilingual country. An estimated 69 languages are spoken there, of which about 60 languages are indigenous. The Mossi language () is spoken by about 40% of the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou, along with other, closely related Gurunsi languages scattered throughout Burkina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068107604980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Statistics on religion in Burkina Faso are inexact because Islam and Christianity are often practiced in tandem with indigenous religious beliefs. The Government of Burkina Faso 2006 census reported that 60.5% of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch,[http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148665.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Burkina Faso]. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (17 November 2010). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. while a small minority adheres to Shia Islam. There are also large concentrations of the Ahmadiyya Muslims. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388263702392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "In 2012, the average life expectancy was estimated at 57 for male and 59 for female. The under five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate were respectively 102 and 66 per 1000 live births. In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants is 17 and the estimated population growth rate is 3.05%.[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html Burkina Faso]. CIA World Factbook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522976875305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5% of GDP; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300 deaths per 100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was estimated that the adult HIV prevalence rate (ages 15–49) was 1.0%. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics. According to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have had female genital mutilation, administered according to traditional rituals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535248756408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001. , studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people. In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people. Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445673942565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education. High school costs approximately CFA 25,000 ($50 USD) per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls' schooling has been observed because of the government's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50531005859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999826431274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi (Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi), a record of the oral history of the Mossi people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096433639526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema. The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published. Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305476188659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The theatre of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with masks. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by French theatre. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by forum theatre aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166401863098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among the peoples, there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso, especially in Ouagadougou. Much of the crafts produced are for the growing tourist industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459147453308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based on staple foods of sorghum, millet, rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and fresh water fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermented palm sap; and Zoom kom, or \"grain water\" purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso. Zoom-kom is milky-looking and whitish, having a water and cereal base, best drunk with ice cubes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445905685424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of West African and African film industry. Burkina's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the film festival FESPACO (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803162574768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football (soccer), basketball, cycling, Rugby union, handball, tennis, boxing and martial arts. Football is very popular in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed \"Les Etalons\" (\"the Stallions\") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947596549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. In 2013, Burkina Faso qualified for the African Cup of Nations in South Africa, reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria by the score of 0 to 1. The country is currently ranked 71st in the FIFA World Rankings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839476585388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, Radiodiffusion-Télévision Burkina (RTB). RTB broadcasts on two medium-wave (AM) and several FM frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. RTB maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33067512512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, investigative journalist Norbert Zongo, his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved. However, an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré's brother. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36363697052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by unknown vandals. In response, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government. In December 2008, police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302912712097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The National Culture Week of Burkina Faso, better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture (SNC), is one of the most important cultural activities of", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21696949005127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230632781982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is faced with high levels of food insecurity. As defined by the 1996 World Food Summit, \"food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. There has not been much successful improvement on this issue of food security within recent years. Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food. Because the country is landlocked and prone to Natural disasters, including drought and floods, many families struggle to protect themselves from severe hunger. While recent harvest productions have improved some, much of the population is still having a hard time overcoming the continuous food and nutrition crises of the past decade. Malnutrition is especially common in women and children, with large amounts of the population suffering from stunted growth and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia. Food insecurity has grown to be a structural problem in Burkina Faso, only to be intensified by high food prices. All of these factors combined with high poverty levels have left Burkina Faso vulnerable to chronic high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097525596618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Poverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity. As one of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso has around 44.5% of its population living under the poverty line and ranked 183 out of 187 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2014. The Human Development Index is a measure of quality of life, taking into account three main areas of human development: longevity, education, and economic standard of living. These high levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso, combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis continue to contribute to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity. The global food crisis of 2007–2008 was a drastic surge in food prices that lead to high rates of hunger, malnutrition, and political and economic instability in nations across the globe. This strongly affected Burkina Faso because around 80% of Burkina's population is rural, relying on subsistence farming to make a living. For instance, when natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail, farmers in Burkina Faso become dependent on grain purchases. Because of the global food crisis, local grain prices dramatically increased, limiting farmers' access to grain through market exchanges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311941146850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Geographic and environmental causes can also play a significant role in contributing to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity. As the country is situated in the Sahel region, Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought. The unpredictable climatic shock that Burkina Faso citizens often face results in strong difficulties in being able to rely on and accumulate wealth through agricultural means. Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks from locusts and crickets, which destroy crops and further inhibit food production. Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household. Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income, and oftentimes have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248214721679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "According to the Global Hunger Index, a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's hunger levels, Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013. It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance. However, only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention. Only 11.4 percent of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals. Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012. Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development, further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308643341064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The European Commission expects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life-threatening form. Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high. According to the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2010), 49 percent of women and 88 percent of children under the age of five suffer from anemia. Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed to malnutrition, and in turn, these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso's total work force by 13.6 percent, demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496051788330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The World Food Programme has several projects it is working on that are geared towards increasing food security in Burkina Faso.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515799522399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 (PRRO) was formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutrition crisis in 2012. The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition. Additionally, the activities of this operation contribute to families' abilities to withstand future food crises. Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant women, prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised, such as in droughts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481554985046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The World Bank was established in 1944, and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty percent of every country. One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project. According to the World Bank, the objective of this project is to \"improve the capacity of poor producers to increase food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets.\" The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts. Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food production, including financing grants and providing 'voucher for work' programs for households who cannot pay their contribution in cash. The project's next component involves improving the ability of food products, particularly in rural areas. This includes supporting the marketing of food products, and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels. Lastly, the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building. Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project implementation. The project's activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods, and manage and evaluate project activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194053649902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burkina Faso" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso  on 4 August... View the full answer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433817863464355, "source": "search", "title": "Which African country was called Upper Volta until 1984?" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48798656463623, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Why the name: Burkina Faso?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463836669921875, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Flag of Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494873046875, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Enjoy this video, and travel to Burkina Faso, the land of the upright people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445807456970215, "source": "search", "title": "Why the name: Burkina Faso? | African Heritage" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso | Flags of countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335549354553223, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | Flags of countries" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | Flags of countries" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Flag of Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494873046875, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | Flags of countries" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "What does burkina faso mean?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529102325439453, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Definitions for burkina fasobərˈki nə ˈfɑ soʊ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536537170410156, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word burkina faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551360130310059, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso(ProperNoun)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407196998596191, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Origin: More burkina (\"honest\") + Dioula faso (\"father's house\"), coined by Thomas Sankara", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358087539672852, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The numerical value of burkina faso in Chaldean Numerology is: 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542799949645996, "source": "search", "title": "What does burkina faso mean? - Definitions.net" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso - definition of Burkina Faso by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48762035369873, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso - definition of Burkina Faso by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48762035369873, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Burkina+Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472622871398926, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Related to Burkina Faso: Togo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32081413269043, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315276145935059, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500397682189941, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "National anthem of Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477416038513184, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso, landlocked country in western Africa . The country occupies an extensive plateau, and its geography is characterized by a savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650522232055664, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkinabé woman decorating a hut, Zécco, Burkina Faso.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458931922912598, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Animal life includes buffalo, antelope, lions, hippopotamuses, elephants, crocodiles, and monkeys. Bird and insect life is rich and varied, and there are many species of fish in the rivers. Burkina Faso’s national parks include Po in the south-centre of the country, Arly in the southeast, and “W” in the east, straddling the border with Benin and Niger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13968563079834, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The major ethnolinguistic group of Burkina Faso is the Mossi . They speak a Niger-Congo language of the Gur branch and have been connected for centuries to the region they inhabit. They have absorbed a number of peoples including the Gurma and the Yarse. The last-mentioned group has Mande origins but is assimilated into the Mossi and shares their language (called Moore). Other Gur-speaking peoples are the Gurunsi, the Senufo , the Bwa , and the Lobi .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017206192016602, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Mande languages , which also form a branch of the Niger-Congo family, are spoken by groups such as the Samo, the Marka, the Busansi, and the Dyula . Other groups of Burkina Faso include the Hausa and the Tuareg , whose languages are classified as Afro-Asiatic , and the Fulani , whose language (Fula) is a Niger-Congo language of the Atlantic branch .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031981468200684, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Citizens of Burkina Faso, regardless of their ethnic origin, are collectively known as Burkinabé. French is the official language, although it is not widely spoken. Moore , the language of the Mossi, is spoken by a great majority of the population, and Dyula is widely used in commerce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336094856262207, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "More than half the population is Muslim. About one-fifth of the Burkinabé are Roman Catholic, and one-sixth follow traditional religions. Most of the remainder are Protestant or nonreligious. The seat of the Roman Catholic archbishopric is in Ouagadougou , and there are several bishoprics throughout the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320310592651367, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "About nine-tenths of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture or livestock raising. Difficult economic conditions, made worse by severe intermittent droughts, have provoked considerable migration from rural to urban areas within Burkina Faso and to neighbouring countries, most notably Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. As many as 1.5 million people, or almost one-third of the country’s labour force, have been abroad at any given time. (In the early 21st century, however, unrest in neighbouring countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, made it difficult for Burkinabés to find employment.) The development of industry in Burkina Faso is hampered by the small size of the market economy and by the absence of a direct outlet to the sea. Beginning in the late 1990s, the government began to privatize some state-owned entities in order to attract foreign investment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857354164123535, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Minerals, particularly manganese and gold , are the chief sources of potential wealth for the country. There are gold mines at Poura, southwest of Koudougou, and smaller gold deposits near Sebba and Dori-Yalogo in the north exist. Reserves of nickel, bauxite, zinc, lead, and silver are also found in the country. Burkina Faso’s substantial manganese deposits at Tambao in the northeast potentially represent its most important resource and one of the world’s richest sources of this mineral. Exploitation is limited by existing transport inadequacies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290729522705078, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is also a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a body encompassing most states in western Africa, which attempts to integrate and harmonize the economic interests of the region. One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso relies heavily on international aid and on remittances from migrants to help offset its current account deficit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111454010009766, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso’s main exports in the early 21st century included cotton, gold, livestock, sugar, and fruit. Most of its exports are sent to neighbouring African countries, but some, including cotton and minerals, are exported to China, Singapore, and the countries of the European Union . Chief imports include petroleum, chemical products, machinery, and foodstuffs, which mainly come from surrounding countries as well as from France . There is a deficit in the balance of payments, largely because of the relatively small amounts of exports, which are not of sufficient value to equal the value of imported materials required for promoting further development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16179370880127, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "A rail line links Ouagadougou to the port of Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire; it is some 700 miles (1,100 km) long, of which about 320 miles (500 km) run through Burkina Faso. (For several years in the early 2000s, the line was closed because of civil war in Côte d’Ivoire). Running from east to west before crossing the border, the line serves the towns of Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso, and Banfora.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352221488952637, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The capital is also linked by road to the principal administrative centres in the country and to the capitals of neighbouring countries. Burkina Faso’s road networks are poorly developed, with only a small percentage of the network usable year-round. The remainder consists mostly of unpaved rural roads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211241722106934, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso’s constitution was adopted by referendum in 1991 and has since been amended . It allows for multiparty elections and a parliamentary republic with a president as chief of state and a prime minister, who is appointed by the president, as the head of the government . The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and may serve up to two consecutive terms. The legislative branch of the government is represented by the National Assembly, whose members are elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. In 2014 popular unrest led to the dissolution of the government in October, followed by the establishment of a transitional administration in November. It was succeeded by a democratically elected government that commenced with the inauguration of a new president and a new National Assembly in late December 2015 and a new prime minister in January 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964920043945312, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso is divided into régions, which in turn are divided into provinces, which are further divided into départements. Each région is administered by a governor, and each province is administered by a high commissioner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393357276916504, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "The state of health of the Burkinabé is generally poor. Most hospitals are in the larger towns, but the government has improved access to primary health care by increasing the number of village clinics. Main causes of death in Burkina Faso include lower respiratory diseases, malaria , and diarrheal diseases . Other diseases in the country include onchocerciasis , sleeping sickness , leprosy , yellow fever , and schistosomiasis . Periodic droughts have contributed to malnutrition and related diseases, especially among young children and pregnant women. Burkina Faso has a lower prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS than do many other African countries, although it is higher than the world average. The government has focused on prevention and treatment of AIDS with some success, and the prevalence rate has decreased since the beginning of the 21st century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259130477905273, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "School enrollment is one of the lowest in Africa, even though the government devotes a large portion of the national budget to education. French is the language of instruction in primary and secondary schools. About one-fourth of the population aged 15 and older is literate. The primary institution for higher education is Ouagadougou University (established 1974). Research institutes in Ouagadougou offer degrees in rural engineering and hydrology. There are a polytechnic university and a college for rural development in Bobo Dioulasso. A university was established in Koudougou in 2005. Some Burkinabé seek higher education in France, Senegal, or Côte d’Ivoire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056915283203125, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso has made a major effort to become competitive on the African sports scene. Wrestling is popular in the country, and Burkinabé athletes have competed in the African Nations Traditional Wrestling Championship. The country has its own basketball league and an annual international cycling tour. Football (soccer), however, is by far the country’s passion. Burkina Faso boasts a highly competitive national football league, and the national team has competed in the African Nations Cup tournament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091069221496582, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso | history - geography | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Haute-Volta - definition of Haute-Volta by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina Faso", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447956085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Haute-Volta - definition of Haute-Volta by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315277099609375, "source": "search", "title": "Haute-Volta - definition of Haute-Volta by The Free Dictionary" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "King Tut", "Tutanhamon", "Tutankamun", "Tutankhamen", "Nebkheprure", "Tut-Anj-Amon", "King Tutankhamun", "Tutankhaten", "Tutankamen", "King tut", "Tutankhaumen", "Tutenkhamun", "King Tut's Death", "Tut-ankh-amun", "Tutankhamen's Death Mask", "Tutankamon", "Kingtut", "Tutenkamen", "Living Image of Amun", "Tutankhamum", "Tutankhamun", "Come on, Tutan", "Tuthankamun", "Tut Anj Amon", "Tutankhaton", "King Tutankhamen", "Pharaoh Tutankhamun", "The Boy King", "Living Image of Aten", "Tutankhamon", "Tuthankamen", "Nebkheperure Tutankhamun", "Tutenkhamen", "Nebkheperure", "Tutankhanum" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "tutanhamon", "tutenkhamen", "tutenkamen", "living image of aten", "king tut s death", "tuthankamen", "tutankamon", "nebkheperure tutankhamun", "tutankamun", "tut anj amon", "king tut", "tutankhanum", "tutankamen", "tutankhamen", "pharaoh tutankhamun", "tutankhamum", "kingtut", "boy king", "tuthankamun", "tutankhamen s death mask", "tutankhaton", "tutankhaumen", "tutankhaten", "nebkheperure", "tutankhamun", "come on tutan", "living image of amun", "tut ankh amun", "nebkheprure", "king tutankhamun", "tutenkhamun", "tutankhamon", "king tutankhamen" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tutankhamen", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tutankhamen" }

[ { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was largely spared from desecration and from the tomb clearances at the end of the 20th Dynasty, although the tomb was robbed and resealed twice in the period after its completion.", "precise_score": 9.125945091247559, "rough_score": 8.576964378356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Close to this is the burial of Tutankhamun, which is perhaps the most famous discovery of modern Western archaeology and was made here by Howard Carter on November 4, 1922, with clearance and conservation work continuing until 1932. This was the first royal tomb to be discovered that was still largely intact (although tomb robbers had entered it), and was, until the excavation of KV63 on 10 March 2005, considered the last major discovery in the valley. The opulence of his grave goods notwithstanding, Tutankhamun was a rather minor king and other burials probably had more numerous treasures. ", "precise_score": 6.216505527496338, "rough_score": 6.152541160583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 3.420555353164673, "rough_score": 4.94426155090332, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discover a step leading to the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.", "precise_score": 5.978306293487549, "rough_score": 6.172590255737305, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "When Carter first arrived in Egypt in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, though the little-known King Tutankhamen, who had died when he was 18, was still unaccounted for. After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for “King Tut’s Tomb,” finally finding steps to the burial room hidden in the debris near the entrance of the nearby tomb of King Ramses VI in the Valley of the Kings. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist Lord Carnarvon entered the interior chambers of the tomb, finding them miraculously intact.", "precise_score": 6.626562118530273, "rough_score": 8.547103881835938, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Archaeologists have discovered a tomb, referred to as KV63 , in Egypt 's Valley of the Kings . It is the first such discovery since Howard Carter's 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun 's tomb. The discovery was made by a team from the University of Memphis . Zahi Hawass , head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities said in a statement that five intact sarcophagi that all contained mummies and 20 large storage jars that were sealed with pharaonic seals had been recovered.", "precise_score": 7.552316188812256, "rough_score": 9.033500671386719, "source": "search", "title": "Tomb discovered in Valley of the Kings - Wikinews, the ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Many thought that the 62 tombs discovered before 1922 represented all that would be found in the valley—until Howard Carter discovered the resting place of a boy king called King Tutankhamun.", "precise_score": 6.943674564361572, "rough_score": 7.578670501708984, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings -- National Geographic" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "This is how the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun appeared to archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered it in 1922.", "precise_score": 4.301119327545166, "rough_score": 5.733761787414551, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922.", "precise_score": 7.773199558258057, "rough_score": 8.140199661254883, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922.", "precise_score": 7.773199558258057, "rough_score": 8.140199661254883, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "In Egypt’s Valley of the Kings, British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first souls to enter King Tutankhamen’s tomb in more than 3,000 years. Tutankhamen’s sealed burial chambers were miraculously intact, and inside was a collection of several thousand priceless objects, including a gold coffin containing the mummy of the teenage king.", "precise_score": 5.777732849121094, "rough_score": 5.9917707443237305, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "When Carter first arrived in Egypt, in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, and the majority of these had been hopelessly plundered by tomb raiders over the millennia. However, Carter was a brilliant excavator, and in the first years of the 20th century he discovered the tombs of Queen Hatshepsut and King Thutmose IV. Around 1907, he became associated with the Earl of Carnarvon, a collector of antiquities who commissioned Carter to supervise excavations in the Valley of the Kings. By 1913, most experts felt there was nothing in the Valley left to be uncovered. Carter, however, persisted in his efforts, convinced that the tomb of the little-known King Tutankhamen might still be found.", "precise_score": 4.706160545349121, "rough_score": 7.750438690185547, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "The final tomb built in the Valley of the Kings was for Ramses XI (KV 4). He was the last ruler of the 20th dynasty. At the end of the 20th dynasty, Egypt began a steady decline. The government could no longer afford to guard the Valley of the Kings. The tombs were robbed and the Valley was abandoned as the burial place of Egypt's kings. Over the centuries many of the tombs became lost to history. Some were covered or filled by rocks and other debris washed in by the heavy rains that occasionally occur in the Valley. Tutankhamen's tomb remained hidden for so long because its entrance had been covered by debris left from the building of another tomb nearby.", "precise_score": 5.342016696929932, "rough_score": 4.60315465927124, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings (New Book of Knowledge) | Scholastic ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "After thousands of years, the Valley of the Kings still holds secrets. In 2005, a short shaft was discovered not far from the tomb of Tutankhamen. At the bottom of the shaft was a single small chamber. The chamber (KV 63) was not the burial place of a king, however, and no mummy was found inside. Instead, it was what Egyptologists call an embalmers", "precise_score": 3.4861345291137695, "rough_score": 5.059375762939453, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings (New Book of Knowledge) | Scholastic ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922.", "precise_score": 7.773199558258057, "rough_score": 8.140199661254883, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Around 1350 BC, the stability of the New Kingdom seemed threatened further when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and attacked the power of the temple that had become dominated by the priests of Amun in Thebes, whom he saw as corrupt. Moving the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna), Akhenaten turned a deaf ear to events in the Near East (where the Hittites, Mitanni, and Assyrians were vying for control). He was devoted to his new religion and artistic style. After his death, the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned, the priests of Amun soon regained power and returned the capital to Thebes. Under their influence the subsequent pharaohs Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the Amarna Period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.407299995422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Egypt" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun's tomb had been entered at least twice, not long after he was buried and well before Carter's discovery. The outermost doors of the shrines enclosing the king's nested coffins were unsealed, though the inner two shrines (three and four) remained intact and sealed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.128096580505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In 1907, just before his discovery of the tomb of Horemheb, Theodore M. Davis's team uncovered a small site containing funerary artifacts with Tutankhamun's name and some embalming parts. Assuming that this site, numbered finally as KV54, was Tutankhamun's complete tomb, Davis concluded the dig. The details of both findings are documented in Davis's 1912 publication, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou; the book closes with the comment, \"I fear that the Valley of the Kings is now exhausted.\" But Davis was to be proven spectacularly wrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.28014183044433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The excavators cleared the stairway completely, which allowed clearer seals lower down on the door to be read, seals bearing the name of Tutankhamun. However, further examination showed that the door blocking had been breached and resealed on at least two occasions. Clearing the blocking led to a downward corridor that was completely blocked with packed limestone chippings, through which a robbers' tunnel had been excavated and anciently refilled. At the end of the tunnel was a second sealed door that had been breached and re-sealed in antiquity. Carter then made a hole in the door, and used a candle to check for foul gases, before looking inside. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095588684082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In January 1925, Carter resumed activities in the tomb, and on October 13, he removed the cover of the first sarcophagus; on October 23, he removed the cover of the second sarcophagus; on October 28, the team removed the cover of the final sarcophagus and exposed the mummy; and on November 11, the examination of the remains of Tutankhamun started.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.213214874267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "This is the only decorated chamber in the tomb, with scenes from the Opening of the mouth ceremony (showing Ay, Tutankhamun's successor acting as the king's son, despite being older than he is) and Tutankhamun with the goddess Nut on the north wall, the first hour of Amduat (on the west wall), spell one of the Book of the Dead (on the east wall) and representations of the king with various deities (Anubis, Isis, Hathor and others now destroyed) on the south wall. The north wall shows Tutankhamen being followed by his Ka, being welcomed to the underworld by Osiris. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672811508178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhaten", "passage": "Some of the treasures in Tutankhamun's tomb are noted for their apparent departure from traditional depictions of the boy king. Certain cartouches where a king's name should appear have been altered, as if to reuse the property of a previous pharaoh—has often occurred. However, this instance may simply be the product of \"updating\" the artifacts to reflect the shift from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun. Other differences are less easy to explain, such as the older, more angular facial features of the middle coffin and canopic coffinettes. The most widely accepted theory for these latter variations is that the items were originally intended for Smenkhkare, who may or may not be the mysterious KV55 mummy. This mummy, according to craniological examinations, bears a striking first-order (father-to-son, brother-to-brother) relationship to Tutankhamun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2137696743011475, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "This sarcophagus was constructed in granite ([a] in the cross-section). Each corner of the main body and lid were carved from stone of different colours. It appears to have been constructed for another owner, but then recarved for Tutankhamen; the identity of the original owner is not preserved. In each corner a protective goddess (Isis, Nephthys, Serket and Neith) guards the body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962060928344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Research by prominent Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves (attached to the University of Arizona) suggested, in 2015, that there may be areas of the tomb worthy of further analysis. Reeves investigated high-resolution digital scans of the tomb taken by Madrid-based company Factum Arte that were used in the process of creating a facsimile of the tomb. Reeves noted markings in the plaster of the burial chamber that appeared to suggest the possibility of a small door in the west wall of the burial chamber, of the same dimensions as the Annexe door. According to Reeves, markings on the north wall could also suggest that the wall itself may partly be a blocking wall covering a void, possibly indicating that the \"Antechamber\" continues as a corridor beyond the north wall. Although the \"doors\" may just be uncompleted construction work, one possibility that has been suggested is that Tutankhamun is actually buried in the outer section of a larger tomb complex (similar to the tomb of Amenhotep III) that has been sealed off by the north wall, and that a further burial (possibly that of Nefertiti) may exist elsewhere in undiscovered areas of the tomb. At the moment, this is just unconfirmed speculation, though Reeves has suggested that future work such as the use of ground-penetrating radar might confirm if further areas of the tomb remain to be discovered. In March 2016, a radar scan revealed two empty spaces and what appear to be organic and metallic materials within them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.083222389221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In June 2016, a report emerged that attributed the dagger buried with Pharaoh Tutankhamun to an iron meteorite, with similar proportions of metals (iron, nickel and cobalt) to one discovered near and named after Kharga Oasis. The dagger's metal was presumably from the same meteor shower. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.215263366699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "KV62" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "This area has been a focus of archaeological and egyptological exploration since the end of the eighteenth century, and its tombs and burials continue to stimulate research and interest. In modern times the valley has become famous for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun (with its rumours of the Curse of the Pharaohs ), and is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In 1979, it became a World Heritage Site, along with the rest of the Theban Necropolis. Exploration, excavation and conservation continues in the valley, and a new tourist centre has recently been opened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2743415832519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "At the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty, only the kings were buried within the valley in large tombs; when a non-royal was buried, it was in a small rock cut chamber, close to the tomb of their master. Amenhotep III's tomb was constructed in the Western Valley, and while his son Akhenaten moved his tomb's construction to Amarna, it is thought that the unfinished WV25 may have originally been intended for him. With the return to religious orthodoxy at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Tutankhamun, Ay and then Horemheb returned to the royal necropolis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7930934429168701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Around the start of the 20th century, the American Theodore M. Davis had the excavation permit in the valley, and his team (led mostly by Edward R. Ayrton) discovered several royal and non-royal tombs (including KV43, KV46 and KV57). In 1907 they discovered the possible Amarna Period cache in KV55. After finding what they thought was all that remained of the burial of Tutankhamun (items recovered from KV54 and KV58), it was announced that the valley was completely explored and no further burials were to be found, in Davis's 1912 publication, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou; the book closes with the comment, \"I fear that the Valley of Kings is now exhausted.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.04190194606781006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "After Davis's death early in 1915 Lord Carnarvon acquired the concession to excavate the valley and he employed Carter to explore it. After a systematic search they discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4913063645362854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Each burial was provided with equipment that would enable a continued existence in the afterlife in comfort. Also present in the tombs were ritual magical items, such as Shabtis and divine figurines. Some equipment was that which the king may have used in their lifetime (Tutankhamun's sandals for example), and some was specially constructed for the burial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.644627571105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "At the same time, powerful and influential nobles started to be buried with the royal family; the most famous of these tombs is the joint tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu, KV46. They were possibly the parents of Queen Tiy, and until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, this was the best preserved tomb to be found in the Valley. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.80636739730835, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The return of royal burials to Thebes after the end of Amarna period marks a change to the layout of royal burials, with the intermediate 'jogged axis' gradually giving way to the 'straight axis' of later dynasties. In the Western valley, there is a tomb commencement that is thought to have been started for Akhenaten, but it is no more than a gateway and a series of steps. Close by to this tomb is the tomb of Ay, Tutankhamun's successor. It is likely that this tomb was started for Tutankhamun (its decoration is of a similar style) but later usurped for Ay's burial. This would mean that KV62 may have been Ay's original tomb, which would explain the smaller size and unusual layout for a royal tomb. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860193252563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Valley of the Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.718928575515747, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.718928575515747, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.718928575515747, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over several years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects. The most splendid architectural find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, which was made out of solid gold, was the mummy of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for more than 3,000 years. Most of these treasures are now housed in the Cairo Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.837928771972656, "source": "search", "title": "Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "American archaeologist Kent Weeks , who was not part of the team but had seen photographs of the site, told the Associated Press that \"It could be the tomb of a king's wife or son, or of a priest or court official\". The find refutes the long held belief that the Valley of the Kings has little left to discover. According to Weeks: \"It's ironic. A century ago, people said the Valley of the Kings is exhausted, there's nothing left,\" he said. \"Suddenly Carter found Tutankhamun. So then they said, 'Now there's nothing to find.' Then we found KV5 . Now we have KV63.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3783748149871826, "source": "search", "title": "Tomb discovered in Valley of the Kings - Wikinews, the ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "KV63 is located in the area between KV10 ( Amenmesse ) and KV62 (Tutankhamun), in the very centre of the Valley's eastern branch and near the main crossroads of the network of paths traversed by thousands of tourists every day. The tomb was found at a depth of some three metres beneath the ground. The burial site is believed to date from the latter portion of the 18th dynasty (ca. 14th century BC ), but the occupants have not yet been identified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.363755226135254, "source": "search", "title": "Tomb discovered in Valley of the Kings - Wikinews, the ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "During Egypt's New Kingdom (1539-1075 B.C.) the valley became a royal burial ground for pharaohs such as Tutankhamun, Seti I, and Ramses II, as well as queens, high priests, and other elites of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8793283104896545, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings -- National Geographic" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The underground tombs were also well stocked with all the material goods a ruler might need in the next world. Treasures—like the golden masks found with King Tut—are dazzling, but the tombs also contained the more mundane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.328301429748535, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings -- National Geographic" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In 2005 a team led by archaeologist Otto Schaden discovered the valley's first unknown tomb since Tutankhamun's. The site, dubbed KV 63, was found only about 50 feet (15 meters) from the walls of Tut's resting place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.433071136474609, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings -- National Geographic" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "King Tut's Mask", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59761905670166, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "\"Tutankhamun: His Tomb and the Treasures\" is a new exhibition now in Zurich that has meticulously reconstructed the tomb complex and its treasures. Specially trained craftspeople in Cairo built more than 1,000 exact replicas under scientific supervision. The work took over five years. Here is a replica of the famous mask of King Tut, weighing 24 lbs, which was pressed over the head of the king's bandaged mummy. The idealized portrait of the young king echoes the style of the late Amarna period. The life-like eyes are formed by bright quartz, with obsidian inlays for the pupils.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.016245126724243, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "King Tut, With Wife", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72818374633789, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "This scene, depicted on the backrest of King Tut's throne, shows how Tutankhamen used to lean back in a relaxed manner while his wife, Anchesenamun, stood beside him and rubbed ointment into his shoulder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701346397399902, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "King Tut's Tomb in 3-D", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.264001846313477, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Tutankhamun's tomb and its contents, as viewed in a 3-D model. A corridor led to an antechamber and an annex filled with objects. The antechamber opened into the coffin chamber with King Tut's sarcophagus. The coffin chamber led to another small room filled with King Tut's treasures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.826282024383545, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Two tiny mummified female fetuses were found in the tomb with the king. But they were not the only companions placed in the tomb for King Tut's journey to the afterlife. The boy king was buried with more than 5,000 priceless objects, including this treasure chest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.075016975402832, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "The famous gold throne found in the tomb was ordered when Tutankhamen became king at the age of nine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.08584451675415, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "These figures were supposed to take the place of the king in performing the daily tasks that came up in the afterlife. A total of 413 of these figures, known as ushabtis, were found in Tutankhamun's tomb. Among the collection, 365 were responsible for carrying out day-to-day duties, 36 ushabtis served as overseers for groups of 10 workers each, and 12 acted as monthly supervisors", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.595300674438477, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Weird Facts About King Tut and His Mummy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.121424674987793, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain. The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun , which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2891643047332764, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.52224349975586, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain. The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun , which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2891643047332764, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.52224349975586, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Strangely enough, the ancient Egyptians \"for some reason after building it, they let it fall into disrepair rather quickly. By (the) time Tutankhamun was buried, flooding events had become a problem again,\" Ghonim said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243280410766602, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "\"That was bad for most tombs, but good for Tutankhamun since, at least according to one theory, flooding events effectively sealed the tomb and made it inaccessible to later tomb robbers .\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.445801734924316, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.345831871032715, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4369051456451416, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4369051456451416, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4369051456451416, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "King Tutankhamen was enthroned in 1333 B.C. when he was still a child. He died a decade later at the age of 18 and thus made only a faint impression on the history of ancient Egypt. In the 13th century B.C., Tutankhamen and the other “Amarna” kings were publicly condemned, and most records of them were destroyed–including the location of Tutankhamen’s tomb. A century later, in the 12th century B.C., workers building a tomb for Ramses VI inadvertently covered Tutankhamen’s tomb with a deep layer of chips, further protecting it from future discovery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.07254206389188766, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for Tutankhamen’s tomb and on November 4, 1922, discovered a step leading to its entrance. Lord Carnarvon rushed to Egypt, and on November 23 they broke through a mud-brick door, revealing the passageway that led to Tutankhamen’s tomb. There was evidence that robbers had entered the structure at some point, and the archaeologists feared they had discovered yet another pillaged tomb. However, on November 26 they broke through another door, and Carter leaned in with a candle to take a look. Behind him, Lord Carnarvon asked, “Can you see anything?” Carter replied, “Yes, wonderful things.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3150691986083984, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "It was the antechamber of Tutankhamen’s tomb, and it was gloriously untouched. The dusty floor still showed the footprints of the tomb builders who left the room more than 3,000 years before. Apparently, the robbers who had broken into Tutankhamen’s tomb had done so soon after it was completed and were caught before moving into the interior chambers and causing serious damage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33631706237793, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over several years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects. In addition to numerous pieces of jewelry and gold, there was statuary, furniture, clothes, a chariot, weapons, and numerous other objects that shed a brilliant light on the culture and history of ancient Egypt. The most splendid find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, made out of solid gold, was the mummified body of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for 3,200 years. Most of these treasures are now housed in the Cairo Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3235838413238525, "source": "search", "title": "Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun’s tomb (lower left) in the Valley of the Kings, near Luxor (ancient Thebes), Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7898597717285156, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings | archaeological site, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Virtually all the tombs in the valley were cleared out in antiquity. Some had been partially robbed during the New Kingdom, but all were systematically denuded of their contents in the 21st dynasty , in an effort to protect the royal mummies and to recycle the rich funerary goods back into the royal treasury. In the time of Strabo (1st century bce), Greek travelers were able to visit 40 of the tombs. Several tombs were reused by Coptic monks, who left their own inscriptions on the walls. Only the little tomb of Tutankhamun (reigned 1333–23 bce), located on the floor of the valley and protected by a pile of rock chippings thrown down from a later Ramesside tomb, escaped pillage. The wonderful treasures that were exhumed from Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 and that now reside in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo vividly indicate how rich the burial of a great pharaoh of the empire’s heyday must have been. The longest tomb (number 20) belongs to Queen Hatshepsut (reigned c. 1472–58), whose burial chamber is nearly 700 feet (215 metres) from the entrance and descends 320 feet (100 metres) into the rock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.061161041259766, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings | archaeological site, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun, gold funerary mask found in the king’s tomb, 14th century bce; in the Egyptian …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3284809589385986, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings | archaeological site, Egypt ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "Buried with the pharaohs was everything they would need to exist comfortably in the afterlife. This included furniture, preserved food, games, jars of wine, cosmetics, and many kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and semiprecious stones. These last items in particular made the tombs tempting targets for robbers. Almost every tomb was robbed and emptied of its contents in ancient times. The most famous exception is the tomb of Tutankhamen (KV 62). His tomb was discovered essentially intact in 1922 by Egyptologist Howard Carter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3447680175304413, "source": "search", "title": "Valley of the Kings (New Book of Knowledge) | Scholastic ..." }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain. The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun, which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2891643047332764, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.52224349975586, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Strangely enough, the ancient Egyptians \"for some reason after building it, they let it fall into disrepair rather quickly. By (the) time Tutankhamun was buried, flooding events had become a problem again,\" Ghonim said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243280410766602, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of ..." }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "\"That was bad for most tombs, but good for Tutankhamun since, at least according to one theory, flooding events effectively sealed the tomb and made it inaccessible to later tomb robbers.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.445801734924316, "source": "search", "title": "Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Kenyan", "Prehistory of Kenya", "Kenya-Africa", "ISO 3166-1:KE", "Jamhuri ya Kenya", "Kenya", "Republic of Kenya", "Kenya (disambiguation)", "Etymology of Kenya" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "republic of kenya", "prehistory of kenya", "iso 3166 1 ke", "kenya", "kenya disambiguation", "jamhuri ya kenya", "etymology of kenya", "kenyan", "kenya africa" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "kenya", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Kenya" }

[ { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "The equator passes through the African countries of Gabon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. In total, the equator passes through 12 countries.", "precise_score": 3.8287174701690674, "rough_score": 5.918135643005371, "source": "search", "title": "Which African countries does the equator pass through ..." }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "The equator is the imaginary line that separates the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere and runs across the center of the Earth at a latitude of exactly zero degrees. In Africa, the equator runs for almost 2,500 miles/ 4,020 kilometers through seven  West , Central and East African countries just south of the Sahara Desert. Ironically, the list of African countries bisected by the equator does not include Equatorial Guinea . Instead, they are as follows: São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon , Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya and Somalia. ", "precise_score": 6.386592864990234, "rough_score": 5.433974742889404, "source": "search", "title": "What Countries Does the Equator Run Through in Africa?" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "Kenya country in East Africa famed for its scenic landscapes and vast wildlife preserves. Its Indian Ocean coast provided historically important ports by which goods from Arabian and Asian traders have entered the continent for many centuries. Along that coast,...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5236334800720215, "source": "search", "title": "Countries of the World - 2 | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "Often, the African equator is marked without much fanfare. Usually, a sign at the side of the road is the only indication that you'll have of your momentous location - so it's important to research where the line is in advance so that you can keep a watchful eye out for it. In Kenya, there are signs announcing the equator in the rural towns of Nanyuki and Siriba, while similar signs exist on the Masala- Kampala road in Uganda, and the  Libreville -Lambaréné road in Gabon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4033120274543762, "source": "search", "title": "What Countries Does the Equator Run Through in Africa?" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "One of Africa's most beautiful equatorial markers belongs to its second smallest country, São Tomé and Príncipe. The island nation celebrates its equatorial location with a stone monument and a frieze of the world map located on tiny Rolas Island . The imaginary line also runs through Kenya's Meru National Park , and while there's no marker, there's a certain novelty to game-viewing directly on top of the equator. At luxury hotel Fairmont Mount Kenya Safari Club Resort , you can cross the equator just by walking from your room to the restaurant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.845312476158142, "source": "search", "title": "What Countries Does the Equator Run Through in Africa?" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "Kenya", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403310775756836, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "Located in east Africa, Kenya has a total area of 582,650 square kilometers (224,962 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of Nevada. With a coastline of 536 kilometers (333 miles), Kenya borders the Indian Ocean to the east, Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, and Tanzania to the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.960329055786133, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "Sudan is located in North Africa. Sudan borders the following countries: Central African Republic (1,165 kilometers, 724 miles), Chad (1,360 kilometers, 845 miles), Democratic Republic of the Congo (628 kilometers, 390 miles), Egypt (1,273 kilometers, 791 miles), Eritrea (650 kilometers, 404 miles), Ethiopia (1,606 kilometers, 998 miles), Kenya (232 kilometers, 144 miles), Libya (383 kilometers, 238 miles), and Uganda (435 kilometers, 270 miles).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7473015785217285, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "A landlocked state in Eastern Africa, west of Kenya and east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), Uganda has an area of 236,040 square kilometers (146,675 square miles) and a total land boundary of 2,698 kilometers (1,676 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Uganda is slightly smaller than the size of Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.646144866943359, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Kenya", "passage": "The equator is located at zero degrees latitude . The equator runs through Indonesia, Ecuador, northern Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Kenya, among other countries . It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 kilometers) long. On the equator, the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two equinoxes - near March and September 21. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. On the equator, the length of day and night are equal every day of the year - day is always twelve hours long and night is always twelve hours long.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9076951742172241, "source": "search", "title": "The Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Blue Nile and White Nile" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "blue nile and white nile" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "blue nile and white nile", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Blue Nile and White Nile" }

[ { "answer": "Blue Nile and White Nile", "passage": "from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile. Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, Tekezé, and Atbarah) have a weaker flow.", "precise_score": -5.930284023284912, "rough_score": -5.510837078094482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nile" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan II (, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Darija: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961), and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). ", "precise_score": 7.264036178588867, "rough_score": 7.506612777709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Prince Moulay Hassan participated in the February 1956 negotiations for Morocco's independence with his father, who later appointed him Chief of Staff of the newly founded Royal Armed Forces in April 1956. In the unrest of the same year, he led army contingents battling rebels in the mountains of the Rif. Mohammed V changed the title of the Moroccan sovereign from Sultan to King in 1957. Hassan was proclaimed Crown Prince on 19 July 1957, and became King on 26 February 1961, after his father's death. ", "precise_score": 4.697527885437012, "rough_score": 5.45272970199585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1965, Hassan dissolved Parliament and ruled directly, although he did not abolish the mechanisms of parliamentary democracy. When elections were eventually held, they were mostly rigged in favor of loyal parties. This caused severe discontent among the opposition, and protest demonstrations and riots challenged the King's rule. A US report observed that \"Hassan appears obsessed with the preservation of his power rather than with its application toward the resolution of Morocco's multiplying domestic problems.\" ", "precise_score": -0.024594807997345924, "rough_score": -0.40153762698173523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In the Cold War era, Hassan II allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the United States in particular. There were close and continuing ties between Hassan II's government and the CIA, who helped to reorganize Morocco's security forces in 1960. Hassan served as a back channel between the Arab world and Israel, facilitating early negotiations between them. This was made possible due to the presence in Israel of a large Moroccan Jewish community.", "precise_score": 2.02642560005188, "rough_score": -0.9266408085823059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan II of Morocco, who died at the age of 70 last Friday after 38 years on the throne, was the second Middle Eastern puppet of US and European imperialism to die in the last six months.", "precise_score": 4.104867935180664, "rough_score": 0.6937300562858582, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan II, who ruled Morocco for 38 years, acted as a go-between in Egyptian-Israeli efforts to make peace and prolonged the life of his 300-year-old dynasty in an era when monarchies in Libya, Egypt, Iraq and Iran fell to socialist revolutions or the force of militant Islam, died yesterday in Rabat. He was 70.", "precise_score": 3.9805593490600586, "rough_score": 1.9829376935958862, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan was adept at managing Arab-Israeli relations, and he liked to say he viewed Morocco's Jewish population, which numbers around 8,000, as a bridge between Israelis and Arabs. During World War II his father, Mohammed V, had defied the Axis and protected his country's Jews. In 1956, the year of Moroccan independence, there were about 275,000 Jews in Morocco. Most were allowed to emigrate to Israel, Europe and elsewhere.", "precise_score": -0.25239530205726624, "rough_score": 2.9735183715820312, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan II was the King of Morocco from 1961 till his death in 1999. He was the 21st Monarch of the Alaouite Dynasty.", "precise_score": 7.639702320098877, "rough_score": 8.554258346557617, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan II was born in Rabat, Morocco on July 9, 1929.  From his childhood, he was prepared by his father, the late His Majesty Mohammed V, for the responsabilities he was later to assume as he was the right hand to the King in Affairs of State.", "precise_score": 2.6760549545288086, "rough_score": 1.2808952331542969, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "On July 9, 1957, Hassan II was officially invested as Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne by Late His Majesty Mohammed V, and, in 1960, he was appointed head of the Government. On the February 26, 1961, he was invested as King of Morocco after the demise of his father.", "precise_score": 7.700608730316162, "rough_score": 7.257411956787109, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan II of Morocco was a leading figure in North African politics after his ascension to the throne in 1961.", "precise_score": 8.939962387084961, "rough_score": 7.9026618003845215, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Obituary: King Hassan II" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan of Morocco", "precise_score": 2.7486155033111572, "rough_score": -0.4204449951648712, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "WHEN King Hassan II came to the throne in 1961, the breed of Arab monarchs was facing extinction. During the 1950s and 1960s, the royal rulers of Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen and Libya succumbed to coups and revolutions. Yet King Hassan died in bed, after a 38-year reign, with many of his near-feudal powers intact. Whenever the royal train careened through a Moroccan railway station, however minor, all the local dignitaries had to stand by the track and bow before the passing majesty. The Arab world's longest-serving ruler remained feared and revered by stationmasters across Morocco.", "precise_score": 7.933837413787842, "rough_score": 7.684753894805908, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "He was less polite to European monarchs, perhaps because they have little power, and turned up nearly an hour late to dine with Queen Elizabeth when she visited Morocco in 1980. But where he considered it mattered, King Hassan was a dab hand at manipulating western opinion. On independence from France in 1956, Morocco had 350,000 Jews, a large and influential minority. Within two decades nearly all had been exported, most to Israel, under covert agreement with that country. King Hassan used the few Jews who remained to sell his kingdom as an oasis of pluralism amid the climate of Arab intolerance, a fancy lapped up by pro-Israel lobbies in Washington and Paris. Having earned trust in Israel, he was often able to act as a go-between for other Arab countries. European dignitaries, plus a present and past American president, came to his funeral to hail him as a peacemaker. But his relationship with Israel was less about peace than the elimination of mutual foes. Israel's secret service, the Mossad, helped the king to abduct his former maths teacher and leftist opponent, Mehdi Ben Barka, in a Paris café in 1965, and subsequently kill him.", "precise_score": 0.7672933340072632, "rough_score": 1.6311696767807007, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan's conservative rule, one characterized by a poor human rights record, strengthened the Alaouite dynasty. In Morocco's first constitution of 1963, Hassan II reaffirmed Morocco's choice of a multi-party political system, the only one in the Maghreb at that time. The constitution gave the King large powers he eventually used to strengthen his rule, which provoked strong political protest from the UNFP and the Istiqlal parties that formed the backbone of the opposition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9786903262138367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "On 16 August 1972, during a second attempt, four F-5 military jets from the Royal Moroccan Air Force fired upon the King's Boeing 727 while he was traveling back to Rabat from France, many bullets hit the fuselage but they failed to bring the plane down. Eight people were killed when the jets strafed the awaiting reception dignitaries. General Mohamed Oufkir, Morocco's defense minister, was the man behind the coup and was officially declared to have committed suicide after the attack. His body, however, was found with several bullet wounds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.735018253326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "During his reign, Morocco recovered the Spanish-controlled area of Ifni in 1969, and militarily seized two thirds of Spanish Sahara through the \"Green March\" in 1975. The latter issue continues to dominate Moroccan foreign policy to this day. Relations with Algeria have deteriorated sharply due to the Western Sahara affair, as well as due to Moroccan claims on Algerian territory (Tindouf and Bechar), which unleashed the brief 1963 Sand War. Relations with Mauritania were tense too, as Morocco only recognized it as a sovereign country in 1969, nearly a decade after Mauritania's independence, because of Moroccan claims on the country (see Great Morocco).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.050775527954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan died of natural causes; he was in his birth town at the age of 70 on 23 July 1999. A national funeral service was held for him in at Rabat, Morocco, with over 40 heads of state in attendance. He was buried in the Mausoleum of Mohammed V in Rabat. The coffin of King Hassan II, carried by King Mohamed VI, his brother Prince Moulay Rachid and his cousin Moulay Hicham, was covered with a green fabric, in which the first prayer of Islam, \"There is no god but Allah\", is inscribed in golden letters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.040246486663818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The father of Hassan II was Mohammed V of Morocco and his mother was Lalla Abla bint Tahar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.086410999298096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "* Lalla Fatima Zohra, born on 29 June 1929 in Rabat, died on 10 August 2014 in Cabo Negro (from the first marriage of Mohammed V of Morocco).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565508842468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "* Lalla Amina, born on 8 April 1954 in Antsirabe , died on 16 August 2012 in Rabat (from the third marriage of Mohammed V of Morocco, with Lalla Bahia, died on 3 September 2008 in Rabat).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.972779273986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless despot - World Socialist Web Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.441287994384766, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless despot", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.334908962249756, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Delegations and representatives from more than 60 countries flocked to the Moroccan capital, Rabat, to pay their respects to such a loyal servant. That more than a few put aside their public differences with each other and Morocco to attend speaks volumes for the unstable character of international relations today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96458911895752, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "President Jacques Chirac represented France, which ruled Morocco under the Treaty of Fez from 1912 to 1956. \"We have lost a man who loved France and the French people—we feel immense pain,\" Chirac said. King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia represented Spain, which also once ruled part of Morocco. Prince Charles and Foreign Secretary Robin Cook represented Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2901835441589355, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan's relations with his North African neighbours had been far from amicable, yet they too came. Mohamed Abdelazziz, the president of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), whose territory is controlled by Morocco, joined the mourners. The Polisario Front fought a bitter war against Morocco for more than a decade over Western Sahara, which Morocco claims as its territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.881774425506592, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "High level delegations came from all the Middle East states, including Iraq, and other Moslem countries. Heads of state came from 14 African countries. The Organisation for African Unity (OAU) sent condolences, even though Morocco left the OAU more than 20 years ago when it recognised the SADR.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078042030334473, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In the 38 years of his despotic rule, he played a crucial role in ensuring the survival of the Zionist State at the expense of the Palestinians. He suppressed the Polisario in phosphate-rich Western Sahara and Islamic fundamentalism in Morocco itself. He opened up the Moroccan economy as a platform for cheap mineral resources and manufactured goods, particularly clothing for the European market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851009368896484, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Born Moulay Hassan in 1929, he was the oldest of the six children of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef—who claimed descent from the Prophet Mohammed. At that time, Morocco was a protectorate of France except for sections governed by Spain in the northwest and the southern coast, and the city of Tangier, an international zone. As Sultan, Sidi Mohammed was responsible for local and religious affairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300310134887695, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Resistance to colonial rule mounted over the next decade. After the fall of France during World War II, President Roosevelt for the USA, Winston Churchill for Britain and Charles de Gaulle of France met in Casablanca and promised independence within 10 years if Morocco would cooperate in the war against the Axis powers. This was a promise the French proved unwilling to keep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.811326026916504, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "As demands for self-rule grew, the Sultan put himself at the head of the movement. In 1953, the French exiled him and his family, firstly to Corsica and then to Madagascar. As the rioting and guerrilla warfare increased, the French, by this time already embroiled in the Algerian war of independence, were forced to concede. Making the calculation that their interests would best be served by heading off the working class and pan-Maghreb nationalism by granting independence, they accepted Sidi Mohammed as ruler of Morocco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.99870491027832, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1997, Morocco ranked 119th on the United Nations human development index, very little above Iraq (126th) after years of sanctions. The bodies washed up every month on the coast of southern Spain, as desperate would-be migrants take to the Strait of Gibraltar in flimsy boats, are a powerful testimony to Hassan's legacy. The venal monarch himself owned ten palaces and 20 percent of the agricultural land.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.830130577087402, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "During the 1970s, Hassan took several steps aimed at damping domestic turmoil. In 1973, he put through measures to increase Moroccan ownership and employment in companies doing business in Morocco and redistributed farmland owned by foreigners to local peasants. In this way, he tried to manoeuvre a path between the national bourgeoisie and the masses, at the expense of foreign capitalists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.170243263244629, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1975, Hassan asserted Morocco's claim to Western Sahara, a region claimed by Morocco in the north and Mauritania in the south, but still officially under Spanish administration, by marching 350,000 Moroccans armed only with the Koran and banners across the frontier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.227597236633301, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Spain withdrew and ceded control to Morocco and Mauritania. This ignited a brutal and expensive war against the Polisario Front, which had been fighting for independence from Spain and did not want to be ruled by the Moroccans. With Libya and Algeria supporting the Polisario against Morocco and some 70 governments worldwide recognising the Polisario Front, their victory seemed assured. But Hassan brushed aside international protests and occupied the contested territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69778823852539, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "If anyone dared to speak out against the Moroccan takeover, the King's response was unfailingly brutal. Opponents disappeared in their hundreds. Many were never accounted for. Amnesty International's reports are littered with incidents of torture and ill treatment by Morocco's security forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.234968185424805, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1979, following a coup, the new government of Mauritania relinquished its claims to Western Sahara. But Morocco simply used this opportunity to extend its administration to cover the whole of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348432540893555, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In 1984, after standing by and watching the Palestinians slaughtered at the Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps, Colonel Gadhaffi applied the same treatment to the Saharan rebels. He signed a deal with Morocco that ended Libyan backing for the Polisario and paved the way for their defeat. Hassan built a rampart several hundred miles long to protect Morocco's mining interests in Western Sahara against incursions by the Polisario. Algeria, increasingly beset by its own internal problems, provided little effective support to the rebels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.163905143737793, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "With the Polisario isolated, Morocco eventually gained control of most of the region and agreed to a UN brokered cease-fire in 1991. The UN were supposed to hold a referendum to resolve the conflict, but with no agreement as to who had the right to vote, this failed to materialise. The 16-year war is estimated to have cost $20 billion, about equal to a national debt that is among the highest of any Arab country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05301284790039, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Above all it was Hassan's prominent role in supporting the Zionist state of Israel at the expense of the Palestinians that won him the support of the US. Nearly all of the quarter of a million Jews living in Morocco were encouraged to leave for Israel, which depended upon immigration for survival. Despite sending a nominal number of troops to support Egypt and Syria in the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973, Hassan kept his informal channels open with Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9560723304748535, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Israeli history is studded with accounts of high-level secret visits to Morocco that proved pivotal for the peace process. Golda Meir, Moshe Dayan, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres were among the Israeli leaders who, in elaborate disguises, flew in Hassan's private planes at crucial moments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.426290512084961, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Israeli newspapers said that Hassan allowed Mossad to set up a station in Morocco and develop close ties with Moroccan security forces. As Joseph Alpher, a former Mossad official and director of the American-Jewish Committees's office in Israel, said: \"For Morocco, it provided the King with additional intelligence and know-how to stabilise his regime. For the Israelis, it was good as a window into the Arab world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354004859924316, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Despite ritual protests, other Arab nations encouraged Hassan's relationship with Israel because it allowed Morocco, geographically distant from the immediate conflicts, to play a key role in brokering deals with the US and Israel on their behalf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.033865928649902, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco's unstable future", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19665241241455, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "On the economic front, the European Union agreement that opens up Morocco's market to European products will leave many native companies bankrupt and exacerbate unemployment. The US last year launched its own initiative to build economic ties with North African countries. On the political front, the long running dispute with the Polisario over Western Sahara has still to be settled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247175216674805, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the West", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9941084384918213, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the West", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9941084384918213, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "A master at managing Morocco's complex quilt of ethnic and ideological forces, he maintained a hold on power that was by turns iron-fisted and deftly offhand. He survived half a dozen assassination attempts and uprisings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933721542358398, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The heir to the Alawite dynasty, which claimed direct descent from the Prophet Mohammed and ruled the Sharifian empire of the Western Sahara, Hassan II was the author of Morocco's first Constitution. But he was at heart an autocrat, and democracy waxed and waned at his pleasure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.195789813995361, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "His success lay in an ability to be different things to different people. He kept Morocco's elite content with royal patronage and instituted market-oriented reforms that improved the lives of the urban middle class. He used his position as ''Commander of the Faithful'' to woo the rural peasantry, quadruple the number of mosques and build the world's largest, the Great Mosque of Hassan the II. Completed in 1993, the 54-acre complex was built on the edge of the sea near Casablanca, with a tower more than 650 feet tall and equipped with a laser that beamed at night toward Mecca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.708870887756348, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "''He had deep understanding from the early days of the tribal mentality of Morocco and the importance of the throne as a unifying force,'' said Robert H. Pelletreau, a former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, who knew the King well. ''He was a superb student, and he could be exceedingly charming.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796859741210938, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Moulay Hassan ben Mohammed Alaoui was born on July 9, 1929, the oldest of six children of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef. Most of Morocco was then a protectorate of France, except for sections governed by Spain in the northwest and southern coast and the city of Tangier, an international zone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625405311584473, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "As World War II unfolded, resistance to colonial rule grew. After the fall of France, the Free French forces promised independence if Morocco would cooperate in the war against the Axis, a promise that Paris proved unwilling to keep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570454597473145, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "But his father's agitation for Moroccan self-government continued, and in 1953 the French forced the Sultan into exile. In 1954 and 1955, as rioting and guerrilla warfare increased, Prince Moulay's father regained his title, and the following year, Morocco won independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.19976806640625, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "As the 1970's unfolded, the King took several steps to damp domestic turmoil. In 1973 he put through measures to increase Moroccan ownership and employment in companies doing business in Morocco and also redistributed farmland owned by foreigners to rural peasants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.233373165130615, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In November 1975, in a move that would unite Moroccans against a common foe, Hassan reasserted his country's authority over the Western Sahara, a region claimed by both Morocco and Mauritania but still officially under Spanish administration, by trucking some 350,000 civilians under army escort to the region, where they staged a march.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.935786724090576, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "The move help secure Morocco's claim but ignited a war with guerrillas of the Polisario Front, who had been fighting for independence from Spain. Libya and Algeria supported the guerrillas in their war against the Moroccan Army. In 1984, the King signed an accord with Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi that ended Libyan backing for the insurgents. Algeria, plagued by its own domestic problems, could give them only minimal support. Militarily, Morocco eventually triumphed, agreeing to a cease-fire with Polisario in 1991 that left the country in control of most the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.871499061584473, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "In September 1993, Morocco gave de facto recognition to Israel by welcoming Prime Minister Rabin, marking the first official visit by an Israeli leader to an Arab nation other than Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639147758483887, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Despite aid from the West, sporadic reform efforts, and an estimated $2 billion a year sent home by Moroccans working abroad, the economic situation during the 1990's remained difficult for most of Morocco's 25 million people, two-thirds of whom are under the age of 25.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198263168334961, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Through intelligence, charm and cunning, he steered an absolute monarchy into the modern world. ''He sheltered Morocco from the various political winds that blew across the Arab world and caused such turmoil in other countries,'' Mr. Pelletreau said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75173568725586, "source": "search", "title": "Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the ..." }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "For almost four decades King Hassan ruled Morocco as a theocracy, taking his authority from his proclaimed role as Commander of the Faithful and deriding his opponents as heretics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.765641927719116, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Obituary: King Hassan II" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "He sought to unite the country behind him in his campaign to expand Morocco's border south into the Western Sahara and divert attention from the kingdom's gruelling social inequality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448890686035156, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Obituary: King Hassan II" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan was determined Morocco would hold on to the barren but phosphate-rich Western Sahara despite resistance from the Polisario Front and pressure from abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.254823207855225, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Obituary: King Hassan II" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Morocco's King Hassan II, whose health had been fragile in recent years, died Friday (23/7/99) at a hospital in the capital of Rabat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0982139110565186, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II - Angelfire" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "But Hassan ruled for more than 38 years, surviving military coups, leftist plots and Islamic-based opposition. His personal popularity among Morocco's 29 million people was acknowledged even by political foes, who called him \"the great survivor.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860945224761963, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II - Angelfire" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "\"Moroccans need a popular monarch that governs,\" Hassan wrote in his book, \"The Challenge.\" \"That is why the king governs in Morocco. The people would not understand if the king did not govern.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.539124011993408, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II - Angelfire" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King HassanII is considered head of the faith, Islamic \"commander of the faithful,\" in Morocco. The Alaouis, known for their piety and scholarship, were invited to settle in Morocco in the 1200s A.D., and rose to power in their native oasis district in southeast Morocco, The Tafilalt, in the early 1600s. Hassan is not only a skillful actor in domestic politics and society but is a powerful, behind-the-scenes politician on the world stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7935097217559814, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan II - Angelfire" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7274081707000732, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Israel and the United States supplied the tanks to crush the Polisario Front, a guerrilla force struggling for independence in Western Sahara. United Nations officials say the defensive sand walls in Western Sahara bear remarkable similarity to the Bar Lev line the Israelis once constructed to keep Egypt at bay. The king let the Mossad set up a base in Morocco in 1964, and eavesdrop on an Arab summit called to discuss a united military command on the eve of the 1967 six-day war. In domestic affairs, King Hassan fiddled continually with the constitution to secure power while retaining a whiff of democracy. His amendments of 1970 banned parliament from debating royal decrees, since that was tantamount to challenging the will of God. The king retained control of internal security, foreign policy and defence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2997560501098633, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Morocco", "passage": "Moroccan law still forbids inquiry into the king's finances. In the mid-1970s, having expropriated the property of French settlers, the king was reported to own a fifth of the country's arable land. The mining of phosphates (Morocco is the world's largest exporter) remains a royal concern. By the time of his death, the king had built at least ten golf courses for his private use, including one in Fez, floodlit for nighttime rounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.472953796386719, "source": "search", "title": "King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum on 13 March 1884, against defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison. The heavily damaged city fell to the Mahdists on 26 January 1885 and all its inhabitants were put to death. ", "precise_score": 9.312031745910645, "rough_score": 8.957362174987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Khartoum" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "As a result, their representative in Cairo, Sir Evelyn Baring, directed the Khedive to order the garrisons in Sudan to evacuate back into Egypt. To oversee this operation, London requested that Major General Charles \"Chinese\" Gordon be placed in command. A veteran officer and former governor-general of Sudan, Gordon was familiar with the region and its peoples. Leaving in early 1884, he was also tasked with reporting on the best means for extracting the Egyptians from the conflict. Arriving in Cairo, he was re-appointed Governor-General of Sudan with full executive powers. Sailing up the Nile, he arrived at Khartoum on February 18. Directing his limited forces against the advancing Mahdists, Gordon began evacuating women and children north to Egypt.", "precise_score": 1.9607123136520386, "rough_score": -1.4488149881362915, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Holding the city, Gordon was able to somewhat replenish his supplies by raiding with his gunboats. In London, his plight was played up in the press and eventually Queen Victoria directed Gladstone to send aid to the beleaguered garrison. Acquiescing in July 1884, Gladstone ordered General Sir Garnet Wolseley to form an expedition for the relief of Khartoum. Despite this, it took a substantial amount of time to organize the needed men and supplies. As the fall progressed, Gordon's position became increasingly tenuous as supplies dwindled and many of his more capable officers were killed. Shortening his line, he constructed a new wall inside the city and tower from which to observe the enemy. Though communications remained spotty, Gordon did receive word that a relief expedition was en route.", "precise_score": 4.880414962768555, "rough_score": 2.084286689758301, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "In the fighting at Khartoum, Gordon's entire 7,000-man garrison was killed. Mahdist casualties are not known. Driving south, Wolseley's relief force reached Khartoum two days after the city's fall. With no reason to remain, he ordered his men to return to Egypt, leaving Sudan to the Mahdi. It remained under Mahdist control until 1898 when Major General Herbert Kitchener defeated them at the Battle of Omdurman . Though a search was made for Gordon's remains after Khartoum was retaken, they were never found. Acclaimed by the public, Gordon's death was blamed on Gladstone who delayed forming a relief expedition. The resulting outcry led his government to fall in March 1885 and he was formally rebuked by Queen Victoria.", "precise_score": 6.713385581970215, "rough_score": 6.8315749168396, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles George Gordon, byname Chinese Gordon (born Jan. 28, 1833, Woolwich , near London , Eng.—died Jan. 26, 1885, Khartoum, Sudan ), British general who became a national hero for his exploits in China and his ill-fated defense of Khartoum against the Mahdists .", "precise_score": 8.893513679504395, "rough_score": 8.391624450683594, "source": "search", "title": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "General Charles Gordon   © British general Charles Gordon became a national hero for his exploits in China and his ill-fated defence of Khartoum against Sudanese rebels.", "precise_score": 5.240495204925537, "rough_score": 1.1831345558166504, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "In February 1884 Gordon returned to the Sudan to evacuate Egyptian forces from Khartoum threatened by Sudanese rebels led by Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi. Khartoum came under siege the next month and on 26 January 1885 the rebels broke into the city, killing Gordon (apparently against al-Mahdi's instructions) and the other defenders. The British relief force arrived two days later. The British public reacted to his death by acclaiming 'Gordon of Khartoum', who had had a strong Christian faith, a martyred warrior-saint and by blaming the government, particularly William Gladstone, for failing to relieve the siege. However, historians have since suggested that Gordon defied orders and refused to evacuate Khartoum even though it remained possible until late in the siege.", "precise_score": 7.911328315734863, "rough_score": 6.727381706237793, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885", "precise_score": 8.994877815246582, "rough_score": 7.76910400390625, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Stewart had by this time been treacherously killed on his way down from Berber to Dongola. Gordon was all alone. The old men and women who had friends in the neighboring villages left the town. The uninhabited part was destroyed, the remainder was inclosed by a wall. In the center of Khartoum he had built himself a tower, from the roof of which he kept a sharp lookout with his field-glass in the daytime. At night he went the rounds of the fortifications, cheering his men and keeping them on the alert against attacks. Treachery was always his greatest dread. Many of the townsfolk sympathized with the Mahdi; he could not depend on all his troops, and he could only rely on one of his pashas, Mehmet Ali. He rejoiced exceedingly in the news of the approach of the British relieving force. He illuminated Khartoum and fired salutes in honor of the news, and he doubled his exertions to fill his granaries with grain.", "precise_score": 1.443519949913025, "rough_score": -1.894797444343567, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Alfred Egmont Hake, \"The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum\" (1885)", "precise_score": 8.750166893005371, "rough_score": 7.583232402801514, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885", "precise_score": 8.994877815246582, "rough_score": 7.76910400390625, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Stewart had by this time been treacherously killed on his way down from Berber to Dongola. Gordon was all alone. The old men and women who had friends in the neighboring villages left the town. The uninhabited part was destroyed, the remainder was inclosed by a wall. In the center of Khartoum he had built himself a tower, from the roof of which he kept a sharp lookout with his field-glass in the daytime. At night he went the rounds of the fortifications, cheering his men and keeping them on the alert against attacks. Treachery was always his greatest dread. Many of the townsfolk sympathized with the Mahdi; he could not depend on all his troops, and he could only rely on one of his pashas, Mehmet Ali. He rejoiced exceedingly in the news of the approach of the British relieving force. He illuminated Khartoum and fired salutes in honor of the news, and he doubled his exertions to fill his granaries with grain.", "precise_score": 1.443519949913025, "rough_score": -1.894797444343567, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "LiveLeak.com - OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at Khartoum (1885)", "precise_score": 8.00731372833252, "rough_score": 7.370607376098633, "source": "search", "title": "LiveLeak.com - OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at Khartoum (1885)", "precise_score": 8.374205589294434, "rough_score": 7.845000743865967, "source": "search", "title": "LiveLeak.com - OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "A visually stunning historical epic set against the deserts of the Sudan, Khartoum (1966) stars Charlton Heston as the enigmatic General Sir Charles \"Chinese\" Gordon, assigned by British Prime Minister Gladstone (Ralph Richardson) to protect their interests in the Sudan. The real life British General Gordon was killed in 1885 in a bloody clash with Sudanese rebels and became a hero to Victorian England and an icon for the British imperial cause.", "precise_score": 9.437180519104004, "rough_score": 8.81348705291748, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon rushes back to the Egyptian and European occupied Khartoum to protect its people, who welcome the General as their own messiah. In a valiant attempt to save the city, he digs a great moat to separate it from the Mahdi's troops and sends his aide Col. J.D.H. Stewart (Richard Johnson) to England to retrieve the British Army, though Stewart's ship is hijacked by the Mahdi's forces and all on board massacred. [SPOILER ALERT]! After a 317-day siege, the Sudanese army takes control of the city and kills Gordon an ironic two days before help arrives. In a stroke of poetic justice, the rats that feed on the 35,000 dead of Khartoum bring plague to the Mahdi's tents and he also dies.", "precise_score": 4.658212661743164, "rough_score": 0.12076759338378906, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon's plight excited great concern in the British press , and even Queen Victoria intervened on his behalf. The government ordered him to return, but Gordon refused, saying he was honour-bound to defend the city. By July 1884, Gladstone reluctantly agreed to send an expedition to Khartoum. However, the expedition, led by Sir Garnet Wolseley , took several months to organise and only entered Sudan in January 1885. By then, Gordon's situation had become desperate, with the food supplies running low, many inhabitants dying of hunger and the defenders' morale at its lowest.", "precise_score": 4.985349655151367, "rough_score": 4.1699628829956055, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The British press put the blame of Gordon's death on Gladstone, who was charged with excessive slowness in sending relief to Khartoum. He was rebuked by Queen Victoria in a telegram which became known to the public, and an acronym applied to him, G.O.M. for \"Grand Old Man\" which was changed to M.O.G. the \"Murderer Of Gordon\". His government fell in June 1885, though he was back in office the next year. However this public outcry soon paled, firstly when press coverage and sensationalism of the events began to diminish and secondly when the government released details of the £11.5 million military budget cost for pursuing war in the Sudan.", "precise_score": 6.174187183380127, "rough_score": 5.432137966156006, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Siege of Khartoum - Gordon Digs In:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.896879196166992, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Though London desired to abandon Sudan, Gordon firmly believed the Mahdists needed to be defeated or they could overrun Egypt. Citing a lack of boats and transport, he ignored his orders to evacuate and began organizing a defense of Khartoum. In an effort to win over the city's residents, he improved the justice system and remitted taxes. Recognizing that Khartoum's economy rested on the slave trade, he re-legalized slavery despite the fact the he had originally abolished it during his earlier term as governor-general. While unpopular at home, this move increased Gordon's support in the city. As he moved forward, he began requesting reinforcements to defend the city. An initial request for a regiment of Turkish troops was denied as was a later call for a force of Indian Muslims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.372315883636475, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Increasingly agitated by Gladstone's lack of support, Gordon began sending a series of angry telegrams to London. These soon became public and led to a vote of no confidence against Gladstone's government. Though he survived, Gladstone steadfastly refused to become committed to a war in Sudan. Left on his own, Gordon began enhancing Khartoum's defenses. Protected to the north and west by the White and Blue Niles, he saw that fortifications and trenches were constructed to the south and east. Facing the desert, these were supported by land mines and wire barriers. To defend the rivers, Gordon retrofitted several steamers into gunboats which were protected by metal plates. Attempting an offensive near Halfaya on March 16, Gordon's troops faltered and took 200 casualties. In the wake of the setback, he concluded that he should remain on the defensive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.753129959106445, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Later that month, Mahdist forces began to near Khartoum and skirmishing commenced. With Mahdist forces closing in, Gordon telegraphed London on April 19 that he had provisions for five months. He also requested two to three thousand Turkish troops as his men were increasingly unreliable. Gordon believed that with such a force, he could drive off the enemy. As the month ended, the tribes to the north elected to join with the Mahdi and cut off Gordon's lines of communication to Egypt. While runners were able to make the journey, the Nile and telegraph were severed. As enemy forces surrounded the city, Gordon attempted to convince the Mahdi to make peace but with no success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.853368759155273, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Despite this news, Gordon greatly feared for the city. A letter that arrived in Cairo on December 14 informed a friend, \"Farewell. You will never hear from me again. I fear that there will be treachery in the garrison, and all will be over by Christmas.\" Two days later, Gordon was forced to destroy his outpost across the White Nile at Omdurman. Made aware of Gordon's concerns, Wolseley began pressing south. Defeating the Mahdists at Abu Klea on January 17, 1885, he men met the enemy again two days later. With the relief force approaching, the Mahdi began planning to storm Khartoum. Possessing around 50,000 men, he ordered one column to wade across the White Nile to attack the city's walls while another assaulted the Massalamieh Gate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.426151752471924, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Moving forward on the night of January 25-26, both columns quickly overwhelmed the exhausted defenders. Swarming through the city, the Mahdists massacred the garrison and around 4,000 of Khartoum's residents. Though the Mahdi had expressly ordered that Gordon be taken alive, he was struck down in the fighting. Accounts of his death vary with some reports stating he was killed at the governor's palace, while others claim he was shot in the street while trying to escape to the Austrian consulate. In either case, Gordon's body was decapitated and taken to the Mahdi on a pike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.511492729187012, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Mahdist War - General Charles Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354452133178711, "source": "search", "title": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles George Gordon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22347354888916, "source": "search", "title": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles George Gordon, portrait by Lady Julia Abercromby; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010390281677246, "source": "search", "title": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon, the son of an artillery officer, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1852. During the Crimean War (1853–56) he distinguished himself by his reckless bravery in the siege trenches outside Sevastopol . He was promoted to captain in 1859 and volunteered the following year to join the British forces that were fighting the Chinese in the “ Arrow ” War. He was present at the occupation of Beijing (October 1860) and personally directed the burning of the Chinese emperor’s summer palace. In May 1862 Gordon’s corps of engineers was assigned to strengthen the bulwarks of the European trading centre of Shanghai, which was threatened by the insurgents of the Taiping Rebellion . A year later he became commander of the 3,500-man peasant force, known as the “ Ever-Victorious Army ,” raised to defend the city. During the next 18 months Gordon’s troops played an important, though not a crucial, role in suppressing the Taiping uprising. He returned in January 1865 to England , where an enthusiastic public had already dubbed him “Chinese Gordon.” For the next five years he was commander of the Royal Engineers at Gravesend , Kent; he spent his spare time developing his own unorthodox, mystical brand of Christianity and engaging in philanthropic activity among poor youths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.736007213592529, "source": "search", "title": "Charles George Gordon | British general | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon (1833 - 1885)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.053001403808594, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles Gordon was born on 28 January 1833, the son of a senior army officer. He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1852. He distinguished himself in the Crimean War (1853 - 1856) and in 1860 volunteered for the 'Arrow' war against the Chinese. In May 1862 Gordon's corps of engineers was assigned to strengthen the European trading centre of Shanghai, which was threatened by the insurgents of the Taiping Rebellion. A year later he became commander of the 3,500-man peasant force raised to defend the city. During the next 18 months Gordon's troops played an important role in suppressing the Taiping uprising.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.642627716064453, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "He returned to England in January 1865, where an enthusiastic public had already dubbed him 'Chinese Gordon'. In 1873, he was appointed governor of the province of Equatoria in the Sudan. Between April 1874 and December 1876 he mapped the upper Nile and established a line of stations along the river as far south as present day Uganda. He was then promoted to governor general, where he asserted his authority, crushing rebellions and suppressing the slave trade. However, ill health forced him to resign and return to England in 1880 before travelling once more to places including India, China and South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.821857929229736, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Historic Figures: General Charles Gordon ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "[Tappan Introduction] In I882 there arose in the Soudan, a province of Upper Egypt, one Mohammed Ahmed, who called himself the Mahdi or Messiah, and invited all true believers to join in a holy war against the Christians. Thousands of wild tribesmen flocked to his banner, and in the following year he annihilated an army of eleven thousand English and Egyptians that had attempted to subdue the revolt. Rather than send more soldiers to die in the deserts of the Upper Nile, England decided to abandon the province. But first the thousands of Europeans who had taken refuge in Khartoum and other towns of the Soudan must be rescued from their perilous position. In this crisis the Government turned to the one man who could effect the withdrawal if it was still possible, and in January, 1884, appointed General Gordon to superintend the evacuation of the Soudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.785006523132324, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "GENERAL GORDON arrived at Khartoum on February 18th, and spent his time between that date and the investment on March 12, in sending down women and children, two thousand of whom were sent safely through to Egypt, in addition to six hundred soldiers. It was stated by Sir Evelyn Baring (English consul-general to Egypt) that there were fifteen thousand persons in Khartoum who ought to be brought back to Egypt---Europeans, civil servants, widows and orphans, and a garrison of one thousand men, one third of whom were disaffected. To get these people out of Khartoum was General Gordon's first duty, and the first condition of evacuation was the establishment of a stable government in the Soudan. The only man who could establish that government was Zebehr. Gordon demanded Zebehr with ever-increasing emphasis, and his request was decisively refused. He had then two alternatives---either to surrender absolutely to the Mahdi, or to hold on to Khartoum at all hazards. While Gordon was strengthening his position the Mahdi settled the question by suddenly assuming the offensive. The first step in this memorable siege was the daring march of four thousand Arabs to the Nile, by which, on March 12, they cut off the eight hundred men at Halfaya, a village", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.203445911407471, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Thus hostilities began. \"Our only justification for assuming the offensive,\" wrote General Gordon on March 13, \"is the extrication of the Halfaya garrison.\" The Arabs, however, did not give him the chance. They cut off three companies of his troops who had gone out to cut wood, capturing eight of their boats, and killing or dispersing one hundred to one hundred and fifty men. They intrenched themselves along the Nile, and kept up a heavy rifle-fire. Retreat for the garrison was obviously impossible when the Arab force covered the river, the only line of retreat, with their fire. Twelve hundred men rere put on board two grain-barges, towed by three steamers defended with boiler plates, and carrying mountain-guns protected by wooden mantlets; and, with the loss of only two killed, they succeeded in extricating the five hundred men left of the garrison of Halfaya, and capturing seventy camels and eighteen horses, with which they returned to Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.298487663269043, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The Arabs, however, held Halfaya, and on March 16 Gordon tried to drive them away. Advancing from a stockaded position covering the north front of the town, two thousand troops advanced across the open in square, supported by the fire of the guns of two steamers. The Arabs were retreating, when Hassan and Seid Pashas, Gordon's black generals, rode into the wood and called back the enemy. The Egyptians, betrayed by their officers, broke and fled after firing a single volley, and were pursued to within a mile of the stockade, abandoning two mountain guns with their ammunition---\"sixty horsemen defeated two thousand men\"---and leaving two hundred of their number on the field. After this affair he was convinced that he could not take the offensive, but must remain quiet at Khartoum, and wait till the Nile rose. Six days later, the black pashas were tried by court-martial, found guilty, and shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.670732498168945, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "A very determined attack upon one of the steamers coming up from Berber, at the Salboka Pass, was beaten off with great slaughter, Gordon's men firing no fewer than fifteen thousand rounds of Remington ammunition. Meanwhile, his efforts to negotiate with the Mahdi failed. \"I will make you Sultan of Kordofan,\" he had said on arrival to the Mahdi. \"I am the Mahdi,\" replied Mahomet Ahmet, by emissaries who were \"exceedingly cheeky,\" keeping their hands upon their swords, and laying a filthy, patched dervish's coat before him. \"Will you become a Mussulman?\" Gordon flung the bundle across the room, canceled the Mahdi's sultanship, and the war was renewed. From that day to the day of the betrayal no day passed without bullets dropping into Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68020248413086, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon now set to work in earnest to place Khartoum in a defensible position. Ten thousand of the Madhi's sympathizers left Khartoum and joined the enemy. The steamers kept up a skirmishing fight on both Niles. All the houses on the north side of Khartoum were loopholed. A sixteen-pounder Krupp was mounted on a barge, and wire was stretched across the front of the stockade. The houses on the northern bank of the Blue Nile were fortified and garrisoned by Bashi-Bazouks. Omdurman was held and fortified on the west and Buri on the east. On March 25, Gordon had to disarm and disband two hundred and fifty Bashi-Bazouks who refused to occupy stockaded houses in a village on the south bank of the Blue Nile. The rebels advanced on Hadji Ali, a village to the north of the Nile, and fired into the palace. They were shelled out of their position, but constantly returned to harass the garrison. They seemed to Gordon mere rag-tag and bob-tail, but he dared not go out to meet them, for fear of the town. Five hundred brave men could have cleared out the lot, but he had not a hundred. The fighting was confined to artillery fire on one side, and desultory rifle-shooting on the other. This went on till the end of March. The Arabs clustered more closely round the town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512457847595215, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On April 19, Gordon telegraphed that he had provisions for five months, and if he only had two thousand to three thousand Turkish troops he could soon settle the rebels. Unfortunately, he received not one fighting man. Shendy fell into the hands of the Mahdi. Berber followed, and then for months no word whatever reached this country from Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.670244216918945, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On September 29, Mr. Power's telegram, dated July 31, was received by the \"Times.\" From that we gathered a tolerably clear notion of the way in which the war went on. Anything more utterly absurd than the accusation that Gordon forced fighting on the Mahdi cannot be conceived. He acted uniformly on the defensive, merely trying to clear his road of an attacking force, and failing because he had no fighting men to take the offensive. He found himself in a trap, out of which he could not cut his way. If he had possessed a single regiment, the front of Khartoum might have been cleared with ease; but his impotence encouraged the Arabs, and they clustered round in ever-increasing numbers, until at last they crushed his resistance. After the middle of April the rebels began to attack the palace in force, having apparently established themselves on the north bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.996150970458984, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The loss of life was chiefly occasioned by the explosion of mines devised by General Gordon, and so placed as to explode when trodden on by the enemy. Of all his expedients these mines were the most successful and the least open to any accusation of offensive operations. The Arabs closed in all round towards the end of April, and General Gordon surrounded himself with a formidable triple barrier of land torpedoes, over which wire entanglement and a formidable chevaux-de-frise enabled the garrison to feel somewhat secure. On April 27, Valeh Bey surrendered at Mesalimeh, a disaster by which General Gordon lost one steamer, seventy shiploads of provisions, and two thousand rifles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796990394592285, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "General Gordon was now entirely cut off from the outside world, and compelled to rely entirely upon his his own resources. He sent out Negroes to entice the slaves of the Arabs to come over, promising them freedom and rations. This he thought would frighten the Arabs more than bullets. On April 26, he made his first issue of paper-money to the extent of ,2500 redeemable in six months. By July 30, it had risen to ,26,000 besides the ,50,000 borrowed from merchants. On the same day he struck decorations for the defense of Khartoum---for officers in silver, silver-gilt and pewter for the private soldiers. These medals bear a crescent and a star, with words from the Koran, and the date, with an inscription,---\"Siege of Khartoum,\"---and a hand-grenade in the center. \"School-children and women,\" he wrote, \"also received medals; consequently, I am very popular with the black ladies of Khartoum.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.582036018371582, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The repeated attacks of the Mahdi's forces on Khartoum cost the Arabs many lives. On May 25, Colonel Stewart was slightly wounded in the arm, when working a mitrailleuse near the palace. All through May and June his steamers made foraging expeditions up and down the Nile, shelling the rebels when they showed in force, and bringing back much cattle to the city. On Midsummer Day, Mr. Cuzzi, formerly Gordon's agent at Berber, but now a prisoner of the Mahdi's, was sent to the wells to announce the capture of Berber. It was sad news for the three Englishmen alone in the midst of a hostile Soudan. Undaunted, they continued to stand at bay, rejoicing greatly that in one, Saati Bey, they had, at least, a brave and capable officer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.73844051361084, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "After July 31, there is a sudden cessation of regular communications. Power's journal breaks off then, and we are left to more or less meager references in Gordon's dispatches. On August 23, he sent a characteristic message, in which he announces that, the Nile having risen, he has sent Colonel Stewart, Mr. Power, and the French consul to take Berber, occupy it for fifteen days, burn it, and then return to Khartoum. All the late messages from Gordon, except a long dispatch of November 4, which has never been published, were written on tissue paper no bigger than a postage-stamp, and either concealed in a quill thrust into the hair, or sewn in the waistband of the natives employed. Gordon seems to have been the most active in August and September, when the Nile was high. He had eight thousand men at Khartoum and Senaar. He sent Colonel Stewart and the troops with the steamers to recapture Berber. A steamer which bore a rough effigy of Gordon at the prow was said to be particularly dreaded by the rebels. OnAugust 26, he reported that he had provisions for five months, but in the forays made by his steamer on the Southern Niles he enormously replenished his", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.865421295166016, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On December 14, a letter was received by one of his friends in Cairo from General Gordon, saying, \"Farewell. You will never hear from me again. I fear that there will be treachery in the garrison, and all will be over by Christmas.\" It was this melancholy warning that led Lord Wolseley to order the dash across the Desert. On December 16 came news that the Mahdi had again failed in his attack on Omdurman. Gordon had blown up the fort which he had built over against the town, and inflicted great loss on his assailants, who, however, invested the city closely on all sides. The Mahdi had returned to Omdurman, where he had concentrated his troops. Thence he sent fourteen thousand men to Berber to recruit the forces of Osman Digma, and it was these men, probably, that fought the English relief army at Abu Klea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.224096298217773, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "After this nothing was heard beyond the rumor that Omdurman was captured and two brief messages from Gordon, sent probably to hoodwink the enemy, by whom most of his letters were captured. The first, which arrived January 1, was as follows: \"Khartoum all right.---C. G. Gordon. December 14, I884.\" The second was brought by the steamers which met General Stewart at Mentemneh on January 21st: \"Khartoum all right; could hold out for years.---C. G. Gordon. December 29.\" On January 26, Faraz Pasha opened the gates of the city to the enemy, and one of the most famous sieges", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.736486434936523, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "When Gordon awoke to find that, through the treachery of his Egyptian lieutenant, Khartoum was in the hands of the Mahdi, he set out with a few followers for the Austrian consulate. Recognized by a party of rebels, he was shot dead on the street and his head carried through the town at the end of a pike, amid the wild rejoicings of the Mahdi's followers. Two days later the English army of relief reached Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.787952423095703, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum - Fordham University" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "General Gordon arrived at Khartoum on February 18th, and spent his time between that date and the investment on March 12, in sending down women and children, two thousand of whom were sent safely through to Egypt, in addition to six hundred soldiers. It was stated by Sir Evelyn Baring (English consul-general to Egypt) that there were fifteen thousand persons in Khartoum who ought to be brought back to Egypt- Europeans, civil servants, widows and orphans, and a garrison of one thousand men, one third of whom were disaffected. To get these people out of Khartoum was General Gordon's first duty, and the first condition of evacuation was the establishment of a stable government in the Soudan. The only man who could establish that government was Zebehr. Gordon demanded Zebehr with ever-increasing emphasis, and his request was decisively refused. He had then two alternatives - either to surrender absolutely to the Mahdi, or to hold on to Khartoum at all hazards. While Gordon was strengthening his position the Mahdi settled the question by suddenly assuming the offensive. The first step in this memorable siege was the daring march of four thousand Arabs to the Nile, by which, on March 12, they cut off the eight hundred men at Halfaya, a village to the north of Khartoum, from the city. A steamer was sent down to reconnoiter, and the moment she reached the front of the Arab position a volley was fired into her, wounding an officer and a soldier. The steamer returned the fire, killing five.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.778533458709717, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Thus hostilities began. \"Our only justification for assuming the offensive,\" wrote General Gordon on March 13, \"is the extrication of the Halfaya garrison.\" The Arabs, however, did not give him the chance. They cut off three companies of his troops who had gone out to cut wood, capturing eight of their boats, and killing or dispersing one hundred to one hundred and fifty men. They intrenched themselves along the Nile, and kept up a heavy rifle-fire. Retreat for the garrison was obviously impossible when the Arab force covered the river, the only line of retreat, with their fire. Twelve hundred men rere put on board two grain-barges, towed by three steamers defended with boiler plates, and carrying mountain-guns protected by wooden mantlets; and, with the loss of only two killed, they succeeded in extricating the five hundred men left of the garrison of Halfaya, and capturing seventy camels and eighteen horses, with which they returned to Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.298487663269043, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The Arabs, however, held Halfaya, and on March 16 Gordon tried to drive them away. Advancing from a stockaded position covering the north front of the town, two thousand troops advanced across the open in square, supported by the fire of the guns of two steamers. The Arabs were retreating, when Hassan and Seid Pashas, Gordon's black generals, rode into the wood and called back the enemy. The Egyptians, betrayed by their officers, broke and fled after firing a single volley, and were pursued to within a mile of the stockade, abandoning two mountain guns with their ammunition - \"sixty horsemen defeated two thousand men\" - and leaving two hundred of their number on the field. After this affair he was convinced that he could not take the offensive, but must remain quiet at Khartoum, and wait till the Nile rose. Six days later, the black pashas were tried by court-martial, found guilty, and shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.786922454833984, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "A very determined attack upon one of the steamers coming up from Berber, at the Salboka Pass, was beaten off with great slaughter, Gordon's men firing no fewer than fifteen thousand rounds of Remington ammunition. Meanwhile, his efforts to negotiate with the Mahdi failed. \"I will make you Sultan of Kordofan,\" he had said on arrival to the Mahdi. \"I am the Mahdi,\" replied Mahomet Ahmet, by emissaries who were \"exceedingly cheeky,\" keeping their hands upon their swords, and laying a filthy, patched dervish's coat before him. \"Will you become a Mussulman?\" Gordon flung the bundle across the room, canceled the Mahdi's sultanship, and the war was renewed. From that day to the day of the betrayal no day passed without bullets dropping into Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68020248413086, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon now set to work in earnest to place Khartoum in a defensible position. Ten thousand of the Madhi's sympathizers left Khartoum and joined the enemy. The steamers kept up a skirmishing fight on both Niles. All the houses on the north side of Khartoum were loopholed. A sixteen-pounder Krupp was mounted on a barge, and wire was stretched across the front of the stockade. The houses on the northern bank of the Blue Nile were fortified and garrisoned by Bashi-Bazouks. Omdurman was held and fortified on the west and Buri on the east. On March 25, Gordon had to disarm and disband two hundred and fifty Bashi-Bazouks who refused to occupy stockaded houses in a village on the south bank of the Blue Nile. The rebels advanced on Hadji Ali, a village to the north of the Nile, and fired into the palace. They were shelled out of their position, but constantly returned to harass the garrison. They seemed to Gordon mere rag-tag and bob-tail, but he dared not go out to meet them, for fear of the town. Five hundred brave men could have cleared out the lot, but he had not a hundred. The fighting was confined to artillery fire on one side, and desultory rifle-shooting on the other. This went on till the end of March. The Arabs clustered more closely round the town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512457847595215, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On April 19, Gordon telegraphed that he had provisions for five months, and if he only had two thousand to three thousand Turkish troops he could soon settle the rebels. Unfortunately, he received not one fighting man. Shendy fell into the hands of the Mahdi. Berber followed, and then for months no word whatever reached this country from Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.670244216918945, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On September 29, Mr. Power's telegram, dated July 31, was received by the \"Times.\" From that we gathered a tolerably clear notion of the way in which the war went on. Anything more utterly absurd than the accusation that Gordon forced fighting on the Mahdi cannot be conceived. He acted uniformly on the defensive, merely trying to clear his road of an attacking force, and failing because he had no fighting men to take the offensive. He found himself in a trap, out of which he could not cut his way. If he had possessed a single regiment, the front of Khartoum might have been cleared with ease; but his impotence encouraged the Arabs, and they clustered round in ever-increasing numbers, until at last they crushed his resistance. After the middle of April the rebels began to attack the palace in force, having apparently established themselves on the north bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.996150970458984, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The loss of life was chiefly occasioned by the explosion of mines devised by General Gordon, and so placed as to explode when trodden on by the enemy. Of all his expedients these mines were the most successful and the least open to any accusation of offensive operations. The Arabs closed in all round towards the end of April, and General Gordon surrounded himself with a formidable triple barrier of land torpedoes, over which wire entanglement and a formidable chevaux-de-frise enabled the garrison to feel somewhat secure. On April 27, Valeh Bey surrendered at Mesalimeh, a disaster by which General Gordon lost one steamer, seventy shiploads of provisions, and two thousand rifles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796990394592285, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "General Gordon was now entirely cut off from the outside world, and compelled to rely entirely upon his his own resources. He sent out Negroes to entice the slaves of the Arabs to come over, promising them freedom and rations. This he thought would frighten the Arabs more than bullets. On April 26, he made his first issue of paper-money to the extent of ,2500 redeemable in six months. By July 30, it had risen to ,26,000 besides the ,50,000 borrowed from merchants. On the same day he struck decorations for the defense of Khartoum - for officers in silver, silver-gilt and pewter for the private soldiers. These medals bear a crescent and a star, with words from the Koran, and the date, with an inscription, - \"Siege of Khartoum,\" - and a hand-grenade in the center. \"School-children and women,\" he wrote, \"also received medals; consequently, I am very popular with the black ladies of Khartoum.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.535329818725586, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The repeated attacks of the Mahdi's forces on Khartoum cost the Arabs many lives. On May 25, Colonel Stewart was slightly wounded in the arm, when working a mitrailleuse near the palace. All through May and June his steamers made foraging expeditions up and down the Nile, shelling the rebels when they showed in force, and bringing back much cattle to the city. On Midsummer Day, Mr. Cuzzi, formerly Gordon's agent at Berber, but now a prisoner of the Mahdi's, was sent to the wells to announce the capture of Berber. It was sad news for the three Englishmen alone in the midst of a hostile Soudan. Undaunted, they continued to stand at bay, rejoicing greatly that in one, Saati Bey, they had, at least, a brave and capable officer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.73844051361084, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "After July 31, there is a sudden cessation of regular communications. Power's journal breaks off then, and we are left to more or less meager references in Gordon's dispatches. On August 23, he sent a characteristic message, in which he announces that, the Nile having risen, he has sent Colonel Stewart, Mr. Power, and the French consul to take Berber, occupy it for fifteen days, burn it, and then return to Khartoum. All the late messages from Gordon, except a long dispatch of November 4, which has never been published, were written on tissue paper no bigger than a postage-stamp, and either concealed in a quill thrust into the hair, or sewn in the waistband of the natives employed. Gordon seems to have been the most active in August and September, when the Nile was high. He had eight thousand men at Khartoum and Senaar. He sent Colonel Stewart and the troops with the steamers to recapture Berber. A steamer which bore a rough effigy of Gordon at the prow was said to be particularly dreaded by the rebels. OnAugust 26, he reported that he had provisions for five months, but in the forays made by his steamer on the Southern Niles he enormously replenished his stores. On one of these raids he took with him six thousand men in thirty-four boats towed by nine steamers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08786678314209, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On December 14, a letter was received by one of his friends in Cairo from General Gordon, saying, \"Farewell. You will never hear from me again. I fear that there will be treachery in the garrison, and all will be over by Christmas.\" It was this melancholy warning that led Lord Wolseley to order the dash across the Desert. On December 16 came news that the Mahdi had again failed in his attack on Omdurman. Gordon had blown up the fort which he had built over against the town, and inflicted great loss on his assailants, who, however, invested the city closely on all sides. The Mahdi had returned to Omdurman, where he had concentrated his troops. Thence he sent fourteen thousand men to Berber to recruit the forces of Osman Digma, and it was these men, probably, that fought the English relief army at Abu Klea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.224096298217773, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "After this nothing was heard beyond the rumor that Omdurman was captured and two brief messages from Gordon, sent probably to hoodwink the enemy, by whom most of his letters were captured. The first, which arrived January 1, was as follows: \"Khartoum all right. - C. G. Gordon. December 14, I884.\" The second was brought by the steamers which met General Stewart at Mentemneh on January 21st: \"Khartoum all right; could hold out for years. - C. G. Gordon. December 29.\" On January 26, Faraz Pasha opened the gates of the city to the enemy, and one of the most famous sieges in the world's history came to a close. It had lasted from March 12 to January 26 - exactly three hundred and twenty days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.684557914733887, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "When Gordon awoke to find that, through the treachery of his Egyptian lieutenant, Khartoum was in the hands of the Mahdi, he set out with a few followers for the Austrian consulate. Recognized by a party of rebels, he was shot dead on the street and his head carried through the town at the end of a pike, amid the wild rejoicings of the Mahdi's followers. Two days later the English army of relief reached Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.787952423095703, "source": "search", "title": "The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "For the Victorian public, if not the political and military leaders of the country, General Charles George Gordon was a hero of the Empire, a figure of enormous symbolic if not bodily stature – he was 5’ 5” tall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987395286560059, "source": "search", "title": "LiveLeak.com - OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Charles George Gordon had fought in the Crimea, and had particularly made a name for himself in China during the Opium Wars. He had also gained a reputation as a top notch colonial administrator, serving as governor general of Sudan in 1876 among other senior positions. He had", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.884652137756348, "source": "search", "title": "LiveLeak.com - OnThisDay 26th January: Gordon Killed at ..." }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon finds his life's greatest opponent and his own inevitable death in the man who defeats him during this desert campaign. The Mahdi (Laurence Olivier) is a self-appointed messiah or \"chosen one,\" an Islamic religious fanatic with a dream of uniting all Arabs under his rule. In an early scene of Khartoum the Mahdi's jihad has led to the massacre of British troops and an 8,000 strong Egyptian army. Gordon, who has a love for the region and commands great respect among its people, is called upon to somehow make peace with the Mahdi. But after a first meeting at the Mahdi's desert camp, he realizes that his opponent is bent on conquest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.422211647033691, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Prior to production on Khartoum, several directors were considered - Bernhard Wicki (Morituri, 1965), Ken Hughes (Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 1968), Carol Reed (The Third Man, 1949) - before Basil Dearden was finally chosen to helm the epic. Interiors were filmed at Pinewood Studios in England with actual locations in Egypt being used for exterior shots. Later, after the film was completed, Heston admitted (in his autobiography, In the Arena) that \"the most important sequence we had to shoot in Egypt was Gordon's arrival in Khartoum. The real Khartoum was a more or less modern city by 1965, and much too far up the Nile in any event. Masghouna was closer and smaller; we dressed it for 1885 Khartoum, and I disembarked from our pretty little steamer, as Gordon had, with his aide and a staff of six or so, to be greeted by an ecstatic crowd of hundreds, welcoming me as the savior of the city. Our PR people claimed that there were people in the crowd whose grandfathers had known Gordon.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9518227577209473, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Khartoum producer Julian Blaustein was a stickler for authenticity, and so every detail of the film from the costumes to the armaments are historically correct. Blaustein even sent a copy of Khartoum's script to the Mahdi's grandson who returned it with a note. The grandson noted that he thought it an \"extremely fine script.\" The only problem he could see was that his grandfather and Gordon never actually met, adding, \"Ah, but Mr. Blaustein, they should have!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68735122680664, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "There were some other inaccuracies, according to George MacDonald Fraser in his book, The Hollywood History of the World: \"Gordon's screen relations with Stewart, his staff officer, are shown as initially antagonistic; the truth is that Gordon had asked for Stewart, they took to each other at once, and apart from one quarrel, got on very well.\" Heston's portrayal of Gordon is also overly heroic when, in Fraser's book the general is depicted as \"a weird one, 'half-cracked,' 'mad,' 'a wild man'....almost removed from military college for throwing a man downstairs and stabbing another with a fork, asking complete strangers if they believed in Jesus, leading his Chinese storming parties smoking a cigar and carrying a cane...\" But in Heston's view, \"the single-handed capacity Gordon displayed again and again to control large groups of people quite unarmed and alone, is almost magical...He had a serenity of nature, along with a somewhat irrational temper. He was something of a martinet as well, and a lot of other complicated things. But he did not have that curious neuroticism that, say, [T.E.] Lawrence had, though they both had a sort of soldier mysticism.\" (from The Films of Charlton Heston by Jeff Rovin)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823031425476074, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The performances of Heston and Olivier have been pointed out as two of the film's finest features. Though some criticized Olivier's Mahdi as a reprise of his role as the Moor from Vienna, Othello (1965), the year before, his performance is undeniably captivating and genuinely unnerving. Olivier and Heston proved a natural screen match-up, both accomplished at personifying a range of varied roles as George Macdonald Fraser noted in The Hollywood History of the World: \"hero, tyrant, patriarch, statesman, king or commoner.\" Heston, many noted, was equally able to convey the dark depths of his character, the real General Gordon, whose military successes were apparently equal to his madness. In his journals, Heston waxed philosophical about his reasons for taking the part of Gordon: \"It's a good part, presents the challenge of doing a mystic, as well as the English thing. Also, it's a helluva good script.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965394020080566, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Though many of the performances were praised and Robert Ardrey's story received an Oscar® nomination, Khartoum garnered mixed reviews. Stephen Farber in Film Quarterly noted that \"Olivier is virtually unrecognizable in his sly, perhaps over exotic portrayal of the Mahdi, while Charlton Heston as Gordon gives the most restrained and appealing performance of his spectacle career.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728472709655762, "source": "search", "title": "Khartoum - Watch Turner Classic Movies on TCM" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "These events brought Sudan to the attention of the British government, and of the British public. The Prime Minister William Gladstone and his War Secretary Lord Hartington did not wish to become involved in Sudan. Accordingly, the British representative in Egypt, Sir Evelyn Baring , persuaded the Egyptian government that all their garrisons in Sudan should be evacuated. General Charles Gordon was then a popular figure in Great Britain. Having already held the Governor-Generalship of Sudan in 1876-79, he was appointed to accomplish this task.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.525579452514648, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon's ideas on Sudan were radically different from Gladstone's: he believed that the Mahdi's rebellion had to be defeated, or he might gain control of the whole of Sudan, and from there sweep over Egypt. His fears were based on the Mahdi's claim to dominion over the entire Islamic world and on the fragility of the Egyptian army, which had suffered several defeats at the hands of the Sudanese. Gordon favoured an aggressive policy in Sudan, in agreement with noted imperialists such as Sir Samuel Baker and Sir Garnet Wolseley , and his opinions were published in The Times in January 1884. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.905458450317383, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Despite this, Gordon pledged himself to accomplish the evacuation of Sudan; he was given a credit of £100,000 and was promised by the British and Egyptian authorities \"all support and cooperation in their power.\". [3] On January 14, 1884, Gordon left the Charing Cross railway station in London for Dover, the ferry to Calais, and on to the Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.88768196105957, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "When in Cairo, Gordon met Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur , a former slave trader who had once controlled a semi-independent province in southern Sudan. The two men had a troubled history, as Gordon had been instrumental in destroying Zubayr's influence. Passing over their previous enmity, Gordon became convinced that Zubayr was the only man with sufficient energy and charisma to counter the Mahdi. [4]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11014175415039, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On his way to Khartoum with his assistant, Colonel Stewart , Gordon stopped in Berber to address an assembly of tribal chiefs. Here he committed a cardinal mistake by revealing that the Egyptian government wished to withdraw from Sudan. The tribesmen became worried by this news, and their loyalty wavered. [5]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.895785331726074, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gordon made a triumphal entry in Khartoum on February 18, 1884, but instead of organising the evacuation of the garrisons, set about administering the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.012448310852051, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "His first decisions were to reduce the injustices caused by the Egyptian colonial administration: arbitrary imprisonments were cancelled, torture instruments were destroyed, and taxes were remitted. To enlist the support of the population, Gordon legalised slavery, despite the fact that he himself had abolished it a few years earlier. This decision was popular in Khartoum, where the economy still rested on the slave trade, but caused controversy in Britain. [6]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.151760578155518, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The British public opinion was shaken again shortly after by Gordon's demand that Zubayr Pasha be sent to help him. Zubayr, as a former slave trader, was very unpopular in Britain; the Anti-Slavery Society contested this choice, and Zubayr's appointment was denied by the government. [7] Despite this setback, Gordon was still determined to \"smash up the Mahdi\". He requested that a regiment of Turkish soldiers be sent to Khartoum as Egypt was still nominally a province of the Ottoman Empire . When this was refused, Gordon asked for a unit of Indian Muslim troops and later for 200 British soldiers to strengthen the defenses of Khartoum. All these proposals were rejected by the Gladstone cabinet, which was still intent on evacuation and refused absolutely to be pressured into military intervention in Sudan. This drove Gordon to resent the government's policy, and his telegrams to Cairo became more acrimonious. On April 8, he wrote: \"I leave you with the indelible disgrace of abandoning the garrisons\" and added that such a course would be \"the climax of meanness\". [8] When these criticisms were made public in Britain, the conservative opposition seized on them and moved a vote of censure in the House of Commons. The government won by only 28 votes. [9]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6388678550720215, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Knowing that the Mahdists were closing in, Gordon ordered the strengthening of the fortifications around Khartoum. The city was protected to the north by the Blue Nile and to the west by the White Nile . To defend the river banks, he created a flotilla of gunboats from nine small paddle-wheel steamers, until then used for communication purposes, which were fitted with guns and protected by metal plates. In the southern part of the town, which faced the open desert, he prepared an elaborate system of trenches, makeshift Fougasse-type land mines , and wire entanglements. Also, the surrounding country was controlled by the Shagia tribe, which was hostile to the Mahdi. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.940601348876953, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "On March 16, an abortive sortie from Khartoum was launched, which led to the death of 200 Egyptian troops as the combined forces besieging Khartoum grew to over 30,000 men. Through the months of April, May, June, and July, Gordon and the garrison dealt with being cut off as food stores dwindled and starvation began to set in for both the garrison and the civilian population. Communication was kept through couriers while Gordon also kept in contact with the Mahdi, who rejected his offers of peace and to lift the siege.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.448317050933838, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "George W. Joy 's portrayal of Gordon's death", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136634826660156, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The Nile Expedition for the relief of Gordon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43591022491455, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "The relief expedition was attacked at Abu Klea on January 17, and two days later at Abu Kru. Though their square was broken at Abu Klea, the British managed to repel the Mahdists. The Mahdi, hearing of the British advance, decided to press the attack on Khartoum. On the night of January 25–26, an estimated 50,000 Mahdists attacked the city wall just before midnight. The Mahdists took advantage of the low level of the Nile, which could be crossed on foot, and rushed around the wall on the shores of the river and into the town. The details of the final assault are vague, but it is said that by 3:30 am, the Mahdists managed to concurrently outflank the city wall at the low end of the Nile while another force, led by Al Nujumi, broke down the Massalamieh Gate despite taking some casualties from mines and barbed wire obstacles laid out by Gordon's men. The entire garrison, physically weakened by starvation, offered only patchy resistance and were slaughtered to the last man within a few hours, as were 4,000 of the town's inhabitants, while many others were carried into slavery. Accounts differ as to how Gordon was killed. According to one version, when Mahdist warriors broke into the governor's palace, Gordon came out in full uniform, and, after disdaining to fight, he was speared to death—in defiance of the orders of the Mahdi, who had wanted him captured alive. [11] In another version, Gordon was recognised by Mahdists while making for the Austrian consulate and shot dead in the street. [12] What appears certain is that his head was cut off, stuck on a pike, and brought to the Mahdi as a trophy and his body dumped in the Nile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.767249822616577, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "In reality, Gladstone had always viewed the Egyptian-Sudanese imbroglio with distaste and had felt some sympathy for the Sudanese striving to throw off the Egyptian colonial rule. He once declared in the House of Commons: \"Yes, those people are struggling to be free, and they are rightly struggling to be free.\" [13] Also, Gordon's arrogant and insubordinate manner did nothing to endear him to Gladstone's government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043378829956055, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "In Britain, Gordon came to be seen as a martyr and a hero. In 1896, an expedition led by Horatio Herbert Kitchener was sent to avenge his death (who swore to do so upon hearing of Gordon's demise) and reconquer Sudan. On 2 September 1898 Kitchener's troops defeated the bulk of the Mahdist army at the Battle of Omdurman . Two days later a memorial service for Gordon was held in front of the ruins of the palace where he had died. Surviving family members of the movement's leaders were held by the British in a prison in Egypt . [14] The women and children were held there for ten years. The men were held for twelve years. After their return to Sudan they were held under house arrest for the rest of their lives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8278069496154785, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Gordon", "passage": "Gillian Slovo based her novel An Honourable Man (2012) on the established narrative of General Gordon's last days in Khartoum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.573501586914062, "source": "search", "title": "Siege of Khartoum - Military Wiki - Wikia" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Zambia and Zimbabwe" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "zambia and zimbabwe" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "zambia and zimbabwe", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Zambia and Zimbabwe" }

[ { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "Victoria Falls, or Mosi-oa-Tunya (Tokaleya Tonga: the Smoke that Thunders), is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": 7.833426475524902, "rough_score": 6.539458751678467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Victoria Falls" }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River is located on the border between the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe in the continent of Africa.", "precise_score": 9.116854667663574, "rough_score": 9.028367042541504, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Falls Facts - Softschools.com" }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe border - 360 Degree Aerial Panorama | 360° Aerial Panoramas, 360° Virtual Tours Around the World, Photos of the Most Interesting Places on the Earth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5727219581604004, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe border - 360 Degree ..." }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "For a long time the waterfall remained practically without any visitors, until the construction of the railroad in 1905. Nowadays, this place is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Locals from both Zambia and Zimbabwe have lost their fears of the \"Smoke That Thunders\" and they have successfully developed tourist business on both sides of the river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.692976951599121, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe border - 360 Degree ..." }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "ictoria Falls presents a spectacular sight of awe-inspiring beauty and grandeur on the Zambezi River, forming the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was described by the Kololo tribe living in the area in the 1800’s as ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ – ‘The Smoke that Thunders’. In more modern terms Victoria Falls is known as the greatest curtain of falling water in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6435140371322632, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Falls - ~ZAMBIA~" }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "If you are arriving through Livingstone as it sounds like you will be in you Zimbabwean hotel in less than an hour and it is hassle free. In your on south African passport its even quicker as you do not need any visas. If you need visas and are from the USA, Canada, UK, or any other Europian country you can get you single or double entry at the border or airport. Although there are some countries that may need to apply prior travelling please research with your embassy. If you need both visas ( Zambia and Zimbabwe ) then you might as well land in at the Victoria Falls airport and pay one visa and its a 20 minute drive over the same distance to town as in Zambia. Visa credits will be great but have some cash at hand for some outlets. November is a rainy month too so plan accordingly. Hotels not full then and plan to spend at least 3 nights or more to allow you to be active and have time to relax as there is so much to do.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.125391960144043, "source": "search", "title": "Crossing the border at Victoria Falls - Victoria Falls ..." }, { "answer": "Zambia and Zimbabwe", "passage": "Mist generated by the falls can be seen and felt from several kilometers away, and we could attest to that fact because we were able to see the mist from as far away as Livingstone ( Zambia ), which was some 11km from the falls. When we toured the falls, we were even able to feel the mist further downstream from it at the Livingstone Memorial Bridge, which spanned the river between the border posts of both Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.574294090270996, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Falls (Zambia & Zimbabwe, Africa) [also called ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Syrian-African rift", "Great rift valley", "Great Rift Valley", "Syrian-East African Rift", "Great Rift Valley (geographical concept)", "Syrian-African Rift Valley", "Great Rift Valley, geographical concept", "Great Rift valley", "The Great Rift Valley" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "syrian east african rift", "syrian african rift", "great rift valley", "syrian african rift valley", "great rift valley geographical concept" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "great rift valley", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Great Rift Valley" }

[ { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The Great Rift Valley is a name given to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6000 km in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South Eastern Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems.", "precise_score": 0.9381450414657593, "rough_score": 3.856276035308838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Rift Valley" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The Great Rift Valley runs from the Sinai Peninsula for 6,500 km to the Mozambique Channel, and cuts through the very heart of East Africa. The Rift Valley is the greatest rupture on the earth's land surface. It is the only geological feature that can be seen clearly from the moon and its complex system of faults and escarpments has been evolving for some 40 million years. The geological movements which created the Great Rift has resulted in a rich diversity of terrain and the largest concentration of wildlife found anywhere on earth.", "precise_score": 4.452653884887695, "rough_score": 6.125627517700195, "source": "search", "title": "Global Interlink Travel Services Ltd." }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The Great Rift Valley is a vast geographical and geological feature that runs north to south for some 5,000 km, from northern Syria in Southwest Asia to central Mozambique in East Africa . The valley varies in width from thirty to one hundred kilometers, and in depth from a few hundred to several thousand meters. It was named by the explorer John Walter Gregory.", "precise_score": 2.167459487915039, "rough_score": 3.983778238296509, "source": "search", "title": "Great Rift Valley - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The Great Rift Valley as originally described was thought to extend from Lebanon in the north to Mozambique in the south, where it constitutes one of two distinct physiographic provinces of the East African mountains. It included what we would call today the Lebanese section of the Dead Sea Transform, the Jordan Rift Valley, Red Sea Rift and the East African Rift. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4248350858688354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Rift Valley" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "      Below the Sahara is the area known as the Sahel, a high plateau of land that is mostly savanna, plains studded with occasional trees.  This area is quite warm and has low to moderate rainfall.  The Great Rift Valley runs north-south through the eastern part of Africa, and north of Africa into the Red Sea.  This area is where the earliest fossils of early hominids have been found.  Two volcanic peaks, Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro (the highest point in Africa) are found near the Lakes region.  The volcanic ash makes for fertile soil, and the warm climate and plentiful rainfall mean that the growing season is limited only by legal holidays—food can be grown all year round.  This area is densely populated, and has a high birth rate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.026644229888916, "source": "search", "title": "Africa Map: Interactive Map of Africa with countries and ..." }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The eastern boundary of the peninsula is a geological fault zone known as the Great Rift Valley , which can be seen from the upper Jordan River valley, extending southward through the Red Sea into Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.924704074859619, "source": "search", "title": "Sinai Peninsula - New World Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "��\u0011ࡱ\u001a�\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000>\u0000\u0003\u0000�� 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MAP WORKSHEETS Name:____________________ Northern Region (ORANGE) Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia \b\u0007 Western Region (GREEN) Chad Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone\u0007Central Africa (BLUE) Cent. African Repub. Congo Uganda Rwanda \u0007East Africa (RED) Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Tanzania \u0007South Africa (PURPLE) Angola Madagascar Mozambique South Africa Zimbabwe\u0007\u0007 \u0001 Atlantic Ocean Cape of Good Hope Congo Basin Congo River Indian Ocean Lake Chad\u0007Lake Tanganyika Lake Victoria Mediterranean Sea Niger River Nile River Red Sea \u0007Atlas Mountains Great Rift Valley Kalahari Desert Mt. Kilimanjaro Sahara Strait of Gibraltar\u0007\u0007 Overview of Africa Location Turn to the map on page 106 of the desk atlas textbook. Which ocean borders Africa on the west? On the east? _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Which line of latitude runs through the center of Africa? ___________________________________ Which part of Africa has the higher elevations: west and central, or south and east? ______________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Place Study the climographs of Kano, Nigeria, and Kimberley, South Africa, on page 14 of The Nystrom Desk Atlas. Which months are coolest in Kimberley? What accounts for this? ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ In which month does Kano have the greatest rainfall? _____________________________________ Human-Environment Interaction Study the material on page 111 of the Nystrom atlas. Which endangered species roams a large, crescent-shaped area from West Africa to southern Africa? _________________________________________________________________________________ Movement Study the land & population maps on page 113 of the atlas book. Apart from the difficulty of river transportation, why did early European colonists in southern Africa stay near the coast? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Regions Turn to the map of Africa on page 14 of the atlas book. What is the dominant climate region in North Africa? _____________________________________ Name one climate region that is found only to the south of 20�S latitude. _________________________________________________________________________________ \b \b Northern Africa Location Turn to the maps on page 107 of The Nystrom Desk Atlas. Which European country is directly north of Morocco? _________________________________ Which European country is closest to Tunisia? ________________________________________ The Tropic of Cancer passes through every North African country except two. Name them. ____ ______________________________________________________________________________ Place Study the map of Egypt on page 117 of the textbook. Which three bodies of water border or run into the Sinai Peninsula? _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The Suez Canal separates what two bodies of land? ____________________________________ Human-Environment Interaction Study the resource map on page 112 of the textbook. What are Egypt�s three leading minerals? ______________________________________________________________________________ Movement Study the map on page 114 of the textbook. Imagine a caravan driver bringing oranges from fields along the coast near Casablanca, Morocco, to the markets in Tangier. What cities would the driver pass through to get to Tangier? Give the political significance of one of those cities. ______________________________________________________________________________ Regions Turn to the maps on page 112 of the Nystrom atlas. Describe the location of the Sahara. What is its average rainfall? In what direction has it been growing? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \b\b \b West and Central Africa Location Study the maps on pages 106, 107, and 108 of the textbook. Which countries are divided by the Equator? ______________________________________________________________________________ Name three lakes that border the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the east. ______________________________________________________________________________ By looking at the globe for the slave trade, what is the estimated amount of slaves exported from Africa? How many estimated were sold in the US? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Place Turn to the maps on pages 107 and 108 of the textbook. What major river runs through the western half of the region? ____________________________ Name three West African countries that the Prime Meridian runs through. __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Human-Environment Interaction Study the graph of population growth on page 113 of The Nystrom Desk Atlas. How does the Nigerian birthrate compare with the world average? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Movement Turn to the maps on page 108 of the Nystrom atlas. To which area were more enslaved Africans brought: North America or the Caribbean region? ______________________________________________________________________________ Name six present-day West African nations from which enslaved Africans were taken. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Regions Study the population density map on page 108 & 113 of the textbook. (Use both pages) Which two cities in West and Central Africa have populations of over 100 Per sq. km? ______________________________________________________________________________ Which West and Central African nations have large uninhabited areas? ______________________________________________________________________________ \b\b\b East and Southern Africa Location Study the map of South Africa on page 109 of The Nystrom Desk Atlas. In which of South Africa�s three capital cities do the legislators meet? ______________________________________________________________________________ What is the distance in miles between Durban on the Indian Ocean and Johannesburg in the Transvaal? ______________________________________________________________________________ Name the southernmost cape on the African continent. ______________________________________________________________________________ Place Study the map on page 106 of the textbook. What large island lies off the east coast of Africa? ______________________________________________________________________________ What body of water separates Madagascar from the mainland? ______________________________________________________________________________ How high is Africa�s highest mountain, Mt. Kilimanjaro? ______________________________________________________________________________ Human-Environment Interaction Turn to the map on page 110 of the Nystrom atlas. Find the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. This is where scientists found remains and tools of some of the earliest people on Earth. Olduvai Gorge is part of what ancient geological formation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tanzania was formed by the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. What is Zanzibar? Where is it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Movement Study the map on page 107 of the Nystrom atlas. What country must one cross traveling north from Ethiopia to the Red Sea? ______________________________________________________________________________ Regions Study the economic activity map on page 112 of the textbook. Which region is richer in natural resources: Southern Africa or East Africa? ______________________________________________________________________________ \u0003 \u0004 \u0003 \u0004 \u0013PAGE \u0015 \u0013PAGE \u00142\u0015 Mauritania Senegal Guinea Bissau Mali Niger Chad Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia Cote D�ivoire Burkina Faso Ghana Togo Venin Nigeria Cameroon Central African Republic Gabon Equatorial Guinea Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo \u0007\u0007 Algeria Nile River Alexandria, Egypt Egypt Atlantic Ocean Algiers, Algeria Libya Mediterranean Sea Tripoli, Libya Western Sahara Sahara Desert Tunis, Tunisia Morocco Atlas Mountains Casablanca, Morocco Tunisia Lake Tanganyika Atlantic Ocean Congo River Gulf of Guinea Lake Chad Niger River Abidjan, C�te d�Ivoire Dakar, Senegal Kinshasa, Dem. Republic of the Congo Lagos, Nigeria Dakar, Senegal Angola Botswana Burundi Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Namibia Rwanda Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Gulf of Aden Indian Ocean Kalahari Desert Lake Nyasa Lake Victoria Mt. Kilimanjaro Namib Desert Orange River Red Sea Zambezi River Johannesburg, South Africa Cape Town, South Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 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\u0016h<~�\u00005\b�\\\b�\u0000\u0006\u0016h�gk\u0000\u0000 \u0015h\u0017'�\u0000\u0016h<~�\u0000\u0000\u0012\u0015h\u0017'�\u0000\u0016h\u0017'�\u00005\b�\\\b�\u0000 \u0016h\u0017'�\u00005\b�\\\b�\u0000\u0006\u0016h\u0017'�\u0000\u0000\u0006\u0016h<~�\u0000\u0000 \u0015h\u0017'�\u0000\u0016h\u0017'�\u0000\u0000\u0012\u0015h\u0017'�\u0000\u0016h<~�\u00006\b�]\b�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.714390277862549, "source": "search", "title": "World Geography - Joshua ISD" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The Great Rift Valley of East Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26957893371582, "source": "search", "title": "Global Interlink Travel Services Ltd." }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "Great Rift Valley", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855891227722168, "source": "search", "title": "Great Rift Valley - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "Great Rift Valley", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855891227722168, "source": "search", "title": "Great Rift Valley - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. The Sinai Peninsula is in centre and the Dead Sea and Jordan River valley above", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5984158515930176, "source": "search", "title": "Great Rift Valley - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "The southern end of the Red Sea marks a fork in the rift. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction which is possibly underlain by a mantle plume. The Gulf of Aden is an eastward continuation of the rift - before the rift opened, the Arabian Peninsula was attached to the Horn of Africa - and from this point the rift continues as part of the Mid-oceanic ridge of the Indian Ocean . In a southwest direction the fault continues as the Great Rift Valley, which split the older Ethiopian highlands into two halves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.572479248046875, "source": "search", "title": "Great Rift Valley - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "At the same time, the outward movement pushed against existing rock layers forming the looming Sinai Mountains. The effect was extensive, extending from what is now the Jordan River valley, south, then south east, turning at Djibouti into Kenya - thus becoming known as the Great Rift Valley .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.056862831115723, "source": "search", "title": "Sinai the Shield of Egypt: Geology of Sinai" }, { "answer": "Great Rift Valley", "passage": "Millions of years ago the Sinai Peninsula was attached to Egypt and Saudi Arabia as part of the land mass known as the Great Rift Valley. Thermal currents, the movement of the continental plates, glacial and volcanic activity eventually threw up this triangular area of remote mountains and desert, bordered on one side by the Gulf of Suez and on the other by the Gulf of Aqaba. Its geology can be divided into three main areas. The northern part runs parallel with the Mediterranean coast and consists of dried up river beds or wadis leading to sand dunes and fossil beaches. Rocky islets of limestone punctuate the flat landscape extending south towards the mountainous limestone and sandstone region of Gebel Maghara. The central part of the peninsula is mostly comprised of the el-Tih Plateau, a high area of limestone formed during the Tertiary Period. The southern geology of Sinai was formed by volcanic action on the sea bed producing large areas of granite and basalt and bounded in the coastal region by ancient coral formations. Sinai is a geologist’s paradise, but no casual visitor to the peninsula could fail to be captivated by the textures and colours seen in the vast array of mountainous landscapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1372642517089844, "source": "search", "title": "Introduction to Sinai | Egyptian Monuments" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Humphrey boggart", "Stephen Bogart", "Humphrey bogart", "Humphry Bogart", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart", "Tennis anyone", "Bogart", "Humphrey Bogart", "Humprey Bogart" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "humprey bogart", "tennis anyone", "humphrey boggart", "bogart", "stephen bogart", "humphrey bogart", "humphry bogart", "humphrey deforest bogart" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "humphrey bogart", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Humphrey Bogart" }

[ { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart wins the Oscar for Best Actor for The African Queen at the 24th Academy Awards. Greer Garson presents the award; hosted by Danny Kaye.", "precise_score": 10.60322093963623, "rough_score": 9.005228042602539, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart Wins Best Actor: 1952 Oscars - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart (1952) – Claire Trevor can't resist giving Humphrey Bogart a kiss backstage at the 1952 Oscars ceremony after he won the best actor award for \"The African Queen.\" Bogart beat out Marlon Brando in \"A Streetcar Named Desire,\" Fredric March in \"Death of a Salesman\" and Montgomery Clift in \"A Place in the Sun.\"", "precise_score": 8.926812171936035, "rough_score": 6.228514194488525, "source": "search", "title": "Oscars: 'Birdman' is best picture, Redmayne nabs actor - CNN" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart sits at a table holding up his Best Actor statue at the Academy Awards, RKO Pantages Theater, Los Angeles, 1952. Bogart won the Oscar for his role in director John Huston's film, 'The African Queen.'", "precise_score": 9.85102653503418, "rough_score": 7.6610565185546875, "source": "search", "title": "Classic Images of Stars Attending the Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "The African Queen (with four nominations and one win - Bogart's Best Actor honor). Many interpreted Bogart's win as a payback award, and as a \"career\" Oscar (since he had been passed over for major film nominations or wins - including his many un-nominated roles in", "precise_score": 7.635687351226807, "rough_score": 7.020655632019043, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "The African Queen nominated for Best Picture, although their strong film candidate was nominated for Best Director (John Huston), Best Actor (Humphrey Bogart), Best Actress (Katharine Hepburn), and Best Screenplay (James Agee and John Huston). Christian Nyby's and the Howard Hawks'-produced The Thing was completely un-nominated.", "precise_score": 7.385972499847412, "rough_score": 3.3196284770965576, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "First Edition. Classic African adventure novel of Charlie Allnut, who reluctantly agrees to help missionary Rose Sayer travel down river on a hazardous journey to destroy a German gun boat. Basis for the classic, 1951 John Huston film starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. Bogart won the Best Actor Academy Award for his performance. Good, fore-edge area of covers with faded discoloration, top page edge with areas of surface wear, small notch at mid fore-edge of pages, nicking to cloth at top spine end, in Very Good dustjacket, shallow loss at spine ends, old archival tape mends at verso of spine ends, few edges and flap corners.", "precise_score": 4.627138137817383, "rough_score": 3.0960116386413574, "source": "search", "title": "The African Queen | C. S. FORESTER - Yesterday's Gallery ..." }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "The African Queen is a 1951 adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner and Theodore Bikel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.033437967300415, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Samuel Sayer (Robert Morley) and his sister Rose (Katharine Hepburn) are British Methodist missionaries in the village of Kungdu in German East Africa at the beginning of World War I in August/September 1914. Their mail and supplies are delivered by a small tramp steamer named the African Queen, helmed by the rough-and-ready Canadian boat captain Charlie Allnut (Humphrey Bogart), whose coarse behavior they tolerate in a rather stiff manner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04909896850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "* Humphrey Bogart as Charlie Allnut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359588623046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "Production censors objected to several aspects of the original script, which included the two characters cohabiting without the formality of marriage (as in the book). Some changes were made before the film was completed. Another change followed the casting of Bogart; his character's lines in the original screenplay were rendered with a thick Cockney dialect but the script had to be completely rewritten because the actor was unable to reproduce it. The rewrite made the character Canadian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257555961608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "Much of the film was shot on location in Uganda and the Congo in Africa. This was rather novel for the time, especially for a Technicolor picture which utilized large unwieldy cameras. The cast and crew endured sickness, and spartan living conditions during their time on location. In one scene, Hepburn was playing an organ but had a bucket nearby because she was often sick between takes. Bogart later bragged that he was the only one to escape illness, which he credited to not drinking any water on location, but instead fortifying himself from the large supply of Gordon's gin he had brought along with him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784344673156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "About half of the film was shot in Britain. For instance, the scenes in which Bogart and Hepburn are seen in the water were all shot in studio tanks at Isleworth Studios, Middlesex. These scenes were considered too dangerous to shoot in Africa. All of the foreground plates for the process shots were also done in studio. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205038070678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "AFI has also honored both Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn as the greatest American screen legends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857256889343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "The African Queen was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the December 15, 1952 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater with Humphrey Bogart reprising his film role and joined by Greer Garson. This broadcast is included as a bonus CD in the Commemorative Box Set version of the Paramount DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.858608722686768, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart Wins Best Actor: 1952 Oscars - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.008831977844238, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart Wins Best Actor: 1952 Oscars - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart Wins Best Actor: 1952 Oscars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.733847141265869, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart Wins Best Actor: 1952 Oscars - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "'Casablanca' (1943) – We'll always have Bogart and Bergman, aka Rick and Ilsa, in Michael Curtiz's \"Casablanca.\" Nobody at Warner Bros. expected this movie, based on an unproduced play, \"Everybody Comes to Rick's,\" to be a classic when it came out, but the American Film Institute ranked this best picture winner as the third-greatest U.S. film more than 60 years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78581714630127, "source": "search", "title": "Oscars: 'Birdman' is best picture, Redmayne nabs actor - CNN" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Paul Lukas (1944) – Character actor Paul Lukas faced stiff competition from stars Humphrey Bogart (\"Casablanca\") and Gary Cooper (\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\"), but he was able to take home the Oscar for \"Watch on the Rhine.\" Lukas and best actress winner Jennifer Jones celebrate at the ceremony held in 1944.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.875689506530762, "source": "search", "title": "Oscars: 'Birdman' is best picture, Redmayne nabs actor - CNN" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Twenty-seven year-old front-runner Marlon Brando (with his first of eight career nominations) was competing for Best Actor for his second film performance (he had debuted a year earlier in The Men) as the animalistically-brutish, abusive Stanley Kowalski (Kim Hunter's wife and Vivien Leigh's brother-in-law). Method actor Brando lost the hotly-contested contest to long-deserving Humphrey Bogart (with his second of three career nominations - and his sole career Oscar win) for his role as gin-loving, earthy skipper Charlie Allnut in director John Huston's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.989154815673828, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) ). [Bogart's first nomination was for", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005048751831055, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "Casablanca (1943) , and he would be nominated one more time for playing paranoid Captain Queeg in The Caine Mutiny (1954) . Interestingly, Brando and Bogart were both nominated again in 1954, but this time, Brando won the Oscar for", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92276668548584, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "On the Waterfront (1954) .] Bogart's win in 1951 was an upset, since it denied the predicted clean-sweep for the cast of A Streetcar Named Desire, and a much-deserved Oscar for Brando.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.259051322937012, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "The African Queen as prim spinster/missionary Rose Sayer (Bogart's boat companion aboard a 30-foot river steamboat in German East Africa during World War I)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.92425537109375, "source": "search", "title": "1951 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart - Awards - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014735221862793, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Awards - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Humphrey Bogart", "passage": "Humphrey Bogart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246899604797363, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Awards - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Bogart", "passage": "'Casablanca' (1943) – We'll always have Bogart and Bergman, aka Rick and Ilsa, in Michael Curtiz's \"Casablanca.\" Nobody at Warner Bros. expected this movie, based on an unproduced play, \"Everybody Comes to Rick's,\" to be a classic when it came out, but the American Film Institute ranked this best picture winner as the third-greatest U.S. film more than 60 years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78581714630127, "source": "search", "title": "Academy Awards Fast Facts - CNN.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the acclaimed novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her most famous novel, July's People, was released in 1981. J.M. Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee \"in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\". ", "precise_score": 9.329461097717285, "rough_score": 9.0298490524292, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Africa" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton wrote Cry, the Beloved Country during his tenure as the principal at the Diepkloof Reformatory for delinquent African boys. He started writing the novel in Trondheim, Norway in September of 1946 and finished it in San Francisco on Christmas Eve of that same year. Concerning the state of racial affairs in South Africa, the novel tells the story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his search in Johannesburg for his son, who is accused of murdering the white social reformer Arthur Jarvis. Paton gave the novel to Aubrey and Marigold Burns of Fairfax, California, who sent it to several American publishers, including Charles Scribner's Sons, whose editor, Maxwell Perkins, immediately agreed to its publication. According to Paton's note on the 1987 edition of the book, the novel was titled as such during a competition in which Paton, Aubrey and Marigold Burns each decided to write a proposed title and all three chose Cry, the Beloved Country.", "precise_score": 10.532594680786133, "rough_score": 9.266900062561035, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "After spending nearly 10 years in Hollywood, Korda returned to England to make Cry, the Beloved Country (1951), from Alan Paton’s novel about racial tension and reconciliation in South Africa. Sidney Poitier, Canada Lee, and Charles Carson were the principals in this tragic and powerful film. Korda’s final picture was Storm over the Nile (1955;...", "precise_score": 8.478361129760742, "rough_score": 8.990011215209961, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country | novel by Paton | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton. It was first published in 1948.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.863412380218506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton was born in the South African city of Pietermaritzburg on January 11, 1903, to a Scottish father and a South African mother of English heritage. An active and intelligent child, Paton went on to attend Natal University, where, among other activities, he wrote poetry and served as student body president. At the age of twenty-two, he became a teacher at two of South Africa’s elite, all-white schools, first in the village of Ixopo, then in Pietermaritzburg. Ten years later, he left teaching to pursue a career as a reformatory worker. He was appointed principal of the Diepkloof Reformatory, a prison school for black youths. While at the reformatory, Paton attempted to loosen the restrictions placed on the youths and emphasized preparation for life outside the reformatory walls. He also traveled extensively to study reformatory schools worldwide. It was on one such trip, shortly after World War II, that he wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, the novel that earned him his fame as an author.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.733819961547852, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Cry, the Beloved Country: Context" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868911743164062, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Paton Biography - cliffsnotes.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868911743164062, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Paton Biography - cliffsnotes.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton drew heavily on his own experiences when he wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, for he had taught school in Ixopo and had been principal of a reformatory, too, where he had dealt with many young men like Absalom Kumalo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.830295205116272, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Paton Biography - cliffsnotes.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Cry, the Beloved Country: Amazon.co.uk: Alan Paton: 9780099766810: Books", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7329201698303223, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country: Amazon.co.uk: Alan Paton ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "This item:Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton Paperback £9.29", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.052812576293945, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country: Amazon.co.uk: Alan Paton ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Cry, the Beloved Country, novel by Alan Paton , published in 1948. The novel relates the story of a black South African, Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered a white man. This situation is Paton’s basis for examining aspects of guilt, both Kumalo’s personal guilt and responsibility and the collective guilt of a society that creates such disparity in living conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.481005668640137, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country | novel by Paton | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "Alan Paton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264143943786621, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country | novel by Paton | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Paton", "passage": "...segregation, codified as apartheid in 1948, that dominated the country until the early 1990s. In two early novels, Mine Boy (1946), by Peter Abrahams, and Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), by Alan Paton, black Africans go to Johannesburg and experience the terror of apartheid. In To Every Birth Its Blood (1981), Mongane...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.32186222076416, "source": "search", "title": "Cry, the Beloved Country | novel by Paton | Britannica.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Nairobi Province, Kenya", "KE-110", "Nairobi, KE-110", "Nyrobi", "Nairobi Municipality", "Nairobi, Kenya", "Safari Capital of the World", "Nairobi Province", "Demographics of Nairobi", "Capital of Kenya", "Nairobi Area", "Citi Hoppa", "Nairobi Area, Kenya", "Nairobi" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nairobi municipality", "citi hoppa", "ke 110", "demographics of nairobi", "nairobi province kenya", "capital of kenya", "nairobi province", "safari capital of world", "nairobi kenya", "nairobi area kenya", "nairobi", "nairobi ke 110", "nairobi area", "nyrobi" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "nairobi", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Nairobi" }

[ { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya (;), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "precise_score": 7.48048210144043, "rough_score": 7.692972183227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya, which has snow permanently on its peaks. Further inland, in the Nyanza region, there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Kenya is known for its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. Kenya has several world heritage sites such as Lamu and numerous beaches, including in Diani, Bamburi and Kilifi, where international yachting competitions are held every year.", "precise_score": 1.7659045457839966, "rough_score": 1.0090806484222412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East and Central Africa. Agriculture is a major employer; the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also a major economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc.", "precise_score": 7.955237865447998, "rough_score": 7.922433376312256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya is East and Central Africa's hub for financial services. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of market capitalisation. The Kenyan banking system is supervised by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). As of late July 2004, the system consisted of 43 commercial banks (down from 48 in 2001), several non-bank financial institutions, including mortgage companies, four savings and loan associations, and several core foreign-exchange bureaus.", "precise_score": 4.020198345184326, "rough_score": 6.388065338134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya is the world's 3rd largest exporter of cut flowers. Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated around Lake Naivasha, 90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi. To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables.", "precise_score": -1.1457370519638062, "rough_score": -2.022646188735962, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits.", "precise_score": 0.586468517780304, "rough_score": -2.385890007019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya's capital, Nairobi, is home to Kibera, one of the world's largest slums. The shanty town is believed to house between 170,000 and 1 million locals. The UNHCR base in Dadaab in the north also currently houses around 500,000 people. ", "precise_score": 8.137784957885742, "rough_score": 6.479297161102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church of East Africa has 3 million followers in Kenya and the surrounding countries. There are smaller conservative Reformed churches, the Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church, the Independent Presbyterian Church in Kenya, and the Reformed Church of East Africa. 621,200 of Kenyans are Orthodox Christians. Notably, Kenya has the highest number of Quakers in the world, with around 133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi.", "precise_score": 2.2114696502685547, "rough_score": 1.6912037134170532, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi (;) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the world's only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero and Deputy Governor is Jonathan Mueke.", "precise_score": 8.683388710021973, "rough_score": 6.376216411590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa, as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907. After independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenya's colonial period, the city became a centre for the colony's coffee, tea and sisal industry. The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country, and has an elevation of 1795 m above sea level. ", "precise_score": 6.9119720458984375, "rough_score": 1.8688461780548096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, and the city grew around administration and tourism, initially in the form of big game hunting. As the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the colonial government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters.", "precise_score": 2.2657699584960938, "rough_score": -1.3991044759750366, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi's western suburbs stretch all the way from the Kenyatta National Hospital in the south to the UN headquarters at Gigiri suburb in the north, a distance of about 20 km. The city is centred on the City Square, which is located in the Central Business District. The Kenyan Parliament buildings, the Holy Family Cathedral, Nairobi City Hall, Nairobi Law Courts, and the Kenyatta Conference Centre all surround the square.", "precise_score": 2.215550184249878, "rough_score": -3.4110801219940186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is divided into seventeen constituencies and eighty five wards, mostly named after residential estates. Kibera Division, for example, includes Kibera (Kenya's largest slum) as well as affluent estates of Karen and Langata.", "precise_score": -0.9066997170448303, "rough_score": -3.270320177078247, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), one of Africa's largest. The NSE was officially recognised as an overseas stock exchange by the London Stock Exchange in 1953. The exchange is Africa's 4th largest in terms of trading volumes, and 5th largest in terms of Market Capitalization as a percentage of GDP. ", "precise_score": 1.1353309154510498, "rough_score": -1.956592321395874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is one of the few cities in the world with a national park within its boundaries, making it a prime tourist destination as well, with several other tourist attractions. The most famous is the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve of this nature to border a capital city, or any major city. The park contains many animals including lions, giraffes, and black rhinos. The park is home to over 400 species of birds. The Nairobi Safari Walk is a major attraction to the Nairobi National Park as it offers a rare on-foot experience of the animals. ", "precise_score": 2.3283891677856445, "rough_score": -1.1747989654541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is nicknamed the Safari Capital of the World or the City Under the Sun, and has many hotels to cater for safari-bound tourists. Five-star hotels in Nairobi include the Nairobi Serena, Laico Regency (formerly Grand Regency Hotel), Windsor (Karen), Holiday Inn, Nairobi Safari Club (Lilian Towers), The Sarova Stanley Hotel, Safari Park & Casino, InterContinental, Panari Hotel, Hilton, and the Norfolk Hotel. Other newer ones include the Crowne Plaza Hotel Nairobi in Upper Hill area, the Sankara Nairobi in Westlands, Tribe Hotel-Village Market, House of Wayne, The Eastland Hotel, Ole Sereni, and The Boma located along Mombasa Highway. International chains apart from the Hilton, the Intercontinental group, and Serena Hotels are also setting up properties in Nairobi city. Upcoming establishments include Radisson Blu and the upscale boutique Bidwood Suite Hotel in Westlands, which are nearing completion. The Best Western Premier-Nairobi and The Villa Rosa Kempinski have been completed and opened.", "precise_score": 3.5674657821655273, "rough_score": -0.7507991194725037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has two informal nicknames. The first is \"The Green City in the Sun\", which is derived from the city's foliage and warm climate. The second is the \"Safari Capital of the World\", which is used due to Nairobi's prominence as a hub for safari tourism. ", "precise_score": 3.0589470863342285, "rough_score": 0.29869043827056885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, a state-run television and radio station, is headquartered in the city. Kenya Television Network is part of the Standard Group and was Kenya's first privately owned TV station. The Nation Media Group runs NTV which is based in Nairobi. East Africa Television Channel 5 is 24-hour music channel based in Dar es Salaam Tanzania and broadcasts in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. There are also a number of prominent radio stations located in Kenya's capital including KISS 100, Capital FM, East FM, Kameme FM, Metro FM, and Family FM, among others.", "precise_score": 2.2705740928649902, "rough_score": 4.2386980056762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Capital of Kenya: Nairobi", "precise_score": 8.973917007446289, "rough_score": 8.423256874084473, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya", "precise_score": 6.933403015136719, "rough_score": 7.238783836364746, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Not only is Nairobi the capital of Kenya, it's also the largest city. It sits in the south-central area of Kenya and has a population of nearly 3 million people. It's a modern city, with good medical facilities, a national university, shopping complexes, good restaurants and decent public transportation. It also has a lively cultural scene.", "precise_score": 7.9874348640441895, "rough_score": 7.00429630279541, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "With its central location, good road access and international airport, Nairobi is a natural spot for trade and tourism. The capital of Kenya makes a good jumping-off spot to tour any other part of the country, and has several interesting sights of its own.", "precise_score": 5.83495569229126, "rough_score": 6.199465751647949, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Before becoming the capital of Kenya, Nairobi was first a supply stop for the Uganda Railway. Built originally in 1899, it became the capital of the British Protectorate in 1905. It took the title from the much older city of Mombasa, namely because of the agreeable climate (Nairobi is located much higher than Mombasa, which is at the Indian Ocean) and proximity to several waterways. After independence, Nairobi remained as the country's capital city.", "precise_score": 7.755735397338867, "rough_score": 4.892202377319336, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Traveling to and from the capital of Kenya is also straightforward. Nairobi is connected through roadways with Mombasa and other major cities in Kenya. Since the roads aren’t always of good quality, taking the train to Mombasa or other cities may usually be more convenient and faster.", "precise_score": 4.195681571960449, "rough_score": 5.126566410064697, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "You can always find a major hotel chain in Nairobi, and there are several smaller B&B spots too. There are a few full-service resorts, but they are more common on the coast near Mombasa or Malindi. All hotels in the capital of Kenya have English-speaking staff and the more upmarket ones also have air-conditioning and private guards.", "precise_score": 2.8326520919799805, "rough_score": -2.481640100479126, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Capital of Kenya", "passage": "What is the Capital of Kenya? - Capital-of.com", "precise_score": 5.744729995727539, "rough_score": 9.232797622680664, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Kenya? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Capital of Kenya", "passage": "Capital of Kenya", "precise_score": 5.902804374694824, "rough_score": 9.00262451171875, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Kenya? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Capital City of Kenya (officially named Republic of Kenya) is the city of Nairobi. The population of Nairobi in the year 2007 was 2,940,911 (4,000,000 in the metropolitan area).", "precise_score": 9.467442512512207, "rough_score": 8.924509048461914, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Kenya? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com", "precise_score": 5.118498802185059, "rough_score": 3.2696101665496826, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi, city, capital of Kenya . It is situated in the south-central part of the country, in the highlands at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,680 metres). The city lies 300 miles (480 km) northwest of Mombasa , Kenya’s major port on the Indian Ocean .", "precise_score": 8.394713401794434, "rough_score": 7.458844184875488, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Jacaranda trees blossom on parkland in the Kenyan capital of Nairobi.", "precise_score": 3.573826789855957, "rough_score": 5.149534702301025, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The city originated in the late 1890s as a colonial railway settlement, taking its name from a water hole known to the Maasai people as Enkare Nairobi (“Cold Water”). When the railhead arrived there in 1899, the British colonial capital of Ukamba province was transferred from Machakos (now Masaku) to the site, and in 1905 Nairobi became the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate . From about 1900 onward, when a small Indian bazaar was established at Nairobi, the city was also a trading centre.", "precise_score": 2.9549551010131836, "rough_score": -2.1980724334716797, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "As a governmental centre, Nairobi subsequently attracted a stream of migrants from rural Kenya that made it one of the largest cities in tropical Africa. It was declared a municipality in 1919 and was granted city status in 1954. When Kenya gained independence in 1963, Nairobi remained the capital. The new country’s constitution expanded the city’s municipal area; the enlarged municipality is an independent unit administered by the Nairobi City Council.", "precise_score": 5.2811479568481445, "rough_score": 2.4368011951446533, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Street scenes in Nairobi, capital of Kenya.", "precise_score": 5.005124092102051, "rough_score": 6.784451007843018, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is the principal industrial centre of the country. The railways are the largest single industrial employer. Light-manufacturing industries produce beverages, cigarettes, and processed food. Tourism is also important. The city is located near eastern Africa’s agricultural heartland, and a number of primary products are routed through Nairobi before being exported via Mombasa. Nairobi also plays an important role in the community of eastern African states; it is the headquarters of important regional railways, harbours, and airways corporations.", "precise_score": 2.095446825027466, "rough_score": -3.3995749950408936, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Inadequate infrastructure continues to hamper Kenya’s efforts to improve its economic growth to the 8-10% range so that it can meaningfully address poverty and unemployment. The KENYATTA administration sought external investment in infrastructure development. International financial institutions and donors remain important to Kenya's economic growth and development, but Kenya has also successfully raised capital in the global bond market. Kenya issued its first sovereign bond offering in mid-2014. Nairobi has contracted with a Chinese company to construct a new standard gauge railway connecting Mombasa and Nairobi, with completion expected in 2017. The country is in the process of devolving some state revenues and responsibilities to the counties. Inflationary pressures and sharp currency depreciation peaked in early 2012 but have since abated following low global food and fuel prices and monetary interventions by the Central Bank. Chronic budget deficits, including a shortage of funds in mid-2015, hampered the government’s ability to implement proposed development programs, but the economy is back in balance with many indicators, including foreign exchange reserves, interest rates, inflation, and FDI moving in the right direction.", "precise_score": 2.0639350414276123, "rough_score": 1.1570675373077393, "source": "search", "title": "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The capture of Warũhiũ Itote (aka General China) on 15 January 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure. Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege. Nairobi's occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to detention camps. The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces such as the British Army and King's African Rifles. By the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents. The capture of Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 in Nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive. During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred. The most important of these was the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.416053771972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Since the election riots, the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, said Agnes R. M. Aboum – executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi – in the magazine [http://www.dandc.eu/articles/220704/index.en.shtml D+C Development and Cooperation]. For example, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission initiated community dialogues, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya started peace meetings and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.971519470214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The new office of the PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony, beamed live on national TV from the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House. On 29 February 2008, representatives of PNU and ODM began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement. Kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 March 2008, aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in Africa. The deal brought Kibaki's PNU and Odinga's ODM together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition, in which the two political parties would share power equally. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.384415626525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "On 13 April 2008, President Kibaki named a grand coalition cabinet of 41 Ministers- including the prime minister and his two deputies. The cabinet, which included 50 Assistant Ministers, was sworn in at the State House in Nairobi on Thursday, 17 April 2008, in the presence of Dr. Kofi Annan and other invited dignitaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916659355163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.55722427368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718049049377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.618135452270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "38.5 percent of the Kenyan adult population is illiterate. There are very wide regional disparities; for example, Nairobi had the highest level of literacy, 87.1 per cent, compared to North Eastern Province, the lowest, at 8.0 per cent. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.891634225845337, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade. The women's team has competed at the Olympics and World Championships though without any notable success. Cricket is another popular sport, also ranking as the most successful team sport. Kenya has competed in the Cricket World Cup since 1996. They upset some of the world's best teams and reached the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. They also participated in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011. Their current captain is Rakep Patel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.145716190338135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has hosted several major continental sports events, including the FIBA Africa Championship 1993 where Kenya's national basketball team finished in the top four, its best performance to date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.887947082519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In cities such as Nairobi, there are fast food restaurants, including Steers, KFC, and Subway. There are also many fish and chip shops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.996129035949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenya" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The name \"Nairobi\" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to \"cool water\". The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, which in turn lent its name to the city. However, it is popularly known as the \"Green City in the Sun\", and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.084540367126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the administrative area of Nairobi, 3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.700231075286865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organisations, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africa's fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.295645236968994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi Metropolitan Region", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.362181186676025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, yet generates about 60% of the entire nation's wealth. The counties are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.155605316162109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": " Source: NairobiMetro/ [http://www.scribd.com/doc/36672705/Kenya-Census-2009/ Kenya Census]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.941225051879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The area was essentially uninhabited swamp until a supply depot of the Uganda Railway was built in 1899, which soon became the railway's headquarters. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi, meaning \"place of cool waters\". It was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was chosen due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water and its elevation would make it cool enough for residential purposes. However, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.748973846435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the city's suburbs. In 1919, Nairobi was declared to be a municipality. In February 1926, E.A.T. Dutton passed through Nairobi on his way to Mount Kenya, and said of the city:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.108785629272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The continuous expansion of the city began to anger the Maasai, as the city was devouring their land to the south. It also angered the Kikuyu people, who wanted the land returned to them. After the end of World War II, this friction developed into the Mau Mau rebellion. Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's future president, was jailed for his involvement even though there was no evidence linking him to the rebellion. Pressure exerted from the locals onto the British resulted in Kenyan independence in 1963, with Nairobi as the capital of the new republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.719120502471924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "After independence, Nairobi grew rapidly and this growth put pressure on the city's infrastructure. Power cuts and water shortages were a common occurrence, though in the past few years better city planning has helped to put some of these problems in check.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3732271194458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The United States Embassy, then located in downtown Nairobi, was bombed in August 1998 by Al-Qaida, as one of a series of US embassy bombings. It is now the site of a memorial park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.286880493164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is situated between the cities of Kampala and Mombasa. As Nairobi is adjacent to the eastern edge of the Rift Valley, minor earthquakes and tremors occasionally occur. The Ngong Hills, located to the west of the city, are the most prominent geographical feature of the Nairobi area. Mount Kenya is situated north of Nairobi, and Mount Kilimanjaro is towards the south-east. Both mountains are visible from Nairobi on a clear day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.413393974304199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Nairobi River and its tributaries traverse through the Nairobi County. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai has fought fiercely to save the indigenous Karura Forest in northern Nairobi which was under threat of being replaced by housing and other infrastructure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.024497985839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Under the Köppen climate classification, Nairobi has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb /Cwb). At 1795 m above sea level, evenings may be cool, especially in the June/July season, when the temperature can drop to 9 C. The sunniest and warmest part of the year is from December to March, when temperatures average the mid-twenties during the day. The mean maximum temperature for this period is 24 C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116990089416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There are two rainy seasons, but rainfall can be moderate. The cloudiest part of the year is just after the first rainy season, when, until September, conditions are usually overcast with drizzle. As Nairobi is situated close to the equator, the differences between the seasons are minimal. The seasons are referred to as the wet season and dry season. The timing of sunrise and sunset varies little throughout the year for the same reason. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819005012512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is divided into a series of constituencies with each being represented by members of Parliament in the National Assembly. These constituencies are: Makadara, Kamukunji, Starehe, Langata, Dagoretti, Westlands, Kasarani, and Embakasi. The main administrative divisions of Nairobi are Central, Dagoretti, Embakasi, Kasarani, Kibera, Makadara, Pumwani, and Westlands. Most of the upmarket suburbs are situated to the west and north-central of Nairobi, where most European settlers resided during the colonial times. These include Karen, Langata, Lavington, Gigiri, Muthaiga, Brookside, Spring Valley, Loresho, Kilimani, Kileleshwa, Hurlingham, Runda, Kitisuru, Nyari, Kyuna, Lower Kabete, Westlands, and Highridge, although Kangemi, Kawangware, and Dagoretti are lower income areas close to these affluent suburbs. The city's colonial past is commemorated by many English place-names. Most lower-middle and upper middle income neighbourhoods are located in the north-central areas such as Highridge, Parklands, Ngara, Pangani, and areas to the southwest and southeast of the metropolitan area near the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The most notable ones include Avenue Park, Fedha, Pipeline, Donholm, Greenfields, Nyayo, Taasia, Baraka, Nairobi West, Madaraka, Siwaka, South B, South C, Mugoya, Riverbank, Hazina, Buru Buru, Uhuru, Harambee Civil Servants', Akiba, Kimathi, Pioneer, and Koma Rock to the centre-east and Kasarani to northeast area among others. The low and lower income estates are located mainly in far eastern Nairobi. These include, Umoja, Kariokor, Dandora, Kariobangi, Embakasi, and Huruma. Kitengela suburb, though located further southeast, Ongata Rongai and Kiserian further southwest, and Ngong/Embulbul suburbs to the far west are considered part of the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan area. More than 90% of Nairobi residents work within the Nairobi Metropolitan area, in the formal and informal sectors. Many Somali immigrants have also settled in Eastleigh, nicknamed \"Little Mogadishu\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.345351696014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Kibera slum in Nairobi (with an estimated population of at least 500,000 to over 1,000,000 people) was thought to be Africa's second largest slum. However, recent census results have shown that Kibera is indeed much smaller than originally thought. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.656255722045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has many parks and open spaces throughout the city. Much of the city has dense tree-cover and plenty of green spaces. The most famous park in Nairobi is Uhuru Park. The park borders the central business district and the neighbourhood Upper Hill. Uhuru (Freedom in Swahili) Park is a centre for outdoor speeches, services, and rallies. The park was to be built over by former President Daniel arap Moi, who wanted the 62-storey headquarters of his party, the Kenya African National Union, situated in the park. However, the park was saved following a campaign by Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.475838661193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Central Park is adjacent to Uhuru Park, and includes a memorial for Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya. Other notable open spaces include Jeevanjee Gardens, City Park, 7 August Memorial Park, and Nairobi Arboretum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.525633811950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The City of Nairobi enjoys the status of a full administrative County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.018613815307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Nairobi province differs in several ways from other Kenyan regions. The county is entirely urban. It has only one local council, Nairobi City Council. Nairobi Province was not divided into \"districts\" until 2007, when three districts were created. In 2010, along with the new constitution, Nairobi was renamed a County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.572439193725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi County has seventeen constituencies. Constituency name may differ from division name, such that Starehe Constituency is equal to Central Division, Lang'ata Constituency to Kibera division, and Kamukunji Constituency to Pumwani Division in terms of boundaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.440485954284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is the regional headquarters of several international companies and organisations. In 2007, General Electric, Young & Rubicam, Google, Coca-Cola, IBM Services, Airtel, and Cisco Systems relocated their African headquarters to the city. The United Nations Office at Nairobi hosts UNEP and UN-Habitat headquarters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.885772705078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Several of Africa's largest companies are headquartered in Nairobi. KenGen, which is the largest African stock outside South Africa, is based in the city. Kenya Airways, Africa's fourth largest airline, uses Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport as a hub.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.354775905609131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Goods manufactured in Nairobi include clothing, textiles, building materials, processed foods, beverages, and cigarettes. Several foreign companies have factories based in and around the city. These include Goodyear, General Motors, Toyota Motors, and Coca Cola.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05459213256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has a large tourist industry, being both a tourist destination and a transport hub. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.570793151855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has grown around its central business district. This takes a rectangular shape, around the Uhuru Highway, Haille Selassie Avenue, Moi Avenue, and University Way. It features many of Nairobi's important buildings, including the City Hall and Parliament Building. The city square is also located within the perimeter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5842084884643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi downtown area or central business district is bordered to the southwest by Uhuru Park and Central Park. The Mombasa to Kampala railway runs to the southeast of the district.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.246945381164551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Companies that have moved from the Central Business District to Upper Hill include Citibank and in 2007, Coca-Cola began construction of their East and Central African headquarters in Upper Hill, cementing the district as the preferred location for office space in Nairobi. The largest office development in this area is UAP Tower, a recently completed 33-storey tower at 163 metres high. The World Bank and International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) are also located in Upper Hill at the Delta Center, Menegai Road. Earlier on, they were located in the Hill Park Building and CBA Building respectively(both also in Upper Hill), and prior to that in View Park towers in the Central Business District.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.765188217163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "To accommodate the large demand for floorspace in Nairobi, various commercial projects are being constructed. New business parks are being built in the city, including the flagship Nairobi Business Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.347591400146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Construction boom and real estate development projectsNairobi is currently undergoing a construction boom. Major real estate projects and skyscrapers are coming up in the city. Among them are: Hass twin towers which will tower at 212m, Britam Tower (198m), Avic International Africa headquarters (176m), Prism tower (140m), Pan Africa insurance towers, Pallazzo offices, and many other projects. Shopping malls are also being constructed like the recently completed Garden city Mall, Centum's Two rivers Mall, The Hub in Karen, Karen waterfront, Thika Greens, and the recently reconstructed Westgate Mall. High-class residential apartments for living are coming up like Le Mac towers, a residential tower in Westlands Nairobi with 23 floors. Avic International is also putting up a total of four residential apartments on Waiyaki way: a 28-level tower, two 24-level towers, and a 25-level tower. Hotel towers are also being erected in the city. Avic International is putting up a 30-level hotel tower of 141m in the Westlands. The hotel tower will be operated by Marriot group. Jabavu limited is constructing a 35 floor hotel tower in Upper Hill which will be high over 140 metres in the city skyline. Arcon Group Africa has also announced plans to erect a skyscraper in Upper hill which will have 66 floors and tower over 290 metres, further cementing Upper hill as the preferred metropolis for multinational corporations launching their operations in the Kenyan capital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.059382438659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is home to several museums, sites, and monuments. The Nairobi National Museum is the country's national museum and the largest in the city. It houses a large collection of artefacts portraying Kenya's rich heritage through history, nature, culture, and contemporary art. It also includes the full remains of a homo erectus popularly known as the Turkana boy. Other prominent museums include the Nairobi Gallery, Nairobi Railway Museum, and the Karen Blixen Museum located in the affluent Karen suburb. Uhuru Gardens, a national monument and the largest memorial park in Kenya, is also the place where the first Kenyan flag was raised at independence. It is located along Langata road near the Wilson Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.210495948791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is also home to the largest ice rink in Africa: the Solar Ice Rink at the Panari Hotel's Sky Centre. The rink, opened in 2005, covers 15000 sqft and can accommodate 200 people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.081517219543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Shopping malls in Nairobi include the Greenspan Mall (Donholm), Yaya Centre (Hurlingham), Sarit Centre (Westlands), Westgate Shopping Mall (Westlands), ABC Place (Westlands), The Village Market (Gigiri), Junction Shopping Mall (Ngong Road), Prestige Plaza (Ngong Road), Crossroads Shopping Centre (Karen), T-Mall (Langata), Garden City Mall and Thika Road Mall (TRM). Nakumatt, Uchumi, and Tuskys, Naivas are the largest supermarket chains with modern stores throughout the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.004753112792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Nairobi Java House is a coffee house and restaurant chain with branches located around the city including one at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Other coffee chains include Art Caffe, Dormans Coffee House and Savannah, which is part of Sasini Tea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.328701496124268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi's night life is popular with tourists, young and old. From a collection of gourmet restaurants offering local and international cuisine, Nairobi has something to offer to every age and pocket. Most common known food establishments include The Carnivore and The Tamarind Restaurants which have outlets in Langata, City Centre, and the Village Market. For those more discerning travellers, one can choose from a wide array of local cuisine, Mediterranean, fast food, Ethiopian, and Arabian. The city's nightlife is mostly centred along friends and colleagues meeting after work especially on Fridays – commonly known as \"Furahiday\" (Happy Day), theme nights, events and concerts, and Shisha cafés. The most popular clubbing spots are centred in upmarket Westlands which has come to be known as \"Electric Avenue\", Karen, Langata, Hurlingham, and \"uptown\" venues in the city centre. Nairobians generally go out every day of the week and most establishments are open till late.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.796818256378174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Other sites include Jomo Kenyatta's Mausoleum, Kenya National Theatre, and the Kenya National Archives. Art galleries in Nairobi include the Rahimtulla Museum of Modern Art (Ramoma), the Mizizi Arts Centre, and the Nairobi National Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.839108467102051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* Nairobi National Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976041793823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* Nairobi National Museum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031169891357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Population of Nairobi between 1906 and 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.01729965209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": " text:Population of Nairobi City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.25374698638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has experienced one of the highest growth rates of any city in Africa. Since its foundation in 1899, Nairobi has grown to become the second largest city in the African Great Lakes, despite being one of youngest cities in the region. The growth rate of Nairobi is currently 4.1% a year. It is estimated that Nairobi's population will reach 5 million in 2025. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.204226493835449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is a cosmopolitan and multicultural city. The names of some of its suburbs, including Hurlingham and Parklands reflect Nairobi's early history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.956718921661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "By the mid twentieth century, many foreigners settled in Nairobi from other British-occupied regions, primarily India and parts of (present-day) Pakistan. These immigrants were workers who arrived to construct the Kampala – Mombasa railway, settling in Nairobi after its completion, and also merchants from Gujarat. Nairobi also has established communities from Somalia and Sudan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2475056648254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There are a number of churches, mosques, temples, and gurdwaras within the city. Prominent places of worship in Nairobi include the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Family, All Saints Cathedral, Ismaili Jamat Khana, and Jamia Mosque.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.046144485473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There are a number of shopping malls in the Nairobi Area. These include: Garden city mall, Thika road mall(TRM), the West Gate mall, Prestige Plaza, the Village Market, the Sarit Centre, the Junction. A variety of amenities are provided at these malls and include: cinemas, fashion and apparel retailers, bookshops, electronics and grocery stores, coffeehouses, restaurants and bars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.960087776184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kwani? is Kenya's first literary journal and was established by writers living in Nairobi. Nairobi's publishing houses have also produced the works of some of Kenya's authors, including Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Meja Mwangi who were part of post-colonial writing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3244781494140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Many film makers also practice their craft out of Nairobi. Film-making is still young in the country, but people like producer Njeri Karago and director Judy Kibinge are paving the way for others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.149531364440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Perhaps the most famous book and film set in Nairobi is Out of Africa. The book was written by Karen Blixen, whose pseudonym was Isak Dinesen, and it is her account of living in Kenya. Karen Blixen lived in the Nairobi area from 1917 to 1931. The neighbourhood in which she lived, Karen, is named after her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.497116565704346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In 1985, Out of Africa was made into a film, directed by Sydney Pollack. The film won 28 awards, including 7 Academy Awards. The popularity of the film prompted the opening of Nairobi's Karen Blixen Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844812393188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is also the setting of many of the novels of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Kenya's foremost writer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.466744422912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has been the set of several other American and British films. The most recent of these was The Constant Gardener (2005), a large part of which was filmed in the city. The story revolves around a British diplomat in Nairobi whose wife is murdered in northern Kenya. Much of the filming was in the Kibera slum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.601913928985596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Among the latest Kenyan actors in Hollywood who identify with Nairobi is Lupita Nyong'o. Lupita received an Oscar award for best supporting actress in her role as Patsy in the film 12 Years a Slave during the 86th Academy Awards at the Dolby theatre in Los Angeles. Lupita is the daughter of Kenyan politician Peter Anyang' Nyong'o", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917807579040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Most new Hollywood films are nowadays screened at Nairobi's cinemas. Up until the early 1990s, there were only a few film theatres and the repertoire was limited. There are also two drive-in cinemas in Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.306297302246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In Nairobi, there is a range of restaurants and, besides being home to nyama choma which is a local term used to refer to roasted meat, there are fast food restaurants such as KFC, which is popular,and the longer established South African chains, Galitos and Steers. Coffee houses, doubling up as restaurants, mostly frequented by the upper middle classes, such as Artcaffe, Java Coffee House and Dormans have become increasingly popular in recent days. Traditional food joints such as the popular K'osewe's in the city centre and Amaica, which specialise in African delicacies are also widepsread. The Kenchic franchise which specialises in old-school chicken and chips meals is also popular, particularly among the lower classes and students, with restaurants all over the city and its suburbs. Upscale restaurants specialising in specific cuisines, ranging from Italian, Lebanese, Ethiopian, French and seafood are more likely to be found in five star hotels and the wealthier suburbs in the West and South of the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.499798774719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi has an annual restaurant week (NRW) at the beginning of the year, January–February. Nairobi's restaurants offer dining packages at reduced prices. NRW is managed by Eatout Kenya which is an online platform that lists and reviews restaurants in Nairobi, and provides a platform for Kenyan foodies to congregate and share.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.426985740661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is the centre of Kenya's music scene. Benga is a Kenyan genre which was developed in Nairobi. The style is a fusion of jazz and Luo music forms. Mugithi is another popular genre in Kenya, with its origins in the central parts of the country. A majority of music videos of leading local musicians are also filmed in the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5542073249816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In the 1970s, Nairobi became the prominent centre for music in the African Great Lakes. During this period, Nairobi was established as a hub of soukous music. This genre was originally developed in Kinshasa and Brazzaville. After the political climate in the region deteriorated, many Congolese artists relocated to Nairobi. Artists such as Orchestra Super Mazembe moved from Congo to Nairobi and found great success. Virgin records became aware of the popularity of the genre and signed recording contracts with several soukous artists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.429760932922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "More recently, Nairobi has become the centre of the Kenyan hip hop scene, with Kalamashaka, Gidi Gidi Majimaji being the pioneers of urban music in Kenyan. The genre has become very popular amongst local youth, and domestic musicians have become some of the most popular in the region. Successful artists based in Nairobi include Jua Cali, Nonini, Camp Mulla, Juliani, Eric Wainaina, Suzanna Owinyo and Nameless. Popular Record labels include Ogopa DJs, Grand Pa Records, Main Switch, Red Black and Green Republik, Calif Records and Bornblack Music Group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.935602188110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Many foreign musicians who tour Africa perform in Nairobi. Bob Marley's first-ever visit to Africa started in Nairobi. Acts that have performed in Nairobi include Lost Boyz, Wyclef Jean, Shaggy, Akon, Eve, T.O.K, Sean Paul, Wayne Wonder, Alaine, Konshens, Ja Rule, and Morgan Heritage, and Cabo Snoop. Other international musicians who have performed in Nairobi include the rocking show by Don Carlos, Demarco, Busy Signal, Mr. Vegas and the Elephant man crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914429664611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi, including the coastal towns of Mombasa and Diani, have recently become the centre of Electronic Dance Music (EDM) in Kenya, which includes Trance, Techno, House, Progressive, Drum & Bass, and Dubstep. Prominent international composers & DJs have graced their presence in these cities, including Kyau & Albert, Solarity, Ronski Speed, and Boom Jinx.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.27843189239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Gospel music is also very popular in Nairobi just as in the rest of Kenya, with gospel artistes having a great impact in the mostly Christian city . Artistes such as Esther Wahome, Eunice Njeri, Daddy Owen, Emmy Kosgei and the late Angela Chibalonza, among others, have a great pull over the general population while others like MOG, Juliani, Ecko dyda, DK Kwenye Beat have great influence over the younger generation. Their concerts are also very popular and they have as much influence as the great secular artistes.The most popular being Groove tours,TSO(Totally Sold Out) new year concerts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.676281452178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is the African Great Lakes region's sporting centre. The premier sports facility in Nairobi and generally in Kenya is the Moi International Sports Centre in the suburb of Kasarani. The complex was completed in 1987, and was used to host the 1987 All Africa Games. The complex comprises a 60,000 seater stadium, the second largest in the African Great Lakes (after Tanzania's new national stadium), a 5,000 seater gymnasium, and a 2,000 seater aquatics centre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4342570304870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Nyayo National Stadium is Nairobi's second largest stadium renowned for hosting global rugby event under the \"Safaricom Sevens.\" Completed in 1983, the stadium has a capacity of 30,000. This stadium is primarily used for football. The facility is located close to the Central Business District, which makes it a convenient location for political gatherings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.839353561401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi City Stadium is the city's first stadium, and used for club football. Nairobi Gymkhana is the home of the Kenyan cricket team, and was a venue for the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Notable annual events staged in Nairobi include Safari Rally (although it lost its World Rally Championship status in 2003), Safari Sevens rugby union tournament, and Nairobi Marathon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.692660808563232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There are six golf courses within a 20 km radius of Nairobi. The oldest 18-hole golf course in the city is the Royal Nairobi Golf Club. It was established in 1906 by the British, just seven years after the city was founded. Other notable golf clubs include the Windsor Country Club, Karen Country Club, and Muthaiga Golf Club. The Kenya Open golf tournament, which is part of the Challenge Tour, takes place in Nairobi. The Ngong Racecourse in Nairobi is the centre of horse racing in Kenya. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.775193214416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Rugby is also a popular sport in Nairobi with 8 of the 12 top flight clubs based here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.080266952514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The majority of schools follow either the Kenyan Curriculum or the British Curriculum. There is also International School of Kenya which follows the North American Curriculum and the German school in Gigiri. Kenya High School, one of the schools in Kenya, is located in Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.556341648101807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is home to several Universities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.352704048156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* The University of Nairobi is the largest and oldest university in Kenya. It was established in 1956, as part of the University of East Africa, but became an independent university in 1970. The university has approximately 84,000 students. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.359566688537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* Kenyatta University is situated 16 km from Nairobi on the Nairobi – Thika dual carriageway on 1100 acre of land. The university was chartered in 1985, offering mainly education-related courses, but has since diversified, offering medicine, environmental studies, engineering, law, business, agriculture, and economics. It has a student body of about 32,000, the bulk of whom (17,000) are in the main (Kahawa) campus. Currently it is one of the fastest growing public universities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.046922206878662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* Strathmore University started in 1961 as an Advanced Level (UK) Sixth Form College offering Science and Arts subjects. The college started to admit accountancy students in March 1966, and thus became a university. In January 1993, Strathmore College merged with Kianda College and moved to Ole Sangale Road, Madaraka Estate, Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89181137084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* United States International University – Nairobi is a branch of the United States International University, which has campuses across the world. The Nairobi campus was established in 1969. The university has accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, in USA, and the Government of Kenya. It is located in a quiet west side location of Kasarani area north-central Nairobi opposite the Safari Park Hotel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.554977893829346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "* In 2005, The Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi was upgraded to a health sciences teaching hospital, providing post graduate education in medicine and surgery including nursing education, henceforth renamed the Aga Khan University Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.894783973693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Several universities have also opened satellite campuses in Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9695463180542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is served primarily by Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. It is the largest airport in East and Central Africa. The airport served 5,803,635 passengers in 2011, making it the ninth-busiest airport in Africa by total passengers. The airport is a major transit hub for passengers flying to the African Great Lakes' natural attractions, and other smaller cities in the region. The airport is situated 20 km from Nairobi's Central Business District. The airport directly serves intercontinental passengers from Europe and Asia. Recently, the airport was upgraded by the world aviation regulatory body, ICAO, and major plans are underway to expand the airport to accommodate growing air traffic and to cater for direct flights to far flung destinations such as the United States and Canada. Also, a debate is underway in government for a plan to add a second runway at the airport. However, this idea has not yet been ratified and approved by the Cabinet of the Kenya government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.487221717834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Wilson Airport is a smaller and busy general aviation airport, which is located in a south-central suburb of Nairobi West. It handles small aircraft that generally operate within Kenya. Some airlines also offer flights to other destinations in East, Central and North-East Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.799424648284912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Matatus are the most common form of public transport in Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.14512825012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Matatu, which literally translates to \"three cents for a ride\" (nowadays much more) are privately owned minibuses, and the most popular form of local transport, and generally seat fourteen to twenty-four. Matatus ama (or) mathree operate within Nairobi, its environs and suburbs and from Nairobi to other towns around the country. The matatu's route is imprinted along a yellow stripe on the side of the bus, and matatus plying specific routes have specific route numbers. However, in November 2014 President Uhuru Kenyatta lifted the ban on the yellow stripe and allowed matatus to maintain the colourful graphics in an effort to support the youth in creating employment. Matatus in Nairobi were easily distinguishable by their extravagant paint schemes, as owners would paint their matatu with various colourful decorations, such as their favourite football team or hip hop artist. More recently, some have even painted Barack Obama's face on their vehicle. They are notorious for their poor safety records, which are a result of overcrowding and reckless driving. Due to the intense competition between matatus, many are equipped with powerful sound systems and television screens to attract more customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.988975524902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In December 2010, the Government embarked on a policy to phase out matatus as a means of public transport. Consequently, no new matatus are licensed to operate from January 2011 while the current ones will be allowed to live out their lifespan; a move aimed at enhancing the safety of citizens and visitors as well. However, the matatus continue to occupy the road ways in large numbers contributing to the congestion of Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412632942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Citi Hoppa", "passage": "Buses are increasingly becoming common in the city with some even going to the extents of installing complimentary WiFi systems in partnership with the leading mobile service provider. There are four major bus companies operating the city routes and are the traditional Kenya Bus Service (KBS), and newer private operators Citi Hoppa, Compliant MOA and Double M. The Citi Hoppa buses are distinguishable by their green livery, the Double M buses are painted purple, Compliant MOA by their distinctively screaming names and mix of white, blue colours while the KBS buses are painted blue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.478458404541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Smartbus-Kenya is the latest bus operator in Kenya and serves Nairobi and the areas around it. Presently, the company operates buses to Kitengela, Kiserian, Rongai, and Ngong. Passengers have a smartcard which they must swipe to gain access to the vehicle. Passengers top up their smartcard and the fare is deducted from the amount of money in the account. The fare is determined by the point at which the passenger enters and the point at which the passenger exits the bus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.757959842681885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi was founded as a railway town, and the main headquarters of Kenya Railways (KR) is still situated at Nairobi railway station, which is located near the city centre. The line runs through Nairobi, from Mombasa to Kampala. Its main use is freight traffic, but regular nightly passenger trains connect Nairobi to Mombasa and Kisumu. A number of morning and evening commuter trains connect the centre with the suburbs, but the city has no proper light rail, tramway, or rapid transit lines. A proposal has been passed for the construction of a commuter rail line. The country's third president since independence, President Mwai Kibaki on Tuesday, 13 November 2012 launched the Syokimau Rail Service marking a major milestone in the history of railway development in the country. The opening of the station marked another milestone in efforts to realise various projects envisaged under the Vision 2030 Economic Blueprint. The new station has a train that ferries passengers from Syokimau to the city centre cutting travel time by half. Opening of the station marks the completion of the first phase of the Sh24b Nairobi Commuter Rail Network that is geared at easing traffic congestion in Nairobi, blamed for huge economic losses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7793474197387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is served by highways that link Mombasa to Kampala in Uganda and Arusha in Tanzania. These are earmarked to ease the daily motor traffic within and surrounding the metro area. However, driving in Nairobi is chaotic. Most of the roads are tarmacked and there are signs showing directions to certain neighbourhoods. The city is connected to the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport by the Mombasa Highway, which passes through Industrial Area, South B, South C and Embakasi. Ongata Rongai, Langata and Karen are connected to the city centre by Langata Road, which runs to the south. Lavington, Riverside, Westlands, etc. are connected by Waiyaki Way. Kasarani, Eastlands, and Embakasi are connected by Thika Road, Jogoo Road, and Outer Ring Road.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.986924648284912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is currently undergoing major road constructions to update its infrastructure network. The new systems of roads, flyovers, and bridges would cut outrageous traffic levels caused the inability of the current infrastructure to cope with the soaring economic growth in the past few years. It is also a major component of Kenya's Vision 2030 and Nairobi Metropolis plans. Most roads now, though, are well lit and surfaced with adequate signage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.472937107086182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The proposed Nairobi Bypasses are currently under construction by the Kenyan government and financed by Chinese Government. Their construction seeks to ease congestion in Nairobi's downtown area and the surrounding suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5612359046936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "94% of the piped water supply for Nairobi comes from rivers and reservoirs in the Aberdare Range north of the city, of which the reservoir of the Thika Dam is the most important one. Water distribution losses – technically called non-revenue water – are 40%, and only 40% of those with house connections receive water continuously. Slum residents receive water through water kiosks and end up paying much higher water prices than those fortunate enough to have access to piped water at their residence. In the middle of a severe drought, the board of the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company was sacked July 2009 for \"malpractices\", following the publication of a report by Transparency International-Kenya and the Kenyan NGO Maji Na Ufanisi (Water and Development). The report had found cases of bribery for illegal connections, tampering with meter readings, and diversion of water from domestic users to industries in five cities, with the highest incidence of bribery in Nairobi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.163975238800049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There is wide variety regarding standards of living in Nairobi. Most wealthy Kenyans live in Nairobi, but the majority of Nairobians are average and poor. Half of the population have been estimated to live in slums which cover just 5% of the city area. The growth of these slums is a result of urbanisation, poor town planning, and the unavailability of loans for low income earners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535142421722412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Kibera is one of the largest slums in Africa, and is situated to the west of Nairobi. (Kibera comes from the Nubian word Kibra, meaning \"forest\" or \"jungle\"). The slums cover two square kilometres and are on government land. Kibera has been the setting for several films, the most recent being The Constant Gardener.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.917428016662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Other notable slums include Mathare and Korogocho. Altogether, 66 areas are counted as slums within Nairobi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38435173034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Many Nairobi non-slum-dwellers live in relatively good housing conditions. Large houses can be found in many of the upmarket neighbourhoods, especially to the west of Nairobi. Historically, British occupiers have settled in Gigiri, Muthaiga, Langata and Karen. Other middle and high income estates include Parklands, Westlands, Hurlingham, Kilimani, Milimani, Spring Valley, Lavington, Rosslyn, Kitisuru, and Nairobi Hill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.313283920288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "To accommodate the growing middle class, many new apartments and housing developments are being built in and around the city. The most notable development is Greenpark, at Athi River, Machakos County 25 km from Nairobi's Central Business District. Over 5,000 houses, villas and apartments are being constructed at this development, including leisure, retail and commercial facilities. The development is being marketed to families, as are most others within the city. Eastlands also houses most of the city's middle class and includes South C, South B, Embakasi, Buru Buru, Komarock, Donholm, Umoja, and various others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.828600883483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Throughout the 1990s, Nairobi had struggled with rising crime, earning a reputation for being a dangerous city and the nickname \"Nairobbery,\" a name which persists today. On 7 August 1998, the US Embassy was bombed, killing 224 people and injuring 4000. In 2001, the United Nations International Civil Service Commission rated Nairobi as among the most insecure cities in the world, classifying the city as \"status C\". In the United Nations report, it was stated that in 2001, nearly one third of all Nairobi residents experienced some form of robbery in the city. The head of one development agency cited the notoriously high levels of violent armed robberies, burglaries, and carjackings. Crime had risen in Nairobi as a result of unplanned urbanisation, with a minimal number of police stations and a proper security infrastructure. However, many claim that the biggest factor for the city's alarming crime rate is police corruption, which leaves many criminals unpunished. As a security precaution, most large houses have a watch guard, burglar grills, and dogs to patrol their grounds during the night. Most crimes, however, occur around the poor neighbourhoods where it gets dangerous during night hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.805350303649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "In 2006, crime decreased in the city, due to increased security and an improved police presence. Despite this, in 2007, the Kenyan government and US State Department have announced that Nairobi is experiencing a greater level of violent crime than in previous years. Since then, the government has taken measures to combat crime with heavy police presence in and around the city while US government has updated its travel warning for the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9591522216796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "There have been a spate of Blasts in Nairobi which started on 10 March 2012, where assailants threw grenades at a busy bus station and a blue-collar bar in Nairobi, killing nine and injuring more than 50. On 28 May 2012, 28 people were injured in an explosion in a shopping complex in downtown Nairobi, near Moi avenue. On 21 September 2013, Al-Shabaab-associated militants attacked the Westgate Mall. 67 people were killed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027076721191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is home to most of Kenya's news and media organisations. The city is also home to the African Great Lakes region's largest newspapers: the Daily Nation and The Standard. These are circulated within Kenya and cover a range of domestic and regional issues. Both newspapers are published in English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8500189781188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Several multinational media organisations have their regional headquarters in Nairobi. These include the BBC, CNN, Agence France-Presse, Reuters, Deutsche Welle, and the Associated Press. The East African bureau of CNBC Africa is located in Nairobi's city centre, while the Nairobi bureau of the New York Times is located in the suburb of Gigiri. The broadcast headquarters of CCTV Africa are located in Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.935322284698486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is also home to the East African School of Media Studies due to its large media focus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5555853843688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is twinned with:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.950253009796143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:NBO5.jpg| Nairobi at sunrise", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726729393005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:State House Nairobi.jpg|State House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09146785736084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:Nairobi city hall.jpg|Nairobi City Hall", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964863777160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:Parliament Buildings, Nairobi, Kenya -entrance-15April2010.jpg|Entrance to Parliament", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.763774871826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:University of Nairobi.JPG|University of Nairobi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705195426940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:Sunset in Nairobi.jpg|Nairobi at sunset", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856969833374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "File:NSSF Building, Nairobi.JPG|NSSF Building", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91167163848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nairobi" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi doesn’t have the best reputation when it comes to crime, but if you stick to the same kind of rules that go for any large North American city as well, there’s nothing to worry about.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.887406349182129, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Business in Nairobi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.358765602111816, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is the largest business center in eastern Africa, and home to many international corporate headquarters. Most business is located in the Central Business District, a section of the city known for its modern skyscrapers. Companies like General Electric, Coca Cola and Cisco Systems all maintain their African offices in Nairobi. The United Nations has one of it’s 4 international headquarters here, too. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is the 4th largest in Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.727206230163574, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi Transportation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.266443252563477, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The public transit system in Nairobi consists mainly of buses, that have routes all through the city. Taxis are also plenty available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.574419021606445, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi’s Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is one of the better airports of Africa, and connects Nairobi to many other cities in Africa and the rest of the world. Though there are plans in that direction, there are still no direct flights to North America however.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.203835964202881, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The largest attraction in Nairobi is certainly the Nairobi National Park, home to lions, giraffes, and zebras. Right in the city, you can see most of the wildlife that Kenya is famous for, without the travel time of going cross-country. Other spots you should visit when in Nairobi are the Karen Blixen museum, the Bomas of Kenya villages and Carnivore restaurant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.094212055206299, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Nairobi, the Capital of Kenya - Kenya Advisor" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The shining domes of Jamia Mosque, Nairobi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.740005493164062, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Nairobi is home to several educational institutions, including the University of Nairobi (founded in 1956 as the Royal Technical College of East Africa), Kenyatta University College (founded in 1972 as a constituent part of the University of Nairobi), Kenya Polytechnic University College (1961), and Kenya Institute of Administration (1961). Other institutions include the Kenya National Archives, the National Museum of Kenya (natural history), the McMillan Memorial Library, and the Kenya National Theatre. Nairobi National Park , a large reserve for numerous mammals, reptiles, and birds, is a popular tourist attraction. Pop. (1999) 2,143,254; (2009) 3,133,518.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.859957695007324, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Herd of male impalas (Aepyceros melampus) in Nairobi National Park, Kenya", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96810531616211, "source": "search", "title": "Nairobi | national capital, Kenya | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "President Kenyatta was speaking during an interview on Kameme FM/COURTESY NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 20 – President Uhuru Kenyatta on Friday directed the National Registration Bureau to issue Identity Cards within three days as lobbying for more voters to register gathered momentum across the country....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.592182159423828, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Currently only 6.2 million people are registered with NHIF. Of those only four million are consistent in their monthly contributions/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 20 – At least 12 million people in the informal sector are yet to register for the National Hospital Insurance fund (NHIF). In an interview...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.635139465332031, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "“Our unions presented proposals in 2013 expecting that negotiations were to be started a concluded so that the CBA is implemented within the 2013-2017 CBA period,” Bosire told Capital FM News on Thursday/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 20 – The Universities’ Academic Staff Union (UASU) has said lecturers...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.423641204833984, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Chebukati and the six IEBC Commissioners will take over from the Issack Hassan led team, effectively putting them in charge of the August General Election/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – Newly appointed Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Chairman Wafula Chebukati and fellow IEBC will...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623806953430176, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Speaking after the NEC meeting, Secretary General Nick Salat said the party has mandated its National Chairman and Baringo Senator Gideon Moi to hold talks with both Jubilee, NASA and any other likeminded outfits/MOSES MUOKI NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – The Kenya African National Union (KANU) National...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.653923988342285, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Musyoka on Wednesday stated that he had discovered that Salome Wanjiru Njoroge, who was born in 1993, has the same ID number as his, when he went to verify his details at a voter registration centre in Wajir/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – The government says there is no other individual in the...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434704780578613, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The Cabinet Secretaries for Agriculture, the National Treasury and Devolution all in red ties and fingers intertwined before them with grave looks on their faces flank the Cabinet Secretary in charge of water Eugene Wamalwa/MUTHONI NJUKI NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – It’s not every day that the...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.162374496459961, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Some of those who picked theirs immediately went to the nearby voter registration centres to register as voters/CFM NEWS NAIROBI, Kenya 19 – Hundreds of Kenyans have been flocking to Huduma Centres in last minute efforts to begin the process of acquiring a voters’ card in the ongoing Mass Voter...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.32829475402832, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Wabukala takes the helm at the EACC as successor to Philip Kinisu who resigned in August of last year/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – President Uhuru Kenyatta on Thursday announced his appointment of Retired Archbishop Eliud Wabukala as the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Chairman. His nominee...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207977294921875, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Djibouti Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation Minister Mahmoud Ali Youssouf said it was time for the East African region to clinch the AUC top position/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – Djibouti has affirmed its support for Foreign Affairs Cabinet Minister Amb. Amina Mohamed’s candidature for...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.505977630615234, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "A ballot box/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – As the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission on Wednesday expressed concern over low voter registration turnout, Jubilee and opposition leaders led by President Uhuru Kenyatta and former Prime Minister Raila Odinga prepared for a full throttle...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82348346710205, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "A shot of a screen showing another voter was registered using the same ID number as Kalonzo’s/COURTESY NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – Wiper leader Kalonzo Musyoka was shocked after it emerged that he shares a national identification card number with another person. Musyoka stated that he discovered...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751338958740234, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "The ministry has also warned the public against consuming uninspected poultry meat further urging them to report on unusual deaths of poultry and birds in their surroundings/FILE NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan 19 – The government has assured Kenya is free and safe from the bird flu outbreak commonly known as...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.120849609375, "source": "search", "title": "Capital | KenyaMOJA.com" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "embassy: United Nations Avenue, Nairobi; P.O. Box 606 Village Market, Nairobi 00621", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.987883567810059, "source": "search", "title": "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "mailing address: American Embassy Nairobi, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-8900", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05583381652832, "source": "search", "title": "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" }, { "answer": "Nairobi", "passage": "Tourism holds a significant place in Kenya’s economy. Multiple terror attacks by the Somalia-based group al-Shabaab in the time since the 2013 attack on Nairobi’s Westgate mall, which killed at least 67, had a negative effect on international tourism earnings, but the sector is starting to recover. Kenya’s success in hosting a series of incident-free high-profile events in the second half of 2015, including the visit of US President Obama, has helped improve the outlook for tourism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.824676513671875, "source": "search", "title": "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Portogało", "Republic of Portugal", "PORTUGAL", "Portekiz", "Portugallu", "O Papagaio", "ISO 3166-1:PT", "Portunga", "Phu-to-ga", "Potigal", "Portûnga", "Portugul", "An Phortaingéil", "Portugāle", "Portugale", "Portingale", "Potiti", "Portugali", "Portugall", "Portekîz", "Bo Dao Nha", "Portuguese Republic", "Portogallo", "Portugaul", "Portogalo", "Portyngal", "Yn Phortiugal", "Portugalio", "Portugál", "Portugual", "Portuga", "Portgual", "Portugalsko", "Portugaleje", "Phû-tô-gâ", "Portugalujo", "Portugalija", "Pertual", "Pòtigal", "Portugal", "Bồ Đào Nha", "Portugalska", "República Portuguesa", "Portiwgal", "Portugalėjė", "Portúgal", "Portegal", "An Phortaingeil", "Republica Portuguesa" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "portugul", "portugallu", "portugalska", "pòtigal", "portugaul", "portugalujo", "portuguese republic", "iso 3166 1 pt", "republic of portugal", "portugalsko", "portugual", "bồ đào nha", "portugall", "portûnga", "bo dao nha", "phortaingeil", "portugale", "portugal", "portugál", "portugalėjė", "portiwgal", "phu to ga", "portugalija", "portugalio", "portogallo", "phû tô gâ", "portegal", "república portuguesa", "portugāle", "phortaingéil", "yn phortiugal", "portogało", "portuga", "portugaleje", "portekiz", "o papagaio", "portunga", "potigal", "portekîz", "pertual", "portogalo", "portugali", "portyngal", "republica portuguesa", "portingale", "portúgal", "portgual", "potiti" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "portugal", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Portugal" }

[ { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Portuguese régime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "precise_score": 4.848567962646484, "rough_score": 5.719788074493408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the retornados. The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, and succeeded in getting them to agree, on paper, to form a common government. But in the end none of the African parties respected the commitments they had made, and military force resolved the issue.", "precise_score": 0.6765261292457581, "rough_score": 1.335900068283081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Following negotiations held in Portugal, itself experiencing severe social and political turmoil and uncertainty due to the April 1974 revolution, Angola's three main guerrilla groups agreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975. Within two months, however, the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA had started fighting each other and the country began splitting into zones controlled by rival armed political groups. The MPLA gained control of the capital Luanda and much of the rest of the country. With the support of the United States, Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA (see: Cuba in Angola), which became a flash point for the Cold War.", "precise_score": 4.952012538909912, "rough_score": 4.699855327606201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Before independence in 1975, Angola was a breadbasket of southern Africa and a major exporter of bananas, coffee and sisal, but three decades of civil war (1975–2002) destroyed fertile countryside, left it littered with landmines and drove millions into the cities. The country now depends on expensive food imports, mainly from South Africa and Portugal, while more than 90% of farming is done at thefamily and subsistence level. Thousands of Angolan small-scale farmers are trapped in poverty. ", "precise_score": 4.806659698486328, "rough_score": 6.370166778564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from Angola. Prior to independence in 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 350,000 Portuguese, but the vast majority left after independence and the ensuing civil war. However, Angola has recovered its Portuguese minority in recent years; currently, there are about 200,000 registered with the consulates, and increasing due to the debt crisis in Portugal and the relative prosperity in Angola. The Chinese population stands at 258,920, mostly composed of temporary migrants. Also, there is a small Brazilian community of about 5,000 people. ", "precise_score": 2.5613226890563965, "rough_score": 5.969828128814697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "As a result Angola is ill-equipped to respond positively in the aftermath of a 1974 coup in Portugal . This event, largely prompted by the dire situation in Portugal's three rebellious African colonies, brings to a sudden end the country's long-established right-wing dicatatorship. The change of regime in Lisbon has immediate consequences in Africa.", "precise_score": -0.9853073358535767, "rough_score": 0.23563693463802338, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "During 1975, before the official Portuguese withdrawal, the civil war in Angola intensifies. In fighting for control of the capital city, Luanda, the MPLA succeeds in driving out both its rivals. UNITA, which claims to enjoy wider popular support than the other groups, argues that Portugal must fulfil its last colonial duty and supervise elections.", "precise_score": 1.0994120836257935, "rough_score": 0.9335055947303772, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The United States' deep investment in destabilizing the democratically elected, post-independence government of Angola is arguably the most profound example of Western influence and its destructive consequences for Africa. In 1975 Angola gained its independence from Portugal, and three nationalist groups subsequently fought for control of the government: the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), led by President José Eduardo dos Santos and backed by Cuba and the Soviet Union; UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), led by Jonas Savimbi and backed by South Africa and the United States; and the FNLA (National Liberation Front of Angola), backed by Zaire's president, Mobutu Sese Seko (he had changed the name Congo to Zaire in 1971.)", "precise_score": 6.593261241912842, "rough_score": 6.145083904266357, "source": "search", "title": "The Challenge of Decolonization in Africa" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The southern African state of Angola has gained its independence from former colonial power Portugal.", "precise_score": 3.6385645866394043, "rough_score": -0.679966926574707, "source": "search", "title": "1975: Divided Angola gets independence - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "During the colonial period, and particularly under the corporatist 'New State' and its colonial charters perfected by Salazar when he graduated from finance minister to Prime Minister in 1932, Angola's political and economic developments were crucially linked to the motherland. In 1969 Marcelo Caetano succeeded Salazar as Prime Minister and continued to insulate Portugal's colonies, and especially the crown jewel that was Angola, from the winds of change that blew concepts of independence over Africa in the 1960s. Instead of preparing for independence, as the other colonial powers had reluctantly done after the Second World War, Portugal tried to strengthen its imperial grip. As a weak state, politically isolated and economically backward, Portugal resorted to special measures to hold on to its colonies and in 1954 it euphemistically renamed them 'overseas provinces' in an attempt to avoid the attentions of United Nations inspectors. Economically, both Portugal and Angola were always at the mercy of trends and developments in the wider global economy, determined by powers beyond their control. It had been the world economic crisis of the 1930s which had led to the impoverishment of Portugal and to the crystallisation of Salazar's authoritarian regime. In the 1950s, when Portugal aspired to become a member of the United Nations and yet keep its colonies, it was agricultural crises and opportunities that caused impending upheavals. The relative poverty of the southern highlands and the boom in coffee prices in the north drove thousands of Ovimbundu peasants to become migrant workers on the coffee estates. There they were subjected to humiliation by white colonists and to resentment by the Bakongo who lived there.", "precise_score": 0.14952436089515686, "rough_score": 2.4833157062530518, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "None of the armed movements succeeded in effectively threatening the colonial state in Angola. The end of this 'first Angolan war' was brought about indirectly through domestic pressure in Portugal and the growing dissatisfaction of the Portuguese military fighting the colonial wars in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. In April 1974, junior officers belonging to the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA) toppled the Salazar-Caetano regime in Portugal and began the process of decolonisation. In 1974, however, a frenzy of diplomatic and political activity at home and abroad mitigated against a negotiated independence. In 1975, as the will to retain imperial control over Angola dwindled, fighting broke out in many provinces of Angola and also in the capital, Luanda, where the armies of the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA were intended to maintain the peace with joint patrols. In January 1975, under heavy international pressure, the colonial power and the three movements had signed an agreement in Alvor, Portugal, providing for a transitional government, a constitution, elections and independence. This Alvor Accord soon collapsed, however, and the transitional government scarcely functioned. In the subsequent confrontations the FNLA received military support from Zaire with the backing of China and the US, while under Agostinho Neto the MPLA gained ground in particular in Luanda with support from the Soviet Union and from Cuban troops. On 11 November 1975 Angola became independent. The FNLA and UNITA were excluded from the city and from government and a socialist one-party regime was established which eventually gained international recognition, though not from the United States.", "precise_score": 3.5690741539001465, "rough_score": 5.178447246551514, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "After a successful military coup in Portugal that toppled a long-standing authoritarian regime on April 25, 1974, the new rulers in Lisbon sought to divest the country of its costly colonial empire. The impending independence of one of those colonies, Angola, led to the Angolan civil war that grew into a Cold War competition. The Angola crisis of 1974–1975 ultimately contributed to straining relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 4.611852645874023, "rough_score": 6.624210357666016, "source": "search", "title": "The Angola Crisis 1974–75 - State" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "* the Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain and Portugal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994734764099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "***Sephardi Jews: approx. 0.3 million, mostly in France. They arrived via Spain and Portugal in the pre-Roman and Roman eras, and were forcibly converted or expelled in the 15th and 16th centuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.852417945861816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "**Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million but rapidly growing, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and elsewhere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51306438446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "**Brazilians: around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each, and 50,000 in Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.545884132385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "**Venezuelans: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.208645820617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is composed primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to the middle of Europe at least as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jews originated in the Levant where they resided for thousands of years until the 2nd century AD, when they spread around the Mediterranean and into Europe, although small communities were known to exist in Greece since at least the 1st century BC. Jewish history was notably affected by the Holocaust and emigration (including Aliyah, as well as emigration to America) in the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27466869354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The origins and early history of nation states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: \"Which came first, the nation or the nation state?\" Scholars such as Steven Weber, David Woodward, and Jeremy Black have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state didn't arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it an accident of history or political invention; but is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in political economy, capitalism, mercantilism, political geography, and geography combined together with cartography and advances in map-making technologies. It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation state arose. For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for sovereignty, and the nation state was created to meet that demand. Some \"modernization theories\" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass literacy and mass media. However, historians also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in Portugal and the Dutch Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620014190673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nation state" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "* Portugal: Although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory since the romanization or latinization of the native population during the Roman era. The modern Portuguese nation is a very old amalgam of formerly distinct historical populations that passed through and settled in the territory of modern Portugal: native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, Jews), invading Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, and Muslim Arabs and Berbers. Most Berber/Arab people and the Jews were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista and the repopulation by Christians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.236856460571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nation state" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Despite Portugal's nominal claims, as late as the 19th century, their control over the interior country of Angola was minimal. In the 16th century Portugal gained control of the coast through a series of treaties and wars. Life for European colonists was difficult and progress slow. Iliffe notes that \"Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great famine occurred on average every seventy years; accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2548747062683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Amid the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutch occupied Luanda in 1641, using alliances with local peoples against Portuguese holdings elsewhere. A fleet under Salvador de Sá retook Luanda for Portugal in 1648; reconquest of the rest of the territory was completed by 1650. New treaties with Kongo were signed in 1649; others with Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo followed in 1656. The conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion from Luanda, as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Portugal also expanded inward from Benguela, but until the late 19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were very limited. Portugal had neither the intention nor the means to carry out a large scale territorial occupation and colonization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.377436637878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Development of the hinterland began after the Berlin Conference in 1885 fixed the colony's borders, and British and Portuguese investment fostered mining, railways, and agriculture based on various forced-labour and voluntary labour systems.(See also Chibalo.) Full Portuguese administrative control of the hinterland did not establish itself until the beginning of the 20th century. Portugal had a minimalist presence in Angola for nearly five hundred years, and early calls for independence provoked little reaction amongst the population who had no social identity related to the territory as a whole. More overtly political and \"nationalist\" organisations first appeared in the 1950s and began to make demands for self-determination, especially in international forums such as the Non-Aligned Movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.037928581237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Ever since Portugal handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independence groups (MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a focus of separatist guerrilla actions opposing the Government of Angola (which has employed its military forces, the FAA—Forças Armadas Angolanas) and Cabindan separatists. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) announced a virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda under the Presidency of N'Zita Henriques Tiago. One of the characteristics of the Cabindan independence movement is its constant fragmentation, into smaller and smaller factions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.909414291381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "One of the economic consequences of the social and regional disparities is a sharp increase in Angolan private investments abroad. The small fringe of Angolan society where most of the accumulation takes place seeks to spread its assets, for reasons of security and profit. For the time being, the biggest share of these investments is concentrated in Portugal where the Angolan presence (including that of the family of the state president) in banks as well as in the domains of energy, telecommunications, and mass media has become notable, as has the acquisition of vineyards and orchards as well as of touristic enterprises. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.12969970703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The management of the domain '.ao' on web pages, will go from Portugal to Angola in 2015, following the approval of a new legislation by the Angolan Government. The joint decree of the minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies, José Carvalho da Rocha, and the minister of Science and Technology, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, states that \"under the massification\" of that Angolan domain, \"conditions are created for the transfer of the domain root '.ao' of Portugal to Angola\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.918978214263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The exact numbers of those fluent in Portuguese or who speak Portuguese as a first language are unknown, although a census is expected to be carried out in July–August 2013. Quite a number of voices demand the recognition of \"Angolan Portuguese\" as a specific variant, comparable to those spoken in Portugal or in Brazil. However, while there exists a certain number of idiomatic particularities in everyday Portuguese, as spoken by Angolans, it remains to be seen whether or not the Angolan government comes to the conclusion that these particularities constitute a configuration that justifies the claim to be a new language variant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.15605640411377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In Angola, there is a Culture Ministry that is managed by Culture Minister Rosa Maria Martins da Cruz e Silva. Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years. As a consequence, both countries share cultural aspects: language (Portuguese) and main religion (Roman Catholic Christianity). The substrate of Angolan culture is African, mostly Bantu, while Portuguese culture has been imported. The diverse ethnic communities – the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda and other peoples – maintain to varying degrees their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times – in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century. In this urban culture, the Portuguese heritage has become more and more dominant. An African influence is evident in music and dance, and is moulding the way in which Portuguese is spoken, but is almost disappearing from the vocabulary. This process is well reflected in contemporary Angolan literature, especially in the works of Pepetela and Ana Paula Ribeiro Tavares.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.843079566955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "According to estimates by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the adult literacy rate in 2011 was 70.4%. 82.9% of males and 54.2% of women are literate as of 2001. Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, polytechnical institutes, and universities in Portugal, Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.836261510848999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal's colonial claim to the region is recognized by the other European powers during the 1880s, and the boundaries of Portuguese Angola are agreed by negotiation in Europe in 1891. At the time Portugal is in effective control of only a small part of the area thus theoretically enclosed. But work is already under way to open up the interior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.835174083709717, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "By this time the regime in Portugal has been through two violent transitions, from monarchy to republic in 1910 and then to a military dictatorship after a coup in 1926. The effect of these changes in Angola is a tightening of Portuguese control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.525511264801025, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal's terminal problems in Angola are not directly caused by any of these guerrilla groups. It is a rebellion of workers, undergoing forced labour in coffee and cotton plantations in the north, which first plunges the country into chaos in 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.82672381401062, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The new government in Lisbon is disinclined to prop up Portugal's collapsing and by now very expensive empire. All the Portuguese colonies in Africa are rapidly granted their independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.843794822692871, "source": "search", "title": "HISTORY OF ANGOLA - HistoryWorld - History and Timelines" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal, like the other colonial powers, was primarily interested in extracting riches from its colonies, through taxation, forced labour and the compulsory cultivation of marketable crops such as cotton. Under the guise of a 'civilising mission', the colonial state was heavily influenced by its own distinctive variety of Catholic fundamentalism, invented by the semi-fascist dictator António Salazar. An ideology developed under the banner of luso-tropicalism, a supposedly specific Portuguese way of harmonising Portuguese manners with the customs of peoples in the tropics. In Angola economic extraction was later supplemented by migrant influences when Portugal needed to dispose of excess population. In the 1950s and 1960s Angola received many thousands of poor white peasants and entrepreneurial settlers from Portugal. They created a colony of European descent which, although smaller than the Portuguese communities in France or Brazil, was larger than the rival colonial one in Mozambique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.717554092407227, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Angola's historical society can be characterised by a tiny semi-urbanised elite of Portuguese-speaking 'creole' families – many black, some of mixed race, some Catholic and others Protestant, some old-established and others cosmopolitan – who are distinguished from the broad population of black African peasants and farm workers. Until the nineteenth century the great creole merchants and the rural princes dealt in captive slaves, most of whom were exported to Brazil or to the African islands. The black aristocracy and the creole bourgeoisie thrived on the profits of overseas trade and lived in style, consuming large quantities of imported alcoholic beverages and wearing fashionable European costumes. In the early twentieth century, however, their social and economic position was eroded by an influx of petty merchants and bureaucrats from Portugal, who wished to grasp the commercial and employment opportunities created by a new colonial order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5837478637695312, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The 'second Angolan war' reached its peak in the mid-1980s. One of its enduring ironies concerned the dollar income generated by American oil companies, which paid for Cuban troops to protect the Angolan government and its oil installations from attacks by South African forces working for UNITA and partly financed by the US. In this phase of the war the battle for the small but strategic town of Cuito Cuanavale was a turning point. In 1987-88, South African and UNITA forces were pushed back by MPLA and Cuban troops after a long siege. The South Africans conceded that no military solution to the security of their northern border was possible and they started to explore political alternatives. The ensuing peace initiatives, orchestrated by a Troika of Portugal, America and Russia, finally resulted in the Bicesse Accords of May 1991 between the MPLA and UNITA. The peace was followed by the holding under UN auspices of Angola's first and only general election. Savimbi expected to gain power through the ballot box in September 1992. When he failed to do so he rejected the voting results and returned to war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.286829710006714, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal: History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189477920532227, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143108367919922, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "It was during the long period of the Christian reconquest that the Portuguese nation was created. The kings of Asturias drove the Moors out of Galicia in the 8th cent. Ferdinand I of Castile entered Beira and took the fortress of Viseu and the city of Coimbra in 1064. Alfonso VI of Castile obtained French aid in his wars against the Moors. Henry of Burgundy married an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI and became (1095?) count of Coimbra and later count of Portucalense. Henry's son Alfonso Henriques, wrested power (1128) from his mother and maintained the independence of his lands. After a victory over the Moors in 1139, he began to style himself Alfonso I , king of Portugal. Spain recognized Portugal's independence in 1143 and the Pope did so in 1179. Alfonso's long reign (1128–85) was an important factor in Portugal's attainment of independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.478002548217773, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Alfonso's successors were faced with the tasks of recapturing Alentejo and Algarve from the Moors and of rebuilding the areas devastated by the long wars. There was conflict with other Portuguese claimants and between the kings and powerful nobles, and there was continual strife between the crown and the church over land and power. Until the late 13th cent. the church was victorious, winning inviolability for ecclesiastic law as well as exemption from general taxation. Sancho I (1185–1211) captured the Moorish capital of Silves but could not hold it. Alfonso II (1211–23) summoned the first Cortes (council to advise the king). After Sancho II (1223–48) was deposed, Alfonso III (1248–79) took (1249) Algarve and thus consolidated Portugal. In Alfonso's reign the towns gained representation in the Cortes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788312911987305, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Portuguese, largely due to the efforts of Nun'Álvares Pereira , defeated the Castilians in the battle of Aljubarrota (1385) and established John I , a bastard son of Peter, as king. At this time began the long alliance of Portugal with England. John founded the Aviz dynasty and his reign (1385–1433) commenced the most glorious period of Portuguese history. Portugal entered an era of colonial and maritime expansion. The war against the Moors was extended to Africa, and Ceuta was taken. Under the aegis of Prince Henry the Navigator , Portuguese ships sailed out along the coast of Africa. The Madeira Islands and the Azores were colonized. Duarte (1433–38) failed to take Tangier, but his son Alfonso V (1438–81) succeeded (1471) in doing so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.689587593078613, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Alfonso's attempt to gain the Castilian throne ended in defeat. Under his son John II (1481–95) voyages of exploration were resumed. Bartholomew Diaz rounded (1488) the Cape of Good Hope. By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Spain and Portugal divided the non-Christian world between them. During the glittering reign of Manuel I (1495–1521), Vasco da Gama sailed (1497–98) to India, Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed (1500) Brazil, and Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa (1510), Melaka (1511), and Hormoz (1515). The Portuguese Empire extended across the world, to Asia, Africa, and America. In 1497, as a precondition to his marriage with Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter, Manuel ordered the Jewish population to convert to Christianity or leave the country. Manuel's reign and that of John III (1521–57) marked the climax of Portuguese expansion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28765869140625, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The slender resources of Portugal itself were steadily weakened by depletion of manpower and the neglect of domestic agriculture and industry. Government policy and popular ambition concentrated on the rapid acquisition of riches through trade with East Asia, but foreign competition and piracy steadily decreased profits from this trade. Lisbon was for a time the center of the European spice trade, but, for geographical considerations and because of limited banking and commercial facilities, the center of the trade gradually shifted to N Europe. The reign (1557–78) of Sebastian proved disastrous. His rash Moroccan campaign was a national catastrophe, and he was killed at Ksar el Kebir (1578); but the lack of certainty over his death led to a legend that he would return, and Sebastianism (a messianic faith) persisted into the 19th cent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912284851074219, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Aviz dynasty, founded by John I, disappeared with the death of Henry, the cardinal-king, in 1580. Philip II of Spain, nephew of John III, validated his claims to the Portuguese throne (as Philip I) by force of arms, and the long \"Spanish captivity\" (1580–1640) began. Spain's wars against the English and the Dutch cut off Portuguese trade with these nations; moreover, the Dutch attacked Portugal's overseas territories in order to obtain for themselves direct access to the sources of trade. Eventually the Dutch were driven from Brazil, but most of the Asian empire was permanently lost. Portugal was never again a great power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803102493286133, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal was compelled to participate in Spain's wars against the Dutch and in the Thirty Years War. Finally in 1640 the Portuguese took advantage of the preoccupation of Philip IV with a rebellion in Catalonia to revolt and throw off the Spanish yoke. John of Braganza was made king as John IV (1640–56). Portugal, however, continued to be threatened by its larger neighbor. Alfonso VI (1656–67), weak in mind and body, signed the crown away to his brother Peter II (1667–1706), who was first regent and then king. The alliance with England was revived by the Treaty of Methuen (1703), which gave mutual trade advantages to Portuguese wines and English woolens, and Portugal reluctantly entered the War of the Spanish Succession against Louis XIV. Gold from Brazil helped to recreate financial stability by 1730, but it also freed John V (1706–50) from dependence on the Cortes (last called in 1677).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196513175964355, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Most of Pombal's reforms were rescinded in the reign of Maria I (1777–1816) and her husband, Peter III . Under the regency of Maria's son (later John VI ; 1816–26) Portugal's alliance with Britain led to difficulties with France; in 1807 the forces of Napoleon I marched on Portugal. The royal family fled (1807) to Brazil, and Portugal was rent by the Peninsular War . The French were driven out in 1811, but John VI returned only after a liberal revolution against the regency in 1820. He accepted a liberal constitution in 1822, and forces supporting him put down an absolutist movement under his son Dom Miguel . Brazil declared its independence, with Pedro I (John's elder son) as emperor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465398788452148, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "After John's death (1826) Pedro also became king of Portugal but abdicated in favor of his daughter, Maria II (reigned 1826–53), on condition that she accept a new charter limiting royal authority and marry Dom Miguel. Miguel instead seized the throne and defeated the liberals, but Pedro abdicated the Brazilian crown, came (1832) to Portugal and led the liberals in the Miguelist Wars. Maria was restored to the throne. Although her reign was marred by coups and dictatorship, the activities of moderates and liberals laid a groundwork for the reforms—penal laws, a civil code (1867), and commercial regulations—of the reigns of Peter V (1853–61; begun under the regency of Maria's husband Ferdinand II ) and of Louis I (1861–89).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857151985168457, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portuguese explorations in Africa strengthened Portugal's hold on Angola and Mozambique; conflicting claims with Britain in E Africa were settled in 1891. To end the inefficiency and corruption of the late 19th-century parliamentary regime, Charles I (1889–1908) established (1906) a dictatorship under the conservative João Franco, but, in 1908, Charles and the heir apparent were assassinated. Manuel II succeeded to the throne, but in 1910 a republican revolution forced his abdication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.818295478820801, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The republic was established in 1910 with Teófilo Braga as president. The change of rule did not cure Portugal's chronic economic problems. Anticlerical measures aroused the hostility of the Roman Catholic Church. In World War I, Portugal was at first neutral, then joined (1916) the Allies. The economy deteriorated, and insurrections of both the right and the left made conditions worse. In 1926 a military coup overthrew the government, and General Carmona became president. António de Oliveira Salazar , the new finance minister, successfully reorganized the national accounts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824507713317871, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Salazar became premier in 1932; he was largely responsible for the corporative constitution of 1933, which established what was destined to become the longest dictatorship in Western European history. Portugal was neutral in World War II but allowed the Allies to establish naval and air bases. It became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 but was not admitted to the United Nations until 1955. Under Salazar's \"New State,\" economic modernization lagged, with the result that Portugal fell increasingly behind the rest of Europe in the 1950s and 60s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.757369041442871, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal's colony of Goa was seized by India in 1961. In Africa, armed resistance to Portuguese rule developed in Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea in the early 1960s. On the domestic front, the 1958 antigovernment candidate, Gen. Humbert Delgado, contested the previously phony elections and received almost a quarter of the vote; a constitutional amendment the following year changed the method of electing the president. Censorship of the press and of cultural activities grew especially severe in the mid-1960s, as student demonstrations were sternly repressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.958664417266846, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal in the Late Twentieth Century", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057313919067383, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In 1968, Salazar suffered a stroke and was replaced by Marcello Caetano as premier. Under Caetano repression was eased somewhat and limited economic development programs were started in Portugal and in the overseas territories. The continuing armed conflicts with guerrillas in the African territories, requiring about 40% of Portugal's annual budget to be devoted to military spending, drained the country's resources. By early 1974 dissatisfaction with the seemingly endless wars in Africa, together with political suppression and economic difficulties, resulted in growing unrest within Portugal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.545489311218262, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "From 1977 to 1980 several moderate, Socialist-dominated governments tried unsuccessfully to stabilize the country politically and economically. In 1980–82, a center-right coalition experienced a similar fate, although it did succeed in instituting a process of constitutional revision, which reduced presidential power, the right of the military to intervene in politics, and the anticapitalist biases of the 1976 constitution. From 1983 to 1985 a coalition government under Socialist leader Mário Soares began to make some headway against the chaos and poverty into which Salazar's long dictatorship, the African wars, and the 1974–75 leftist revolution had thrown Portugal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.980188846588135, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In 1986, the centrist Social Democratic party under Aníbal Cavaco Silva won an undisputed majority in parliament, Soares was elected to the presidency, and Portugal was admitted to the European Community (now the European Union ). Constitutional revision was furthered in 1989. Political stability and economic reforms created a favorable business climate, especially for renewed foreign investment, and there was strong economic growth. The Socialists returned to power as a minority government after the 1995 parliamentary elections; António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres became premier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.837168216705322, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Barred from running for a third term, Soares retired as president in 1996; he was succeeded by another Socialist, Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio . Portugal became part of the European Union's single currency plan in 1999; in October, Guterres and the Socialists were returned to power, again as a minority government. Under a 1987 agreement, Portugal's last overseas territory, Macao , reverted to Chinese sovereignty at the end of 1999. Sampaio was reelected in Jan., 2001. Social Democratic victories in the Dec., 2001, local elections led Guterres to resign as premier and party leader in 2001. Early parliamentary elections in Mar., 2002, resulted in a defeat for the Socialists, and Social Democrat José Manuel Durão Barroso became premier, heading a coalition with the smaller Popular party. Barroso resigned in July, 2004, in anticipation of his being named president of the European Commission , and Social Democrat Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes was appointed premier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.201432228088379, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "High budget deficits in the wake of the global recession of 2008–9 forced the government to adopt an austerity budget in 2010. When additional austerity measures failed to win passage in Mar., 2011, Sócrates resigned, and in April, as cost of financing Portugal's debt increased, he asked for financial aid from the European Union in exchange for austerity measures that were enacted in May. Parliamentary elections in June led to a win for the Social Democrats and the Popular party; they formed a coalition government with Social Democrat Pedro Passos Coelho as premier. In Nov., 2011, the new government enacted austerity measures more severe than those put forward by the Socialists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759265899658203, "source": "search", "title": "Portugal: History - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Horn of Africa (, , yäafrika qänd, al-qarn al-'afrīqī, ) (shortened to HOA) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as Bilad al Barbar (\"Land of the Berbers\"), the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. ", "precise_score": 6.868867874145508, "rough_score": 5.242112159729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "It covers approximately 2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people (Ethiopia: 96.6 million, Somalia: 10.4 million, Eritrea: 6.4 million, and Djibouti: 0.81 million). Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies.", "precise_score": 1.4012949466705322, "rough_score": 0.6564893126487732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Full-sized map of the countries that make up the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.", "precise_score": 9.44025707244873, "rough_score": 8.03979778289795, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa: Map - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Horn of Africa is a peninsula in the eastern region of the African sub-continent, depicting the countries Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea.", "precise_score": 7.145126819610596, "rough_score": 6.162180423736572, "source": "search", "title": "Horn Of Africa Map - Maps of World" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Horn of Africa, region of eastern Africa . It is the easternmost extension of African land and for the purposes of this article is defined as the region that is home to the countries of Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia , whose cultures have been linked throughout their long history. Other definitions of the Horn of Africa are more restrictive and exclude some or all of the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. There are also broader definitions, the most common of which include all the countries mentioned above, as well as parts or all of Kenya , Sudan , South Sudan , and Uganda . Part of the Horn of Africa region is also known as the Somali peninsula; this term is typically used when referring to lands of Somalia and eastern Ethiopia.", "precise_score": 6.787686824798584, "rough_score": 5.836477756500244, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa | region, eastern Africa | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Horn contains such diverse areas as the highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau , the Ogaden desert, and the Eritrean and Somalian coasts and is home to the Amhara , Tigray , Oromo , and Somali peoples, among others. Its coasts are washed by the Red Sea , the Gulf of Aden , and the Indian Ocean , and it has long been in contact with the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Asia . Islam and Christianity are of ancient standing here, and the people speak Afro-Asiatic languages related to those of North Africa and the Middle East . For more information on the individual countries in the region, see Djibouti ; Eritrea ; Ethiopia ; Somalia .", "precise_score": 3.202719211578369, "rough_score": 4.212289333343506, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa | region, eastern Africa | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Kingdom of Aksum (also known as \"Axum\") was an African state located in Ethiopia, Eritrea, northern Somalia and Yemen that thrived between the 1st and 7th centuries. Due to the Horn's strategic location, it has been used to restrict access to the Red Sea in the past.", "precise_score": 1.2198108434677124, "rough_score": 1.0766733884811401, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Horn of Africa is a region continuously in crisis. Ethiopia occupies a predominant position in the Horn because of its demographic importance: about 85% of the area's population live in this country. Yet Ethiopia's history is largely marked by conflicts between Muslims and Christians for resources and living space, as well as between nationalism and Marxism-Leninism in the modern times. The rest of the region also faces continuous wars: a civil war erupted in Somalia in 1977, resulting in the country having had no functioning national government since 1991. Sudan , with the Sudanese Civil War, represents another important source of instability for the whole region. Conflicts have also occurred in Djibouti and Eritrea.", "precise_score": 6.155259132385254, "rough_score": 4.431534290313721, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The make-up of the flows has changed over the years. Migrants currently come mainly from west Africa, the horn of Africa and, since 2013, Syria. Last year, according to the UNHCR, 31% of arrivals were Syrians, and 18% were fleeing Eritrea. So far this year the flow to Italy is dominated by migrants from the Gambia, Senegal and Somalia. There are routes through the Sahara from both west Africa and the Horn of Africa; there are also some routes along the Mediterranean coast. For many of the communities along the way the traffic in would-be migrants is now a dominant part of the local economy. (Story continues below the chart)", "precise_score": 4.368882179260254, "rough_score": 6.2647929191589355, "source": "search", "title": "The Economist explains: Everything you want to know about ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Afar people live primarily in Ethiopia and the areas of Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia in the Horn of Africa . They are know for their hostility to foreigners and for the notorious ritual of taken male genitalia as trophies. The Afar are an Muslim people related to the Oromo people.", "precise_score": 1.3382866382598877, "rough_score": 4.5077714920043945, "source": "search", "title": "PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The six countries that make up the Horn — Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya and Djibouti — could become the next major front in the war on terrorism. Kenyan police earlier this year caught a smuggler trying to bring in an anti-aircraft missile.", "precise_score": 7.5044941902160645, "rough_score": 4.981511116027832, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Together with northern Somalia, Djibouti, the Red Sea coast of Sudan and Eritrea is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt (or \"Ta Netjeru,\" meaning god's land), whose first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.856051445007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Northern Somalia was an important link in the Horn, connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, all of which were valuable luxuries to the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans, Babylonians and Romans. The Romans consequently began to refer to the region as Regio Aromatica. In the classical era, several flourishing Somali city-states such as Opone, Mosylon and Malao also competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the rich Indo-Greco-Roman trade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.614993095397949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Adal Sultanate was a medieval multi-ethnic Muslim state in the Horn. At its height, it controlled large parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea. Many of the historic cities in the region, such as Amud, Maduna, Abasa, Berbera, Zeila and Harar, flourished during the kingdom's golden age, a period that left behind numerous courtyard houses, mosques, shrines and walled enclosures. After the death of Sa'ad ad-Din II, Adal succeeded the Sultanate of Ifat as the pre-eminent local Muslim power. Under the leadership of rulers such as Sabr ad-Din II, Mansur ad-Din, Jamal ad-Din II, Shams ad-Din, General Mahfuz and Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Adalite armies continued the struggle against the Solomonic dynasty, a campaign historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia or Futuh al Habash.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9257354736328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Warsangali Sultanate was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the Sanaag region and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country, an area historically known as Maakhir or the Maakhir Coast. The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali branch of the Darod clan, and was ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63115119934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were also strengthened or re-established, and the state left behind an extensive architectural legacy. Many of the hundreds of ruined castles and fortresses that dot the landscape of Somalia today are attributed to Ajuran engineers, including a lot of the pillar tomb fields, necropolises and ruined cities built during that era. The royal family, the House of Gareen, also expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages and alliances. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155051231384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was another prominent Somali sultanate based in the Horn region. Ruled by King Osman Mahamuud during its golden age, it controlled much of northeastern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. Much of the Sultanate's former domain is today coextensive with the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.156202793121338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Sultanate of Hobyo was a 19th-century Somali kingdom founded by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid. Initially, Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamuud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to establish the kingdom of Hobyo, which would rule much of northeastern and central Somalia during the early modern period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089604377746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans.Barrington, Lowell, After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115 There was also reports of widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as the nation's first president (1977–1999). In early 2011, the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a series of protests against the long-serving government, which were associated with the larger Arab Spring demonstrations. The unrest eventually subsided by April of the year, and Djibouti's ruling People's Rally for Progress party was re-elected to office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530675888061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. Due to these successful expeditions, the Dervish State was recognized as an ally by the Ottoman and German Empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain's new policy of aerial bombardment. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy faced similar opposition from Somali Sultans and armies, and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted until 1941, and was replaced by a British military administration. Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate, while southern Somalia became a trusteeship. The Union of the two regions in 1960 formed the Somali Republic. A civilian government was formed, and on July 20, 1961, through a popular referendum, a new constitution that had first been drafted the year before was ratified. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612754821777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Due to its longstanding ties with the Arab world, Somalia was accepted in 1974 as a member of the Arab League. During the same year, the nation's former socialist administration also chaired the Organization of African Unity, the predecessor of the African Union. In 1991, the Somali Civil War broke out, which saw the collapse of the federal government and the emergence of numerous autonomous polities, including the Puntland administration in the northeast and Somaliland, an unrecognised self-declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia, in the northwest. Somalia's inhabitants subsequently reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, Islamic or customary law, with a provision for appeal of all sentences. A Transitional Federal Government was subsequently created in 2004. The Federal Government of Somalia was established on August 20, 2012, concurrent with the end of the TFG's interim mandate. It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government's legislative branch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.34227180480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The early 20th century in Ethiopia was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I, who came to power after Iyasu V was deposed. In 1935, Haile Selassie's troops fought and lost the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, after which point Italy annexed Ethiopia to Italian East Africa. Haile Selassie subsequently appealed to the League of Nations, delivering an address that made him a worldwide figure and 1935's Time magazine Man of the Year. Following the entry of Italy into World War II, British Empire forces, together with patriot Ethiopian fighters, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African Campaign in 1941. Haile Selassie's reign came to an end in 1974, when a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military junta, the Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, deposed him, and established a one-party communist state, which was called the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. In July 1977, the Ogaden War broke out after the government of President of Somalia Siad Barre sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali-inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia. By September 1977, the Somali army controlled 90% of the Ogaden, but was later forced to withdraw after Ethiopia's Derg received assistance from the USSR, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany and North Korea, including around 15,000 Cuban combat troops. In 1989, the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), and eventually managed to overthrow Mengistu's dictatorial regime in 1991. A transitional government, composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution, was then set up. The first free and democratic election took place later in 1995, when Ethiopia's longest-serving Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was elected to office. As with other nations in the Horn region, Ethiopia maintained its historically close relations with countries in the Middle East during this period of change. Zenawi died in 2012, but his Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.585432529449463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Extensive glaciers once covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean. Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Its size is 3,600 km2 (1,390 sq mi) and it is a territory of Yemen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64365005493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator. This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west. Consequently, they lose their moisture before reaching Djibouti and Somalia, with the result that most of the Horn receives little rainfall during the monsoon season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.106228828430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "In the mountains of Ethiopia, many areas receive over 2,000 mm (80 in) per year, and even Asmara receives an average of 570 mm (23 in). This rainfall is the sole source of water for many areas outside Ethiopia, including Egypt. In the winter, the northeasterly trade winds do not provide any moisture except in mountainous areas of northern Somalia, where rainfall in late autumn can produce annual totals as high as 500 mm (20 in). On the eastern coast, a strong upwelling and the fact that the winds blow parallel to the coast means annual rainfall can be as low as 50 mm (2 in).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43142032623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "In Somalia, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 28 to, except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard, where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt. Somalia has only two permanent rivers, the Jubba and the Shabele, both of which begin in the Ethiopian Highlands. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071294784545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "It is estimated that about 5,000 species of vascular plants are found in the Horn, about half of which are endemic. Endemism is most developed in Socotra and northern Somalia. The region has two endemic plant families: the Barbeyaceae and the Dirachmaceae. Among the other remarkable species, there are the cucumber tree found only on Socotra (Dendrosicyos socotrana), the Bankoualé palm, the yeheb nut, and the Somali cyclamen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.28410530090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "According to Ethnologue, there are 10 individual languages spoken in Djibouti, 14 in Eritrea, 90 in Ethiopia, and 15 in Somalia. Most people in the Horn speak Afro-Asiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. The former includes Oromo, spoken by the Oromo people in Ethiopia, and Somali, spoken by the Somali people in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia; the latter includes Amharic, spoken by the Amhara people of Ethiopia, and Tigrinya, spoken by the Tigray-Tigrinya people of Eritrea and Ethiopia. Other Afro-Asiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Afar, Saho, Hadiyya, Sidamo and Agaw languages, as well as the Semitic Tigre, Gurage, Harari, Silt'e and Argobba tongues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0687265396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo families are also spoken in some areas by Nilotic and Bantu ethnic minorities, respectively. These tongues include the Nilo-Saharan Me'en and Mursi languages used in southwestern Ethiopia, and Kunama and Nara idioms spoken in parts of southern Eritrea. In the riverine and littoral areas of southern Somalia, Bajuni, Barawani, and Bantu groups also speak variants of the Niger-Congo Swahili and Mushunguli languages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.607685089111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "In the early 20th century, in response to a national campaign to settle on a writing script for the Somali language (which had long since lost its ancient script ), Osman Yusuf Kenadid, a Somali poet and leader in the Majeerteen Sultanate of Hobyo and nephew of Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, also devised a phonetically sophisticated alphabet called Osmanya (also known as far soomaali; Osmanya: 𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘), for representing the sounds of Somali. Though no longer the official writing script in Somalia, the Osmanya script is available in the Unicode range 10480-104AF [from U+10480 - U+104AF (66688–66735)].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218067169189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "* Economy of Somalia: Bananas and livestock over 50% of total exports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278247833251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Over 95% of cross-border trade within the region is unofficial and undocumented, carried out by pastoralists trading livestock. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep and goats from Ethiopia sold to other countries in the Horn and the wider Eastern Africa region, including Somalia and Djibouti, generates an estimated total value of between US$250 and US$300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure). This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions and promote regional integration. However, there are also risks as the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allow disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, governments are unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.20211178064346313, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately ; from Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in Somalia, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection, is a distance of approximately .(1998) Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index), Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-87779-546-0 The coastline is long, and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only – about a third of the surface of Africa – has a coastline of .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370729446411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The term also refers to the greater region containing the countries of Djibouti , Ethiopia , Eritrea and Somalia . As such, it covers approximately 2,000,000 km² and is inhabited by about 86.5 million people. Sudan and Kenya are sometimes included as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.643039226531982, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Greater Somalia is a nationalist goal to create a unified Somali state in the Horn of Africa, in the former and present states referred to by the five points of the star in the national flag of Somalia since that country's independence: the former British and Italian colonies of present Somalia, the former French Somaliland (now Djibouti), the Ogaden in Ethiopia, and the North Eastern province in Kenya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4786439836025238, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Socotra is a small island off the coast of Somalia, in the Indian Ocean, that is considered to be part of Africa. Its size is 3,600 square km. It is a territory of Yemen , the southernmost country on the Arabian peninsula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.331344127655029, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Moreover, the region is regularly stricken by natural catastrophes , such as droughts (in Ethiopia) or flood (Somalia) that hit rural areas particularly hard. As a result, the region has some of the world's highest levels of malnutrition and is continuously loomed by a major humanitarian crisis. Between 1982 and 1992, about two million people died in the Horn of Africa due to this combination of war and famine .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6869242191314697, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "In Somalia: the Dabarre, the Digil-Rahawlin, the Garre, the Jiiddu, the Shambaara (Gosha), the Somali, the Swahili (Baraawe) and the Tunni.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742045402526855, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Somalis are a mono-ethnic nomadic people who traded with Arabia and Kemet (Ancient Kingdom of Punt). See Somalia Money and Civil War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01910400390625, "source": "search", "title": "PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Somali people have a rich and distinctive Islamic culture. A favorite pastime is the controversial chewing of chat(khat). Somali women wear very vibrant Muslim shawls and jilbabs. The musical traditions of Somalia are very similar to that of neighboring Ethiopia . Somali people are very passionate about poetry and food.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854681015014648, "source": "search", "title": "PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Kenya, and Tanzania just to its south, have already been victims of al-Qaeda terrorism, with the bombings at the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam in 1998 and attacks on a hotel and an Israeli airliner in Kenya in 2002. The attacks emanated from neighboring Somalia, which has had no effective central government since 1992 and has a growing Islamic fundamentalist movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773579597473145, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Despite a disastrous and short-lived invasion of Ethiopia in 1977 and political anarchy since 1992, Somali nationalists and Islamic fundamentalists still advocate this Greater Somalia. An ethnic-Somali insurgency continues in eastern Ethiopia, led by the Ogaden Liberation Front, a small group that mostly uses pipe bombs or small-scale attacks to advance their cause.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.566816329956055, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "\"The comfort zone is to look at Somalia as being far away and hope that the problem will resolve itself somehow,\" Kenya's Minister for Foreign Affairs Raphael Tuju recently told the U.N. General Assembly. But a Somalia with no government in place \"is a danger not just to neighboring countries but to the whole world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944483757019043, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The African Union, a continentwide diplomatic bloc, has also authorized the deployment of 8,000 Ugandan and Sudanese peacekeepers to protect the government and stabilize Somalia. But with Aweys and other Islamic leaders vehemently opposed, and no rich country ready to pay the bills, the mission has not moved beyond the planning stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.368073463439941, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "The Islamic militants' sudden ascendancy and popularity have shaken the region, and the ripples have reached the United States and Europe. The United States urgently formed the International Contact Group for Somalia in July to deal with the sudden rise of Islamic militancy and to politically support the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95368766784668, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Mario Raffaelli, Italy's special envoy to the former Italian colony, said he believes the struggle between the transitional government and the Islamic Courts Union for control of Somalia could ignite a regional war, drawing in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya and possibly even Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.395075798034668, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer has accused Aweys of sheltering al-Qaeda suspects believed to be responsible for the bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. U.S. diplomats also fear al-Qaeda operatives will persuade Aweys to turn Somalia into a haven for international terrorists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21623420715332, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "\"Somalia has been a collapsed state since 1991,\" said Rotberg, an expert on the Horn. \"It obviously opens up some territory for al-Qaeda to meddle.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.458791732788086, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Fatima Mohamud, a 34-year-old housewife, said she welcomed the peace the Islamic militias have brought to the capital, but as a follower of Somalia's moderate Sufi form of Islam, she is not comfortable with the Courts Union's fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347640037536621, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Leaders of neighboring countries fear that if an Islamic regime is successful in Somalia, fundamentalist clerics in other parts of the Horn will emulate them. The United States has decided to take a soft-sell approach to convincing the millions of Muslims in the region not to join the radicals and instead embrace democracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.508899688720703, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "At the strategic point where the Red Sea opens into the Indian Ocean, a territory once known as French Somalia became the independent and stable country of Djibouti in 1977. The nation of 486,000 people has close ties to the West and hosts the French Foreign Legion's 13th Demi-brigade and a U.S. counterterrorism force known as the Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6154729723930359, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Officials say they have military liaisons in all the countries except Somalia and Eritrea and carry out humanitarian missions on a regular basis. U.S. troops have also helped train border forces in Djibouti and Ethiopia as well as maritime forces in Kenya to build up those countries' ability to protect their borders with Somalia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846343994140625, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." }, { "answer": "Somalia", "passage": "Those tasks may also be beyond the capabilities of the Islamic fundamentalists. Just three months after taking power, Somalia's Islamic Courts Union has not produced the prosperity and political freedom the people of Mogadishu expected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330880165100098, "source": "search", "title": "Horn of Africa could become major front for anti-terrorism ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea on the north, Liberia in the south-east, and the Atlantic Ocean in the south-west. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. Sierra Leone has a total area of 71740 km2 and an estimated population of 6 million (2011 United Nations estimate). Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area, which are subdivided into fourteen districts. Freetown is the capital, largest city and its economic and political centre. Bo is the second largest city. The other major cities are Kenema, Makeni, and Koidu Town.", "precise_score": 6.273495197296143, "rough_score": 8.05579948425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 km of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lying Guinean mangroves swamp. The national capital Freetown sits on a coastal peninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour, the world's third largest natural harbour.", "precise_score": 5.818266868591309, "rough_score": 6.748201847076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Sierra Leone also designates units of government called localities. To broaden representative government, each has a directly elected local district council to exercise authority and carry out functions at a local level. There are 13 district councils, one for each of the 12 districts and one for the Western Area Rural. Six municipalities also have elected local councils: Freetown, Bo, Bonthe, Kenema, Koidu, and Makeni.", "precise_score": -0.2692326009273529, "rough_score": 4.122602462768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The currency is the leone. The central bank is the Bank of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone operates a floating exchange rate system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange bureaux and most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linked automated teller machines that accept Visa cards in Freetown operated by ProCredit Bank.", "precise_score": 1.944989800453186, "rough_score": 3.4209859371185303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The Western Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, Koinadugu, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km.", "precise_score": 4.183626651763916, "rough_score": 3.8403403759002686, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The largest mosque in Sierra Leone is the Freetown Central Mosque, located in the capital Freetown. Sitting Sierra Leonean Heads of State, regardless of their religions, have traditionally made occasional visits to the Freetown Central Mosque, especially during Friday jummah prayer.[http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive2&num", "precise_score": 4.246077537536621, "rough_score": 6.33908748626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Capital of Sierra Leone", "passage": "Sierra Leone is home to about sixteen ethnic groups, each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 35%, and the Mende at about 31%. The Temne predominate in the Northern Sierra Leone and the areas around the capital of Sierra Leone. The Mende predominate in South-Eastern Sierra Leone (with the exception of Kono District).", "precise_score": 4.328268051147461, "rough_score": 6.281405448913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and political centre. The city proper had a population of 951,000 at the 2014 census. ", "precise_score": 8.280062675476074, "rough_score": 7.749081611633301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "As the capital of Sierra Leone, Freetown is the seat of the Government of Sierra Leone, as the city is home to the State House, the House of Parliament, and the Supreme Court.", "precise_score": 8.525647163391113, "rough_score": 8.928175926208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Sierra Leone's House of Parliament and the State House, the principal workplace of the president of Sierra Leone, are on Tower Hill in central Freetown. The National Stadium, the home stadium of the Sierra Leone national football team (popularly known as the Leone Stars) is in the Brookfield neighborhood.", "precise_score": 3.0814449787139893, "rough_score": 2.6094257831573486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown is the economic and financial centre of Sierra Leone. The country's state television and radio station, the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation, is primarily based in Freetown. They have regional headquarters in the country's other primary cities of Bo, Kailahun, Kenema, Koidu Town, Magburaka and Makeni. The other national broadcasters, such as Capital Radio, are also based in Freetown. Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters' home offices in Freetown as well as the majority of international companies.", "precise_score": 4.496258735656738, "rough_score": 3.435926914215088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Capital Radio is a Sierra Leone radio station based at the Mammy Yoko Business Park in Aberdeen, Freetown.", "precise_score": 4.528043270111084, "rough_score": 8.651968955993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capital Radio Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Capital of Sierra Leone", "passage": "Capital of Sierra Leone - List of Capitals", "precise_score": 5.46126651763916, "rough_score": 8.233514785766602, "source": "search", "title": "Capital of Sierra Leone - List of Capitals" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The capital of Sierra Leone is Freetown", "precise_score": 9.321587562561035, "rough_score": 9.032416343688965, "source": "search", "title": "Capital of Sierra Leone - List of Capitals" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown, Sierra Leone is located in Sierra Leone Freetown, Sierra Leone Map of Sierra Leone showing the capital Freetown Coordinates: 8°29′4″N 13°14′4″W / 8.48444°N 13.23444°W / 8.48444; -13.23444Coordinates: 8°29′4″N 13°14′4″W / 8.48444°N 13.23444°W / 8.48444; -13.", "precise_score": 4.466000556945801, "rough_score": 7.350311279296875, "source": "search", "title": "Capital of Sierra Leone - List of Capitals" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone", "precise_score": 7.834531784057617, "rough_score": 8.27136516571045, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone", "precise_score": 7.834531784057617, "rough_score": 8.27136516571045, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com", "precise_score": 5.658202648162842, "rough_score": 7.055025100708008, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown, capital, chief port, and largest city of Sierra Leone , on the rocky Sierra Leone Peninsula, at the seaward tip of a range of wooded hills, which were named Serra Leôa (“Lion Mountains”) by the Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra when he explored the West African coast in 1462. By the 1650s the increased activity of British, French, Dutch, and Danish trading companies ended the limited degree of Portuguese control over the coastal trade. An English abolitionist , Granville Sharp , selected the site (south of the mouth of the Sierra Leone River) in 1787 as a haven for African slaves, freed and destitute in England . (They were known as the Black Poor.) In 1792 the Sierra Leone Company assumed responsibility and helped settle slaves from Nova Scotia who had fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War , the “Maroons,” runaway slaves of Jamaica, and others from captured slave ships. They were landed at King Jimmy’s Watering Place (now a bustling marketplace). Their descendants, known as Creoles, are now outnumbered by Mende and Temne immigrants from the interior. In 1821 Freetown became the seat of government for all of Great Britain’s West African possessions, a position it retained (with slight changes) until 1874. Freetown, incorporated as a municipality in 1893, became the country’s capital in 1961.", "precise_score": 5.329761505126953, "rough_score": 4.73411226272583, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "View of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": 7.680452823638916, "rough_score": 8.265425682067871, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa, has a special significance in the history of the transatlantic slave trade as the departure point for thousands of west African captives. The capital, Freetown, was founded as a home for repatriated former slaves in 1787.", "precise_score": 6.922911167144775, "rough_score": 5.893833637237549, "source": "search", "title": "Sierra Leone country profile - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Capital of Sierra Leone", "passage": "What is the Capital of Sierra Leone? - Capital-of.com", "precise_score": 6.064306259155273, "rough_score": 9.507835388183594, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Sierra Leone? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Capital of Sierra Leone", "passage": "Capital of Sierra Leone", "precise_score": 6.455551624298096, "rough_score": 9.248306274414062, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Sierra Leone? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Capital City of Sierra Leone (officially named Republic of Sierra Leone) is the city of Freetown. The population of Freetown was 6,294,774.", "precise_score": 9.420034408569336, "rough_score": 9.383773803710938, "source": "search", "title": "What is the Capital of Sierra Leone? - Capital-of.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "European contacts within Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa. In 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped the hills surrounding what is now Freetown Harbour, naming the shaped formation Serra da Leoa or \"Serra Leoa\" (Portuguese for Lioness Mountains). The Spanish rendering of this geographic formation is Sierra Leona, which later was adapted and, misspelled, became the country's current name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.491192579269409, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Following the Revolution, more than 3,000 Black Loyalists had also been settled in Nova Scotia, where they were finally granted land. They founded Birchtown, Nova Scotia, but faced harsh winters and racial discrimination from nearby Shelburne, Nova Scotia. Thomas Peters pressed British authorities for relief and more aid; together with British abolitionist John Clarkson, the Sierra Leone Company was established to relocate Black Loyalists who wanted to take their chances in West Africa. In 1792 nearly 1200 persons from Nova Scotia crossed the Atlantic to build the second (and only permanent) Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown on 11 March 1792. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotian Settlers, the Nova Scotians, or the Settlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.154490947723389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Settlers built Freetown in the styles they knew from their lives in the American South; they also continued American fashion and American manners. In addition, many continued to practice Methodism in Freetown. The initial process of society-building in Freetown, however, was a harsh struggle. The Crown did not supply enough basic supplies and provisions, and the Settlers were continually threatened by illegal slave trading and the risk of re-enslavement. In the 1790s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections. The Sierra Leone Company, controlled by London investors, refused to allow the settlers to take freehold of the land. In 1799 some of the Settlers revolted. The Crown subdued the revolt by bringing in forces of more than 500 Jamaican Maroon people, whom they transported from Trelawny Town via Nova Scotia in 1800.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353537559509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "At about the same time (following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807), British crews delivered thousands of formerly enslaved Africans to Freetown, after liberating them from illegal slave ships. These Liberated Africans or recaptives were sold for $20 a head as apprentices to the white settlers, Nova Scotian Settlers, and the Jamaican Maroons. Some of the recaptives who were not sold as apprentices were forced to join the Navy. Though this apprentice system was not slavery, many recaptives were treated poorly and even abused because some of the original settlers considered them their property. Cut off from their various homelands and traditions, the Liberated Africans were forced to assimilate to the Western styles of Settlers and Maroons. For example, some of the recaptives were forced to change their name to a more Western sounding names. Though some people happily embraced these changes because they considered it as being part of the community, some were not happy with these changes and wanted to keep their own identity. Many recaptives were so unhappy that they risked the possibility of being sold back into slavery by leaving Sierra Leone and going back to their original villages. They built a flourishing trade in flowers and beads on the West African coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.760881423950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "These returned Africans were from many areas of Africa, but principally the west coast. During the 19th century, freed black Americans, some Americo Liberian 'refugees', and particularly West Indians, also immigrated and settled in Freetown. Together these peoples created a new creole ethnicity called the Krio people (initially called Creoles) and a trading language, Krio, which became commonly used among many of the ethnicities in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375510215759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British colonial governor of the region, who also administered the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and the Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone developed as the educational centre of British West Africa. The British established Fourah Bay College here in 1827, which rapidly became a magnet for English-speaking Africans on the West Coast. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in western Sub-Saharan Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.516875267028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The British interacted mostly with the Krios in Freetown. They did most of the trading with the indigenous peoples of the interior. In addition, educated Krios held numerous positions in the colonial government, giving them status and good-paying positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510904312133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Following the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, the UK decided that it needed to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what was described by the European powers as \"effective occupation\" of territories. In 1896 it annexed these areas, declaring them the Sierra Leone Protectorate. With this change, the British began to expand their administration in the region, recruiting British citizens to posts, and pushing Krios out of positions in government and even the desirable residential areas in Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.091951847076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In 1924, the UK government divided Sierra Leone into a Colony and a Protectorate, with separate and different political systems constitutionally defined for each. The Colony was Freetown and its coastal area; the Protectorate was defined as inland areas dominated by tribal chiefs. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate in 1947, when proposals were introduced to provide for a single political system for both the Colony and the Protectorate. Most of the proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered that in the colony. The Creoles (Krios), led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, opposed the proposals, as they would have resulted in reducing the political power of the Krios in the Colony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.604755401611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In 1951, the educated protectorate leaders from across different ethnic groups, including Sir Milton Margai, Lamina Sankoh, Siaka Stevens, Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, John Karefa-Smart, Kande Bureh, Sir Albert Margai, Amadu Wurie and Sir Banja Tejan-Sie joined together united with the powerful paramount chiefs in the protectorate to form the Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP as the party of the protectorate. The SLPP leadership, led by Sir Milton Margai, negotiated with the British and the educated Krio dominated colony based in Freetown to achieve independence [http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes8.html].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.462895393371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from Great Britain and became the country's first Prime Minister. Thousands of Sierra Leoneans took to the streets in celebration. Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The leader of the main opposition All People's Congress (APC), Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed under house arrest in Freetown, along with sixteen others charged with disrupting the independence celebration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3972994089126587, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In 1967, riots broke out in Freetown against Sir Albert's policies; in response Margai declared a state of emergency across the country. Sir Albert was accused of corruption and of a policy of affirmative action in favour of his own Mende ethnic group. Although Sir Albert had the full backing of the country's security forces, he called for free and fair elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.540990829467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Within hours after taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodless military coup led by Brigadier General David Lansana, the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces. He was a close ally of Sir Albert Margai, who had appointed him to the position in 1964. Brigadier Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest in Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.29856014251709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Stevens reorganised the country's refinery, the government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, and a cement factory. He cancelled Juxon-Smith's construction of a church and mosque on the grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens began efforts that would later bridge the distance between the provinces and the city. Roads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces, and Paramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.599078178405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The army was devoted to Bangura, and it was believed in some quarters that this made him potentially dangerous to Stevens. In January 1970, Bangura was arrested and charged with conspiracy and plotting to commit a coup against the Stevens' government. After a trial that lasted a few months, Bangura was convicted and sentenced to death. On 29 March 1970, Brigadier Bangura was executed by hanging in Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515589714050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "On 23 March 1971, a group of soldiers loyal to the executed Brigadier Bangura held a mutiny in the capital Freetown and in some other parts of the country in opposition of Stevens' government. Several soldiers were arrested for their involvement in the mutiny, including Corporal Foday Sankoh who was convicted and jailed for seven years at Freetown's Pademba Road Prison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83018684387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Siaka Stevens retired from politics in November 1985 after being in power for eighteen years. The APC named a new presidential candidate to succeed Stevens at their last delegate conference held in Freetown in November 1985. He was Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh, the commander of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces and Stevens' own choice to succeed him. As head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces, Major General Momoh was very loyal to Stevens who had appointed him to the position. Like Stevens, Momoh was also a member of the minority Limba ethnic group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.965457439422607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Momoh was elected President as the only contesting candidate and was sworn in as Sierra Leone's second president on 28 November 1985 in Freetown. A one party parliamentary election between APC members was held in May 1986. President Momoh's strong links with the army and his verbal attacks on corruption earned him much needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. With the lack of new faces in the new APC cabinet under president Momoh and the return of many of the old faces from Stevens government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.098080635070801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "On 5 July 1994 the deputy NPRC leader Seargent Solomon Musu, who was very popular with the general population, particularly in Freetown, was arrested and sent into exile after he was accused of planning a coup to topple Strasser. An accusation Seargent Musa denied. Strasser replaced Musa as deputy NPRC chairman with Captain Julius Maada Bio, who was instantly promoted by Strasser to Brigadier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492688179016113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The NPRC proved to be nearly as ineffectual as the Momoh-led APC government in repelling the RUF. More and more of the country fell to RUF fighters, and by 1994 they held much of the diamond-rich Eastern Province and were at the edge of Freetown. In response, the NPRC hired several hundred mercenaries from the private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month they had driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders, and cleared the RUF from the Kono diamond producing areas of Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2505950927734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "With Strasser's two most senior NPRC allies and commanders Lieutenant Sahr Sandy and Lieutenant Solomon Musa no longer around to defend him, Strasser's leadership within the NPRC Supreme Council of State was not considered much stronger. On 16 January 1996, after about four years in power, Strasser was arrested in a palace coup at the Defence Headquarter in Freetown by his fellow NPRC soldiers Strasser was immediately flown into exile in a military helicopter to Conakry, Guinea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511213302612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "On 25 May 1997, seventeen soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). Corporal Gborie quickly went to the SLBS FM 99.9 headquarters in Freetown to announce the coup to a shocked nation and to alert all soldiers across the country to report for guard duty. The soldiers immediately released Koroma from prison and installed him as their chairman and Head of State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.727480411529541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Koroma suspended the constitution, banned demonstrations, shut down all private radio stations in the country and invited the RUF to join the new junta government, with its leader Foday Sankoh as the Vice-Chairman of the new AFRC-RUF coalition junta government. Within days, Freetown was overwhelmed by the presence of the RUF combatants who came to the city in thousands. The Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from the Mende ethnic group under the command of deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, remained loyal to President Kabbah and defended the Southern part of Sierra Leone from the soldiers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.1159086227417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "After 9 months in office, the junta was overthrown by the Nigerian-led ECOMOG forces, and the democratically elected government of president Kabbah was reinstated in February 1998. On 19 October 1998 twenty-four soldiers in the Sierra Leone army were executed after they were convicted at a court martial in Freetown, some for orchestrating the 1997 coup that overthrew President Kabbah and others for failure to reverse the mutiny. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.535469055175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Koroma was sworn in as President for his second and final term by Chief Justice Umu Hawa Tejan Jalloh at State House in Freetown; the same day he was declared the winner of the election. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.582011222839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Each one of Sierra Leone's 14 districts is headed by a district police commissioner who is the professional head of their respective district. These Police Commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Freetown. The current Inspector General of Police is Brima Acha Kamara, who was appointed to the position by former president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4824985265731812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Sierra Leone has the largest natural harbour on the African continent, allowing international shipping through the Queen Elizabeth II Quay in the Cline Town area of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. There are 800 km of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which 600 km are navigable year-round. Major port cities are Bonthe, Freetown, Sherbro Island and Pepel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7271813750267029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "There are ten regional airports in Sierra Leone, and one international airport. The Lungi International Airport located in the coastal town of Lungi in Northern Sierra Leone is the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. Passengers cross the river to Aberdeen Heliports in Freetown by hovercraft, ferry or a helicopter. Helicopters are also available from the airport to other major cities in the country. The airport has paved runways longer than 3,047m. The other airports have unpaved runways, and seven have runways 914 to 1,523 metres long; the remaining two have shorter runways.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2660958766937256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "531&printer=1][http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200523683.shtml]. The chief imam of the Freetown Central Mosque is Sheikh Ahmad Tejan Sillah, a prominent Muslim cleric, who is also the spiritual leader of the Sierra Leonean Shia muslim community.The United Council of Imams, is the highest ranking Islamic religious organisation in Sierra Leone, and is made up of imams across Sierra Leone. The president of the United Council of Imam is Shekh Alhaji Yayah Deen Kamara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.061936378479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Non-denominational Christians form a significant minority of Sierra Leone's Christian population. Catholics are the largest group of non-Protestant Christians in Sierra Leone, and they form about 8% of Sierra Leone's population; and 26 percent of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. The Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons are the two most prominent non Trinitarian Christians in Sierra Leone, and they form a small but significant minority of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. A small community of Orthodox Christians resides in the capital Freetown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4162572622299194, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The small but significant Krio people (descendants of freed African American, West Indian and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of Freetown and its surrounding Western Area. Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated - they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years of development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04497241973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciacy and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. They continue to be influential in the civil service. The vast majority of Krios are Christians, though with a significant Muslim minority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.447488307952881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Kissi live further inland in South-Eastern Sierra Leone. They predominate in the large town of Koindu and its surrounding areas in Kailahun District. The vast majority of Kissi are Christians. The much smaller Vai and Kru peoples are primarily found in Kailahun and Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Kroubay neighbourhood in the capital Freetown. The Vai are largely Muslim, while the Kru are largely Christian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5500666499137878, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "A small number of Sierra Leoneans are of partial or full Lebanese ancestry, descendants of traders who first came to the nation in the 19th century. They are locally known as Sierra Leonean-Lebanese. The Sierra Leonean-Lebanese community are primarily traders and they mostly live in middle-class households in the urban areas, primarily in Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.27088335156440735, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "With a new decentralisation policy, embodied in the Local Government Act of 2004, responsibility for water supply in areas outside the capital was passed from the central government to local councils. In Freetown the Guma Valley Water Company remains in charge of water supply.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11877727508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Print media is not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Freetown and other major cities, partially due to the low levels of literacy in the country. In 2007 there were 15 daily newspapers in the country, as well as those published weekly. Among newspaper readership, young people are likely to read newspapers weekly and older people daily. The majority of newspapers are privately run and are often critical of the government. The standard of print journalism tends to be low owing to lack of training, and people trust the information published in newspapers less than that found on the radio. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.736330032348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission were restructured in 2008 and it was decided that the UN Radio would be merged with SLBS to form the new Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). This merger eventually happened in 2011 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio on FM and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. FM relays of BBC World Service (in Freetown, Bo, Kenema and Makeni), Radio France Internationale (Freetown only) and Voice of America (Freetown only) are also broadcast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4191460609436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are two free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other a private station in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the Standard Times newspaper. There are a number of religious funded TV stations that operate intermittently. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were not profitable. In 2007, a pay-per-view service was also introduced by GTV as part of a pan-African television service in addition to the nine-year-old sub-Saharan Digital satellite television service (DStv) originating from Multichoice Africa in South Africa. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of pay-per-view television in the country. A number of organisations are competing for the rights to operate digital TV services, with Multichoice's Go TV having built infrastructure ahead of getting a license.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9911578297615051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Internet access in Sierra Leone has been sparse but is on the increase, especially since the introduction of 3G cellular phone services across the country. There are several main internet service providers (ISPs) operating in the country. Freetown has internet cafes and other businesses offering internet access. Problems experienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2757205963134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Sierra Leone National Premier League is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by the Sierra Leone Football Association. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs are East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool have an intense rivalry and when they play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs often clash with each other before and after the game. There is a huge police presence inside and outside the national stadium during a match between the two great rivals to prevent a clash. Many Sierra Leonean youth follow the local football league.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1470582485198975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The population of Freetown is ethnically, culturally, and religiously diverse, primarily among Muslims and Christians. The city is home to a significant population of virtually all of the Sierra Leone's ethnic groups, with no single ethnic group forming a majority of the city's population. As in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language is Freetown's primary language of communication and is by far the most widely spoken language in the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.13763427734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The city of Freetown was founded on March 11, 1792 by Lieutenant John Clarkson and African American ex-slaves and free people called the Nova Scotian Settlers, who were transported to Sierra Leone by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792. Freetown is the oldest capital to be founded by African Americans, having been founded thirty years before Monrovia, Liberia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.015115085989236832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The city of Freetown is locally governed by a directly elected city council municipality, known as the Freetown City Council, headed by a mayor. The current mayor of Freetown is Franklyn Bode Gibson, of the APC, who was elected mayor with 68.25% of the votes, in the 2012 Freetown municipal mayoral election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245888710021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The City of Freetown is divided into three municipal regions; the East End, Central, and the West End. The East End is both the most populous, and the most densely populous of the three regions within Freetown. The East End is home to the country's harbor. Central Freetown is home to the State House, the House of Parliament, the Supreme Court, the National Stadium, Bank of Sierra Leone, and the historic Cotton Tree. The West of Freetown is the least populous of the three regions within Freetown. The West End is home to the country 's Lumley Beach, Fourah Bay College, and the State Lodge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.662485122680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Disputes soon broke out. King Tom's successor, King Jimmy, burnt the settlement to the ground in 1789. Alexander Falconbridge was sent to Sierra Leone in 1791 to collect the remaining Black Poor settlers, and they re-established Granville Town around the area now known as Cline Town, Sierra Leone near Fourah Bay. These 1787 settlers did not formally establish Freetown, even though the bicentennial of Freetown was celebrated in 1987. But formally, Freetown was founded in 1792.Shaw, Rosalind, Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Reconstructed by Mohamed Sheriff, Memphis, Tennessee, University of Chicago Press (2002), p. 37.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.859066486358643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541865348815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Tired of the harsh weather and racial discrimination in Nova Scotia, more than 1,100 former American slaves chose to go to Sierra Leone. They sailed in 15 ships and arrived in St. George Bay between February 26 – March 9, 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, and Lieutenant Clarkson was among those taken ill during the voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson and some of the Nova Scotian 'captains' \"dispatched on shore to clear or make roadway for their landing\". The Nova Scotians were to build Freetown on the former site of the first Granville Town, where jungle had taken over since its destruction in 1789. Its surviving Old Settlers had relocated to Fourah Bay in 1791.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.495934963226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "At Freetown, the women remained in the ships while the men worked to clear the land. Lt. Clarkson told the men to clear the land until they reached a large cotton tree. After the work had been done and the land cleared, all the Nova Scotians, men and women, disembarked and marched towards the thick forest and to the cotton tree, and their preachers (all African Americans) began singing \"Awake and Sing Of Moses and the Lamb.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530550956726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Free Town", "passage": "In March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, prayed and preached a sermon under the large Cotton Tree, and Reverend David George, from South Carolina, preached the first recorded Baptist service in Africa. The land was dedicated and christened 'Free Town,' as ordered by the Sierra Leone Company Directors. This was the first thanksgiving service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.913115978240967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "John Clarkson was sworn in as first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts were erected before the rainy season. The Sierra Leone Company surveyors and the settlers built Freetown on the American grid pattern, with parallel streets and wide roads, with the largest being Water Street. On August 24, 1792, the Black Poor or Old Settlers of the second Granville Town were incorporated into the new Sierra Leone Colony, but remained at Granville Town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1290924549102783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown survived being pillaged by the French in 1794, and was rebuilt by the settlers. By 1798, Freetown had between 300–400 houses with architecture resembling that of the United States – stone foundations with wooden superstructures. Eventually this style of housing, built by the Nova Scotians, would be the model for the 'bod oses' of their Creole descendants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537174224853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In 1800, the Black migrants from Nova Scotians rebelled. The British authorities used the arrival of 500 Jamaican Maroons to suppress the insurrection. Thirty-four Nova Scotians were banished and sent to either the Sherbro or a penal colony at Gore. Some of the Nova Scotians were eventually allowed back into Freetown. After the Maroons captured the Nova Scotian rebels, they were granted their land. Eventually the Maroons had their own district at Maroon Town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266266822814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown as a Crown Colony (1808–1961) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513023376464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Indigenous Africans attacked the colony in 1801 and were repulsed. The British eventually took control of Freetown, making it a Crown Colony in 1808. This act accompanied expansion that led to the creation of Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6383867263793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "From 1808 to 1874, the city served as the capital of British West Africa. It also served as the base for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, which was charged with enforcing the ban on the slave trade. When the squadron liberated slaves on trading ships, they brought most to Sierra Leone, and Freetown in particular. The grew to include descendants of many different peoples from all over the west coast of Africa. The British also situated three of their Mixed Commission Courts in Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.801692247390747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The liberated Africans established the suburbs of Freetown Peninsula. They were the largest group of immigrants to make up the Creole people of Freetown. The city expanded rapidly. The freed slaves were joined by West Indian and African soldiers, who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars and settled here afterward. Descendants of the freed slaves who settled in Sierra Leone between 1787 and 1792, are called the Creoles. The Creoles play a leading role in the city, although they are a minority of the overall Sierra Leone population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.170230388641357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "During World War II, Britain maintained a naval base at Freetown. The base was a staging post for Allied traffic in the South Atlantic and the assembly point for SL convoys to Britain. An RAF base was maintained at nearby Lungi airfield.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512979507446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The city of Freetown is one of Sierra Leone's six municipalities and is governed by a directly elected city council, headed by a mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor is responsible for the general management of the city. The mayor and members of the Freetown Municipality are elected directly by the residents of Freetown in every four years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3324527740478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The government of the Freetown Municipality has been dominated by All People's Congress (APC) since 2004. The APC won the city's mayorship and majority seats in the Freetown city council in both 2004 and 2008 local elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456778526306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In November 2011, Freetown Mayor Herbert George-Williams was removed from office and replaced by council member Alhaji Gibril Kanu as acting mayor. Mayor Herbert George-Williams and eight others, including the Chief Administrator of the Freetown city council Bowenson Fredrick Philips; and the Freetown city council Treasurer Sylvester Momoh Konnehi, were arrested and indicted by the Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission on twenty-five counts on graft charges, ranging with conspiracy to commit corruption and misappropriation of public funds[http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7AS0AR20111129]. Mayor Herbert George-Williams was acquitted of seventeen of the nineteen charges against him. He was convicted of two less serious charges by the Freetown High Court judge Jon Bosco Katutsi and sentenced to pay a fine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.404561996459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Acting Mayor Kanu lost the APC nomination for the mayor of Freetown in the 2012 Mayoral elections by 56 votes; council member Sam Franklyn Bode Gibson won 106 in a landslide victory ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.586858749389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "In the national presidential and Parliamentary elections, Freetown is similar to swing states in American politics. As the city is so ethnically diverse, no single ethnic group forms a majority of the population of the city. Traditionally, the APC and the SLPP, two of the country's major political parties, have about equal support in the city. In the 2007 Sierra Leone Presidential election, the APC candidate and then main opposition leader, Ernest Bai Koroma, won just over 60% of the votes in the Western Area Urban District, including the city of Freetown, where almost the entire District population reside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0165252685546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown shares border with the Atlantic Ocean and the Western Area Rural District. Freetown municipality is politically divided into three regions: East End, Central and West End of Freetown. The wards in the East End of Freetown (East I, East II, and East III) contain the city's largest population centre and generally the poorest part of the city. The Queen Elizabeth II Quay is located within East End.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321233749389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The two central wards (Central I and Central II) make up Central Freetown, which includes Downtown Freetown and the central business district (Central II). Most of the tallest and most important national government building and foreign embassies are based in Central Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382038116455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The three westernmost wards (West I, West II, and West III) of the city constitute the West End of Freetown. These wards are relatively affluent. Most of the city's luxury hotels, a number of casinos, and the Lumley Beach are in the west end of the city. The west end neighbourhood of Hill Station is home to the State Lodge, the official residence of the president of Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.324002742767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown has an abundance of historical landmarks connected to its founding by African-Americans, liberated African slaves, and West Indians. The Cotton Tree represents the christening of Freetown in March 1792. In downtown Freetown is the Connaught Hospital, the first hospital constructed in West Africa that incorporated Western medical practices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398223876953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Nearby is \"King's Gate\", built in stone with a statement inscribed which reads \"any slave who passes through this gate is declared a free man\", and it was this gate through which liberated Africans passed. Down by the Naval Wharf are slave steps carved out of stone. Before Freetown was established, this was where the Portuguese slave traders transported Africans as slaves to ships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487163543701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827. The university played a key role in Sierra Leone’s colonial history. The college’s first student, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, went on to be named as the first indigenous Bishop of West Africa. National Railway Museum has a coach car built for the state visit of Elizabeth II in 1961. The Big Market on Wallace Johnson Street is the showcase for local artisans’ work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.089360237121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The Freetown peninsula is ringed by long stretches of white sand. Lumley Beach, on the western side of the peninsula, is a popular location for local parties and festivals. Freetown is the seat of St John's Maroon Church (built around 1820), St. George Cathedral (completed in 1828), and Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s). Also in Freetown are assorted beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum featuring the Ruiter Stone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.099215507507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The city is served by the Lungi International Airport, located in the city of Lungi, across the river estuary from Freetown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302691459655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Like the rest of Sierra Leone, Freetown has a tropical climate with a rainy season from May through to October; the balance of the year represents the dry season. The beginning and end of the rainy season is marked by strong thunderstorms. Under the Köppen climate classification, Freetown has a tropical monsoon climate primarily due to the heavy amount of precipitation it receives during the rainy season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.836306571960449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown's high humidity is somewhat relieved November through to February by the famous Harmattan, a wind blowing from the Sahara Desert affording Freetown its coolest period of the year. Temperature extremes recorded in Freetown are from 17 C to 41 C all year. The average annual temperature is around 27 C}}.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57420539855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freetown" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Facts about Freetown", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.573037147521973, "source": "search", "title": "Capital of Sierra Leone - List of Capitals" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "For many visitors, Freetown feels more welcoming than other large cities in West Africa, perhaps due to its beautiful setting and welcoming population. The heart of the town is filled with historical sights and vibrant markets, the atmosphere is frenzied but friendly, and reminders of the recent violence are quickly fading, replaced by beach bars, innovative museums and bustling marketplaces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381775856018066, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The principal landmark in Freetown is a 500-year old tree known to locals simply as “The Cotton Tree.” Visit at dusk to watch thousands of bats scramble out of the branches, then come again in the morning to see them return as the sun rises.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479561805725098, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "The beaches of Freetown are unspoilt and beautiful. Lumley Beach is the most popular, facing the Atlantic and surrounded by hotels, shops, restaurants, cafes and bars. The white sand is usually packed with both tourists and locals, but the crowds give it a festive feel. Other beaches worth visiting include the rocky Lakka Beach, former mining area Hamilton Beach, peaceful Sussex Beach, the No. 2 River Beach and Kent Beach. The historical sights at Kent Beach are worth an afternoon of exploration, including the offices where slaves were registered before being shipped to the West. Other sights in the area include the walls of the colonial settlement and Siaka Stevens, a colonial residence that has been transformed into a museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309828758239746, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Just off the coast of Freetown lies Bunce Island, where countless captured slaves began their forced journeys to Georgia, the Carolinas and Florida. The ruins are large but overrun with vegetation, and there is little guidance for tourists upon arrival. Still, the sight is worth a visit thanks to its historical richness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473093032836914, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Other sights in Freetown popular with visitors include the Parliament Building, the lovely Aberdeen neighborhood, Fourah Bay College, the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Charlotte Falls, the Cape Sierra Leone Lighthouse and the Hill Station Club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.668042182922363, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Geographical Location", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.58304500579834, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown is located in the western area of Sierra Leone facing the Atlantic Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.985720157623291, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Language", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.603937149047852, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "English is the official language of Sierra Leone and an English-based Creole is most common within Freetown. Mende is the principal language spoken in the south while Temne is the principal vernacular in the north.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.48390007019043, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Predominant Religion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.590341567993164, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Currency", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.590266227722168, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Climate", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.602245330810547, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown has a tropical climate with hot weather throughout the year. The rainy season occurs from May until October with frequent and strong thunderstorms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593503952026367, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown Main Attractions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.582930564880371, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown, capital city of Sierra Leone" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown’s excellent natural harbour (an important World War II naval base) has deepwater docking facilities at the Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Its exports include palm oil and kernels, cocoa, coffee, ginger, and kola nuts. The city is the country’s commercial and transportation centre; industrial enterprises are limited and include diamond cutting, confectionary, paint and shoe enterprises, rice milling, and fish packing. Construction of the Guma Dam has solved Freeport’s longtime water problem and provided more electrical power. Hastings Airfield (10 miles [16 km] southeast) handles domestic flights; the international airport at Lungi is across the Sierra Leone River .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.716296195983887, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Freetown, Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0204555988311768, "source": "search", "title": "Freetown | national capital, Sierra Leone | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "Dozens of newspapers are published in Freetown, despite low literacy levels. Most of them are privately-run and are often critical of the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533587455749512, "source": "search", "title": "Sierra Leone country profile - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "1787 - British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53877067565918, "source": "search", "title": "Sierra Leone country profile - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Freetown", "passage": "2000 - UN forces, which were in the country to help end the war, come under attack in the east of the country, and then several hundred UN troops are abducted. Rebels close in on Freetown; 800 British paratroopers sent to Freetown to evacuate British citizens and to help secure the airport for UN peacekeepers; rebel leader Foday Sankoh captured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522500038146973, "source": "search", "title": "Sierra Leone country profile - BBC News" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tanzanian", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Tanzania, United Republic of", "Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania", "Tanzania", "Tansania", "Tanzanie", "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar", "ISO 3166-1:TZ", "Republic of Tanzania", "Tanganyika and Zanzibar", "The United Republic of Tanzania", "TNZ", "Tanznia" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "iso 3166 1 tz", "tanznia", "tanzanie", "tanzania united republic of", "jamhuri ya muungano wa tanzania", "tanzania", "united republic of tanganyika and zanzibar", "tansania", "united republic of tanzania", "republic of tanzania", "tanganyika and zanzibar", "tnz", "tanzanian" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tanzania", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tanzania" }

[ { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar (; Zanjibār), is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25 - off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar) and Pemba. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site.", "precise_score": 8.298361778259277, "rough_score": 9.396221160888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar's main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the islands, together with Tanzania's Mafia Island, are sometimes called the Spice Islands (a term also associated with the Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Zanzibar is the home of the endemic Zanzibar red colobus monkey, the Zanzibar servaline genet, and the (possibly extinct) Zanzibar leopard.", "precise_score": 4.570857048034668, "rough_score": 5.989903926849365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Mafia Island, the other major island of the Zanzibar Archipelago but administered by mainland Tanzania (Tanganyka), had a total population of 40,801. ", "precise_score": 5.650376319885254, "rough_score": 5.852119445800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar is one of the Indian Ocean islands. It is situated on the Swahili Coast, adjacent to Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania).", "precise_score": 6.885691165924072, "rough_score": 6.968021392822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "So Zanzibar is in East Africa.  But it’s not a country, it’s an island that’s part of Tanzania.  Well kind of.  It’s actually considered a “semi-autonomous region” of Tanzania.  And it’s actually not just an island, it’s an archipelago of many islands.  And there are really just two bigger islands, and it’s just one, called Unguja, that people care about.  Unguja is also known as Zanzibar, and it’s home to Zanzibar’s capital, Zanzibar City.  And within Zanzibar City, is Stone Town – which isn’t really a town at all, but really just a part of Zanzibar City. Because all of this is so confusing, here’s a diagram.", "precise_score": 7.5544562339782715, "rough_score": 8.184922218322754, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Zanzibar? - Style Hi Club" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous archipelago off the coast of Tanzania consisting of Zanzibar Island (locally, Unguja), Pemba Island and many smaller islands. Zanzibar island itself is approximately 90km long and 40km wide.", "precise_score": 7.075990676879883, "rough_score": 8.778789520263672, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Destination Tanzania, formerly known as Tanganyika. In 1964, Tanganyika united with the Island of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania, the largest of the East African countries and sadly one of the poorest countries in the world.", "precise_score": 4.606195449829102, "rough_score": 5.7792840003967285, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Africa / Tanzania / Zanzibar Island / Overview", "precise_score": 5.286662578582764, "rough_score": 5.118488788604736, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Island | tanzania | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Lying off Tanzania's coast, the Zanzibar Archipelago consists of over 50 islands, most of which have a long history and a rich cultural mix. The best known island here is Zanzibar (or 'Unguja Island', as it is more properly known). It is an integral part of Tanzania – even though it often seems separate, and this website treats it separately!", "precise_score": 7.610910415649414, "rough_score": 7.1902666091918945, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Island | tanzania | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar, an Indian Ocean archipelago located off the eastern coastline of Tanzania, contains three large islands and a number of smaller ones.", "precise_score": 5.976278305053711, "rough_score": 7.287787914276123, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Map and Map of the Zanzibar Archipelago ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Although part of the country of Tanzania, Zanzibar still elects its own President and House of Representatives, and they deal with internal matters.", "precise_score": 6.574552536010742, "rough_score": 5.488748550415039, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Map and Map of the Zanzibar Archipelago ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com", "precise_score": 4.741194725036621, "rough_score": 3.927901029586792, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar, Swahili Unguja, island in the Indian Ocean, lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. In 1964 Zanzibar , together with Pemba Island and some other smaller islands, joined with Tanganyika on the mainland to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Area 600 square miles (1,554 square km). Pop. (2007 est.) 713,000.", "precise_score": 6.467672824859619, "rough_score": 7.604518413543701, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Equally magical, although not part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, is the Mafia Archipelago . More remote, and quieter, than many places on Zanzibar, Mafia Island offers some superb diving and snorkelling in its own marine park, served by just a few small lodges. And new on the Tanzania beach holiday scene is Fanjove Island , an ideal spot to wind down after a safari in southern Tanzania.", "precise_score": 4.931344985961914, "rough_score": 6.840021133422852, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar beach holidays for 2016 | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK had never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full self-government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy under the Sultan. However, just a month later, on 12 January 1964 Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was deposed during the Zanzibar Revolution. The Sultan fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland Tanganyika. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed, blending the two names, as the United Republic of Tanzania, within which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.34888869524002075, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibaris speak Swahili (Kiswahili), a Bantu language that is extensively spoken in the African Great Lakes region. Alongside English, Swahili is one of the two official languages of Tanzania. Many local residents also speak French and/or Italian. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9851245880126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "As a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, Zanzibar has its own government, known as the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. It is made up of the Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2901132106781006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The House of Representatives has a similar composition to the National Assembly of Tanzania. 50 members are elected directly from electoral constituencies to serve five-year terms; 10 members are appointed by the President of Zanzibar; 15 special seats are for women members of political parties that have representation in the House of Representatives; 6 members serve ex officio, including all regional commissioners and the attorney general. Five of these 81 members are then elected to represent Zanzibar in the National Assembly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.751225471496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Concerning the independence and sovereignty of Zanzibar, Tanzania Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda said on 3 July 2008 that there was \"nothing like the sovereignty of Zanzibar in the Union Government unless the Constitution is changed in future\". Zanzibar House of Representatives members from both the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, and the opposition party, Civic United Front, disagreed and stood firmly in recognizing Zanzibar as a fully autonomous state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.27146485447883606, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The northern tip of Unguja island is located at 5.72 degrees south, 39.30 degrees east, with the southernmost point at 6.48 degrees south, 39.51 degrees east. The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel, which at its narrowest point is across. The island is about 85 km long and 39 km wide, with an area of 1464 km2. Unguja is mainly low lying, with its highest point being 120 m. Unguja is characterised by beautiful sandy beaches with fringing coral reefs. The reefs are rich in marine biodiversity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17676830291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The northern tip of Pemba island is located at 4.87 degrees south, 39.68 degrees east, and the southernmost point is located at 5.47 degrees south, 39.72 degrees east. The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel some 56 km wide. The island is about 67 km long and 23 km wide, with an area of 985 km2. Pemba is also mainly low lying, with its highest point being 95 m. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.119643211364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Despite a relatively high standard of primary health care and education, infant mortality in Zanzibar is 54 out of 1,000 live births, which is 10.0 percent lower than the rate in mainland Tanzania. The child mortality rate in Zanzibar is 73 out of 1,000 live births, which is 21.5 percent lower than the rate in mainland Tanzania. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.597047805786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The clove, originating from the Moluccan Islands (today in Indonesia), was introduced in Zanzibar by the Omani sultans in the first half of the 19th century. Zanzibar, mainly Pemba Island, was once the world's leading clove producer, but annual clove sales have plummeted by 80 percent since the 1970s. Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports. Zanzibar now ranks a distant third with Indonesia supplying 75 percent of the world's cloves compared to Zanzibar's 7 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.035187005996704, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The Government of Zanzibar legalized foreign exchange bureaux on the islands before mainland Tanzania moved to do so. The effect was to increase the availability of consumer commodities. The government has also established a free port area, which provides the following benefits: contribution to economic diversification by providing a window for free trade as well as stimulating the establishment of support services; administration of a regime that imports, exports, and warehouses general merchandise; adequate storage facilities and other infrastructure to cater for effective operation of trade; and creation of an efficient management system for effective re-exportation of goods. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.647823452949524, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "There is also a possibility of oil availability in Zanzibar on the island of Pemba, and efforts have been made by the Tanzanian Government and Zanzibar revolutionary Government to exploit what could be one of the most significant discoveries in recent memory. Oil would help boost the economy of Zanzibar, but there have been disagreements about dividends between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar, the latter claiming the oil should be excluded in Union matters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11681529879570007, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Unguja (Zanzibar Island) gets most of its electric power from mainland Tanzania through a 39-kilometer, 100-megawatt submarine cable from Ras Kiromoni (near Dar es Salaam) to Ras Fumba on Unguja. The laying of the cable was begun on 10 October 2012 by the Viscas Corporation of Japan and was funded by a US$28.1 million grant from the United States through the Millennium Challenge Corporation. The cable became operational on 13 April 2013. The previous 45-megawatt cable, which was seldom-maintained, was completed by Norway in 1980. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5714385509490967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Since May 2010, Pemba Island has had a 75-kilometer, 25-megawatt, subsea electrical link directly to mainland Tanzania. The cable project was financed through a 45 million euro grant from Norway and contributions of 8 million euros from the Zanzibar government and 4 million euros from the Tanzanian national government. The project ended years of dependence on unreliable and erratic diesel generation subject to frequent power cuts. Only about 20 percent of the cable's capacity was being used in January 2011, so it is anticipated that the cable will meet the island's needs for 20 to 25 years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5972344875335693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "From 21 May to 19 June 2008, Unguja suffered a major failure of its electricity system, which left the island without electrical service and mostly dependent on diesel generators. The failure originated in mainland Tanzania. Another blackout happened from 10 December 2009 to 23 March 2010, caused by a problem with the submarine cable that formerly supplied electricity from mainland Tanzania. This led to a serious shock to Unguja's fragile economy, which is heavily dependent on foreign tourism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.075813293457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The MV Skagit, which also began its final journey at the port of Dar es Salaam, capsized in rough seas near Chumbe island on 18 July 2012. The ferry had 447 passengers, with 81 dead, 212 missing and presumed drowned, and 154 rescued. The ferry left port despite warnings from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency for ships not to attempt the crossing from Dar es Salaam to Unguja island because of the rough seas. A presidential commission reported in October 2012 that overloading was the cause of the disaster. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.524102210998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Worst maritime disaster in Tanzanian history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291094779968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The MV Spice Islander I sank on 10 September 2011 after departing from Unguja island for Pemba Island. In a report to the Zanzibar House of Representatives on 14 October 2011, Zanzibar's Second Vice President, Ambassador Seif Ali Iddi, said that 2,764 people were missing, 203 bodies had been recovered, and 619 passengers were rescued. It was the worst maritime disaster in Tanzanian history. A presidential commission, however, reported three months later that 1,370 people were missing, 203 bodies had been recovered, and 941 passengers survived. Severe overloading caused the ferry to sink. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5995756387710571, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "In 1973, Zanzibar introduced the first colour television in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of longstanding opposition to television by President Julius Nyerere, the first television service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until 1994. The broadcaster in Zanzibar called Television Zanzibar (TVZ) had recently changed name to Zanzibar Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC). following an enactment of an act to make it a public corporation, monitored under the Ministry of Finance by the treasurer registrar Among the famous reporters of TVZ during the 1980s and 1990s were the late Alwiya Alawi 1961–1996 (the elder sister of Inat Alawi, famous Taarab singer during the 1980s), Neema Mussa, Sharifa Maulid, Fatma Mzee, Zaynab Ali, Ramadhan Ali, and Khamis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.059087038040161, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "In terms of landline communications, Zanzibar is served by the Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited and Zantel Tanzania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8205771446228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Almost all mobile and Internet companies serving mainland Tanzania are also available in Zanzibar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.379444122314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The primary and secondary education system in Zanzibar is slightly different from that of the Tanzanian mainland. On the mainland, education is only compulsory for the seven years of primary education, while in Zanzibar an additional three years of secondary education are compulsory and free. Students in Zanzibar score significantly less on standardized tests for reading and mathematics than students on the mainland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.249941825866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Since 1992, there has also been Judo in Zanzibar. The founder, Mr. Tsuyoshi Shimaoka established a strong team which participates in national and international competitions. In 1999, Zanzibar Judo Association (Z.J.A.) was registered and became an active member of Tanzania Olympic Committee and [http://www.intjudo.eu/MembersCurrent International Judo Federation].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8025028705596924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "File:Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey.jpg|The red colobus of Zanzibar (Procolobus kirkii), taken at Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, Tanzania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.380948305130005, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "In case you are curious, there are basically two ways to get to Zanzibar: by plane or by boat.  Coming from Dar es Salaam on mainland Tanzania, there are several unscrupulous options for both means of transportation.  I would therefore stick to Precision Air if you want to fly, or Azam Marine to go via ferry.  The flight is hilariously short, and the ferry ride is only an hour 45 minutes so you can’t go wrong either way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.868954181671143, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Zanzibar? - Style Hi Club" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "The history of Zanzibar is incredibly complex and chock full of bloody violence, slavery, a very short war and big shocker…the British. The short version is that until 1890 Zanzibar was a Sultanate which was for awhile, part of Oman and controlled much of East Africa mostly thanks to favorable trade routes (i.e. Africa-Asia slave trade).  in 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate of Britain which lasted until they became a constitutional monarchy of their own in 1963.  At this time, there was no Tanzania.  The country we know today as Tanzania was then called the Republic of Tanganyika.  A month after Zanzibar’s independence from Britain they fell into a bloody genocide called the Zanzibar Revolution  so in 1964 Zanzibar merged with mainland Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar which was soon renamed simply the United Republic of Tanzania, of which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.468454599380493, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Zanzibar? - Style Hi Club" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "As you can imagine, a group of islands off Africa in the Indian Ocean that for nearly a millennium has served as a trade center for everything from spices to slaves that used to be part of Oman, then Britain, then Tanzania with bouts of independence along the way…is a pretty diverse place.  For over a thousand years, ethnic Swahili have migrated from the mainland to the Zanzibar islands making up most of the population of just under a million.  Thanks to the trade routes centered around Zanzibar, however, there is also a strong minority population of Asians, originally from India and Arab countries.  It all makes for a pretty interesting mix of people as you wander around the streets of Stone Town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.64833664894104, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Zanzibar? - Style Hi Club" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "On Jan. 12, 1964, this arrangement was overthrown by a violent leftist revolt of the Africans led by John Okello. A republic was declared, with Abeid Karume of the ASP as its president and as head of the Revolutionary Council (the country's chief governmental body). The sultan was forced into exile, all land was nationalized, the ZNP and ZPPP were banned, and numerous Arabs were imprisoned. Subsequently, many other Arabs and some Indians left the country. Three months later Zanzibar and Tanganyika agreed to merge, and the resulting republic was renamed Tanzania in Oct., 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.21766996383667, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar retains considerable independence in internal affairs, but its foreign relations and defense are handled by the central government. Zanzibar's chief executive serves as the first vice president of Tanzania when Tanzania's president is Tanganyikan, and as second vice president when Tanzania's president is Zanzibari. In 1979 a separate constitution was approved for Zanzibar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3546816110610962, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "In 1984, Zanzibar's president, Aboud Jumbe, resigned, as the Tanzanian government appeared to be seeking greater control over Zanzibar. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, a mainland loyalist, took over as president and several secessionists were arrested. Mwinyi went on to introduce liberal reforms in Zanzibar and in the mainland and became president of Tanzania in 1986. In 1990, Dr. Salmin Amour became president of Zanzibar; he was returned to office in a 1995 vote that observers said was rigged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.529449701309204, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Karume was reelected in 2005 in an election that was criticized for some irregularites and political violence and denounced by the opposition, but it was also regarded as an improvement over previous elections. Subsequent negotiations to establish a coalition government that would include the opposition, which is especially strong on Pemba, proved unsuccessful, but in 2010 voters in a referendum approved the formation of proportionally based power-sharing coalition governments. A 2006 court challenge by Zanzibari activists to the legality of the 1964 Act of Union that formed Tanzania was dismissed by the High Court of Zanzibar. Ali Mohamed Shein, the ruling party candidate, was narrowly elected president in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.236607551574707, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "No visa is required for stays of less than 3 months for citizens of South Africa , Namibia]], Romania , Rwanda , Hong Kong , Malaysia and all commonwealth member states (except the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , Bangladesh , New Zealand , Nigeria , India & South Africa ). A Tourist Visa costs US$50 for a three-month single entry or US$100 for a three-month double entry visa. The visa can be obtained upon arrival. You can pay cash or with credit card. Fill in the form already on the plane. A yellow fever certificate is no more required acccording to the latest WHO regulations. Holders of a US passport can only obtain a USD100 multiple-entry visa due to a policy of reciprocity by Tanzania (which can be purchased on arrival). US travellers departing from the US can pay USD20 for a rush service from the Tanzanian embassy, which takes three working days. The website of Tanzania's Embassy in the US gives the current requirements. Visas may also be obtained from any of Tanzania's diplomatic mission abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348762512207031, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Passport. Although Zanzibar is part of the Union it maintains its own immigration service and you need to have a valid passport to enter, even if you come from mainland Tanzania. This farcically means you must fill out a Tanzania arrival card for your arrival in Stone Town, and a Tanzania departure card when you leave.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.009297643788158894, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar currency is the Tanzanian shilling (TZS), which was being exchanged at a rate of around €1 = TZS2084 or USD1 = TZS1650 in October 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.799736499786377, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "At the beach resorts, US dollars or euros are accepted but at a bad exchange rate. Best is to exchange some euro or dollars in Stone Town (best rates are given for 50 and 100 notes). ATMs are only in Stone Town where one can draw Tanzanian shillings against credit cards. There are NO ATMs outside Stone Town, not even at tourist centres like Nungwi! Credit cards are only accepted by the larger hotels and a few stores in Stone Town. Travellers cheques are not accepted in Zanzibar. There is an ATM at the Zanzibar Airport, however, it is mostly out of service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.971428871154785, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Botanic Country Resort, Tunguu central region, 14km from the Stone Town towards the East Coast behind the new Tanzanian Houses of Parliament. Taarab Square and Kipepeo Grill and Pub/Beer Garden with discotheque on weekends, live music on public holidays including outdoor cinema and live sports events on giant screens. Beautiful Gardens, food is from traditional Swahili & Zanzibarian dishes to International Cuisine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.466331958770752, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Tanzania - Country Profile - Nations Online Project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12829303741455, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Flag of Tanzania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44612979888916, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Location map of Tanzania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454818725585938, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Tanzania is located east of Africa's Great Lakes north of Mozambique and south of Kenya , it has a coastline at the Indian Ocean in east. The nation is bordered by six other African countries: Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Malawi , Rwanda , Uganda , and Zambia , it also shares maritime borders with the Comoros and the Seychelles . It has shorelines at three of the Great Lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa (Lake Malawi).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.336055755615234, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Tanzania has a population of 50.1 million people, capital is Dodoma , largest city, chief port, major economic and transportation hub and de facto capital is Dar es Salaam . Spoken languages are Swahili and English (both official), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.277225494384766, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "United Republic of Tanzania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110960006713867, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.094542384147644, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Area : Tanzania mainland: 945 000 km² (378 000 sq. mi.); Zanzibar: 1,658 km² (640 sq. mi.).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4824821949005127, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Nationality: Tanzanian(s); Zanzibari(s).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7612326145172119, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Currency: Tanzanian Shilling (TZS)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434365272521973, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Official Sites of Tanzania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42828369140625, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Official Online Gateway of the United Republic of Tanzania with information abut the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717412948608398, "source": "search", "title": "Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania - Zanzibar ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar Island | tanzania | Expert Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5522899627685547, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Island | tanzania | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar, known locally as Unguja, is off Tanzania's coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.19776679575443268, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Island | tanzania | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Once under British control, it gained independence in 1963, and one year later it merged with the former African state of Tanganyika, forming Tanzania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373588562011719, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar Map and Map of the Zanzibar Archipelago ..." }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Zanzibar (Tanzania)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.244091272354126, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Tanzania: Zanzibar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7116826772689819, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "In 1963 the sultanate regained its independence, becoming a member of the British Commonwealth. In January 1964 a revolt by leftists overthrew the sultanate and established a republic. The revolution marked the overthrow of the island’s long-established Arab ruling class by the Africans, who were the majority of the population. In April the presidents of Zanzibar and Tanganyika signed an act of union of their two countries, creating what later in the year was named Tanzania .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2106050252914429, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar | island, Tanzania | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "For those in search of a remote island getaway, Tanzania has two other gems: Mafia Island , a long-time favourite of diving aficionados, and the newly accessible hideaway of Fanjove .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.969375610351562, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar beach holidays for 2016 | Expert Africa" }, { "answer": "Tanzania", "passage": "Although Zanzibar receives a trickle of holiday visitors all year round, most come between June and February, outside of the main rainy season, when Zanzibar’s weather is at its best. This can link in perfectly with a safari in Tanzania , which shares the same weather pattern.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.391915321350098, "source": "search", "title": "Zanzibar beach holidays for 2016 | Expert Africa" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate of economic growth increased, averaging 5% in 2005. Some countries experienced still higher growth rates, notably Angola, Sudan and Equatorial Guinea, all of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their oil extraction capacity. The continent is believed to hold 90% of the world's cobalt, 90% of its platinum, 50% of its gold, 98% of its chromium, 70% of its tantalite, 64% of its manganese and one-third of its uranium. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has 70% of the world's coltan, a mineral used in the production of tantalum capacitors for electronic devices such as cell phones. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world's diamond reserves. Guinea is the world's largest exporter of bauxite. As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture, it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels. In fact, the food security crisis of 2008 which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis has pushed back 100 million people into food insecurity. ", "precise_score": 0.9717958569526672, "rough_score": -3.486921548843384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "The Republic of the Sudan is the third largest nation, with 1,861,484 square kilometers in area. Sudan is located in northeastern Africa, and its capital is located in Khartoum. The population of Sudan is about 67 million.", "precise_score": 1.7513591051101685, "rough_score": 5.060019493103027, "source": "search", "title": "Map of Top Ten Largest African Countries by Area" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54) individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco. Note that South Sudan is the continent's newest country.", "precise_score": 6.327262878417969, "rough_score": 7.210737228393555, "source": "search", "title": "Africa Map / Map of Africa - Facts, Geography, History of ..." }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "By the ninth century AD, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Ghana declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.921947479248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (1464–1492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and the western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Jenne in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. His successor Askia Mohammad I (1493–1528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought to Gao Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship. By the eleventh century, some Hausa states – such as Kano, jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir – had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of goods. Until the fifteenth century, these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era, paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028387069702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "In the late 19th century, the European imperial powers engaged in a major territorial scramble and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial territories, and leaving only two fully independent states: Ethiopia (known to Europeans as \"Abyssinia\"), and Liberia. Egypt and Sudan were never formally incorporated into any European colonial empire; however, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.898702621459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Political associations such as the African Union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries. Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Côte d'Ivoire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.604321479797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger–Congo family) are the majority in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu-speaking peoples from The Sahel progressively expanded over most of Sub-Saharan Africa. But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa, the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan (\"San\" or \"Bushmen\") and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also \"San\", closely related to, but distinct from \"Hottentots\") have long been present. The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.629985809326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians in the northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century AD introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic Phoenicians (who founded Carthage) and Hyksos, the Indo-Iranian Alans, the Indo- European Greeks, Romans, and Vandals settled in North Africa as well. Significant Berber communities remain within Morocco and Algeria in the 21st century, while, to a lesser extent, Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya. The Berber-speaking Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small but near-extinct Berber community in the north and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the south, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominate, it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo-Saharan, such as the Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, who, over the centuries, have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1117353439331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "* The Nilo-Saharan language family consists of more than a hundred languages spoken by 30 million people. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by ethnic groups in Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, and northern Tanzania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.590948104858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Africa" }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Meanwhile, the Egyptians continued to spread their culture across Northern Africa, and kingdoms were created in Ethiopia and Sudan. The then-growing Roman Empire continued to expand its influence, and in 30 BC Egypt became a province of Rome; Morocco the same in 42 AD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68222427368164, "source": "search", "title": "Africa Map / Map of Africa - Facts, Geography, History of ..." }, { "answer": "Sudan", "passage": "Nile River System: The Nile is a north-flowing river considered the longest river in the world at 6,650 km (4,130 mi) long. It is shared by and benefits eleven countries. The White Nile and Blue Nile are its major tributaries. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, flowing north from Tanzania to South Sudan . The Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and both rivers join near Khartoum, Sudan The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt. The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.32090950012207, "source": "search", "title": "Africa Map / Map of Africa - Facts, Geography, History of ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bourkina-Fasso", "Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi", "Burkina Fasso", "Burkina", "Bourkina Faso", "Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi", "Burkinabè", "Berkina faso", "ISO 3166-1:BF", "Burkina faso", "Faso", "Burkina Fasoan", "Bourkina Fasso", "Burkinafaso", "Burkino Faso", "Burkina-Faso", "Burkina Faso", "Burkina Fatso" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "iso 3166 1 bf", "burkina fasoan", "burkina fatso", "burkina fasso", "burkina faso", "bourkina fasso", "burkino faso", "bourkina faso", "burkina", "maximes thoughts and riddles of mossi", "burkinafaso", "faso", "burkinabè", "maximes pensées et devinettes mossi", "berkina faso" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "burkino faso", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Burkino Faso" }

[ { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Benin ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming. ", "precise_score": 5.424095153808594, "rough_score": 7.139014720916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Niger ( or; ), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest country in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of 17,138,707 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the country. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far-southwest corner of Niger.", "precise_score": 6.47737455368042, "rough_score": 8.160714149475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east.", "precise_score": 6.617093563079834, "rough_score": 6.6849870681762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ivory Coast.", "precise_score": 8.555456161499023, "rough_score": 9.118409156799316, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state. With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south.", "precise_score": 7.424618244171143, "rough_score": 7.589517116546631, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bordered by Niger in the east, Benin in the southeast, Togo and Ghana and Ivory Coast in the south, and in the west and north by Mali .", "precise_score": 7.970658302307129, "rough_score": 9.008463859558105, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Travel Guide and Country Information" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Political Map of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon - Atlapedia® Online", "precise_score": 2.6497979164123535, "rough_score": 7.035595893859863, "source": "search", "title": "Political Map of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania ..." }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bound by Mali to the north and west, Niger to the northeast and east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south and the Ivory Coast to the southwest....", "precise_score": 6.068072319030762, "rough_score": 7.555034637451172, "source": "search", "title": "Political Map of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania ..." }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "There are 16 countries that make up West Africa. They are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.", "precise_score": 6.596391677856445, "rough_score": 7.588386535644531, "source": "search", "title": "List of Countries in West Africa | eHow" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The Republic of the Ivory Coast, on the south coast of the western bulge of Africa, is bordered to the north by Mali and Burkina Faso , to the east by Ghana , to the south the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by Liberia and Guinea .", "precise_score": 8.366965293884277, "rough_score": 7.545681953430176, "source": "search", "title": "Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) Guide - Africa Guide" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Benin, a narrow, north–south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south is about 650 km. Although the coastline measures 121 km the country measures about 325 km at its widest point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.254700660705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Benin has fields of lying fallow, mangroves, and remnants of large sacred forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrubs and dotted with huge baobab trees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin the Reserve du W du Niger and Pendjari National Park attract tourists eager to see elephants, lions, antelopes, hippos, and monkeys.[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6761.htm \"Background Note: Benin\"]. U.S. Department of State (June 2008). Pendjari National Park together with the bordering Parks Arli and W in Burkina Faso and Niger are among the most important strongholds for the endangered West African lion. With an estimated 356 (range: 246–466) lions, W-Arli-Pendjari harbours the largest remaining population of lions in West Africa. Historically Benin has served as habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus; however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8677505850791931, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Cotonou has the country's only seaport and international airport. A new port is currently under construction between Cotonou and Porto Novo. Benin is connected by two-lane asphalted roads to its neighboring countries (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria). Mobile telephone service is available across the country through various operators. ADSL connections are available in some areas. Benin is connected to the Internet by way of satellite connections (since 1998) and a single submarine cable SAT-3/WASC (since 2001), keeping the price of data extremely high. Relief is expected with initiation of the Africa Coast to Europe cable in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3839349746704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Benin northwards to Niger, and through that country to Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west. Rail transport in Benin consists of 578 km of single track, railway. Benin does not, at this time, share railway links with adjacent countries – Niger possesses no railways to connect to, and while the other surrounding countries, Nigeria, Togo and Burkina Faso, do have railway networks, no connections have been built. In 2006, an Indian proposal appeared, which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.656774997711182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a sovereign unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km, Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. The word Ghana means \"Warrior King\" in the Soninke language. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.008386611938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states. The Mole-Dagombas came on horse-backs from present day Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa. With their advanced weapons and the presence of a central authority they easily invaded and occupied the lands of the local people ruled by the Tendamba (land god priests), established themselves as rulers over them and made Gambaga their capital. The death of Naa Gbewaa caused civil war among his children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba and Wala. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.534566879272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "In 2010, the Ghana Immigration Service reported that there was a large number of economic migrants and Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana 14.6% (or 3.1 million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the \"Ghana Aliens Compliance Order\" (GACO) enacted by the Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia; Government of Ghana with BGU (Border Guard Unit) deported over 3 million aliens and illegal immigrants in 3 months as they made up 20% of the inhabiting population at the time. In 2013, there was a mass deportation of illegal miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6454765200614929, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Ivory Coast, officially named the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (, ; ,), is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, and its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. Its bordering countries are Guinea and Liberia in the west, Burkina Faso and Mali in the north, and Ghana in the east. The Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) is located south of Ivory Coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.2215495109558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "By the end of the 1880s, France had established what came through for control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893, Ivory Coast was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger was appointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.22128963470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. Some of the native population resisted French penetration and settlement. Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The French responded to Samori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure. French campaigns against Samori Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.844375610351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court, due to his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.818023681640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Ivory Coast is a country of western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes 2° and 9°W. Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land, Arable land taking up 9.1%, permanent pasture with 41.5%, and permanent crops occupying 14.2%. Water pollution is amongst one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.676909923553467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4 million) consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.36426952481269836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivory Coast" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The Songhai Empire was an empire bearing the name of its main ethnic group, Songhai or Sonrai, and located in western Africa on the bend of the Niger River in present-day Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. In the 7th century, Songhai tribes settled down north of modern-day Niamey and founded the Songhai city-states of Koukia and Gao. By the 11th century, Gao had become the capital of the Songhai Empire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.11113166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5697 km. The longest border is with Nigeria to the south (1497 km). This is followed by Chad to the east, at 1175 km, Algeria to the north-northwest (956 km), and Mali at 821 km. Niger also has small borders in its far southwest with Burkina Faso at 628 km and Benin at 266 km and to the north-northeast Libya at 354 km.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.273386001586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The southern parts of Niger are naturally dominated savannahs. The W National Park, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and Benin, belongs to one of the most important areas for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–Arli–Pendjari) Complex. It has the most important population of the rare West African lion and one of the last populations of the Northwest African cheetah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.953976035118103, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "It is a charter member of the African Union and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions of Mali and Burkina Faso under the Liptako-Gourma Authority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.382972002029419, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "In addition to uranium, exploitable deposits of gold are known to exist in Niger in the region between the Niger River and the border with Burkina Faso. In 2004, the first Nigerien gold ingot was produced from the Samira Hill Gold Mine, in Tera Department. The Samira Hill Gold Mine thus became the first commercial gold production in the country. The reserves at the location were estimated at 10,073,626 tons at an average grade of per ton from which will be recovered over a six-year mine life. Other gold deposits are believed to be in nearby areas known as the \"Samira Horizon\", which is located between Gotheye and Ouallam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.402286529541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Niger" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria. It lies between latitudes 10° and 25°N, and longitudes 13°W and 5°E. Mali is bordered by Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire to the south, Guinea to the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.656362056732178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mali" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.302153587341309, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "History of Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.49701976776123, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Originally inhabited by hunter-gatherer tribes as far back as 14,000 BC, Burkina Faso's early indigenous people included the Bura civilization. Later, the land was occupied by the Dogon ethnic group in the 15th century, followed by the Mossi Kingdoms, including the Ouagadougou and the Yatenga, by the 16th century. The Mossi Kingdoms had control of the region, holding off the Muslim conquest, when the first Europeans arrived at the end of the 19th century. The first to reach Burkina Faso were the French, who were met with resistance. Despite their defenses, the region became part of French West Africa as the French Upper Volta in 1919, which was divided into two colonies in 1932.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.07297134399414, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The Upper Volta joined French West Africa on its own in 1947, soon becoming an autonomous republic of France in 1958. Upper Volta gained independence in 1960, but a military coup led to over two decades of unrest and conflict, with alternating civilian and military rule. The National Council for the Revolution was formed in 1983, and became the dominant power. Upper Volta became Burkina Faso in 1984, with Thomas Sankara, the leader of the National Council, as its leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.670747756958008, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "During a 1987 military coup, Sankara was assassinated and replaced by Blaise Compaore, as part of the Popular Front. In 1991, Burkina Faso adopted a new constitution, which was amended in 2000. President Compaore was elected for his fourth consecutive term in 2010. The 2011 Burkina Faso uprising saw unrest and military mutiny, and the country has had conflict with nearby Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.67172908782959, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, situated in the Sahel region between the Sahara Desert and the Sudanian Savanna. Much of the country is located on a plateau, though there are low hills, and the highest point in Burkina Faso is Tena Kourou, which stands 749 meters (2,457 feet) above sea level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4832406044006348, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The three main rivers that traverse Burkina Faso, Black Volta, White Volta, and Red Volta, lent the country its original name, Upper Volta. These rivers are also known as Mouhoun, Nakambe, and Nazinon, respectively. The Black Volta, along with the Komoe River are the two year-round rivers in the country. There are also several tributaries to the Niger that flow through Burkina Faso, including the Gorouol and the Goudebo. Significant lakes in Burkina Faso are Tingrela, Bam, and Dem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.253615379333496, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso is a fairly undeveloped country in terms of tourism, though there are several important natural attractions, including game reserves like Arli National Park and Nazinga, which are home to a variety of wild animals such as lions, hippos, and elephants. Along the border with Niger and Benin is W National Park, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and home to many species, including cheetahs, leopards, and warthogs, as well as 350 types of birds, which are frequently viewed on safaris. Another UNESCO Site is at the Ruins of Loropeni, outside of Gaoua, which is the location of ancient ruins of an early civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.586267948150635, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The main international airport in Burkina Faso is Ouagadougou Airport in the capital, which offers service from France, Belgium, Turkey, and several destinations around Africa, including Ethiopia, Niger, Algeria, and Ivory Coast. Another main way to enter the Burkina Faso is via train from Ivory Coast, which takes one to two days. The other way to travel to Burkina Faso is via bus from Ivory Coast, Niger, Ghana, Mali, or Benin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.19307804107666, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Getting around Burkina Faso by bus is the best option for domestic transport, with decent roads between the cities. Car and taxi are a less desirable choice, but are still an option. Taxis are typically green and can be quite costly, and they may be shared with other passengers. Train service is available between the capital and Bobo, Banfora, and Abidjan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597495079040527, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso - World Map" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.694387435913086, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea. It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6690447330474854, "source": "search", "title": "Africa - Encyclopedia of the Nations" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso Travel Guide and Country Information", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.747086524963379, "source": "search", "title": "Burkina Faso Travel Guide and Country Information" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.694387435913086, "source": "search", "title": "Political Map of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania ..." }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Located in sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa is defined by a series of elongated countries that border the Atlantic Ocean, with an exception of Burkina Faso. The countries are small in area compared to the other parts of Africa. Western Africa makes up the largest population cluster in sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the population lives in the southern coastal area, along the Atlantic, a result of European trading that led to economic development beginning in the 1200s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.415460109710693, "source": "search", "title": "West Africa - University of Nebraska Omaha" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "The population distribution is coastal corresponding to the major economic regions. The southern half of the region is home to the majority of the people. Total population of the area is 210 million. Nigeria is the largest country with 123.3 million. The next most populous country is Ghana with 19.5 million people.  Smaller countries include Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7138659954071045, "source": "search", "title": "West Africa - University of Nebraska Omaha" }, { "answer": "Burkina", "passage": "Burkina Faso, formally known as Upper Volta, is the only country that does not have an Atlantic border. Burkina Faso is known to have rich deposits of manganese, gold, copper, and iron ore. There is little water supply in this country so irrigation is not possible. Only about 10 percent of the land is cultivated, and 37 percent is pasture. There is a large rural population in Burkina Faso. The population is 11.9 million. The country has many types of wild animals; elephants, hippopotamuses, and crocodiles are the most commonly seen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.332536697387695, "source": "search", "title": "West Africa - University of Nebraska Omaha" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela", "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "Winnie Mandela", "Nomzano Zaniewe", "Winnie Nomzamo Mandela", "Nomzamo Winnie Mandela", "Mandela, Winnie", "Winnie Madikizela Mandela", "Winnie Madikizela", "Winnifred Mandela" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "winnie mandela", "nomzamo winifred zanyiwe madikizela", "nomzamo winnie mandela", "winnifred mandela", "winnie madikizela mandela", "mandela winnie", "winnie nomzamo mandela", "nomzano zaniewe", "winnie madikizela" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "winnie mandela", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Winnie Mandela" }

[ { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. In 1992 she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu-Baker Asvat, a family friend who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted but before he had been killed. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. She was said to have paid the equivalent of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. ", "precise_score": 5.583311080932617, "rough_score": 5.308815956115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes", "precise_score": 0.281276673078537, "rough_score": 0.455460786819458, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison", "precise_score": 0.7003675699234009, "rough_score": 0.8358767032623291, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "JOHANNESBURG, South Africa — Winnie Mandela was sentenced Tuesday to six years in prison by a judge who said she misused her leadership position and showed \"not the slightest remorse\" for her role in abducting four young black men who were later brutally beaten at her home.", "precise_score": 2.4814436435699463, "rough_score": 5.717352390289307, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Judge Stegmann concluded the three-month trial Tuesday by ordering Winnie Mandela to serve consecutive prison terms of five years for her conviction on four counts of kidnaping and one year for her conviction on four counts of being an accessory to assault after the fact.", "precise_score": -0.8051201105117798, "rough_score": -2.4777615070343018, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, was a teenage African National Congress (ANC) activist from Parys in South Africa. He was kidnapped and murdered on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the Mandela United football club.", "precise_score": -1.3368912935256958, "rough_score": -3.6916043758392334, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "passage": "Further tarnishing her reputation were accusations by her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela ordered kidnapping and murder. On 29 December 1988, Richardson, coach of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) -- which acted as Mrs. Mandela's personal security detail -- abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Moeketsi ) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn. Mrs. Mandela claimed that she had the youth taken to her home because she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them. The four were beaten in order to get them to admit to sex with the reverend and Seipei was also accused of being an informer. Seipei's body was found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. This incident became a cause célèbre for the apartheid government. In 1991, she was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault in connection with the death of Seipei. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. ", "precise_score": 2.1449596881866455, "rough_score": 1.5850621461868286, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": " In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal.", "precise_score": 0.9129135608673096, "rough_score": 1.5762391090393066, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "James Seipei (1974–1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the Mandela United football club. Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.583105087280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer and after the 4 boys were kidnapped they were pleading and saying that Stompie isn't a police informer. Jerry Richardson, one of the members of Winnie Mandela's Football Club, was carrying a samurai-like sword before he closed the door and screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered at the age of 14. His body was found on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on 6 January 1989, and recovered by the police. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was convicted of the murder. He claimed that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.019245624542236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Involvement of Winnie Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558396339416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "This incident became a cause célèbre for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt a heavy blow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44226360321045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \"ridiculous\" and claimed that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \"mental patient\" and his allegations against her were \"hallucinations\". The Commission found that the abduction had been carried out on Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \"initiated and participated in the assaults\". However, with regard to the actual murder the Commission found Mandela only \"negligent\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.354041576385498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stompie Moeketsi" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Several hundred African National Congress supporters, surrounded by blue-uniformed policemen, turned out to greet Mandela, who is the ANC's social welfare director. A few carried placards reading: \"No Justice Under an Unjust Government\" and \"Stop Harassing Our Mother, Winnie Mandela.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231815338134766, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela, appearing confident, blamed her troubles on the media, which have thoroughly reported the allegations against her for nearly two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76840591430664, "source": "search", "title": "Winnie Mandela Is Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison - latimes" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Moeketsi was kidnapped on 29 December 1988 after a school rally, accused of being a police informer and murdered at the age of 14. His body was found in Soweto with his throat slit. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was convicted of the murder. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.603980541229248, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Involvement of Winnie Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558396339416504, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born Nomzamo Winfreda Madikizelza; 26 September 1936) is a South AfricanAfrican National Congress Women's League. She is currently a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Although still married to Nelson Mandela at the time of his becoming president of South Africa in May 1994, she was never the first lady of South Africa, as the couple had separated two years earlier after it was revealed that Winnie had been unfaithful during Nelson's incarceration. Their divorce was finalized on 19 March 1996, with an unspecified out-of-court settlement. Winnie Mandela's attempt to obtain a settlement up to US$5 million, half of what she claimed her ex-husband was worth, was dismissed when she failed to appear at court for a financial settlement hearing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.432398796081543, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "In the context of the global struggle for the release of political prisoners in our country, our movement took a deliberate decision to profile Nelson Mandela as the representative personality of these prisoners, and therefore to use his personal political biography, including the persecution of his then wife, Winnie Mandela, dramatically to present to the world and the South African community the brutality of the apartheid system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168073654174805, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Madikizela Mandela", "passage": "The final report of the South African Truth and Reconciliation commission, issued in 1998, found \"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the MUFC.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340518951416016, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "In June 2007, the Canadian High Commission in South Africa declined to grant Winnie Mandela a visa to travel to Toronto, Canada, where she was scheduled to attend a gala fundraising concert organised by arts organization MusicaNoir, which included the world premiere of The Passion of Winnie, an opera based on her life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486451148986816, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "On 14 March 2010 a statement was issued on behalf of Winnie Mandela claiming that the interview was a \"fabrication\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52548599243164, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "My husband had been reluctant to come here but then he had followed his instinct and it had brought us to the Soweto door of the mystifying Winnie Mandela, a much celebrated and reviled woman of our times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279598236083984, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes? by BBC News , January 25, 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213810920715332, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Stompie Seipei was a child activist and member of the infamous Mandela Football Club established by Winnie Mandela as a front for the political mobilisation of township youths to stand against apartheid. Jerry Richardson abducted Seipei and three other boys near the Methodist Church (Manse), Soweto and took him to Winnie Mandela’s home. Richardson alleged that Winnie Mandela initiated the torture of Seipei, who was sjamboked and bounced on the floor by Richardson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05164623260498, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Seipei was allegedly tortured and killed for sexual misconduct with a Methodist reverend Paul Verryn who was accused by some of the boys for having homosexual practices with young boys. Winnie Mandela also accused Seipei for being a police informer, a charge that carried a death penalty in terms of township mob justice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.00907564163208, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela denied any involvement in the death of Stompie Seipei and accused Richardson for lying. However, the judge implicated Winnie Mandela in Stompie Seipei’s death by ruling that she was present when Stompie Seipei was tortured. The death of Seipei continued to haunt Winnie Mandela until some closure was reached when Winnie Mandela accepted, before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, some responsibility for the death of Seipei. Winnie Mandela had already apologised to Seipei’s mother for the loss of her son, but maintained her innocence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.174464225769043, "source": "search", "title": "What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela still represents black power for the poor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566123962402344, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela remains one of the most important and controversial figures in South Africa. She is the ANC's most high-profile advocate of the poor. She travels tirelessly through the most impoverished areas and forcefully demands change.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386104583740234, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Ms Mandela has proved she is a force to be reckoned with. After the 2 June elections, in which she is certain to win a seat, the party must decide if it believes Winnie Mandela can once again be a political asset.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401604652404785, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Rise and fall of Winnie Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498311996459961, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "It is clear that Winnie Mandela has been a huge embarrassment to the party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542896270751953, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "In this election, Winnie Mandela has worked hard to keep her supporters, as well as a very low profile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482914924621582, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "\"Winnie Mandela is a very good self-publicist. She knows a photo opportunity,\" says David Coetzee of Southscan, a southern African newsletter based in London. \"But throughout the campaign she has chosen not to make any deeply controversial or high-profile campaign statements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491840362548828, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "\"Thabo Mbeki is too smart to have Winnie Mandela in any position of real power in his government,\" he told BBC News. \"He recognises that the opposition and elements of the business community would point incessantly to the presence of Winnie Mandela when expressing any dissatisfaction about the level of investment in the country.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509479522705078, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 05/99 | South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "passage": "WINNIE MADIKIZELA-MANDELA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559905052185059, "source": "search", "title": "MANDELA: An Audio History" }, { "answer": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was Nelson Mandela's wife and political partner for nearly 38 years. Madikizela-Mandela was regularly banned for her political activities; in 1975, she was banished to the small Afrikaaner town of Brandfort in the Orange Free State. In the late 1980s, she became a controversial figure because of her involvement with the Mandela United Football Club, which brutalized her neighbors and kidnapped 14-year-old Stompie Stompei. Madikizela-Mandela has been president of the ANC Women's League and was deputy minister of arts, culture, science, and technology for the ANC from 1994-1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.298397064208984, "source": "search", "title": "MANDELA: An Audio History" }, { "answer": "Winnie Mandela", "passage": "Zindziswa (Zindzi) Mandela-Hlongwane is the youngest daughter of Nelson and Winnie Mandela. She was 18 months old when her father was sent to prison, and she was 14 when she first saw him again on Robben Island. In 1985, Zindzi made headlines when she read aloud her father's response to the government's conditional release offer. The speech, known as \"My Father Says...\" in which he emphatically refused the offer, inspired a renewed mass action campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619733810424805, "source": "search", "title": "MANDELA: An Audio History" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Gweru (called Gwelo until 1982) is a city near the centre of Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 146,073 (2009), making it the fifth largest city in the nation. It became a municipality in 1914 and achieved city status in 1971. The name changed from Gwelo to Gweru in 1982.", "precise_score": 6.301786422729492, "rough_score": 4.152899265289307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line.", "precise_score": 2.2910380363464355, "rough_score": -0.34531599283218384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe ( ) (known until 1983 as Que Que ), is a city in central Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": 4.380435466766357, "rough_score": -0.6874377727508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals.", "precise_score": 2.8142592906951904, "rough_score": 0.2552584409713745, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \"isikwekwe\", which means \"scurvy\", \"mange\" or \"scab\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's frogs.", "precise_score": 3.880932331085205, "rough_score": 2.720684051513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Soccer and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's Major provincial cricket sides – Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches and has even hosted some internationals – most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city has been in the PSL a number of times. At its home stadium, Baghdad Stadium, it has hosted a number of big teams in the country, including Dynamos FC, and Highlanders FC. Golf tournaments are hosted by Kwekwe Golf club. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play -cricket", "precise_score": 1.0654017925262451, "rough_score": -0.014761071652173996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe is located in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe , and apparently owes its unusual name to the sound made by croaking frogs along the river banks, but the frogs have long since been drowned out by the hum of the growing town. ", "precise_score": 3.466248035430908, "rough_score": -1.3646398782730103, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Travel Information - zimbabwe-info.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe's town centre has some lovely colonial architecture, and one of the country's finest museums is located here.  Kwekwe is also the headquarters of Zimbabwe's Islamic Mission with a huge mosque with elaborate domes and arches dominating the main street.", "precise_score": 3.720100164413452, "rough_score": 2.7909793853759766, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Travel Information - zimbabwe-info.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe is a city found in Midlands, Zimbabwe . It is located -18.93 latitude and 29.81 longitude and it is situated at elevation 1203 meters above sea level.", "precise_score": 3.854341983795166, "rough_score": -1.9543590545654297, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe is a small mining town in the Midlands province of Zimbabwe . Que Que was the name of Kwekwe before independence. Located near the centre of the country the city is not a very far distance if you are travelling areas between Harare , Chegutu, Kadoma, Gokwe and Bulawayo. Accommodation in the form of lodges, hotels, guest houses, bed and breakfast, backpackers, motels, rest camp and caravan camping sites makes it the ideal place for those travelling via the city.The town has a small number of recreational parks and tourist attractions worth mentioning.", "precise_score": 4.712003231048584, "rough_score": 4.074856281280518, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Town Travel Information - zimguide.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The national regulator, Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe, Potraz, is holding mass public awareness campaigns in Kwekwe and Gweru starting tomorrow the 18th in Kwekwe as they seek to give light to the communities on technological concepts.", "precise_score": 4.991394996643066, "rough_score": 2.9282069206237793, "source": "search", "title": "Potraz to Light up Kwekwe and Gweru From Tomorrow" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The Midlands Province of Zimbabwe includes Gweru and Kwekwe .  Gweru is the capital of the province and is the third largest city in Zimbabwe. ", "precise_score": 7.908328056335449, "rough_score": 6.311791896820068, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe - Midlands" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Industries include Zimbabwe Alloys, a chrome smelting plant, Bata Shoe Company (established in 1939), Anchor Yeast the sole manufacturer of yeast (established in 1952), Kariba Batteries, Zimglass and Zimcast . All are leading employers in Gweru. Gweru is situated in one of Zimbabwe's finest cattle rearing areas: the surrounding agricultural activity revolves around the cattle industry (both beef and dairy). Bata has its own tanning plant for cattle hides and the Cold Storage Commission CSC has an abattoir in Gweru. Flowers are also grown in the area for the export market, and Zimbabwe's largest distiller, Afdis, has extensive vineyards in Gweru for the production of wine. Mining is also prevalent: mainly chromite ore from rich deposits along the Great Dyke to the east of Gweru. The town derives its name from a former Lozwi/Rozvi chief known as Kwelu [Kalanga for pheasant]. The English could not say Kwelu and name it Gwelo. Sadly it has been named Gweru by the Karanga, a corrupted version of its original name. That the original name was Kalanga is supported by other names of surrounding areas such as Dimba Mihwa [Thorn Hill], Senga [Kalanga for carry], Mkoba [pronounced mukova Kalanga for entrance], Mambo. One of Netjasike's grandsons Malisa settled around that area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.204588413238525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo, 183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.006098747253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The urban population of Gweru is thought to be around 300,000 people, but could well be more than that as most urban Zimbabweans maintain a rural home as well. Because it falls between the Shona and Ndebele regions a sizeable percentage can speak both of the major local languages although Shona is spoken by the majority with approximately 30% speaking Ndebele.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.962706089019775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Like all other cities in Zimbabwe, Gweru is divided into high-, medium- and low-density residential areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.520019292831421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The biggest original suburb in Gweru is Mkoba: it is divided into sections. Mkoba started as a village so it still has village 1, village 2 up to village 20. It is the only suburban area in Zimbabwe to have the village suffix. Mtapa, Senga, Nehosho,Cliffton park, Mambo, Ascot and newly developed Woodlands are some of the high-density suburbs around Gweru. Southdowns, Northlea, Lundi Park, Riverside etc. are among the \"middle-class\" residential areas of Gweru.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.892845392227173, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Commercial education was not easily available to the majority of Gweru residents especially before independence. There was a surge of new colleges after 1980 when Zimbabwe gained independence and also when commercial courses became a popular requirement in industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.355815887451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "*Zimbabwe Distance Education College (Zdeco). Founded by Dr Skhanyiso Ndlovu who is now the Minister of Information for Zimbabwe. ZDECO was formed soon after independence and is now one of the country's largest adult education colleges. This college runs commercial and academic programmes including ZJC (Zimbabwe Junior Certificate), 'O' and 'A' levels and degree programmes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994413375854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "*Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.598908424377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gweru" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of 1220 m, above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964295387268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe Polytechnic is the only tertiary education institution in Kwekwe. Sable Chemicals and ZISCO Steel run apprenticeship programs with the polytechnic and with other universities in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic is now offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a mordern university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.357076644897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proprtion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions to meat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350075721740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Gold is mined in the city, the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House; a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the colonial empire builder who was closely connected with the early development of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe's former name). Kwekwe was originally a gold mining camp and is today characterised by the large mines in its vicinity producing gold, and the chrome ore and iron ore used in steelmaking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.246108531951904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Four gold deposits within the Kwekwe district have been studied. The Primrose and Globe and Phoenix gold deposits display typical features of Archean orogenic lode gold systems such as fluid inclusions with low salinity, mixed aqueous-carbonic fluids, formation temperatures between 300 and 400 °C, and a common stable isotope composition of fluid and mineral precipitates. Deposits of this type formed in the brittle-ductile crustal transition zone at 1.5 to 3.0 kbars. In contrast, gold mineralisation at Jojo and especially the Indarama gold deposits probably formed at lower temperatures ([http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/product-compint-0000518005-page.html Lancashire Steel (Private) Ltd. | Kwekwe, Zimbabwe | Company Profile, Research, News, Information, Contacts]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.248196601867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Dendairy is the second largests dairy producer in Zimbabwe which is now a major player in the manufacturing business in Kwekwe. Dendairy is the only dairy company in Zimbabwe that is able to produce UHT milk that has a shelf life of up to 1 year. Dendairy produces UHT milk, Maas(fermented) milk, youghurt, ice cream and fruit juices. Denadairy have the only Tetra Pak Plant in Zimbabwe which packs boxed UHT long life milk that has a shelf life of 1 year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.616829872131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Despite massive government intrusion, some small tourist operators maintain hunting and photographic safari licences on farms and concessions near town, where an abundance of wildlife can be seen, including Rhino, Elephant, Leopard, Lion and most big antelope (Kudu, Eland, Sable, Tsessebe etc.). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.700634002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwe Kwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.096697807312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2159228324890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kwekwe" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe Cities Map, Major Cities in Zimbabwe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293205261230469, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Cities Map , Major Cities in Zimbabwe - World Map" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe Cities Maps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47668170928955, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Cities Map , Major Cities in Zimbabwe - World Map" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe and Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe's largest steelworks, Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (ZISCO).  It also hosts the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.049431324005127, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Travel Information - zimbabwe-info.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The National Museum of Gold Mining, provides a fascinating introduction to commercial gold mining in Zimbabwe, and is well worth a visit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521414756774902, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Travel Information - zimbabwe-info.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe is host to one of Zimbabwe's main provincial cricket sides - Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has held several first class and one day matches and has even hosted some internationals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.910549640655518, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Travel Information - zimbabwe-info.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418805122375488, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Call Zimbabwe with Rebtel - Get $10 in free calls now!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.611509323120117, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Map of Zimbabwe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558572769165039, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "The Zimbabwean country code and Zimbabwe area code chart below gives you the necessary information for calling Zimbabwean cities. For international dialing instructions to Zimbabwe, use our drop down boxes at the top of this page or check out our easy-to-use country code search tool .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088407516479492, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe Cities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346785545349121, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe Area Code and Zimbabwe Country Code" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe? / Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe Located in The World? / Kwekwe Map - WorldAtlas.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.002004146575928, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.13730001449585, "source": "search", "title": "Where is Kwekwe, Zimbabwe? - WorldAtlas.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe votes: Midlands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.605863571166992, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe votes: Midlands" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe votes: Midlands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593694686889648, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe votes: Midlands" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "By 1700, I had only encountered two international observers and not a single representative of Zimbabwean non-governmental organisations who had requested to be allowed to observe the vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469009399414062, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe votes: Midlands" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Maize-meal is the main staple food in Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49050235748291, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe votes: Midlands" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Kwekwe Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel | ZIMBABWE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS|Zim News|Travel Advice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.688046932220459, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Town Travel Information - zimguide.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe’s mineral wealth is displayed at The National Mining Museum. Visitors will see a number of rare and precious minerals that are mined in Zimbabwe; gold, diamonds, emeralds and other precious metals. You will also learn how gold and other precious minerals were extracted from ground, processed and exported in ancient Zimbabwe. This is Zimbabwe’s only mining museum making Kwekwe a very special place for mining enthusiasts. Location; Globe and phoenix mine near Kwekwe town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.611728191375732, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Town Travel Information - zimguide.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Sebakwe Dam in Kwekwe offers one of the best recreational parks in Zimbabwe. What makes it very special and unique is the fact that it is yet to be discovered by a number of people. There are plenty of things to do like fishing, game viewing and water sports. Kwekwe has a number of places ideal for camping and team building exercises and Sebakwe is definitely one of them. There are beautiful lodges and a campsite that is ideal for those who want to see more and stay closer to one of the best places to visit. Sebakwe is along Mvuma road from Kwekwe. You drive for about 41 km then follow signs when you reach the area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.605409145355225, "source": "search", "title": "Kwekwe Town Travel Information - zimguide.com" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwean has been going through fast technological changes and the cities and towns outside Harare will need to be involved as well so that the naton poulls off at once.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01276683807373, "source": "search", "title": "Potraz to Light up Kwekwe and Gweru From Tomorrow" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Currently Zimbabwe is positioned amongst the the top world fastest ICT developing country and we think these sessions will go a mile to inform and update the nation as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323850631713867, "source": "search", "title": "Potraz to Light up Kwekwe and Gweru From Tomorrow" }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | ZIMBABWE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS|Zim News|Travel Advice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.363025665283203, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Located near the town centre, this place has a number of military artefacts worth seeing.It has a number of world war 2 equipment ranging from planes, tanks, guns, vehicles and uniform. The museum also displays famous war items from around the world and Zimbabwe’s past wars.This is one of the best military museums in Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321915626525879, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Also known as Nalatale, these ruins/castles are smaller versions of Great Zimbabwe Ruins . It was probably the palace of some African kings and royal associates some 4 to 500 years ago.A lot has been done to preserve the look and feel of one of Zimbabwe’s historical monuments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385848999023438, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Though smaller these ruins are similar in appearance to Great Zimbabwe and Khami Ruins. Just located outside Gweru and closer to Nalatale ruins, the Danamombe ruins are a reminder to visitors about the beautiful and unique traditional ancient African architecture. All the structures were built out of pure stone without any form of cement or motor to hold them together. Some artefacts from this place show the international relations of ancient days including trade and interaction with early European visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.331356048583984, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "This place used to offer the best gliding experiences in Zimbabwe. We are not sure about the state of the Moffat Aerodrome Gliders, we will update this space as soon as we get more details about its current situation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546299934387207, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "These are some less known ruins near the town of Gweru.They are built in the same pattern as the other well known ruins in Zimbabwe.They offer a lot on the ancient history of cities and kingdoms that existed in Zimbabwe in years gone by.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4250547885894775, "source": "search", "title": "Gweru Zimbabwe Tourism and Travel Information | Zimbabwe ..." }, { "answer": "Zimbabwe", "passage": "Zimbabwe - Midlands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53627872467041, "source": "search", "title": "Zimbabwe - Midlands" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "MARCUS GARVEY", "Marcus Garvey Moziah Jr", "Marcus Aurelius Garvey", "Marcus Garvey", "Marcus Moziah Garvey", "Marcus M. Garvey", "Marcus Mosiah Garvey", "Marcus garvey", "Marcus Garvy", "Garveyan" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "marcus garvy", "marcus m garvey", "marcus garvey moziah jr", "marcus mosiah garvey", "marcus garvey", "garveyan", "marcus aurelius garvey", "marcus moziah garvey" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "marcus garvey", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Marcus Garvey" }

[ { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Although not strictly speaking a \"Rastafari\" document, the Holy Piby, written by Robert Athlyi Rogers from Anguilla in the 1920s, is acclaimed by many Rastafarians as a formative and primary source. In 1925, a Barbadian minister by the name of Charles Frederick Goodridge brought a copy of the Holy Piby to Jamaica from Panama. Robert Athlyi Rogers founded an Afrocentric religion known as \"Athlicanism\" in the US and West Indies in the 1920s. Rogers' religious movement, the Afro-Athlican Constructive Church, saw Ethiopians (in the Biblical sense of all Black Africans) as the chosen people of God, and proclaimed Marcus Garvey, the prominent Black Nationalist, an apostle. The church preached self-reliance and self-determination for Africans.", "precise_score": 2.927366256713867, "rough_score": 6.3653998374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rastafari" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Early Rastafarians considered Selassie the living God who fulfilled a prophecy of Marcus Garvey. In the early 1900s, Garvey was an American black nationalist who tried to form a \"back to Africa movement.\" He hoped this would culminate in the establishment of an independent African country made up of Americans who have African ancestry. Garvey’s prophecy reportedly said, \"Look to Africa, where a black king shall be crowned, for the day of deliverance is near.\" 2", "precise_score": 5.458261489868164, "rough_score": 6.06188440322876, "source": "search", "title": "What is Rastafarianism? - Last Chance Ministries" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "In the early 1920's, Garvey was an influential black spokesman and founder of the \"back-to-Africa\" movement. He often spoke of the redemption of his people as coming from a future black African king (Magical Blend, June/July 1994, p. 76). On one occasion, Garvey proclaimed, \"Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black King, he shall be the Redeemer\" (The Rastafarians, p. 67). Only a few years later that prediction would be fulfilled in the person of Ethiopia's king, Haile Selassie. As Barrett has explained, \"in the pantheon of the Rastafarians, Marcus Garvey is second only to Haile Selassie\" (Ibid).", "precise_score": 6.653486728668213, "rough_score": 7.4619269371032715, "source": "search", "title": "Rasta-man.co.uk rastafarian forum rasta links and rasta info" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "West Indian religion focusing on veneration of Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie I). The movement was started in Jamaica in the 1920s by Marcus Garvey. He advocated a return to Africa in order to overcome black oppression. Followers of Rastafarianism follow a strict diet, and are forbidden various foods including pork, milk and coffee.", "precise_score": 6.047244548797607, "rough_score": 6.757428169250488, "source": "search", "title": "Rastafari Movement - Credo Reference" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back-to-Africa movement of the 1920s, initiated by Marcus Garvey. Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that, although they were financially better off, they remained at the bottom both economically and socially. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.620969295501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Back-to-Africa movement" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "* August 17 – The birthday of Marcus Garvey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377108573913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rastafari" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "The Rastafari colours of green, gold and red (sometimes also including black) are very commonly sported on the Rastafari flag, icons, badges, posters etc. The green, gold and red are the colours of the Ethiopian flag and show the loyalty Rastafari feel towards the Ethiopian state in the reign of Haile Selassie. The red, black and green were the colours used to represent Africa by the Marcus Garvey movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1275650262832642, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rastafari" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Marcus Garvey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257737159729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rastafari" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Rastas see Marcus Mosiah Garvey as a prophet, with his philosophy fundamentally shaping the movement, and with many of the early Rastas having started out as Garveyites. He is often seen as a second John the Baptist. One of the most famous prophecies attributed to him involving the coronation of Haile Selassie I was the 1927 pronouncement \"Look to Africa, for there a black king shall be crowned,\" although an associate of Garvey's, James Morris Webb, had made very similar public statements as early as 1921. Marcus Garvey promoted Black Nationalism, black separatism, and Pan-Africanism: the belief that all black people of the world should join in brotherhood and work to decolonise the continent of Africa – then still controlled by European colonial powers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8531479835510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rastafari" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Essential in the discussion of Africanist movements is the powerful influence of Marcus Garvey and his �Back to Africa� movement during the early 1900�s.� Garvey, a committed Afrocentrist, underscored the need for Blacks to interpret their own history and control their destiny in Africa.� He embraced the idea that Ethiopia was the �cradle of the black race and that its contributions to the development of civilization were paramount to the realization of racial equality for the black diaspora� (Murrell, 42).� Garvey�s thoughts played a significant role in the evolution of the Rastafarian movement.� Rastafarians allege that Garvey predicted that �whenever a Black king in Africa, our redemption is near� (Murrell, 44).�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.7305169105529785, "source": "search", "title": "Rastafarianism - Washington and Lee University" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Campbell, Horace. Rasta and resistance : from Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1987", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.11869146674871445, "source": "search", "title": "Rastafarianism - Washington and Lee University" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "BBC - History - Marcus Garvey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139140129089355, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Marcus Garvey" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Marcus Garvey, c.1920   © Garvey was a Jamaican-born black nationalist who created a 'Back to Africa' movement in the United States. He became an inspirational figure for later civil rights activists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.94339656829834, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Marcus Garvey" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Marcus Garvey was born in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica on 17 August 1887, the youngest of 11 children. He inherited a keen interest in books from his father, a mason and made full use of the extensive family library. At the age of 14 he left school and became a printer's apprentice where he led a strike for higher wages. From 1910 to 1912, Garvey travelled in South and Central America and also visited London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880946159362793, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Marcus Garvey" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "As with many other religious groups, the history of this one also begins before the group itself. Marcus Garvey, born in 1887, would direct the philosophical ideologies that would eventually grow into the Rastafarian movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6729680299758911, "source": "search", "title": "Rasta-man.co.uk rastafarian forum rasta links and rasta info" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "After the crowning of Selassie and the apparent fulfillment of the millennial expectations of Marcus Garvey, the Rastafarian movement gained a following and officially began in 1930 (The Rastafarians, p. x).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7120885848999023, "source": "search", "title": "Rasta-man.co.uk rastafarian forum rasta links and rasta info" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Ethiopianism found its greatest spokesman in Marcus Garvey, the Jamaican union leader and founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Garvey was a proponent of Pan-Africanism, the goal of which was to unite people of color against imperialism, and he launched the Back to Africa movement in the 1920s. He quoted Psalm 68 (“Princes shall come out of Egypt and Ethiopia shall stretch forth its hands unto God”) to emphasize the noble destiny of Africans and their descendants. He is also believed to have said “Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black King; he shall be the Redeemer.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.043530747294425964, "source": "search", "title": "Rastafari Movement - Credo Reference" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "Currently, the movement includes three major groups, which are known as “houses” or “mansions”: the House of Nyabinghi; the Twelve Tribes of Israel; and the Bobo Ashanti. The House of Nyahbinghi is an ascetic sect whose motto is “Death to black and white downpressors.” The Twelve Tribes of Israel, which took hold among middle-class Jamaicans in the 1970s, revere their late founder, Vernon Carrington, as a prophet. (He was known as Prophet Gad.) The group is the most doctrinaire of the three and places a strong emphasis on the Bible. It also has a stated policy of including all races. The fundamentalist Bobo (pronounced Bob-bo) Ashanti sect members wear turbans and robes, and live in a utopian community called Bobo Hill in Jamaica, where they raise money by selling handmade brooms. Charles Edwards, also known as Prince Edward Emmanuel Charles VII, founded the group in the 1950s and is seen as part of a Holy Trinity that includes Haile Selassie and Marcus Garvey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.375247955322266, "source": "search", "title": "Rastafari Movement - Credo Reference" }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "One of the early influences who paved the way for the rise of this cult was Marcus Garvey (1887-1940). Garvey, who lived in New York City, believed that the black man would never receive fair treatment in a white man’s world. He thus organized a “back-to-Africa” movement that attracted thousands of followers among the poor blacks of certain large-city urban areas. Garvey was convicted of mail fraud, spent time in prison, and finally returned to his native Jamaica in 1927.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2305097579956055, "source": "search", "title": "What Is Rastafarianism? Who Was Bob Marley? : Christian ..." }, { "answer": "Marcus Garvey", "passage": "In 1930, a man by the name of Ras Tafari Makonnen (1893-1975) was crowned as emperor of Ethiopia. He became more popularly known as Haile Selassie I (signifying, “Power of the Trinity”), a name he chose for himself. Selassie was from a dynasty that boasted of having descended from a union between King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (of which there is no biblical evidence). At his coronation, he was exalted as “King of Kings, Lord of Lords, His Imperial Majesty of the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God.” In the minds of many, Selassie was perceived as the “fulfillment” of Marcus Garvey’s earlier “prophecy.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2465009689331055, "source": "search", "title": "What Is Rastafarianism? Who Was Bob Marley? : Christian ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Republic of Togo", "BQG", "ISO 3166-1:TG", "Health care in Togo", "Health in Togo", "République Togolaise", "Togo", "Republique Togolaise", "Togolese", "Sport in Togo", "Religion in Togo", "Togolese Republic", "Administrative divisions of Togo" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "health care in togo", "religion in togo", "togo", "administrative divisions of togo", "bqg", "republique togolaise", "togolese republic", "togolese", "sport in togo", "health in togo", "iso 3166 1 tg", "republic of togo", "république togolaise" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "togo", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Togo" }

[ { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a sovereign unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km, Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. The word Ghana means \"Warrior King\" in the Soninke language. ", "precise_score": 1.3548122644424438, "rough_score": 0.5372598767280579, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming. ", "precise_score": 2.0499825477600098, "rough_score": 1.0686984062194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin, a narrow, north–south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south is about 650 km. Although the coastline measures 121 km the country measures about 325 km at its widest point.", "precise_score": 2.18031644821167, "rough_score": 0.7470743656158447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Cotonou has the country's only seaport and international airport. A new port is currently under construction between Cotonou and Porto Novo. Benin is connected by two-lane asphalted roads to its neighboring countries (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria). Mobile telephone service is available across the country through various operators. ADSL connections are available in some areas. Benin is connected to the Internet by way of satellite connections (since 1998) and a single submarine cable SAT-3/WASC (since 2001), keeping the price of data extremely high. Relief is expected with initiation of the Africa Coast to Europe cable in 2011.", "precise_score": 0.5971164703369141, "rough_score": 0.46033453941345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Benin northwards to Niger, and through that country to Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west. Rail transport in Benin consists of 578 km of single track, railway. Benin does not, at this time, share railway links with adjacent countries – Niger possesses no railways to connect to, and while the other surrounding countries, Nigeria, Togo and Burkina Faso, do have railway networks, no connections have been built. In 2006, an Indian proposal appeared, which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project.", "precise_score": 2.868208169937134, "rough_score": 3.025040626525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Recent migrations have brought other African nationals to Benin that include Nigerians, Togolese, and Malians. The foreign community also includes many Lebanese and Indians involved in trade and commerce. The personnel of the many European embassies and foreign aid missions and of nongovernmental organizations and various missionary groups account for a large part of the European population. A small part of the European population consists of Beninese citizens of French ancestry, whose ancestors ruled Benin and left after independence.", "precise_score": -0.9659016728401184, "rough_score": 0.022961128503084183, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo [1] is a narrow country in West Africa , sandwiched between Ghana on the west and Benin on the east, with a small border with Burkina Faso to the north, and a 56km coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the south.", "precise_score": 8.981821060180664, "rough_score": 9.302029609680176, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo is a charming country, but most of the charm comes from the charming people; this is a small country with a small number of small attractions. Lomé's markets, both general and voodoo, are the most popular stop in the country along the road between Ghana and Benin. The smaller towns of Togoville on Lake Togo and Aneho on the ocean are also popular stops for the former's voodoo shrines and historic sights and the latter's beaches.", "precise_score": 5.6201019287109375, "rough_score": -0.9834637641906738, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Before 1975, the West African country sandwiched between Nigeria and Togo had been called the Republic of Dahomey. That name derived from the Kingdom of Dahomey (1600-1894 CE), a once-powerful state that had dominated the coastal zone. Under the colonial regime, a larger region extending well inland was dubbed French Dahomey. The independent Republic of Dahomey followed in 1960. After a Marxist coup toppled the government in 1972, the country’s new leaders wanted a clean break from the past, and in 1975 they renamed the state the People’s Republic of Benin. After the fall of the communist government in 1990, the official name was shortened to the Republic of Benin.", "precise_score": 5.506012439727783, "rough_score": 6.123556137084961, "source": "search", "title": "Ethnic Politics and the Relocation of Ghana, Benin, and ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Two French-speaking countries, narrow strips, sandwiched between the larger states of Ghana and Nigeria, where English is spoken: Togo and Benin are very similar and were visited by Otto at the same time. Back then, in 1991, oil had not yet been discovered off the coast of these countries, and therefore very traditional structures were still to be found especially in the villages inland.", "precise_score": 7.390363693237305, "rough_score": 7.339417457580566, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo (officially the Togolese Republic) is a country in West Africa bordering Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located", "precise_score": 5.308125972747803, "rough_score": 3.2318735122680664, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo, twice the size of Maryland, is on the south coast of West Africa bordering on Ghana to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Benin to the east. The Gulf of Guinea coastline, only 32 mi long (51 km), is low and sandy", "precise_score": 3.1934306621551514, "rough_score": 1.1785014867782593, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo is an independent republic which lies on the Gulf of Guinea between Ghana and Benin and forms part of the West African Region. The capital city is Lomé. Other major towns are Atakpame, Sokode and Kara. The official language is French", "precise_score": 5.162477493286133, "rough_score": 2.5969250202178955, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin, officially Republic of Benin, French République du Bénin, formerly (until 1975) Dahomey, or (1975–90) People’s Republic of Benin, country of western Africa . It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean , on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River , which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger . Benin is bordered to the northwest by Burkina Faso , to the east by Nigeria , and to the west by Togo . The official capital is Porto-Novo , but Cotonou is Benin’s largest city, its chief port, and its de facto administrative capital. Benin was a French colony from the late 19th century until 1960.", "precise_score": 1.450716495513916, "rough_score": 0.2366671860218048, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin [1] is a country in West Africa . It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north.", "precise_score": 3.598536252975464, "rough_score": 4.376881122589111, "source": "search", "title": "Benin travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "The dusty borders between Ghana, Togo, and Benin also serve as market places, offering a range of goods from fresh fruit to plastic ukuleles. We maneuver around the mayhem, appreciating Apollo, who skillfully guides us through passport checkpoints and customs.", "precise_score": 4.431413650512695, "rough_score": -0.2094927281141281, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "* the Trust Territory of Togoland (under British administration).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.467052459716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "In 2010, the Ghana Immigration Service reported that there was a large number of economic migrants and Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana 14.6% (or 3.1 million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the \"Ghana Aliens Compliance Order\" (GACO) enacted by the Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia; Government of Ghana with BGU (Border Guard Unit) deported over 3 million aliens and illegal immigrants in 3 months as they made up 20% of the inhabiting population at the time. In 2013, there was a mass deportation of illegal miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ghana" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Then an area of flat lands dotted with rocky hills whose altitude seldom reaches 400 m extends around Nikki and Save. Finally, a range of mountains extends along the northwest border and into Togo; this is the Atacora, with the highest point, Mont Sokbaro, at 658 m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980722427368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "The majority of Benin's population lives in the south. The population is young, with a life expectancy of 59 years. About 42 African ethnic groups live in this country; these various groups settled in Benin at different times and also migrated within the country. Ethnic groups include the Yoruba in the southeast (migrated from Nigeria in the 12th century); the Dendi in the north-central area (who came from Mali in the 16th century); the Bariba and the Fula (; ) in the northeast; the Betammaribe and the Somba in the Atacora Range; the Fon in the area around Abomey in the South Central and the Mina, Xueda, and Aja (who came from Togo) on the coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.52418851852417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Benin" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122031211853027, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo is probably one of the nicest places in Western Africa. Roads are pretty good, distances small, beaches sandy and white, people friendly, hills and mountains waiting to be explored. What else do you need? The capital city, Lomé is an excellent place to start your trip. Lots of daytrips can be made to Togoville on the borders of Lake Togo or Aneho.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.70817756652832, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "In an 1884 treaty signed at Togoville, Germany declared a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. This became the German colony Togoland in 1905. After the German defeat during World War I in August 1914 at the hands of British troops (coming from the Gold Coast) and the French troops (coming from Dahomey), Togoland became two League of Nations mandates, administered by the United Kingdom and France. After World War II, these mandates became UN Trust Territories. The residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the new independent nation of Ghana, and French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.400705337524414, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo's size is just less than 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi). It has a population of more than 7 million people, which is dependent mainly on agriculture. The mild weather makes for good growing seasons. Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.804864883422852, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo gained its independence from France in 1960. In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the former leader of the country, led a successful military coup, after which he became President. Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in African history (after being president for 38 years) at the time of his death in 2005.[4] In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president. About a third of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.779217720031738, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the Ewe in the south (46%) (Although along the south coastline they account for 21% of the population), Kotokoli and Tchamba in the center, Kabyé in the north (22%). Another classification lists Uaci or Ouatchis (14%) as a separate ethnic group from the Ewe which brings the proportion of Ewe down to (32%). However, there are no historic or ethnic facts that justify the separation between Ewes and Ouatchis. On the contrary, the term Ouatchi relates to a subgroup of Ewes which migrated south during the 16th century from Notse the ancient Ewe Kingdom capital. This classification is inaccurate and has been contested for being politically biased; Mina, Mossi, and Aja (about 8%) are the remainder; and under 1% are European expatriates who live in Togo as diplomats and for economic reasons. The Ouatchis are a sub-group of the Ewe just as the Anlo in the Republic of Ghana are a subgroup of the Ewe ethnic group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.159358978271484, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "More than 60% of Togo's population is under 25. Life expectancy in Togo is somewhere between 60-65. AIDS is a big problem in the country and to this day continues to spread at a very high pace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914375305175781, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Map of Togo with regions colour-coded", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082330703735352, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "There are bush taxis everywhere. These are basically four door cars, with four people in the back, and two sharing the front. From either Accra or Benin, you can take bush taxis for $5 to Lomé. From there, you can take them out to more rural areas. You can also offer to pay for the entire car, so that you're not cramped. For this, calculate the price of six people, and then bargain down from there. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to 7 other ECOWAS nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east to Niger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9439250230789185, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Lately, the coffee growing region around Kpalimé has become popular with the errant tourist in Togo, with a good number of nice hikes, cooler weather, and pleasant views.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868698120117188, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Perhaps the most alluring part of the country is the hardest to get to—the hilly and sparsely populated north. The best known destination is Tamberma Valley —the Koutammakou UNESCO World Heritage site , to the north of Kara . The local Batammariba people (known by colonists as the Tamberma) constructed and live in unique Takienta (a.k.a. Tata) \"tower-houses\" of mud and straw, which arguably have become the Togolese national symbol. It's a surreal dreamland of a place, and easily a highlight of a trip to Togo, although it is a journey to get there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.160591125488281, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo's few parks/reserves are relatively rarely visited, but if you manage to make it out there on a safari, Fazao Mafakassa National Park in the center-west of the country is quite beautiful. This park is home to the last population of elephants in Togo (about 100 elephants). In the far north of the country is Kéran National Park . Aside from Kéran, the north also offers a ton of potential outdoor excursions, with nice hikes up mountains, out to waterfalls, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181206703186035, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Sports, especially football, are the main entertaining activity in Togo. You can watch the football (soccer) league games played in the weekends (check listings). Apart from football, there are several night clubs that can keep you awake at night, and the capital is full of them; the Chess BSBG is among the most popular. TV programs are not the best in the world, with movies and sitcoms that have been played for years. Plus, the beach offers another type of fun. Many activities and parties are organized there, with people coming from all over Lomé to enjoy the beautiful weather in the weekends. Despite those great things at the beach, you really have to choose a good spot, to avoid stepping or sitting on the unwanted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119477272033691, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "The most popular souvenirs from Togo tend to be something voodoo related, like a charm or mask. The obvious place to shop for these curios is Lomé's voodoo market, although you will be paying tourist trap-premium prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114812850952148, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Pâte is made from corn flour. The \"national\" dish of West-Africa is Fufu. In Togo, it consists of white yams pounded into a doughy consistency. You will find plenty of Fufu Restaurants in the cities as well as roadside stands. Pâte and Fufu are usually eaten with your hands and come with different sauces (from smoked fish to spicy tomato to peanut). Plantains can also be found in various forms; grilled, cooked, mashed or fried. In the season, Mangos, Avocados, Papayas, and Pineapples are for sale everywhere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.042316436767578, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Driving is difficult and dangerous in Togo, with fatalistic overloaded speed demons chancing it on curves and hills, capital streets swarming with motorcycles throughout the black of night, and worrisome accident scenes along the main roads. The hilly north-south road north of Kara is particularly dangerous. If you are skeptical, take a day trip, and marvel at all the husks of buses and trucks that weren't there on the way out! Traffic is the single biggest danger to travelers in Togo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860420227050781, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Greetings are a little more elaborate in Togo. Say hello to everyone when coming and going. Handshakes are key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844446182250977, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Lome has Internet cafes, and they are cheap. You buy time by the hour (prices range from 100 tot 500 CFA per hour), but most of the cafes feature very slow computers and internet connection speeds. You can buy calling cards along the street. It is, however, much cheaper for people in the United States to call with their calling cards to a Togo cell phone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319062232971191, "source": "search", "title": "Togo travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin / Togo -", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.981955051422119, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Typical round huts in the interior of the West African country of Benin, which lies to the east of its twin Togo on the Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7016929388046265, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Loads are carried – as in many parts of Africa – on the head. Gunther Holtorf, Christine and Otto did not stay for long in the Togolese capital Lomé by the coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.773207664489746, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Video: Benin and Togo – between tradition and modernity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7479166984558105, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Video: Benin and Togo – between tradition and modernity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7479166984558105, "source": "search", "title": "Benin / Togo" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo - List of African Countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.946054935455322, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "What is the population of Togo?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121855735778809, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "What is the currency of Togo?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128972053527832, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "What is the capital of Togo?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965429306030273, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "What languages are spoken in Togo?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155494689941406, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464966773986816, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo is bracing for even more severe flood damage in 2009, disaster relief officials in the country told IRIN. * May 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499537467956543, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo's size is just less than 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi). It has a population of more than 6,100,000 people, which is dependent mainly on agriculture. The mild weather makes for good growing seasons. Togo is a sub-tropical, sub-Saharan nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904268264770508, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the new independent nation of Ghana, and French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union. Independence came in 1960 under Sylvanus Olympio. Sylvanus Olympio was assassinated in a military coup on 13", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.570402145385742, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Lomé, the capital of Togo, is important as a city for exporting of goods. It is located in the southwestern part of the country on the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). It was the capital of the colony of German Togoland in 1897", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.420686721801758, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Eyadema, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power almost continually since 1967. In addition, Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.255404472351074, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo is often more expensive than flying to Accra in neighboring Ghana. Comfortable, air-conditioned, and reasonably priced busses leave Accra for the border at Aflao. At Aflao, travellers must walk across the border into Lome and find their own transport inside Togo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.015959739685059, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togoland German protectorate, which was occupied by British and French forces in 1914. In 1922 the League of Nations assigned eastern Togoland to France and the western portion to Britain. In 1946 the British and French governments placed the territories under UN trusteeship", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819148063659668, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "national political dialogue now in Togo, which is aimed at finding a lasting solution to past 15 years instability suffered by the Togolese, is another encouraging sign given that the “fight against impunity” is one of the key talking points on this agenda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.102766990661621, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Togo's first democratically elected president, Sylvano Olympius, was overthrown in 1963. He was shot and killed by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema while he attempted to scale the walls of the American Embassy to seek asylum. The government of Nicolas Grunitzky was overthrown in a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229669570922852, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "exotic markets and friendly people, Togo was overwhelmed by riots and human-rights abuses in the 1990s. Sadly the saga continues. When the despotic president Gnassingbé Eyadéma died in February 2005, and his son Faure Gnassingbé seized power, hundreds were killed in street", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036847114562988, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "The international time zone for Togo is GMT and the international dialling code is +228. The principal airlines which fly to the international airport at Lome are Air Afrique, Air France, SABENA and KLM as well as several regional airlines. As at January 1996 visas are", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806469917297363, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "\"Bâtir Le Togo\", in English BUILD TOGO, is a organization created by members of the various student organizations and human rights advocacy groups that shaked the dictatorship in place in Togo, in the early nineties, and that set in motion the course of democratization in the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.735119819641113, "source": "search", "title": "Togo - List of African Countries" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin received an influx of Togolese refugees following the violent aftermath of that country’s presidential election in April 2005. More than 25,000 refugees were estimated to have crossed the border; most had returned to Togo within two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.392193794250488, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "A group of Togolese refugees leaving a Roman Catholic mission in Benin after having fled Togo in …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.651597023010254, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "About 70 percent of the working population depends on agriculture. Since the mid-1980s Benin has produced yams, cassava , corn (maize), millet, beans, and rice to achieve self-sufficiency in staple foods. Among cash crops, the formerly predominant palm product output declined considerably in the 1980s, but cotton output rose. The output of karité, peanuts (groundnuts), cacao beans, and coffee also has increased. Livestock include cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, horses, and poultry. Substantial quantities of fish are caught annually in the lagoons and rivers, while coastal fishing produces a smaller, but growing, amount. Most of the fish is exported to Nigeria or Togo. Shrimp and deep-sea fishing are developing, using modern vessels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.959266662597656, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Electricity is generated thermally by plants located at Bohicon, Parakou, Cotonou, and Porto-Novo. About half of Benin’s demand for electricity is met by importing power from Ghana’s Volta River Project at Akosombo. In 1988 operations commenced at the hydroelectric installation of the Mono River Dam, a joint venture between Benin and Togo on their common southern boundary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.559170722961426, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "There are two paved, mostly two-lane, road networks. One runs parallel to the coast of the Gulf of Guinea from the Togolese border, through Cotonou and near Porto-Novo, to the Nigerian border. The other road runs north from Cotonou, near Abomey and Dassa, to Parakou in the north. Roads from Parakou to Niger’s border and from near Abomey to Burkina Faso’s border are unpaved and are barely passable in the rainy season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.090373039245605, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "There is a railroad from Cotonou to Parakou. Another railroad, parallel to the coast, does not extend to either the Togolese or the Nigerian border.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.153752326965332, "source": "search", "title": "Benin | history - geography - republic, Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Visas are not required by the following nationalities: Algeria, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hong Kong, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Taiwan, and Togo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6242884397506714, "source": "search", "title": "Benin travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Unlike before, visa on arrival at land border crossings with a possibility for an extension is not possible anymore (unless maybe when in transit in between Nigeria/Togo). A visa can be applied for in Lome before Friday and collected on Friday after 3pm. The cost is 10.000 for a 2 week single entry visa, requiring 2 pictures and maybe even proof of future onward journeys like a plane ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534083366394043, "source": "search", "title": "Benin travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "There are land crossings with all bordering countries, but due to conflict, it is only recommended to cross the two coastal borders with Togo and Nigeria .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.723837852478027, "source": "search", "title": "Benin travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "The unique and eccentric mud and clay tower-houses, known as tata, of the Somba people in the north, west of Djougou near the Togolese border, are a little-known extension into Benin of the types of dwellings used by the Batammariba people of Togo just west. Virtually all tourists to this area flock to the UNESCO-designated Koutammakou Valley across the border; the Benin side has the advantage of being even off the beaten path.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620916843414307, "source": "search", "title": "Benin travel guide - Wikitravel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.540070533752441, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.024982452392578, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Our travels take us from Ghana, through Togo, to Benin. We will miss the annual Voodoo festival held each January 10th, in Ouidah, Benin, but hope to attend a genuine ceremony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.808589220046997, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "Challenging travel in the French speaking counties of Togo and Benin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.125799655914307, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "In Togo, public transportation transforms from busses and Lorries to taxis. The economy size vehicles will not leave until seven passengers fill it. We pay an extra 500 CFA (1.00 US) to sit with only 3 in the backseat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174283027648926, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "We stop in Lome, Togo, and visit the fetish market, “Marche’ des Feticheurs,” which offers supplies for Voodoo ceremonies. Unblessed heads of monkeys, dogs, elephants, antelopes, goats and gorillas, you name it, sit on display and emit the stench of rotting flesh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773675918579102, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" }, { "answer": "Togo", "passage": "A short jaunt through Togo brings us outside the city of Possotome, Benin, next to Lake Aheme. We pass a live Voodoo ceremony near a small, mud hut village. Apollo receives permission from the elders to take photos, but we are not invited to partake in the ritual.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.558988571166992, "source": "search", "title": "Benin and Togo: The Birthplace of Voodoo - GoNOMAD Travel" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Northern Province, South Africa", "Limpopo Province", "Limpopo (South African province)", "Northern Province (South Africa)", "Limpopo", "Northern Transvaal", "Limpopo province" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "limpopo south african province", "limpopo province", "limpopo", "northern transvaal", "northern province south africa" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "limpopo", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Limpopo" }

[ { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda and other peoples. As of August 2012, according to the ZIMSAT or Zimbabwe national statistics agency, the southern part of the region had 683 893 people, with the make up of 326 697 males and ", "precise_score": 4.057090759277344, "rough_score": 5.144394874572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Matabeleland" }, { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "a region of W Zimbabwe, between the Rivers Limpopo and Zambezi, comprises three provinces, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, and Bulawayo: rich gold deposits. Chief town: Bulawayo. Area: 181 605 sq. km (70 118 sq. miles)", "precise_score": 3.4924156665802, "rough_score": 5.821719646453857, "source": "search", "title": "Matabeleland | Article about Matabeleland by The Free ..." }, { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi river used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan to the Limpopo River. The land around the pan experienced tectonic uplift (perhaps as part of the African superswell) and a large lake formed, and extended east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0117201805114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambezi" }, { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white farms under Mugabe's program resulted in a 90% loss in productivity in large-scale farming, ever higher unemployment, and hyper-inflation. White residents fled the country and strikes further crippled production, prompting ever more severe repression by the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9330034255981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Matabeleland" }, { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "Situated in Central Southern Africa, between the Limpopo and the Zambezi, Zimbabwe is landlocked, bounded by Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa and Botswana The country of Zimbabwe is 390,580 sq km and is bordered on all sides by other countries. Zambia lies to the northwest with the Zambezi river and its Victoria Falls forming the border. Mozambique lies to the northeast with its border formed by the Eastern Highlands. Botswana lies to the southwest and South Africa to the south (its border formed by the Limpopo River)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.007249943912029266, "source": "search", "title": "About Zimbabwe" }, { "answer": "Limpopo", "passage": "More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi river used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan to the Limpopo River . The land around the pan experienced tectonic uplift (perhaps as part of the African superswell ) and a large lake formed, and extended east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0117201805114746, "source": "search", "title": "Zambezi : definition of Zambezi and synonyms of Zambezi ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Appalachian", "Appalachian (disambiguation)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "appalachian", "appalachian disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "appalachian", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Appalachian" }

[ { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian Mountains ( or,There are at least eight possible pronunciations depending on three factors:", "precise_score": -8.632312774658203, "rough_score": -9.478832244873047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.", "precise_score": -8.488760948181152, "rough_score": -9.724287986755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, but became disconnected through geologic history.", "precise_score": -7.7107439041137695, "rough_score": -9.423386573791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "* Northern: The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. It includes the Long Range Mountains and Annieopsquotch Mountains on the island of Newfoundland, Chic-Choc Mountains and Notre Dame Range in Quebec and New Brunswick, scattered elevations and small ranges elsewhere in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Longfellow Mountains in Maine, the White Mountains in New Hampshire, the Green Mountains in Vermont, and The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut. The Metacomet Ridge Mountains in Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts, although contained within the Appalachian province, is a younger system and not geologically associated with the Appalachians. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians.", "precise_score": -7.8452935218811035, "rough_score": -8.386468887329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Adirondack Mountains in New York are sometimes considered part of the Appalachian chain but, geologically speaking, are a southern extension of the Laurentian Mountains of Canada.", "precise_score": -5.957320690155029, "rough_score": -7.615025043487549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.", "precise_score": -7.759979248046875, "rough_score": -8.45189094543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "A look at rocks exposed in today's Appalachian mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor, which provides strong evidence that these rocks were deformed during plate collision. The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 Ma, marks the first of several mountain-building plate collisions that culminated in the construction of the supercontinent Pangaea with the Appalachians near the center. Because North America and Africa were connected, the Appalachians formed part of the same mountain chain as the Little Atlas in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, from the North America/Europe collision (See Caledonian orogeny).", "precise_score": -8.650521278381348, "rough_score": -9.500336647033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. The mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.", "precise_score": -8.328733444213867, "rough_score": -8.919472694396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "#Whether the final -ia is the monophthong or the vowel sequence. ), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. It once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to most roads running east or west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082382202148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.212797164916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": " A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.049215316772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian,\" it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172690391540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "In U.S. dialects in the southern regions of the Appalachians, the word is pronounced, with the third syllable sounding like \"latch\". In northern parts of the mountain range, it is pronounced or; the third syllable is like \"lay\", and the fourth \"chins\" or \"shins\". There is often great debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is, with the last two syllables \"-ian\" pronounced as in the word \"Romanian\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064505577087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "* Central: The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River (Great Kanawha) running through Virginia and West Virginia. It comprises (excluding various minor groups) the Valley Ridges between the Allegheny Front of the Allegheny Plateau and the Great Appalachian Valley, the New York - New Jersey Highlands, the Taconic Mountains in New York, and a large portion of the Blue Ridge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.979903221130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "* Southern: The southern section runs from the New River onwards. It consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge (or Unaka) Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095063209533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian region is generally considered the geographical divide between the eastern seaboard of the United States and the Midwest region of the country. The Eastern Continental Divide follows the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923992156982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian Trail is a 2175 mi hiking trail that runs all the way from Mount Katahdin in Maine to Springer Mountain in Georgia, passing over or past a large part of the Appalachian system. The International Appalachian Trail is an extension of this hiking trail into the Canadian portion of the Appalachian range in Quebec.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912270545959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.791414260864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just north of the New River in Virginia. South of the New River, rivers head into the Blue Ridge, cross the higher Unakas, receive important tributaries from the Great Valley, and traversing the Cumberland Plateau in spreading gorges (water gaps), escape by way of the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River rivers to the Ohio River and the Mississippi River, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. In the central section, north of the New River, the rivers, rising in or just beyond the Valley Ridges, flow through great gorges to the Great Valley, and then across the Blue Ridge to tidal estuaries penetrating the coastal plain via the Roanoke River, James River, Potomac River, and Susquehanna River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241678237915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "During the middle Ordovician Period (about 496-440 Ma), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain-building event (Taconic orogeny) in North America. The once-quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring oceanic plate, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the birth of this new subduction zone, the early Appalachians were born. Along the continental margin, volcanoes grew, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris down slope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. The Taconic Orogeny was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see Appalachian orogeny). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375955581665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "By the end of the Mesozoic era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain. It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams downcut so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716055870056152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry. Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation and Utica Shale formations have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152915954589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Some plateaus of the Appalachian Mountains contain metallic minerals such as iron and zinc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.851943016052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The floras of the Appalachians are diverse and vary primarily in response to geology, latitude, elevation and moisture availability. Geobotanically, they constitute a floristic province of the North American Atlantic Region. The Appalachians consist primarily of deciduous broad-leaf trees and evergreen needle-leaf conifers, but also contain the evergreen broad-leaf American holly ('), and the deciduous needle-leaf conifer, the tamarack, or eastern larch (').", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846356391906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The dominant northern and high elevation conifer is the red spruce ('), which grows from near sea level to above 4000 ft above sea level (asl) in northern New England and southeastern Canada. It also grows southward along the Appalachian crest to the highest elevations of the southern Appalachians, as in North Carolina and Tennessee. In the central Appalachians it is usually confined above 3000 ft asl, except for a few cold valleys in which it reaches lower elevations. In the southern Appalachians it is restricted to higher elevations. Another species is the black spruce ('), which extends farthest north of any conifer in North America, is found at high elevations in the northern Appalachians, and in bogs as far south as Pennsylvania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59068775177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir ('), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir ('). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Fraser fir rarely occurs below 5500 ft, and becomes the dominant tree type at 6200 ft. By contrast, balsam fir is found from near sea level to the tree line in the northern Appalachians, but ranges only as far south as Virginia and West Virginia in the central Appalachians, where it is usually confined above 3900 ft asl, except in cold valleys. Curiously, it is associated with oaks in Virginia. The balsam fir of Virginia and West Virginia is thought by some to be a natural hybrid between the more northern variety and Fraser fir. While red spruce is common in both upland and bog habitats, balsam fir, as well as black spruce and tamarack, are more characteristic of the latter. However balsam fir also does well in soils with a pH as high as 6. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.070842742919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Eastern or Canada hemlock (') is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid ('), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock ('). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651169776916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Several species of pines characteristic of the Appalachians are eastern white pine ('), Virginia pine ('), pitch pine ('), Table Mountain pine (') and shortleaf pine ('). Red pine (') is a boreal species that forms a few high elevation outliers as far south as West Virginia. All of these species except white pine tend to occupy sandy, rocky, poor soil sites, which are mostly acidic in character. White pine, a large species valued for its timber, tends to do best in rich, moist soil, either acidic or alkaline in character. Pitch pine is also at home in acidic, boggy soil, and Table Mountain pine may occasionally be found in this habitat as well. Shortleaf pine is generally found in warmer habitats and at lower elevations than the other species. All the species listed do best in open or lightly shaded habitats, although white pine also thrives in shady coves, valleys, and on floodplains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629949569702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachians are characterized by a wealth of large, beautiful deciduous broadleaf (hardwood) trees. Their occurrences are best summarized and described in E. Lucy Braun's 1950 classic, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (Macmillan, New York). The most diverse and richest forests are the mixed mesophytic or medium moisture types, which are largely confined to rich, moist montane soils of the southern and central Appalachians, particularly in the Cumberland and Allegheny Mountains, but also thrive in the southern Appalachian coves. Characteristic canopy species are white basswood ('), yellow buckeye ('), sugar maple ('), American beech ('), tuliptree ('), white ash (') and yellow birch ('). Other common trees are red maple ('), shagbark and bitternut hickories (') and black or sweet birch ('). Small understory trees and shrubs include flowering dogwood ('), hophornbeam ('), witch-hazel (') and spicebush ('). There are also hundreds of perennial and annual herbs, among them such herbal and medicinal plants as American ginseng ('), goldenseal ('), bloodroot (') and black cohosh (').", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.161197662353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The foregoing trees, shrubs and herbs are also more widely distributed in less rich mesic forests that generally occupy coves, stream valleys and flood plains throughout the southern and central Appalachians at low and intermediate elevations. In the northern Appalachians and at higher elevations of the central and southern Appalachians these diverse mesic forests give way to less diverse \"northern hardwoods\" with canopies dominated only by American beech, sugar maple, American basswood (') and yellow birch and with far fewer species of shrubs and herbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63055419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks ( and ) and hickories, such as the pignut (') in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.766043663024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "The Appalachian floras also include a diverse assemblage of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), as well as fungi. Some species are rare and/or endemic. As with vascular plants, these tend to be closely related to the character of the soils and thermal environment in which they are found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142531394958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "During the 19th and early 20th centuries the Appalachian forests were subject to severe and destructive logging and land clearing, which resulted in the designation of the national forests and parks as well many state protected areas. However, these and a variety of other destructive activities continue, albeit in diminished forms; and thus far only a few ecologically based management practices have taken hold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023660659790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel ('). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (') and the much smaller southern flying squirrel ('). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel ('), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel ('), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408483505249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit (') and the white-tailed deer ('). The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf (') and the North American cougar. This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose ('), found only in the north, and the elk ('), which, although once extirpated, is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians. In Quebec, the Chic-Chocs host the only population of caribou (') south of the St. Lawrence River. An additional species that is common in the north but extends its range southward at high elevations to Virginia and West Virginia is the varying or snowshoe hare ('). However, these central Appalachian populations are scattered and very small.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507701873779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Of great importance are the many species of salamanders and, in particular, the lungless species (Family ') that live in great abundance concealed by leaves and debris, on the forest floor. Most frequently seen, however, is the eastern or red-spotted newt ('), whose terrestrial eft form is often encountered on the open, dry forest floor. It has been estimated that salamanders represent the largest class of animal biomass in the Appalachian forests. Frogs and toads are of lesser diversity and abundance, but the wood frog (') is, like the eft, commonly encountered on the dry forest floor, while a number of species of small frogs, such as spring peepers ('), enliven the forest with their calls. Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through their consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108555793762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Although reptiles are less abundant and diverse than amphibians, a number of snakes are conspicuous members of the fauna. One of the largest is the non-venomous black rat snake ('), while the common garter snake (') is among the smallest but most abundant. The American copperhead (') and the timber rattler (') are venomous pit vipers. There are few lizards, but the broad-headed skink ('), at up to 13 in in length, and an excellent climber and swimmer, is one of the largest and most spectacular in appearance and action. The most common turtle is the eastern box turtle ('), which is found in both upland and lowland forests in the central and southern Appalachians. Prominent among aquatic species is the large common snapping turtle ('), which occurs throughout the Appalachians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.908035278320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "Appalachian streams are notable for their highly diverse freshwater fish life. Among the most abundant and diverse are those of the minnow family (family Cyprinidae), while species of the colorful darters (' spp.) are also abundant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191838264465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "answer": "Appalachian", "passage": "A characteristic fish of shaded, cool Appalachian forest streams is the wild brook or speckled trout ('), which is much sought after as a game fish. However, in past years such trout waters have been much degraded by increasing temperatures due to timber cutting, pollution from various sources and potentially, global warming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295125961303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Sounds of Silence (song)", "The Sound Of Silence", "Sound of Silence", "The Sound of Silence", "En ton av tystnad", "The Sounds of Silence", "Hello Darkness My old Friend" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "sound of silence", "hello darkness my old friend", "sounds of silence", "sounds of silence song", "en ton av tystnad" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "sound of silence", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Sound of Silence" }

[ { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "This line is from the song \"The Sound of Silence\" by Simon and Garfunkel from the album Wednesday Morning, 3AM (1964).", "precise_score": -6.487246513366699, "rough_score": -6.323997974395752, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "The lyrics talk about a group of people making a \"neon god,\" a sign with a strange phrase on it. What did the sign say? Not \"Eat at Joe's,\" but \"The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls […] and whispered in the sound of silence.\" ", "precise_score": 7.8933234214782715, "rough_score": 8.31166934967041, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "If \"The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls […] and whispered in the sound of silence,\" we guess silence sounds like ads for Apple products and H&M…", "precise_score": 6.656508445739746, "rough_score": 7.737814426422119, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Simon and Garfunkel's \" The Sound Of Silence \" contains the lyrics: \"For the words of the prophets were written on the subway walls, and tenement halls... and echo with the sound of silence.\"", "precise_score": 8.281821250915527, "rough_score": 7.870058536529541, "source": "search", "title": "The Spirit Of Radio by Rush - Song Meanings at Songfacts" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "And the sign said, 'The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls and tenement halls, and whispered in the sounds of silence'. Simon and Garfunkel. Rock!", "precise_score": 7.032650470733643, "rough_score": 5.827367782592773, "source": "search", "title": "THE SPIRIT OF RADIO Lyrics - RUSH - eLyrics.net - Song Lyrics" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "In fact, the song expressly mentions prophets: “And the sign said, ‘The words of the prophets / Are written on the subway walls / And tenement halls.’ / And whisper'd in the sounds of silence.” In this modern society (of “neon lights” and “the neon god”), the words of prophets are overlooked and relegated to below-ground graffiti (“subway walls”) and destitute (“tenement halls”) – just as prophets were overlooked in past societies.", "precise_score": 8.531205177307129, "rough_score": 3.1969187259674072, "source": "search", "title": "Sounds of Silence Lyrics - Song Lyrics, Song Meanings ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "\"The Sound of Silence\" as written by Paul Simon", "precise_score": -6.568772792816162, "rough_score": -5.316563606262207, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "Lyrics containing the term: the sounds of silence by simon garfunkel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.259593963623047, "source": "search", "title": "Simon & Garfunkel - The Sounds of Silence Lyrics" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "Search results for 'the sounds of silence by simon garfunkel'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30552864074707, "source": "search", "title": "Simon & Garfunkel - The Sounds of Silence Lyrics" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "Yee yee! We've found 3 lyrics, 100 artists, and 100 albums matching the sounds of silence by simon garfunkel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22110366821289, "source": "search", "title": "Simon & Garfunkel - The Sounds of Silence Lyrics" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Within the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14706802368164, "source": "search", "title": "Sounds Of Silence - Lyrics Page" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "And touched the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054397583007812, "source": "search", "title": "Sounds Of Silence - Lyrics Page" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Disturb the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259778022766113, "source": "search", "title": "Sounds Of Silence - Lyrics Page" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Source: The Sound of Silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129191398620605, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Simon and Garfunkel Life Peace Inspirational Change The Sound of Silence Imagination Experience Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125085830688477, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Much like trying to hear the sound of actual silence, the song \" The Sound of Silence \" is notoriously cryptic. Is it about the assassination of JFK ? Or just trying to get some peace and quiet on the john (as in toilet, not Kennedy)?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.578397750854492, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes - The words of the prophets are written on the ..." }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79301929473877, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Within the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14706802368164, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "And touched the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054397583007812, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Disturb the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259778022766113, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "Whisper the sounds of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988704681396484, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Within the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14706802368164, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Our mind is The sound of silence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069014549255371, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "And touched the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054397583007812, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "Disturb the sound of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259778022766113, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "As they dont touch their own mind(sound of silence).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892860412597656, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "We dont touch our what our mind(sound of silence) say.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446708679199219, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "and dont listen to our own mind(sound of silence)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788822174072266, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "But still nobody wants to touch that sound of silence(mind)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093945503234863, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "and its accumulated in the sound of silence(mind) which we never listen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.532119750976562, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "The Sounds of Silence", "passage": "And whispered in the sounds of silence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.487330436706543, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" }, { "answer": "Sound of Silence", "passage": "And not listen to our sound of silence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93229866027832, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Simon - The Sound of Silence Lyrics | SongMeanings" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Duran duran", "Sphere Studios", "Careless Memory", "Duran Duran", "Duranduran", "DUran Duran" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "duranduran", "sphere studios", "duran duran", "careless memory" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "duran duran", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Duran Duran" }

[ { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "\"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. ", "precise_score": 8.653118133544922, "rough_score": 8.294581413269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "A View to a Kill is the theme song for the Bond film of the same name. The song was written by John Barry and Duran Duran , and was performed by Duran Duran, who were nominated for the best original song at the Golden Globes. The song was also the only James Bond song to ever reach the #1 position on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.", "precise_score": 9.952570915222168, "rough_score": 9.305907249450684, "source": "search", "title": "A View to a Kill (song) - James Bond Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Duran Duran had a No. 1 hit with the title song for \"A View to a Kill\" (1985). It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "precise_score": 9.925024032592773, "rough_score": 8.642989158630371, "source": "search", "title": "Gladys Knight - The music of James Bond - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "In 1986, composer John Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for \"A View to a Kill\". The song was the last track recorded by the most famous five member lineup of Duran Duran until their 2001 reunion. It was performed by the band at Live Aid in Philadelphia, their final performance together before their first split. Following Barry's death, the band paid tribute as their encore at the 2011 Coachella Festival, Simon Le Bon reappearing in a tuxedo for a pared-down version backed by an orchestra, before launching into the full, upbeat track. Bassist John Taylor told the crowd: \"We lost a dear friend of ours this year – English composer John Barry. This is for him.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7934134006500244, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "The song was written by Duran Duran and John Barry, and recorded at Maison Rouge Studio and CTS Studio in London with a 60-piece orchestra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.545902729034424, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Duran Duran were chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs?\"Malins, Steve. (2005) Notorious: The Unauthorized Biography, André Deutsch/Carlton Publishing, UK (ISBN 0-233-00137-9). pp 161–162 This inauspicious beginning led to some serious talks, and the band was introduced to Bond composer John Barry, and also Jonathan Elias (whom Duran Duran members would later work with many times). An early writing meeting at Taylor's flat in Knightsbridge led to everyone getting drunk instead of composing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4964752197265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "&id=03788 revealed a previously unreleased] 7:30 extended remixed 12\" version of the song and it has since been mentioned on Duran Duran's website which suggests that it might be the real deal. MI6 claim that Steve Thompson created the 12\" mix in Paris with the band, although John Taylor says \"I don't remember hearing it at the time\". The remix was added to [https://soundcloud.com/mi6-hq/duran-duran-a-view-to-a-kill-12-extended-remix MI6-HQ's SoundCloud]. In a Super Deluxe Edition article dated November 22, 2014, Steve Thompson confirmed to an interviewer that he, Mike Barbiero and the band, with the exception of John Taylor, were in a Paris studio where they had made the 12\" version of the song. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.252961158752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Another cover version of the song was created in 1985 by a disco group called DJ's Factory. This cover of A View to a Kill has a more house sound as compared to that of Duran Duran's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0682365894317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "A View to a Kill (song)" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Written by Duran Duran and John Barry, performed by Duran Duran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454737663269043, "source": "search", "title": "The 10 best James Bond theme songs - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Singer Simon Le Bon and British pop group Duran Duran did the title song for 1985's \"A View to a Kill.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.135948181152344, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Smith sings theme song for James Bond film ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Duran Duran", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401103973388672, "source": "search", "title": "Gladys Knight - The music of James Bond - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Duran Duran", "passage": "Photo: From left, Jon Taylor, Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes and Roger Taylor of the musical group Duran Duran arrive at the \"South Park\" 15th Anniversary Party at The Barker Hanger on Sept. 20, 2011, in Santa Monica, Calif.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.378613471984863, "source": "search", "title": "Gladys Knight - The music of James Bond - CBS News" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "At the invitation of Jaruzelski, a delegation of the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party visited Poland between December 27 and 29 in 1981. The Hungarians shared with their Polish colleagues their experiences on crushing the 'counterrevolution' of 1956. Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. ", "precise_score": 1.1401716470718384, "rough_score": 3.0747230052948, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In present-day Poland, public opinion is divided on whether or not Jaruzelski's decision to impose martial law was necessary in order to prevent a Warsaw Pact invasion of the country.", "precise_score": 2.971191167831421, "rough_score": 1.552799940109253, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who imposed martial law on the Soviet satellite in 1981 | The Independent", "precise_score": 4.376513957977295, "rough_score": 5.942282676696777, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who imposed martial law on the Soviet satellite in 1981", "precise_score": 4.5774054527282715, "rough_score": 5.985736846923828, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's last Communist ruler, badly wanted history to judge him kindly. He worked hard in the latter years of his life to explain and rehabilitate himself after his imposition of martial law and brutal repression of the free trade union Solidarity in 1981 had made him the most hated man in Poland – and, for a time, an international pariah.", "precise_score": 3.9200730323791504, "rough_score": 4.615026473999023, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Jaruzelski announcing martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981.  Photo: EPA", "precise_score": 4.19305419921875, "rough_score": 3.4593231678009033, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jaruzelski took over as prime minister of Poland in 1981, when he imposed martial law and suppressed the anti-Communist Solidarity movement. Thousands of Solidarity activists were interned, and several dozen killed in clashes with police or assassinated by secret agents.", "precise_score": 5.345520973205566, "rough_score": 5.793768405914307, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jaruzelski took part in the siege of Warsaw and its subsequent capture, and went on to fight in the battle for Berlin. Back in Poland, he was involved in hunting down bands of anti-Communist guerrillas who refused to surrender. He was sent to the general army staff academy in Warsaw in 1948 and graduated after three years with honours. He also joined the Polish United Workers’ Party — the country’s Communist party. In 1956, at the age of 33, he became the youngest brigadier-general in the army.", "precise_score": -1.8704472780227661, "rough_score": 0.4863903522491455, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In a televised broadcast Jaruzelski explained that extremist elements had driven Poland to “the edge of the abyss”. The measures he had imposed were designed to save the country from civil war, and once the national situation had returned to normal they would be removed. He denied that he had acted on instructions from Moscow, but he was given a hero’s welcome when he visited the Soviet capital in March 1982.", "precise_score": 1.3083298206329346, "rough_score": 1.5799362659454346, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who imposed martial law on Poland in 1981, dies at age 90", "precise_score": 6.462258338928223, "rough_score": 6.243844032287598, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90; Polish general imposed ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, the communist leader who imposed harsh military rule on Poland in 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy Solidarity movement but years later allowed reforms that ended up dismantling the regime, has died. He was 90.", "precise_score": 4.988424301147461, "rough_score": 5.1805267333984375, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90; Polish general imposed ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The recent death of Poland’s last communist dictator, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, at the age of ninety, has cast a pall on the celebration of that election victory by Solidarity a quarter-century ago. Despite a public outcry, the country’s current and past democratically elected leaders granted Jaruzelski a state funeral and pride of place among Poland’s military and political heroes in Warsaw’s renowned Powazki Cemetery. Meanwhile, some of the country’s most significant politicians and intellectuals, led by Adam Michnik, once one of Solidarity’s key theorists, have exonerated and praised Jaruzelski, despite his imposition of martial law in December 1981 aimed at destroying Solidarity. Michnik describes Jaruzelski as a Polish patriot who chose the “lesser evil” of martial law to stave off Soviet invasion and who, when given the opportunity, later took the “wise decision” to “unshackle the chains” he had originally bound the country with. The argument is hardly new; indeed, Michnik began canonizing Jaruzelski soon after 1989, usually with harsh polemics against anyone who disagreed with him and especially anyone arguing that Jaruzelski should be held responsible in legal proceedings for gross violations of human rights and Poland’s Constitution during the 1980s. What is new is that the Polish state has now officially sanctioned this historical revisionism in an act that symbolizes the incompleteness of Poland’s—and by extension Eastern Europe’s—democratic development over the past quarter-century.", "precise_score": 2.803476095199585, "rough_score": 2.3550186157226562, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The person who did not make the argument that martial law was a necessary evil to prevent a Soviet invasion was Jaruzelski himself—he would only assert this claim later, after he had left power and was looking to rehabilitate himself to avoid historical condemnation, and by extension the condemnation of courts. In fact, his Declaration of Martial Law and the comprehensive regime of repression Poland’s military and security forces undertook to enforce it show that at the time he had decided to use all means necessary to eradicate Solidarity and all “anti-socialist elements” within Polish society. He did so in full alliance with, and with full support from, the highest state organs of the Soviet Union and the military command of the Warsaw Pact. Mark Kramer, the director of the Project on Cold War Studies at Harvard University, who has reviewed the extensive Soviet, Polish, and CIA documents on the subject, definitively refutes Jaruzelski’s later claims that he acted to forestall a Soviet invasion. On the contrary, Kramer found that by late 1981:", "precise_score": -1.3738692998886108, "rough_score": 2.5585439205169678, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jaruzelski was pleading with Soviet leaders to send troops into Poland to assist him with the crackdown, and by all indications he was devastated when they turned down his requests. The newly available evidence on this matter from many independent sources casts serious doubt on Jaruzelski’s repeated assertions [after 1991] that his decision to introduce martial law in December 1981 was intended solely to spare Poland the trauma of Soviet military intervention.", "precise_score": 2.528634548187256, "rough_score": 3.6652400493621826, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "December 13, 1981. Poles awoke to find that their schools and universities were closed, many of the independent organisations and trade unions to which they belonged had become illegal overnight, and there were tanks on the streets. This was the date that General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland .", "precise_score": 4.325153350830078, "rough_score": 3.045234441757202, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the People's Republic of Poland drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. Thousands of opposition activists were jailed without charge and as many as 100 killed. Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many of the political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.883483409881592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins. State structures are ceasing to function. Each day delivers new blows to the waning economy./.../The atmosphere of conflicts, misunderstanding, hatred causes moral degradation, surpasses the limits of toleration. Strikes, the readiness to strike, actions of protest have become a norm of life. Even school youth are being drawn into this. Yesterday evening, many public buildings remained seized. The cries are voiced to physical reprisals with the 'reds', with people who have different opinions. The cases of terror, threats and moral vendetta, of even direct violence are on the rise. A wave of impudent crimes, robberies and burglaries is running across the country. The underground business sharks' fortunes, already reaching millions, are growing. Chaos and demoralization have reached the magnitude of a catastrophe. People have reached the limit of psychological toleration. Many people are struck by despair. Not only days, but hours as well are bringing forth the all-national disaster./.../Citizens!The load of responsibility that falls on me on this dramatic moment in the Polish history is huge. It is my duty to take this responsibility - concerning the future of Poland, that my generation fought for on all the fronts of the war and for which they sacrificed the best years of their life. I declare, that today the Military Council of National Salvation has been formed. In accordance with the Constitution, the State Council has imposed martial law all over the country. I wish that everyone understood the motives of our actions. A military coup, military dictatorship is not our goal./.../ In longer perspective, none of Poland's problems can be solved with the use of violence. The Military Council of National Salvation does not replace constitutional organs of power. Its only purpose is to keep the legal balance of the country, to create guarantees that give a chance to restore order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871007919311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": ":Poland has not yet perished, so long as we still live!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "After the pacification of \"Wujek\" Coal Mine in Katowice on December 23, 1981, the United States imposed economic sanctions against the People's Republic of Poland. In 1982 the United States suspended most favored nation trade status until 1987 and vetoed Poland's application for membership in the International Monetary Fund. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.430961608886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "After the fall of Communism in Poland in 1989, members of a parliamentary commission determined that martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3949408531188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The instigators of the martial law, such as Wojciech Jaruzelski, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous military intervention of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Warsaw Pact countries (similar to the earlier fraternal aid interventions in Hungary 1956, and Czechoslovakia 1968). Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like Jędrzej Giertych) would also refer to that threat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1431385278701782, "source": "wiki", "title": "Martial law in Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "His first taste of that history came at the age of 16, in 1939, when he and his father, guilty only of being members of Poland's lesser nobility, were deported by the Russians from their large estate to hard labour camps in Siberia, where his grandfather, an anti-Russian guerilla leader, had perished many years earlier. Educated by priests at an elite school in Warsaw, he found himself felling trees in waist-deep snow. His father died. The glare from the snow started an eye ailment which compelled him to wear dark glasses in bright light ever after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390727996826172, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "When the Hitler-Stalin alliance broke up, he joined a Polish army being raised by the Soviets and took part in the Soviet \"liberation\" of Poland from the Nazis. By then he had learned to speak fluent Russian and had become a convinced Communist. He volunteered and served in KGB units which were setting up Polish security forces to crush Polish nationalist resistance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35923957824707, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "For 15 months, Solidarity's power and influence grew: it numbered 10 million members out of a population of some 36 million. Frustration over its failure to extract any reforms from the regime led to (then outrageous) demands for free elections and a referendum on Poland's alliance with the Soviet Union. The economy, for years a disaster area, had virtually collapsed. The Party, demoralised, divided and with a third of its three million members defected to Solidarity, could not cope. Polish hardliners were fuming restlessly, while Moscow kept up a barrage of threats and intimidation, including manoeuvres close to Poland's borders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311358451843262, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Tens of thousands of Solidarity supporters were dragged from their beds and arrested. Some 10,000 were interned. Between 10 and 100 were reported killed. Posters everywhere declared that Poland was under martial law. Solidarity was banned. Protest strikes were crushed by the feared ZOMO paramilitary police.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244404792785645, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In the following years he published his memoirs and gave many interviews in which he expressed deep regret for many actions, but sought to justify them. \"I served the Poland that existed,\" he said. He let it be known that he had considered committing suicide rather than impose martial law on his fellow Poles, which he saw as the only route open to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070221900939941, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The alternatives, he declared, would have been a putsch by hardliners in the military and the Party, civil war, and most probably a Soviet invasion and occupation. This can still be debated endlessly, but he repeated time and again that martial law was a \"purgatory\" necessary to avoid \"hell\". He has even claimed that if he had not acted, Gorbachev's campaign for glasnost and perestroika and the bloodless fall of Communism could not have happened, or at least not for many years. And he would like to be remembered as the man who opened the way for democracy in Poland, although he had to admit that memories of martial law were sharper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980881690979004, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In the end he seemed proud of Poland's new democracy and would comment on political events in a remarkably enlightened way. \"I was the link from the past to the future,\" he said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438215255737305, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski, politician: born Kurow, Poland 6 July 1923; married Barbara (one daughter); died Warsaw 25 May 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.866195559501648, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski was Poland's last Cold War autocrat and came to be considered both ruthless and pragmatic, a traitor and a patriot", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1706756353378296, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski,, who has died aged 90, was Poland’s last Communist-era ruler and the most controversial figure in his country’s recent history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.613791286945343, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In early 1989 he went against many of the hardliners within his party to press for “round-table” talks with Solidarity aimed at devising some form of power-sharing. The partially-free parliamentary elections of that year ended in victory for Solidarity, and within three months Poland had the first non-Communist government to be formed in Eastern Europe for more than 40 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24930191040039, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski was born on July 6 1923 into a Roman Catholic family of landed gentry with strong associations with Poland’s cavalry regiments. Brought up in Kurow, near the eastern city of Lublin, he attended a Jesuit school regarded as a training ground for the sons of Poland’s elite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.048449993133545, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Two years later, in 1970, unrest had moved to Poland. Trouble began before Christmas , when the government announced a huge rise in the cost of food, provoking strikes focused around the country’s northern shipyards. Although most historians believe that the order to use force against the strikers probably came from Gomulka, Jaruzelski’s role remained unclear. He is said to have told Gomulka that he would not allow troops to be used against civilians; but tanks and soldiers were deployed, and as defence minister he was directly responsible. There is no evidence that he defied instructions, and he did not resign in protest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.506124973297119, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "But in 1988 Poland experienced another wave of crippling strikes. Faced with a severe economic crisis and encouraged by the new face in the Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev, Jaruzelski’s ministers announced that they were ready to end their boycott of Walesa and include him in “round table” talks on the country’s future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.529483318328857, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jaruzelski continued to regard himself as a man of the Left, and was scornful of former comrades who started ostentatiously going to church. Yet in 2003 he announced his support for Poland’s membership of the EU as an “act of patriotism”. “I see no moral contradiction here,” he said. “We were once in the Soviet sphere of influence and had to live with it. This was the historical logic. Joining the West is now best for Poland.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4119949340820312, "source": "search", "title": "General Wojciech Jaruzelski - obituary - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.954442501068115, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6601178646087646, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "His decision in 1981 to impose martial law in Poland is still divisive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.757327556610107, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Image caption Armoured vehicles rolled onto Poland's streets in December 1981 after the general imposed martial law", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4151811599731445, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The general later insisted that he chose martial law as the lesser evil because it saved Poland from a potentially bloody Soviet invasion. Many Poles, though, disagree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64564323425293, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "President Komorowski spoke at the service, calling Gen Jaruzelski \"a man who carried the burden of responsibility for the most difficult and probably the most dramatic decision in Poland's history after World War II.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.634654521942139, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski funeral held in Poland - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's last communist leader, has died at age 90. Above, Jaruzelski in 2009", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.081212997436523, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90; Polish general imposed ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's last communist leader, has died at age 90. Above, Jaruzelski in 2009 (Francois Mori / Associated Press)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.305629253387451, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90; Polish general imposed ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jaruzelski died just days before Poland marked 25 years since the crucial parliamentary election in which Poles voted against the country's communist rulers and in support of the Solidarity freedom movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6688598394393921, "source": "search", "title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90; Polish general imposed ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Twenty-five years ago, breakthrough elections were held in Poland that led, within three months, to the downfall of that country’s communist regime. The events helped to spark the Velvet Revolutions that spread, within the next six months, to Budapest, Prague, Bratislava, Berlin, Sofia, Timisoara, and many other major cities, as masses of people went to the streets to demand their rights, oppose Soviet occupation, and win back their freedom. Communist despotisms that had lasted more than four decades collapsed like a house of cards. The world celebrated the fall of communism and the victory of democracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059412956237793, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Acceptance of an internal crackdown to prevent an invasion was an idea embraced even by many in the Carter and Reagan administrations. Almost immediately after martial law was imposed, Alexander Haig, secretary of state under President Reagan, expressed public relief that the crackdown on Solidarity and Polish society had been carried out by Poland’s internal security forces rather than by Soviet invasion, while the State Department withheld any condemnation for several days. (Instead, it urged “restraint on both sides” and announced only minor sanctions on Poland affecting air and fishing rights.) The Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowski, forced into exile for his opposition views, pointed out that this was akin to choosing between “the hangman you know versus the hangman you don’t”: There was little difference for the victim. (What was not known at the time was that the CIA had been provided the full plans for stan wojenny by Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski, a mole within the Polish general staff who, as one of Jaruzelski’s closest aides, had helped devise the plans starting in early September 1980. Despite this foreknowledge, the US did not craft a plan for reacting to martial law and it took several weeks of intense lobbying by the AFL-CIO labor federation and others both within and outside the administration before the president took stronger actions.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44086742401123, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Soviet leadership had strongly supported Jaruzelski’s full centralization of power—becoming head of the communist party, government, and military and internal security forces all at once—precisely because it had full confidence in Jaruzelski’s ability to solve “the Polish problem” using the communist regime’s own forces at a time when the Soviet empire, already beginning its decline, had seriously stressed its military by invading Afghanistan. The Soviet leadership’s confidence in Jaruzelski was well placed: martial law was successfully implemented by Polish internal security and army forces without any assistance from Warsaw Pact allies. More than ten thousand Solidarity leaders and activists were interned or imprisoned in a matter of a few days; demonstrations and strikes were forcibly put down and dozens of workers killed as all independent trade unions and organizations were banned and forced underground. All the available evidence from that time—the actions and statements of the martial law regime—point to one conclusion: the Jaruzelski government willingly suppressed the Polish people’s aspirations for freedoms once again, as communist governments had repeatedly done since the Red Army first imposed them at the end of World War II. General Jaruzelski, starting as an officer in the Soviet-led Polish First Army, had been among the most faithful servants of that regime in a meteoric career that included service as political commissar of the army and then Polish defense minister during the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and during the army’s suppression of the 1970 and 1976 worker protests in Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3312467038631439, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Despite the clarity of the historical record, the claim that Jaruzelski acted as a patriot to prevent Poland from being invaded by the Soviet Union has been asserted as fact not only by Adam Michnik but also by many others, mostly former communists. Michnik characterizes those who dispute his assertions as “sad anti-communists” and “stupid imbeciles.” Michnik doesn’t stop there. He also claims, with even greater audacity, that Jaruzelski is responsible for Poland’s regaining its freedom in 1989. Michnik’s argument is that when he was freed from Stalinist orthodoxy by the reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Jaruzelski chose the path of “peaceful reform.” Not surprisingly, Aleksander Kwasniewski, who led a reconstituted communist party (the Party of the Democratic Left) after Jaruzelski left office and was elected to two terms as president of Poland, agrees with Michnik and even argues that Jaruzelski deserved a Nobel Peace Prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.430436611175537, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "This second claim is just as problematic as the notion that the general saved Poland from a direct Soviet invasion. The historical record shows a regime repressing all opposition to its rule until it was unable to resist mass pressure against it. In a recent article for the Daily Beast, former Newsweek correspondent Andrew Nagorski recounts:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065387725830078, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Ultimately, however, the clear mandate in the June 4th election in favor of Solidarity and fully repudiating the communist system could not be ignored. With the satellite parties (holding nearly twenty percent of the seats) and even individual communist Parliament members distancing themselves from the PZPR, no stable government except one led by Solidarity’s parliamentary leadership could be formed. In August, the initial communist-led government (with General Czeslaw Kiszczak as prime minister) fell and, under great pressure, Jaruzelski nominated Solidarity adviser Tadeusz Mazowiecki as prime minister to lead Poland’s first non-communist government since 1944, creating enormous impetus for popular uprisings in other Eastern European countries. Jaruzelski was forced (by constitutional amendment) to cede the presidency the next year and Lech Walesa became the first freely elected president of Poland’s new democracy in December 1990. Poland’s first truly free parliamentary elections were held in 1991, the year the Soviet Union finally collapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4604225158691406, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "If the historical record is so clear, why then is Jaruzelski now being described as a great Polish patriot and benevolent bestower of freedom by much of the country’s democratic officialdom and many of its intellectuals? The answer lies partly in the complex divisions within Poland’s political world but primarily in the personal stakes that many people have in defending their roles in negotiating the Round Table Agreement and in creating Poland’s uneasy transition from communism to democracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.543647289276123, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland’s opposition movement was always pluralist, with social democrats, liberals, conservatives, believers, atheists, and former communists all joining in a common struggle against a totalitarian communist regime and in support of basic human rights. But there was always a general division between those who supported democratization but believed any change could only come incrementally, by liberalizing the system through reforms from within, and those who believed it was necessary to push for a transformation from outside the system, i.e., to overthrow communism. This division did not have much significance until the sudden rise of Solidarity, which was on the one hand clearly a transformational movement that challenged the very foundations of communist power, but on the other hand was committed to an incremental strategy of forcing the state to recognize free trade unions and other independent social movements, and to respect, at least in a limited way, basic human rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088892936706543, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In actuality, there were no absolutes on either side. There were many “compromisers” who took steely stands against communist repression (including, when in prison, Michnik himself) and many “hard-liners” who ended up advocating moderation. The pluralism that existed in Poland’s opposition continued to be manifested in the adoption of different political ideas and tactics throughout the 1980s. But one thing emerges clearly from this intellectual and political complexity. And that is that the person who became the leading ideologue of the “compromisers,” Adam Michnik, who benefited personally from the Round Table Agreement by becoming editor and owner of the powerful political newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, now defends at all costs his version of what took place in 1989—namely, that a moderate wing of Solidarity negotiated with a moderate wing of the communist party, led by Jaruzelski, and came to a civilized agreement on a transition from communism to democracy. In this rendering,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.399638175964355, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Polish people’s decisive vote on June 4, 1989, accelerated the collapse of communism in Poland—and in Eastern Europe generally—much more quickly than the Round Table Agreement anticipated. And in many ways, the Poles achieved a true rebirth of freedom. Unfortunately, much of the “soft landing” negotiated for the communists, both in the Round Table Agreement itself and behind the scenes, resulted in a compromised birth of democracy (free parliamentary elections did not take place until late 1991). Justice for human rights victims was forsaken. And the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.831392288208008, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "communist nomenklatura unfairly received the benefits of economic reform by virtue of its control over the privatization of state assets, while many of the workers who struggled most for Poland’s freedom have been left jobless and penniless. The consequences are evident in Poland’s social, economic, and political life twenty-five years after 1989, including in persistent high rates of unemployment and poverty, lack of opportunity for young people leading to their mass migration abroad, broken education and health care systems, a weakness of democratic institutions, and a low level of citizen involvement in public affairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087187767028809, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "But perhaps the greatest consequence of the “soft landing” is that many of Poland’s current political and intellectual elite have compromised their country’s history of struggle for independence and freedom by exonerating the oppressor who did the most to prevent Polish freedom and, in doing so, have created a moral ambivalence and confusion about the communist period itself. Hopefully, a majority of Poles will act decisively once again and make sure that this assault on history does not stand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037211418151855, "source": "search", "title": "Dancing with Dictators: General Jaruzelski’s Revisionists ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law in Poland | Inside-poland.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.951211929321289, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law in Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.903026580810547, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "· by Inside Poland · in History , Latest news , Looking Back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446599006652832, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The ‘pacification of Wujek’ became a defining moment of the early days of martial law. It was the theme of Kazimierz Kutz’ movie Śmierć jak kromka chleba (Death like daily bread), prompted the USA to impose economic sanctions on Poland , and a memorial was later erected at the mine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656756401062012, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Martial law was not lifted until July 1983, by which time up to 100 people had died at the hands of state security services. Others – who may in today’s chilling language be described as ‘collateral damage’ – died because there was no access to telephones in the event of medical emergencies. It was no ordinary time for ordinary Polish folk. Movement within, as well as into and out of Poland , was heavily restricted. Mail was censored. Availability of basic supplies became scarce. And, for those who were lucky enough to have had access to a telephone, the phrase ‘Uwaga! Rozmowa kontrolowana!’ (Attention! This conversation is being monitored!) was familiar before every call.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87387752532959, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "[…] Jasna Góra in Częstochowa. It was a time of turmoil in Poland, barely a month before the end of martial law, and the Polish pope’s words were chosen carefully to remind young people in Poland of their […]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246557235717773, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "[…] more in Inside-Poland’s in-depth feature on martial law, and see Polska Dotty author Jonathan Lipman’s article […]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329071044921875, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "[…] Mr Walęsa said earlier this week that he had ‘lost many battles’ with Jaruzelski, but that he had finally ‘won the war’. He added that he could not state with certainty that Jaruzelski had been a traitor to Poland in his declaration of martial law. […]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.653476238250732, "source": "search", "title": "December 13, 1981: Marking the Anniversary of Martial Law ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Martial Law in Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242912292480469, "source": "search", "title": "Martial Law in Poland - VideoFact" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Martial Law in Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242912292480469, "source": "search", "title": "Martial Law in Poland - VideoFact" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.992647171020508, "source": "search", "title": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.847335815429688, "source": "search", "title": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Events marking the 31st anniversary of the introduction of the, at times, brutal crackdown against the Solidarity trade union, are being held all over Poland, including wreath-laying ceremonies and special religious services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45496940612793, "source": "search", "title": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "President Bronislaw Komorowski, a former Solidarity activist, said Wednesday night after he lit the candle in the window of the Bellweder Palace where he resides, that 13 December 1981 was a horrible moment in the Polish nation’s history but stressed that looking back into the past from today’s perspective it can clearly be seen how much has been done to make Poland a free, democratic and independent country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5375394821167, "source": "search", "title": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "\"It was a nasty night, a nasty moment in the history of our nation and our state,\" Komorowski said. He noted, however, that \"the more we look back, the more we can see how Poland has changed, how much we have done do make Poland free, democratic, independent\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358121871948242, "source": "search", "title": "Poland remembers 1981 martial law victims - National" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Frank Capra", "Francesco Rosario Capra", "The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra", "The american film institute salute to frank capra", "Capraesque", "Francesco Capra", "Lou Capra", "Frank R. Capra" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "capraesque", "frank capra", "frank r capra", "francesco capra", "lou capra", "american film institute salute to frank capra", "francesco rosario capra" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "frank capra", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Frank Capra" }

[ { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "It Happened One Night is a 1934 American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. One of the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began enforcing the 1930 production code in 1934, the film was released on February 22, 1934. ", "precise_score": 6.2951483726501465, "rough_score": -1.0548067092895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "It Happened One Night" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "In his autobiography, The Name's Above the Title, Frank Capra said that until It Happened One Night drama had four stock characters, the hero, the heroine, the comedian, and the villain.", "precise_score": -0.8926554322242737, "rough_score": -3.098073720932007, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened One Night (1934) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "FRANK CAPRA for", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36474323272705, "source": "search", "title": "1934 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "It Happened One Night , Frank Capra's exceptional screwball romantic comedy that gave birth to the genre. The sparkling, 'Capra-corn' film was about an antagonistic couple - a spoiled runaway heiress (Colbert) and a recently-fired newspaper reporter (Gable in his first comedic role) - an affectionate feuding, battle of the sexes during their bus and hitch-hiking trip on the road. Instead of turning her in for the reward, he falls in love with her. The film illustrated that even a wealthy heiress could find happiness and adventure on the road among the common folk. Numerous scenes in the film have become classics: the hitchhiking scene with Claudette Colbert lifting her skirt for a ride, Gable's bared chest (causing undershirt sales to drop dramatically), and the motel room divided by the \"walls of Jericho.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.585363864898682, "source": "search", "title": "1934 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "The madcap film from Columbia Studios (one of the lesser studios) was an unexpected runaway box office sleeper hit (especially after it began to play in small-town theaters), and it garnered the top five Academy Awards (unrivaled until 1975, forty-one years later by One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - and then again by The Silence of the Lambs (1991) .) It won all five of its nominated categories: Best Picture, Best Actor (Clark Gable), Best Actress (Claudette Colbert), Best Director (Frank Capra), and Best Adaptation (Robert Riskin).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.471479892730713, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened One Night (1934) - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "The screenplay, co-written by director Frank Capra (uncredited) and Robert Riskin, was based on an August 1933 Cosmopolitan magazine story titled \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams. [Another of Adams' short stories about a woman traveling on a bus, \"Last Trip\" in the March edition of Collier's Magazine, may also be considered a source for the film.] In both 1945 and 1956, it was remade as musicals: Eve Knew Her Apples (1945) starring Ann Miller, and You Can't Run Away From It (1956) with Jack Lemmon and June Allyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.598659515380859, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened One Night (1934) - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "Luise Rainer (1937) – Luise Rainer, second from left, is seen at the 1937 ceremony with, from left, Louis B. Mayer, Louise Tracy and Frank Capra. Rainer won for \"The Great Ziegfeld.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.424267768859863, "source": "search", "title": "Oscars' best actresses of all time - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "Director: Frank Capra", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321155548095703, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened One Night (1934) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Frank Capra", "passage": "Instead of the usual static camera set-up, Frank Capra insisted on sticking a camera onto a crane. This enabled him to do more tracking shots, which was entirely in keeping with a film in which the main characters spend most of their time on the move. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264947891235352, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened One Night (1934) - IMDb" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Yunanistan", "Griekenland", "Hellenic republic", "Elláda", "Graecia", "The Hellenic Republic", "Ελλάς", "Eládha", "Yananistan", "Republic of Greece", "Elliniki Dimokratía", "Picki u dusa", "République hellénique", "Social issues in Greece", "Hellas", "Hellenic Republic", "Republique hellenique", "Eladha", "Ελλάδα", "Grèce", "Elliniki Dimokratia", "Greece", "Temporary Government of National Defence", "Griechenland", "Grcija", "Ellada", "Hellada", "Greek Republic", "Grece", "Ελληνική Δημοκρατία", "Grcka", "Political history of Greece", "Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía", "Macedonian Greece", "History of North Greece", "ISO 3166-1:GR", "Grecce", "Elás", "Hellás", "Ελλας", "Greek law (Hellenic Republic)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "elliniki dimokratía", "macedonian greece", "ellada", "grèce", "elliniki dimokratia", "yananistan", "grece", "yunanistan", "history of north greece", "grcka", "hellas", "greece", "republic of greece", "graecia", "hellada", "grcija", "hellás", "temporary government of national defence", "ελλάδα", "république hellénique", "ellīnikī́ dīmokratía", "iso 3166 1 gr", "social issues in greece", "political history of greece", "eládha", "greek republic", "griekenland", "ελλάς", "ελληνική δημοκρατία", "elás", "greek law hellenic republic", "elláda", "hellenic republic", "republique hellenique", "eladha", "ελλας", "griechenland", "picki u dusa", "grecce" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "greece", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Greece" }

[ { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled Hellinikon () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The grounds of the airport are located 7 km south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers per year during its last year of operations.", "precise_score": 7.7778706550598145, "rough_score": 7.632868766784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ellinikon International Airport" }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon), a sentimental tour - YouTube", "precise_score": 6.297506332397461, "rough_score": 7.058228492736816, "source": "search", "title": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon), a sentimental tour", "precise_score": 6.476943016052246, "rough_score": 7.17497444152832, "source": "search", "title": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon): Let's go for a tour of the two terminals (East and West) of the Athens International Airport which was shut down in 2001. This is a sentimental tour and return to to this place for me because it is the East terminal that I used to leave for the United States in 1977. Vic Stefanu, vstefanu@yahoo.com", "precise_score": 5.861599922180176, "rough_score": 6.706807613372803, "source": "search", "title": "GREECE, the old ATHENS International Airport (Hellinikon ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for the next four decades. In 1988, Greece decided not to extend the arrangement, and the USAF concluded its operations there in 1991. The airport was the base of operations by the Greek national carrier Olympic Airways.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.133184432983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ellinikon International Airport" }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "Athens Airport Greece, Athens International Airport ATH | Airportia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.934782981872559, "source": "search", "title": "Athens Airport Greece, Athens International Airport ATH ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "<div class=\"airportia-widget\"> <iframe scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0; width: 100%; height: 95%; margin:0; padding:0;\" src=\"https://www.airportia.com/widgets/airport/ath/arrivals\"></iframe> <div style=\"font-family: arial; font-size:12px; color:#3f9bdc; width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #65747e;\"> <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/greece/athens-airport-international/arrivals/\" title=\"Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals\" target=\"_top\">Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Arrivals</a> powered by <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/\" target=\"_top\">Airportia</a> </div> </div>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422749519348145, "source": "search", "title": "Athens Airport Greece, Athens International Airport ATH ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "<div class=\"airportia-widget\"> <iframe scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0; width: 100%; height: 95%; margin:0; padding:0;\" src=\"https://www.airportia.com/widgets/airport/ath/departures\"></iframe> <div style=\"font-family: arial; font-size:12px; color:#3f9bdc; width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #65747e;\"> <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/greece/athens-airport-international/departures/\" title=\"Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures\" target=\"_top\">Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures</a> powered by <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/\" target=\"_top\">Airportia</a> </div> </div>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298511505126953, "source": "search", "title": "Athens Airport Greece, Athens International Airport ATH ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "Built in 1938, it was used as a Luftwaffe base during the Nazi occupation of Greece. It was then used by the United States Air Force after the end of World War Two.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275620460510254, "source": "search", "title": "Athens' Ghost Airport: Ambitious Redevelopment Plans ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "But the sprawling airport complex may be set for resurrection as a glitzy coastal resort. Lamda Development, controlled by Greece's powerful Latsis family and leading a consortium of Chinese and Abu-Dhabi based companies, has big dreams for the area since signing a deal for a 99-year lease in March.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.247479438781738, "source": "search", "title": "Athens' Ghost Airport: Ambitious Redevelopment Plans ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "Greece's left-wing opposition and many locals fear the area will become a concrete enclave only for the rich. Others are sceptical, as many previous redevelopment plans have fallen through, including a 2011 dream to build a financial district like Canary Wharf, with Qatari backing. The Gulf state pulled out of the project last year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360392570495605, "source": "search", "title": "Athens' Ghost Airport: Ambitious Redevelopment Plans ..." }, { "answer": "Greece", "passage": "A migrant woman makes her way next to tents set at the old baseball venue of the former Hellenikon Olympic complex, which is used as a shelter for refugees and migrants, in Athens, Greece, July 13, 2016. Picture taken July 13, 2016. 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{ "aliases": [ "Luigi A.G. Sacco", "Luigi Giovanni Sacco", "Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco", "Luigi Alfredo Sacco", "Luigi A. G. Sacco", "Lou Christie" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "luigi g sacco", "luigi alfredo giovanni sacco", "luigi alfredo sacco", "lou christie", "luigi giovanni sacco" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "lou christie", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Lou Christie" }

[ { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "\"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the RPM Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand Listener chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK Record Retailer chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies.", "precise_score": 5.984969615936279, "rough_score": 7.186776161193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lightnin' Strikes" }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Between 1963 and 1969, singer Lou Christie had five hit singles, including the million-selling No. 1 hit ``Lightnin` Strikes.`` These days, he is best known as the biggest draw on the vintage rock concert circuit, with busloads of his fan club members regularly turning up whenever Christie`s on the bill, at the Star Plaza in Merrillville, Ind., and elsewhere.", "precise_score": 6.7631120681762695, "rough_score": 6.388884544372559, "source": "search", "title": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie ..." }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie - tribunedigital-chicagotribune", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9074506759643555, "source": "search", "title": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie ..." }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.04756498336792, "source": "search", "title": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie ..." }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "``Best of Lou Christie`` compilation CD. More recently, Polygram Records put together a budget line compilation, ``Rhapsody in the Rain,`` which, according to a company representative, is available in all formats and is being marketed mainly through convenience stores. But so far, his efforts to land a new record deal have met with frustration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429289817810059, "source": "search", "title": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie ..." }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "``Rock `n` roll is supposed to be so open-minded, but whenever I go into a record company and hand them some new material and say the name `Lou Christie,` they immediately think, `oldie,` `` he says. ``That really drives you insane. It`s frustrating, trying to make people forget that you had a past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16667366027832, "source": "search", "title": "Lightnin` Strikes Once Again For Lou Christie ..." }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4090003967285156, "source": "search", "title": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.601618766784668, "source": "search", "title": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Lou Christie", "passage": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.601618766784668, "source": "search", "title": "Lou Christie - Lightnin' Strikes - YouTube" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1980", "passage": "The Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officially described the channel as \"no longer a TV news network\" and instead as \"a 24-hour global multiplatform network.\" Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.", "precise_score": 7.69536828994751, "rough_score": 7.629385948181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "CNN" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel.", "precise_score": 8.809931755065918, "rough_score": 7.65361213684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Cable News Network (CNN) was the world's first twenty-four-hour cable television news channel when it was established in 1980. From its home in Atlanta , CNN has extended its reach around the world, becoming a dominant force in national and international journalism. Along with its subsidiary channels and the competitors it helped inspire, the network has changed the way information flows throughout an increasingly connected world.", "precise_score": 6.718375205993652, "rough_score": 6.939661979675293, "source": "search", "title": "CNN | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.", "precise_score": 7.870418071746826, "rough_score": 8.439716339111328, "source": "search", "title": "CNN - Mashable" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.068739891052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "CNN" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Since the cancellation of Piers Morgan Tonight, the 9 p.m. Eastern time slot has been filled by factual programs and documentary series, introducing new series for the 2014-15 season such as John Walsh's The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, and Mike Rowe's Somebody's Gotta Do It. Jeff Zucker explained that this new lineup was intended to shift CNN away from a reliance on pundit-oriented programs, and attract younger demographics to the network. Despite this, Zucker emphasized a continuing commitment to news programming, especially during breaking news events (where the 9 p.m. hour can be pre-empted for special coverage). These changes coincided with the introduction of a new imaging campaign for the network, featuring the slogan \"Go there\". In May 2014, CNN premiered The Sixties, a documentary miniseries produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman which chronicled the United States in the 1960s. Owing to its success, CNN would produce sequels focusing on the 1970s and 1980s for 2015 and 2016 respectively. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.817399024963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "CNN" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Early history (1980–1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09235954284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "The network launched on Sunday, June 1, 1980 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time with an original staff of 25 employees based at its headquarters in Atlanta, and bureaus in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. The inaugural broadcast on the channel was an introduction by Ted Turner, who announced:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.932087421417236, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Moneyline premiered in 1980 and was CNN's main financial program for more than 20 years. As the show, hosted by Lou Dobbs, moved more towards general news and economic and political commentary, it was renamed Moneyline with Lou Dobbs, Lou Dobbs Moneyline and then Lou Dobbs Tonight. In 2010, Dobbs – the last remaining original host from the network's launch in 1980 – resigned amid controversy over his questioning of whether President Barack Obama was a native-born U.S. citizen – a qualification for the presidency required under the U.S. Constitution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.634340763092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "The political discussion show Evans and Novak was created in 1980, with Rowland Evans and Robert Novak as its hosts. It became one of the cable network's most-watched discussion programs. Only a short time after, Al Hunt and Mark Shields joined the show as occasional panelists; the name of the program was eventually changed to Evans, Novak, Hunt & Shields in 1998 when Hunt and Shields were named as permanent members of the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20327091217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "* Sports Tonight (1980–2001)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338555335998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "* Style with Elsa Klensch (1980–2000)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253275871276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "* CNN Daybreak (1980–2005)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.419173240661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Such a question is inevitably asking a historian to take a debate which did not reach any degree of intensity until the 1980s and superimpose it on the 18th-century world of the men who built the American republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213823318481445, "source": "search", "title": "Was America founded as a Christian nation? - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "CNN launches - Jun 01, 1980 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.650815486907959, "source": "search", "title": "CNN launches - Jun 01, 1980 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "On this day in 1980, CNN (Cable News Network), the world’s first 24-hour television news network, makes its debut. The network signed on at 6 p.m. EST from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, with a lead story about the attempted assassination of civil rights leader Vernon Jordan. CNN went on to change the notion that news could only be reported at fixed times throughout the day. At the time of CNN’s launch, TV news was dominated by three major networks–ABC, CBS and NBC–and their nightly 30-minute broadcasts. Initially available in less than two million U.S. homes, today CNN is seen in more than 89 million American households and over 160 million homes internationally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2468854188919067, "source": "search", "title": "CNN launches - Jun 01, 1980 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "Plans for CNN were publicly announced in May 1979. With the bravado that was one of his trademarks, Turner predicted that CNN would represent \"the greatest achievement in the history of journalism.\" Schonfeld would serve as the network's first president and CEO. Veteran journalist Daniel Schorr, who had worked for CBS News during the \"golden age\" of Edward R. Murrow, lent his credibility to the venture when he agreed to become the new channel's most visible correspondent. Turner set an ambitious goal of beginning CNN's broadcast on June 1, 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.603246808052063, "source": "search", "title": "CNN | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "CNN (Cable News Network) has now become a household name, but it started about 34 years ago as just one man’s vision. Robert ‘Ted’ Turner created CNN way back in 1980 because someone told him it couldn’t be done. It was just an idea before the challenge was presented to him and he refused to accept his brainchild as impossibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4700140953063965, "source": "search", "title": "CNN Profile, History, Founder, Founded, Ceo | Television ..." }, { "answer": "1980", "passage": "He invested his time and money, spending four years into the development of the network. On 1st June 1980, at 5:00 P.M Eastern Standard Time, CNN was launched. Ted Turner himself spoke at the first airing, announcing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6006991863250732, "source": "search", "title": "CNN Profile, History, Founder, Founded, Ceo | Television ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Frank Charles Carlucci", "Frank Charles Carlucci, III", "Frank Carlucci", "Frank Carlucci III", "Frank C. Carlucci", "Frank C. Carlucci III", "Frank Charles Carlucci III" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "frank c carlucci iii", "frank charles carlucci", "frank carlucci", "frank charles carlucci iii", "frank carlucci iii", "frank c carlucci" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "frank carlucci", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Frank Carlucci" }

[ { "answer": "Frank C. Carlucci", "passage": "Frank C. Carlucci was appointed to the position of Secretary of Defense by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 and served until 1989.", "precise_score": 9.811166763305664, "rough_score": 9.21495532989502, "source": "search", "title": "Frank C. Carlucci | Secretary of Defense for Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Frank C. Carlucci", "passage": "Frank C. Carlucci - 16th Secretary of Defense for Ronald Reagan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4552950859069824, "source": "search", "title": "Frank C. Carlucci | Secretary of Defense for Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Frank C. Carlucci", "passage": "Frank C. Carlucci", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287461280822754, "source": "search", "title": "Frank C. Carlucci | Secretary of Defense for Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Frank C. Carlucci", "passage": "Frank C. Carlucci 16th Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1367264986038208, "source": "search", "title": "Frank C. Carlucci | Secretary of Defense for Ronald Reagan" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ford coppola", "Coppola, Francis Ford", "Ff coppola", "Francis Coppola", "Francis Ford Coppola filmography", "Godfather of Wine", "Francis Ford Coppola", "List of Francis Ford Coppola films" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "ford coppola", "godfather of wine", "francis coppola", "list of francis ford coppola films", "francis ford coppola filmography", "ff coppola", "coppola francis ford", "francis ford coppola" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "francis ford coppola", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Francis Ford Coppola" }

[ { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Shire was born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York, the daughter of Italia (née Pennino; 1912-2004) and arranger/composer Carmine Coppola (1910-1991). Her parents were both of Italian descent. Talia is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola and academic August Coppola, the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage and director Sofia Coppola, and the niece of composer and conductor Anton Coppola. She has five children. Her son Matthew Orlando Shire is the child of her first marriage to composer David Shire. Her other sons, actors/musicians Jason and Robert, are from her second marriage, to the late film producer Jack Schwartzman. She also has two stepchildren by her second marriage, Schwartzman's first marriage.", "precise_score": 2.8049137592315674, "rough_score": 5.08125114440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talia Shire" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Shire was born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York, the daughter of Italia (née Pennino) and arranger/composer Carmine Coppola. Her name is in honor of her ancestral country (Italia). Shire is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage and director Sofia Coppola, and the niece of composer and conductor Anton Coppola. She was married to composer David Shire, with whom she had a son, Matthew Orlando Shire. She has two other sons, actors/musicians Jason Schwartzman and Robert Carmine, from her second marriage to the late producer Jack Schwartzman. Shire first became famous for her role of Connie Corleone in The Godfather and its sequels. Later, she portrayed Adrian Pennino (named after Francesco Pennino, Shire`s grandfather), the plain-looking girlfriend (and later wife) of boxer Rocky Balboa (played by Sylvester Stallone) in the Rocky movies (before Adrian`s death). Shire appears in the final \"Rocky\" film, Rocky Balboa, in flashbacks from earlier films. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Godfather: Part II and for the Best Actress in a Leading Role for Rocky. She also appeared as the Geico caveman`s therapist in television ads.", "precise_score": 2.9393672943115234, "rough_score": 6.044601917266846, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire Pics - Talia Shire Photo Gallery - 2016 ..." }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Younger sister of Francis Ford Coppola and August Coppola .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346567153930664, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Is the only person to be directed to an Oscar-nomination by a sibling. Her brother Francis Ford Coppola directed her in The Godfather: Part II (1974).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.514971733093262, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Was the first family member of Francis Ford Coppola to play a part in the Godfather series, and she set a trend that the others followed: all of their characters had the same relationship to Michael Corleone in the films, that they had to Coppola in real life. Talia, as Francis' sister, played Michael's sister. Her mother Italia Coppola played Michael's mother - although only at the character's funeral. Her niece, and Francis' daughter, Sofia Coppola , played Michael's daughter and Connie Corleone's niece. Diane Keaton , who played Michael's wife, has also said that she based her performance as Kay on Eleanor Coppola , Francis' wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.64499568939209, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "This afternoon in Hollywood at the Turner Classic Movies: TCM Film Festival, Talia Shire appeared with her family to support brother Francis Ford Coppola 's hand... and footprint ceremony at historic TCL Chinese Theatres . Talia is scheduled to appear at tonight's screening of Rocky to introduce the film!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4544727802276611, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "Talia Shire (born Talia Coppola) attended the Yale School of Drama and landed roles in several Roger Corman films. The sister of filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, she benefited from her family connection when she was cast in The Godfather (1972), launching her screen career in earnest. After receiving… more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.428427219390869, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire - TV.com" }, { "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola", "passage": "[on her famous brother, Francis Ford Coppola ] He's the best director in the world - period. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.725688934326172, "source": "search", "title": "Talia Shire - IMDb" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Boston Celtics | The Official Site of the Boston Celtics", "precise_score": -1.3021451234817505, "rough_score": 4.341402053833008, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics | The Official Site of the Boston Celtics" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "NBA.com gives the following reason for how the Boston Celtics got their name: Team founder Walter Brown thought of an earlier basketball team from New York named the Celtics and figured since Boston had a large Irish population, the Celtics was a great name to use again. The moniker stuck.", "precise_score": 5.361310005187988, "rough_score": 4.867383003234863, "source": "search", "title": "How did the Celtics and the Lakers get ... - Dictionary Blog" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Game between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks played on Sat October 15th 2016. The Celtics beat the Knicks 119 to 107. RJ Hunter led the scoring with 17 points, Demetrius Jackson led in assists with 6 assists, and Amir Johnson led by grabbing 6 rebounds.", "precise_score": -2.3560359477996826, "rough_score": 0.9740229249000549, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics Schedule" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end", "precise_score": -4.306266784667969, "rough_score": 2.2417361736297607, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Twiss, the Celtics' jovial media relations czar who this year completed his 36th season on the job, was still trying to wrap his head around what happened. He recalls that, before the formal lottery drawing, NBA officials had conducted a pair of mock draws to demonstrate how the event would run. In the first mock, the Celtics secured picks Nos. 1 and 3. In the second, Boston emerged with picks Nos. 2 and 3. Twiss liked the consistency.", "precise_score": -4.5168070793151855, "rough_score": 0.5481145977973938, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Three weeks before the Celtics claimed banner No. 16 with an NBA Finals victory over the Houston Rockets , Boston secured the No. 2 selection in the 1986 draft thanks to a pick obtained in a 1984 swap in which the Celtics shipped Gerald Henderson Sr. to the Seattle SuperSonics.", "precise_score": -1.5948861837387085, "rough_score": 1.6584898233413696, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Boston Celtics' history at the NBA Draft Lottery", "precise_score": -3.284578800201416, "rough_score": 0.6297412514686584, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "All of which leaves Celtics fans cautiously optimistic. The Celtics won 48 games this season and have an intriguing young core under the direction of third-year coach Brad Stevens. But Boston's future success could be tied, in part, to how those ping-pong balls dance.", "precise_score": -3.041339874267578, "rough_score": 0.23723670840263367, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "The Celtics recovered well from the letdown. Ainge, who had promised Paul Pierce he would surround him with the type of talent that would make Boston a contender again or otherwise trade him to a contender, went to work with a stash of assets similar to what the team now possesses.", "precise_score": -3.3805229663848877, "rough_score": 1.3066174983978271, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "The Boston Celtics are pulling out all the stops as the team attempts to woo Kevin Durant. On Saturday, the team seemingly brought New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady to the Hamptons in New York, where the Celtics are presenting their case to the NBA prized free agent.", "precise_score": 0.06061488389968872, "rough_score": 4.677003860473633, "source": "search", "title": "Celtics come ready to pitch Kevin Durant with … Tom Brady ..." }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "The NBA has featured many famous players, including George Mikan, the first dominating \"big man\"; ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain, who originally played for the barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all-around stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West; more recent big men Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal and Karl Malone; playmaker John Stockton; crowd-pleasing forward Julius Erving; European stars Dirk Nowitzki and Dražen Petrović; more recent stars LeBron James, Kevin Durant, and Kobe Bryant, and the three players who many credit with ushering the professional game to its highest level of popularity: Larry Bird, Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson, and Michael Jordan. In 2001, the NBA formed a developmental league, the NBA Development League. As of 2015, the D-league has 19 teams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6278789043426514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Basketball" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "BOSTON – The struggling New York Knicks were desperate for a win Wednesday night as they took...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.618207931518555, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics | The Official Site of the Boston Celtics" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "What is a Celtic , and why the  Boston Celtics?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.736379146575928, "source": "search", "title": "How did the Celtics and the Lakers get ... - Dictionary Blog" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "As many commenters have noted, the pronunciation of “Celtic” is a messy thing. While we say the Boston “Celtics” with the C sounding like an S, when one talks about “Celtic” language or anything that refers to Celtic culture, the C sounds like a K. But if we talk about “the Celts” to describe the ancient people of that name, the C sounds like an S. Yet another demonstration that language can be as inconsistent as the world it describes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98809814453125, "source": "search", "title": "How did the Celtics and the Lakers get ... - Dictionary Blog" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Boston Celtics Schedule", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.858753502368927, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics Schedule" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Not that he felt like talking to anyone at that moment, particularly not San Antonio Spurs director of player personnel Sam Schuler, who was seated directly next to him and, understandably, could hardly contain his excitement when the Spurs secured the No. 1 pick -- or, more precisely, the right to draft Tim Duncan -- that the Boston Celtics were convinced was as good as theirs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.115122318267822, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Twiss dutifully wrote down the four-ball combination and glanced at the list in front of him with all of Boston's potential combinations. When he realized it wasn't on his list, his heart sank. Then came the celebration from beside him. Spurs at No. 1. Then the Philadelphia 76ers snagged pick No. 2. The Celtics, who entered that night's draw armed with a 36.3 percent chance at securing the top overall pick, settled for selections Nos. 3 and 6 -- not the worst possible outcome, but try selling that to a team convinced it was about see Duncan in green.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.589211940765381, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"Popovich wouldn't give up Tim Duncan for those two picks, your next five picks, the revenue for the Mass. Pike for the next 50 years, the John Hancock Building, and half of the city of Boston.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261474609375, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Alas, the doors finally opened and Twiss emerged ashen-faced and wearing a thousand-yard stare. Amid the post-broadcast chaos, Twiss found M.L. Carr, who had just been relieved of his coaching duties after dutifully running Operation Duncan during the Celtics' 15-win 1996-97 season. Boston finished with the second-worst record in basketball -- only Vancouver was worse, but, as a recent expansion team, the Grizzlies weren't allowed to land the No. 1 pick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.11624808609485626, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Carr approached, a cell phone resembling something from the Zach Morris collection pressed against his ear and, spotting Twiss, thrust the phone into his hands. On the other end was recently anointed head coach, team president and director of basketball operations Rick Pitino back in Boston with a calm but firm question for Twiss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.392254829406738, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"Popovich wouldn't give up Tim Duncan for those two picks, your next five picks, the revenue for the Mass. Pike for the next 50 years, the John Hancock Building and half of the city of Boston,\" Carr would later tell the Boston Globe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126358032226562, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Twiss said no one has ever held the lottery miss against him. When he got back to Boston, Celtics president Red Auerbach pulled Twiss aside and told him not to worry about what happened, because the ping-pong balls left everything to chance. Those words, coming from Auerbach, put Twiss at ease.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.781025409698486, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Voice of the Celtics Tommy Heinsohn wasn't the lucky charm Boston needed in the 2007 NBA Draft Lottery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9269304275512695, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Seventeen championship banners and 21 retired jersey numbers hang above the parquet floor at TD Garden, a reminder of the overwhelming success the Boston Celtics organization has enjoyed during its 70 years in business. And yet, for a team with a shamrock and leprechaun as its logos, this team has essentially been devoid of lottery luck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.922924041748047, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Nine days after Boston's Finals triumph, the Celtics drafted Maryland's Len Bias, a 6-foot-8 swingman who was supposed to help Boston sustain the success of a team that had won three titles in six years. But Bias passed away two days later following a cocaine overdose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.841145038604736, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "It would be 22 years before Boston raised another banner, and the team's rise back to consistent contender status was stunted in large part by the ping-pong ball system the league transitioned to in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183067321777344, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "With Boston fans celebrating each of the Nets' 61 losses this season, the Celtics now own a 31.3 percent chance at a top-two pick in a draft field headlined by LSU's Ben Simmons and Duke's Brandon Ingram . The odds, however, suggest that Boston's most likely landing spot is No. 5 (26.7 percent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7375175952911377, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Is this the year Boston's bad lottery luck ends?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457977294921875, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "When then-deputy NBA commissioner Adam Silver peaked inside the envelope assigned to the fifth pick in the 2007 draft, his eyebrows appeared to briefly shoot skyward before he pulled out the card revealing Boston's logo. Celtics legend Tommy Heinsohn, sitting with hands clasped on the podium next to Silver, stared sideways at the card for a moment before mustering a chuckle and incredulously flipping his thumbs skyward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.952151298522949, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Coming back from commercial before announcing the top three spots, ESPN's broadcast cut to the Celtics' draft lottery party in Boston, where a fan wearing a green baseball cap backward stood mouth agape and hands on head after watching the reveal. Boston, which entered with the second-best odds of securing the No. 1 pick, hadn't just missed out on the Greg Oden/ Kevin Durant sweepstakes, it had plummeted as far as it possibly could after the Portland Trail Blazers , SuperSonics and Atlanta Hawks all vaulted in the lottery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.480382204055786, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"My feeling was, I felt badly for all the people who were about to be disappointed. Like I had my disappointment, but the immediate feeling after that was, 'Ugh, all those people gathered around Boston and all the Celtics fans are going to be so bummed out -- and it's going to be 15 minutes from now. And I wish I could stop it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2998456954956055, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Ainge flipped the No. 5 pick ( Jeff Green ) to Seattle on draft night in exchange for Ray Allen. A month later, Boston finalized a deal that delivered Garnett to Boston and created a new Big Three. The Celtics immediately won 66 games and hung banner No. 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6419587135314941, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Celtics co-owner Stephen Pagliuca's lucky rooster couldn't secure Boston a top-three pick in 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2483391761779785, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Ironically, the Lakers are one of the two teams with better odds than Boston this year. L.A. might need the lottery luck more than Boston -- particularly considering the Lakers will deliver their pick to the 76ers if it falls outside the top three.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9144487380981445, "source": "search", "title": "NBA - Boston Celtics hoping draft lottery woes come to and end" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8395256996154785, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8395256996154785, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Brad Stevens is leaving Butler after six seasons and two NCAA title game appearances and will be the next Boston Celtics coach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.895745277404785, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics Brad Stevens is leaving Butler after six seasons and two NCAA title game appearances and will be the next Boston Celtics coach. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/121Aexq", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.450482130050659, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8395256996154785, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Boston Celtics hired Brad Stevens as head coach away from Butler University", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.614710807800293, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "The highly successful Butler University basketball coach has accepted the head coaching position with the Boston Celtics, the school and team announced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1919703632593155, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"Our family is thrilled for the opportunity given to us by the leadership of the Boston Celtics, but it is emotional to leave a place that we have called home for the past 13 years,\" Stevens said in a news release from Butler University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.14334017038345337, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Stevens will guide a rebuilding effort in Boston. The Celtics traded Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett and Jason Terry to the Brooklyn Nets last week, not long after allowing coach Doc Rivers to join the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for a 2015 first-round pick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8214876651763916, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "ESPN NBA analyst Jon Barry thinks the key to Stevens' success in Boston will come down to his relationship with Rajon Rondo, the team's mercurial point guard who missed much of last season with a knee injury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.983216285705566, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"It certainly hasn't turned out well for most recent college coaches who have made the jump to the NBA. We've seen one after another struggle,\" Barry told USA TODAY Sports. \"Boston is rebuilding, and it's going to be a difficult transition. But they have a pretty good young group, and sometimes that has a lot to do with the hire. He's probably going to get along well the players, and a lot of the players have been in college recently and know what Brad Stevens has done.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583059310913086, "source": "search", "title": "Brad Stevens hired as new coach of Boston Celtics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Boston Celtics' Jaylen Brown proving to be a driving force - Boston Celtics Blog- ESPN", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.574453353881836, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics' Jaylen Brown proving to be a driving force ..." }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "That's the phrase Boston Celtics assistant coach Walter McCarty bellows in practice when one of his players gets a step on their defender. It's more of a warning, an advisory that the defender might literally have someone on top of their head, as in getting dunked on in an unflattering way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.868539810180664, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics' Jaylen Brown proving to be a driving force ..." }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Soon after, Brown took a dribble handoff from teammate Terry Rozier and turned the corner into the lane with a head of steam. As the Boston bench rose in unison, Holmes managed to grab Brown's left arm and commit another dunk-saving foul. This time, Brown stared down Holmes after the whistle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993535041809082, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics' Jaylen Brown proving to be a driving force ..." }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "\"Next time they might get out the way,\" Brown suggested after finishing with 16 points, six rebounds and two blocked shots over 28 minutes in Boston's win.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267874717712402, "source": "search", "title": "Boston Celtics' Jaylen Brown proving to be a driving force ..." }, { "answer": "Boston", "passage": "Predictably, some lost their minds about it — including one particularly high-profile Boston fan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383807182312012, "source": "search", "title": "Celtics come ready to pitch Kevin Durant with … Tom Brady ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "'Ala' ad Din", "'Ala' ad-Din", "Alad-Din", "Aladdin", "'Ala' addin", "アラジン", "Aladdin's lamp", "Alladdin", "Ali ibn ad-Din", "Ala addin", "Alaad Din", "Alad Din", "علاء الدين", "ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn", "Ala ad-Din", "Alaaddin", "Aladdin and the magic lamp", "Arajin", "Alaad-Din", "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", "'Ala addin" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "アラジン", "aladdin and magic lamp", "aladdin s lamp", "ala addin", "ʻalāʼ ad dīn", "alad din", "ali ibn ad din", "alaaddin", "aladdin", "ala ad din", "علاء الدين", "arajin", "alladdin", "alaad din" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "aladdin", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Aladdin" }

[ { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "\"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation.", "precise_score": 7.5462727546691895, "rough_score": 2.205564498901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Whole New World" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A Whole New World-Aladdin Theme Song.wmv - YouTube", "precise_score": 3.7262659072875977, "rough_score": -2.2392611503601074, "source": "search", "title": "A Whole New World-Aladdin Theme Song.wmv - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A Whole New World-Aladdin Theme Song.wmv", "precise_score": 4.626944541931152, "rough_score": -1.464870810508728, "source": "search", "title": "A Whole New World-Aladdin Theme Song.wmv - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A Whole New World song from Aladdin.", "precise_score": 4.49683952331543, "rough_score": -6.135831832885742, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin - A Whole New World [High Quality] - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Genie's Theme is \"To Be Free.\" It is surprisingly sweet for a comic character, to show that he truly means well and just wants freedom, similar to Jasmine. Although it is associated with Genie in the film, the tune was combined with Jasmine's theme and rewritten for Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular as \"To Be Free,\" Jasmine's song.", "precise_score": -1.5678259134292603, "rough_score": -3.9074478149414062, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "lyrics by Tim Rice, performed by Lea Salonga and Brad Kane Lyrics and pictures Aladdin: I can show you the world / Shining, shimmering, splendid / Tell me, princess, now when did / you last let your heart decide / / Aladdin: / I can open your eyes / Take you wonder by wonder / Over, sideways, and under / On a magic carpet ride / / Aladdin: A whole new world / A new fantastic point of view / No one to tell us no / Or where to go / Or say we're only dreaming / / Jasmine: A whole new world / A dazzling place i never knew / But when I'm way up here / It's crystal clear / That now I'm in a whole new world / With you / Now I'm in a whole new world with you. / / Jasmine: Unbelievable sights / Indescribable feeling / Soaring, tumbling, freewheeling / Through an endless diamond sky / Jasmine: A whole new world Aladdin: Don't you dare close your eyes Jasmine: A hundred thousand things to see Aladdin: Hold your breath, it gets better Jasmine: I'm like a shooting star, I've come so far I can't go back to where I used to be Aladdin: A whole new world Jasmine: Every turn a surprize Aladdin: With new horrizons to pursue Jasmine: Every moment red letter Aladdin and Jasmine: I'll chase them anywhere, there's time to spare, let me share this whole new world with you Aladdin: A whole new world Jasmine: A whole new world Aladdin: That's where we'll be Jasmine: That's where we'll be Aladdin: A thrilling chase Jasmine: A wonderous place Aladdin and Jasmine: For you and me", "precise_score": 1.8436335325241089, "rough_score": -5.573482513427734, "source": "search", "title": "A Whole New World Aladdin song video - cornel1801.com" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Beginning with Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988, Disney's flagship animation studio enjoyed a series of commercial and critical successes with such films as The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as Adventures of the Gummi Bears, Duck Tales, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, Darkwing Duck and Gargoyles. Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.361252784729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Walt Disney Company" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Some of Disney's animated family films have drawn fire for being accused of having sexual references hidden in them, among them The Little Mermaid (1989), Aladdin (1992), and The Lion King (1994). Instances of sexual material hidden in some versions of The Rescuers (1977) and Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) resulted in recalls and modifications of the films to remove such content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.072519302368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Walt Disney Company" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A single version of the song was previously released that year and was performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played in the movie's end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"Aladdins Theme\". This version peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and only song from a Disney animated film to top the Billboard Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's studio album Passion (1993) and on Bryson's studio album Through the Fire (1994). The Latin American rendition of the song, \"Un Mundo Ideal\", by Ricardo Montaner and Michelle received airplay throughout Latin America. This rendition was later included on Montaner's greatest hits album Éxitos y... Algo Más (1993). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.147181034088135, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Whole New World" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "* Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey covered the song for DisneyMania 3 released in 2005, and on the two-disc Platinum Edition DVD for the Aladdin film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.810946464538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Whole New World" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "* Glee's actor Darren Criss performed the song with Lea Salonga, the singing voice of Princess Jasmine on Aladdin at Billboard/Hollywood Reporter TV & Film Music Conference to Alan Menken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84669017791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Whole New World" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin - A Whole New World [High Quality] - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68659782409668, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin - A Whole New World [High Quality] - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin - A Whole New World [High Quality]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.602699279785156, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin - A Whole New World [High Quality] - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.837257385253906, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "An alternate version of the song utilizing lyrics from the original demo was later featured in The Return of Jafar , performed by Brian Hannan. This version was also used as the main titles theme for the Aladdin television series .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.057655334472656, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin and the King of Thieves features a reprise performed by Adler originally recorded for the first film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.466870307922363, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "\"One Jump Ahead\" is sung by Aladdin ( Brad Kane ) while he escapes from the guards carrying a stolen loaf of bread, explaining that it is the life he lives in, he has no choice but to steal, much as he does not wish to. It replaced \"You Can Count On Me\", a song that would be used to introduce Aladdin but was considered too pokey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23023509979248, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Tim Rice and Alan Menken 's biggest inspiration for \"One Jump Ahead\" was another cut song, \" Babkak, Omar, Aladdin, Kassim \", that would feature Aladdin and three friends removed from the film. During the writing, Rice and Menken also came to a ballad in the same vein, used in a later scene as \"One Jump Ahead (Reprise)\". The reprise, titled, \"One Jump Ahead (Reprise)\", is also used in the score as the theme for Aladdin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.410606384277344, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A slow version of the song (the reprise, specifically) is heard in the underscore frequently as a theme for Aladdin in a way that \"breaks the fourth wall\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.932546615600586, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "\"Friend Like Me\" is sung by the Genie ( Robin Williams ) while he shows off his powers to Aladdin in a Cab Calloway like musical, telling him that he is a friend unlike any other. It was the first scene in Aladdin to have its animation finished, and features some differences in character design. This song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song; it was Ashman's last nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556816101074219, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "\"Prince Ali\" is another flamboyant number sung by the Genie ( Robin Williams ) as he introduces Agrabah to Aladdin's royal alter ego, Prince Ali Ababwa with a giant caravan. During the song, Robin Williams imitates a Thanksgiving Parade commenter (\"Don't they look lovely, June?\"), Walter Brennan, and Ethel Merman . The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two extra verses in the middle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312540054321289, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Howard Ashman and Alan Menken composed several songs for an initial story treatment of Aladdin prior to beginning work on Beauty and the Beast . This story treatment incorporated several plot elements from the original folk tale and additional characters that were eliminated during later story development. Three songs from this score - \"Arabian Nights,\" \"Friend Like Me\" and \"Prince Ali\" - survive in the final film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767638206481934, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Alan Menken's score for Aladdin follows the compositional method also used in The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast , with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08813190460205, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin's theme echoes the melody of \"One Jump Ahead.\" It prominently appears in the score cues \"Street Urchins,\" \"To Be Free\" and \"Aladdin's Word.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.966626167297363, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, it is usually accompanied by \"A Whole New World.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.475834846496582, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin (Original Soundtrack) - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "Aladdin OST MP3 - Download Aladdin OST Soundtracks for FREE!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191472053527832, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin OST MP3 - Download Aladdin OST Soundtracks for" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "*Sigh* Listening to soundtracks like Aladdin brings you back to the time when Disney movies really meant something and had good quality songs. I feel badly for anyone who wasn't able to watch those old movies as a child; Aladdin and those 90's movies are the highlights of my days as a little kid!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.379359245300293, "source": "search", "title": "Aladdin OST MP3 - Download Aladdin OST Soundtracks for" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "A Whole New World | video | song | Aladdin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.848563194274902, "source": "search", "title": "A Whole New World Aladdin song video - cornel1801.com" }, { "answer": "Aladdin", "passage": "video song from Aladdin (1992) , music by Alan Menken,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10175609588623, "source": "search", "title": "A Whole New World Aladdin song video - cornel1801.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Memphis style", "Memphis design", "Memphis Style", "Memphis movement", "Memphis Group", "Memphis (design group)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "memphis design group", "memphis movement", "memphis design", "memphis group", "memphis style" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "memphis group", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Memphis Group" }

[ { "answer": "Memphis Group", "passage": "The band formed by accident one day in 1962, when seventeen-year-old keyboard player Booker T. Jones was in a Memphis studio waiting for rockabilly singer Billy Lee Riley to arrive to a recording session. He and drummer Al Jackson, bassist Lewie Steinberg and guitarist Steve Cropper began jamming on the melody that would become \"Green Onions.\" Stax Records president Jim Stewart liked the tune so much he decided to record it and put it out as a single. The band needed a name, so Jackson suggested the MG's, for the popular early-sixties sports car. Eventually, MG's came to stand for Memphis Group. The style of the song — a bouncy, organ-driven R&B melody with blasts of trebly, country-rock guitar over a swinging, laid-back bass-and-drums groove — became the signature musical foundation for Southern soul.", "precise_score": 1.7653439044952393, "rough_score": -0.3855079710483551, "source": "search", "title": "Booker T & The MGs | Rolling Stone" }, { "answer": "Memphis Group", "passage": "After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group. Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\", was murdered in his home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28332233428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s" }, { "answer": "Memphis Group", "passage": "For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \"Memphis Group\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.642456531524658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s" }, { "answer": "Memphis Group", "passage": "Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \"M.G.\" stood for \"Memphis Group\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512619972229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s" }, { "answer": "Memphis Group", "passage": "Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \"The M.G.'s\" (and concocted the \"Memphis Group\" explanation) was to avoid any possible claims of trademark infringement from the manufacturers of the car.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517205238342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Diana Ross and the Supremes", "Diana Ross & The Supremes", "Diana Ross and The Supremes", "The Supremes Sing Disney Classics", "The Supremes at the Copa '67", "The Supremes", "Diana Ross And The Supremes", "Supremes", "The Primettes", "Diana ross and the supremes", "Primettes", "The supremes", "Diana Ross & the Supremes" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "diana ross supremes", "diana ross and supremes", "supremes at copa 67", "supremes sing disney classics", "supremes", "primettes" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "supremes", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Supremes" }

[ { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American vocalist. She was one of the founding members of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on sixteen top forty singles with the group, including ten number-one hits.", "precise_score": 8.000648498535156, "rough_score": 9.079474449157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "Named \"Blondie\" and \"Flo\" by family and friends, Ballard attended Northeastern High School and was coached vocally by Abraham Silver. Ballard met future singing partner Mary Wilson during a middle-school talent show and they became friends while attending Northeastern High. From an early age, Ballard aspired to be a singer and agreed to audition for a spot on a sister group of the local Detroit attraction, the Primes. After she was accepted, Ballard recruited Mary Wilson to join Jenkins' group. Wilson, in turn, enlisted another neighbor, Diana Ross, then going by \"Diane\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named them as \"The Primettes\". The group performed at talent showcases and at school parties before auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school before auditioning again. Ballard eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated.", "precise_score": 1.5128225088119507, "rough_score": 0.5747128129005432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Ballard expressed dissatisfaction with the group's direction throughout its successful period. She would also claim that their schedule had forced the group members to drift apart.Unsung: Florence Ballard, TV One, 2010 Ballard blamed Motown Records for destroying the group dynamic by making Diana Ross the star. Struggling to cope with label demands and her own bout with depression, Ballard turned to alcohol for comfort, leading to arguments with her group members. Ballard's alcoholism led to her missing performances and recording sessions. Gordy sometimes replaced Ballard on stage with the Andantes' Marlene Barrow. In April 1967, Cindy Birdsong, member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, became a stand-in for Ballard. A month later, Ballard returned to the group for what she thought was a temporary leave of absence. In June, Gordy changed the group's name to \"The Supremes with Diana Ross\", which was how they were billed on the marquee of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel.", "precise_score": 4.8464202880859375, "rough_score": 6.826120853424072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Dreamgirls, a 1981 Broadway musical, chronicles a fictional group called \"The Dreams,\" and a number of plot components parallel events in the Supremes’ career. The central character of Effie White, like Florence Ballard, is criticized for being overweight, and is fired from the group. The film version of Dreamgirls released in 2006 features more overt references to Ballard's life and the Supremes' story, including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals. Jennifer Hudson won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for her portrayal of Effie White in the Dreamgirls film. In her Golden Globe acceptance speech, Hudson dedicated her win to Florence Ballard.", "precise_score": 2.745457649230957, "rough_score": 6.2294182777404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Florence Ballard (born Florence Glenda Ballard on June 30, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) was one of the founding members of the Supremes.", "precise_score": 5.508864879608154, "rough_score": 7.3557844161987305, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "Impressed by her vocals, Milton asked Florence if she knew any more singers. Ballard soon asked Mary to join the group who enlisted another neighbor Diane Ross . Betty Mcglown completed the original lineup and Milton named them the Primettes.", "precise_score": 3.0647783279418945, "rough_score": 6.39067268371582, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Bradford presented the list to Ballard. Florence eventually picked the name \"Supremes.\"", "precise_score": -0.16108061373233795, "rough_score": 0.32960745692253113, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The greatest girl group ever had its origins in the late 1950s in Detroit's Brewster Projects. At the beginning the girls formed a quartet and named themselves \"The Primettes\", achieving mild success locally and recording a single for the Lupine record label. They ended up being a trio in 1960 shortly after they were signed by Detroit-based Motown, a record company founded by Berry Gordy . At Gordy's request, the trio formed by Florence Ballard , Mary Wilson and Diane Ross became The Supremes.", "precise_score": 5.320232391357422, "rough_score": 4.841216087341309, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes' first Motown recordings were much more girl group-oriented than their later hits. Additionally, not all of them featured Diana Ross on lead vocals; Flo Ballard , considered to have as good or better a voice, also sang lead. Through a lengthy series of flops, Berry Gordy remained confident that the group would eventually prove to be one of Motown's biggest. By the time they finally did get their first Top 40 hit, \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes,\" in late 1963, Ross had taken over the lead singing for good.", "precise_score": -0.5709656476974487, "rough_score": 0.6147778630256653, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "John Kendricks, 18 November 1936, Detroit, Michigan, USA, d. 2 March 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA. His date of birth is disputed, and varies between 1927 and 1936. Ballard’s truck-driving father died when he was seven years old and he was sent to Bessemer, Alabama, to live with relations. The strict religious and gospel upbringing caused him to run away, and by the age of 15, Ballard was working on an assembly line at Ford Motors in Detroit. His cousin, Florence Ballard, became a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. Hank Ballard’s singing voice was heard by Sonny Woods of the Royals, who was amused by his mixture of Jimmy Rushing and Gene Autry. He was asked to replace frontman Lawson Smith during the latter’s army service. The Royals, who also included Henry Booth and Charles Sutton, had been recommended to King Records by Johnny Otis and had previously recorded ‘Every Beat Of My Heart’, later an R&B hit for Gladys Knight And The Pips.", "precise_score": 5.152585983276367, "rough_score": 6.260795593261719, "source": "search", "title": "Hank Ballard & The Midnighters Biography | OLDIES.com" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The quintessential girl group, the Supremes emerged as Motown’s leading female artists after a disappointing start. Best known as a trio, the Supremes started out as the Primettes. Original members included Florence Ballard, Diane (Diana) Ross and Mary Wilson. Ballard left the group in 1968 and was replaced by Cindy Birdsong.", "precise_score": 7.408007621765137, "rough_score": 8.225959777832031, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "group’s name into Diana Ross And Supremes also changed member Florence Ballard as Cindy Birdsong. As his strategy, their popularity didn’t know when to low. In 1969, however, Team’s main member Diana Ross became solo and Supremes’ popularity was on decrease. So to speak about their music style, they had Pop and R&B Soul with simply pleasant rhythm and beautiful harmony. Supremes made model of girl group’s sound and they are also model of every girl group. My recommend songs are ‘Where Did Our Love Go’ which song is their first hit song, ‘Baby Love’ and ‘Come See About me’. If you listen their music, you can understand how they attract people. Their music has simple rhythm, harmony and soul so these factors stir people’s emotion. 2. Marvin Gaye 5 20112990 Yenny Jung", "precise_score": 5.491683483123779, "rough_score": 6.880789756774902, "source": "search", "title": "group's name into Diana Ross And Supremes also changed ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32. So was Florence Ballard murdered? | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": -0.7137807011604309, "rough_score": 0.17909112572669983, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32. So was Florence Ballard murdered?", "precise_score": -0.5964276790618896, "rough_score": 1.602940320968628, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "And there the story would have ended that night of February 22, 1976, but for one thing: the woman who died was Florence Ballard, once the star of The Supremes, one of the most successful groups of all time.", "precise_score": 2.8356430530548096, "rough_score": 6.16441011428833, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Mystery: Florence Ballard (right), who founded The Supremes, was forced out of the group", "precise_score": 4.144842624664307, "rough_score": 6.085531711578369, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Immediately afterwards, the group became Diana Ross And The Supremes. Florence Ballard's career was over at the age of 24.", "precise_score": 5.719080448150635, "rough_score": 6.027411460876465, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Distraught, she sued Gordy for her missing millions, but lost her case. Florence Ballard, the girl who had founded The Supremes, was left with a settlement of just $160,000.", "precise_score": 3.479701042175293, "rough_score": 5.849838733673096, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade. Ballard struggled with alcoholism, depression, and poverty for three years. She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a heart attack in February 1976 at age 32. Ballard's death was considered by one critic as \"one of rock's greatest tragedies\". Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7280006408691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41201114654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Later in 1960, the Primettes signed a contract with Lu Pine Records, issuing two songs that failed to perform well. During that year, they kept pursuing a Motown contract and agreed to do anything that was required, including adding handclaps and vocal backgrounds. By the end of the year, Berry Gordy agreed to have the group record songs in the studio. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign them on the condition they change their name. Janie Bradford approached Ballard with a list of names to choose from before Ballard chose \"Supremes\". When the other members heard of the new name, they weren't pleased. Diana Ross feared they would be mistaken for a male vocal group. Eventually Gordy agreed to sign them under that name on January 15, 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271017074584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The group struggled in their early years with the label, releasing eight singles that failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100, giving them the nickname \"no-hit Supremes\". One track, \"Buttered Popcorn\", led by Ballard, was a regional hit in the Midwest, but still failed to chart. During a 1962 Motortown Revue tour, Ballard briefly replaced the Marvelettes' Wanda Young while she was on maternity leave. Before the release of their 1962 debut album, Meet the Supremes, Barbara Martin, who had replaced Betty McGlown a year before they signed to Motown, left the group. Ballard, Ross and Wilson remained a trio. After the hit success of 1963's \"When the Love Light Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", Diana Ross became the group's lead singer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.374699592590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In the spring of 1964, the group released \"Where Did Our Love Go\", which became their first number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, paving the way for ten number-one hits recorded by Ross, Ballard and Wilson between 1964 and 1967. After many rehearsals with Cholly Atkins and Maurice King, the Supremes' live shows improved dramatically as well. During this time, Ballard would contribute leads to songs on Supremes albums, including a cover of Sam Cooke's \"(Ain't That) Good News\". During live shows, Ballard often performed the Barbra Streisand standard, \"People\". According to Mary Wilson, Ballard's vocals were so loud she was made to stand 17 feet away from her microphone during recording sessions. All in all, Ballard contributed vocals to ten number-one pop hits and 16 top forty hit singles between 1963 and 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.889442443847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Exit from the Supremes and solo career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54035758972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "On July 1, the day after her 24th birthday, Ballard showed up inebriated during the group's third performance at the Flamingo and stuck her stomach out from her suit. Angered, Gordy ordered her to return to Detroit, and Birdsong officially replaced her, abruptly ending her tenure with the Supremes. It had been decided as early as May that Birdsong would be Ballard's official replacement once Birdsong's contract with the Bluebelles was bought out. In August 1967, the Detroit Free Press reported that Ballard had taken a temporary leave of absence from the group due to \"exhaustion\". Ballard eventually married her boyfriend, Thomas Chapman, on February 29, 1968. A week earlier, on February 22, Ballard and Motown negotiated to have Ballard released from the label. Her attorney in the matter received a one-time payment of $139,804.94 in royalties and earnings from Motown. As part of the settlement, Ballard was advised to not promote her solo work as a former member of the Supremes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1133475303649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In July 1971 Ballard sued Motown for additional royalty payments she believed she was due to receive; she was defeated in court by Motown. That year she gave birth to her third daughter, Lisa. Shortly afterwards, Ballard and her husband separated after several domestic disputes and Ballard's home was foreclosed. Facing poverty and depression, Ballard developed alcoholism and shied away from the spotlight. In 1972, she moved into her sister Maxine's house. In 1974 Mary Wilson invited Ballard to join the Supremes, which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne (Ross had left for her successful solo career in 1970). Though Ballard played tambourine, she didn't sing and told Wilson she had no ambition to sing any more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8932957649230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Florence Ballard's story has been referenced in a number of works by other artists. The 1980 song \"Romeo's Tune\", from Mississippian Steve Forbert's album Jackrabbit Slim is \"dedicated to the memory of Florence Ballard\". The Billy Bragg song \"King James Version\" on his William Bloke album contains the line \"Remember the sadness in Florence Ballard's eyes\". On his 2006 album Hip Hop is Dead, hip-hop artist Nas mentions the Ballard/Ross rivalry in his song \"Blunt Ashes\": \"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\" In his short story \"You Know They Got a Hell of a Band\", Stephen King, through the late disc jockey Alan Freed, includes Ballard as one of the deceased artists who performs in a town called “Rock and Roll Heaven”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3093540668487549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The music video for the Diana Ross song \"Missing You\" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Ballard, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died. In 1988, Ballard was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.40947961807251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Ballard" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "With the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting, a number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a major force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US and UK music charts from 1960 to 1966. the Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave and throughout most of the British Invasion rivaled the Beatles in popularity. In later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco, contemporary R&B, and country-based formats, as well as pop. A more globalized music industry saw the extreme popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea, and Japan, produced extremely popular acts, with eight groups debuting after 1990 having sold more than 15 million physical copies of their albums. Also, since the late 2000s, South Korea has had a significant impact, with 8 of the top 10 girl groups by digital sales in the world originating there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.544748306274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Girl group" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "However, it was the Chantels' 1958 song \"Maybe\" that became \"arguably, the first true glimmering of the girl group sound.\" The \"mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop\" was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music. However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups' musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin and choir music. The success of the Chantels and others was followed by an enormous rise in girl groups with varying skills and experience, with the music industry's typical racially segregated genre labels of R&B and pop slowly breaking apart. This rise also allowed a semblance of class mobility to groups of people who often could not otherwise gain such success, and \"forming vocal groups together and cutting records gave them access to other opportunities toward professional advancement and personal growth, expanding the idea of girlhood as an identity across race and class lines.\" The group often considered to have achieved the first sustained success in girl group genre is the Shirelles, who first reached the Top 40 with \"Tonight's the Night\", and in 1961 became the first girl group to reach number one on the Hot 100 with \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\", written by songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King at 1650 Broadway. The Shirelles solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962's number one hit \"Soldier Boy\", over the next two and a half years. \"Please Mr. Postman\" by the Marvelettes became a major indication of the racial integration of popular music, as it was the first number one song in the US for African-American owned label Tamla/Motown. Motown would mastermind several major girl groups, including Martha and the Vandellas, the Velvelettes, and the Supremes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465270042419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Girl group" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Over 750 girl groups were able to chart a song between 1960 and 1966 in the US and UK, although the genre's reach was not as strongly felt in the music industries of other regions. As the youth culture of western Continental Europe was deeply immersed in Yé-yé, recording artists of East Asia mostly varied from traditional singers, government-sponsored chorus, or multi-cultural soloists and bands, while bossa nova was trendy in Latin America. Beat Music's global influence eventually pushed out girl groups as a genre and, except for a small number of the foregoing groups and possibly the Toys and the Sweet Inspirations, the only girl group with any significant chart presence from the beginning of the British Invasion through 1970 was the Supremes. The distinct girl group sound would not re-emerge until the 21st century, where it would influence modern-day English-speaking pop-soul soloists who have been met with international success, such as Amy Winehouse, Adele, Duffy and Melanie Fiona among others. In addition to influencing individual singers, this generation of girl groups cemented the girl group form and sentiment and provided inspiration for many future groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.59528923034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Girl group" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Additionally, as the girl group structure persisted through further generations, popular cultural sentiments were incorporated into the music. The appearance of \"girl power\" and feminism was also added, even though beginning groups were very structured in their femininity. Girl groups would give advice to their audience, or there would be a back-and-forth dialogue between the backup singers and the main singer. It would be simplistic to imply that girl groups only sang about being in love; on the contrary, many groups expressed complex sentiments in their songs. There were songs of support, songs that were gossipy, etc.; like any other musical movement, there was lots of variation in what was being sang. A prominent theme was often teaching \"what it meant to be a woman\". Girl groups would exhibit what womanhood looked like from the clothes they were wearing to the actual lyrics in their songs. Of course this changed over the years (what the Supremes were wearing was different from the Spice Girls), but girl groups still served as beacons and examples of certain types of identities to their audiences through the years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.57686710357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Girl group" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Florence Ballard | The Supremes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8770694732666016, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1967, she was removed from the Supremes lineup and pursued a solo career which was unsuccessful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034930229187012, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes (1959-1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333078384399414, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "An early promotional photo of Florence with The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45952320098877, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "Florence eventually returned to her career and the Primettes signed their first deal with local label Lupine Records, releasing one record called \"Tears of Sorrow\" which was backed up by a song called \"Pretty Baby.\" Neither of the songs made the charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.343636512756348, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Berry and staffer Janie Bradford wrote a list of names for the girls on a list. Jamie presented the list to Florence who picked the name \"Supremes.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.391237258911133, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In May of 1962, Florence returned to the Supremes and in June, they had their first charted single with \" Your Heart Belongs To Me \" (which was recorded before Barbara left the group).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.334214210510254, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Between 1961 and 1963, eight of the Supremes' singles failed to chart successfully.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448168754577637, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Though there had been no designated lead vocalist in the Supremes, Berry Gordy felt Diana Ross' pop-oriented vocals would bring the group success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19348430633545, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1964, the Supremes scored their first number-one single, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and eventually scored a total of three number-one singles in 1964 alone including \"Baby Love\" and \"Come See About Me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435447692871094, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Florence sung lead sporadically on several of the Supremes albums (including a cover of Sam Cooke's song \"(Ain't That) Good News\" on the Supremes' tribute album \" We Remember Sam Cooke \").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665675163269043, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Issues With Berry Gordy\\Departing from The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.548076629638672, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Despite the Supremes' rise to fame, Florence was reportedly depressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.667572021484375, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "According to Florence's children, these payments never came through which added to the tensions between the remaining Supremes and Berry Gordy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254135131835938, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In late June, Berry officially changed the group's name to \"The Supremes with Diana Ross\", which was billed atop the banner of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889698028564453, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "As part of the settlement, she was advised to not promote her solo work as a former member of the Supremes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.450735092163086, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1974, Mary invited Florence to join the Supremes (which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne at the Six Flags Magic Mountain in California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.134867668151855, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "\"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390124320983887, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The 1981 Broadway musical \"Dreamgirls\" (which chronicles a fictional group called \"The Dreams\" and a number of plot components parallel events in the Supremes’ career).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63222885131836, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 2006, the film version of \"Dreamgirls\" was released & featured more overt references to Florence's life and the Supremes' story (including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0468168258667, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1988, Florence was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.11824893951416, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517168998718262, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41201114654541, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In spite of the support of Motown writers and producers such as 'Smokey Robinson' and Gordy himself, the group spent a few years recording songs that disappeared into oblivion as soon as they were released. During those early years it was generally accepted that \"Flo\" Ballard had the strongest, more soulful voice to lead the group, but Gordy decided that Diane Ross had a more \"commercial sound\" and she became the lead singer in most of their recordings. However, his enthusiasm was not initially shared by other producers and musicians who found Ross' voice too high-pitched and nasal. In late 1963 The Supremes were turned over to the in-house production team formed by Lamont Dozier and brothers Brian Holland and Eddie Holland . From the very beginning the collaboration worked like magic when their first release, \"When The Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\" became a top 40 hit nationwide providing the first hint of the girls potential.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.122321844100952, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "For the next release, Holland-Dozier-Holland picked \"Where Did Our Love Go,\" a song that nobody thought much of. First they tried recording it with The Marvelettes but the group rejected it. Then they switched to The Supremes with Mary Wilson in mind to sing the leads but Mary didn't like the song either. Finally the song was cut with Ross singing in Wilson's lower mezzo-soprano register resulting in a sound that was sexy, romantic and extremely commercial. By pure chance they had stumbled into the right key for Diane Ross and a unique sound for The Supremes. \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was up and running as soon as it was released, an instant million seller for the group. But this was only the beginning of a Cinderella-like story that would make the girls from Detroit a legendary institution. As The Supremes kept topping the charts (\"Baby Love,\" \"Come See About Me,\" \"Stop! In The Name Of Love,\" \"Back In My Arms Again,\" \"Nothing But Heartaches\") their presence was requested on national television,live concerts and even films. Here another miracle happened when audiences - of all races, social and economic backgrounds - fell in love with these charming black princesses, impeccably groomed, made up and dressed in gowns that in time became more and more extravagant. Their individual personalities so endearing, their harmonies so unique, their movements so graceful, the public just couldn't get enough of The Supremes and by 1965 they were the undisputed No. 1 female group in the country competing with The Beatles for most #1 hits in the charts. Their contribution to the civil rights movement should not be underestimated; suddenly, they were \"the face\" of Black America and it was a face of beauty, of glamour and of unity, an image everyone could identify with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504714012145996, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "About this time Diane decided to use the name in her birth certificate which, by a spelling error, had been entered as \"Diana\". This is the year also in which her relationship with 'Berry Gordy Jr'. becomes a full fledged love affair although the details are kept away from the press and the fans. The Supremes continued turning out hits such as \"I Hear A Symphony,\" \"My World Is Empty Without You,\" \"You Can't Hurry Love,\" \"Love Is Like An Itching In My Heart\" and they were clearly \"the sound of young America\" but Gordy had a broader vision for them. Now that he had the kids listening to the group, the next step was to conquer the adults. The Supremes were the first R & B group to perform at the famed \"Copacabana Night Club\" in New York, enchanting audiences with their rendition of old American standards, songs from Broadway and Hollywood productions and their Motown hits. This was surely a well calculated gamble which paid off immediately. Diana Ross , Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard were now perceived as much more than a rock group. Actually they had become the embodiment of the American dream and as performers they were now in the same league as Sammy Davis Jr. , Frank Sinatra , Barbra Streisand or Judy Garland . They constantly appeared on television with the greatest names in show business from Bobby Darin to Ethel Merman , Bob Hope or Bing Crosby . Looking at their seasoned performances on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" (the new title of The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) and other TV shows it is easy to forget that these ladies were barely 20 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.253467559814453, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "By 1966 the first rumors of dissension within the group leaks out. 'Berry Gordy Jr.', had made the decision that Diana Ross would become a solo artist and The Supremes just a showcase for her talents, sort of a launching pad. This turn of events was not received well by Mary and \"Flo\" as their own talents became relegated to background singers for a super star. It should be remembered that The Supremes owed their sound in recordings to Diana Ross and the lady deserved the extra credit for being an exceptional talent, but on TV or in concerts, audiences were fascinated by all three Supremes, by their performances and by their individual personalities. Gordy knew the dangers of this situation so he pursued the strategy of minimizing The Supremes impact in favor of asserting the name and appeal of Diana Ross . A disgruntled 'Florence Ballard' began drinking and her behavior became erratic both on and off stage. The hits kept coming (\"You Keep Me Hangin' On,\" \"Love Is Here But Now You're Gone,\" \"The Happening\") but there was internal turmoil and tensions. In 1967, two major changes were instituted: \"Flo\" was dismissed and replaced with Cindy Birdsong (of Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles) and the group became officially known as \"Diana Ross and The Supremes\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.060460090637207, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The career of Diana Ross as a solo artist struggled at the beginning but with Gordy's guidance and Motown resources solidly behind her she became the star of the 70s with such unforgettable recordings as \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" and \"Touch Me In The Morning\" becoming one of the world's highest paid performers. Ross demonstrated her unique talents both as a singer and as an actress in the 1972 film Lady Sings the Blues (1972) based on the life of Billie Holiday , which won her an Oscar nomination. About this time it was expected that Ross and Gordy would make their relationship public but Diana surprised everybody by marrying Robert Ellis Silberstein on 20 January 1971. It was obvious that Ross was beginning to question Gordy's leadership both in her career and her private life. As far as The Supremes were concerned both Diana and Berry tried to convince the public that the group no longer mattered. The pitch went out that The Supremes had been great because Diana was great and now it was no longer important. At Motown there was room for only one diva act and the name was Diana Ross , a gross miscalculation that would eventually backfire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.487935066223145, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In spite of Motown's lack of support, The Supremes continued their successful recording career well into the 70s with Chicago born singer Jean Terrell replacing Diana. Top 10 hits such as \"Up The Ladder To The Roof\", \"Stoned Love\", \"Nathan Jones\" and half a dozen of excellent albums, including collaborations with The Four Tops, kept the name alive and had the potential to go on into new heights. The girls continued to be a big draw in concerts and television and it seemed the group was destined to live forever. This threw a wrench in the Motown machinery since they couldn't afford having a newcomer like Terrell with Wilson and Birdsong at her side compete with Ross for number one spots on the charts. Something had to be done fast to send The Supremes into oblivion. Most of the fans stood solidly behind The Supremes while Motown quietly pulled the plug off the most successful female trio in the business. The lack of company support eventually created dissension within the group. By 1973 Jean Terrell quit and was replaced by Scherrie Payne ; Cindy Birdsong left the group not once but twice, being replaced in each instance by 'Lynda Laurence' and Susaye Greene . Surprisingly, during these confusing times, The Supremes recorded excellent material that kept the fans interested but the group was doomed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406441688537598, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The real shocker came in 1976 when original Supreme Florence Ballard died of heart failure in Detroit. After leaving the group she had tried to launch a solo career and landed a recording contract with ABC Records. However her first two singles didn't do well and ABC lost interest. Among rumors of industry blacklisting, \"Flo\" ended up destitute and on welfare in order to feed her three daughters. For The Supremes (Mary, Scherrie and Susaye) the final performance came in 1977 at the Drury Lane Theater in London but it was not the end of the legend... Diana Ross , whose career was grossly over-managed at Motown, signed with RCA and enjoyed recording success through the mid 1980s when, suddenly, the hits just stopped coming. She maintained her super star status on the concert circuit but her career decisions and choice of material began to be questioned. In 1983 Motown produced a TV special to celebrate their 25th Anniversary which was planned as a reunion of the old Detroit gang. The Supremes were invited to reunite for the occasion but during their performance it was obvious that Diana was not comfortable singing with her old partners. The audience gasped when it saw Ross pushing Wilson but this was edited out of the TV special and the home video release. Mary Wilson tried to launch a solo career but record companies were just not interested and rumors of blacklisting resurfaced. She managed to continue singing all over the world and in 1986 surprised everyone with a candid autobiography titled \"Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme\" which became a best seller, actually the biggest rock and roll autobiography in history. There was a sequel titled \"Supreme Faith: Someday We'll Be Together\" which was also well received by the public. In Mary's books, The Supremes are presented both as an American dream and an American tragedy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.030483976006507874, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Far from dying, The Supremes became cult figures with their recordings constantly on release, lots of air play, the subject of hundreds of articles, dozens of books, documentaries and TV specials. They are the inspiration behind the Broadway hit and film Dreamgirls (2006) and the film Sparkle (1976), their music heard in dozens of film soundtracks. The 80s and the 90s witnessed several ex-Supremes revivals in the concert circuits including the \"Mary Wilson Supremes Revue\" and reunions by Jean Terrell with Lynda Laurence and Scherrie Payne . In the late 80s and well into the 90s, The Supremes received important recognition such as a \"star\" in Hollywood's Walk of Fame and the induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which were attended by Mary Wilson with the daughters of 'Florence Ballard'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7864990234375, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Meanwhile, The Supremes recordings keep getting reissues and continue to sell very well. Lately, scores of previously unreleased Supremes recordings are being issued for the first time, while songs like \"Baby Love,\" \"I Hear a Symphony,\" \"You Can't Hurry Love\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together\" remain perennial favorites worldwide. As for the ladies themselves, Diana continues touring in spite of many personal problems which have even brought her in confrontation with the law. She has been known to check herself into \"rehab clinics\" in at least two occasions. Mary also continues touring both as a singer and a lecturer and was named by the Bush administration (2002) \"United States ambassador of good will.\" She has also appeared in the film \"Only The Strong Survive\" while Cindy Birdsong leads a quite life in Los Angeles as a Christian minister helping out disadvantaged young people. In 2004 Mary and Cindy reunited for the Motown 45 (2004) TV special where they sang a medley of Supremes hits with Kelly Rowland , of Destiny's Child substituting the elusive Diana Ross . Whatever happens in the future for these ladies it is clear that The Supremes legend has stood the test of time and will continue. At their prime they touched so many lives and excelled in so many ways that their impact seems destined to live forever. Where did our love go? Nowhere. It's still here baby, baby...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04323959350586, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Originally called The Primettes (formed in 1959), they changed their name to The Supremes in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34715461730957, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511570930480957, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The most successful American performers of the 1960s, the Supremes for a time rivaled even the Beatles in terms of red-hot commercial appeal, reeling off five number one singles in a row at one point. Critical revisionism has tended to undervalue the Supremes ' accomplishments, categorizing their work as more lightweight than the best soul stars (or even the best Motown stars), and viewing them as a tool for Berry Gordy 's crossover aspirations. There's no question that there was about as much pop as soul in the Supremes ' hits, that even some of their biggest hits could sound formulaic, and that they were probably the black performers who were most successful at infiltrating the tastes and televisions of middle America. This shouldn't diminish either their extraordinary achievements or their fine music, the best of which renders the pop vs. soul question moot with its excellence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30461597442627, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes were not an overnight success story, although it might have seemed that way when they began topping the charts with sure-fire regularity. The trio that would become famous as the Supremes -- Diana Ross , Mary Wilson , and Florence Ballard -- met in the late '50s in Detroit's Brewster housing project. Originally known as the Primettes , they were a quartet ( Barbara Martin was the fourth member) when they made their first single for the Lupine label in 1960. By the time they debuted for Motown in 1961, they had been renamed the Supremes ; Barbara Martin reduced them to a trio when she left after their first single.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8807554244995117, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Ross was not the most talented female singer at Motown; Martha Reeves and Gladys Knight in particular had superior talents. What she did have, however, was the most purely pop appeal. Gordy 's patience and attention paid off in mid-1964, when \"Where Did Our Love Go\" went to number one. Written by Holland-Dozier-Holland , it established the prototype for their run of five consecutive number-one hits in 1964-1965 (also including \"Baby Love,\" \"Stop! In the Name of Love,\" \"Come See About Me,\" and \"Back in My Arms Again\"). Ross ' cooing vocals would front the Supremes ' decorative backup vocals, put over on television and live performance with highly stylized choreography and visual style. Holland-Dozier-Holland would write and produce all of the Supremes ' hits through the end of 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700136184692383, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Not all of the Supremes ' singles went to number one after 1965, but they usually did awfully well, and were written and produced with enough variety (but enough of a characteristic sound) to ensure continual interest. The chart-topping (and uncharacteristically tough) \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was the best of their mid-period hits. Behind the scenes, there were some problems brewing, although these only came to light long after the event. Other Motown stars (most notably Martha Reeves ) resented what they perceived as the inordinate attention lavished upon Ross by Gordy , at the expense of other artists on the label. The other Supremes themselves felt increasingly pushed to the background. In mid-1967, as a result of what was deemed increasingly unprofessional behavior, Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong (from Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles ). Ballard become one of rock's greatest tragedies, eventually ending up on welfare, and dying in 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222138404846191, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "After Ballard 's exit, the group would be billed as Diana Ross & the Supremes , fueling speculation that Ross was being groomed for a solo career. The Supremes had a big year in 1967, even incorporating some mild psychedelic influences into \"Reflections.\" Holland-Dozier-Holland , however, left Motown around this time, and the quality of the Supremes ' records suffered accordingly (as did the Motown organization as a whole). The Supremes were still superstars, but as a unit, they were disintegrating; it's been reported that Wilson and Birdsong didn't even sing on their final hits, a couple of which (\"Love Child\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together\") were among their best.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.375846862792969, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In November 1969, Ross ' imminent departure for a solo career was announced, although she played a few more dates with them, the last in Las Vegas in January 1970. Jean Terrell replaced Ross , and the group continued through 1977, with some more personnel changes (although Mary Wilson was always involved). Some of the early Ross -less singles were fine records, particularly \"Stoned Love,\" \"Nathan Jones,\" and the Supremes - Four Tops duet \"River Deep -- Mountain High.\" Few groups have been able to rise to the occasion after the loss of their figurehead, though, and the Supremes proved no exception, rarely making the charts after 1972. It is the Diana Ross -led era of the 1960s for which they'll be remembered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482065200805664, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard and Diana Ross, complying with a request from soldiers in Vietnam with the help of JET magazine in its June 8, 1967 issue. Photo: G. Marshall Wilson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.217287063598633, "source": "search", "title": "Florence Ballard on Pinterest | Mary Wilson, Florence and ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes - The Quintessential Girl Group - Motown Sound Alumni - Motown Museum Home of Hitsville U.S.A.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634880065917969, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40510368347168, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Success was slow to come to the Supremes, whose records produced poor results for several years after they signed with Motown. Despite their reputation around Hitsville as the “no-hit” Supremes, Berry Gordy continued to have faith in their appeal and abilities. The Supremes got on track to fame in 1963 with the release of “When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes,” produced by Motown’s powerhouse trio, Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376314163208008, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes, now noted for their style, elegance and stellar performances, reached the top of the charts three times in 1966 with “I Hear a Symphony,” “You Can’t Hurry Love” and “You Keep Me Hanging On.” Supremes A’ Go-Go was the first album released by an all-female group to chart at #1 on Billboard’s 200 list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08117961883545, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross, who had long been the Supremes’ lead singer, was placed center stage in 1967 when the group was renamed “Diana Ross and the Supremes.” She would later embark on a solo singing career in 1970 and be replaced by Jean Terrell. Prior to Ross’ departure, the group hit number-one on American pop charts once more with “Someday We’ll Be Together.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649669647216797, "source": "search", "title": "The Quintessential Girl Group - Supremes ( Motown Museum )" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "groups name into Diana Ross And Supremes also changed member - MAN - 336", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.347969055175781, "source": "search", "title": "group's name into Diana Ross And Supremes also changed ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "- The Story Of The Supremes From The Mary Wilson Collection - displaying the sparkling gowns once worn by Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Florence Ballard during their glory years when they recorded hits such as Stop! In The Name Of Love and Baby Love.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.434248924255371, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "To the many thousands of Supremes fans, the exhibition represents yet another sparkling tribute to the legendary girl group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405467987060547, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross, centre, only took centre stage in the Supremes when she became Berry Gordy's lover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312299728393555, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "He had an extraordinary ability for spotting talent, including the Jackson 5, The Supremes and Smokey Robinson And The Miracles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400084495544434, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "Soon, Flo and her pals, Mary Wilson and Diana Ross, became The Primettes, then - on", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171570777893066, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "'s suggestion - The Supremes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425238609313965, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Flo was initially The Supremes' lead singer, but soon the ambitious Diana Ross started to steal the limelight from her, and a bitter rivalry ensued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315451622009277, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "During her years with The Supremes, the group routinely grossed $100,000 in ten days of touring, and their hits made millions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91348648071289, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "That autobiography would have lifted the lid on The Supremes, Motown and Berry Gordy, the Svengali who had made and then broken her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330373764038086, "source": "search", "title": "Queen of the Supremes before Diana Ross, she died at 32 ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Susan Abigail Sarandon", "Susan Abigail Tomalin", "Susan Sarandon" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "susan sarandon", "susan abigail sarandon", "susan abigail tomalin" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "susan sarandon", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Susan Sarandon" }

[ { "answer": "Susan Abigail Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Abigail Sarandon (; née Tomalin; born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She is an Academy Award and BAFTA Award winner who is also known for her social and political activism for a variety of causes. She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006.", "precise_score": 3.6994776725769043, "rough_score": 3.673074245452881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Susan Sarandon" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her then-partner, Tim Robbins and their son, Miles, travelled to Wales to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, Coming Home: Susan Sarandon. Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of Who Do You Think You Are?. She also received the \"Ragusani nel mondo\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. ", "precise_score": -1.0341432094573975, "rough_score": -2.665437698364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Susan Sarandon" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Over the next few years, Pfeiffer took on a variety of roles. She starred as the tragically cursed lover Isabeau opposite Rutger Hauer and Matthew Broderick in the fantasy adventure film Ladyhawke (1985). She played one of the title characters in 1987's The Witches of Eastwick, with Cher and Susan Sarandon. Turning to historical drama, she starred in Dangerous Liaisons (1988), opposite John Malkovich and Glenn Close. In Liaisons, Pfeiffer plays an unwitting pawn in a bet between Malkovich's and Close's characters. For her performance, she received her first Academy Award nomination.", "precise_score": -0.6113535165786743, "rough_score": 3.107250928878784, "source": "search", "title": "Michelle Pfeiffer - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon", "precise_score": -2.198765516281128, "rough_score": -0.7194843888282776, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world - The Washington Post", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.433351993560791, "source": "search", "title": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world ..." }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.984225273132324, "source": "search", "title": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world ..." }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon watches Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) speak at an event in Iowa on Jan. 27. (Chris Carlson/Associated Press)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.029083728790283, "source": "search", "title": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world ..." }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "MSNBC’s Chris Hayes interviewed actress Susan Sarandon on Monday and right now I. Can’t. Even. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.305325031280518, "source": "search", "title": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world ..." }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Actress Susan Sarandon spoke at a rally for Bernie Sanders in Mason City, Iowa, Jan. 27. (Bernie Sanders)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9415993690490723, "source": "search", "title": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world ..." }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.484255790710449, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.679089546203613, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Ping-pong tables are popping up on every corner and there is no bigger advocate for the game than Hollywood star and radical Susan Sarandon. Lawrence Donegan faces her across the table", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.333645820617676, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "The hardest thing about playing ping pong against Susan Sarandon is playing against Susan Sarandon. It's distracting to look across the table and see your defensive block being swiped at by a Hollywood icon, a woman who by the compartmentalised standards of modern celebrity life has \"done it all\" – actor, activist, lover, mother, model, feminist, fearless campaigner on behalf of the dispossessed, easy target for America's right-wing bullies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.389908790588379, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "All of which brings us to the rather startling news that Susan Sarandon is now the most famous ping-pong player in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.731960296630859, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon. Photograph: Steve Schofield for the Observer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.294957160949707, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Lawrence Donegan met Susan Sarandon at SPiN Standard at the Standard, Downtown LA ( losangeles.spingalactic.com ). Cloud Atlas opens on 22 February and Arbitrage opens on 1 March", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.020875453948975, "source": "search", "title": "Susan Sarandon: ping-pong queen | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Firstly I will say that I wouldn't have heard or watched this had James Spader not been in it. And I'm pretty biased with Spader movies, because he's James Spader. So that's why it has such a high rating. Romance in any form (except gay romance!) bores the hell out of me, and I never go anywhere near it. I don't like Susan Sarandon either. But, I figured it's got James Spader in it, so even if it's boring as hell, there's James Spader. So, the plot isn't interesting to me, and honestly the whole movie was pretty lame, but as I keep saying: JAMES SPADER. I don't really know what to say about it, but it probably isn't worth watching unless you're majorly obsessed with James Spader like I am.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.988629341125488, "source": "search", "title": "White Palace (1990) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Had to add Sarandon to my favorite actor list right away. Stunning. She always is; she should have been on my list earlier. Eileen Brennan, in a small role, is mesmerizing. Not to mention that this was Spader when he had his stuff. A great movie, especially thanks to Susan Sarandon. Definitely, as Nechak says, Oscar-worthy work. Reminds me so much of Atlantic City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.957063674926758, "source": "search", "title": "White Palace (1990) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "The superb performances from Susan Sarandon and James Spader sweep us along in this often sexy love story with a difference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.862363338470459, "source": "search", "title": "White Palace (1990) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Susan Sarandon", "passage": "Susan Sarandon, Bar Harbor: The Oscar winner has spent a number of summers on Mount Desert Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.052400588989258, "source": "search", "title": "The famous faces of Maine — Living — Bangor Daily News ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "L P Hartley", "L. P. Hartley", "Leslie Hartley", "L.P. Hartley", "The past is a foreign country", "Leslie Poles Hartley", "LP Hartley" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "l p hartley", "lp hartley", "leslie poles hartley", "leslie hartley", "past is foreign country" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "l p hartley", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "L. P. Hartley" }

[ { "answer": "L. P. Hartley", "passage": "The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen.", "precise_score": 10.726351737976074, "rough_score": 9.191277503967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Go-Between" }, { "answer": "The past is a foreign country", "passage": "The past is a foreign country: you know the rest. The Go-Between rejoices in one of the most oft-quoted opening sentences in English fiction. But how well do we all know the rest of LP Hartley’s novel? If the story of an innocent boy carrying ardent messages between a rich young beauty and a rugged farmer does still shimmer in the memory it is partly thanks to the 1971 Bafta-winning film starring Julie Christie and Alan Bates.", "precise_score": 6.554957389831543, "rough_score": 5.050307273864746, "source": "search", "title": "The Go-Between: how the BBC re-made a classic - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "The past is a foreign country", "passage": "The book's opening sentence has become a much-quoted line in its own right: \"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114825248718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Go-Between" }, { "answer": "L P Hartley", "passage": "by L P Hartley (1953; NYRB, 2002)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112924575805664, "source": "search", "title": "Hartley: The Go-Between - portifex.com" }, { "answer": "L P Hartley", "passage": "L P Hartley's The Go-Between projects the memories of a man in his sixties, looking back on the summer of 1900, when he turned thirteen at a grand country house in Norfolk. Rented by the family of a prep-school chum, Brandham Hall is Leo Colston's dream of England not least because it actually belongs to a viscount. An intelligent boy, highly attentive, as English prep school boys will be, to matters of rank, Leo notices a great deal, including many things that he doesn't understand, chief among them the lusty amour that he himself facilitates by playing postman to his friend's beautiful sister, Marian, and a neighboring farmer, Ted. There is reason to believe that Hartley didn't understand it himself. In his introduction to the NYRB reprint, Colm T�ib�n tells us that the homosexual author was not sympathetic toward the bucolic Tristan and Isolde who figure so powerfully in the uncomprehending Leo's world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.450835227966309, "source": "search", "title": "Hartley: The Go-Between - portifex.com" }, { "answer": "LP Hartley", "passage": "Leo can be read as an embodiment of LP Hartley himself. Born in 1895, he endured a narrow provincial upbringing before flowering at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford. He enlisted in 1915 but never saw active service. The literary career that earned him a CBE only fully blossomed in the mid-Forties with the Eustace and Hilda trilogy. Together with The Go-Between, the novels fretted over loss of childhood innocence and some unnamed, possibly sexual trauma which dogged Hartley into a crotchety, alcoholic old age. He referred to the working class as the WC, and called for criminals to be branded with letters befitting the crime: “F for forger, V for violent criminal etc,” he fumed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1189422607421875, "source": "search", "title": "The Go-Between: how the BBC re-made a classic - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "The past is a foreign country", "passage": "“When you say the past is a foreign country it means it’s alive and vibrant,” he says. “With period drama I feel I’m watching a bunch of people in a museum. That’s the reason for the hand-held camera style, which, if done properly, is really beautiful and wonderfully sensual.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309789657592773, "source": "search", "title": "The Go-Between: how the BBC re-made a classic - Telegraph" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mrs. George Banks", "Winifred banks", "17 Cherry Tree Lane", "Bert (Mary Poppins)", "Mr. George Banks", "Mr George Banks", "Mary popins", "Mrs George Banks", "Marry Poppins", "Mrs Winifred Banks", "Mary Poppins", "Mrs. Winifred Banks", "Mary poppins", "Winifred Banks" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "marry poppins", "mrs winifred banks", "mr george banks", "bert mary poppins", "mary popins", "winifred banks", "mrs george banks", "mary poppins", "17 cherry tree lane" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mary poppins", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Mary Poppins" }

[ { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from Mary Poppins, the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney Mary Poppins musical. The song can be heard in the Mary Poppins scene of The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios and during the Mary Poppins segment of Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations at Disneyland.", "precise_score": 5.821025848388672, "rough_score": 6.619878768920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \"Sherman Brothers\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score.", "precise_score": -10.319476127624512, "rough_score": -10.667342185974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "The song was inspired by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \"sweeps\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \"Bert\". His theme music became \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\".", "precise_score": 4.653285980224609, "rough_score": 3.6347789764404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Chim Chim Cheree Mary Poppins MagicChimneySweep.com - YouTube", "precise_score": 2.222992420196533, "rough_score": 1.9132208824157715, "source": "search", "title": "Chim Chim Cheree Mary Poppins MagicChimneySweep.com - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Chim Chim Cheree Mary Poppins MagicChimneySweep.com", "precise_score": 2.5077834129333496, "rough_score": 2.506411552429199, "source": "search", "title": "Chim Chim Cheree Mary Poppins MagicChimneySweep.com - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs", "precise_score": -10.240325927734375, "rough_score": -10.648309707641602, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "I�m Neleus, and I thought Mary Poppins would never let me get down from this plinth!", "precise_score": -10.983290672302246, "rough_score": -10.963459968566895, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Prior to their 14-song score for Mary Poppins, songwriting brothers Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman were best-known for the Top Ten hits \"Tall Paul\" by Annette Funicello and \"You're Sixteen\" by Johnny Burnette . Mary Poppins changed all that. It won the brothers Academy Awards for best original musical score and best song -- for \"Chim Chim Cher-Ee\" -- and the soundtrack album won them a Grammy Award for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or TV Show, as well as winning Best Recording for Children. The album also topped the Billboard LP chart for 14 weeks and reportedly sold 2.3 million copies in its first year of release. Of course, all this success could not be the sole result of the brothers' writing ability, as also expressed in memorable songs like \"A Spoonful of Sugar,\" \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\" and \"Feed the Birds (Tuppence a Bag).\" A great deal of it could be credited to the many unnamed talents at the Disney studio, and not a little to Julie Andrews , who embodied the character of Mary Poppins so perfectly that she never really escaped it. But Mary Poppins had a lot of songs for a movie musical, no less than 13 separate numbers, and they were all very good, from Mrs. Banks' ( Glynis Johns ) declaration of \"Sister Suffragette\" to Mr. Banks' (Dave Tomlinson) transfiguration, \"Let's Go Fly a Kite.\" The brothers had clearly paid attention to Andrews ' stage triumph My Fair Lady, and not just to learn how to craft songs for her. They wrote what might have been a new song for that show's Henry Higgins character in Mr. Banks' statement of purpose as a self-satisfied British male in \"The Life I Lead.\" But their primary influence was the popular music of the period in which the story was set, Edwardian England, specifically the British music hall style of the pre-World War I era. That gave them the buoyancy and glee of many of the numbers, but the wonderful melodies of songs like \"Chim Chim Cher-Ee\" and \"Feed the Birds\" were their own. And they benefited from an excellent cast that included Johns , Tomlinson, and Ed Wynn in minor parts, and Dick Van Dyke (sporting an awful, but nevertheless entertaining Cockney accent) in a major one. Best of all, of course, was Andrews , simultaneously warm and proper, bringing out the best in the material.", "precise_score": -0.10592576861381531, "rough_score": -1.3901786804199219, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins [Original Soundtrack] - Disney | Songs ..." }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Mary Poppins - Chim Chimney [AMV] - YouTube", "precise_score": -4.340007305145264, "rough_score": -8.40152359008789, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins - Chim Chimney [AMV] - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Mary Poppins - Chim Chimney [AMV]", "precise_score": -3.5911152362823486, "rough_score": -7.7200541496276855, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins - Chim Chimney [AMV] - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "* Duke Ellington released a complete Album with Mary Poppins songs, Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989514350891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "I fear that Mary Poppins has a lot to learn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354860305786133, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS, JANE & MICHAEL]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373207092285156, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS & BIRD WOMAN]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410703659057617, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS, BERT, MRS CORRY & CUSTOMERS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298260688781738, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS & BERT]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257712364196777, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365015983581543, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS & BERT]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257712364196777, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "What�s happened? Mary Poppins� things have gone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436500549316406, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "What in the name of heaven are the two of you up to? Oh dear. Where�s Mary Poppins?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369665145874023, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Because that�s what she�s written on it. �Dear Jane and Michael, keep playing the games. Au revoir. Mary Poppins.�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199304580688477, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS vs MISS ANDREW]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424306869506836, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS & BERT]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257712364196777, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Do you know what I think? It's Mary Poppins. From the moment she stepped into this house, things began to happen to me.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238560676574707, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "[MARY POPPINS]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350639343261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins on Stage: The Songs" }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Mary Poppins [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - Disney | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161903381347656, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins [Original Soundtrack] - Disney | Songs ..." }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "Mary Poppins [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252337455749512, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins [Original Soundtrack] - Disney | Songs ..." }, { "answer": "Mary Poppins", "passage": "AMV About Mary Poppins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.317354202270508, "source": "search", "title": "Mary Poppins - Chim Chimney [AMV] - YouTube" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "\"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis. The record reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the Billboard chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film Animal House.", "precise_score": 4.175831317901611, "rough_score": 2.19205379486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin'" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "One of the biggest hits of 1961, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" enjoyed a long shelf life courtesy of cover versions by countless frat bands and bluesmen. Bobby Lewis, a solid R&B/blues veteran informed by the relaxed drawl of Fats Domino, recorded the song with a twist shuffle and the twangy guitar licks of the song's co-writer, Ritchie Adams. \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" also benefitted from a crazed saxophone break that appeared to feature a duet with the sweetest sounding musical comb ever recorded (it was actually a saxophone mouthpiece played in unison). Released in late 1960 on the Beltone label owned by Les Cahan and distributed by country/R&B kingpin Syd Nathan, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" spent 23 weeks on the charts, sold three million copies, and had little trouble making it to the top spot on the pop charts. \"One Track Mind,\" which appeared on the back of its better-performing predecessor, was Lewis' only other Top Ten hit.", "precise_score": 5.117086410522461, "rough_score": 4.105086803436279, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' - Bobby Lewis | Listen, Appearances ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Bobby Lewis is one of those talented performers whose recognition is confined to a single monster hit, \"Tossin' and Turnin'.\" Released in early 1961, the single rode the charts for 23 weeks, eventually hitting the number one spot on both the pop and R&B charts. Lewis had other hits, including a Top Ten follow-up with \"One Track Mind,\" and had been working for years before that, yet the one song came to be his signature. Bobby Lewis was raised in an orphanage, and ran away from his foster home at...", "precise_score": 2.646069049835205, "rough_score": 0.006351090967655182, "source": "search", "title": "The Essential Bobby Lewis - Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "There's something particularly American about the Bobby Lewis story, a sort of rags to riches saga that outlines the slippery slope of modern pop culture. Lewis spent his childhood in an orphanage, and when he was finally adopted by a family from Detroit when he was 12, it apparently wasn't a good fit, and Lewis ran away two-years later, finding work with a circus, of all places. Somewhere along the way Lewis met Ritchie Adams, lead singer for doo wop group the Fireflies, who was working as a staff writer for Joe Rene's New York-based Beltone Records. Adams had written something called \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and Lewis was in the right place at the right time to record it. The song became the number one single of 1961, spending some 23 weeks on the charts and eventually selling over three million units, and it made Lewis a star. He followed it with another Top Ten hit, \"One Track Mind,\" and then attempted to make lightning strike a second time in 1962 with \"I'm Tossin' and Turnin' Again,\" which failed to generate any sparks. Beltone went bankrupt a year later, and Lewis' ride at the top was over. This set collects all of Lewis' Beltone sides (including a stereo remake of \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" with a slightly different intro), and has the same tracks (albeit with a different sequence) as V.I. Music's 2003 Collectors Gold Series release. The sound is a bit messy, since Beltone had a 'throw everything against the wall hard and heavy' approach to recording, and aside from the two big hits, melodies seem to pretty much blend into each other. That said, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" deserves its status as a rock & roll classic, and Lewis' vocal has the exact right mix of gospel shout and wry amusement that keeps it fresh no matter how many times it gets played on oldies radio. Although he had no more hits after 1962, Lewis adapted readily to the nostalgia circuit, and seemingly grateful for his success rather than embittered at its brevity, he continued to deliver a solid stage show even into his seventies. This set has all you need, including two versions of his biggest hit.", "precise_score": 1.9065923690795898, "rough_score": 1.3049181699752808, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Bobby Lewis is one of those talented performers whose recognition is confined to a single monster hit, \"Tossin' and Turnin'.\" Released in early 1961, the single rode the charts for 23 weeks, eventually hitting the number one spot on both the pop and R&B charts. Lewis had other hits, including a Top Ten follow-up with \"One Track Mind,\" and had been working for years before that, yet the one song came to be his signature. Bobby Lewis was raised in an orphanage, and ran away from his foster home at...", "precise_score": 2.646069049835205, "rough_score": 0.006351090967655182, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "African American rock and roll and R&B singer, Bobby Lewis had one of the biggest songs of the 60's. In July 1961, his recording of \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the Billboard chart. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record.", "precise_score": 7.647515296936035, "rough_score": 6.190739631652832, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis Discography at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin' and Turnin' - Bobby Lewis | Song Info | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0750508308410645, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' - Bobby Lewis | Listen, Appearances ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "The Essential Bobby Lewis - Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.350810527801514, "source": "search", "title": "The Essential Bobby Lewis - Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "1960s and 1970s Country music artist Bobby Lewis has one of the greatest crooner voices in the business. His first biggest hit was a song written by Eddie Rabbit called \"Love Me And Make It All Better” followed by the Ben Peters song \"From Heaven To Heartaches\" which was recorded by many artists but the best version was by Bobby Lewis. His first Country hit was \"You Remind Me Of Myself\" which is not included in this collection..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598869323730469, "source": "search", "title": "The Essential Bobby Lewis - Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Top Albums and Songs by Bobby Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487668991088867, "source": "search", "title": "The Essential Bobby Lewis - Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby ..." }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.020854473114014, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Top Albums and Songs by Bobby Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487668991088867, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' and Turnin' by Bobby Lewis on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin & Turnin by Bobby Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3708407878875732, "source": "search", "title": "45rpm - Tossin & Turnin 1961 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Bobby Lewis - Tossin' & Turnin' - Amazon.com Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.836510181427002, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis - Tossin' & Turnin' - Amazon.com Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "This collection of Bobby Lewis' Beltone recordings comes from the now-defunct Relic label, once a prolific issuer of mostly Doo-Wop groups' recordings. While there are few bells and whistles here, the primary attribute is the sound quality - the CD having been reconstructed, mixed and edited by the renowned Walter DeVenne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249201774597168, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis - Tossin' & Turnin' - Amazon.com Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "In the summer of 1961 Bobby Lewis had the #1 song on the pop chart,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123467445373535, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis - Tossin' & Turnin' - Amazon.com Music" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Bobby Lewis Discography at Discogs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448346138000488, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis Discography at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Bobby Lewis (born February 17, 1933 in Indianapolis, Indiana)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413646697998047, "source": "search", "title": "Bobby Lewis Discography at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin' And Turnin' by Bobby Lewis Songfacts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6943907737731934, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' And Turnin' by Bobby Lewis Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "After several unsuccessful auditions, R&B vocalist Bobby Lewis stopped off at the office of Beltone Records in Manhattan. The already signed Ritchie Adams, lead singer of the Fireflies, recognized Lewis from a gig they'd both appeared in at the Apollo theater and suggested he record his composition \"Tossin' And Turnin'.\" The single was released at the end of 1960 and rose to the top of the Billboard charts selling 3 million copies. In the UK it was covered by the Ivy League who took this song to #3 in 1965. His follow up single \"One Track Mind\" was also an American Top 10 hit but after that his career faltered. >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8965167999267578, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin' And Turnin' by Bobby Lewis Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin'and Turnin'-Bobby Lewis-original song-1961 - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.221963882446289, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin'and Turnin'-Bobby Lewis-original song-1961 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bobby Lewis", "passage": "Tossin'and Turnin'-Bobby Lewis-original song-1961", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1668386459350586, "source": "search", "title": "Tossin'and Turnin'-Bobby Lewis-original song-1961 - YouTube" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "He was the founder of both Sun Studio and Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee. Through Sun, Phillips discovered such recording talent as Howlin' Wolf, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. The height of his success culminated in his launching of Elvis Presley's career in 1954. He is also associated with several other noteworthy rhythm and blues, country, and rock and roll musicians of the period. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He also advocated racial equality and helped break down racial barriers in the music industry.", "precise_score": 3.275742292404175, "rough_score": 4.623807430267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969.", "precise_score": 1.9152263402938843, "rough_score": 0.5452804565429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips is not just one of the most important producers in rock history, he is also one of the most important figures in 20th-century American culture.  As owner and founder of his Memphis Recording Service Studio and Sun Record Company, he was the vital creative innovator at the epicenter of establishing rock n’ roll as the fresh, new, global music of the 20th-century era.  He produced, recorded, inspired and launched the careers of the artists that originally defined this new musical sound…Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, Charlie Rich, B.B. King, Ike Turner, Howlin’ Wolf, Little Milton, Rufus Thomas, and so many more.   Sam first made his mark (and a very deep one) with electric rhythm and blues by African American black performers. He will always be remembered for all of the music he created, but  probably most remembered for his difference-making rock n’ roll artists, particularly Elvis Presley. ", "precise_score": 7.149537086486816, "rough_score": 7.566094398498535, "source": "search", "title": "About | Sam Phillips Recording" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "After successfully outgrowing his Memphis Recording Service/ Sun Studio, Phillips opened Sam Phillips Recording service in 1960.", "precise_score": 5.695945739746094, "rough_score": 6.446850299835205, "source": "search", "title": "About | Sam Phillips Recording" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Although few people ever heard that first $4 recording, Elvis Presley turned his personal style into worldwide fame with the help of Sam Phillips and that recording studio, which became the legendary Sun Studio. The studio was also home to Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis and B.B. King [source: Rockabilly Hall of Fame ].", "precise_score": 6.6168694496154785, "rough_score": 8.439895629882812, "source": "search", "title": "How Recording Studios Work | HowStuffWorks" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "On January 3 , 1950 , Phillips opened the “Memphis Recording Service” at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee , which also served as the studios for Phillips’ own label, Sun Records , through the 1950s. In addition to musical performances, he recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings.", "precise_score": 4.885731220245361, "rough_score": 3.890780210494995, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Despite this popular regional acclaim, by mid 1955 Sam Phillips’ studio experienced financial difficulties, and he sold Presley’s contract in November of that year; RCA Records ‘ offer of $35,000 beat out Atlantic Records ‘ offer of $25,000. Through the sale of Presley’s contract, he was able to boost the distribution of Perkins’ song “ Blue Suede Shoes “, and it became Sun Records’ first national hit.", "precise_score": 3.533451557159424, "rough_score": 3.372692346572876, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis did not have a band when he arrived at Sun Records. It was Sam Phillips who decided that little was needed to augment Elvis’ vocals and rhythm guitar. Phillips chose two musicians, lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black to perform with Elvis. This choice of musicians proved to be inspired as this group along with drummer D.J. Fontana produced some of the biggest hits in rock ‘n’ roll history, even after Phillips had sold the Presley contract to RCA Victor. These included “ Heartbreak Hotel “, “ Hound Dog “, and “ Don’t Be Cruel “.", "precise_score": -0.2647663354873657, "rough_score": 0.4182150661945343, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "It was on a tiny corner in Memphis, Tennessee, that Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis came together for a legendary impromptu jam on December 4, 1956, at Sun Studio.", "precise_score": -6.37302303314209, "rough_score": -0.23745572566986084, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "After Phillips sold the studio in 1969, no recordings were made there until 1985, when Perkins, Cash, and Lewis reunited along with Roy Orbison for their Class of ’55 album. Reopened as Sun Studio in 1987 and now a National Historic Landmark, it’s open both to the public for tours and artists for recording.", "precise_score": 1.581733226776123, "rough_score": 3.960665225982666, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips is not just one of the most important producers in rock history. There's a good argument to be made that he is also one of the most important figures in 20th-century American culture. As owner of Sun Records and frequent producer of discs at his Sun Studios he was vital to launching the careers of Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Rufus Thomas and numerous other significant artists. Although he first made his mark (and a very deep one) with electric blues by Black performers, he will be most remembered for his rockabilly stars, particularly Elvis Presley.", "precise_score": 6.560827255249023, "rough_score": 5.454568862915039, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips' Sun Records - History of Rock" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "I am sure by now you must have heard the sad news about the passing of Sam Phillips, the owner and founder of the legendary SUN label. Sam passed away 7 o'clock Wednesday night, July 30, 2003 at St. Frances Hospital in Memphis Tennessee.", "precise_score": 6.420388698577881, "rough_score": 7.416745185852051, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "To the general public he will always be the man who discovered Elvis Presley but there was much more to Sam Phillips. Most European music lovers and record collectors learned about Sam and his Sun Recording studio during the mid sixties when records on the now famous yellow label appeared on various auction lists. I believe I bought my first Sun singles from \"Breathless\" Dan Coffey and they included such gems as \"Rock Boppin' Baby\" by Ed Bruce, \"With Your Love With Your Kiss\" by Johnny Powers, \"Slow Down\" by Jack Earls, \"Red Hot\" by Billy Lee Riley, \"Rock & Roll Ruby\" by Warren Smith, \"Right Behind You Baby\" by Ray Smith, \"Red Headed Woman\" by Sonny Burgess.", "precise_score": 4.447571754455566, "rough_score": 5.348020553588867, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "J. M. Van Eaton, Jimmy Wilson, Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -7.153009414672852, "rough_score": -0.8912931084632874, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis makes another demo acetate at Sun. Sam Phillips, the owner, is in this time and, like Marion Keisker, is intrigued by this unusual looking and sounding young man.", "precise_score": 2.585444211959839, "rough_score": -0.5610303282737732, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "The Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24511432647705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sun Records produced more Rock and Roll records than any other record label of its time during its 16-year run, producing 226 singles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042009353637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup's \"That's All Right\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was not until he sang \"That's Alright (Mama)\" that Phillips was impressed. For the first six months, the flip side, \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", his upbeat version of a Bill Monroe bluegrass song, was slightly more popular than \"That's All Right (Mama).\" While still not known outside the South, Presley's singles and regional success became a drawing card for Sun Records, as singing hopefuls soon arrived from all over the region. Singers such as Sonny Burgess (\"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, while others such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins would become superstars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6432554721832275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "He also owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.570596694946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just weeks before the death of his former colleague, Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. He is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.666851043701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam Phillips" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Formerly the Midas Muffler shop, the building at 639 Madison was stripped to it’s shell and completely rebuilt. William W. Bond Jr. was the architect and Denise Howard, of Decor by Denise, assisted in design phases of the front, and designed the mobile of brightly colored disks which keynotes it. She also handled interior designing and furnishing, including such luxury features such as an employees lounge, executive bar, and the roof top sun deck which, with potted plants and redwood fencing, provides an atmosphere of outdoor living, visible through the windows of the penthouse executive offices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06562328338623, "source": "search", "title": "About | Sam Phillips Recording" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sun Studio may be what comes to mind when you think of recording studios, or the Beatles' Abbey Road in London -- or maybe even Chess Records in Chicago where artists such as Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Buddy Guy, Bo Diddley and Aretha Franklin produced recordings that introduced the blues, jazz and gospel to listeners far from the Mississippi Delta [source: Save America's Treasures ].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.142916679382324, "source": "search", "title": "How Recording Studios Work | HowStuffWorks" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0728259086608887, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "The “Memphis Recording Service” and Sun Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373866081237793, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis Presley , who recorded his version of Arthur “Big Boy” Cruddup’s “ That’s All Right (Mama) ” at Phillips’ studio, met that goal, and became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. For the first six months, the flip side, “Blue Moon of Kentucky”, his upbeat version of a Bill Monroe bluegrass song, was slightly more popular than “That’s All Right (Mama).” While still not known outside the South, Presley’s singles and regional success became a drawing card for Sun Records, as singing hopefuls soon arrived from all over the region. Singers such as Sonny Burgess (“My Bucket’s Got A Hole In It”), Charlie Rich , Junior Parker , and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, while others such as Jerry Lee Lewis , BB King , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison , and Carl Perkins would become superstars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5468175411224365, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Phillips innovated while recording Elvis. Most recordings at the time gave substantially more volume to the vocals. Phillips pulled back the Elvis vocals, blending it more with the instrumental performances. Phillips also used tape delay to get an echo into the Elvis recordings by running the tape through a second recorder head. RCA, not knowing the method that Phillips had used, was unable to recreate the Elvis echo when recording “ Heartbreak Hotel “. In an attempt to duplicate the Sun Records sound, RCA used a large empty hallway at the studio to create an echo, but it sounded nothing like the echo that Phillips had created at Sun Records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.395091533660889, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Through savvy investments, Phillips soon amassed a fortune. He was one of the first investors in Holiday Inn , a new motel chain that was about to go national; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling the rights to Elvis Presley to RCA for $35,000 which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He would also create two different subsidiary recording labels–Phillips International and Holiday Inn Records. Neither would match the success or influence of Sun, which Phillips ultimately sold to Shelby Singleton in the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.740930080413818, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee on July 30 , 2003 , only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark. He is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery, Memphis .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.146033763885498, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue Convocations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994197845458984, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95029354095459, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "But Sun Studio gave birth to something bigger: rock ‘n’ roll. Phillips, a radio engineer, opened this postage stamp-sized studio in 1950. Just one year later, “Rocket 88,” considered the first-ever rock ‘n’ roll song, was recorded there. It’s also where Presley cut his first-ever recording (“My Happiness”).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7280471324920654, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "John Mellencamp cut a majority of his most recent studio album, No Better Than This, at Sun, praising the acoustical aptitude literally marked by Phillips’s X’s on the floor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.278397083282471, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "In 2011, Chris Isaak recorded covers of Sun Studio classics there for Beyond the Sun—includ­ing “Ring of Fire,” “Great Balls of Fire,” “It’s Now or Never,” “Oh, Pretty Woman,” and more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312271118164062, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Plus, the PBS broadcast Sun Studio Sessions features intimate studio footage of Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Jakob Dylan, Justin Townes Earle, the Walk­men, Ryan Bingham, and more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111191749572754, "source": "search", "title": "Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue ..." }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips Sun Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3164173364639282, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips' Sun Records - History of Rock" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips' Sun Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1994342803955078, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips' Sun Records - History of Rock" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Then one weekend a friend came by with an album which made me dig even deeper and further back into the Sun catalogue \"The Blues Came Down From Memphis\" featured some of the blues material Sam recorded prior to his discovery of Elvis and his ventures into Rockabilly. The album stayed on the record player all weekend as we listened and critiqued \"The Boogie Disease\" by Dr. Ross, \"Baker Shop Boogie\" by Willie Nix, \"Cotton Crop Blues\" by James Cotton and \"Bear Cat\" and \"Tiger Man\" by Rufus Thomas. It eventually lead to the discovery of \"Rocket 88\" by Jackie Brenston (with Ike Turner on piano), the great Chess sides of Howlin' Wolf as well as Junior Parker's \"Mystery Train\" and \"Red Hot\" by Billy \"The Kid\" Emerson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.307063102722168, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "In the early seventies I had the good fortune of being able to make two trips to Memphis. I never did meet Sam but I spent several days in the backroom of his brother Tom's \"Selecto Hits\" record store, digging through stacks of boxes with original Sun singles. The real great stuff, like albums by Charlie Rich, Carl Perkins and Frank Frost were gone but lots of Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins material was still readily available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.084127902984619, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Around that same time Sam struck a deal with Shelby Singleton in Nashville which resulted in the release of many albums with Sun recordings. Mostly reissues of previously released material but every now and then an unreleased track would appear. Then when Charly Records in England obtained the rights to the Sun catalogue the flood gates opened. Compilations like \"Sun Rockabillies Vol. 1 -3\" and box sets covering the complete recordings of Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins showed the world how much great music was recorded at 706 Union during the late fifties. This barrage of unreleased material continued, on the new CD medium, into the eighties and nineties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.533295154571533, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "It must have filled Sam with great pride to have the Sun Records building at 706 Union in Memphis declared a National Landmark recently. A tourist attraction by day, the studio is still used at night time to record any artist who is willing to pay for studio time. Billy Swan recorded his highly acclaimed Elvis tribute CD \"Like Elvis Used To Do\" as well as \"Bop To Be\" at Sun Studios during the nineties and also original Sun rockabilly cats Billy Lee Riley and Jimmy Van Eaton returned to 706 Union to record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8945207595825195, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips, through the music recorded on his labels, touched the hearts of millions of people all around the world. The Sun catalogue is without equal in the world of the independent labels and fans of Rockabilly, Country and Blues music will always be thankful to Sam for providing the opportunity to record to so many artists who knocked on his door.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9972827434539795, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) - Stomping" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23416519165039, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "The room itself measures 18' by 33' and Sam went about designing by going around the room clapping his hands to feel the vibe of the room trying to get a sound that he felt was natural.  Jim Dickinson, who worked as a producer at both Sun and Phillips Recording Service, said \"The room sound, even with the gear they have in there now, is still special. It has to do with that old asbestos square acoustic tile, which covers everything but the floor. When you speak, you can feel the air pressure in the room. The more volume that you put into that room, the more the midrange compresses. It is sort of like the Phil Spector principle of putting in too much in too small of a space, and the whole room becomes a compressor.\"3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.405907154083252, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "photo courtesy Gary Hardy - Sun Studio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640481948852539, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "From 1950 to 1952 Sam recorded artists such as Junior Parker, Howlin Wolf, Jackie Brenston and Ike Turner (\" Rocket 88 \").  This was usually for such labels as Chess and Modern but in 1952 he started his own label, Sun Record Company.  Scotty began his association with Sam in 1952 after leaving the Navy because he felt that for any band, even a local one to successfully get gigs he'd need a record.  He would usually go by after work and he and Sam would have coffee in the restaurant next door and discuss what they thought would be the future of music.  He and Bill Black first recorded there in early 1954 with the Starlite Wranglers prior to auditioning Elvis and then were brought in on July 5 to accompany Elvis to see how he'd sound on tape.  That turned into the first session and yielded the recording of \"That's Alright Mama\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2053542137146, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "\"All of the great recordings at Sun were literally made with five microphones,\" says Jim Dickinson, which included a RCA 77DX , Shure 55 , RCA 44BX and an Altec Lansing pencil mic (more likely a 21B \"coke bottle\").  The RCA 44-BX microphones and 77-DX (introduced in 1954) Poly-directional microphones are high-fidelity microphones of the ribbon type that are specially designed for broadcast studio use.  The Shure 55 has all but become synonymous and easily identifiable as \" the Elvis mic .\"  Most of these microphones at the time were bought in abundance for the military and could be picked up used as surplus very cheaply.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69677734375, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "photo courtesy Gary Hardy - Sun Studio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640481948852539, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "The masters, or stampers, were sent to Plastic Products at 1746 Chelsea Ave. in Memphis for pressing.  Robert \"Buster\" Williams had opened the record pressing plant in 1949, only a short time before Sam opened for business at 706 Union.  They pressed records for most of the area's independent labels like Sun, Hi, Fernwood , Stax, Meteor, and other country, rockabilly and Soul labels.  In July of 1954 Elvis went down to the plant to watch the first records of Sun #209 \"That's All Right/Blue Moon of Kentucky\" come off the press.  By the time it was officially released on July 19, 1954 Sam already had 6,000 local orders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.777677536010742, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Coupled with the cost to fill orders and distribute the ever-growing popularity of the recordings and the desire to produce other artists Sam sold Elvis' contract by November of 1955 and the band left Sun.  In 1958 Sam began building a new studio almost around the corner on Madison Ave. and by 1960 had moved out of the location at 706 Union.  It briefly became first a scuba shop and then a garage but then would remain empty for many years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.270068645477295, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "706 Union Avenue reopened as Sun Recording Studios - ca. 1980s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.581851959228516, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "706 Union Avenue reopened as Sun Recording Studios - ca. 1980s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.581851959228516, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sun Studios at 706 Union Avenue - Aug. 14, 2001", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021288871765137, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Sam Phillips donated the equipment from Sun pictured below to the Memphis Rock 'N Soul Museum where they currently are on display.  We especially wish to thank Chuck Porter, the Curator of the Museum for his assistance and permission to photograph these items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.498121738433838, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "As mentioned on the page above , Plastic Products pressed records for most of the Memphis area's independent labels including Sun and in July of 1954 Elvis was there to watch the first records of Sun #209 \"That's All Right/Blue Moon of Kentucky\" come off the press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14474868774414, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "In January 1946 Robert E. \"Buster\" Williams and Clarence Camp had launched a record distributorship in Memphis and New Orleans called Music Sales. The major labels largely controlled their own distribution, but small distributors handled the indies. Music Sales distributed most of the R&B labels, such as Atlantic and Chess. In 1949 Williams started a pressing plant, Plastic Products, on Chelsea Avenue in Memphis. His intention was to press some product for the labels he distributed, thereby taking advantage of the shipping location of Memphis, in the center of the country. Williams found the major plants unwilling to share their technology, though, and, in a display of rugged individualism, he designed his own presses and compound (the shellac-based amalgam from which records were made). Williams and [Sam] Phillips became fast friends, and Williams supplied the manufacturing credit and local distribution that Phillips came to need after he started Sun, as well as supplying a warehousing and shipping point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.361325740814209, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Billy Lee Riley at Sun", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326199531555176, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Jimmy Wilson, Billy Lee Riley, Martin Willis and Pat O'Neil recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.55014705657959, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836896896362305, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "J. M. Van Eaton and Martin Willis between takes at Sun in Memphis (different session) - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85081958770752, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Jimmy Wilson, Pat O'Neil and Billy Lee Riley recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.432708740234375, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Pat O'Neil, Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.388545989990234, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Billy Lee Riley, J. M. Van Eaton, Jimmy Wilson and Martin Willis read the March '58 issue of MAD Magazine at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489596366882324, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Jack Clement at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178056716918945, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "J. M. Van Eaton, Martin Willis, Pat O'Neil, Jimmy Wilson and Billy Lee Riley listening to a playback at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.038995742797852, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "*this is just a guess - but I'm thinking these pictures were taken on January 7th, 1959 for the \"Down By The Riverside\" session. You'll notice in this set that the curtain is pulled away from the furnace indicating that the furnace was probably on (a cold season.) The personnel is the same in the pictures as was on the Down By the Riverside session too. Also note that Billy Riley's LP Custom is capo'd on the 3rd fret, so most likely the song being recorded is in G - like DBTR. I know these pictures are often dated as 1958, but Billy had left Sun during the early part of '58. I can't find a session on the books with the material in the key of G until this session on January 7, 1959. I need to look up Jerry Lee Lewis' touring schedule during that year. Roland Janes would have been out on the road with JLL, otherwise he would have been at this session - but he's not present in the photos. Might be another clue as to when these pictures where taken/ what session they were from. Hope this helps some what. I was very excited to see the rest of the pictures from this set! I'm currently working on a presentation proposal to the AES on the \"Sun Sound\" and these pictures will prove really handy in understanding mic placement and other things of that nature. - Carl DaCorte - March 21, 2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961085319519043, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "�He called me when he got home, and I told him I was working in conjunction with Sam Phillips of Sun Records and that we were looking for new artists, and then I asked him if he was interested. I didn�t realize this at the time, but in the back of my mind I was hoping to get some work in the studio from Sam with other artists. So I asked Elvis if he could come over to my house the next day, which was actually the 4th of July.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1240785121917725, "source": "search", "title": "Scotty Moore - Sun Records" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205385208129883, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis’ musical influences were the pop and country music of the time, the gospel music he heard in church and at the all-night gospel sings he frequently attended, and the black R&B he absorbed on historic Beale Street as a Memphis teenager. In 1954, he began his singing career with the legendary Sun Records label in Memphis. In late 1955, his recording contract was sold to RCA Victor. By 1956, he was an international sensation. With a sound and style that uniquely combined his diverse musical influences and blurred and challenged the social and racial barriers of the time, he ushered in a whole new era of American music and popular culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.694126129150391, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis works at Parker Machinists Shop right after graduation. That summer he drops by The Memphis Recording Service, home of the Sun label and makes a demo acetate of “My Happiness” and “That’s When Your Heartaches Begin” for a cost of about $4.00. (The studio came to be known as Sun Studio though never officially named that until the 1980s. For simplicity this text uses the name Sun Studio.) The studio owner isn’t in, so his assistant, Marion Keisker handles the session. Elvis wants to see what his voice sounds like on a record and he has aspirations to become a professional singer. He takes the acetate home, and reportedly gives it to his mother as a much-belated extra birthday present. By the fall, he is working at Precision Tool Company, and soon changes jobs again, going to work for Crown Electric Company. At Crown, he does various jobs, including driving a delivery truck. He also goes to night school and studies to be an electrician.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.109837532043457, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "At Marion Keisker’s suggestion, Sam Phillips calls Elvis into the studio to try singing a song Sam hopes to put out on record. The song is “Without You” and Elvis does not sing it to Sam’s satisfaction. Sam asks Elvis what he can sing, and Elvis runs through a number of popular tunes. Sam is impressed enough to team Elvis up with local musicians Scotty Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (bass) to see if they, together, can come up with something worthwhile. Nothing really clicks until July 5, when after a tedious session, Elvis and the guys break into a sped-up version of Arthur “Big Boy” Crudup’s “That’s All Right.” This song, backed with Blue Moon of Kentucky becomes the first of five singles Elvis will release on the Sun label. Elvis, Scotty, and Bill start performing together, with Scotty acting as the group’s manager. Elvis continues to work at Crown Electric as the group starts to play small clubs and other small time gigs locally and throughout the South, enjoying moderate success with the records and personal appearances. Elvis’ one appearance on the Grand Ole Opry doesn’t go over particularly well, with one of the Opry officials reportedly suggesting that Elvis go back to driving a truck. The Opry is very important at this time. This is a painful disappointment in Elvis’ early career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.132859706878662, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" }, { "answer": "Sun", "passage": "Elvis signs his first contract with RCA Records. Colonel Parker negotiates the sale of Elvis’ Sun contract to RCA, which includes his five Sun singles and his unreleased Sun material. The price is an unprecedented $40,000, with a $5,000 bonus for Elvis. RCA soon re-releases the five Sun singles on the RCA label. At the same time Elvis signs a contract with Hill and Range Publishing Company, which is to set up a separate firm called Elvis Presley Music, Inc. Elvis will share with Hill and Range the publishing ownership of songs bought by Hill and Range for him to record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427959442138672, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Maxwell Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly incompetent. Despite these faults, Smart is also resourceful, skilled in hand-to-hand combat, a proficient marksman, and incredibly lucky. These assets have led to him having a phenomenal record of success in times of crisis in which he has often averted disaster, often on a national or global scale. This performance record means his only punishment in CONTROL for his mistakes is that he is the only agent without three weeks annual vacation time. Smart uses multiple cover identities, but the one used most often is as a greeting card salesman/executive. Owing to multiple assassination attempts, he tells his landlord he is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \"Bureau of Internal Revenue\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film.", "precise_score": 7.9539313316345215, "rough_score": 8.41392707824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his Get Smart character with his catch phrase \"Would you believe...?\"[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0010915/bio Don Adams (I) – Biography]", "precise_score": 5.8335747718811035, "rough_score": 7.943810939788818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy Get Smart (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his portrayal of Smart (1967–69). He provided the voices for the animated series Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales (1963–66) and Inspector Gadget (1983–85, as well as several revivals and spinoffs in the 1990s).", "precise_score": 9.137344360351562, "rough_score": 8.935837745666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, “Get Smart,” has died. He was 82.", "precise_score": 8.830148696899414, "rough_score": 8.926823616027832, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams, who played secret agent Maxwell Smart ... - TODAY" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor-comedian Don Adams, who starred as bumbling but earnest secret agent Maxwell Smart on the 1960s television spy spoof Get Smart, has died.", "precise_score": 9.145672798156738, "rough_score": 9.723124504089355, "source": "search", "title": "'Get Smart' actor dies - People - Entertainment - smh.com.au" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams (1923-2005) won three Emmys (1967-9) for his role as Maxwell Smart, and they were well deserved. The actor submerged into the character, and we believed in Max just as much as he did in himself. While the series was a success with audiences and critics, the movies didn't do well at all. It wasn't that the audience had given up on Maxwell Smart, it was more that Don Adams had. Part of Max's appeal was that he never saw himself as the bumbler the audience saw. He could fall flat on his face and still come back knowing that he was as good as he thought he was.", "precise_score": 9.514333724975586, "rough_score": 8.283248901367188, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart Characters - iment.com" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "In this undated file photo, Don Adams is seen in character as Maxwell Smart. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, \"Get Smart,\" died of a lung infection late Sunday, Sept 25, 2005 in Los Angeles. He was 82. (AP Photo) Ran on: 09-27-2005 Ran on: 09-27-2005 less", "precise_score": 8.898527145385742, "rough_score": 9.042570114135742, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "In this undated file photo, Don Adams is seen in character as Maxwell Smart. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, ... more", "precise_score": 8.875638961791992, "rough_score": 9.031339645385742, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams (R) and co-star Barbara Feldon from the television show \"Get Smart\" are seen in this file publicity picture from 1966. Adams, best known for his role as clumsy secret agent Maxwell Smart in the ... more", "precise_score": 8.807219505310059, "rough_score": 8.763411521911621, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "**FILE**Barbara Feldon and Don Adams, co-stars of the spy spoof show \"Get Smart,\" expose the arsenal of weapons and gimmicks in her coat lining in Los Angeles, Calif., on Sept. 10, 1965. Adams plays the role of Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and Feldon, holding a telephone concealed in a compact, plays Agent 99. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday,Sept. 25, 2005, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since. He was 82(AP Photo) less", "precise_score": 8.503398895263672, "rough_score": 8.67643928527832, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre. Created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, the show stars the late Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86), Barbara Feldon (as Agent 99), and Edward Platt (as Thaddeus, the Chief). Henry said they created the show by request of Daniel Melnick, who was a partner, along with Leonard Stern and David Susskind, of the show's production company, Talent Associates, to capitalize on \"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\"—James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.772397994995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Missed it by that much", "passage": "During the show's run, it generated a number of popular catchphrases, including \"Would you believe...\", \"Missed it by that much!\", \"Sorry about that, Chief\", \"The Old (such-and-such) Trick\", \"And... loving it\", and \"I asked you not to tell me that\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243803024291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "* Don Adams – Director of 13 episodes and writer of 2 episodes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438464164733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "In 1999 TV Guide ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \"Ice Station Siegfried,\" as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.714041709899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": " (Robert Karvelas) is the Chief's slow-witted assistant. In a season five episode, it is reported that if anything happens to Smart, Larabee will take his place. Robert Karvelas was Don Adams' cousin. Larabee also appears in The Nude Bomb. He was played by David Koechner in the 2008 film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.259675979614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams received the Sunbeam and drove it for 10 years after the end of the show - since it was wrecked and repaired several times, the current whereabouts are unknown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474092483520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "An episode of F Troop called \"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \"B. Wise.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218606948852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.495664119720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Get Smart" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "HE'S+AGENT+86'D+-+'GET+SMART'+STAR+DON+ADAMS+DIES&pqatl=google \"HE'S AGENT 86'D – 'GET SMART' STAR DON ADAMS DIES\"], The New York Post, September 27, 2005; accessed September 15, 2009.\"Graduated from DeWitt Clinton HS in The Bronx.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400594711303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Adams had wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after Get Smart were less successful, including the comedy series The Partners (1971–72), a game show called Don Adams' Screen Test (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the Get Smart series in the 1980s. His movie The Nude Bomb was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to escape the image, although he did have success as the voice of Inspector Gadget.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4713797569274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams' Screen Test", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4866304397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams' Screen Test is a syndicated game show which lasted 26 episodes during the 1975–76 season. The show was done in two 15-minute segments, in each of which a randomly selected audience member would 'act' to re-create a scene from a Hollywood movie as accurately as possible. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128602027893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "His daughter, Cecily Adams, an actress, died in 2004 at age 46 of lung cancer. His son, Sean Adams, died at age 35 of brain tumor in 2006, a year after Don Adams' death. He had five other children, all of whom survive. An avid gambler, according to his longtime friend Bill Dana, Adams \"could be very devoted to his family if you reminded him about it, [but] Don's whole life was focused around gambling.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088656425476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Adams" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Forget \"The Producers\", which was lame anyway. If you want to see Mel Brooks's earliest work, then watch an episode of Get Smart on TV Land! Don Adams plays an inept and bumbling spy named Maxwell Smart who has his share of brilliance once in a while. He works for an origanization called Control. He teams up with the competent Agent 99 who he falls in love with and eventually get married to in later episodes. Together they take orders from the chief to take down an evil syndicate called \"Kaos\". I also liked the hi-tec equipment they used, very innovative for it's time. I enjoy all those 'tricks' the Max and 99 pull to outwit the Kaos agents!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.287534713745117, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart (TV Series 1965–1970) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams dead at 82 - TODAY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.783461570739746, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams, who played secret agent Maxwell Smart ... - TODAY" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams dead at 82", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.161553382873535, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams, who played secret agent Maxwell Smart ... - TODAY" }, { "answer": "Donald James Yarmy", "passage": "He was born Donald James Yarmy in New York City on April 13, 1923, Tufeld said, although some sources say 1926 or ’27. The actor’s father was a Hungarian Jew who ran a few small restaurants in the Bronx.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787714004516602, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams, who played secret agent Maxwell Smart ... - TODAY" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Agent 86 dies at 82 ... Don Adams as Maxwell Smart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2100437879562378, "source": "search", "title": "'Get Smart' actor dies - People - Entertainment - smh.com.au" }, { "answer": "Donald James Yarmy", "passage": "Born Donald James Yarmy to a Hungarian-Jewish father and Irish Catholic mother, Adams dropped out of high school and served in the US Marine Corps during World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42334270477295, "source": "search", "title": "'Get Smart' actor dies - People - Entertainment - smh.com.au" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4219740331172943, "source": "search", "title": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4219740331172943, "source": "search", "title": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams, 82, the television comedian best known for playing a bumbling secret agent on the 1960s spy spoof \"Get Smart,\" died Sept. 25 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He had lymphoma and a lung infection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.712510585784912, "source": "search", "title": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s" }, { "answer": "Donald James Yarmy", "passage": "Mr. Adams was born Donald James Yarmy in New York on April 13, 1923. His father, of Hungarian descent, managed restaurants and presided over a home filled with loud, overlapping conversation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384096145629883, "source": "search", "title": "Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams' Father", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480328559875488, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart Characters - iment.com" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "By the time Don Adams played Max in the movies, he'd become a spectator of the famous character, and that innocent belief Max had in himself was just gone. Instead of seeing Max, we saw Don Adams playing a bumbling spy that Adams let you know, unconsciously, wasn't him at all. And all the repeats of those beloved, familiar jokes just couldn't rise past that loss of the character's innocence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364164352416992, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart Characters - iment.com" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "After the success of Get Smart, Adams appeared in series such as Love Boat, Fantasy Island and the Fall Guy, and was also the voice of Inspector Gadget. Don Adams joined the Marines early in World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.315916061401367, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart Characters - iment.com" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Robert Karvelas (1921-1991) was recruited for the role of Larabee by his cousin, Don Adams. Following that role, he also appeared in Love American Style and Mary Tyler Moore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594834327697754, "source": "search", "title": "Get Smart Characters - iment.com" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.647919654846191, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.523844242095947, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Actor Don Adams (R) and co-star Barbara Feldon from the television show \"Get Smart\" are seen in this file publicity picture from 1966. Adams, best known for his role as clumsy secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s television comedy, has died of a lung infection, his agent said on Septenber 26, 2005. Adams, who had been in failing health in recent years, died at Cedars Sinai hospital in Los Angeles on Sunday night, according to agent Bruce Tufeld. NO ARCHIVES REUTERS/Files Ran on: 09-27-2005 Don Adams and Barbara Feldon were an immediate hit when &quo;Get Smart&quo; premiered in 1965. less", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.664870738983154, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "**FILE**Barbara Feldon and Don Adams, co-stars of the spy spoof show \"Get Smart,\" expose the arsenal of weapons and gimmicks in her coat lining in Los Angeles, Calif., on Sept. 10, 1965. Adams plays the role of ... more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.621601104736328, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "**FILE**Don Adams, from \"Get Smart,\" arrives at NBC's 75th anniversary celebration, May 5, 2002, at New York's Rockefeller Center. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s television spoof of James Bond movies, \"Get Smart,\" has died. He was 82. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday,Sept. 25, 2005, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since.(AP Photo/Tina Fineberg) less", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.228943824768066, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "**FILE**Don Adams, from \"Get Smart,\" arrives at NBC's 75th anniversary celebration, May 5, 2002, at New York's Rockefeller Center. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell ... more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.991287708282471, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.523844242095947, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Don Adams", "passage": "Don Adams, whose inept-yet-enthusiastic Maxwell Smart character on TV's \"Get Smart\" supplied the nation with catchphrases during the 1960s, has died. He was 82.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.5077691078186035, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Donald James Yarmy", "passage": "Born Donald James Yarmy , Mr. Adams served with the Marine Corps during World War II and began working in television in the mid-1950s, appearing on \"The Perry Como Show\" and other programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276358604431152, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" }, { "answer": "Missed it by that much", "passage": "\"Would you believe ... ?\" and \"Missed it by that much\" were two of the most popular one-liners. The phrase, \"Sorry about that, chief,\" was even used during a 1966 NASA mission, when a urine bag exploded on Gemini VII.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372472763061523, "source": "search", "title": "Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate" } ]

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[ { "answer": "V", "passage": "In computing, a computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a mechanical lever or electronic switch. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.", "precise_score": -4.742445945739746, "rough_score": -7.409120559692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.", "precise_score": -5.120259761810303, "rough_score": -6.187763214111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.", "precise_score": -7.884777545928955, "rough_score": -10.20162296295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine.", "precise_score": -6.252222061157227, "rough_score": -7.330358982086182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A command-line interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device doing the job of one.", "precise_score": -8.996450424194336, "rough_score": -7.779106616973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "While typewriters are the definitive ancestor of all key-based text entry devices, the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication derives largely from the utility of two devices: teleprinters (or teletypes) and keypunches. It was through such devices that modern computer keyboards inherited their layouts.", "precise_score": -6.83469295501709, "rough_score": -9.075492858886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication for most of the 20th century, while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long. The development of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards: the development of the ENIAC computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper-based output device, while the BINAC computer also made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape (instead of paper) and data output.", "precise_score": -8.305508613586426, "rough_score": -7.5595383644104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The keyboard remained the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in 1984. By this time, text-only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to comparatively graphics-rich icons on screen. However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present, even as mobile personal computing devices such as smartphones and tablets adapt the keyboard as an optional virtual, touchscreen-based means of data entry.", "precise_score": -8.532649993896484, "rough_score": -8.655344009399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys, such as a separate numeric keyboard, for convenience.", "precise_score": -8.34601879119873, "rough_score": -9.313063621520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys. Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys.", "precise_score": -10.279690742492676, "rough_score": -10.11837100982666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacture imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboard: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ some what in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key.", "precise_score": -2.4567770957946777, "rough_score": -3.0783772468566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel distance, and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome; this is opposite the trend for full-size keyboards.", "precise_score": -7.476899147033691, "rough_score": -6.718267917633057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Flexible keyboards are a junction between normal type and laptop type keyboards, normal from the full arrangement of keys, and laptop from the sort key distance, additionally the flexibility it allows the user to fold/roll the keyboard for better storage / transfer, however for typing, the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority of flexible keyboards in market are made from silicone, this material makes it water and dust proof, a very pleasant feature especially in hospitals where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing. For connection with the computer, the keyboards having USB cable and the support of operating systems reach far back as the Windows 2000.", "precise_score": -8.083169937133789, "rough_score": -6.223474502563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard. Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device.", "precise_score": -5.989618301391602, "rough_score": -3.828687906265259, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such as PDAs, and smartphones. Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace.", "precise_score": -10.110045433044434, "rough_score": -10.504566192626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A chorded keyboard allows users to press several keys simultaneously. For example, the GKOS keyboard has been designed for small wireless devices. Other two-handed alternatives more akin to a game controller, such as the AlphaGrip, are also used to input data and text.", "precise_score": -9.732967376708984, "rough_score": -8.530250549316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Numeric keyboards contain only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, a decimal point, and several function keys. They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad, commonly those of laptop computers. These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys: Arithmetic operators, numbers, arrow keys, Navigation keys, Num Lock and Enter key.", "precise_score": -6.005408763885498, "rough_score": -6.911449909210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard. Many are programmable, configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs, workstations (incl. SUN) and other information sources (incl. Thomson Reuters FXT/Eikon, Bloomberg, EBS, etc.) usually in multi-screen work environments. Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources. ", "precise_score": -8.762003898620605, "rough_score": -8.876700401306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads, fully programmable function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets, biometric or smart card readers, trackballs, etc. New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a touchscreen display to stream video, control audio visual media and alarms, execute application inputs, configure individual desktop environments, etc. Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources. Multiple interfaces (serial, USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.) are used to integrate external devices. Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls.", "precise_score": -9.669403076171875, "rough_score": -9.738883018493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key, chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses. Since there are many combinations available, chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys. Court reporters' stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time. The fastest typists (as of 2007) use a stenograph, a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed-caption reporters. Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable, such as on devices that can be used with only one hand, and on small mobile devices that don't have room for larger keyboards. Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient.", "precise_score": -8.668031692504883, "rough_score": -7.194491863250732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Software keyboards or on-screen keyboards often take the form of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen. Another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text. Software keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones, due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and some varieties of Linux include on-screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse. In software keyboards, the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on-screen letters given by the software. On the click of a letter, the software writes the respective letter on the respective spot.", "precise_score": -5.6505889892578125, "rough_score": -4.606701374053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Projection keyboards project an image of keys, usually with a laser, onto a flat surface. The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to \"watch\" where the user's fingers move, and will count a key as being pressed when it \"sees\" the user's finger touch the projected image. Projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector. Because the \"keys\" are simply projected images, they cannot be felt when pressed. Users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of \"give\" when typing. A flat, non-reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected. Most projection keyboards are made for use with PDAs and smartphones due to their small form factor.", "precise_score": -10.637430191040039, "rough_score": -10.138296127319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Also known as photo-optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology.", "precise_score": -9.77080249786377, "rough_score": -10.504441261291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "An optical keyboard technology utilizes light emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB. The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys. Most optical keyboards require at least 2 beams (most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam) to determine the actuated key. Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam).", "precise_score": -9.048619270324707, "rough_score": -9.111434936523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "As the letter-keys were attached to levers that needed to move freely, inventor Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY layout to reduce the likelihood of jamming. With the advent of computers, lever jams are no longer an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for electronic keyboards because they were widely used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in widespread use.", "precise_score": -6.511001110076904, "rough_score": -7.963324546813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Another situation takes place with \"national\" layouts. Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ; similarly, those for Portuguese, French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç. The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is moved from the right of N to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.", "precise_score": -1.3938568830490112, "rough_score": -2.1061651706695557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keyboards in many parts of Asia may have special keys to switch between the Latin character set and a completely different typing system. Japanese layout keyboards can be switched between various Japanese input methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system's input interpreter of the change, and some operating systems (namely the Windows family) interpret the character \"\\\" as \"¥\" for display purposes without changing the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark \"\\\" as \"¥\" or both. In the Arab world, keyboards can often be switched between Arabic and Latin characters.", "precise_score": -3.4919846057891846, "rough_score": -7.047745704650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).", "precise_score": -4.099788188934326, "rough_score": -7.984890460968018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program, text editor, data spreadsheet, or other program. Many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys.", "precise_score": -6.136205196380615, "rough_score": -7.648163795471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, which is significantly wider than other keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter. Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing. It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key, it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing, such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes. In certain programs for playback of digital video, the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback.", "precise_score": -9.48288345336914, "rough_score": -9.3466796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key, when the two are pressed in combination. For example, + in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an active window. In contrast, pressing just will probably do nothing, unless assigned a specific function in a particular program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.", "precise_score": -10.410527229309082, "rough_score": -9.27434253692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The most widely used modifier keys include the Control key, Shift key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts often use a Fn key. \"Dead keys\" allow placement of a diacritic mark, such as an accent, on the following letter (e.g., the Compose key).", "precise_score": -5.4772210121154785, "rough_score": -5.61250114440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction; page scroll keys, such as the Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll the page up and down. The Home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop.", "precise_score": -10.029633522033691, "rough_score": -7.401509761810303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position \"back\" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the preceding character.", "precise_score": -7.546069145202637, "rough_score": -7.652275085449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Lock keys lock part of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard. Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled, in the upper right corner above the numeric pad. The lock keys include Scroll lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock.", "precise_score": -8.573979377746582, "rough_score": -9.123455047607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The SysRq and Print screen commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a \"panic\" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard. The Break key/Pause key no longer has a well-defined purpose. Its origins go back to teleprinter users, who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line. The Break key can be used by software in several different ways, such as to switch between multiple login sessions, to terminate a program, or to interrupt a modem connection.", "precise_score": -10.017634391784668, "rough_score": -8.576011657714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In programming, especially old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Break is used (in conjunction with Ctrl) to stop program execution. In addition to this, Linux and variants, as well as many DOS programs, treat this combination the same as Ctrl+C. On modern keyboards, the break key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In most Windows environments, the key combination Windows key+Pause brings up the system properties.", "precise_score": -3.557798147201538, "rough_score": -6.030775547027588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Escape key (often abbreviated Esc) is used to initiate an escape sequence. As most computer users no longer are concerned with the details of controlling their computer's peripherals, the task for which the escape sequences were originally designed, the escape key was appropriated by application programmers, most often to \"escape\" or back out of a mistaken command. This use continues today in Microsoft Windows's use of escape as a shortcut in dialog boxes for No, Quit, Exit, Cancel, or Abort.", "precise_score": -10.783461570739746, "rough_score": -10.447253227233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A common application today of the Esc key is as a shortcut key for the Stop button in many web browsers. On machines running Microsoft Windows, prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards, the typical practice for invoking the \"start\" button was to hold down the control key and press escape. This process still works in Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.", "precise_score": -10.237378120422363, "rough_score": -10.106775283813477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Enter key is located: One in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys. When one worked something on their computer and wanted to do something with their work, pressing the enter key would do the command they ordered. Another function is to create a space for next paragraph. When one typed and finished typing a paragraph and they wanted to have a second paragraph, they could press enter and it would do spacing.", "precise_score": -9.470625877380371, "rough_score": -8.061173439025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Shift key: when one presses shift and a letter, it will capitalize the letter pressed with the shift key. Another use is to type more symbols than appear to be available, for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a quotation mark on the top. If one wants to type the quotation mark but pressed that key alone, the symbol that would appear would be the apostrophe. The quotation mark will only appear if both the required key and the Shift key are pressed.", "precise_score": -8.483095169067383, "rough_score": -9.179720878601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Menu key or Application key is a key found on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button. The key's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present, showing the menu only. This key was created at the same time as the Windows key. This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right-clicking (however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 keyboard shortcut).", "precise_score": -7.442568302154541, "rough_score": -6.47778844833374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Many, but not all,computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basic mathematical symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few function keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Language input keys for changing the language to use. Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified software or command like launching a game or minimize all windows.", "precise_score": -4.582590103149414, "rough_score": -8.133201599121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "When we calculate, we use these numeric keys to type numbers. Symbols concerned with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division symbols are located in this group of keys. The enter key in this keys indicate the equal sign.", "precise_score": -9.470412254333496, "rough_score": -10.549466133117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "It is possible to install multiple keyboard layouts within an operating system and switch between them, either through features implemented within the OS, or through an external application. Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac provide support to add keyboard layouts and choose from them.", "precise_score": -9.707165718078613, "rough_score": -9.45728874206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The character code produced by any key press is determined by the keyboard driver software. A key press generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function. Depending on operating systems, various application programs are available to create, add and switch among keyboard layouts. Many programs are available, some of which are language specific.", "precise_score": -8.88558292388916, "rough_score": -10.049931526184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments. Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys, to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room. Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys, to remind users that the function is activated (see photo).", "precise_score": -10.822630882263184, "rough_score": -9.447126388549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s, the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames. These keyboards cost from USD $80 to $120 and were used in mainframe data terminals. The most popular switch types were reed switches (contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass capsule, affected by a magnet mounted on the switch plunger).", "precise_score": -11.058816909790039, "rough_score": -10.327066421508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In 1978, Key Tronic Corporation introduced keyboards with capacitive-based switches, one of the first keyboard technologies to not use self-contained switches. There was simply a sponge pad with a conductive-coated Mylar plastic sheet on the switch plunger, and two half-moon trace patterns on the printed circuit board below. As the key was depressed, the capacitance between the plunger pad and the patterns on the PCB below changed, which was detected by integrated circuits (IC). These keyboards were claimed to have the same reliability as the other \"solid-state switch\" keyboards such as inductive and Hall-Effect, but competitive with direct-contact keyboards. Prices of $60 for keyboards were achieved and Key Tronic rapidly became the largest independent keyboard manufacturer.", "precise_score": -9.728743553161621, "rough_score": -7.747707843780518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Meanwhile, IBM made their own keyboards, using their own patented technology: Keys on older IBM keyboards were made with a \"buckling spring\" mechanism, in which a coil spring under the key buckles under pressure from the user's finger, triggering a hammer that presses two plastic sheets (membranes) with conductive traces together, completing a circuit. This produces a clicking sound, and gives physical feedback for the typist indicating that the key has been depressed. ", "precise_score": -9.25649356842041, "rough_score": -9.526385307312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The first electronic keyboards had a typewriter key travel distance of 0.187 inches (4.75 mm), keytops were a half-inch (12.7 mm) high, and keyboards were about two inches (5 cm) thick. Over time, less key travel was accepted in the market, finally landing on 0.110 inches (2.79 mm). Coincident with this, Key Tronic was the first company to introduce a keyboard which was only about one inch thick. And now keyboards measure only about a half-inch thick.", "precise_score": -10.169975280761719, "rough_score": -10.494023323059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keytops are an important element of keyboards. In the beginning, keyboard keytops had a \"dish shape\" on top, like typewriters before them. Keyboard key legends must be extremely durable over tens of millions of depressions, since they are subjected to extreme mechanical wear from fingers and fingernails, and subject to hand oils and creams, so engraving and filling key legends with paint, as was done previously for individual switches, was never acceptable. So, for the first electronic keyboards, the key legends were produced by two-shot (or double-shot, or two-color) molding, where either the key shell or the inside of the key with the key legend was molded first, and then the other color molded second. But, to save cost, other methods were explored, such as sublimation printing and laser engraving, both methods which could be used to print a whole keyboard at the same time.", "precise_score": -10.379673957824707, "rough_score": -8.468512535095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Computer keyboards include control circuitry to convert key presses into key codes (usually scancodes) that the computer's electronics can understand. The key switches are connected via the printed circuit board in an electrical X-Y matrix where a voltage is provided sequentially to the Y lines and, when a key is depressed, detected sequentially by scanning the X lines.", "precise_score": -5.528787612915039, "rough_score": -4.802671432495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The first computer keyboards were for mainframe computer data terminals and used discrete electronic parts. The first keyboard microprocessor was introduced in 1972 by General Instruments, but keyboards have been using the single-chip 8048 microcontroller variant since it became available in 1978. The keyboard switch matrix is wired to its inputs, it converts the keystrokes to key codes, and, for a detached keyboard, sends the codes down a serial cable (the keyboard cord) to the main processor on the computer motherboard. This serial keyboard cable communication is only bi-directional to the extent that the computer's electronics controls the illumination of the caps lock, num lock and scroll lock lights.", "precise_score": -7.51417350769043, "rough_score": -7.199765682220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "One test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the caps lock key. The keyboard sends the key code to the keyboard driver running in the main computer; if the main computer is operating, it commands the light to turn on. All the other indicator lights work in a similar way. The keyboard driver also tracks the Shift, alt and control state of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -9.494433403015137, "rough_score": -8.257752418518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some lower-quality keyboards have multiple or false key entries due to inadequate electrical designs. These are caused by inadequate keyswitch \"debouncing\" or inadequate keyswitch matrix layout that don't allow multiple keys to be depressed at the same time, both circumstances which are explained below:", "precise_score": -7.949038982391357, "rough_score": -8.89311408996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "When pressing a keyboard key, the key contacts may \"bounce\" against each other for several milliseconds before they settle into firm contact. When released, they bounce some more until they revert to the uncontacted state. If the computer were watching for each pulse, it would see many keystrokes for what the user thought was just one. To resolve this problem, the processor in a keyboard (or computer) \"debounces\" the keystrokes, by aggregating them across time to produce one \"confirmed\" keystroke.", "precise_score": -8.861306190490723, "rough_score": -10.059150695800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some low-quality keyboards also suffer problems with rollover (that is, when multiple keys pressed at the same time, or when keys are pressed so fast that multiple keys are down within the same milliseconds). Early \"solid-state\" keyswitch keyboards did not have this problem because the keyswitches are electrically isolated from each other, and early \"direct-contact\" keyswitch keyboards avoided this problem by having isolation diodes for every keyswitch. These early keyboards had \"n-key\" rollover, which means any number of keys can be depressed and the keyboard will still recognize the next key depressed. But when three keys are pressed (electrically closed) at the same time in a \"direct contact\" keyswitch matrix that doesn't have isolation diodes, the keyboard electronics can see a fourth \"phantom\" key which is the intersection of the X and Y lines of the three keys. Some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time. \"Three-key\" rollover, also called \"phantom key blocking\" or \"phantom key lockout\", will only register three keys and ignore all others until one of the three keys is lifted. This is undesirable, especially for fast typing (hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys), and games (designed for multiple key presses).", "precise_score": -8.123783111572266, "rough_score": -8.078466415405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "As direct-contact membrane keyboards became popular, the available rollover of keys was optimized by analyzing the most common key sequences and placing these keys so that they do not potentially produce phantom keys in the electrical key matrix (for example, simply placing three or four keys that might be depressed simultaneously on the same X or same Y line, so that a phantom key intersection/short cannot happen), so that blocking a third key usually isn't a problem. But lower-quality keyboard designs and unknowledgeable engineers may not know these tricks, and it can still be a problem in games due to wildly different or configurable layouts in different games.", "precise_score": -6.941032886505127, "rough_score": -6.503832817077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "There are several ways of connecting a keyboard to a system unit (more precisely, to its keyboard controller) using cables, including the standard AT connector commonly found on motherboards, which was eventually replaced by the PS/2 and the USB connection. Prior to the iMac line of systems, Apple used the proprietary Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard connector.", "precise_score": -9.360328674316406, "rough_score": -7.716764450073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Wireless keyboards have become popular for their increased user freedom. A wireless keyboard often includes a required combination transmitter and receiver unit that attaches to the computer's keyboard port. The wireless aspect is achieved either by radio frequency (RF) or by infrared (IR) signals sent and received from both the keyboard and the unit attached to the computer. A wireless keyboard may use an industry standard RF, called Bluetooth. With Bluetooth, the transceiver may be built into the computer. However, a wireless keyboard needs batteries to work and may pose a security problem due to the risk of data \"eavesdropping\" by hackers. Wireless solar keyboards charge their batteries from small solar panels using sunlight or standard artificial lighting. An early example of a consumer wireless keyboard is that of the Olivetti Envision.", "precise_score": -9.174568176269531, "rough_score": -8.179914474487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Speech recognition converts speech into machine-readable text (that is, a string of character codes). This technology has also reached an advanced state and is implemented in various software products. For certain uses (e.g., transcription of medical or legal dictation; journalism; writing essays or novels) speech recognition is starting to replace the keyboard. However, the lack of privacy when issuing voice commands and dictation makes this kind of input unsuitable for many environments.", "precise_score": -10.840721130371094, "rough_score": -10.21865177154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Pointing devices can be used to enter text or characters in contexts where using a physical keyboard would be inappropriate or impossible. These accessories typically present characters on a display, in a layout that provides fast access to the more frequently used characters or character combinations. Popular examples of this kind of input are Graffiti, Dasher and on-screen virtual keyboards.", "precise_score": -10.407939910888672, "rough_score": -10.470178604125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Unencrypted wireless bluetooth keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening devices in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record bluetooth packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user. Microsoft wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this", "precise_score": -9.868693351745605, "rough_score": -8.591184616088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards. Software keyloggers work on the target computer's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS, or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location. Some hackers also use wireless keylogger sniffers to collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver, and then they crack the encryption key being used to secure wireless communications between the two devices.", "precise_score": -10.418085098266602, "rough_score": -8.803829193115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keyboards are also known to emit electromagnetic signatures that can be detected using special spying equipment to reconstruct the keys pressed on the keyboard. Neal O'Farrell, executive director of the Identity Theft Council, revealed to InformationWeek that \"More than 25 years ago, a couple of former spooks showed me how they could capture a user's ATM PIN, from a van parked across the street, simply by capturing and decoding the electromagnetic signals generated by every keystroke,\" O'Farrell said. \"They could even capture keystrokes from computers in nearby offices, but the technology wasn't sophisticated enough to focus in on any specific computer.\" ", "precise_score": -10.47300910949707, "rough_score": -8.754191398620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Whether you are using a PC or a Mac, your computer has built-in keyboard shortcuts for a number of actions. You can even use a keyboard shortcut to undo a mistake you just made, or to scroll up or down a webpage. Using keyboard shortcuts is much faster, because your hands aren’t going back and forth between your mouse or trackpad and your keyboard, and they make your life easier. If you’re having any pain in your hands, using the keyboard instead of the mouse when possible can save exacerbating it.", "precise_score": -10.465439796447754, "rough_score": -9.894455909729004, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Wherever you see the “+” sign below, depress both keys at once. In other words, in where you see “Control + F” depress the “Control” key and the “F” key at the same time.", "precise_score": -6.0988922119140625, "rough_score": -9.923979759216309, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces.  Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces. Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces. Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces.  Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces. Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This keyboard shortcut conflicts with a default Exposé key assignment in Mac OS X version 10.3 or later. To use this Office keyboard shortcut, you must first turn off the Exposé keyboard shortcut for this key. On the Apple menu, click System Preferences. Under Personal, click Exposé & Spaces.  Under Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts, on the pop-up menu for the shortcut that you want to turn off, click –.", "precise_score": -11.148035049438477, "rough_score": -10.554343223571777, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Whenever you use a computer, you'll probably use a keyboard", "precise_score": -7.481925964355469, "rough_score": -10.509125709533691, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The most common kind of keyboard is referred to as a ‘QWERTY’ keyboard after the keys on the top row of letters. It was invented by C L Scholes in the 1860s when he was working out the best place to put the keys on a manual typewriter.", "precise_score": -4.184064865112305, "rough_score": -4.21977424621582, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 1: Have a good look at your keyboard. The most important keys are labelled on the diagram below:", "precise_score": -8.888648986816406, "rough_score": -9.661168098449707, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some keyboards, especially those on laptops, will have a slightly different layout. For example, yours might not have a number pad or the delete key may be in a different place. But virtually all keyboards will have these important keys somewhere.", "precise_score": -7.057256698608398, "rough_score": -8.002378463745117, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 2: The main keys are the letter keys. When you type just using these, you get lower-case print. However, if you hold down a ‘shift key’ (there are two to choose from) at the same time as you type, you’ll get UPPER-CASE letters.", "precise_score": -3.540238380432129, "rough_score": -1.498151421546936, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "To delete a letter, place your cursor (mouse pointer) just after the letter and click. Then press Backspace briefly. (Always press briefly – otherwise, you’ll get repeated deletions, spaces, letters or whatever.) Or place your cursor just before the letter, click and press Delete.", "precise_score": -9.948577880859375, "rough_score": -10.54455280303955, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 7: You can also type using the numbers on the main keyboard. You’ll find them on the row of keys above the top line of letters.", "precise_score": -4.085015773773193, "rough_score": -6.519757270812988, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "They operate in exactly the same way as the ones above the numbers.", "precise_score": -8.875508308410645, "rough_score": -10.492332458496094, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 11: Some of the things that you use the mouse for can be done with keyboard shortcuts. These require you to hold down one key while pressing another, and often involve using the ‘Ctrl’ and/or ‘Alt’ keys. Some people prefer using them to using the mouse. There are many shortcuts – check out the list provided by Microsoft Support .", "precise_score": -10.875822067260742, "rough_score": -10.430651664733887, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Any 12 key telephone keypad ca be used as a computer terminal keyboard. The speed and efficiency of the Phone Keyboard is faster and easier than all previous data entry methods using any phone or any twelve sensor keypad. All data entered on any standard computer keyboard can be entered using any 12 key phone keypad. A demonstration of the working invention is found on PhoneKeyboard.com .", "precise_score": -9.284771919250488, "rough_score": -9.863319396972656, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Pressing the left asterisk [*] key 3 times exits the standard number mode and enters a Multi-Tap Mode. Letters are produced in the Multi-Tap Mode by pressing the desired letter on a number key [1] through [9] once, twice or three times. The [2] key has the letters \"A\", \"B\" and \"C\" located on it. The left \"A\" is produced by pressing the [2] 1 time. The middle \"B\" is produced by pressing the [2] 2 times. The right \"C\" is produced by pressing the [2] 3 times. When a device does not have a time delay entry function, the right pound [#] key enters the character choice when the next character choice is on the same key. Pressing the right pound [#] key followed by the zero [0] key exits the alphabet mode and re-enters the number mode.", "precise_score": 2.0603296756744385, "rough_score": -1.2694238424301147, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "All QWERTY keyboard data, including Spanish and French, can be entered sequentially or simultaneously through any twelve key phone keypad in the world using the Phone Keyboard invention. Without the use of predictive text, the Phone Keyboard is faster and easier to use than AOL Mobile's Tegic T9 or any other text entry method. With the introduction of Tegic T9 in Motorola's StarTac cell phone, Mr. Burrell made numerous attempts to have Motorola implement his Phone Keyboard technology on Motorola's StarTac or any of their products. Mr. Burrell also approached Tegic to have Tegic's T9 input method modified to also include his Phone Keyboard as a part of T9's operating platform. Tegic, Motorola and any other company Mr. Burrell approached, repeatedly refused to use or license the Phone Keyboard for any of their products, even though the Phone Keyboard is faster and easier use, and allows the deaf, blind, deaf-blind, visually impaired and speech impaired to use texting technology on any phone.", "precise_score": -10.685871124267578, "rough_score": -9.626726150512695, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The data entry rate using sequential key actuations is 2 key presses for data characters an 1 key press for numbers, without the use of any type of predictive text. The data entry rate using sequential key actuations in a middle mode is around \"1.62\" key presses for data characters, without the use of any type of predictive text. The data entry rate using sequential key actuations in a most used letter mode is around \"1.45\" key presses for data characters, without the use of any type of predictive text. Simultaneous key actuations lower the data entry rate to \"1.08\" key presses for data characters, without the use of any type of predictive text. Combining the Phone Keyboard with any predictive text program will increase the efficiency of the invention by decreasing the key presses required to produce data. All statistics on the efficiency and data entry rates can be found on the Statistics page.", "precise_score": -10.25806713104248, "rough_score": -10.284165382385254, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Phone Keyboard allows the Deaf, Blind, Deaf-Blind, Speech Impaired and Visually Impaired to finally enter data or text message on any phone or cell phone. The Phone Keyboard makes all phones and cell phones compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act allowing the Deaf, Speech Impaired and Deaf-Blind the ability to use 911 or enhanced 911 (E911) without the use of a TTY (Teletypewriter) or TDD (Telecommunications Device for the Deaf). The Inventor has been working for years to have his Phone Keyboard program installed on emergency 911 switches and E911 systems used in the United States. The asterisk key is presently not used on 911 switches and only requires programming the unused asterisk key with the Phone Keyboard program and then converting the DTMF entered ASCII code data into the antiquated Baudot code (ITA2-International Telegraph Alphabet #2 or U.S. TTY) for transmission to the P.S.A.P. (Public Service Access Point).", "precise_score": -9.739471435546875, "rough_score": -8.999739646911621, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "At the present time, the Phone Keyboard is not an A.D.A. (Americans with Disabilities Act) requirement, but the Inventor has been working for years trying to get legislation introduced and passed making it a requirement. After filing his first patent on the Phone Keyboard, the Inventor lobbied every Congressman and then every Senator to get his Phone Keyboard implemented on the 911 switches. After offering to give the Phone Keyboard to the United States government for free for use on the 911 switches, not one politician or aid contacted the Inventor or were interested in helping the handicapped community. The Inventor has been working for years to have his Phone Keyboard adopted and used by the telecommunications industry, TTYs and TDDs, any and all phone devices, PDAs, paging systems, SMS systems, computer systems, analog and digital touch screen interfaces and cellular systems.", "precise_score": -10.324267387390137, "rough_score": -9.461448669433594, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Using combinations of 8 sensors (chording) allows typing without repositioning of the fingers and is the fastest way of typing (tested and proven). The Inventor has also invented a way of using combinations of 8 sensors to type, which is shown on the typing code web site. All QWERTY keyboard data and every Latin based alphabet language can be entered using any 8 sensors with the chordic 8 key data entry method. The chordic 8 key data entry method allows ergonomic positioning of the hands, wrists and arms to prevent the development of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Repetitive Motion Syndrome, Repetitive Strain Disorders and Repetitive Stress Injuries. The chordic 8 key data entry method can also be used as an alternative 8 dot braille arrangement, which is found on the 8 dot braille web site or as a method of finger braille communication for the deaf-blind, which is found on the finger braille web site. The use of a digital matrix touch screen will allow any device to produce data using the Inventor's 8 sensor data entry method. Multiple types of data entry modes for increased speed and ease of use are also possible and included.", "precise_score": -10.901177406311035, "rough_score": -10.339018821716309, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Phone Keyboard is faster and easier to use than all other prior art technology and allows the deaf, blind, deaf-blind, visually impaired, speech impaired and disabled community to easily use texting technology on any phone device or on any SMS text messaging technology.", "precise_score": -10.694971084594727, "rough_score": -9.356830596923828, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Phone Keyboard invention, without the use of predictive text, is faster and easier to use than Tegic T9 (AOL Mobile) or any other predictive text input method.", "precise_score": -10.67988109588623, "rough_score": -10.150925636291504, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You can use the standard Windows editing keys when working in the SQL pane, such as CTRL+ arrow keys to move between words, and the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands on the Edit menu.", "precise_score": -10.817447662353516, "rough_score": -9.92872428894043, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Press the letter shown in the KeyTip over the feature that you want to use.", "precise_score": -7.310422897338867, "rough_score": -10.498921394348145, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Depending on which letter you press, you might be shown additional KeyTips. For example, if the Home tab is active and you press I, the Insert tab is displayed, along with the KeyTips for the groups on that tab.", "precise_score": -8.688940048217773, "rough_score": -9.43189525604248, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to position the toolbar. Press CTRL+ the arrow keys to move one pixel at a time. To undock the toolbar, press the DOWN ARROW repeatedly. To dock the toolbar vertically on the left or right side, press the LEFT ARROW or the RIGHT ARROW, respectively, when the toolbar is positioned all the way to the left or the right side.", "precise_score": -11.00572681427002, "rough_score": -10.292011260986328, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I had a call from a customer who was complaining that when she typed, the wrong letters came up on the screen. After some investigation, I learned she had pried off all the letter key caps off her keyboard and rearranged them in alphabetical order. You'd think she'd have figured out the problem herself when her computer stopped working afterward.", "precise_score": -6.856729507446289, "rough_score": -9.526464462280273, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I had an otherwise computer-literate friend who would put the caps-lock on and off every time he wanted a capital letter. He thought the shift key was just for the symbols on the number keys. This probably went on for years.", "precise_score": -7.716997146606445, "rough_score": -8.002147674560547, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A few years ago, I was working at a small studio in my home town, the studio belonging to Comcast (the TV company). The head director of the studio performed editing on an extremely old computer, something along the lines of Windows 3.1 (this was post-Windows 2000). I was helping him with editing. Since most of the text in TV shows is in all capital letters, his caps-lock key was on. But when it came time to do the credits (which are capitalized in the normal fashion), instead of turning off the caps-lock, he held down the shift key to type the lower case letters. When I showed him the caps-lock feature, he was amazed and thought I was brilliant.", "precise_score": -10.5550537109375, "rough_score": -10.403901100158691, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Him: \"When I start up my computer and have to type in my program, I can use the numbers on the right side of the keyboard. So that is great. But sometimes, if I hit numlock, they don't work anymore, and I have to use the ones above the letters. They work again if I hit numlock and a light goes on. Is this right?\"", "precise_score": -5.438628196716309, "rough_score": -7.637451171875, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "One user noted that MAC keyboards are typically relatively small, but that IBM keyboards are \"big\" things with \"keys all around the top and down the sides\" and so forth. He figured that this might be one of the reasons why IBMs and MACs \"don't like to talk to each other.\"", "precise_score": -9.449289321899414, "rough_score": -9.956836700439453, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I was helping an executive-type over the phone with a VMS command. I kept giving him a command to type, something like \"whois xyz1234\". He kept getting an error back. Finally I asked him to read exactly what he was typing, letter-by-letter, \"w-h-o-i-s-s-p-a-c-e-x-y-z-1-2-3-4\". I told him to type a blank instead of the word \"space.\" He then asked me how to do that. Trying not to laugh, I explained what that long key at the bottom of the keyboard was for.", "precise_score": -6.91212272644043, "rough_score": -9.029208183288574, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"Ok, see your c, v, b, n, and m keys?\"", "precise_score": -1.0196757316589355, "rough_score": -7.430612087249756, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I taught in colleges and technical schools. I taught all level of classes from rank beginner to the very advanced in databases and worksheets. One of the best things for any student to do is to be able to type. Being able to find your way around the keyboard is important. In one of my beginner classes, I had an elderly gentleman who bought a computer to track his stocks. He was at the computer that I connected to the overhead projector that displayed the monitor for the entire class to see. We were in Word, and I asked the class to type the word \"book.\" This gentleman looked at his keyboard for the letter 'B'. I could see him looking across each row, searching for the letter 'B'. He searched and searched, then with a smile, typed the letter 'B'. Then he began looking for the letter 'O'. He searched and searched for the letter 'O', once mistaking the zero key for the letter 'O'. He searched some more and finally found the letter 'O'. He pressed the 'O' key. Then he began searching for the next letter 'O'. At this point, the other students and I knew we were in for a long class.", "precise_score": -3.0806236267089844, "rough_score": -5.358850479125977, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"Uh, I only have capital letters on my keyboard.\"", "precise_score": -4.4150872230529785, "rough_score": -10.083621978759766, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I was a systems engineer working on a UNIX system for a contract for a Swedish customer. Inevitably, they wanted Swedish keyboard formats and the like which were slightly different from the British ones we were developing the system on. In the fairly early stages of development, I was the system administrator and was halfway through converting the PCs to Swedish layouts. Of course, new keyboard layouts need a little time to get accustomed to.", "precise_score": -10.503324508666992, "rough_score": -10.40799331665039, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "While logged in as 'root' (the superuser account on UNIX machines), I wanted to remove the contents of a directory and all subdirectories, so I used the command rm -r * -- which should remove all files and subdirectories in the current directory. When I looked up at the screen from my Swedish keyboard, I realised that the keyboard was set up to the British version. Unfortunately, the '*' on Swedish keyboard is in the same place as a '~' on a British keyboard, so the command became rm -r ~. In UNIX, this means remove all files in all subdirectories from your home directory. If you're logged in as the root user, the home directory (frequently, anyway, and in this case) is the root directory. Needless to say, the PC didn't boot again, and unfortunately (bad me!) I didn't have any backups, so I spent two days remaking the environment.", "precise_score": -9.281834602355957, "rough_score": -8.813859939575195, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "AM having problems with Keyboard with my laptop", "precise_score": -8.641977310180664, "rough_score": -10.449131965637207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "i have gatway laptop.... AM having problems with Keyboard", "precise_score": -10.641485214233398, "rough_score": -10.293590545654297, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This Keyboard problem may be solved if you are able to read and fallow instructions, Log on to gateway and look for the model of your laptop and search for the manual, once there look for the replacement parts section, it", "precise_score": -10.465468406677246, "rough_score": -10.504924774169922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP Support Forum - 1377185", "precise_score": -7.3890814781188965, "rough_score": -9.29177188873291, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice", "precise_score": -5.630006790161133, "rough_score": -6.955036163330078, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice", "precise_score": -5.630006790161133, "rough_score": -6.955036163330078, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "My HP Pavilion dv4-1123US has suddenly started typing every keystroke twice.  I get double letters for everything typed.  This is happening for every key, letters, numbers, backspace, cap lock.  PPAASSWWOORRDD.  Etc.  I am forced to use a virtual keyboard that came with Kaspersky Internet Security.", "precise_score": -8.614516258239746, "rough_score": -9.826663970947266, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "There are several special keys along the top row of the keyboard. The F1 through F12 keys have different functions depending on whether you are on the Windows desktop or within an application.", "precise_score": -7.444734573364258, "rough_score": -8.384979248046875, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Many of the keyboard shortcuts from previous versions of Windows also work in Windows 10 and 8.", "precise_score": -9.221477508544922, "rough_score": -10.2223539352417, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "On the Windows 10 and 8 desktop, moves a desktop app to the right half of the screen.", "precise_score": -11.273416519165039, "rough_score": -10.448131561279297, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "As early as the 1870s, teleprinter-like devices were used to simultaneously type and transmit stock market text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to stock ticker machines to be immediately copied and displayed onto ticker tape. The teleprinter, in its more contemporary form, was developed from 1907 to 1910 by American mechanical engineer Charles Krum and his son Howard, with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne. Earlier models were developed separately by individuals such as Royal Earl House and Frederick G. Creed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64931869506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Earlier, Herman Hollerith developed the first keypunch devices, which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the 1930s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164843559265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "From the 1940s until the late 1960s, typewriters were the main means of data entry and output for computing, becoming integrated into what were known as computer terminals. Because of the limitations of terminals based upon printed text in comparison to the growth in data storage, processing and transmission, a general move toward video-based computer terminals was effected by the 1970s, starting with the Datapoint 3300 in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103033065795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex, high-performance workplaces for financial traders and control room operators (emergency services, security, air traffic management; industry, utilities management, etc.).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291881561279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "For example, for Mac, The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator and open-source Avro Keyboard for Windows provide the ability to customize the keyboard layout as desired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843254089355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In the mid-1970s, lower-cost direct-contact key switches were introduced, but their life in switch cycles was much shorter (rated ten million cycles) because they were open to the environment. This became more acceptable, however, for use in computer terminals at the time, which began to see increasingly shorter model lifespans as they advanced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2069091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Initially, sublimation printing, where a special ink is printed onto the keycap surface and the application of heat causes the ink molecules to penetrate and commingle with the plastic modules, had a problem because finger oils caused the molecules to disperse, but then a necessarily very hard clear coating was applied to prevent this. Coincident with sublimation printing, which was first used in high volume by IBM on their keyboards, was the introduction by IBM of single-curved-dish keycaps to facilitate quality printing of key legends by having a consistently curved surface instead of a dish. But one problem with sublimation or laser printing was that the processes took too long and only dark legends could be printed on light-colored keys. On another note, IBM was unique in using separate shells, or \"keycaps\", on keytop bases. This might have made their manufacturing of different keyboard layouts more flexible, but the reason for doing this was that the plastic material that needed to be used for sublimation printing was different from standard ABS keytop plastic material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56616497039795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Three final mechanical technologies brought keyboards to where they are today, driving the cost well under $10:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517200469970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "# \"Monoblock\" keyboard designs were developed where individual switch housings were eliminated and a one-piece \"monoblock\" housing used instead. This was possible because of molding techniques that could provide very tight tolerances for the switch-plunger holes and guides across the width of the keyboard so that the key plunger-to-housing clearances were not too tight or too loose, either of which could cause the keys to bind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027888298034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "# The use of contact-switch membrane sheets under the monoblock. This technology came from flat-panel switch membranes, where the switch contacts are printed inside of a top and bottom layer, with a spacer layer in between, so that when pressure is applied to the area above, a direct electrical contact is made. The membrane layers can be printed by very-high volume, low-cost \"reel-to-reel\" printing machines, with each keyboard membrane cut and punched out afterwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870792388916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Plastic materials played a very important part in the development and progress of electronic keyboards. Until \"monoblocks\" came along, GE's \"self-lubricating\" Delrin was the only plastic material for keyboard switch plungers that could withstand the beating over tens of millions of cycles of lifetime use. Greasing or oiling switch plungers was undesirable because it would attract dirt over time which would eventually affect the feel and even bind the key switches (although keyboard manufacturers would sometimes sneak this into their keyboards, especially if they could not control the tolerances of the key plungers and housings well enough to have a smooth key depression feel or prevent binding). But Delrin was only available in black and white, and was not suitable for keytops (too soft), so keytops use ABS plastic. However, as plastic molding advanced in maintaining tight tolerances, and as key travel length reduced from 0.187-inch to 0.110-inch (4.75 mm to 2.79 mm), single-part keytop/plungers could be made of ABS, with the keyboard monolocks also made of ABS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741700172424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Alternative text-entering methods ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418498992919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Optical character recognition (OCR) is preferable to rekeying for converting existing text that is already written down but not in machine-readable format (for example, a Linotype-composed book from the 1940s). In other words, to convert the text from an image to editable text (that is, a string of character codes), a person could re-type it, or a computer could look at the image and deduce what each character is. OCR technology has already reached an impressive state (for example, Google Book Search) and promises more for the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10659408569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "vulnerability. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28868579864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keystroke logging (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes. While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks, or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities, it is also used by hackers for various illegal or malicious acts. Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.618935585021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Anti-spyware applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them. Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs, thus preventing abuse of the software. Enabling a firewall does not stop keyloggers per se, but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured. Network monitors (also known as reverse-firewalls) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection. This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from \"phoning home\" with his or her typed information. Automatic form-filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all. Most keyloggers can be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047656059265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The use of any keyboard may cause serious injury (that is, carpal tunnel syndrome or other repetitive strain injury) to hands, wrists, arms, neck or back. The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent short breaks to get up and walk around a couple of times every hour. As well, users should vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When inputting at the keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that reaching is not necessary. The chair height and keyboard tray should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and the wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges. Wrist or palm rests should not be used while typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66916275024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some adaptive technology ranging from special keyboards, mouse replacements and pen tablet interfaces to speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently. Switching to a much more ergonomic mouse, such as a vertical mouse or joystick mouse may provide relief. Switching from using a mouse to using a stylus pen with graphic tablet or a trackpad can lessen the repetitive strain on the arms and hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982158660888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some keyboards were found to contain five times more potentially harmful germs than a toilet seat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337298393249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This can be a concern when using shared keyboards; the keyboards can serve as vectors for pathogens that cause the cold, flu, and other communicable diseases easily spread by indirect contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195337295532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Looking for computer help? Every week, our Tekspert answers one question about digital technology. Computers, tablets, phones, cameras…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452559471130371, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "What do you do when you want to print something on your computer or close out of an application? How about when you need to copy and paste? If you use your cursor and the drop-down menu at the top of your screen, then I’ve got good news for you: There’s an easier way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402795791625977, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "While you’re learning these shortcuts, you might have to reference this list. Use the black “Print” button at the top of the page to bring up a printable version so you can keep it handy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336067199707031, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Log In or say “Okay”  You don’t always have to use your cursor to click the “log in” or “sign in” button after you’ve entered your password. Instead you can just hit the “Enter” key on your PC or your or “Return” key on your Mac. The same thing goes for the “okay” button; just hit “Enter” or “Return.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888814926147461, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A small search bar will appear near the top right or bottom left of your screen, where you can type the word or phrase you’re looking for. Then hit the “Enter” or “Return” key to have your computer conduct the search.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303715705871582, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Print This shortcut works both in word processing applications like Microsoft Word and in web browsers like Safari or Internet Explorer. You can also use this shortcut if you need to print an email confirmation (like a receipt or a ticket for an event.) While this shortcut is handy, if you’re printing something from the web, first look for a little printer icon on the webpage you want to print. This will provide you a printer-friendly version that’s easier to read on paper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350045204162598, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Reveal your desktop Sometimes, when you have one or more windows open, you need to look at your desktop; to do that without closing or minimizing your windows, use this shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412649154663086, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Once you’re a pro at copying and pasting ( click here to read our Tech Tip on how to copy and paste text), you can move even faster with these keyboard shortcuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189519882202148, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Paste Once you’ve copied text, use this keyboard shortcut to paste it where you want it to go.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298511505126953, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "PC Control + V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627828598022461, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Go back to a previous webpage Instead of hitting the browser back button to return to the page you were just on, you can simply hit the backspace or delete key on your keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969165802001953, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open a new tab Instead of opening a new window, you might want to open a new tab when you want to go to a new webpage. You can easily toggle between tabs at the top of your browser window to move between different webpages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329793930053711, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The settings in some versions of the Macintosh operating system and some utility applications might conflict with keyboard shortcuts and function key operations in Office. For information about changing the key assignment of a keyboard shortcut, see Mac Help for your version of the Macintosh operating system or see your utility application.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700132369995117, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Choose the Save As command (File menu).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440716743469238, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous insertion point", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462020874023438, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Go to the previous pane or frame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47327995300293, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Go to the previous field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397683143615723, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Show all headings with the specified heading level", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489120483398438, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CONTROL + SHIFT +<HEADING LEVEL>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464753150939941, "source": "search", "title": "Word keyboard shortcuts - Word for Mac" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Click here for an enlarged version of the above diagram , which you can print out for easy reference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448915481567383, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 5: You can move the cursor along this sentence without deleting anything by using the arrow keys:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289968490600586, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Try moving the cursor backwards and forwards through your sentence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412477493286133, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 6: Now try using the number pad, if you have one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449265480041504, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "To use this to type numbers, you have to press the Num Lock key. There may be an indicator light at the top of the keyboard or on the ‘Num Lock’ key itself to show that it’s on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672850608825684, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Above these numbers are various symbols, which include ‘£’, ‘&’, ‘!’. To use these, hold down the Shift key while you type. So if you press ’7′ on its own, you get ’7′, but if you press ’7′ while you hold down the ‘Shift’ key, you get ‘&’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349940299987793, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 8: If you want everything to appear in upper case, press the Caps Lock key and then type:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434690475463867, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Step 10: There are a number of ways that you can move round a web page. Try using the keys below to see where they take you:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462925910949707, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The new Phone Keyboard allows anyone to dial a website address from any phone in the world for telephonic Automated Attendant Internet Access using any text or html reader for receiving audio information. The Phone Keyboard allows anyone to dial a web-cam video site address from any video phone to view internet cameras for traffic updates or visual confirmation. The Phone Code also allows anyone to dial an email address from any phone in the world to leave a text or voice message or receive e-mail through audio text or html readers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659327507019043, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Simultaneous key actuations lower the data entry rate to almost one key press for each data character without the use of predictive text.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350987434387207, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Turns all phones and cell phones into TTYs/TDDs terminals ---> A.D.A. (Americans with Disabilities Act) compliant devices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408703804016113, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Dial a web-cam address from a video phone to bring up internet cameras for traffic updates or visual confirmation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.540306091308594, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Dial any email address from any phone in the world to leave text or voice messages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489147186279297, "source": "search", "title": "Phone Keyboard uses 12 Keys to Type-Tap, Text Message Faster" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You can use keyboard shortcuts for quick access to frequently used commands or operations. The following sections list the keyboard shortcuts available in Microsoft Office Access 2007. You can also use keyboard shortcuts to move the focus to a menu, command, or control without using the mouse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965429306030273, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Print dialog box from Print Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51107120513916, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Page Setup dialog box from Print Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519397735595703, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Cancel Print Preview or Layout Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583930969238281, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Save As dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520329475402832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Find tab in the Find and Replace dialog box (Datasheet view and Form view only)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511085510253906, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Replace tab in the Find and Replace dialog box (Datasheet view and Form view only)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52087688446045, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Find the next occurrence of the text specified in the Find and Replace dialog box when the dialog box is closed (Datasheet view and Form view only)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444820404052734, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between Edit mode (with insertion point displayed) and Navigation mode in a datasheet. When working in a form or report, press ESC to leave Navigation mode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218548774719238, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to the property sheet (Design view in forms and reports in both Access databases and Access projects)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434891700744629, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to Form view from form Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47416877746582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between the upper and lower portions of a window (Design view of queries, and the Advanced Filter/Sort window)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182711601257324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Cycle through the field grid, field properties, Navigation Pane, access keys in the Keyboard Access System, Zoom controls, and the security bar (Design view of tables)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026966094970703, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Choose Builder dialog box (Design view window of forms and reports)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462965965270996, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Visual Basic Editor from a selected property in the property sheet for a form or report", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518814086914062, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch from the Visual Basic Editor back to form or report Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415043830871582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Editing controls in form and report Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534250259399414, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CTRL+V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093947410583496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the right (except controls that are part of a layout)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368894577026367, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the left (except controls that are part of a layout)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416457176208496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control up", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416234016418457, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control down", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41913890838623, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": ", and then click Access Options. In the Access Options dialog box, click Current Database and, under Document Window Options, click Overlapping Windows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402009963989258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Turn on Resize mode for the active window when it is not maximized; press the arrow keys to resize the window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13272762298584, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between the Visual Basic Editor and the previous active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972846984863281, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next page of the wizard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380572319030762, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous page of the wizard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393088340759277, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Zoom box to conveniently enter expressions and other text in small input areas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431632041931152, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display a property sheet in Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.548453330993652, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Invoke a Builder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391782760620117, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Toggle forward between views when in a table, query, form, report, page, PivotTable list, PivotChart report, stored procedure, or Access project (.adp) function. If there are additional views available, successive keystrokes will move to the next available view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939668655395508, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Toggle back between views when in a table, query, form, report, page, PivotTable list, PivotChart report, stored procedure, or .adp function. If there are additional views available, successive keystrokes will move to the previous view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074226379394531, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigation Pane shortcut keys", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.731040000915527, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Editing and navigating the Object list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497282028198242, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last object", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406383514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first object", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38864517211914, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the selected table or query in Datasheet view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537393569946289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the selected table, query, form, report, data access page, macro, or module in Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474729537963867, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display the Immediate window in the Visual Basic Editor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421860694885254, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "With the menu or submenu visible, select the next or previous command", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286391258239746, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the menu to the left or right; or, when a submenu is visible, to switch between the main menu and the submenu", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006555557250977, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Close the visible menu and submenu at the same time", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099479675292969, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Close the visible menu; or, with a submenu visible, to close the submenu only", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320605278015137, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to the previous program", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346321105957031, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Close the active database window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477534294128418, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to the previous database window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413344383239746, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to the previous tab in a dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236485481262207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next option or option group", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434099197387695, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous option or option group", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45761489868164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move between options in the selected drop-down list box, or to move between some options in a group of options", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2941255569458, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the option by the first letter in the option name in a drop-down list box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162823677062988, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the beginning of the entry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427789688110352, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the end of the entry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412883758544922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move one character to the left or right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32783317565918, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move one word to the left or right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35068416595459, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Work with the Open, File New Database, and Save As dialog boxes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472087860107422, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Go to the previous folder (", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404645919799805, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the folder up one level from the open folder (Up One Level button", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45241641998291, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between Thumbnails, Tiles, Icons, List, Details, Properties, and Preview views", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260973930358887, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move among choices in the control drop-down list one item at a time", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518238067626953, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move among choices in the control drop-down list five items at a time", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524694442749023, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the property sheet tabs from the control drop-down list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462601661682129, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move among the property sheet tabs with a tab selected, but no property selected", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477808952331543, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "With a property already selected, move down one property on a tab", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35496997833252, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "With a property selected, move up one property on a tab; or if already at the top, move to the control drop-down list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272311210632324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "With a tab selected, but no property selected, move among the property sheet tabs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359100341796875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the property sheet tabs when a property is selected", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506207466125488, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first property of a tab when no property is selected", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499736785888672, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move down one property on a tab", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312004089355469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move up one property on a tab; or if already at the top, select the tab itself", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069783210754395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move up or down the Field List pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517337799072266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the upper Field List pane from the lower pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515666961669922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the lower Field List pane from the upper pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508079528808594, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the previous hidden text or hyperlink, or the Browser View button at the top of a Microsoft Office Web site article", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0819091796875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move back to the previous Help topic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528117179870605, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move forward to the next Help topic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460359573364258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Scroll small amounts up and down, respectively, within the currently-displayed Help topic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45406436920166, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Scroll larger amounts up and down, respectively, within the currently-displayed Help topic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45914363861084, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display a menu of commands for the Help window; requires that the Help window have active focus (click an item in the Help window).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493871688842773, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Send the active database object (the object selected in the Navigation Pane) as an e-mail message", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435176849365234, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the next box in the e-mail header or the body of the message when the last box in the e-mail header is active", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21418571472168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the previous field or button in the e-mail header", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267622947692871, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between Edit mode (with insertion point displayed) and Navigation mode in a datasheet. When using a form or report, press ESC to leave Navigation mode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200759887695312, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between selecting the current record and the first field of the current record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290017127990723, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Extend selection to the previous record, if the current record is selected", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52993106842041, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Turn on Extend mode (in Datasheet view, Extended Selection appears in the lower-right corner of the window); pressing F8 repeatedly extends the selection to the word, the field, the record, and all records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205374717712402, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Extend a selection to adjacent fields in the same row in Datasheet view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183622360229492, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Extend a selection to adjacent rows in Datasheet view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48252010345459, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Undo the previous extension", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312816619873047, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Selecting and moving a column in Datasheet view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47085189819336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the current column or cancel the column selection, in Navigation mode only", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308562278747559, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Turn on Move mode; then press the RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW key to move selected column(s) to the right or left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901320457458496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "If the insertion point is not visible, press F2 to display it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44481086730957, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Moving the insertion point in a field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46847915649414, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point one character to the right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380043983459473, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point one word to the right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406742095947266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point one character to the left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432653427124023, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point one word to the left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455947875976562, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point to the end of the field, in single-line fields; or to move it to the end of the line in multi-line fields", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145988464355469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point to the end of the field, in multiple-line fields", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266429901123047, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point to the beginning of the field, in single-line fields; or to move it to the beginning of the line in multi-line fields", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185935974121094, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the insertion point to the beginning of the field, in multiple-line fields", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282058715820312, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Copying, moving, or deleting text", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30375862121582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CTRL+V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093947410583496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Undo changes in the current field or current record; if both have been changed, press ESC twice to undo changes, first in the current field and then in the current record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41339111328125, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Entering data in Datasheet or Form view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54633617401123, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Insert the default value for a field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502999305725098, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Insert the value from the same field in the previous record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096196174621582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Save changes to the current record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546279907226562, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between the values in a check box or option button", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180830955505371, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between Edit mode (with insertion point displayed) and Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181571960449219, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch to Form view from form Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47416877746582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch between the upper and lower portions of a window (Design view of macros, queries, and the Advanced Filter/Sort window) Use F6 when the TAB key does not take you to the section of the screen you want.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962496757507324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Toggle forward between the design pane, properties, Navigation Pane, access keys, and Zoom controls (Design view of tables, forms, and reports)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660611152648926, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the Visual Basic Editor from a selected property in the property sheet for a form or report", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518814086914062, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Invokes the Field List pane in a form, report, or data access page. If the Field List pane is already open, focus moves to the Field List pane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512604713439941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "When you have a code module open, switch from the Visual Basic Editor to form or report Design view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417304039001465, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switch from a control's property sheet in form or report Design view to the design surface without changing the control focus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468448638916016, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CTRL+V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093947410583496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the right by a pixel along the page's grid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37860107421875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the left by a pixel along the page's grid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422029495239258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control up by a pixel along the page's grid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432989120483398, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Note: For controls in a stacked layout, this switches the position of the selected control with the control directly above it, unless it is already the uppermost control in the layout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237468719482422, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control down by a pixel along the page's grid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429524421691895, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the right by a pixel (irrespective of the page's grid)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3153076171875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control to the left by a pixel (irrespective of the page's grid)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366860389709473, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control up by a pixel (irrespective of the page's grid)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397102355957031, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Note: For controls in a stacked layout, this switches the position of the selected control with the control directly above it, unless it is already the uppermost control in the layout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237468719482422, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected control down by a pixel (irrespective of the page's grid)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394672393798828, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the record number box; then type the record number and press ENTER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454877853393555, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating between fields and records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382634162902832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39422607421875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last field in the current record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44583511352539, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407565116882324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first field in the current record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42051887512207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the next record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486101150512695, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the last record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441957473754883, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last field in the last record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44914436340332, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the previous record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509025573730469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the first record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415658950805664, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first field in the first record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391822814941406, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating to another screen of data", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388422966003418, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move from the subdatasheet to move to the record number box; then type the record number and press ENTER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433847427368164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move from the datasheet to expand the record's subdatasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483285903930664, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating between the datasheet and subdatasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286850929260254, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Enter the subdatasheet from the last field of the previous record in the datasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478997230529785, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Exit the subdatasheet and move to the first field of the next record in the datasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461031913757324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Exit the subdatasheet and move to the last field of the previous record in the datasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485218048095703, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "From the datasheet to bypass the subdatasheet and move to the next record in the datasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446752548217773, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "From the datasheet to bypass the subdatasheet and move to the previous record in the datasheet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445611953735352, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You can navigate between fields and records in a subdatasheet with the same shortcut keys used in Datasheet view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72355842590332, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigate in Form view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47622013092041, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the record number box; then type the record number and press ENTER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454877853393555, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating between fields and records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382634162902832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39422607421875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407565116882324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last control on the form and remain in the current record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351286888122559, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last control on the form and set focus in the last record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292640686035156, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first control on the form and remain in the current record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324310302734375, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first control on the form and set focus in the first record, in Navigation mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217005729675293, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the next record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486101150512695, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the current field in the previous record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509025573730469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating in forms with more than one page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48204231262207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move down one page; at the end of the record, moves to the equivalent page on the next record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299670219421387, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move up one page; at the end of the record, moves to the equivalent page on the previous record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310874938964844, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating between the main form and subform", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299337387084961, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Exit the subform and move to the next field in the master form or next record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447813987731934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Exit the subform and move to the previous field in the main form or previous record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473991394042969, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigate in Print Preview and Layout Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.561956405639648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Cancel Print Preview or Layout Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583930969238281, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the page number box; then type the page number and press ENTER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451709747314453, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "View the next page (when Fit To Window is selected)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453102111816406, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "View the previous page (when Fit To Window is selected)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48040771484375, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigating in Print and Layout Preview", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517352104187012, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the bottom of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307377815246582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the top of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30441665649414, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the right edge of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281597137451172, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the lower-right corner of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299910545349121, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the left edge of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402112007141113, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the upper-left corner of the page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399029731750488, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigate in the Database Diagram window in an Access project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54297924041748, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move from a table cell to the table's title bar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44788932800293, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move from a table's title bar to the last cell you edited", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470850944519043, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move from table title bar to table title bar, or", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504607200622559, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous item in a list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477875709533691, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select an item in a list and move to the next cell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427179336547852, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Scroll to the previous \"page\" inside a table, or", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507781982421875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "to the previous \"page\" of the diagram", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419933319091797, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Navigate in the Query Designer in an Access project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550724029541016, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move among the Query Designer panes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5231294631958, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move among tables, views, and functions, (and to join lines, if available)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28494930267334, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move between columns in a table, view, or function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316851615905762, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Remove the selected data column from the query output", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511007308959961, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Remove the selected table, view, or function, or join line from the query", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420450210571289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the last row in the current column", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447678565979004, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the first row in the current column", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410884857177734, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the top left cell in the visible portion of grid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423314094543457, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the bottom right cell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292207717895508, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move in a drop-down list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501021385192871, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CTRL+V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093947410583496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Toggle between insert and overstrike mode while editing in a cell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15756607055664, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Remove row containing selected data column from the query Note    If multiple items are selected, pressing this key affects all selected items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471902847290039, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Clear all values for a selected grid column", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452094078063965, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Note:  You can only insert text; there is no overstrike mode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30789566040039, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Work with PivotTable views", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495314598083496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keys for selecting elements in PivotTable view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008391380310059, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selection from left to right, and then down", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265110969543457, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selection from top to bottom, and then to the right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078330993652344, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the cell to the left. If the current cell is the leftmost cell, SHIFT+TAB selects the last cell in the previous row.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382889747619629, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the cell above the current cell. If the current cell is the topmost cell, SHIFT+ENTER selects the last cell in the previous column.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406525611877441, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the detail cells for the previous item in the row area", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507967948913574, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selection in the direction of the arrow key. If a row or column field is selected, press DOWN ARROW to move to the first item of data in the field, and then press an arrow key to move to the next or previous item or back to the field. If a detail field is selected, press DOWN ARROW or RIGHT ARROW to move to the first cell in the detail area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138105392456055, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selection to the last cell in the direction of the arrow key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168252944946289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected item in the direction of the arrow key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261507987976074, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Select the entire PivotTable view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48418140411377, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display the previous screen to the left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448888778686523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display the shortcut menu for the selected element of the PivotTable view. Use the shortcut menus to carry out commands in the PivotTable view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48356819152832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Copy the selected data from the PivotTable view to the Clipboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393828392028809, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Export the contents of the PivotTable view to Microsoft Office Excel 2007Office Excel 2007", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551687240600586, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Alternately move to the most recently selected item, the OK button, and the Cancel button in the drop-down list for a field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408632278442383, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next item in the drop-down list for a field", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495718002319336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected member up or left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466282844543457, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move the selected member down or right", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404816627502441, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Keys for adding fields and totals and changing the layout of a PivotTable view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978610038757324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Display the Field List pane, or activate it if it is already displayed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530144691467285, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next item in the Field List pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520909309387207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous item and include it in the selection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42349910736084, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next item and include it in the selection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413455963134766, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the previous item, but don't include the item in the selection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418210983276367, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to the next item, but don't include the item in the selection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407771110534668, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Remove the item from the selection, if the item that has focus is included in the selection, and vice versa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471601486206055, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Expand the current item in the Field List pane to display its contents. Or expand Totals to display the available total fields.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57621955871582, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Collapse the current item in the Field List pane to hide its contents. Or collapse Totals to hide the available total fields.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575017929077148, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Alternately move to the most recently selected item, the Add to button, and the list next to the Add to button in the Field List pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404969215393066, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Open the drop-down list next to the Add to button in the Field List pane. Use the arrow keys to move to the next item in the list, and then press ENTER to select an item.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333102226257324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add the highlighted field in the Field List pane to the area in the PivotTable view that is displayed in the Add to list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5344877243042, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Sum summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528740882873535, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Count summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526055335998535, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Min summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528166770935059, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Max summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513794898986816, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Average summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54200267791748, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Standard Deviation summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521552085876465, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Standard Deviation Population summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550630569458008, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Variance summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534332275390625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "CTRL+SHIFT+V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261421203613281, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Add a new total field for the selected field in the PivotTable view by using the Variance Population summary function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560686111450195, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The KeyTips are displayed over each feature that is available in the current view. The following example is from Office Word 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314899444580078, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The Help window provides access to all Office Help content. The Help window displays topics and other Help content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.591710090637207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move to a task pane from another pane in the program window. (You might need to press F6 more than once.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38735294342041, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Note: If pressing F6 doesn't display the task pane you want, try pressing ALT to place focus on the menu bar and then pressing CTRL+TAB to move to the task pane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43126106262207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "When a menu or toolbar is active, move to a task pane. (You might need to press CTRL+TAB more than once.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368326187133789, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You can ask to be notified by a sound whenever a smart tag appears. To hear audio cues, you must have a sound card. You must also have Microsoft Office Sounds installed on your computer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395893096923828, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "If you have access to the World Wide Web, you can download Microsoft Office Sounds from the Microsoft Office Online Web site. After you install the sound files, do the following in Access, Office Excel 2007, and Office Word 2007:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56974983215332, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Click Advanced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326125144958496, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Under General, select the Provide feedback with sound check box, and then click OK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410654067993164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Resize and move toolbars, menus, and task panes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385581016540527, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move a toolbar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347941398620605, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Click the Move command, and then press ENTER.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33874797821045, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Move a task pane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424524307250977, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Use the DOWN ARROW key to select the Move command, and then press ENTER.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356579780578613, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to position the task pane. Use CTRL+ the arrow keys to move one pixel at a time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9713716506958, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "When you finish moving or resizing, press ESC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466166496276855, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Access - support.office.com" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Etc. Finally, I couldn't contain myself any longer and fell out of my chair laughing. After they had realized what I had done, they both turned beet red. Funny, I never got more than a C- in that class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124940872192383, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Once I got a call about a noisy keyboard. I went over, and, sure enough, every time I pressed a key, I heard a crackling noise. I pulled the keyboard apart, and imagine my surprise when 40 (yes, I counted them) paper clips fell out over the desk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920293807983398, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Seems that every time a crumb of whatever she was eating fell into the keyboard, she would try to clean it out with a paper clip, mostly losing the clip into the keyboard too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231181144714355, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Many people have called to ask where the \"any\" key is on their keyboards when the \"Press Any Key\" message is displayed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676370620727539, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"If there is anything else we can help with, please give us a call.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512763023376465, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"Well, DUH! Even I know where that is!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45857048034668, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I have a friend who just bought a computer and was instructed to load a program by typing \"A:\" and then the name of the program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273903846740723, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "My friend told me it would not work because his keyboard was no good. He said he couldn't type the \"dot over dot thingie\" and that every time he tried to type the \"dot over dot thingie\" he kept getting the \"dot over comma thingie\" no matter how careful he was to press only on the very top of the key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270483016967773, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech support: \"It's above the rest of the arrows at the lower left.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416272163391113, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"All I see above the arrows is an 'I' with a funny little hat on it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396026611328125, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "My journalism teacher was the most computer illiterate person that I have ever met.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491134643554688, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Me: \"It just simplifies a function, so you don't have to select it from the menu.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420326232910156, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This went on for a few more minutes, and eventually I had to tell her the truth: that it really doesn't do anything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42615032196045, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I was helping my tech teacher out a few days in July, and I got some calls from potential customers. One of them was this little boy who couldn't have been more than six or seven. He was almost in tears. \"Everything I type is in caps. What do I do? My Mom's going to kill me!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564590454101562, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Some years ago, my brother's girlfriend was doing some clerical work. Her boss insisted on sending memos IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, ALL THE TIME. After fruitless appeals from the staff, finally one worked: somebody mentioned that regular \"sentence case\" should be used, because it \"took up less space.\" Obviously, the meaning was that, with proportionally-spaced fonts, lowercase letters were smaller on the screen, but the boss thought it meant that uppercase letters took up more space in RAM and on disk. He promptly issued a memo telling the staff to refrain from using uppercase whenever possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282272338867188, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I received a call from one of the top managers in our company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431678771972656, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I turned to my co-workers and said, \"You won't believe the call I just got...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449231147766113, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I have an enter bar, return bar, and a shift key?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299725532531738, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I don't have a space bar.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433525085449219, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "He proceeded to type a word, hit the spacebar twice, and continued typing. He then asked me how to make it so that whenever he hit the spacebar, it would make two spaces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430520057678223, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"Use the right arrow key to move to the next field on the screen.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215115547180176, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I don't have a right arrow key.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268247604370117, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Student: \"Yes, sir. Why do we have two 'Enter' keys on a keyboard?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.879526138305664, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A friend of mine was typing a letter up in Notepad and called me saying that the letters were upside down. I've heard a few things in my time but never heard of upside down letters. So I went over and had a look. Everything looked fine, but she said no, the L's are upside down. It still took a minute to figure out what she meant. But, yeah, a lower case L looks like an upside down upper case L.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798279762268066, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"Your password will be...a small 'a' as in apple, a capital 'V' as in Victor, the number '7' --\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429256439208984, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"Uhh, I dont have a '7' key.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337594985961914, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I don't have a '7' key.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397104263305664, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I teach an introductory programming course. The first assignment is to write a program to evaluate an integral. A common question I get is, \"Where's the integral key?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430100440979004, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A few months ago, a co-worker came into work and told me that his daughter brought home a school assignment. She was supposed to convert Roman numerals into Arabic and vice versa. He wasn't able to help her since he wasn't exactly a model student when he was in school.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566971778869629, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I went home and downloaded a conversion program to a floppy disk for him. He's not very computer literate so I tried my best to make things as simple as possible. It was an executable file, all he had to do was click on it and enter whatever number he wanted, and it would convert automatically.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467913627624512, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "After a few days, I asked him if he ever loaded the program I gave him. He said, \"No, I didn't do it. My keyboard doesn't have Roman numerals.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222064971923828, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Friend: \"Hey, I'm having a problem with my word processor.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32071590423584, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Friend: \"Oooh, I get it! But what about the five? You know that letter that looks kind of like a V?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285094261169434, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Me: \"...You use a V for that.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096205711364746, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Co-Worker: \"I have a keyboard error on my screen.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002634048461914, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"Oh, of course! But I have to say, you have to avoid that technical language with me!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444987297058105, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I once watched our new system administrator trying to bring one of our servers up. He needed to type \"i386\" which was part of a path name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54521369934082, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This guy calls in to complain that he gets an \"Access Denied\" message every time he logs in. It turned out he was typing his username and password in capital letters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377781867980957, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"Ok, so I've pressed remote control delete to log on....\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25644302368164, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Back in the good old pre-PC days we sold a system that required the user to hit Ctrl-A in order to sign on. We sold one to some outfit in Canada. Well, trying to get them going over the phone took an hour. We'd say, \"Hit Ctrl-A,\" and they'd say, \"Ok, we hit Ctrl, eh? And nothing happened, eh?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420384407043457, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I saw a woman sitting patiently at her desk, staring directly at her monitor, doing nothing. Figuring something was up, I looked over her shoulder to see that she had typed her name on the command line. I asked what she was waiting for, and her reply was that she was waiting for the computer to log her on. Only problem, she hadn't hit the \"LOG ON\" key. She'd have sat there all day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770909309387207, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "By the time I left, I had trained him to leave one finger on a letter if he knew he would need it again soon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324065208435059, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Another user called in one day with an installation problem. I talked him through the process of getting to a DOS prompt and asked him to type, \"D I R Space A Colon\" and press Enter. I heard 5 slow erratic key clicks followed by a very long pause. Finally, he asked, \"What's the colon look like?\" I told him it's the key with one dot below another dot. \"Oh!\" he exclaimed, \"The two-dots key! Why didn't you say so?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296329498291016, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A friend of mine had just discovered email, and I noticed him pause for a few moments, examining the keyboard. \"What's wrong?\" I asked. He said, \"Where's the smiley key!?!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232381820678711, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I once overheard a support representative tell a customer that she types slowly because she has a left-handed keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172664642333984, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I worked at the computer help desk at Dartmouth College last year. Once, one of my co-workers finished a call, then looked at me blankly, then started laughing. The caller had spilled soda on her keyboard and removed the bottom row of keys on her keyboard to get the liquid out. She called us so we could tell her the order of that row of keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.766465187072754, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I worked at a help desk for a bank. I had received many calls from a lady who insisted on drinking coffee by her computer, even though she tended to spill it. One day the lady called yet again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422889709472656, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I MAY have.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407071113586426, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "A user called me with problems installing her PC Access and it sounded like it might be a defective floppy, so I had her get to a DOS prompt. I told her to type \"D I R Space A Colon\" and press Enter. After a long pause she asked, \"Do you want anything in that space?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440288543701172, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I work in Front Line Support, and usually we dial into our customers sites to troubleshoot problems. One evening a co-worker was not able to dial into a customer's site, so he was working with the customer by phone and trying to walk him through displaying system messages. The user was in the computer room where there were multiple servers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237244606018066, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Me: \"What shape plug does the keyboard have? And what color is it?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259737014770508, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Friend: \"I see a purple hole, but it's not the right one, because it says its PS2. I don't have a Playstation 2.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374580383300781, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I started hearing a very faint beep when I was typing, but it was not consistent, and since it was so faint, it was hard to tell where it was coming from. I pondered, confirmed that it wasn't any of the obvious problems, and then started thinking that maybe my keyboard was messed up. I knew better, but maybe there was a small alarm inside my keyboard...an \"excess wear\" indicator, maybe? (I know, but I didn't have any better ideas.) Finally I decided to sit down and figure it out once and for all. I took the keyboard off the desk to begin my detective work and found, underneath the keyboard, a digital thermometer. It had been sitting under there the whole time. My typing was hitting the on/off button on the thermometer, causing it to beep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830885887145996, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I find it curious how you almost never see \"press any key\" instructions that are honest enough to say, \"except Shift, Caps Lock, Control, Alt, Num Lock, Scroll Lock....\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382861137390137, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I had so many students make the following error that I learned to warn them against it in advance. When asked to press the Caps Lock key, they would press the little indicator light instead of the key itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430500984191895, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "...or some variation thereof.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87949275970459, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"What am I getting a keyboard error for? The keyboard isn't even plugged in!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230378150939941, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I spillced coffcee cincto my kcey boardc.c As a rcesulct, c's gcet inctermixcced with cwactever I ctypce. Plcease replace mcy kceyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161381721496582, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I work on the help desk of a small ISP. Yesterday I had a phone call from a customer wanting to know how to set up his mail. The mail server address contained a hyphen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421232223510742, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "He seemed to know what that was, so we proceeded to enter the rest of his settings. On completion, he got an error message saying he could not be logged in to the mail server. I took him back into the settings and asked him to read out what he had entered for the mail server name. When we got to the point where the hyphen should be, he said \"squiggly line.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394187927246094, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "My father was just getting into using a computer. He loved Solitaire and would play with it for hours, so I thought I'd set him up with a different game. I set up Nascar Racing, and off he was, having a great time, until the race ended. I heard him pressing keys and getting a bit frustrated. Finally he asked me for help. He said that the game was broken. It turned out that the game was instructing him to \"Press ESC,\" and he was hitting the 'E', 'S', and 'C' keys in succession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059074401855469, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Customer: \"I don't have a 'P'.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373753547668457, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "We moved to a paperless office model and adopted email in lieu of paper memos. The changeover seemed difficult for one particularly senior employee. She seemed to be reading her email just fine, since she knew what was going on, but nobody could recall that she had ever sent email.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51685905456543, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "One day she came into the main office and announced that she wanted to send email. \"But I have one question,\" she said to one of the secretaries. \"How do I get the little blank space to show up between words?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50278377532959, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "My friend was on duty in the main lab on a quiet afternoon. He noticed a young woman sitting in front of one of the workstations with her arms crossed across her chest and staring at the screen. After about 15 minutes he noticed that she was still in the same position only now she was impatiently tapping her foot. He asked if she needed help and she replied, \"It's about time! I pushed the F1 button over twenty minutes ago!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284063339233398, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"Hang on, look at the row ABOVE that.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24560546875, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Tech Support: \"Skim over to the right, and you should see one marked F10.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461109161376953, "source": "search", "title": "Computer Stupidities: Keyboards - RinkWorks" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I bought a laptop recently and one day I fell asleep while watching a movie on it and I think my daughter might have spilled something on it because when I woke up certain keys type more than one character when you touch them. ex. i8 w\\ j7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295771598815918, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Is this a fixable problem? Can I somehow take the keys off and clean under them? I tried reformatting and reinstalling windows but to no avail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4110689163208, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You have turned Num Lock on and you get the numbers that are printed on these very keys. Turn off Num Lock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854401588439941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "We can probably provide better information if you give us more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494930267333984, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "i have gatway laptop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33254623413086, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You have turned Num Lock on and you get the numbers that are printed on these very keys. Turn off Num Lock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854401588439941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Have you made sure that numlock is not activated, as Nodsu suggested?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520755767822266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Regards Howard :wave: :wave:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398618698120117, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "i have the Num Lock off", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485492706298828, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "You did say that there might have been something spilled on it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349227905273438, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Nodsu did suggest you take it in and let the pros have a look at it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500526428222656, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "after hours and hours with gateway techs i was told to buy a new keyboard. in my gut i knew that it was not mechanical and tried all remedies to no avail. i have used an external keyboard for months now but never totally gave up. imagine, just a press of 2 buttons fixed my keyboard. thanks tialoves and now barryloves tia and techspot.:grinthumb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181052207946777, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I currently have 4 problems with my Gateway and they want a min of $250 just to send it in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.59136962890625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "shows you step by step on how to remove the entire laptop in pieces, if you have never attempted this try labeling the parts and screws in the order you", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397229194641113, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "have remove them, when you get to the keyboard use cotton swabs to clean", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333368301391602, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard problems with my laptop - TechSpot Forums" }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I tried uninstalling the device driver for the keyboard in Device manager and letting Windows reinstall it during reboot.  This did not work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132975578308105, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "This might be with the keyboard settings. Click Start, Control Panel and open Keyboard Properties. Try to change the Repeat Delay and Repeat Rate settings which should solve your issue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166189193725586, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Vidya", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392351150512695, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Make it easier for other people to find solutions, by marking my answer “Accept as Solution” if it solves your problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501731872558594, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I'm using my desktop for this post.  I have to use the virtual keyboard that came with Kaspersky Internet security to do any typing on on HP laptop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888123512268066, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In device manager shows Windows 7 64 bit is using the driver for a Standard PS/2 keyboard.   Is that correct?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165400505065918, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Does HP have a better driver I should be using.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525217056274414, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Everything was working well until I unplugged my HP Pavillion to pack it for a trip.  I decided not to take it after all so it sat for a weekend and drained the battery all the way down.  Since then I've  noticed the double letters when typing.    Windows did say it was shut down improperly...probably when the battery ran out...and needed to do a repair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432515144348145, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "After the windows 7 reparied itself I've had the issue.  I've tired removing the keyboard from the device manager and letting Windows reinstall it.  It didn't work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302302360534668, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "I'm using my desktop for this post.  I have to use the virtual keyboard that came with Kaspersky Internet security to do any typing on on HP laptop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888123512268066, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In device manager shows Windows 7 64 bit is using the driver for a Standard PS/2 keyboard.   Is that correct?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165400505065918, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Does HP have a better driver I should be using.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525217056274414, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Everything was working well until I unplugged my HP Pavillion to pack it for a trip.  I decided not to take it after all so it sat for a weekend and drained the battery all the way down.  Since then I've  noticed the double letters when typing.    Windows did say it was shut down improperly...probably when the battery ran out...and needed to do a repair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432515144348145, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "After the windows 7 reparied itself I've had the issue.  I've tired removing the keyboard from the device manager and letting Windows reinstall it.  It didn't work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302302360534668, "source": "search", "title": "Suddenly my keyboard is typing every letter twice - HP ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Activates/deactivates the Caps Lock feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534174919128418, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Activates/deactivates the Scroll Lock feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519224166870117, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Activates/deactivates the Num Lock feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497364044189453, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "*Available in select geographic regions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532572746276855, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Activates/deactivates text insertion without overwriting previous text.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470987319946289, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "The F1 through F12 keys have no function while on the Windows 8 Start screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772894859313965, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "+ F3 opens advanced search options.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38620376586914, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Alt + F4 closes the active window.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334420204162598, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In applications, Ctrl + F4 closes the open window within the active application.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419759750366211, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In applications, activates the menu bar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451397895812988, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Displays apps side by side for simultaneous viewing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495267868041992, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Shows the commands available in an open Windows 10 or 8 app.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42493724822998, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Begins, pauses, or resumes playback of audio or video discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247503280639648, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Plays previous section or track of audio or video discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454363822937012, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Stops playing audio or video discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48593521118164, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Plays next section or track of audio or video discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357208251953125, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 8, opens Device charm to set up printers and sync data with other devices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34142017364502, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray. Use right arrow or left arrow keys to select items on the Quick Launch toolbar or system tray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268945693969727, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Views the System Properties dialog box.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44512939453125, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Opens the Start menu. From here, use the arrow keys to select an item, or press Tab to select the taskbar, or press Shift+F10 for a context menu (equivalent to right-clicking the mouse).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105057716369629, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Switches to another open software program. Press and hold the Alt key and then press the Tab key to view the task-switching window. With the task switching window open, press Shift + Tab to cycle through the open programs in reverse order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752700805664062, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Views the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433075904846191, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Use the following information to navigate in Windows 10 and 8 using keyboard shortcuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210793495178223, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 8, opens the Devices menu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342838287353516, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 10 and 8, opens the advanced menu on the Desktop or the Start screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140565872192383, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "and press Tab to move from app to app.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323399543762207, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 10 and 8, moves the Start screen to the left monitor in multi-monitor setups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33840274810791, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 10 and 8, moves the Start screen to the right monitor in multi-monitor setups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279009819030762, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "On the Windows 10 and 8 desktop, moves a desktop app to the left half of the screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636137008666992, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 10 and 8, takes and saves screenshots instantly. Windows saves the screenshot to your Pictures folder as a PNG image file.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477226257324219, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 10 and 8, shows all open apps. Hold Alt and press Tab to move from app to app.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41314697265625, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows 8, moves one Start screen group to the right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20737361907959, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows Explorer, deletes selected file without first moving it to the Recycle Bin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444994926452637, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "Views the selected item's Properties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467056274414062, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." }, { "answer": "V", "passage": "In Windows Explorer, expands everything under the current selection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42629623413086, "source": "search", "title": "HP PCs - Using Keyboard Shortcuts and Special Keys ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Snoopie", "Snoopy dog", "Daisy Hill Puppy Farm", "Snoopy" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "snoopie", "daisy hill puppy farm", "snoopy", "snoopy dog" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "snoopy", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Snoopy" }

[ { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Beginning with the flight of Apollo 9, code names for both the command and service module (CSM) and lunar module (LM) were chosen by the astronauts who were to fly on each mission. The code names were: Apollo 9-\"Gumdrop\" (CSM), \"Spider\" (LM); Apollo 10-\"Charlie Brown\" (CSM), \"Snoopy\" (LM); Apollo 11-\"Columbia\" (CSM), \"Eagle\" (LM); Apollo 12-\"Yankee Clipper\" (CSM), \"Intrepid\" (LM); Apollo 13-\"Odyssey\" (CSM), \"Aquarius\" (LM); Apollo 14-\"Kitty Hawk\" (CSM), \"Antares\" (LM); Apollo 15-\"Endeavour\" (CSM), \"Falcon\" (LM); Apollo 16-\"Casper\" (CSM), \"Orion\" (LM); Apollo 17-\"America\" (CSM); \"Challenger\" (LM).", "precise_score": -1.5970458984375, "rough_score": -6.39105749130249, "source": "search", "title": "Origins of NASA Names - chapter 4" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "His saga of Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Lucy and Linus ''is arguably the longest story ever told by one human being,'' Robert Thompson, a professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, observed on the PBS ''NewsHour'' with Jim Lehrer, longer than any epic poem, any Tolstoy novel, any Wagner opera. In all Mr. Schulz drew more than 18,250 strips in nearly 50 years.", "precise_score": -11.239067077636719, "rough_score": -11.019533157348633, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Charles Monroe Schulz, the son of Carl Schulz, a barber, like Charlie Brown's father, and the former Dena Halverson, was born in Minneapolis on Nov. 26, 1922. Young Charles was nicknamed Sparky after the horse Spark Plug in the comic strip ''Barney Google.'' He had a black-and-white dog named Spike (memorialized in the character of Snoopy's skinny Western brother).", "precise_score": -10.6093111038208, "rough_score": -9.771244049072266, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Snoopy could always be counted on to nap, fantasize and wonder when his next meal would arrive. Charlie Brown, the round-headed blockhead (named after one of Mr. Schulz's childhood friends, not after the cartoonist himself), could always be counted on to persevere despite constant failure. He once held onto the string of a kite that was stuck in a tree for eight days running, until the rain made him stop. At the time it was the longest run of immobility for any cartoon character. His first home run came after nearly 43 years of strike outs, on March 30, 1993.", "precise_score": -8.946300506591797, "rough_score": -10.371706008911133, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "There were commercials too. In 1957 the ''Peanuts'' characters started selling Ford Falcons. For 15 years they worked for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Snoopy was the official mascot of NASA, and in 1969 NASA's lunar excursion module on the Apollo 11 mission was called Snoopy. The command module was Charlie Brown.", "precise_score": 1.7497150897979736, "rough_score": -1.4375417232513428, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Named June 22, 1970. ''For some time, a flock of birds had hung around Snoopy's house,'' Mr. Schulz said. ''One of them, particularly scatterbrained and clumsy, finally eclipsed the others.''", "precise_score": -11.161028861999512, "rough_score": -10.961433410644531, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Charles M. Schulz, the creator of ''Peanuts,'' the tender and sage comic strip starring Charlie Brown and Snoopy that is read by 355 million people around the world, died in his sleep on Saturday night at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., just hours before his last cartoon ran in the Sunday newspapers. He was 77.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121536254882812, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "His last daily strip ran on Jan. 3. His last Sunday page, which ran yesterday, carried a signed farewell in which he said, ''Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy . . . how can I ever forget them. . . .'' His wife, Jeannie, said, ''He had done everything he wanted.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334696769714355, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "The cast of ''Peanuts'' changed remarkably little. It included Charlie Brown, a wishy-washy boy with a tree-loving kite and a losing baseball team; Snoopy, an unflappable beagle with a fancy inner life; Lucy, a fussbudget with a football and a curbside psychiatric clinic; Linus, a philosophical blanket-carrier; Sally, Charlie Brown's romantic little sister; Schroeder, a virtuoso on the toy piano and a Beethoven devotee; Peppermint Patty, a narcoleptic D-minus student; and, in later years, Woodstock, a small, expressive but speechless bird.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318975448608398, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "He wanted to be a cartoonist as a child and practiced by drawing Popeye. ''Someday, Charles, you're going to be an artist,'' a kindergarten teacher told him after looking at his drawing of a man shoveling snow. His ambition was to do a comic strip as good as George Herriman's ''Krazy Kat,'' but Mr. Schulz also admired Picasso, Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper. Snoopy kept a van Gogh and a Wyeth in his doghouse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237933158874512, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "''You can't create humor out of happiness,'' Mr. Schulz said in his 1980 book, ''Charlie Brown, Snoopy and Me.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37748908996582, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "''Peanuts'' was based on repetition and predictability. As Mr. Schulz put it, ''All the loves in the strip are unrequited; all the baseball games are lost; all the test scores are D-minuses; the Great Pumpkin never comes; and the football is always pulled away.'' One of the few innovations Mr. Schulz introduced was allowing Snoopy (after eight years) to stand on two feet and to have his thoughts written out in balloons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353107452392578, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Eventually ''Peanuts'' was translated into Serbo-Croatian, Malay, Chinese, Tlingit, Catalan and 15 other languages. Books came out with titles like, ''Het Grote Snoopy Winterspelletjes-Boek'' and ''Du Bist Sub, Charlie Braun.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350757598876953, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "The takeoffs came rolling in. In 1966 the Royal Guardsmen wrote a rock song, ''Snoopy and the Red Baron.'' In 1967 a musical, ''You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown,'' was produced Off Broadway. (A 1999 revival on Broadway won two Tony Awards.) ''Peanuts Gallery,'' a concerto, was composed by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich and had its premiere at Carnegie Hall in 1997. Mr. Schulz received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the French Ministry of Culture. In 1990 his work was shown at the Louvre; the gala had Snoopys in couture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243385314941406, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Mr. Berger called Snoopy ''an existential hero in every sense of the term,'' a dog who ''strives, with dogged persistence and unyielding courage, to overcome what seems to be his fate -- that he is a dog.'' He is ''a bon vivant, he participates in history, he has an incredible imagination, he is witty, he expresses himself with virtuosity in any number of ways (eye movements, ear movements, tail movements, wisecracks, facial expressions) and he is superb as mimic and dancer.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273207664489746, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "The most concerted attempt to bring ''Peanuts'' to heel philosophically came in the 1960's when Robert L. Short, a minister, wrote two books on ''Peanuts'' theology, ''The Gospel According to Peanuts'' (1964) and ''The Parables of Peanuts'' (1968). The Rev. Short saw signs of original sin in the ''Peanuts'' children, who were unable ''to produce any radical change for the better in themselves -- or in each other.'' He saw ''the hazard of worshiping deities'' demonstrated in Linus's belief in the Great Pumpkin. And he called Snoopy ''a typical Christian,'' a flawed character who is nonetheless good: ''He is lazy, he is a 'chow hound' without parallel, he is bitingly sarcastic, he is frequently a coward,'' Mr. Short wrote. But he is ''a hound of heaven.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126694679260254, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "The licensing madness began in 1958 when the first plastic Snoopy and Charlie Brown came out. In 1960 Hallmark began printing ''Peanuts'' cards and party goods. Then came sweatshirts and pajamas, thermoses and lunch boxes. Plush Snoopy came in 1965. Woodstock slippers, Lucy picture frames, Charlie Brown music boxes followed. Mr. Schulz vetted all products for appropriateness and rejected some: baby wipes for aesthetic reasons, ashtrays, vitamins, sugary breakfast cereals, ice skates and tennis rackets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366803169250488, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Nonetheless his lifestyle remained simple. Mr. Schulz, who hated to travel, said he would have been happy living his whole life in Minneapolis. But ''I had a restless first wife,'' so they moved to Sebastopol, Calif., and he set up his studio in Santa Rosa. In 1969, after the local ice rink closed, he and his wife, Joyce, built a new one, the Redwood Empire Ice Skating Arena. ''Because of Snoopy's hockey playing,'' Mr. Schulz explained, ''I have to keep in the game. So I bought an arena.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340680122375488, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Mr. Schulz's workday typically began with a trip in his Mercedes (license plate WDSTK1, after Woodstock) down from the hills near where he lived, breakfast at the ice rink's Warm Puppy Snack Bar, a trip to his stone-and-redwood studio at One Snoopy Place to draw his strip, lunch at the ice rink, more work in the afternoon in his studio and dinner at a restaurant with his wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355198860168457, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Jeannie Schulz once said that all the characters in ''Peanuts'' are parts of her husband. ''He's crabby like Lucy, diffident like Charlie Brown. There's a lot of Linus -- he's philosophical and wondering about life.'' Like Schroeder, he loved classical music, though he preferred Brahms to Beethoven. And like Snoopy, he was a war buff. Snoopy had all of World War I covered. But Mr. Schulz knew all the World War II battlegrounds and was the head of a capital fund-raising campaign for the National D-Day Memorial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296819686889648, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Snoopy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386210441589355, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Accomplishments Walking on hind feet, thinking thoughts and sleeping on a pitched-roof doghouse, starting in 1960. (''There were other events, but the best thing I ever thought of was Snoopy using his own imagination,'' Mr. Schulz said. ''I don't recall how he got on top of the doghouse, but the first time he fell off, the strip ended with his saying, 'Life is full of rude awakenings.' '') Battled the Red Baron from his Sopwith Camel doghouse, beginning on Oct. 10, 1965, often shouting his fighting words, ''Curse you, Red Baron.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235336303710938, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Famous words spoken to Snoopy on April 25, 1960, ''Happiness is a warm puppy.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105415344238281, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Accomplishments Earned many D-minuses; slept in every possible position on desk in front of Marcie in school and dreamed unhelpful dreams; once entered an ice-skating competition (coached by Snoopy) that turned out to be a roller-skating competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491085052490234, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Friend Snoopy and various birds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451443672180176, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Accomplishments Birdbath hockey; camping; hiking; marshmallow roasts. Traits Communicating in tick marks, which Snoopy could understand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431690216064453, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" }, { "answer": "Snoopy", "passage": "Traits Often mistaken for Linus, but wore overalls and was more skeptical; longed for a dog of his own and occasionally borrowed Snoopy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398597717285156, "source": "search", "title": "Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1970's", "passage": "He was named Sports Illustrated's Sportsman of the Year in 1978, winning his 3rd career British Open. For his incredible run in the 1970's, he was then named \"Athlete of the Decade\" in a poll of 432 sports journalists. He added 2 more majors in 1980: the U.S. Open and PGA Championship, giving him an astonishing 17 for his career.", "precise_score": 3.7632856369018555, "rough_score": 2.7376081943511963, "source": "search", "title": "Jack Nicklaus - Golf Topics - ESPN" }, { "answer": "70s", "passage": "Player is one of the most successful golfers in the history of the sport, ranking third (behind Roberto de Vicenzo and Sam Snead) in total professional wins, with at least 166, and tied for fourth in major championship victories with nine. Along with Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus he is often referred to as one of \"The Big Three\" golfers of his era – from the late 1950s through the late 1970s – when golf boomed in the United States and around the world, greatly encouraged by expanded television coverage. Along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus, and Tiger Woods, he is one of only five players to win golf’s \"career Grand Slam\". He completed the Grand Slam in 1965 at the age of twenty-nine. Player was the second multiple majors winner from South Africa, following Bobby Locke, then was followed by Ernie Els, and Retief Goosen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3967552185058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gary Player" }, { "answer": "70s", "passage": "Nicklaus' victories came in 1966, 1970, and 1978. Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors, it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He finished runner-up seven times, which is the record and had a total of sixteen top-5 finishes, which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era. Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par (61) and most aggregates under par (14). At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history, when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 (12 under par).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2925548553466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Open Championship" }, { "answer": "70s", "passage": "He also says he heard a TV analyst talking about how difficult it is for U.S. players to play in Europe, that home advantage was worth two shots a player. Player debunks that with a snort, and it's not hard to remember that, in the early 1970s, as a star athlete from apartheid South Africa, he was hardly made to feel at home on the road because of his country's horrible racial policies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247312545776367, "source": "search", "title": "Gary Player is still perfect fit for golf - LA Times" }, { "answer": "70s", "passage": "Palmer has also become involved in a number of golf-related business ventures over the years. He has been president and owner of his hometown Latrobe Country Club since the early 1970s, and has been a principal owner of the Bay Hill Club and Lodge in Orlando, Fla., which now hosts the Arnold Palmer Invitational each year on the PGA Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351655960083008, "source": "search", "title": "Arnold Palmer - Golf Topics - ESPN" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Sarah was born in Melbourne, Australia, a hotspot for squash talent. In 1987 she won the female World Junior Championship and was the Australian Junior Female Athlete of the Year. It was also during this year that she represented Australia at the 1987 Women's World Team Squash Championships finishing runner-up to England. In 1992 she was selected once again to represent Australia in the 1992 Women's World Team Squash Championships and this time Australia became the world champions. Remarkably Fitzgerald would go on to win a total of seven World Team Championships.", "precise_score": 4.721152305603027, "rough_score": 7.357119083404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah Fitz-Gerald" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Sarah Elizabeth Fitz-Gerald AM (born 1 December 1968) is an Australian women's squash player who won five World Open titles – 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002. She ranks alongside Janet Morgan, Nicol David, Susan Devoy, Michelle Martin and Heather McKay as the sport's greatest players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1682679653167725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah Fitz-Gerald" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "In January 2004, Sarah was awarded the Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her achievements and services to women's squash, and the promotion of sport and a healthy lifestyle. She was Chairwoman and President of the Women's International Squash Players Association from 1991 to 2002. In 2010, she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.767369270324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah Fitz-Gerald" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "All Results for Sarah Fitzgerald in WISPA World's Tour tournament[http://www.squashinfo.com/player-719 SquashInfo: Sarah Fitz-Gerald]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.05062210559844971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah Fitz-Gerald" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "* Squash1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362357139587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox–Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding. For the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918 with respect to:", "precise_score": 0.9872154593467712, "rough_score": 4.6616082191467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918. Legally, the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last, the Treaty of Lausanne, was signed. Under its terms, the Allied forces divested Constantinople on 23 August 1923.", "precise_score": 4.493229389190674, "rough_score": 6.992888927459717, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany, and building on Wilson's 14th point, brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919.", "precise_score": 3.8912770748138428, "rough_score": 6.698088645935059, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "World War I (1914-1918) was finally over. This first global conflict had claimed from 9 million to 13 million lives and caused unprecedented damage. Germany had formally surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations had agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the war. (Versailles is a city in France, 10 miles outside of Paris.) Do you know what triggered the conflict, sometimes called the \"Great War\"?", "precise_score": 6.44086217880249, "rough_score": 5.995397090911865, "source": "search", "title": "World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied Powers and Germany on June 28, 1919. The peace treaty concluded the six month long negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference. The terms of the treaty required Germany to compensate for the losses of the Allied nations by conceding territory and paying reparations amounting to 132 billion deutsche marks. Germany also agreed to disarm. The harsh terms of the treaty were largely responsible for the economic crisis in Germany that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. The terms were disregarded by Hitler, and Germany undertook rearmament in the 1930s leading to the outbreak of World War II.", "precise_score": 1.6494454145431519, "rough_score": 5.158181667327881, "source": "search", "title": "Major Treaties of World War I:" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The most important treaty signed at Versailles (in the Hall of Mirrors) was that of 1919. It was the chief among the five peace treaties that terminated World War I. The other four (for which see separate articles) were Saint-Germain , for Austria; Trianon , for Hungary; Neuilly , for Bulgaria; and Sèvres , for Turkey. Signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany on the one hand and by the Allies (save Russia) on the other, the Treaty of Versailles embodied the results of the long and often bitter negotiations of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.", "precise_score": 5.855828285217285, "rough_score": 6.160111904144287, "source": "search", "title": "Versailles, Treaty of : In World War I - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The end of World War I brought global peace with the Treaty of Versailles, but once again, Germany felt violated. The treaty was ruthless towards Germany, it put the country in millions of dollars of debt, limited their military use, and forced it to give up land. During such a time of defeat, people were given the right to vote, and Adolf Hitler seemed to be the best candidate to get Germany out of the debt World War I brought the nation. Germany’s compensation was believed to be unfair, but the Treaty had to be signed in order to end the war. Hitler greatly opposed the Treaty and decided it was time for change in the Germany government. Hitler’s policies sparked the beginning of what was bound to be the Second World War. Hitler was considered to be the main culprit of the war, and without Hitler, such a widespread war would not have been created. After Hitler came into power, he promised to get Germany out of it’s national debt by regaining the land the Treaty of Versailles had", "precise_score": 3.8881242275238037, "rough_score": 6.61782169342041, "source": "search", "title": "The end of World War I brought global peace with the ..." }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "After the Treaty of Versailles, treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were signed. However, the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife, and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923, at Lausanne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2953195571899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for \"all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by\" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was Article 231. This article became known as War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt by what they called the \"diktat of Versailles.\" Schulze says, the Treaty placed Germany, \"under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated.\" Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.77923059463501, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the \"stab in the back\" and the wish to revise the \"Versailles diktat\", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.760208129882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "After the Battle of Vimy Ridge, where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps, Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation \"forged from fire\". Having succeeded on the same battleground where the \"mother countries\" had previously faltered, they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments. Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so, although it emerged with a greater measure of independence. When Britain declared war in 1914, the dominions were automatically at war; at the conclusion, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912097930908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war. Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles. World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore, it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.374473571777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called \"war guilt\" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for \"all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.\" It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt.\" In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, \"Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay\" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being \"deliberately designed to be chimerical\" and its \"primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the \"total sum was being maintained.\"Marks, p. 237 Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) \"represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay\" and \"therefore ... represented the total German reparations\" figure that had to be paid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.509162902832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "This figure could be paid in cash or in kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). In addition, some of the territory lost—via the treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billon gold marks in reparations. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. David Andelman notes \"refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist.\" Thus, following the Second World War, at the London Conference in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3 October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7413506507873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War I" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2210367918014526, "source": "search", "title": "World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2210367918014526, "source": "search", "title": "World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Wilson arrive at Versailles for negotiations   © They had few regrets at the prospect of losing Alsace-Lorraine and some of the Polish provinces, and even entertained the illusion that the new Austrian republic, proclaimed on 12 November, would be permitted to join a greater Germany, thus completing the process of German unification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.394462585449219, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The Treaty of Versailles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.015254020690918, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The peace conference that led to the Treaty of Versailles began its deliberations in Paris in January 1919. The proceedings were dominated by the French Premier Georges Clemenceau and the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George - both of them pushed by vengeful electorates to make somewhat harsher demands of their adversaries than they might otherwise have made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9364752769470215, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "German cartoon: Versailles sends Germany to the guillotine   © Although all Germans were determined to see a revision of the treaty eventually, and to return to something like the frontiers of 1913, it would be a mistake to imagine that the Treaty of Versailles was the direct cause of World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.85900354385376, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "His fury, at first, was directed against the democratic parties in the Reichstag - whom he called the 'November criminals', and whom he regarded as having stabbed Germany in the back when they accepted the humiliating terms of the Peace of Versailles - rather than towards Lloyd George and Clemenceau, who were the principal architects of the settlement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657971382141113, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Hitler constantly harped on the theme that the Weimar Republic was born of a self-inflicted defeat, and thus had no legitimacy. His ferocious attacks on the Treaty of Versailles, one of the most effective of his ideological weapons, were thus directed against the Republic that he was determined to destroy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499921798706055, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The principal weakness of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was harsh enough to incense all Germans, while Germany was in a stronger position than in 1913, since it was now surrounded by weak and divided states and the Ententes of 1914 had fallen apart. This offered a golden opportunity for Germany to make a second bid for European domination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.779795169830322, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "The Treaty of Versailles In full, from the World War One document archive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7321319580078125, "source": "search", "title": "The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace - BBC" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "A number of treaties signified the road to World War I. Peace treaties, particularly the Treaty of Versailles, are immensely significant in terms of their historic impact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.28316938877105713, "source": "search", "title": "Major Treaties of World War I:" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Treaty of Versailles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625691413879395, "source": "search", "title": "Major Treaties of World War I:" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Treaty of Versailles:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.06026554107666, "source": "search", "title": "Major Treaties of World War I:" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "\"This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years.\" - French Marshall Ferdinand Foch, Supreme Allied Commander on the Treaty of Versailles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.143394470214844, "source": "search", "title": "Major Treaties of World War I:" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Treaty of Versailles - World War I - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.477735996246338, "source": "search", "title": "Treaty of Versailles - World War I - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Treaty of Versailles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625691413879395, "source": "search", "title": "Treaty of Versailles - World War I - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. After strict enforcement for five years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, but those plans were cancelled in 1932, and Hitler’s rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8107500076293945, "source": "search", "title": "Treaty of Versailles - World War I - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "One can never know whether either rigorous Franco-British enforcement of the original treaty or a more generous treaty would have avoided a new war. Certainly the British and American governments after 1945 sought to avoid many of the problems that had been raised by the Treaty of Versailles, especially regarding reparations, and the division of Germany and the Cold War enabled them generously to rebuild the western zones and to integrate them into a western alliance without renewing fears of German aggression. Meanwhile, they deferred certain fundamental issues for so long that no formal peace treaty was ever written to end World War II .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8184744715690613, "source": "search", "title": "Treaty of Versailles - World War I - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Versailles, Treaty of: In World War I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.597018718719482, "source": "search", "title": "Versailles, Treaty of : In World War I - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Versailles, Treaty of", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.956945419311523, "source": "search", "title": "Versailles, Treaty of : In World War I - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Versailles", "passage": "Later German dissatisfaction with the terms of the treaty traditionally has been thought to have played an important part in the rise of National Socialism , or the Nazi movement. While Gustav Stresemann was German foreign minister, Germany by a policy of fulfillment succeeded in having some of the treaty terms eased. Reparations payments, the most ruinous part of the treaty, were suspended in 1931 and were never resumed. In 1935 Chancellor Adolf Hitler unilaterally canceled the military clauses of the treaty, which in practice became a dead letter; in 1936 he began the remilitarization of the Rhineland. A vast literature has been written on the Paris Peace Conference and on the Treaty of Versailles, and controversy continues as to whether the treaty was just, too harsh, or not harsh enough.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.844888210296631, "source": "search", "title": "Versailles, Treaty of : In World War I - Infoplease" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Jones, Tom", "Tom Jones (opera)", "Tom Jones (footballer)", "Tom Jones (Australian footballer)", "Tom Jones (film)", "Tom jones (film)", "Tom jones", "Tom Jones!", "Tom Jones (disambiguation)", "Tom Jones (Opera)", "Tom Jones", "Tom Jones (movie)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "tom jones film", "tom jones australian footballer", "tom jones disambiguation", "jones tom", "tom jones footballer", "tom jones movie", "tom jones opera", "tom jones" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tom jones", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tom Jones" }

[ { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "Tom Jones (born Thomas Jones Woodward in Glamorgan, Wales on June 7, 1940) is a Welsh singer who rose to fame in the mid- 1960s with hits like, “She’s A Lady” and “Whats New Pussycat.” In total, Tom has sold over 100 million records and in 2006 he received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.", "precise_score": -3.1728780269622803, "rough_score": -6.802450180053711, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "3. There were claims in American media that Duffy is the lovechild of fellow Welsh singer Tom Jones. She had to deny those rumors. “I’m dealing with this every day here. It’s kind of bizarre. You’ve got to laugh”, she told a UK tabloid.", "precise_score": -3.726191520690918, "rough_score": -8.351645469665527, "source": "search", "title": "Duffy Bio. New queen of soul. Photos, music, videos ..." }, { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "Review: Wales is known by the phrase \"The Land Of Song\", a fact underlined by the international success of artists of the calibre of Tom Jones, Shirley Bassey and Charlotte Church. Choirs are the base of this rich heritage and The Blaenavon Male Choirwere formed close to a century ago in 1910. With member ranging in age from 15 to 80, the choir have enjoyed success in major competitions throughout the UK and successful tours of America, France, Norway and Hungary This rich collection of songs highlights both the traditional and modern and underlines their supreme vocal skills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.298483848571777, "source": "search", "title": "Welsh Vocal Harmony Music - Singers.com" }, { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399523735046387, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "Tom Jones is best known for his mega hits, “She’s A Lady,” and “It’s Not Unusual.” Tom also revealed that during the height of his career he would sleep with up to 250 groupies a year. Tom had a resurgence of popularity in the new millennium and is currently a judge on The Voice UK. In his over fifty year career Tom has won several awards including a Grammy for Best New Artist and an MTV Video Music Award for Best Breakthrough Video for his song, “Kiss” in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.73497486114502, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Tom Jones", "passage": "Tom Jones was diagnosed with tuberculosis at age 12 which he later said caused him to stay in bed for almost 2 years. At the age of 16, Tom married his wife Melinda Trenchard and a month later they welcomed their son Mark. In 1963, he joined the group Tommy Scott and the Senators as the frontman. Tom went solo in 1964 with his mega hit, “It’s Not Unusual” and in 1966 he was awarded the honor of Best New Artist at the Grammys. A few years later he came to America to perform at Las Vegas where he forged a friendship with his longtime idol, Elvis Presley. Besides a very successful music career, Tom has had several Television shows including This Is Tom Jones. During the 80s Tom turned his focus to Country Music. His popularity increased again in the new millennium after President Bill Clinton invited him to perform on New Years Eve in Washington. In 2006 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.618803024291992, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on Good Friday, March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 am local time and spilled 11 to of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The Valdez spill was the largest in US waters until the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released. However, Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing plans for response. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1300 mi of coastline, and 11000 sqmi of ocean.", "precise_score": 6.895867347717285, "rough_score": 6.649988174438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "According to official reports, the ship was carrying approximately 55 e6USgal of oil, of which about were spilled into the Prince William Sound. A figure of 11 e6USgal was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill's volume and has been used by the State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club. Some groups, such as Defenders of Wildlife, dispute the official estimates, maintaining that the volume of the spill, which was calculated by subtracting the volume of material removed from the vessel's tanks after the spill from the volume of the original cargo, has been underreported. Alternative calculations, based on the assumption that the official reports underestimated how much seawater had been forced into the damaged tanks, placed the total at 25 to.", "precise_score": 3.082106828689575, "rough_score": 0.8002376556396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "According to a report by David Kirby for TakePart, the main component of the Corexit formulation used during cleanup, 2-butoxyethanol, was identified as \"one of the agents that caused liver, kidney, lung, nervous system, and blood disorders among cleanup crews in Alaska following the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill. ", "precise_score": 3.7262518405914307, "rough_score": 1.4779999256134033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 1992, Exxon released a video titled Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill. It was provided to schools with the label \"A Video for Students\".", "precise_score": 4.333680629730225, "rough_score": 3.9610018730163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times", "precise_score": 5.401176452636719, "rough_score": 0.481571763753891, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) |", "precise_score": 5.995622158050537, "rough_score": 0.686797022819519, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989)", "precise_score": 6.200518608093262, "rough_score": 2.3099491596221924, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In March 1989, the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground on Bligh Reef, ruptured and spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound. The spill was the worst that had occured up to that point in American history, damaging more than 1,300 miles of shoreline, disrupting the lives and livelihoods of people in the region and killing hundreds of thousands of birds and marine animals.", "precise_score": 7.445955753326416, "rough_score": 6.650375843048096, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ExxonMobil", "precise_score": 8.438060760498047, "rough_score": 7.251454830169678, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "You are here: Home / General / Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ExxonMobil", "precise_score": 7.742729663848877, "rough_score": 7.042542457580566, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ExxonMobil", "precise_score": 8.438060760498047, "rough_score": 7.251454830169678, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in  Prince William Sound, Alaska . The vessel was traveling outside normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice. Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of  Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest  oil spill  to date in U.S. waters.", "precise_score": 6.258381366729736, "rough_score": 5.1635284423828125, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil acknowledged that the Exxon Valdez  oil spill  was a tragic accident that the company deeply regrets. Exxon notes that company took immediate responsibility for the spill, cleaned it up, and voluntarily compensated those who claimed direct damages. ExxonMobil paid $300 million immediately and voluntarily to more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses affected by the Valdez spill. In addition, the company paid $2.2 billion on the cleanup of  Prince William Sound , staying with the cleanup from 1989 to 1992, when the State of Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard declared the cleanup complete. And, as noted above, ExxonMobil also has paid $1 billion in settlements with the state and federal governments. That money is being used for environmental studies and conservation programs for Prince William Sound.", "precise_score": 7.895926475524902, "rough_score": 8.028340339660645, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The 1989 EXXON VALDEZ oil spill and response activities that followed necessitated the development of emergency and long-term measures to protect cultural resources along Alaska's affected coastline. The Alaska State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) played a key role in developing and monitoring these efforts, along with other government and industry cultural resource specialists. In many ways, the response to cultural resources and quick development of an infrastructure to address the challenges were unprecedented. There were lessons learned as protocols, guidelines, and organizational structure evolved over the course of several field seasons. One of the important accomplishments in the aftermath of the EXXON VALDEZ oil spill was the development of a \"National Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties During Emergency Response Under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan\" and the complimentary \"Alaska Implementation Guidelines for Federal On-Scene Coordinators...\"", "precise_score": 6.737675666809082, "rough_score": 6.797071933746338, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "14. Haggarty, James C. et. al., The 1990 Exxon Cultural Resource Program, Exxon Company and Exxon Shipping Company, Anchorage, 1991. This is the second professional report by the Exxon archeological team. This has a very indepth description of the cultural resources decision-making process during the spill and explains the roles and responsibilities of the various players in the process. It also exemplifies the level of professional reporting that should be expected of the cultural resources team of the company that is responsible for the spill.", "precise_score": 3.505260467529297, "rough_score": 2.504530906677246, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "16. Reger, Douglas and Debra Corbett, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project: Final Report: Archeological Site Stewardshiip in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Area, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation, Office History and Archaeology, Anchorage, 1999. This report is on one of the restoration efforts that followed the Exxon Valdez spill. It centers on the use of local archeological stewards to monitor sites for looting.", "precise_score": 1.3156698942184448, "rough_score": 0.10270649194717407, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "No one anticipated any unusual problems as the Exxon Valdez left the Alyeska Pipeline Terminal at 9:12 p.m., Alaska Standard Time, on March 23,1989. The 987 foot ship, second newest in Exxon Shipping Company's 20-tanker fleet, was loaded with 53,094,5 10 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of North Slope crude oil bound for Long Beach, California. Tankers carrying North Slope crude oil had safely transited Prince William Sound more than 8,700 times in the 12 years since oil began flowing through the trans-Alaska pipeline, with no major disasters and few serious incidents. This experience gave little reason to suspect impending disaster. Yet less than three hours later, the Exxon Valdez grounded at Bligh Reef, rupturing eight of its 11 cargo tanks and spewing some 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound.", "precise_score": 4.60264778137207, "rough_score": 5.16956901550293, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Industry's insistence on regulating the Valdez tanker trade its own way, and government's incremental accession to industry pressure, had produced a disastrous failure of the system. The people of Alaska's Southcentral coast - not to mention Exxon and the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company - would come to pay a heavy price. The American people, increasingly anxious over environmental degradation and devoted to their image of Alaska's wilderness, reacted with anger. A spill that ranked 34th on a list of the world's largest oil spills in the past 25 years came to be seen as the nation's biggest environmental disaster since Three Mile Island.", "precise_score": 3.3210248947143555, "rough_score": 1.7690318822860718, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989, in a tragic accident deeply regretted by the company, the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Despite the efforts undertaken to stabilize the vessel and prevent further spillage of oil, more than 250,000 barrels of oil were lost in just a short period of time.", "precise_score": 7.547471523284912, "rough_score": 8.706435203552246, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The 1989 Valdez accident was one of the lowest points in ExxonMobil's 125-year history. However, we took immediate responsibility for the spill and have spent over $4.3 billion as a result of the accident, including compensatory payments, cleanup payments, settlements and fines. The company voluntarily compensated more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses within a year of the spill.", "precise_score": 7.4098029136657715, "rough_score": 6.295114994049072, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Adrien Lopez reflects on why many in Alaska still cannot believe in ethical business. While the Exxon Valdez oil spill 20 years ago can be largely attributed to triggering the modern corporate social responsibility movement, commercial fishermen in Alaska affected by the 11 million gallons of oil spilled into Prince William Sound are yet to be made believers.", "precise_score": 3.035468578338623, "rough_score": 4.025469779968262, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The massive oil spill on Good Friday, March 24, 1989 was America’s worst environmental disaster. It was caused when the Exxon Valdez oil tanker – owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, a division of what is now Exxon Mobil – struck Bligh Reef in the early hours of the morning.", "precise_score": 6.528350353240967, "rough_score": 4.503051280975342, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Adrien Lopez was born and raised in Valdez, Alaska (her father was the harbourmaster at the time of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill). She currently works on corporate social responsibility for the Chilean Government in Santiago, Chile.", "precise_score": -1.252468228340149, "rough_score": 4.235713958740234, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Editor's note: Nicole Whittington-Evans is The Wilderness Society's Alaska Director. In this blog she reflects on the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound and the lessons to be learned for Alaska's Arctic waters today. ", "precise_score": 1.9595502614974976, "rough_score": -0.41630008816719055, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Photo: Scientists examine the carcass of a gray whale before performing a necropsy to determine if it was killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska, USA, 1989", "precise_score": 5.046884059906006, "rough_score": 0.8228735327720642, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Workers spray hot water on oil covered rocks in Northwest Bay after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, 1989", "precise_score": 5.956997871398926, "rough_score": 5.711281776428223, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "A bear walks on an oiled Katmai beach in Alaska after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.", "precise_score": 4.981312274932861, "rough_score": 6.720024108886719, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Oil leaches off an island beach weeks after the Exxon Valdez lost its oil. Alaska, USA, 1989", "precise_score": 4.858837604522705, "rough_score": 0.7611410021781921, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Workers spray hot water on oil-covered beaches in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Exxon Valdez oil spill, USA, 1989", "precise_score": 6.469826698303223, "rough_score": 5.494141578674316, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989, in a tragic accident deeply regretted by the company, the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in Alaska’s Prince William Sound.", "precise_score": 5.384297847747803, "rough_score": 3.4784717559814453, "source": "search", "title": "Spill prevention and response | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "* Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez. The NTSB found this was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6138277053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "* Exxon Shipping Company failed to properly maintain the Raytheon Collision Avoidance System (RAYCAS) radar, which, if functional, would have indicated to the third mate an impending collision with the Bligh Reef by detecting the \"radar reflector\", placed on the next rock inland from Bligh Reef for the purpose of keeping ships on course. This cause has only been identified by Greg Palast (without evidentiary support) and is not present in the official accident report.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139151573181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Captain Joseph Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef. However, as the senior officer, he was in command of the ship even though he was asleep in his bunk. In light of the other findings, investigative reporter Greg Palast stated in 2008, \"Forget the drunken skipper fable. As to Captain Joe Hazelwood, he was below decks, sleeping off his bender. At the helm, the third mate never would have collided with Bligh Reef had he looked at his RAYCAS radar. But the radar was not turned on. In fact, the tanker's radar was left broken and disabled for more than a year before the disaster, and Exxon management knew it. It was [in Exxon's view] just too expensive to fix and operate.\" Exxon blamed Captain Hazelwood for the grounding of the tanker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221875190734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "# Exxon Valdez was sailing outside the normal sea lane to avoid small icebergs thought to be in the area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47335433959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 2009, Exxon Valdez Captain Joseph Hazelwood offered a \"heartfelt apology\" to the people of Alaska, suggesting he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster: \"The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts, but that's not the sexy story and that's not the easy story,\" he said. Yet Hazelwood said he felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.622396469116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "According to the booklet Shoreline Treatment Techniques published in 1993 by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, while it effectively assisted in clean-up, \"It had not been tested, scientific data on its toxicity were either thin or incomplete, and it had operational problems. In addition, public acceptance of a new, widespread chemical treatment was lacking. To landowners, fishing groups, and conservation organizations, the idea of dumping chemicals on hundreds of miles of shorelines that had just been oiled seemed much too risky - especially when there were other alternatives.\" [http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=facts.QA Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.112146258354187, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Mechanical cleanup was started shortly afterwards using booms and skimmers, but the skimmers were not readily available during the first 24 hours following the spill, and thick oil and kelp tended to clog the equipment. Despite civilian insistence for a complete clean, only 10% of total oil was actually completely cleaned. Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster and John Devens, the mayor of Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis. More than 11,000 Alaska residents, along with some Exxon employees, worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.746222496032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Because Prince William Sound contained many rocky coves where the oil collected, the decision was made to displace it with high-pressure hot water. However, this also displaced and destroyed the microbial populations on the shoreline; many of these organisms (e.g. plankton) are the basis of the coastal marine food chain, and others (e.g. certain bacteria and fungi) are capable of facilitating the biodegradation of oil. At the time, both scientific advice and public pressure was to clean everything, but since then, a much greater understanding of natural and facilitated remediation processes has developed, due somewhat in part to the opportunity presented for study by the Exxon Valdez spill. Despite the extensive cleanup attempts, less than ten percent of the oil was recovered and a study conducted by NOAA determined that as of early 2007 more than 26 e3U.S.gal of oil remain in the sandy soil of the contaminated shoreline, declining at a rate of less than 4% per year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.449882507324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 2006, a study done by the National Marine Fisheries Service in Juneau found that about 6 mi of shoreline around Prince William Sound was still affected by the spill, with 101.6 tonnes of oil remaining in the area. Exxon Mobil denied any concerns over any remaining oil, stating that they anticipated a remaining fraction that they assert will not cause any long-term ecological impacts, according to the conclusions of the studies they had done: \"We've done 350 peer-reviewed studies of Prince William Sound, and those studies conclude that Prince William Sound has recovered, it's healthy and it's thriving.\" However, in 2007 a NOAA study concluded that this contamination can produce chronic low-level exposure, discourage subsistence where the contamination is heavy, and decrease the \"wilderness character\" of the area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.475629806518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "On March 24, 2014, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the spill, NOAA scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered, with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers. Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales, with fears that one pod may eventually die out.[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/25-years-later-scientists-remember-exxon-valdez-spill/#the-rundown 25 years later, scientists still spot traces of oil from Exxon Valdez spill | PBS NewsHour] Federal scientists estimate that between 16,000 and 21,000 gallons of oil remains on beaches in Prince William Sound and up to 450 miles away. Some of the oil does not appear to have biodegraded at all. A USGS scientist who analyses the remaining oil along the coastline states that it remains among rocks and between tide marks. \"The oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion...Left out, the surface crusts over but the inside still has the consistency of mayonnaise – or mousse.\" [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10717219/Exxon-Valdez-25-years-after-the-Alaska-oil-spill-the-court-battle-continues.html Exxon Valdez - 25 years after the Alaska oil spill, the court battle continues - Telegraph] Alaska state senator Berta Gardner is urging Alaskan politicians to demand that the US government force ExxonMobil to pay the final $92 million (£57 million) still owed from the court settlement. The major part of the money would be spent to finish cleaning up oiled beaches and attempting to restore the crippled herring population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.030241966247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In the case of Exxon v. Baker, an Anchorage jury awarded $287 million for actual damages and $5 billion for punitive damages. To protect itself in case the judgment was affirmed, Exxon obtained a $4.8 billion credit line from J.P. Morgan & Co. J.P. Morgan created the first modern credit default swap in 1994, so that Morgan's would not have to hold as much money in reserve (8% of the loan under Basel I) against the risk of Exxon's default.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.899598121643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Meanwhile, Exxon appealed the ruling, and the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the original judge, Russel Holland, to reduce the punitive damages. On December 6, 2002, the judge announced that he had reduced the damages to $4 billion, which he concluded was justified by the facts of the case and was not grossly excessive. Exxon appealed again and the case returned to court to be considered in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling in a similar case, which caused Judge Holland to increase the punitive damages to $4.5 billion, plus interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280765533447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon appealed again. On May 23, 2007, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals denied ExxonMobil's request for a third hearing and let stand its ruling that Exxon owes $2.5 billion in punitive damages. Exxon then appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. On February 27, 2008, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments for 90 minutes. Justice Samuel Alito, who at the time, owned between $100,000 and $250,000 in Exxon stock, recused himself from the case. In a decision issued June 25, 2008, Justice David Souter issued the judgment of the court, vacating the $2.5 billion award and remanding the case back to the lower court, finding that the damages were excessive with respect to maritime common law. Exxon's actions were deemed \"worse than negligent but less than malicious.\" The punitive damages were further reduced to an amount of $507.5 million. The Court's ruling was that maritime punitive damages should not exceed the compensatory damages, supported by a peculiar precedent dating back from 1818. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick J. Leahy has decried the ruling as \"another in a line of cases where this Supreme Court has misconstrued congressional intent to benefit large corporations.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940404891967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon's official position was that punitive damages greater than $25 million were not justified because the spill resulted from an accident, and because Exxon spent an estimated $2 billion cleaning up the spill and a further $1 billion to settle related civil and criminal charges. Attorneys for the plaintiffs contended that Exxon bore responsibility for the accident because the company \"put a drunk in charge of a tanker in Prince William Sound.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.556275367736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon recovered a significant portion of clean-up and legal expenses through insurance claims associated with the grounding of the Exxon Valdez. Also, in 1991, Exxon made a quiet, separate financial settlement of damages with a group of seafood producers known as the Seattle Seven for the disaster's effect on the Alaskan seafood industry. The agreement granted $63.75 million to the Seattle Seven, but stipulated that the seafood companies would have to repay almost all of any punitive damages awarded in other civil proceedings. The $5 billion in punitive damages was awarded later, and the Seattle Seven's share could have been as high as $750 million if the damages award had held. Other plaintiffs have objected to this secret arrangement, and when it came to light, Judge Holland ruled that Exxon should have told the jury at the start that an agreement had already been made, so the jury would know exactly how much Exxon would have to pay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.842619895935059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "As of December 15, 2009, Exxon paid all owed $507.5 million punitive damages, including lawsuit costs, plus interest, which were further distributed to thousands of plaintiffs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375992774963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "A report by the US National Response Team summarized the event and made a number of recommendations, such as changes to the work patterns of Exxon crew in order to address the causes of the accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41773796081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In April 1998, the company argued in a legal action against the Federal government that the ship should be allowed back into Alaskan waters. Exxon claimed OPA was effectively a bill of attainder, a regulation that was unfairly directed at Exxon alone. In 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Exxon. As of 2002, OPA had prevented 18 ships from entering Prince William Sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.091742515563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez supertanker was towed to San Diego, arriving on July 10. Repairs began on July 30. Approximately 1600 ST of steel were removed and replaced. In June 1990 the tanker, renamed S/R Mediterranean, left harbor after $30 million of repairs. It was still sailing as of January 2010, registered in Panama. The vessel was then owned by a Hong Kong company, who operated it under the name Oriental Nicety. In August 2012, it was beached at Alang, India and dismantled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857921600341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 2010, a CNN report alleged that many oil spill cleanup workers involved in the Exxon Valdez response had subsequently become sick. Anchorage lawyer Dennis Mestas found that this was true of 6,722 of 11,000 worker files he was able to inspect. Access to the records was controlled by Exxon. Exxon responded in a statement to CNN:\"After 20 years, there is no evidence suggesting that either cleanup workers or the residents of the communities affected by the Valdez spill have had any adverse health effects as a result of the spill or its cleanup.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.336458206176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exxon Valdez oil spill" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11 MUSgal of crude oil over 1100 mi of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the proposed Pebble Mine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.090352535247803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "News about Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.311479330062866, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The damage to the fishing industry and to native subsistence hunting has lasted for years. Exxon originally was ordered by a federal court to pay $5 billion in punitive damages in 1994. A federal appeal in 2006 reduced it to $2.5 billion. In 2008 the United States Supreme Court further reduced the damages to just over $500 million. More than $2 billion has been spent on cleanup and recovery. Exxon has paid at least $1 billion in damages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285115242004395, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.57517147064209, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Where is the Exxon Valdez today?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454529762268066, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "After several changes of name and ownership, the tanker was converted for hauling bulk ore in the South China Sea. Following a collision with a cargo ship in November 2012, the ore carrier was sold, again renamed, and then resold for scrap and routed to India. A court dispute to prevent the ship from being beached in India was resolved when the Supreme Court of India granted permission to the owners to beach the ship for dismantling. The former T/V Exxon Valdez was beached on August 2, 2012. For more details, see After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? at the NOAA website .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.669448852539062, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "the failure of Exxon Shipping Company to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014155387878418, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12 pm March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuver the 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of the wheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood. Helmsman Harry Claar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.740920066833496, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. The Exxon Valdez encountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captain Hazelwood ordered Claar to take the Exxon Valdez out of the shipping lanes to go around the icebergs. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan. For reasons that remain unclear, Cousins and Kagan failed to make the turn back into the shipping lanes and the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef at 12:04 am March 24, 1989. Captain Hazelwood was in his quarters at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864585876464844, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "What's being done to prevent another Exxon Valdez-type accident?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502577781677246, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "How much oil was the Exxon Valdez carrying?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780585289001465, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "How does the Exxon Valdez spill compare to other spills?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104251861572266, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez spill, though still one of the largest ever in the United States, has dropped from the top 50 internationally ( view a list of top oil spills worldwide ). It is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment, however. The timing of the spill, the remote and spectacular location, the thousands of miles of rugged and wild shoreline, and the abundance of wildlife in the region combined to make it an environmental disaster well beyond the scope of other spills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.425019264221191, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "cleaned and some beaches remain oiled today. At its peak the cleanup effort included 10,000 workers, about 1,000 boats and roughly 100 airplanes and helicopters, known as Exxon's army, navy, and air force. It is widely believed, however, that wave action from winter storms did more to clean the beaches than all the human effort involved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.313639640808105, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon says it spent about $2.1 billion on the cleanup effort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36453914642334, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The response to the Exxon Valdez involved more personnel and equipment over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logistical problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270463943481445, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez aground on Bligh Reef. (Source: NOAA)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39145278930664, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The images that the world saw on television and descriptions they heard on the radio that spring were of heavily oiled shorelines, dead and dying wildlife, and thousands of workers mobilized to clean beaches. These images reflected what many people felt was a severe environmental insult to a relatively pristine, ecologically important area that was home to many species of wildlife endangered elsewhere. In the weeks and months that followed, the oil spread over a wide area in Prince William Sound  and beyond, resulting in an unprecedented response and cleanup—in fact, the largest  oil spill  cleanup ever mobilized; however, the scale of this spill will likely be eclipsed by the 2010  Deepwater Horizon oil spill  originating in the  bathypelagic zone  of the Gulf of Mexico. Many local, state, federal, and private agencies and groups took part in the effort. Even today, scientists continue to study the affected shorelines to understand how an ecosystem like Prince William Sound responds to, and recovers from, an incident like the Exxon Valdez oil spill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.553339004516602, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The response of ExxonMobil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32059383392334, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil hired its own scientists to study the impacts of the spill, and they come to different conclusions than many of the results published by government agencies and peer-reviewed academic journals. Exxon’s scientists acknowledge the lingering pockets of oil in the sediments, but they argue that they do not pose a serious risk. It is their position that that there are now no species in Prince William Sound in trouble due to the impact of the 1989  oil spill , and that the data strongly support the position of a fully recovered Prince William Sound  ecosystem .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.059458255767822, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Our colleagues in the Gulf of Mexico region are now struggling with many of the same cultural resource issues in the aftermath of the recent oil platform tragedy there. Chris Wooley (Chumis Cultural Resource Services), who has played a key role as an industry contractor for the EXXON VALDEZ spill response and for subsequent spill responses and spill drills, offers this advice for cultural resource professionals responding to a major multi-state oil release:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.890600681304932, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Alaska Office of History and Archaeology, working with other Alaska agencies and contractors, has compiled digital documents of procedures instituted and lessons learned during the Exxon Valdez spill response (see below).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6161787509918213, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "3. Bittner, Judith, Cultural Resources and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: An Overview, In Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium. American Fisheries Society , Bethesda, Maryland, 1996, pp. 814-818. A brief but accurate summary of the State/Federal response and damage assessment of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill by the State Historic Preservation Officer. (Bittner-1996.pdf)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.838287830352783, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "4. Letter from the Alaska SHPO to Exxon Inc. stating which staff members of the Office of History and Archaeology had authority to make cultural resource decisions and sign shoreline evaluations on behalf of the State of Alaska. This delegation dispersed decision-making to the lowest level of professional administration and speeded up the Section 106 compliance process. A similar delegation of authority was practiced by the Federal responders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.866715431213379, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Oil Spill-Cultural Resources Technical Advisory Group Decision Flow chart (29KB)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.069426536560059, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Oil Spill-Effects of Oiling and Bioremediation of Cultural Resources (300KB)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.415143013000488, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "11. Instructions to State employees during the spill on the collection of evidence for the litigation that was going to be brought against Exxon. The Feds had a similar effort and much of the damage assessment phase of the cultural resource studies were centered on finding evidence of damage and linking it to the actions or inaction of Exxon. This kind of documentation is required for a legal case and needs to be solid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.309409141540527, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Oil Spill: Shoreline Cleanup Segment Cultural Resources Constraints (436KB)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17132568359375, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "13. Mobley, Charles M. et. al., The 1989 Exxon Cultural Resource Program. Exxon Company and Exxon Shipping Company, Anchorage, 1990. This is the first professional archeological report by the Exxon archeological team. It is highly professional and explains the assessment process and their findings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.581753253936768, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "1989 Exxon CR Report", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.617122650146484, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "1990 Exxon CR Report", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86892032623291, "source": "search", "title": "Alaska Oil Spill Response and Cultural Resources" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.57517147064209, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Until the Exxon Valdez piled onto Bligh Reef, the system designed to carry 2 million barrels of North Slope oil to West Coast and Gulf Coast markets daily had worked perhaps too well. At least partly because of the success of the Valdez tanker trade, a general complacency had come to permeate the operation and oversight of the entire system. That complacency and success were shattered when the Exxon Valdez ran hard aground shortly after midnight on March 24.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43111801147461, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez had reached the Alyeska Marine Terminal at 11:30 p.m. on March 22 to take on cargo. It carried a crew of 19 plus the captain. Third Mate Gregory Cousins, who became a central figure in the grounding, was relieved of watch duty at 11:50 p.m. Ship and terminal crews began loading crude oil onto the tanker at 5:05 a.m. on March 23 and increased loading to its full rate of 100,000 barrels an hour by 5:30 a.m. Chief Mate James R. Kunkel supervised the loading.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823482513427734, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "March 23, 1989 was a rest day of sorts for some members of the Exxon Valdez crew. Capt. Joseph Hazelwood, chief engineer Jerry Glowacki and radio officer Joel Roberson left the Exxon Valdez about 11:00 a.m., driven from the Alyeska terminal into the town of Valdez by marine pilot William Murphy, who had piloted the Exxon Valdez into port the previous night and would take it back out through Valdez Narrows on its fateful trip to Bligh Reef. When the three ship's officers left the terminal that day, they expected the Exxon Valdez's sailing time to be 10 p.m. that evening. The posted sailing time was changed, however, during the day, and when the party arrived back at the ship at 8:24 p.m., they learned the sailing time had been fixed at 9 p.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.231429100036621, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Loading of the Exxon Valdez had been completed for an hour by the time the group returned to the ship. They left Valdez by taxi cab at about 7:30 p.m., got through Alyeska terminal gate security at 8:24 p.m. and boarded ship. Radio officer Roberson, who commenced pre-voyage tests and checks in the radio room soon after arriving at the ship, later said no one in the group going ashore had expected the ship to be ready to leave as soon as they returned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434353828430176, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Third Mate Cousins performed required tests of navigational, mechanical and safety gear at 7:48 p.m., and all systems were found to be in working order. The Exxon Valdez slipped its last mooring line at 9:12 p.m. and, with the assistance of two tugboats, began maneuvering away from the berth. The tanker's deck log shows it was clear of the dock at 9:21 p.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361356735229492, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The ship was under the direction of pilot Murphy and accompanied by a single tug for the passage through Valdez Narrows, the constricted harbor entrance about 7 miles from the berth. According to Murphy, Hazelwood left the bridge at 9:35 p.m. and did not return until about 11:10 p.m., even though Exxon company policy requires two ship's officers on the bridge during transit of Valdez Narrows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141704559326172, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The traffic separation scheme is designed to do just that - separate incoming and outgoing tankers in Prince William Sound and keep them in clear, deep waters during their transit. It consists of inbound and outbound lanes, with a half-mile-wide separation zone between them. Small icebergs from nearby Columbia Glacier occasionally enter the traffic lanes. Captains had the choice of slowing down to push through them safely or deviating from their lanes if traffic permitted. Hazelwood's report, and the Valdez traffic center's concurrence, meant the ship would change course to leave the western, outbound lane, cross the separation zone and, if necessary, enter the eastern, inbound lane to avoid floating ice. At no time did the Exxon Valdez report or seek permission to depart farther east from the inbound traffic lane; but that is exactly what it did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337135314941406, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "At 11:30 p.m. Hazelwood informed the Valdez traffic center that he was turning the ship toward the east on a heading of 200 degrees and reducing speed to \"wind my way through the ice\" (engine logs, however, show the vessel's speed continued to increase). At 11: 39 Cousins plotted a fix that showed the ship in the middle of the traffic separation scheme. Hazelwood ordered a further course change to a heading of 180 degrees (due south) and, according to the helmsman, directed that the ship be placed on autopilot. The second course change was not reported to the Valdez traffic center. For a total of 19 or 20 minutes the ship sailed south - through the inbound traffic lane, then across its easterly boundary and on toward its peril at Bligh Reef. Traveling at approximately 12 knots, the Exxon Valdez crossed the traffic lanes' easterly boundary at 11:47 p.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447958946228027, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Cousins' duty hours and rest periods became an issue in subsequent investigations. Exxon Shipping Company has said the third mate slept between I a.m. and 7:20 a.m. the morning of March 23 and again between 1: 30 p.m. and 5 p.m., for a total of nearly 10 hours sleep in the 24 hours preceding the accident. But testimony before the NTSB suggests that Cousins \"pounded the deck\" that afternoon, that he did paperwork in his cabin, and that he ate dinner starting at 4:30 p.m. before relieving the chief mate at 5 p.m. An NTSB report shows that Cousins' customary in-port watches were scheduled from 5:50 a.m. to 11:50 a.m. and again from 5:50 p.m. to 11:50 p.m. Testimony before the NTSB suggests that Cousins may have been awake and generally at work for up to 18 hours preceding the accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289676666259766, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Appendix F of this report documents a direct link between fatigue and human performance error generally and notes that 80 percent or more of marine accidents are attributable to human error. Appendix F also discusses the impact of environmental factors such as long work hours, poor work conditions (such as toxic fumes), monotony and sleep deprivation. \"This can create a scenario where a pilot and/or crew members may become the \"accident waiting to happen.\" ... It is conceivable,\" the report continues, \"that excessive work hours (sleep deprivation) contributed to an overall impact of fatigue, which in turn contributed to the Exxon Valdez grounding.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505181312561035, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Manning policies also may have affected crew fatigue. Whereas tankers in the 1950s carried a crew of 40 to 42 to manage about 6.3 million gallons of oil, according to Arthur McKenzie of the Tanker Advisory Center in New York, the Exxon Valdez carried a crew of 19 to transport 53 million gallons of oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35886001586914, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Minimum vessel manning limits are set by the U.S. Coast Guard, but without any agencywide standard for policy. The Coast Guard has certified Exxon tankers for a minimum of 15 persons (14 if the radio officer is not required). Frank Iarossi, president of Exxon Shipping Company, has stated that his company's policy is to reduce its standard crew complement to 16 on fully automated, diesel-powered vessels by 1990. \"While Exxon has defended their actions as an economic decision,\" the manning report says, \"criticism has been leveled against them for manipulating overtime records to better justify reduced manning levels.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.330631256103516, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Iarossi and Exxon maintain that modem automated vessel technology permits reduced manning without compromise of safety or function. \"Yet the literature on the subject suggests that automation does not replace humans in systems, rather, it places the human in a different, more demanding role. Automation typically reduces manual workload but increases mental workload.\" (Appendix F)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41117000579834, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Accounts and interpretations differ as to events on the bridge from the time Hazelwood left his post to the moment the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef. NTSB testimony by crew members and interpretations of evidence by the State of Alaska conflict in key areas, leaving the precise timing of events still a mystery. But the rough outlines are discernible:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725127220153809, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The vessel came to rest facing roughly southwest, perched across its middle on a pinnacle of Bligh Reef. Eight of 11 cargo tanks were punctured. Computations aboard the Exxon Valdez showed that 5.8 million gallons had gushed out of the tanker in the first three and a quarter hours. Weather conditions at the site were, reported to be 33 degrees F, slight drizzle rain/snow mixed, north winds at 10 knots and visibility 10 miles at the time of the grounding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381383895874023, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez nightmare had begun. Hazelwood - perhaps drunk, certainly facing a position of great difficulty and confusion - would struggle vainly to power the ship off its perch on Bligh Reef. The response capabilities of Alyeska Pipeline Service Company to deal with the spreading sea of oil would be tested and found to be both unexpectedly slow and woefully inadequate. The worldwide capabilities of Exxon Corp. would mobilize huge quantities of equipment and personnel to respond to the spill - but not in the crucial first few hours and days when containment and cleanup efforts are at a premium. The U.S. Coast Guard would demonstrate its prowess at ship salvage, protecting crews and lightering operations, but prove utterly incapable of oil spill containment and response. State and federal agencies would show differing levels of preparedness and command capability. And the waters of Prince William Sound - and eventually more than 1,000 miles of beach in Southcentral Alaska - would be fouled by 10.8 million gallons of crude oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6409146785736084, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "At 12:26 a.m., Hazelwood radioed the Valdez traffic center and reported his predicament to Bruce Blandford, a civilian employee of the Coast Guard who was on duty. \"We've fetched up, ah, hard aground, north of Goose Island, off Bligh Reef and, ah, evidently leaking some oil and we're gonna be here for a while and, ah, if you want, ah, so you're notified.\" That report triggered a nightlong cascade of phone calls reaching from Valdez to Anchorage to Houston and eventually around the world as the magnitude of the spill became known and Alyeska and Exxon searched for cleanup machinery and materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517045974731445, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Hazelwood, meanwhile, was not finished with efforts to power the Exxon Valdez off the reef. At approximately 12:30 a.m., Chief Mate Kunkel used a computer program to determine that though stress on the vessel exceeded acceptable limits, the ship still had required stability. He went to the bridge to advise Hazelwood that the vessel should not go to sea or leave the area. The skipper directed him to return to the control room to continue assessing the damage and to determine available options. At 12:35 p.m., Hazelwood ordered the engine back on - and eventually to \"full ahead\" -- and began another series of rudder commands in an effort to free the vessel. After running his computer program again another way, Kunkel concluded that the ship did not have acceptable stability without being supported by the reef. The chief mate relayed his new analysis to the captain at 1 a.m. and again recommended that the ship not leave the area. Nonetheless, Hazelwood kept the engine running until 1:41 a.m., when he finally abandoned efforts to get the vessel off the reef.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424140930175781, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council | dfg.evos.restoration@alaska.gov | Postal Address: 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508-4626 | Physical Address: Grace Hall, 4230 University Drive, Ste. 220 | Anchorage, AK 99508-4650 |", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8105556964874268, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Restoring the resources injured by the Exxon Valdez oil spill and understanding environmental change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6657038927078247, "source": "search", "title": "Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.127415180206299, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon and the U.S. Coast Guard began a massive cleanup effort that eventually involved more than 11,000 Alaskan residents and thousands of Exxon and contractor personnel. In 1992 the U.S. Coast Guard declared the clean up complete.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.307583332061768, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "This system has been deployed globally and in the years since the accident, we have had nothing similar occur. We believe our subsequent record of safety stems primarily from disciplined and systematic improvements that we have made. We are particularly proud of the spill prevention performance of our global marine transportation affiliates since the Valdez spill. In fact in 2008, there were no spills from ExxonMobil marine affiliate owned/operated tank ships or from those on long-term lease. We consider this strong performance encouraging and it serves as a solid platform for continuous improvement efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.049346923828125, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil has contracted independent scientists with impeccable credentials who are among the world's leading experts in their fields. They have studied in-depth all pertinent aspects related to the effect of the Valdez oil spill on the Sound's water, shoreline and wildlife. To date these scientists have published approximately 400 peer-reviewed papers relating to all aspects of the Prince William Sound environment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.691437721252441, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Changes ExxonMobil has made to prevent another accident like Valdez", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488629341125488, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez accident, ExxonMobil redoubled its long-time commitment to safeguard the environment, employees and operating communities worldwide. To improve oil-spill prevention, ExxonMobil has, for example:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125988006591797, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Implemented more extensive periodic assessment of ExxonMobil vessels and facilities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506693840026855, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil is a founding member of every major oil spill response center worldwide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.859111785888672, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "There are over 1,000 ExxonMobil employees involved in oil spill response teams worldwide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6577677726745605, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "We hold frequent, extensive oil spill drills at various ExxonMobil locations around the world and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.06811809539795, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil Environmental Performance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458491325378418, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil is committed to maintaining its leadership presence as a longstanding, technically proficient, industry-leader in safety and environmental stewardship.  Our comprehensive and disciplined approach helps us maintain an unwavering focus on incident prevention, preparedness and emergency response, should the need arise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357772827148438, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Given the projected growth and important role that marine transportation plays in global commerce, ExxonMobil’s marine affiliates continue to voluntarily find and support innovative ways that often exceed regulatory standards to enhance the safety, security, and reliability of marine transportation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400047302246094, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "ExxonMobil marine affiliates are active participants in the development of key voluntary industry quality initiatives including the implementation of the Tanker Management and Self Assessment program, a best practice guide for ship operators that complements existing quality standards, and expanding the Ship Inspection Report Exchange (SIRE) beyond tank ships to now include tank barges. The SIRE program promotes a uniformly high standard of common inspections that may be used within vessel screening and inspection processes for member companies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272550582885742, "source": "search", "title": "The Valdez oil spill | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate responsibility? | Ethical Corporation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69372844696045, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate responsibility?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787396430969238, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez tragedy of 24 March, 1989, marked the first birth-pangs of corporate responsibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.904108047485352, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The Exxon Valdez (which coincidentally was the name of the tanker and the town where it ran aground), along with other events like the Union Carbide explosion in India in 1984, caused enough reactionary momentum to consolidate a corporate social responsibility movement, made up of organisations like CERES and GRI, that has tried to keep pace with the challenges of globalization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.752638816833496, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Meanwhile, a world away in southcentral Alaska, a place where you cannot see Russia from your house, and where fancy acronyms like CSR and GRI haven’t yet been translated to English, the only household name that ignites and unites is Exxon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82401180267334, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Neither was the ongoing court battle between the Exxon defendants and the local commercial fishermen, a fight that dragged on until last year when the Supreme Court stepped in to defend the struggling company from being liable for the full amount.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072141647338867, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Unfortunately, they had to face the harsh reality that the promising words expressed to them by former Exxon president Dan Cornett back in 1989 – “You won’t have a problem. I don’t care if you believe that or not. That’s the truth. You have had some good luck and you don’t realize it. You have Exxon and we do business straight. We will consider whatever it takes to keep you whole...” – was just another broken promise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364649772644043, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Opinions of Governor Sarah Palin aside, she has helped to defend the fishermen and sided with Alaskans demanding accountability from Exxon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231829643249512, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Yet, on the other hand, celebration is not in order when large companies like ExxonMobil have yet to see the light and be accountable for their past corporate irresponsibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071098327636719, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "At a moment when most businesses are struggling to stay afloat, Exxon made history in February by posting the highest quarterly profits ever for a US company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666010856628418, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "By the time Exxon gets around to rejecting Milton Friedman and getting on board with corporate responsibility, Alaskans will be left clinging to a melting iceberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.332687377929688, "source": "search", "title": "20 years on from Exxon Valdez: what progress for corporate ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Clean up crews blast oiled rocks after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.781904220581055, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Three decades ago, humpback whales breeched offshore and salmon leapt from the waters of Alaska's Prince William Sound on a perfect summer evening. It was the first night of my incredible introduction to Alaska: a month-long kayak trip in a pristine place that would soon be changed forever by the Exxon Valdez oil spill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.006755352020264, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Then, 25 years ago, came the fateful morning of March 24, 1989, when the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef and spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil, fouling approximately 1,300 miles of coastline. Hundreds of thousands of birds and marine mammals were affected, and the environmental damage was devastating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.255545616149902, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Photo: The Exxon Valdez in its oil slick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.257353782653809, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Twenty-five years after the spill, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council -- which was established to oversee restoration of the ecosystem using $900 million from a civil settlement – reports that of the  injured wildlife species it has been working to restore, nine species are considered “recovered” (including sockeye salmon and harbor seals); seven species are “recovering” (including killer whales and black oystercatchers); and two are not recovering ( Pacific herring and pigeon guillemots ). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74735164642334, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Offshore drilling in America’s Arctic poses severe threats to species such as polar bears, fish, walruses and bowhead whales, as well as to Alaska Native communities that depend on the Arctic Ocean as a source of food. The collapse of an important subsistence species could threaten the cultural survival of local communities. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a catastrophe for Prince William Sound and the communities on its shores. Twenty-five years later, the Sound is still recovering, and the lessons are still unfolding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.30921745300293, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Photos: A look back at the Exxon Valdez oil spill  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.381810188293457, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "A biologist carries a dead oiled bald eagle collected in Katmai after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska, USA, 1989", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6574251055717468, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "High tide mark shows oil on rocky shore spilled by Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9226421117782593, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "A bird carcass on the beach of the Alaska peninsula more than 500 miles away from the site of the Exxon Valdez spill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1193037033081055, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The supertanker Exxon Valdez lies hard around Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. 1992", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.751805305480957, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Researchers catch sea otters in Short Arm Bay in the Bay of Isles on Knight Island, the epicenter of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The data is used to estimate the impact of the oil spill on the sea otter population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.352992057800293, "source": "search", "title": "25 years after Exxon Valdez; Will history repeat itself in ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Spill prevention and response | ExxonMobil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.129081726074219, "source": "search", "title": "Spill prevention and response | ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International Wildlife Law", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.761777877807617, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.24189567565918, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground on the Bligh Reef in the pristine waters of Prince William Sound. As the hull was breached, the resulting flood of diesel, oil and industrial chemicals unleashed an environmental disaster unlike anything ever seen in the United States. Until the BP Disaster of 2010, the Exxon Valdez spill was considered to be the worst environmental disaster in the history of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3226261138916016, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The resulting damage of the spill led to an historic legal battle between the people who were affected by the tragedy and those who were responsible for it. As the operator of the tanker, Exxon Mobile was held responsible for the spill and all of the consequences that arose from it. Of course, the company came forward to offer financial backing for the clean up, but those who were most impacted by the disaster felt that it was not enough. Due to immense public outcry demanding more from the company, a class-action lawsuit against Exxon was launched.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.403079032897949, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 1994, a federal jury returned a verdict on the first class-action suit that ordered Exxon Mobile to pay $5 billion in punitive damages. This was on top of what the company was already paying in restitution, fines and cleanup fees. The legal battle didn't end there, and in 2001 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the $5 billion verdict was too excessive. In 2002, the punitive damage award was reinstated at $4 billion by Judge H. Russell Holland. In his statement, Holland stated that Exxon had knowingly place a relapsed alcoholic at the helm of the tanker, which resulted in severe liability on the part of the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15347671508789, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "In 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that the damages should be no more than $507.5 million. In the end, after all of the legal posturing and after years of litigation, Exxon Mobile has found itself with a $1.515 billion bill resulting from the spill. The majority of the money paid has been set aside for use in environmental remediation to help support fisheries. Some of the money has been used as a stimulus to those most affected by the spill itself and its aftermath.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448366165161133, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." }, { "answer": "Exxon", "passage": "The results of the Exxon Valdez oil spill class-action lawsuit extend far beyond money. As a result of the lawsuit, legislators were forced to look at how oil was transported through Prince William Sound. From this \"closer look\" sprang the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. This act mandates that any oil tanker which has previously spilled up to or more than 1 million US gallons of oil into a marine environment be barred from entry into the sound. The suit also led to a major push for phasing-in the double-hull design. The Coast Guard believes this design could have lessened the impact of the spill by more than half.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.62363338470459, "source": "search", "title": "Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Class Action - International ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "3rd Sunday in June" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "3rd sunday in june" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "3rd sunday in june", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "3rd Sunday in June" }

[ { "answer": "3rd Sunday in June", "passage": "In the USA, UK and Canada - Fathers' Day is celebrated on the 3rd Sunday in June since being made a national holiday in 1966. In Australia and New Zealand, fathers are honored the first Sunday in September. Other countries celebrate fathers throughout the year.", "precise_score": 9.482749938964844, "rough_score": 8.839089393615723, "source": "search", "title": "When is Father's Day? 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "1900s", "1900s (disambiguation)", "1900's", "Nineteen-hundreds" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "1900 s", "nineteen hundreds", "1900s", "1900s disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1900s", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "1900s" }

[ { "answer": "1900s", "passage": "The 1900s", "precise_score": -7.156959533691406, "rough_score": -10.099512100219727, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "1900s", "passage": "The 1900s also saw the introduction of the first silent movie and teddy bear. Plus, don't miss out in discovering more about the mysterious explosion in Siberia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934781074523926, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Fifties", "1950s", "1950-1959", "50's", "1950’s", "50s", "1950–1959", "Nineteen-fifties", "1950s (decade)", "1950ies", "1950's", "'50s", "195%3F", "Fifties" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "50s", "1950s", "1950–1959", "1950s decade", "nineteen fifties", "1950ies", "fifties", "195 3f", "1950 1959", "50 s", "1950 s" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "50s", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "50s" }

[ { "answer": "50s", "passage": "Aykroyd developed his musical career in Ottawa, particularly through his regular attendances at Le Hibou, a club that featured many blues artists. He describes these influences as follows:...there was a little disco club there called Le Hibou, which in French means 'the owl.' And it was run by a gentleman named Harvey Glatt, and he brought every, and I mean every, blues star that you or I would ever have wanted to have seen through Ottawa in the late '50s, well I guess more late '60s sort of, in around the Newport jazz rediscovery. I was going to Le Hibou and hearing James Cotton, Otis Spann, Pinetop Perkins, and Muddy Waters. I actually jammed behind Muddy Waters. S.P. Leary left the drum kit one night, and Muddy said 'anybody out there play drums? I don't have a drummer.' And I walked on stage and we started, I don't know, Little Red Rooster, something. He said 'keep that beat going, you make Muddy feel good.' And I heard Howlin' Wolf (Chester Burnett). Many, many times I saw Howlin' Wolf. As well as The Doors. And of course Buddy Guy, Buddy Guy and Junior Wells, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee. So I was exposed to all of these players, playing there as part of this scene to service the academic community in Ottawa, a very well-educated community. Had I lived in a different town I don't think that this would have happened, because it was just the confluence of educated government workers, and then also all the colleges in the area, Ottawa University, Carleton, and all the schools—these people were interested in blues culture. This recollection of Aykroyd is subject to challenge. Some assert that it was Ottawa artist [http://astro.ncf.ca/images/fuzzy6.pdf Arthur II] who joined the band to play drums and that, at best, Aykroyd was a member of the audience. Aykroyd's recollection as to who actually played at Le Hibou is also questionable as Pinetop Perkins never appeared, and Howlin' Wolf appeared once.[citation required]", "precise_score": -2.1153597831726074, "rough_score": -8.253423690795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dan Aykroyd" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "* European integration began in earnest in the 1950s, and eventually led to the European Union, a political and economic union that comprised 15 countries at the end of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.978124618530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "20th century" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "* Tango was created in Argentina and became extremely popular in the rest of the Americas and Europe. Blues and jazz music became popularized during the 1910s and 1920s in the United States. Blues went on to influence rock and roll in the 1950s, which only increased in popularity with the British Invasion of the mid-to-late 1960s. Rock soon branched into many different genres, including heavy metal, punk rock, and alternative rock and became the dominant genre of popular music. This was challenged with the rise of hip hop in the 1980s and 1990s. Other genres such as house, techno, reggae, and soul all developed during the latter half of the century and went through various periods of popularity. Some of the most renowned artists of the century include the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, U2, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, ABBA, the Beach Boys, Queen, Elton John, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Tupac Shakur, David Bowie, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Neil Young, Bruce Springsteen, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Johnny Cash, Little Richard, Metallica, Nirvana and Radiohead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.389058113098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "20th century" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "* The number and types of home appliances increased dramatically due to advancements in technology, electricity availability, and increases in wealth and leisure time. Such basic appliances as washing machines, clothes dryers, furnaces, exercise machines, refrigerators, freezers, electric stoves, and vacuum cleaners all became popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. The microwave oven became popular during the 1980s and have become a standard in all homes by the 1990s. Radios were popularized as a form of entertainment during the 1920s, which extended to television during the 1950s. Cable and satellite television spread rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s. Personal computers began to enter the home during the 1970s–1980s as well. The age of the portable music player grew during the 1960s with the development of the transitor radio, 8-track and cassette tapes, which slowly began to replace record players These were in turn replaced by the CD during the late 1980s and 1990s. The proliferation of the Internet in the mid-to-late 1990s made digital distribution of music (mp3s) possible. VCRs were popularized in the 1970s, but by the end of the 20th century, DVDs were beginning to replace them, making VHS obsolete by the end of the first decade of the 21st century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269336700439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "20th century" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "* The role of tobacco smoking in the causation of cancer and other diseases was proven during the 1950s (see British Doctors Study).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321480751037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "20th century" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1958 – Bobby Fischer qualifies for the 1959 Candidates Match, becoming the youngest ever Grandmaster. This record would stand until 1991.", "precise_score": -5.558897018432617, "rough_score": -4.070674419403076, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "      I had stumbled across the archived \"New York Times\" obituary notice for Edmar Mednis (February 22, 2002, by Dylan Loeb McClain).  The obit, of course, reviews his life, but pivots on the point that, although Mednis (pictured left in 1974) was never quite in Fischer's league, his late-life chess career was pretty much hinged on the fact that when they met, for the first time, across the board in the first round of the 1962-3  U.S. Championship, Mednis beat Fischer, a four-time champion, with the Black pieces in a 73 move game. Although Fischer eventually won the tournament and although his lifetime score against Fischer was only +1=1-5,  Mednis, who had been working as a chemical engineer until 1972 when Fischer won the WC title, was able to capitalize on Fischer's fame by publishing his most successful book, \" How to Beat Bobby Fischer .\"  Subsequently, he became a Chess Life contributor and author of 21 more books. In 1980, he earned the title of Grandmaster.", "precise_score": -5.130465984344482, "rough_score": -5.975605010986328, "source": "search", "title": "Serendipity Leads to Fischer and Beyond - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "     Flash back to 1951, January 17 to be exact. 7 year old Bobby Fischer took part in a simul given by Dr. Max Pavey (1949 NY state champion) at the Grand Plaza Library in Brooklyn. Pavey was no slouch. With a rating of 2442 he was the eighth ranked player in the U.S. in 1951 (according to \"Chess Review,\" April 1951).  Fischer, predictably, lost his game, but another participant, Edmar Mednis, a 14 year old emigrant from the Riga, Latvia (from where his family had fled in 1944, finally arriving in the U.S. in 1950), drew his game with Peavy. In the audience was a certain Carmine Nigro who was then secretary (and former president and club champion) of the Brooklyn Chess and Checkers Club.  Nigro invited Bobby to join the Brooklyn Club. Nigro subsequently became Bobby Fischer's first teacher.", "precise_score": -5.817555904388428, "rough_score": -5.030642986297607, "source": "search", "title": "Serendipity Leads to Fischer and Beyond - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "dly, Nigro was a quite capable player by most standards. His 1951 rating was a bit over 2000 (before all this rating inflation). His son claimed that, \"he could play chess blindfolded, sitting in another room calling out the moves in multiple games and play just as well.\"  Still in the same breath his son said, \"He really had the ability to teach beyond what he was capable of doing, because he could visualize and had such a terrific mind.\"   Fischer himself wrote in the introduction to his 1959 book \"Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess,\"  \"Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher.\"", "precise_score": 1.636051893234253, "rough_score": -1.7219511270523071, "source": "search", "title": "Serendipity Leads to Fischer and Beyond - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Tal won a very strong tournament at Zürich, 1959. Following the Interzonal, the top players carried on to the Candidates' Tournament, Yugoslavia 1959. Tal showed superior form by winning with 20/28 points, ahead of Paul Keres with 18½, followed by Tigran Petrosian, Vasily Smyslov, Bobby Fischer, Svetozar Gligorić, Friðrik Ólafsson, and Pal Benko. Tal's victory was attributed to his dominance over the lower half of the field; whilst scoring only one win and three losses versus Keres, he won all four individual games against Fischer, and took 3½ points out of 4 from each of Gligorić, Olafsson, and Benko.", "precise_score": -4.507378578186035, "rough_score": -6.737648963928223, "source": "search", "title": "1960 - 1961 Tal - Carolus Chess - Google Sites" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1967 – Bent Larsen wins the Sousse Interzonal after Bobby Fischer withdraws after ten games while leading with 8½ points. Larsen also wins the first Chess Oscar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.143231391906738, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1970 – Bobby Fischer wins the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal 3½ points ahead of his nearest rival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270933151245117, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1971 – Bobby Fischer blazes through his Candidates Matches, defeating Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen each 6–0 and Tigran Petrosian by 6½–2½. Fischer establishes a 20 game winning streak in 1970 and 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999977111816406, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1972 – Bobby Fischer beats Boris Spassky for the World Chess Championship 1972, giving chess an unprecedented level of publicity. The score was 12½–8½ to become the eleventh World Chess Champion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.880245208740234, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1991 – Judit Polgár becomes the youngest ever Grandmaster, breaking Bobby Fischer’s record by about a month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17512035369873, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1992 – Bobby Fischer plays Boris Spassky in FR Yugoslavia in a rematch of the 1972 World Championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.053771018981934, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "1993 – Searching for Bobby Fischer motion picture released (in the United Kingdom as “Innocent Moves”).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426229476928711, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "2008 – Former World Champion Bobby Fischer dies in Iceland at age 64.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53201675415039, "source": "search", "title": "Chess History - Best Of Chess" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Best Selling Chess Book. Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess has sold over one million copies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544215202331543, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Highest performance rating.  Bobby Fischer had the highest performace rating of 3080 when he defeated Bent Larsen by the score of 6-0.  In the 2007 Candidates matches, Gata Kamsky had a 3047 performance rating after defeating Etienne Bacrot (rated 2709) with 3 wins and a draw.  In 1989, Sofia Polgar had a peformance rating of over 2900 when she scored 8.5 out of 9 in an international tournament in Rome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402398109436035, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Highest USCF rating.  In 2011, Hikaru Nakamura had a USCF rating of 2878.  In 1972, Bobby Fischer’s highest USCF rating was 2825. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281353950500488, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Most US chess championships.  Bobby Fischer won the U.S. Chess Championship 8 times.  Gisela Gresser (1906-2000) won the women’s U.S. Chess Championship 9 times. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.086225509643555, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Perfect scores.  Gustav Neumann went 34-0 at Berlin in 1865.  Henry Atkins went 15-0 at Amsterdam in 1899.  Emanuel Lasker went 13-0 at new York in 1893.  Capablanca went 13-0 at new York in 1913.  Alekhine went 11-0 in the Moscow Championship in 1919-1920.  Bobby Fischer went 11-0 in the US Championship in 1963-64. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.749706268310547, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Streaks.  Bill Martz played 104 consecutive USCF-rated games without a loss.  From 1873 to 1882, Steinitz won 25 games in a row without a loss or a draw.  He was undefeated for 9 years and  283 days.  Capablanca went undefeated for 8 years and 40 days, from 1916 to 1924.  In that time he played 63 games, winning  40 games and drawing 23 games.  Bobby Fischer won 20 straight games from 1970 to 1971 at the very top level of grandmaster chess. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.377349853515625, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Youngest American champion.  Bobby Fischer was the youngest American chess champion ever, at the age of 14. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92849349975586, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Youngest Candidate for the World Championship.  Bobby Fischer was the youngest Candidate for the World Chess Championship at the age of 15. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032858848571777, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Youngest country champion.  Niaz Murshed won the championship of Bangladesh at the age of 12 years and 309 days.  Henrique Mecking won the championship of Brazil at the age of 13.  In 2000, Humpy Koneru won the British Ladies’ Championship at the age of 13 years and 4 months.  Nigel Short tied for 1st in the British championship at the age of 14.  Bobby Fischer won the U.S. Championship at the age of 14. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488791465759277, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "Youngest national junior champion.  Bobby Fischer was the youngest national junior champion at the age of 13. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43226146697998, "source": "search", "title": "Records in Chess - Chess.com" }, { "answer": "Bobby Fischer", "passage": "     Carmine Nigro was less than and more than one might first assume. The automatic assumption might be that, as Bobby Fischer's first chess instructor that he was a superb player himself .  Undoube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.053346633911133, "source": "search", "title": "Serendipity Leads to Fischer and Beyond - Chess.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "During the Second World War, German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini met at Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. Brenner Pass was part of the ratlines used by some fleeing Nazis after the German surrender in 1945.", "precise_score": 8.929767608642578, "rough_score": 7.224431037902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Brenner Pass" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* March 18 – WWII: Axis powers: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps. After being informed by Hitler that the Germans are ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war in due course.", "precise_score": 8.575725555419922, "rough_score": 7.567085266113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "1940" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "18th March 1940: Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass", "precise_score": 7.61638879776001, "rough_score": 6.644898891448975, "source": "search", "title": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass - WWII Today" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass", "precise_score": 8.20309066772461, "rough_score": 6.886767387390137, "source": "search", "title": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass - WWII Today" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On March 18th 1940 Hitler met the Italian leader Mussolini in his railway carriage in the Brenner Pass, high in the Alps, close to the border between the two countries. The haste with which the meeting was arranged had led Mussolini to suppose that Hitler ‘would soon set off the powder keg’. In the journey to the meeting Mussolini tells his Foreign Minister, Count Ciano, that the Italians will not join the war until the moment that is ‘convenient’ to them, that they will form the ‘left wing’ of the offensive, tying up troops without actually fighting. After the meeting, however, it seems less certain that Hitler will go to war. Ciano records the meeting in his diary:", "precise_score": 8.035929679870605, "rough_score": 7.33841609954834, "source": "search", "title": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass - WWII Today" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe to hold important discussions.", "precise_score": 6.981002330780029, "rough_score": 6.456881523132324, "source": "search", "title": "HD Stock Video Footage - Hitler and Mussolini meet at ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe during World War II. The armored train of Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini pulls into a station. Soldiers stand in a file. The soldiers beat drums and play other musical instruments. Mussolini reviews troops. Officers salute. Another train carrying German Chancellor Adolf Hitler arrives. Both the leaders greet and review the troops. They go in Mussolini's train to hold important discussions. The Fuehrer leaves. Mussolini steps back into his train. 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The Italian dictaor declares that Italy is ready to join the war against Britain and France.", "precise_score": 7.195213317871094, "rough_score": 7.00937032699585, "source": "search", "title": "World War II From A to Z: 1940 Chronology: 18 March" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1923 Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the \"Beer Hall Putsch\". The NSDAP used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini's \"March on Rome\" of 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3209211826324463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Mussolini's government, declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming \"inadequate\" British leadership. At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East, to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum, were to be regarded as his \"political testament\". He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race. In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces). From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.141409993171692, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün, originally planned for 1October 1938. On 29September Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0360164642333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "This plan required tacit Soviet support, and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin, included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel, prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25August to 1September. Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.932521343231201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler began a military build-up on Germany's western border, and in April 1940, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. On 9April, Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich, his vision of a united empire of the Germanic nations of Europe, where the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a \"racially pure\" polity under German leadership. In May 1940, Germany attacked France, and conquered Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22June. Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany – and German support for the war – reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6July from his tour of Paris. Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.033876895904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Following the allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council. Marshal Pietro Badoglio, placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front. On 6June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord. Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.27376067638397217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After midnight on 29April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker. After a wedding breakfast with his new wife, Hitler dictated his will to his secretary Traudl Junge. The event was witnessed and documents signed by Krebs, Burgdorf, Goebbels, and Bormann. Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed of the execution of Mussolini, which presumably increased his determination to avoid capture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.438384771347046, "source": "wiki", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* November 18 – WWII: German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano meet to discuss Benito Mussolini's disastrous invasion of Greece.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.993771076202393, "source": "wiki", "title": "1940" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* December 23 – WWII: Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the people of Italy, blames Benito Mussolini for leading his nation to war against the British, contrary to Italy's historic friendship with them: \"One man has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the ferocious pagan barbarians.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.686851978302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "1940" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.894981861114502, "source": "search", "title": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass - WWII Today" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The Hitler meeting is very cordial on both sides. The conference … is more a monologue than anything else. Hitler talks all the time, but is less agitated than usual. He makes few gestures and speaks in a quiet tone. He looks physically fit. Mussolini listens to him with interest and with deference. He speaks little and confirms his intention to move with Germany. He reserves to himself only the choice of the right moment . .. The conference ends with a short meal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.417919158935547, "source": "search", "title": "Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass - WWII Today" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Later Mussolini gives me his impressions. He did not find in Hitler that uncompromising attitude which von Ribbentrop had led him to suspect. Yesterday, as well, von Ribbentrop only opened his mouth to harp on Hitler’s intransigency. 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Mussolini headed a coalition of fascists and nationalists and parliamentary government continued until the murder of the socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti in 1924.  Critics view King Emmanuel as a puppet ruler of the Fascists.  His early actions indicated he was pro-democracy but he allowed Mussolini and the Fascists to take over the country.   In 1920s, the monarchy, the church, the political elite and the voters, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime would provide a political and financial stability that was needed for their country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.583929538726807, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "However, Mussolini still did not trust Hitler, especially when it came to the question of Austria's independance.  Mussolini did not want to share a border with Germany.  He regarded Austria's chancellor, Englebert Dollfuss, as his personal friend and Italy was considered an ally of Austria.  Hitler asked Mussolini if they could meet to discuss \"international policy\".  They met at Venice on  14 June, 1934.  This was their first meeting and, upon the urging of his advisors, Hitler traveled to Italy in civilian clothes, wearing a floppy felt hat and a wrinkled raincoat.  Mussolini met him in all his military regalia which left Hitler a little embarrassed; vowing to never do that again.  At this meeting the two leaders discussed the fate of Austria and persecution of the Jews.  Talking incessantly, Hitler dominated their talks as Mussolini tried to keep pace with his German.  The meeting ended with both leaders thinking the other had compromised to their position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.17354486882686615, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Fifteen days after this meeting, on 25 June, Nazi thugs entered Chancellor Dollfuss's office and shot him at his desk.  This infuriated Mussolini.  He immediately mobilized his troops on the Austrian border and he wired the Austrian government that Italy would defend Austrian independence.   Italy received no support from France or England but it was enough to cause Hitler to stand down.   The world press portrayed Mussolini as a world hero.  With his popularity its peak in Italy and in the world's press, Mussolini took the first step towards ending the uneasy peace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.719657897949219, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini began to focus national attention to the small independant monarchy of Abyssinia on Africa's eastern coast.  Mussolini  may have been influenced by Germany's expanionist policies.   Maybe his personal ego was challenged by Hitler's rise to power.   Italy still ranked highest in unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and disease.  But Italians felt it was their destiny to make Abyssinia as a colony.  They also wanted revenge for their defeat there in 1896. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.237846374511719, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italy had a small colony in Eritrea, adjacent to Abyssinia.  Mussolini made claims that Haile Selassie was about to invade Eritrea.  Troops were mobilized.  Then on 5 December 1934, a border incident provided justification for invading Abyssinia.   Italian troops were eager to join up and fulfill Italian's destiny.  After the rainy season was over, Mussolini addressed a crowd in Rome on 2 Ocoter 1935 in a firey speech.  The next day, Italy invaded Abyssinia with their 100,000 infantry supported by armor, aircraft and gas attacks against a force that were largely armed with old rifles and spears.  Within 4 months, Abyssinia had fallen and King Selassie had fled the country.  On 9 May, Mussolini again stood on the balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome and proclaimed that the defeat of Adowa(1896) had been avenged.  He was drowned out by thunderous cheers: \"Duce!  Duce!  Duce!\".  This marked the peak of Mussolini's popularity with his countrymen.   He eventually merged Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into one state; the Italian East Africa (AOI - Africa  Orientale Italiana).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.940364837646484, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Francisco Franco was a right-wing army general who initiated an over-throw of the democratic republic of Spain.  Franco had the backing of the aristocrats, the Catholic Church who feared right-wing liberals and the support of Italy.  On 18 July, 1936, a civil war erupted in Spain.  Mussolini immediately, but secretly, loaned 12 aircraft to protect Franco's troops ships arriving from Spanish Morocco.  When one aircraft was forced to land in French Morocco, the world and his own Italy learned of their alliance.  Volunteer troops were sent to Spain but were more of a handicap than an aide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.579156875610352, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On a personal level, Mussolini was attracted to a new mistress. A beautiful, vivacious woman, Clara Petacci was young enough to be his daughter.  While distracted by his mistress and these other events, Hitler made his move.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.499458312988281, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler extended an inviation for Mussolini to visit Germany.   Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law and minister of Foriegn Affairs, cleared the way for a meeting and signed a secret pact promising Italian cooperation on many diplomatic issues.  Mussolini accepted the invitation and spoke of a Berlin-Rome \"axis\".  On 23 September, 1937, Mussolini boarded a train for his 5-day trip to Italy.  This time he was greeted by a uniformed Fuherer and a parade through Berlin that was decorated with bunting in the Italian national colors.  Mussolini witnessed mass parades, a military exercise, a tour of Krupp munitions factory and speeches before 800,000 citizens.    Mussolini left a changed man with a new respect for the Fuherer.  From this moment, Mussolini became the student; Hitler the wizard of warfare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9075005054473877, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "As soon as he returned home, he tried to introduce the \"goose step\" for military parades.  He began preparations for a reciprical visit by Hitler.  Three weeks later, the Nazi ambassador, Joachim von Ribbentrop, arrived to obtain Mussolini's signature on an anti-Russian pact that was already approved by Japan.  On 11 December, Italy pulled out of the League of Nations.  Then Hitler pressured the Austrian chancellor into signing a pact that surrendered Austrian's independence without a complaint from Mussolini.  The Austrian chancellor called for a referendum vote that was set for 13 March 1938.  The day before the election, German tanks rolled into Austria with the purpose of \"restoring order\".  Mussolini could do nothing but endorse the invasion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5715525150299072, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The reaction of the Italian citizens and also of England caused some concern with Mussolini.  He flipped his alliance again and tried to improve relations with England.  He even withdrew his aid from the Spanish civil war.  Meanwhile, the time arrived in May for Hitler's visit.  When Hitler arrived in Rome, he was greeted by King Emmanuel.  No one explained to him that only the King could receive visiting heads of state.  After the official parades and naval exercises, Mussolini was allowed to host a banquet at the Palazzo Venezia.  During his speech, Hitler vowed never to violate the Italian border.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.063310623168945, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The visit lacked any discussion of the future plans of the Axis Alliance.  There was very little mention of Czechoslovakia.  Mussolini explained how his army had been weakened from years of fighting in Africa and in Spain.  He asked for 3 years to build up his resources and re-equip his army.   Italy wanted peace and their family home.  In a later meeting, minister von Ribbentrop promised no military action would be taken until 1941.   Hitler again brought up the subject of removing the Jews from Italy.  With a Jewish population of only 37,000, this was of little concern to Mussolini.  Just the same, 2 months later, Mussolini issued a manifesto that limited the freedoms of the Jews. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9197516441345215, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By the summer of 1938, Germany and Czechoslovakia began to quarrel over the disputed border area of the Sudetenland.  War was imminent and Mussolini was seen as a warmonger with Hitler.   Relief came from the prime minister of England, Neville Chamberlain, who proposed a conference to settle the crises.   The conference was held in Munich on 29 & 30 September and Czechslovakia was not invited.  Mussolini played a dynamic role as negotiator as well as interpreter.  The result was that England and France gave away Czechslovakia to obtain peace.  Germany went home with a more land and Mussolini went home as an international peace maker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.604152679443359, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On 28 March 1939, Franco's forces occupied Madrid and ended the Spanish Civil War.  Finally, after 3 years, the Italian troops could come home.  Once again, Mussolini wanted to expand his control on the Mediterranean.   He set his eyes on Albania.  Albania was self-ruled but it depended on Italy for protection.  So annexing it would be a \"family matter\" that was only symbolic.  On 7 April, 1939, Italy invaded Albania, which proved to be a difficult campaign that emphazied the weakness of their army. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.36614990234375, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "This was followed by a meeting between the German and Italian ministers in May 1939.  Ribbentrop made a surprise annoncement that German wanted a nonaggression pact with Russia.  Mussolini saw this as a way to dampen Hitler's military ambitions and signed the pact on 22 May, 1939.  Italy ordered 6 battleships and additional munitions factories.  The Nazis promised 3 years of peace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5880228281021118, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Germany immediately began to make threats against Poland.  Minister Ciano attempted to negotiate a settlement but Ribbentrop stated \"We want war.\"   Ciano tried to convince Mussolini to break the pact.  Mussolini still had hopes that he would reap benefits of the fruits of war.  If he broke the pact, then what would keep Germany from invading Italy?  Hitler wrote Mussolini a letter explaining his actions and the reason for his pact with Russia.   Mussolini saw an opportunity to get aid from Germany.  He wrote Hitler that he would be willing to support a small war but he needed raw materials and arms to support a prolonged, major war.   He requested 2M tons of steel, 6M tons of coal, 7M tons of oil, and a list of 13 other raw materials plus 150 anti-aircraft guns.   Hitler promised aid from Germany in due time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.773780822753906, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On 1 September 1939, Germany opened up WW2 with the \"blitz-krieg\" invastion of Poland.  Mussolini again waivered between neutrality and total war.  He knew that international opinion would turn against him if Germany invaded Belgium and Holland.   He allowed Ciano to make anti-German speeches, while he wrote a long letter to Hitler condeming his treatment of Polish citizens.  This 4,000-word letter arrived at a time when he was suffering from attacks of indigestion and attacks by British on his ships.   Mussolini flipped his opinion one more time and agreed to go to war with Germany.  He requested a meeting with Hitler at the Brenner Pass.   They met on 18 March and again, Hitler did most of the talking.  He asked for Italy's help to distract France and England but did not require Italy to attack across France's border. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8741437196731567, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By 9 April, Germany launched an attack against Norway and Denmark.   By the end of the month, Germany was ready to invade France.  Belgium surrendered on 28 May.  Ignoring a final appeal from England, Mussolini decided that he did not want to miss out on the fruits of war and was ready to invade France.  Hitler gleefully received this news but asked that he wait until France's air force could be destroyed by the German Luftwaffe.  On June 10, Mussolini gave another speech to annouce that Italy was joing the fight.   But still no support from Hitler.  German troops entered Paris on 14th June.  Mussolini ordered the invasion of France to start on the 18th but his general Badoglio could not move his troops to the border in time.  The invasion finally began and the Italians captured two small French towns, when after only only 4 days, France had surrendered to Germany.   At the Munich conference, Italy asked for land from southern France and Tunisia but got nothing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.387670993804932, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler was trying to negotiate a treaty with England so he could carry out his secret plans to invade Russian and capture the oil fields of Rumania.  Mussolini was growing impatient and made plans for an invasion of either Yugoslavia, Greece or Egypt.   The defeat of France by Germany, neutralized the western countries to the west of Libya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5696330070495605, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": " Mussolini ordered an invasion of Egypt on June 28 but the Italian army in Libya did not attack across the border until September 13th.  In four days they had pushed the British army back 60 miles.   When he offered some planes and armor at an conference in October, Mussolini refused any aid until they were close to the final stages of conquering Egypt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.897507667541504, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "To Hitler's surpirse and annoyance, Mussolini launched an attack on Greece in response to Hitler's occupation of Rumania.  Italian troops in Albania crossed the border of Greece on 28 October, 1940.  Hitler was returning from a visit with Franco and learned of the invasion when he arrived at the train station at Florence.  When Hitler met with the jubilient Mussolini, he could not speak of the invasion but gave false predictions that Spain would join the Axis alliance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6668320894241333, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By early December 1940, Mussolini sent a special ambassador to Berlin to ask for aid.   Hitler offered to send troop transport plans to assist in Greece.  Could Germany assist in North Africa?  Hitler's answer was conditional; he would send troops only if Italy would provide manpower for German factories and fields.  Mussolini turned to his \"ally\", Russia, to obtain raw materials he would need for his army.  Hitler told Mussolini to break off these talks immediately.  He implied that German troops were being sent to the east.  Mussolini assumed this was for the campaign against Greece and Yugoslavia; he had no clue of the forthcoming invasion of Russia.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5383691787719727, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On April 6, 1941, German troops crossed through Bulgaria and invaded Greece and Yugoslavia.  Blegrade fell within a week.  On April 23, the Greek army surrendered, thus relieving Mussolini of futher embarassement of loses on this front.  Germany sent  General Erwin Rommel to North Africa.    At the same time, German troops began moving through the Brenner Pass into Italy.   The Italian citizens resented this move and felt that Italy was slowly being bullied by their ally.  The aerial bombardments by the RAF continued in the northern industrial cities.  Prices rose and so did unemployment as less raw materials became scarce.  Use of private autos were banned which lead to many resturants and areas of entertainment to close early.   Mussolini was slow ration food and clothing.  Thus the troops in Albania were freezing for lack of shoes and clothing but the products were still sold in shop windows in Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9798722267150879, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By June 1941, everyone suspected that Hitler was about to invade Russia; everyone except Mussolini.  A German diplomat woke Ciano at 3am to deliver the news.  Mussolini offered to send Italian troops at once.  Hitler accepted with some reluctance.  The offensive was going well at all fronts.  Hitler invited Mussolini to tour the front lines on August 25.  On 7th August, Bruno Mussolini (18), the 2nd son of Il Duce, was killed when a new bomber he was testing crashed at Pisa.  The two leaders met and announced a \"New Order\" for Europe.  However, Mussolini was becoming skeptical.  His offer of more troops was rejected by Hitler.  He began to hear reports of mistreatment of Italian workers in Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.009554147720337, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "When France surrendered, Mussolini ordered an invasion of Egypt on June 28 but the Italian army in Libya took 6 weeks for preparations.  Italy's Army in Libya consisted of 236,000 men, including colonial troops.  The British had 31,000 men in Egypt.  The Italian 5th Army was placed at the eastern border of Lybia to reinforce the 10th Army.    The attack was finally launched on 13 September and by the 20th, four Italian divisions and with 200 tanks had pushed 65 miles into Egypt.  Marshal Rodolfo Graziani began requesting more supplies and armor.  Hitler considered providing a division but refained from sending support pending his invasion of Russia.  The British waited to see what would become of the campaign in Greece.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4083967208862305, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On June 23, 1942, Mussolini's health improved enough for him to attend a cabinet meeting.  To silence the dissidents, he reorganized the government and the cabinet members were replaced.  Ciano was moved to the office of ambassador to the Vatican.  Mussolini placed himself as head of the Foriegn Office.    On 29th of June, Mussolini visited North Africa in hopes of celebrating the removal of the British from Egypt.  Rommel did not bother to pay respects to the Italian dictator.  Adding further insult, Hitler promoted Rommel to Field Marshal, thus making him the high ranking commander over the Italians.  But Rommel had to halt his advance.  The Axis desert forces would never again take on the offensive.   After waiting for victory and planning how he would control Egypt, Mussolini returned home on 21 July.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8362765312194824, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Back in Italy, Mussolini became physically ill with stomach pains in September and October, 1942.  Doctors believed an acute case of dysentery had reactivated an old ulcer.  He was restricted to the bed and lost 40 pounds.  He had periods of depression and inactivity.  Mussolini retreated to the Adriatic coastal resort of Riccione with his mistress, Clare Petacci.  Later X-rays diagnosed his problem as rheumatic localization in the spinal column.  Rumors began to circulate about Mussolini's health and the King Victor Emmanuel began to cast around for his successor.  The war for Italy went badly.  Sea convoys trying to resupply the desert army were under constant attack by British Navy and Royal Air Force.     The Germans were anxious to know more of the status of their ally, so SS commander Heinrich Himmler visited Rome on 11 October.  Himmler stayed for a few days to collect intelligience.  He reported back to Hitler that Italy would remain an ally as long as Mussolini remained alive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.813353538513184, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Since Mussolini was on a strict diet of rice and milk and submitting to an electrotherapeutic treatment, he decided to send Count Ciano to Germany on December 18 to urge a peace settlement with Russia.  Ciano found the German high command in turmoil and gloom over the news from the Russian front.  The German VI Army was surrounded at Stalingrad.  Peace was a major topic in Italy.  Mussolini and King Emanuel discussed transferring the High Command out of Rome in order to protect it from Allied bombings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.89210033416748, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Over the years, Mussolini had taken total control of the government.  He made all the decisions and relegated the Fascist grand council to little more than a rubber-stamp approval.  There arose dissidents within the Council who demanded peace.  The disidents were lead by former Foriegn Minister Dino Grandi and Duce's son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano.  At a tense meeting on 16 July, 15 of the Fascist leaders asked Mussolini to cede some of his powers so the country could run more efficent.   He agreed to have a meeting of the Gran Council, which had little power left. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.127549171447754, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Five days later, he learned that Grandi was circulating a resolution to restore the authority of the Grand Council and other government agencies.   Hitler summoned Mussolini to meet him at Feltre on July 19th, but the Italian delegation did not get a chance to express their need for peace.  At a private meeting, Hitler continued to sway Mussolini with promises of new weapons that would win the war. During this meeting, 500 Allied bombers dropped bombs on Rome, causing 1400 dead and 6,000 injured.  This was the greatest single event that pushed King Emmanuel and the Italian citizens over to the side of peace.   The King had decided that he would use the Grand Council meeting to remove Mussolini as dictator and replace him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4708051681518555, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Saturday, 24 July 1943, Fascits Party Secretary Carlo Scorza opened the meeting by leading a cry of \"Saluto al Duce!\".  Then Mussolini opened with a 2-hour lecture, which was usual for these meetings, and was followed by a round of debate.   When Ciano announced his support of the motion to remove Duce, Mussolini went into a rage.  After 9 hours of debates, Mussolini demaned a roll-call vote of the 26 members.  Grandi's resolution won with 19 votes.  The meeting was adjourned at 2:40am.  Mussolini requested an audience with King Emmanuel on Sunday afternoon, instead of the usual Monday.  The private meeting was arranged.  The King made special arrangements for security and plans to arrest Mussolini.  The meeting was short and the King was to the point.  Mussolini accepted his fate and walked out in custody of the carabinieri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.730847358703613, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The new Italian government tried to exile the ex-dictator to the island of Ponza.  Later, they moved him to the Gran Sasso mountain fortress.  Hitler called for SS-General Otto Skorzeny to make a daring raid to rescue Mussolini from the fortress and return him to Germany.  Eventually Mussolini was set-up as the new commander of the new Salo Republic on 28 October 1943, exactly 19 years from the time he first came to power.   His new residence was the Villa Feltrinelli located in Gargnano on the western shore of Lake Garda where he was under the guard of the Germans.  Clara Petacci resided in the Villa Fiodaliso at Gardone Riviera.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.837022304534912, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For the next 18 months, Mussolini powers were totatally under the control of the German command.  He made very few public appearances or speeches.   Mussolini had a government but nothing to govern.  The Germans began rounding up men for their labor camps.  The provinces of Trieste, Bolzano and other regions taken from Austria in WW1, was occupied as \"enemy territory\".  Any Italian soldiers found in those \"operational zones\" were sent to Germany as prisoners of war.  The reaction to this force was the creation of partisan groups all over northern Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.176530838012695, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On January 8, 1944, Ciano and five other of the \"traitors\" were put on trial for conspiracy for their actions at the Grand Council vote.  Hitler wanted vengence from the puppet government for Italy's breaking of their treaty but his main focus was on \"that anti-German, Ciano\".  Mussolini thought the trail would help unify the Fascist party but he was torn by family ties.  His wife, Rachele, even favored the trial because she could not forgive her son for voting Mussolini out of office.   The six were found guilty and condemned to death: Emilio de Bono, Carlo Pareschi, Tullio Cianetti, Luciano Gottardi and Giovanni Marinelli, who was deaf.  They were taken to a shooting range at Forte San Porcolo, a suburb of Verona.  The condemned were seated in chairs with their backs to a German firing squad.  The execution was a family tragedy.  In Rome, the men were regarded as martyrs; Ciano was praised as a hero.  Mussolini was pictured as a butcher.   However, Count Ciano had the last word.  He compiled his journal that he had kept since 1939 and with the help of his wife, Edna, ---yes, Mussolini's own daughter----was able to smuggle them out to the free press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.983617305755615, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini requested a talk with Hitler to discuss the expansion of the Salo Republic's authority.   He met Hitler on April, 22, 1944 and delivered a long explanation of how he wanted to return control back to the Italians and restore morale to the people.  After listening to him, Hitler responded with insults and accusations.  He stressed the importance of controlling the partisans and ended with a few words of goodwill.   The only good part of this trip was they Mussolini was able to give a speech to the Italian soldiers being trained in Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4147849082946777, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini left Italy on July 15th on a special train to speak to his troops and visit Hitler, again.  Only few hours before they were to confer, Hitler went into a conference at his Wolf's Lair where he was the target of an assassaniation attempt.  He kicked a briefcase behind the leg of the table which deflected the blast when it exploded.  Hitler was still visible shaken and held one arm stiff when he greeted Mussolini at the train station.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.063321590423584, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By August 1944, the Allies were in Paris and had landed a force in southern France.  Florence was captured, thus establishing a front line only 150 miles from his residence.  The Salo government would soon have to retreat.  Without asking permission, Mussolini announced an important even for Milan on 15 December.  Here he gave his last public speech before a selected Fascist audience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72165584564209, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For details of the last days of Mussolini, including his escape from Milan, his capture and execution, go to", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.831803321838379, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 - Custermen" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "   The NAZI (National Socialist) leader Adolf Hitler and Italian (Fascist) leader Benito Mussolini, act together to remove the influence of the Pope from all sectors of Italy.  Mussolini was then established as the military dictator of the new Fascist republic.  The freedom of the people was ended, and a state of martial law instituted in the new fascist state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0365405082702637, "source": "search", "title": "Nostradamus Hitler - Nostradamus and the Hebrew Prophets" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The pass was a trackway for mule trains and carts until a carriage road was opened in 1777. The railway was completed in 1867 and is the only transalpine rail route without a major tunnel. Since the end of World War I in 1918, when international borders shifted, control of the pass has been shared between Italy and Austria. Until then, both sides of the pass had been within the Habsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire. During World War II, the German leader Adolf Hitler and the Italian leader Benito Mussolini met there to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. This pass was the way out of Germany for some Nazis after collapse of the government in 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6325047016143799, "source": "search", "title": "World War II From A to Z: 1940 Chronology: 18 March" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando became enamored with French Polynesia when scouting the islands for his 1962 movie, Mutiny on the Bounty. While on location, he also fell in love with his third wife, Tarita Teriipia, the Tahitian beauty who starred alongside him in the film. In an effort to keep the islands close at heart, Brando sought to purchase his own section of paradise—and he set his sights on Tetiaroa.", "precise_score": 6.591670036315918, "rough_score": 4.5175461769104, "source": "search", "title": "Tetiaroa Atoll, French Polynesia - The Brando | Tahiti.com" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French Polynesia", "precise_score": 5.298805236816406, "rough_score": 4.138868808746338, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Tetiaroa, the atoll in French Polynesia that Marlon Brando purchased in the 1960s, is now home to the Brando. More photos »", "precise_score": 7.855475902557373, "rough_score": 5.72764253616333, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Tetiaroa, the atoll in French Polynesia that Marlon Brando purchased in the 1960s, is now home to the Brando. More photos » (Tim McKenna / Tahiti FlyShoot)", "precise_score": 7.963336944580078, "rough_score": 6.118035316467285, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "She would know. As the granddaughter of actor and activist Marlon Brando (1924-2004), Tumi grew up here and on the island of Tahiti, 35 miles away. For more than three decades, Tetiaroa had been her grandfather's personal paradise.", "precise_score": 4.788135528564453, "rough_score": 6.06622838973999, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "On July 1, 10 years to the day after Marlon Brando's death at age 80 from pulmonary fibrosis, a 35-villa resort named The Brando (prices start at $4,000 a night) will open on the French Polynesian atoll of Tetiaroa, bought by the actor in 1967. Brando discovered the 1,445-acre Tahitian island, which still is owned by his estate, while making 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty.", "precise_score": 8.296163558959961, "rough_score": 7.273738384246826, "source": "search", "title": "Throwback Thursday: Marlon Brando Fell for Tahiti in the ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando in Tahiti - His Private Island, Tetiaroa", "precise_score": 6.7367448806762695, "rough_score": 4.152125835418701, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando in Tahiti - His Private Island, Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Teti'aroa is a privately owned atoll in the Windward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the Pacific Ocean. Once the vacation spot for Tahitian royalty, the atoll is widely known for having been purchased by Marlon Brando.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7646172046661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "In 1960, Marlon Brando “discovered” Teti'aroa while scouting filming locations for Mutiny on the Bounty, which was shot on Tahiti and neighboring Moorea. After filming was completed, Brando hired a local fisherman to ferry him to Teti'aroa. It was “more gorgeous than anything I had anticipated,” he marveled in his 1994 autobiography Songs My Mother Taught Me.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.763090133666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "In February 2014, it was announced that the building of the resort had been finished. The Brando will be officially opened for the public in July 2014. The Brando Estate and eight of Marlon Brando's sixteen children are involved in the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315216064453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island | Pret-a-Reporter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970406532287598, "source": "search", "title": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90262222290039, "source": "search", "title": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando's Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.39630126953125, "source": "search", "title": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Beginning in late 2013, visitors to Tahiti can loll about on Marlon Brando's former private island when a luxury eco-resort called The Brando opens there. The late actor fell in love with the South Pacific country -- and his third wife, French Polynesian actress Tarita Teriipia -- after shooting 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3401408195495605, "source": "search", "title": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "STORY: Marlon Brando Estate Settles Lawsuit With Harley-Davidson Over 'Brando' Boots", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480380058288574, "source": "search", "title": "Eco-Resort to Open on Marlon Brando's Tahitian Island ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Tetiaroa, best known as Marlon Brando's private island, is a retreat fit for royalty. Once considered a playground for the wealthy, this atoll served as a summer residence for the former chiefs and kings of Tahiti. After many years of being inaccessible to the general public, a new eco-friendly, ultra-luxurious resort, The Brando , has changed that.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.795356035232544, "source": "search", "title": "Tetiaroa Atoll, French Polynesia - The Brando | Tahiti.com" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "The Brando Resort combines luxury and environmental sustainability to create one of the finest eco-friendly resorts in the world. Located on the Tetiaroa atoll, also known as Marlon Brando's private island, this resort is meant to carry out his vision...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.291710376739502, "source": "search", "title": "Tetiaroa Atoll, French Polynesia - The Brando | Tahiti.com" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French Polynesia - LA Times", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.473410129547119, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Brando, Tetiaroa, http://www.thebrando.com . Luxury eco-resort on the late Marlon Brando's island near Tahiti. All-inclusive rates start at $2,735 per night, double occupancy. Children 11 and younger stay free.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.30290287733078003, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando's island paradise in Tetiaroa, French ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "While Marlon Brando was filming “Mutiny on the Bounty” in 1962, he fell in love with the Polynesian beauty Tarita Tumi Teripaiia and subsequently bought a whole chain of islands. Now the actor’s islands have been converted into a luxury resort – for well-heeled guests. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.495187282562256, "source": "search", "title": "The Brando, Tetiaroa / French Polynesia - Pretty Hotels" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "The story of Marlon Brando and Tarita Tumi Teripaiia sounds really romantic when you first hear it: they met during filming, fell in love, married. The 19 year old Polynesian girl suddenly found herself rocketed into the most important Hollywood circles, and the actor bought his wife a chain of islands in her home country, in which the couple could find the needed peace and tranquility. However, the truth of the matter looks a little different, because Tarita Tumi Teripaiia published a book, after her husband’s death, which told a more – let’s just say – disillusioning picture of the romantic relationship. Nevertheless, such a chain of islands in paradise obviously survive even the most tumultuous crisis in relationships, and so it came about that the American hotelier, Richard Bailey took over the place and had it converted into a sustainable, eco-luxury villa resort. However, Bailey used the previous owner’s prominent name and simply called it “The Brando”. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.112135410308838, "source": "search", "title": "The Brando, Tetiaroa / French Polynesia - Pretty Hotels" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Throwback Thursday: Marlon Brando Fell for Tahiti in the 1960s | Hollywood Reporter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454157829284668, "source": "search", "title": "Throwback Thursday: Marlon Brando Fell for Tahiti in the ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Throwback Thursday: Marlon Brando Fell for Tahiti in the 1960s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4465913772583, "source": "search", "title": "Throwback Thursday: Marlon Brando Fell for Tahiti in the ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "While several movies have been filmed in Tahiti , no American actor is so inextricably linked to this island nation as the late Marlon Brando, who not only made a movie there, but fell in love, fathered children and owned an entire island. Here are highlights of his experiences in his adopted home in French Polynesia:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.963100433349609, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando in Tahiti - His Private Island, Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "• Marlon Brando first visited Tahiti in 1960 to scout film locations and later shoot \"Mutiny on the Bounty,\" in which he played mutinous sailor Fletcher Christian. During the filming, Brando fell in love with his Tahitian costar Tarita Teriipaia. They had two children together, a son, Teihotu and a daughter, Cheyenne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.346650123596191, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando in Tahiti - His Private Island, Tetiaroa" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando Island | Private Island Marlon Brando", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448098182678223, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Island | Private Island Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Marlon Brando’s private island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509636878967285, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Island | Private Island Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": " Soon, you’ll be able to stay on Marlon Brando’s private island. A new insanely luxurious resort, aptly-named  The Brando,  will open in July on the atoll of  Tetiaroa  in French Polynesia. Tetiaroa is made up of 12 smaller islands (called motus), with the resort located on Onetahi, the island historically known as a retreat for Tahitian royalty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3065741062164307, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Island | Private Island Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "Legendary actor Marlon Brando, who bought the island in 1967, was dedicated to its welfare for over 30 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5220744609832764, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Island | Private Island Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "An Island You Can't Refuse: Marlon Brando's Tahitian Paradise", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837899208068848, "source": "search", "title": "An Island You Can't Refuse: Marlon Brando's Tahitian ..." }, { "answer": "Marlon Brando", "passage": "An Island You Can't Refuse: Marlon Brando's Tahitian Paradise", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837899208068848, "source": "search", "title": "An Island You Can't Refuse: Marlon Brando's Tahitian ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "From 1 April 1996, a triple improvement was made to Friends & Family:", "precise_score": -9.276399612426758, "rough_score": -10.411347389221191, "source": "search", "title": "UK TELEPHONE HISTORY - britishtelephones.com" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "Cegetel's principal asset was initially its 80 per cent holding in SFR, the number two mobile operator in France with more than 2.6 million customers in June 1998 (doubled since February 1997 and more than tripled since September 1996 when it had 700,000 customers). Vodafone had a 20 per cent stake in SFR.", "precise_score": -10.469722747802734, "rough_score": -10.572957992553711, "source": "search", "title": "UK TELEPHONE HISTORY - britishtelephones.com" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "The American economy suffered a series of rude shocks in the 1970s-- external events that forced a radical readjustment of economic priorities. The most serious shock came when most of the oil exporting countries banded together as \"OPEC\" and forced the price of crude oil to double, triple and quadruple levels in 1973. Since oil was so basic to all economic activity, this shock caused inflation, a vast redirection of financial resources (into Mideast bank accounts, especially) and cast grave doubts on the ability of Washington and New York to control the American economy. At the same time the US released the dollar from its postwar role as the dominant currency in the world. The dollar would now have to float up or down in competition with the German mark, the Japanese yen and currencies of other economic powers. As a result the US voluntarily relinquished its dominant role in the world economy. Détente meant that no one seemed to care much whether little countries went Communist or not. Indeed, a soft \"Euro- Communism\" became popular in Italy and other NATO countries. Communist parties seemed to be independent from Moscow (which was largely an illusion), and became politically respectable-- they no longer seemed so threatening. It did not matter anyway, said Nixon and Kissinger, for the US has finally come to a realistic understanding of its role in the world. Détente meant that China and Russia were treated like friends--so there was no need for an aggressively anti-communist foreign policy.", "precise_score": -6.830222129821777, "rough_score": -10.203612327575684, "source": "search", "title": "Cold War – Encyclopedia Article – Citizendium" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "On January 17, 2011, Rose recorded his first career triple-double with 22 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 96–84 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. On January 27, he was announced as a starting guard on the 2011 NBA All-Star Team for the East squad.[http://www.nba.com/allstar/2011/ All-Star 2011 | NBA.com]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886931419372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Derrick Rose" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "During Game 1 of the first round of the playoffs against the Philadelphia 76ers, Rose injured his left knee while trying to jump. He was immediately helped off the court. The injury occurred when the Bulls were leading by 12 points with 1:22 left to play. Rose came up just short of a triple-double, finishing with 23 points, 9 assists, and 9 rebounds in 37 minutes of action. An MRI later revealed that Rose tore the ACL in his left knee and would miss the rest of the playoffs. Rose had surgery performed on May 12, 2012, with an estimated recovery period of 8–12 months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384683609008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Derrick Rose" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "The tank car is one of only two-triple dome tank cars produced by Lionel after WWII. This car is not particularly rare. Note that this car has the three filler caps in tact. The caps are fragile and often broken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268416404724121, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Toy Train - WD4EUI A. Wooten" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "The popular Triple Play package, which includes cable, Internet and phone service for one convenient low price, is introduced to Comcast customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180177688598633, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline - Comcast" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "The Xfinity Triple Play Self-Install Kit is introduced, enabling customers to install and activate their Xfinity TV, Voice and Internet services at their convenience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238550186157227, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline - Comcast" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "Comcast launches nation’s first tailored Triple Play package for the Hispanic market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311291694641113, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline - Comcast" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "NBC’s new series ER, Frasier and Mad About You capture Peabody Awards, the first triple award for any network in the same year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769508361816406, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline - Comcast" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "With his win of the Belmont Stakes, American Pharoah becomes the first horse in 37 years to win the Triple Crown. NBC Sports’ telecast was the third-most-watched ever, with an audience of 22 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.812274932861328, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline - Comcast" }, { "answer": "Triple", "passage": "'Hockey Day in Canada', has appeared annually except for the 2004-05 season when there was no NHL hockey because of the 'lockout'. HDIC became immensely popular as the Hockey Night in Canada crew traveled to small town Canada to show grassroots hockey featuring local hockey events. Host locations for HDIC have included Red Deer, Alberta, Windsor, Nova Scotia, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Stephenville, Newfoundland, Labrador and Nelson, B.C. On Hockey Day in Canada, HNIC shows a triple-header of games with all the Canadian teams in action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306239128112793, "source": "search", "title": "Hockey Night in Canada - The Television Years - Canadian ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", "passage": "Now signed to Epic Records (and other CBS Records imprints around the world), Wham! returned in 1984 with an updated pop image. These changes helped to propel Wham!'s next single, \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\", to the top of the charts around the world. It became their first UK #1 single and rose to that position in the USA as well, accompanied by a memorable video of the duo with Pepsi and Shirlie, all wearing Katharine Hamnett T-shirts with the slogans \"CHOOSE LIFE\" and \"GO GO\".", "precise_score": 3.631885290145874, "rough_score": 3.750016212463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go Go", "passage": "Wham! formed in 1981 and were initially named Wham! UK in the U.S. due to another band using the name Wham. Between 1982 and 1987, the band sold over 28 million records. They achieved success with six UK No.1's between 1983 and 1986. These were; \"Wake Me Up Before You Go Go\", \"Careless Whisper\", \"Freedom\", \"I'm Your Man\", \"A Different Corner\" and \"The Edge Of Heaven\".", "precise_score": 5.87227201461792, "rough_score": 6.521881103515625, "source": "search", "title": "Wham and George Michael - 80s Music videos and MP3 ..." }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", "passage": "At the end of 1985, the U.S. Billboard charts listed \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as the number-three song and \"Careless Whisper\" as the number-one song of the year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384711265563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", "passage": "The couple first met in the late Eighties, before finally starting to date in 1990 - once Wham! had long disbanded following a string of hits including Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.119478464126587, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Ridgeley and Bananarama wife Keren Woodward ..." }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", "passage": "Pop stars: The couple first met in the late Eighties, before finally starting to date in 1990 - once Wham! had long disbanded following a string of hits including Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7978144288063049, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Ridgeley and Bananarama wife Keren Woodward ..." }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", "passage": "George Michael may have been mending a broken heart with this song, but the release of \"Last Christmas\" (which he wrote) marked a banner year for the musician. Earlier in the year, Wham! released two other Billboard chart-toppers, \"Careless Whisper\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.771496295928955, "source": "search", "title": "'Glee' Gets Wistful With Wham!'s 'Last Christmas' - MTV" }, { "answer": "Wake Me Up Before You Go Go", "passage": "The heart-throbs, both now 52, enjoyed a string of hits together in the mid 80s, including Wake Me Up Before You Go Go, Last Christmas and I’m Your Man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49499797821045, "source": "search", "title": "Wham's George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley could ... - mirror" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Carousels", "🎠", "Merry-go-round", "Loof", "Marry Go Round", "Merry-Go-Round", "Merry Go Round", "Merry go round", "Merry-go-Round", "Merrygoround", "Carousel", "Carrousel" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "carrousel", "carousels", "carousel", "merry go round", "🎠", "merrygoround", "marry go round", "loof" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "carousel", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Carousel" }

[ { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel.", "precise_score": 10.037196159362793, "rough_score": 8.212467193603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Carousel .", "precise_score": 10.262418746948242, "rough_score": 8.211297988891602, "source": "search", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone - Last.fm - Listen to free music ..." }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a song from Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II's Broadway musical Carousel. It is sung in two places in the second act. After the death of the main male character, Billy Bigelow, his wife, Julie Jordan, recalls a song she learned in school about persevering in the face of life's difficulties. She begins to sing it, but can't continue, and it is taken up by her cousin Nettie Fowler. In the musical's final scene, it is sung by a chorus of students at a graduation ceremony. It is a simple, anthemic song written for a big soprano voice. Hammerstein's lyric is reassuring and uplifting, inspirational without being specifically religious, and Rodgers' music builds to a powerful climax. Carousel opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, and, shortly after, Decca Records recorded an original Broadway cast album that concluded with a performance of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" by John Raitt (who played Billy Bigelow), Christine Johnson (who played Nettie Fowler), Jan Clayton (who played Julie Jordan), and the chorus. The album became a number one best-seller during the summer of 1945. Shortly after, Frank Sinatra released a single containing two songs from the show, \"If I Loved You\" on one side and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" on the other; both made the Top Ten. \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" went on to become a much-performed standard. Roy Hamilton scored a number one hit on the R&B charts with it in 1954. Of course, it was sung in the 1956 film version, in which Claramae Turner played Nettie. Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles emphasized the song's gospel implications in a 1963 recording that made the Top 40 of both the pop and R&B charts, and subsequent chart singles were released by Gerry and the Pacemakers (1965), Elvis Presley (1968), and the Brooklyn Bridge (1969) to add to hundreds of other recordings.", "precise_score": 9.291773796081543, "rough_score": 7.95081090927124, "source": "search", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone - Frank Sinatra | Song Info | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton, Frank Sinatra, Gerry & the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Andy Williams, and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and \"interpolated\" it into their own song, \"Fearless\", on their 1971 album Meddle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.628188610076904, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "*Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album (1945)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673608779907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "*Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack (1956)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446493148803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "*Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album (1987)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.614662170410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "*Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel (1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.490445137023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "*Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.954692840576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "There was also an article on The Guradian website which states that Liverpool fans were more than likely the original source of the song, again due to the Gerry and the Pacemakers connection. And the fact that a group of Scottish football fans might not be so aware of the musical Carousel (their stereotype, not mine!)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.803643226623535, "source": "search", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone - Lyrics and History - Liverpool FC" }, { "answer": "Carousel", "passage": "The song, originally written by Rodgers and Hammerstein in 1945 for the Broadway musical Carousel, only became a terrace favourite after it was covered by Gerry and the Pacemakers in November 1963. Almost immediately – as footage from Panorama in 1964 shows – Liverpool supporters adopted it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.397963523864746, "source": "search", "title": "You'll Never Walk Alone - Lyrics and History - Liverpool FC" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-two", "1972" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "one thousand nine hundred and seventy two", "1972" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1972", "type": "Numerical", "value": "1972" }

[ { "answer": "1972", "passage": "On the morning of Sunday 30 January 1972, around ten thousand people gathered in Londonderry for a civil rights march. The British Army had sealed off the original route so the march organisers led most of the demonstrators towards 'Free Derry Corner' in the nationalist Bogside area of the city. Despite this, a number of people continued on towards an army barricade where local youths threw stones at soldiers, who responded with a water cannon, CS gas and rubber bullets.", "precise_score": 5.251936435699463, "rough_score": 5.492822170257568, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Bloody Sunday" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland - Jan 30, 1972 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 5.180207252502441, "rough_score": 6.048882484436035, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland - Jan 30, 1972 - History.com" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "This file photo of Jan 30, 1972 shows soldiers taking cover behind their sandbagged armored cars while dispersing rioters with CS gas in Londonderry, Northern Ireland on Bloody Sunday.   (AP Photo/PA Wire, File", "precise_score": 7.621013164520264, "rough_score": 6.390203952789307, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": " In this  Sunday Jan, 31 1972 file photo  a man receiving attention during the shooting incident in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, which became known as Bloody Sunday.  (AP Photo/ PA/File)", "precise_score": 9.022026062011719, "rough_score": 9.162050247192383, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A British soldier drags a Catholic protester during the \"Bloody Sunday\" killings 30 January 1972 when British paratroopers shot dead 13 Catholics civil rights marchers in Londonderry. Shortly after, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) declared that their immediate policy was \"to kill as many British soldiers as possible\". (Photo credit should read THOPSON/AFP/Getty Images)", "precise_score": 8.293343544006348, "rough_score": 7.384413242340088, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": " British paratroopers take away civil rights demonstrators on \"Bloody Sunday\" after the paratroopers opened fire on a civil rights march, killing 14 civilians, January 30, 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. (Photo by Getty Images)", "precise_score": 8.273560523986816, "rough_score": 8.037344932556152, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A British paratrooper takes a captured youth from the crowd on \"Bloody Sunday,\" when British paratroopers opened fire on a civil rights march, killing 14 civilians, January 30, 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland.  (Photo by Getty Images)", "precise_score": 8.535335540771484, "rough_score": 7.872564315795898, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Judges from the Bloody Sunday Inquiry take a break, Monday July 20, 1998, at the start of the preliminary hearing in the Guildhall, Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Walking out (from left) are  New Zealander Sir Edwards Somers, Britain's Lord Saville and Justice Bill Hoyt of Canada who will hear details into events of 1972 where 13 poeple were killed by British Paratroopers.(AP Photo/Paul McErlane)", "precise_score": 7.578952789306641, "rough_score": 7.664172649383545, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Megan Bradley, three, grand niece of Jim Wray, gathers with other relatives of those shot dead on Bloody Sunday  in Londonderry, Northern Ireland Tuesday June 15, 2010 ahead of Tuesday's release of the long-awaited Saville report. The British government publishes findings of investigation into Bloody Sunday, the 1972 killing of 13 Catholic demonstrators by British troops. The investigation began in 1998 and became the most expensive in British legal history as it gathered evidence from 2,500 witnesses, including troops who opened fire that day.    (AP Photo/Paul Faith/PA Wire)", "precise_score": 8.021987915039062, "rough_score": 8.243309020996094, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A newspaper cutting showing the faces of victims killed on Bloody Sunday is stuck to a memorial dedicated to them, in the Bogside area of Londonderry, Northern Ireland on June 15, 2010.  The Saville Inquiry into Bloody Sunday will be published today after 12 years and a cost of £190 million pounds (275 million dollars, 230 million euros), the 5,000-page report examines the events of January 30, 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, when 13 civilians were shot dead by British soldiers at a civil rights march.     AFP PHOTO/Peter Muhly", "precise_score": 8.335749626159668, "rough_score": 8.305523872375488, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Armed British troops patrol a neighborhood in Derry, Northern Ireland, in Feb. 1972, following the deadly shooting of 14 demonstrators by British paratroopers during the civil rights march on Jan. 30, known as Bloody Sunday.", "precise_score": 5.350259304046631, "rough_score": 4.513989448547363, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Nationalist residents of the Creggan estate of Londonderry display large pictures of the victims of Bloody Sunday along the route where marchers commemorating the 25th anniversary of the event follow the route of the anti-internment protest of Jan. 30, 1972 from the Creggan to Free Derry Corner Sunday, Feb. 2, 1997. Thirteen men were shot dead by British paratroopers who believed they were under fire and another man died later from his injuries in the event which escalated the sectarian violence in the British ruled province. At rear is the River Foyle and is the city of Londonderry at left.", "precise_score": 7.853331565856934, "rough_score": 7.186182975769043, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January 1972 | The Irish Story", "precise_score": 4.695347309112549, "rough_score": 3.4923288822174072, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Bloody Sunday – sometimes called the Bogside Massacre – was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association and the Northern Resistance Movement. The soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as \"1 Para\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.078376054763794, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "On 18 January 1972 Brian Faulkner, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, banned all parades and marches in Northern Ireland until the end of the year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.342247009277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "On 22 January 1972, a week before Bloody Sunday, an anti-internment march was held at Magilligan strand, near Derry. The protesters marched to a new internment camp there, but were stopped by soldiers of the Parachute Regiment. When some protesters threw stones and tried to go around the barbed wire, paratroopers drove them back by firing rubber bullets at close range and making baton charges. The paratroopers badly beat a number of protesters and had to be physically restrained by their own officers. These allegations of brutality by paratroopers were reported widely on television and in the press. Some in the Army also thought there had been undue violence by the paratroopers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5995116233825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "* John Johnston, age 59. Shot in the leg and left shoulder on William Street 15 minutes before the rest of the shooting started. Johnston was not on the march, but on his way to visit a friend in Glenfada Park. He died on 16 June 1972; his death has been attributed to the injuries he received on the day. He was the only one not to die immediately or soon after being shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847038269042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A claim was made at the Saville Inquiry that McGuinness was responsible for supplying detonators for nail bombs on Bloody Sunday. Paddy Ward claimed he was the leader of the Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the IRA in January 1972. He claimed that McGuinness, the second-in-command of the IRA in the city at the time, and another anonymous IRA member gave him bomb parts on the morning of 30 January, the date planned for the civil rights march. He said his organisation intended to attack city-centre premises in Derry on the day when civilians were shot dead by British soldiers. In response McGuinness rejected the claims as \"fantasy\", while Gerry O'Hara, a Sinn Féin councillor in Derry stated that he and not Ward was the Fianna leader at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.742805004119873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The 1972 John Lennon album Some Time in New York City features a song entitled \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\", inspired by the incident, as well as the song \"The Luck of the Irish\", which dealt more with the Irish conflict in general. Lennon, who was of Irish descent, also spoke at a protest in New York in support of the victims and families of Bloody Sunday. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5557696223258972, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Irish poet Thomas Kinsella's 1972 poem Butcher's Dozen is a satirical and angry response to the Widgery Tribunal and the events of Bloody Sunday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5184025764465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Willie Doherty, a Derry-born artist, has amassed a large body of work which addresses the troubles in Northern Ireland. \"30 January 1972\" deals specifically with the events of Bloody Sunday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2412219047546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bloody Sunday (1972)" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "On Sunday 30 January 1972, 13 unarmed civilians were shot dead by British paratroopers during a civil rights march in the Bogside area. Another 13 were wounded and one further man later died of his wounds. This event came to be known as Bloody Sunday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.412583827972412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Derry" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "An overview of the events of 30 January 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, using archive footage and interviews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15069115161895752, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Bloody Sunday" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "On 30 January 1972, a civil rights demonstration through the streets of Londonderry in north-west Northern Ireland ended with the shooting dead of thirteen civilians by the British Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7819324731826782, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Bloody Sunday" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "About ten thousand people gathered in the Creggan area of Derry on the morning of Sunday 30 January 1972. After prolonged skirmishes between groups of local youths and the army at barricades set up to prevent the march reaching its intended destination (Guildhall Square in the heart of the city), paratroopers moved in to make arrests. During this operation, they opened fire on the crowd, killing thirteen and wounding 13 others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.158722877502441, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - History - Bloody Sunday" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "In April 1972, the British government released a report exonerating British troops from any illegal actions during the Londonderry protest. Irish indignation over Britain’s Northern Ireland policies grew, and Britain increased its military presence in the North while removing any vestige of Northern self-rule. On July 21, 1972, the IRA exploded 20 bombs simultaneously in Belfast, killing British military personnel and a number of civilians. Britain responded by instituting a new court system composed of trial without jury for terrorism suspects and conviction rates topped over 90 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9962875843048096, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland - Jan 30, 1972 - History.com" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Image caption Thirteen people were killed on Bloody Sunday in January 1972 and another died of his injuries some months later", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6208256483078003, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: Ex-soldier arrested over Londonderry ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Thirteen people were killed when British paratroopers opened fire on a civil rights march through the city in January 1972. A fourteenth died later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.004996299743652, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: Ex-soldier arrested over Londonderry ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Soldiers that day charged into crowds of Catholic demonstrators in the city's hard-line Bogside district at the end of an illegal march that had been blocked from reaching the city hall. The soldiers claimed to have been responding to Irish Republican Army gunfire and to have targeted armed rioters, but no soldiers suffered injuries. The year 1972 went on to become the deadliest in the four-decade conflict over Northern Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553722381591797, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The Star's front page on January 31, 1972. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656497955322266, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday | Toronto Star" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.400341510772705, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "About ten thousand people gathered in the Creggan area of Derry on the morning of Sunday 30 January 1972. After prolonged skirmishes between groups of local youths and the army at barricades set up to prevent the march reaching its intended destination (Guildhall Square in the heart of the city), paratroopers moved in to make arrests. During this operation, they opened fire on the crowd, killing thirteen and wounding 13 others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.158722877502441, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The British set-up the Widgery Tribunal to investigate the events of that day. However, it was quickly seen as a farce when many of the facts and statements were either overlooked or omitted.  Because of this, Derry people never accepted the Widgery Tribunal. Every year since 1972, the people of Derry have continued to march the same route as those who did on Bloody Sunday. Even to this day, the march is remembered with thousands in attendance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8844316601753235, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "“…that a Tribunal be established for inquiring into a definite matter of urgent public importance, namely the events on Sunday 30 January 1972 which led to loss of life in connection with the procession in Londonderry on that day, taking account of any new information relevant to events on that day.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.051471710205078, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A claim was made at the Saville Inquiry that McGuinness was responsible for supplying detonators for nail bombs on Bloody Sunday. Paddy Ward claimed he was the leader of the Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the IRA in January 1972. He claimed that McGuinness, the second-in-command of the IRA in the city at the time, and another anonymous IRA member gave him bomb parts on the morning of 30 January, the date planned for the civil rights march. He said his organization intended to attack city-centre premises in Derry on the day when civilians were shot dead by British soldiers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2757835388183594, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Pallbearers carry one of 13 coffins of Bloody Sunday victims to a graveside during a funeral in Derry, Northern Ireland, following requiem mass at nearby St. Mary’s church at Creggan Hill on Feb. 2, 1972. About 10,000 people shared in the funeral services. British soldiers shot dead 14 catholic protesters in Northern Ireland on Jan. 30.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9898371696472168, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "uneral services of the Victims at St. Mary’s church at Creggan Hill on Feb. 2, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653327941894531, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Funeral services of the Victims at St. Mary’s church at Creggan Hill on Feb. 2, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.694101333618164, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Thousands of Catholics march in a peaceful civil rights demonstration in the Northern Ireland town of Newry on Sunday, Feb. 6, 1972. The rally is in protest against the British government’s policy of internment and against the shooting of 14 civilians in Derry the previous Sunday. The rally was peaceful and there was no confrontation with thousands of British troops stationed in the town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.639187335968018, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A young child, resting on a man’s shoulders, holds a hanging effigy of a British soldier during a march in Belfast, capital of Northern Ireland, Feb. 1972. The rally follows the deadly shooting of 14 demonstrators by British paratroopers during the civil rights march on Jan. 30, known as Bloody Sunday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.978130578994751, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Two women cover their faces with handkerchiefs to protect themselves against teargas fired by British police against rioting youth in Derry City, Northern Ireland on February 20, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4769926071167, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "British actress Vanessa Redgrave reads a poem during a Sunday service in Derry’s predominantly Catholic Bogside section, on January 29, 1973. The event is marking the anniversary of the “Bloody Sunday” of January 30, 1972, when British paratroops shot 14 Catholic demonstrators to death following a civil rights march.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1594126224517822, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A general view of the Bogside area of Derry City where the Bloody Sunday killings took place in 1972. This photo was taken on June 14, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.37135279178619385, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "A general view of Ebrington Barracks, where the 1,000 British troops were garrisoned in 1972, are seen in Derry City on June 14, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.306821823120117, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "(AP) — Relatives of the Catholic demonstrators shot to death by British troops on Northern Ireland’s Bloody Sunday cried tears of joy on Tuesday, June 15, 2010 as an epic fact-finding probe ruled that their loved ones were innocent and the  British soldiers entirely to blame for the 1972 slaughter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.346076011657715, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Relatives of the 1972 Bloody Sunday victims react after leaving the Guildhall in Derry City, Northern Ireland, Tuesday, June, 15, 2010. More than 1,000 Derry residents applauded, hugged and cried outside city hall as the long-awaited verdict was announced live on a huge television screen. They had campaigned for 38 years for the victims – originally branded as Irish Republican Army bombers and gunmen – to have their good names restored and the guilt of the soldiers who shot them proved beyond doubt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1662539541721344, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "John Kelly, the brother of Michael Kelly, who was shot dead on Bloody Sunday in 1972, reacts with relatives of other victims, after leaving the Guildhall in Derry City, Northern Ireland, Tuesday, June, 15, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6852585077285767, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday in Derry 1972 — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "he fatal shooting of 13 unarmed demonstrators by the British Army in Derry in 1972. By John Dorney. See also Four Bloody Sundays .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.100441575050354, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "In January 1972, a march was called by Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in for Sunday January 30th in Derry. Its purpose was to protest against internment without trial, which had been introduced in August of the previous year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.895428657531738, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "Derry was already in a state of low intensity conflict in early 1972, but the mood on the morning of the march was peaceful", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.442625999450684, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The British Army for their part had already shot dead two local youths, Seamus Cusack and Desmond Beatie, in July 1971 whom they accused of being armed, an accusation vigorously denied by locals. Another four civilians were killed by the Army by the start of 1972. As the Saville Inquiry acknowledged, “The situation in Londonderry in January 1972 was serious. By this stage the nationalist community had largely turned against the soldiers.” [1]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4480643272399902, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "All political demonstrations had been banned in Northern Ireland the previous August, “until order was restored” . Nevertheless  when the march, on January 30, 1972, started out  in the Creggan, as Dr Raymond McClean remembered; “the atmosphere was so relaxed and cheerful that I decided to leave all my equipment in the car in the Creggan as I thought there would be no casualties to treat.” [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636268615722656, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The British government’s Widgery Inquiry of 1972 largely backed up this version, but the subsequent British Saville report of 2010 found, “Despite the contrary evidence given by soldiers, we have concluded that none of them fired in response to attacks or threatened attacks by nail or petrol bombers. No-one threw or threatened to throw a nail or petrol bomb at the soldiers on Bloody Sunday.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.06087614595890045, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The standard nationalist narrative of Bloody Sunday in 1972 is that it created the Provisional IRA and largely spawned the subsequent conflict in Northern Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7963192462921143, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "In 1971, 171 peopled were killed in political violence in Northern Ireland. The death toll in 1972, the year after Bloody Sunday, almost tripled to 479 deaths and between 2-300 were killed every year until 1977, after which the rate of killing dropped sharply but continued to hover at or just under 100 a year until the ceasefires of 1994. [13]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2787537574768066, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The Stormont Parliament of Northern Ireland was suspended, partly in response to the Derry shootings, by the British Government on March 28, 1972 and Direct Rule from London was introduced, which lasted until the new Northern Ireland Assembly was established under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.602602005004883, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The British Army for its part later admitted that in its early years in Northern Ireland, it conducted a counter-insurgency campaign using the methods of colonial wars fought in places such as Aden and Malaysia. In the early 1970s, the Army was too ready to treat the Catholic or nationalist population as the enemy and killed many civilians, mostly Catholic, in these years (though not as many as either republican or loyalist paramilitaries). In a two day period in August 1971, for instance 11 Catholics, this time in Ballymurphy in Belfast were shot dead by the British Army during arrest operations. [14]  Another five were shot in Springhill in Belfast in July 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.369032859802246, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Irish History, Bloody Sunday in Derry, 30 January ..." }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "The Police Service of Northern Ireland has said it intends to question seven former soldiers as part of its murder inquiry into the events of Bloody Sunday in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0978373289108276, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: who else could be arrested? - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "L/Cpl J became the first member of the British armed forces to be arrested over the killing of 14 people at a civil rights march in Londonderry in 1972 when he was held on Tuesday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9817159175872803, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: who else could be arrested? - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "30 Jan 1972", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181681632995605, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: who else could be arrested? - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "31 Jan 1972", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130898475646973, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: who else could be arrested? - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "1972", "passage": "18 Apr 1972", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.062633514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Bloody Sunday: who else could be arrested? - Telegraph" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "* The first untethered spacewalk was made by American Bruce McCandless II on February 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B, using the Manned Maneuvering Unit. He was subsequently joined by Robert L. Stewart during the 5 hour 55 minute spacewalk. A self-contained spacewalk was first attempted by Eugene Cernan in 1966 on Gemini 9A, but Cernan could not reach the maneuvering unit without tiring.", "precise_score": 7.3687849044799805, "rough_score": 7.629932403564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Extravehicular activity" }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "LIFE.com celebrates incredible photos of astronaut Bruce McCandless, taken by Space Shuttle Challenger's pilot, during the first \"untethered space walk\" in history.", "precise_score": 6.345833778381348, "rough_score": 7.4767279624938965, "source": "search", "title": "Astronaut Bruce McCandless and the First-Ever Untethered ..." }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "* The first American woman to perform an EVA was Kathryn D. Sullivan on October 11, 1984 during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-G.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.626233100891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Extravehicular activity" }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 SCA and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was Columbia, followed by Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. Endeavour was built to replace Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.313676357269287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "Two astronauts from NASA's Challenger space shuttle float in space untethered, with just jetpacks to guide their movement.  Astronaut Bruce McCandless was the first to free fly, followed by Robert Stewart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.2703447341918945, "source": "search", "title": "Feb. 7: First Untethered Space Walk 1984 - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "On Feb. 7, 1984, “astronaut Bruce McCandless ventured further away from the confines and safety of his ship than any previous astronaut had ever been,” notes the caption to the above photo on NASA.gov . “This space first was made possible by a nitrogen jet-propelled backpack, previously known at NASA as the Manned Maneuvering Unit or MMU. After a series of test maneuvers inside and above [Space Shuttle] Challenger . . . McCandless went ‘free flying’ to a distance of 320 feet away from the orbiter.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.160876274108887, "source": "search", "title": "Astronaut Bruce McCandless and the First-Ever Untethered ..." }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "Thirty years later, the photographs of McCandless’ breathtaking, first-ever untethered space walk during the fourth Challenger mission still stun. (McCandless was joined on his historic walk by Col. Robert L. Stewart , but it is the stirring photos of McCandless—made by Challenger‘s pilot, Robert “Hoot” Gibson—that have endured.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.184405326843262, "source": "search", "title": "Astronaut Bruce McCandless and the First-Ever Untethered ..." }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "McCandless was a Navy aviator in the early 1960s—he graduated second in the Naval Academy’s class of 1958, earning a master’s degree in electrical engineering—and in 1966 was one of 19 fliers selected by NASA for astronaut training. He was instrumental in designing and testing the MMU jet pack, and for 18 years before the Challenger mission that would, in a sense, immortalize him, McCandless played a role in some of NASA’s greatest triumphs: he was, for example, the Capsule Communicator, or CAPCOM, during the Apollo 11 mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088043212890625, "source": "search", "title": "Astronaut Bruce McCandless and the First-Ever Untethered ..." }, { "answer": "Challenger", "passage": "Astronauts usually use tethers to keep them attached to the spacecraft while on a spacewalk. The first untethered spacewalk was by American astronaut Bruce McCandless II on Feb. 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.826693058013916, "source": "search", "title": "Facts About Spacesuits and Spacewalking | NASA" } ]

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[ { "answer": "White", "passage": "Stormtroopers wore a distinctive set of white armor that was used to instill fear in the Empire's subjects, while also providing the soldiers with an extended range of survival equipment and temperature controls, thus allowing them to survive in almost any environment. [1] The helmet provided skull protection, filtered air , and contained enhanced vision and communication systems. Rank was determined by a color coded pauldron worn over the left shoulder, with orange or red representing the rank of commander , black indicating an enlisted trooper, and white representing a sergeant . They also had a utility belt and a grappling hook attached to it, and primarily used the E-11 blaster rifle , however could also utilize the DLT-20A laser rifle or DLT-19 heavy blaster rifle when necessary. However, the stormtrooper armor was not without its faults. The plates made running hard and offered little protection against a direct blaster shot. [6] [28] The helmet also greatly obstructed a soldier's vision, which hindered their capacity to properly aim a blaster, regardless of prior training. [28]", "precise_score": 2.924670696258545, "rough_score": -0.7450287342071533, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtrooper - Wookieepedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Maybe the only people more alarmed than Boyega by his circumstances were commenters surprised by the sight of a black man’s head emerging from the white plate armor of an Imperial stormtrooper. People on Reddit compared the trailer to a scene from the 1987 Mel Brooks spoof Space Balls , a gag that plays up a black stormtrooper as jive-talkin’. In other threads and on Twitter, some people registered mere racist shock. But a few corners of the Internet turned to the internal logic of the Star Wars universe to appeal the presence of a black stormtrooper. Didn’t the prequels reveal that all stormtroopers were white clones?", "precise_score": 0.2725461423397064, "rough_score": -4.304684162139893, "source": "search", "title": "'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Trailer: Of Course There ..." }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "John Boyega is unbothered by Star Wars fans who wanted white Stormtroopers", "precise_score": 1.7334856986999512, "rough_score": -3.4962069988250732, "source": "search", "title": "Black Stormtrooper in Star Wars Hits Back at Commenters" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "No, they didn't. In Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi travels to the secretive planet of Kamino, where he discovers the existence of a clone army that would feed the so-called Clone Wars and eventually serve as the model for the evil Galactic Empire’s stormtrooper infantry. (Spoiler alert: Don’t watch the prequels.) Those clones weren’t white in any sense of the word. Jango Fett, the bounty hunter who served as the genetic template, was culturally (and perhaps ethnically) a Mandalorian. And the actor who portrays him, Temuera Derek Morrison, is a New Zealand-born person of brown skin and partial Maori descent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.6050872802734375, "source": "search", "title": "'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Trailer: Of Course There ..." }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Even if Morrison and Fett (and all of his clones) choose to pass as white, by the time of the events of Episode IV: A New Hope, the Empire has been recruiting from general populations for years. That’s why it makes sense that a young Luke Skywalker, lured by a galaxy larger than the humble moisture farm he calls home on Tatooine, dreams of enlisting in the Imperial Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027575492858887, "source": "search", "title": "'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Trailer: Of Course There ..." }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The Empire is not a racially diverse institution. Everyone we meet in the Imperial officer corps, for example—the chain of commanders that Darth Vader is always Force-choking out—is white (and seemingly British). That said, if the Empire recruited black stormtroopers, that would be totally in keeping with a racist Empire—since black and white people are not actually from different races, the way that (say) humans and Wookies are.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948681831359863, "source": "search", "title": "'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Trailer: Of Course There ..." }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Higher ranks were signified with a color coded pauldron worn over the right shoulder. The rank of commander was represented with an orange pauldron, [1] though one soldier who served under the Grand Inquisitor had his colored red. [9] Black identified enlisted soldiers. [2] Several black pauldroned stormtroopers accompanied Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin to the planet Lothal , [10] and later came aboard his flagship , the Sovereign , to serve as reinforcements when it was infiltrated by a band of rebels. [11] White pauldrons represented the rank of sergeant . [2] Blue pauldrons were used to identify stormtrooper snipers . [12]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.612187385559082, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtrooper armor - Wookieepedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Stormtroopers are elite shock troops fanatically loyal to the Empire and impossible to sway from the Imperial cause. They wear imposing white armor, which offers a wide range of survival equipment and temperature controls to allow the soldiers to survive in almost any environment. Stormtroopers wield blaster rifles and pistols with great skill, and attack in hordes to overwhelm their enemies. Along with standard stormtroopers, the Empire has organized several specialized units, including snowtroopers and scout troopers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.818392753601074, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtroopers | StarWars.com" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "\"You'd know it was them immediately. You'd be on guard duty, shooting the shit about where in town to find the best prostitutes, whatever, and then there'd be this muffled clinking. You could barely hear it, but you knew what it was. Then there would be this seething, shiny white mass in the distance, and suddenly the air would be thick with blaster bolts. They wouldn't hit anyone, of course, but it was pretty scary the first one or two times. You'd radio base, we'd start our retreat, and you'd just sort of take cover every now and then. Some guys would get hit, accidentally, I think, and then it was off to hyperspace for our next supposedly secret base. You know, I think if we actually stood and fought those guys, we might have won.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138290405273438, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtrooper (Star Wars) - Uncyclopedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Stormtroopers wear distinctive white armor which serves as awesome protection from anything except the most common weapons available to rebels, the laser...shooty...gun-thing (wait, is it really called the \"blaster rifle\"? Yeah, I think it's definitely it), and anyone that can throw a punch, or think they can. Its main purpose is for ceremonial stormtrooper sacrifices to bring rain to Tattooine. Victory in these traditional battles raises your status in the tribe as the chicks adorn you in a funerary mask before being brought to the Jedi pyramids to be sacrificed on their steps to the force. The armour, despite being designed by the galaxy's top weapons manufacturers, had several fatal weaknesses: pointy sticks, rocks , tiny rocks and people who recognize the sad, sad futility in plastic armour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.578883647918701, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtrooper (Star Wars) - Uncyclopedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "There are even rumors that real, grown-up adults who probably have never served in an actual military unit \"serve\" in various mock units made entirely of mock stormtroopers. Theories abound as to whether these men and women in white have any plans to battle Trekkies or assault Renaissance Festivals in force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819718360900879, "source": "search", "title": "Stormtrooper (Star Wars) - Uncyclopedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "James Earl Jones also provided the legendary voice for Darth Vader, but the actor under the mask was white.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231039047241211, "source": "search", "title": "‘Star Wars Episode VII’ actor John Boyega takes ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "But that’s not bothering actor John Boyega, who called the negativity “unnecessary” in an interview with V Magazine. “I’m in the movie, what are you going to do about it? You either enjoy it or you don’t. I’m not saying get used to the future, but what is already happening. People of color and women are increasingly being shown on-screen. For things to be whitewashed just doesn’t make sense.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03365421295166, "source": "search", "title": "Black Stormtrooper in Star Wars Hits Back at Commenters" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Eisenhower gave Nixon responsibilities during his term as vice president—more than any previous vice president. Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them when Eisenhower was absent. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and prompted Nixon to appreciate the potential of the region as an industrial center. He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina. On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the amount of time he devoted to foreign relations.", "precise_score": 3.31398606300354, "rough_score": 3.59476637840271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Dwight Eisenhower", "passage": "Richard Nixon reinvented the office of vice president. He had the attention of the media and the Republican party, when Dwight Eisenhower ordered him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.", "precise_score": 4.072287082672119, "rough_score": 5.795652389526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party's nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.", "precise_score": 4.249302864074707, "rough_score": 1.6426796913146973, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Richard Nixon, in full Richard Milhous Nixon (born January 9, 1913, Yorba Linda , California , U.S.—died April 22, 1994, New York , New York), 37th president of the United States (1969–74), who, faced with almost certain impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal , became the first American president to resign from office. He was also vice president (1953–61) under Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower . (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America .)", "precise_score": 6.571000099182129, "rough_score": 8.636178970336914, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Dwight Eisenhower", "passage": "Richard Nixon (1913-94), the 37th U.S. president, is best remembered as the only president ever to resign from office. Nixon stepped down in 1974, halfway through his second term, rather than face impeachment over his efforts to cover up illegal activities by members of his administration in the Watergate scandal. A former Republican congressman and U.S. senator from California, he served two terms as vice president under Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969) in the 1950s. In 1960, Nixon lost his bid for the presidency in a close race with Democrat John F. Kennedy (1917-63). He ran for the White House again in 1968 and won. As president, Nixon’s achievements included forging diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union, and withdrawing U.S. troops from an unpopular war in Vietnam. However, Nixon’s involvement in Watergate tarnished his legacy and deepened American cynicism about government.", "precise_score": 4.820638656616211, "rough_score": 7.08579158782959, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "As vice-president, Nixon was never personally very close to Eisenhower, although he frequently represented the president at home and abroad. In 1955, when Eisenhower suffered a heart attack, Nixon filled in effectively for him until the president could resume his duties. The Eisenhower-Nixon ticket was reelected by another landslide in 1956. In the next few years Nixon traveled widely; in one trip to the USSR in 1959 he opened the American National Exhibition. There, in a model kitchen, he engaged in a debate with Nikita Khrushchev. This widely publicized \"kitchen debate\" enhanced Nixon's political stature.", "precise_score": 1.7704062461853027, "rough_score": 2.1761057376861572, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law in La Habra. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the United States Navy, serving in the Pacific theater, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He was elected in 1946 as a Republican to the House of Representatives representing California's 12th Congressional district, and in 1950 to the United States Senate. He was selected to be the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party nominee, in the 1952 Presidential election, becoming one of the youngest Vice Presidents in history. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of California in 1962; following these losses, Nixon announced his withdrawal from political life. In 1968, however, he ran again for president of the United States and was elected.", "precise_score": 3.7315242290496826, "rough_score": 1.8647531270980835, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "As Vice President, Nixon expanded the office into an important and prominent post.[31][35] Nixon would conduct National Security meetings in the president's absence.[31] As President of the Senate, he intervened to make procedural rulings on filibusters to assure the passage of Eisenhower's 1957 civil rights bill, which created the United States Commission on Civil Rights and protected voting rights.[36]", "precise_score": 1.422346591949463, "rough_score": 4.919906139373779, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law in La Habra. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the United States Navy, serving in the Pacific theater, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He was elected in 1946 as a Republican to the House of Representatives representing California's 12th Congressional district, and in 1950 to the United States Senate. He was selected to be the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party nominee, in the 1952 Presidential election, becoming one of the youngest Vice Presidents in history. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of California in 1962; following these losses, Nixon announced his withdrawal from political life. In 1968, however, he ran again for president of the United States and was elected.", "precise_score": 3.7315242290496826, "rough_score": 1.8647531270980835, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated Hubert Humphrey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0792288780212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: \"We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it\". The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 after a short illness. At the age of twelve, Richard was found to have a spot on his lung and, with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. Eventually, the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.829466819763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. He had no strong preference for a vice presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a \"smoke-filled room\" and recommended Nixon to the general, who agreed to the senator's selection. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and political base in California—one of the largest states—were all seen as vote-winners by the leaders. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke to his plans for the country, leaving the negative campaigning to his running mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9766445755958557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis. The media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses. Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of possible conflict of interest. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, the senator went on television to deliver an address to the nation on September 23, 1952. The address, later termed the Checkers speech, was heard by about 60 million Americans—including the largest television audience up to that point. Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret, nor had donors received special favors. He painted himself as a man of modest means (his wife had no mink coat; instead she wore a \"respectable Republican cloth coat\") and a patriot. The speech would be remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back: \"a little cocker spaniel dog … sent all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers.\" The speech was a masterpiece and prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket, which proved victorious in the November election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5762763023376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term. On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack; his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the Vice President had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had \"earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.798948049545288, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration. Nixon, however, believed such an action would destroy his political career. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, stating that it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the President in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7761454582214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In the spring of 1957, Nixon undertook another major foreign trip, this time to Africa. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Nixon advised the President to sign the bill, which he did. Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.786802291870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. On July 24, while touring the exhibits with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the \"Kitchen Debate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.382307052612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States. He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate. His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy, and the race remained close for the duration. Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower–Nixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the \"missile gap\"). A new political medium was introduced in the campaign: televised presidential debates. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a five o'clock shadow, in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy. Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought that Nixon had won. Nixon lost the election narrowly, with Kennedy ahead by only 120,000 votes (0.2 percent) in the popular vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.30283260345459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy; Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world, and the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests. At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, Six Crises, which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.06238556653261185, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower", "passage": "Another issue was who had the power to declare that an incapacitated president is unable to discharge his duties. This question had arisen most recently with the illnesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Section 3 and Section 4 of the amendment provide means for the vice president to become acting president upon the temporary disability of the president. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity of the president. Section 4 deals with incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.503524780273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dwight Eisenhower", "passage": "While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked three times: on July 13, 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon, and twice more on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007 when George W. Bush underwent colonoscopy procedures requiring sedation. Prior to this amendment, Vice President Richard Nixon informally assumed some of President Dwight Eisenhower's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.276008605957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "However, the Nixon campaign had anticipated a possible \"October surprise\" to boost Humphrey and thwarted any last-minute chances of a \"Halloween Peace.\" Bryce Harlow, former Eisenhower White House staff member, claimed to have \"a double agent working in the White House....I kept Nixon informed.\" Harlow and Nixon's future National Security Advisor and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration, separately predicted Johnson's \"bombing halt\": \"The word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey. Nixon has been told of it,\" Democratic senator George Smathers informed Johnson. According to Robert Dallek in 2007, Kissinger's advice \"rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst's insight into what was happening.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.879828453063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1968" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon's victory is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1964, the Democratic Party was undoubtedly the majority party. During that time period, Democrats won seven out of nine presidential elections, and their agenda influenced policies undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration. The election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. From 1968 until 2004, Republicans won seven out of ten presidential elections, and its policies clearly affected those enacted by the Democratic Clinton administration via the Third Way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.463191986083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1968" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425031661987305, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947515487670898, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "At the Republican convention in 1952, Nixon won nomination as vice president on a ticket with Dwight D. Eisenhower , largely because of his anticommunist credentials but also because Republicans thought he could draw valuable support in the West. In the midst of the campaign, the New York Post reported that Nixon had been maintaining a secret “slush fund” provided by contributions from a group of southern California businessmen. Eisenhower was willing to give Nixon a chance to clear himself but emphasized that Nixon needed to emerge from the crisis “as clean as a hound’s tooth.” On September 23, 1952, Nixon delivered a nationally televised address, the so-called “ Checkers ” speech, in which he acknowledged the existence of the fund but denied that any of it had been used improperly. To demonstrate that he had not enriched himself in office, he listed his family’s financial assets and liabilities in embarrassing detail, noting that his wife, Pat, unlike the wives of so many Democratic politicians, did not own a fur coat but only “a respectable Republican cloth coat.” The speech is perhaps best remembered for its maudlin conclusion, in which Nixon admitted accepting one political gift—a cocker spaniel that his six-year-old daughter, Tricia, had named Checkers. “Regardless of what they say about it,” he declared, “we are going to keep it.” Although Nixon initially thought that the speech had been a failure, the public responded favourably, and a reassured Eisenhower told him, “You’re my boy.” The Eisenhower-Nixon ticket defeated the Democratic candidates, Adlai E. Stevenson and John Sparkman, with just under 34 million popular votes to their 27.3 million; the vote in the electoral college was 442 to 89.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.291745662689209, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "During his two terms as vice president, Nixon campaigned actively for Republican candidates but otherwise did not assume significant responsibilities. (Asked at a press conference to describe Nixon’s contributions to his administration’s policies, Eisenhower replied: “If you give me a week, I might think of one.”) Nevertheless, his performance in office helped to make the role of vice president more prominent and to enhance its constitutional importance. In 1955–57 Eisenhower suffered a series of serious illnesses, including a heart attack, an attack of ileitis, and a stroke . While Eisenhower was incapacitated, Nixon was called on to chair several cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings, though real power lay in a close circle of Eisenhower advisers, from which Nixon had always been excluded. After his stroke, Eisenhower formalized an agreement with Nixon on the powers and responsibilities of the vice president in the event of presidential disability; the agreement was accepted by later administrations until the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1967. Nixon’s vice presidency was also noteworthy for his many well-publicized trips abroad, including a 1958 tour of Latin America—a trip that journalist Walter Lippmann termed a “diplomatic Pearl Harbor”—during which his car was stoned, slapped, and spat upon by anti-American protesters, and a 1959 visit to the Soviet Union, highlighted by an impromptu profanity-filled “kitchen debate” in Moscow with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3882683515548706, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) and Richard M. Nixon after being renominated at the 1956 Republican …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.119322776794434, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Courtesy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library/U.S. Army", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681221961975098, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon received his party’s presidential nomination in 1960 and was opposed in the general election by Democrat John F. Kennedy . The campaign was memorable for an unprecedented series of four televised debates between the two candidates. Although Nixon performed well rhetorically, Kennedy managed to convey an appealing image of youthfulness, energy, and physical poise, which convinced many that he had won the debates. In the closest presidential contest since Grover Cleveland defeated James G. Blaine in 1884, Nixon lost to Kennedy by fewer than 120,000 popular votes. Citing irregularities in Illinois and Texas, many observers questioned whether Kennedy had legally won those states, and some prominent Republicans—including Eisenhower—even urged Nixon to contest the results. He chose not to, however, declaring that", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.901296138763428, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon | president of United States | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Dwight Eisenhower", "passage": "Although Nixon’s attacks on alleged Communists and political opponents alarmed some people, they increased his popularity among conservative Republicans. In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower selected the 39-year-old first-term senator to be his vice presidential running mate. A few months after accepting the nomination, Nixon became the target of a negative campaign that raised questions about money and gifts he allegedly received from industry lobbyists. Nixon answered these charges in his famous “Checkers” speech, claiming that the only gift he ever accepted was a puppy named Checkers for his young daughter. The speech proved effective and preserved Nixon’s spot on the ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6289145946502686, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Eisenhower and Nixon won the election of 1952 and were re-elected in 1956. In 1960, Nixon claimed the Republican presidential nomination, but lost one of the closest elections in American history to U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts . The turning point of the campaign came in the first-ever nationally televised presidential debate. During the broadcast, Nixon appeared pale, nervous and sweaty compared with his tan, well-rested and vigorous opponent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.584830284118652, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In addition to such weighty affairs of state, Nixon's first term was also full of lighter-hearted moments. On April 29, 1969, Nixon awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, to Duke Ellington-and then led hundreds of guests in singing \"Happy Birthday\" to the famed band leader. On June 12, 1971, Tricia became the sixteenth White House bride when she and Edward Finch Cox of New York married in the Rose Garden. (Julie had wed Dwight David Eisenhower II, grandson of President Eisenhower, on December 22, 1968, in New York's Marble Collegiate Church, while her father was President-elect.) Perhaps most famous was Nixon's meeting with Elvis Presley on December 21, 1970, when the president and the king discussed the drug problem facing American youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7650158405303955, "source": "search", "title": "using a slogan that propelled Richard Nixon - The President" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Upon his return to Whittier after the war he entered politics, becoming the Republican candidate for Congress in California's 12th district. His first political campaign, in 1946, set the tone for many that would follow. Running against the liberal Democratic incumbent, Jerry Voorhis, Nixon suggested that Voorhis had dangerous left-wing tendencies. Nixon won easily and thereafter made anti-Communism one of his main political themes. As a new congressman he was assigned to the then relatively unimportant House Committee on Un-American Activities. He quickly attained national prominence by playing a central role in the committee's investigation of Alger Hiss, a former high State Department official accused of carrying on espionage for the USSR during the 1930s. Nixon was reelected to the House in 1948. In 1950 he ran for the Senate, defeating the Democratic candidate, Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, against whom he leveled charges not unlike those he had used to unseat Voorhis 4 years earlier. When he entered the Senate, he was regarded as one of the brightest young stars of the Republican party. His youth, his oratorical skills, and his indefatigable speechmaking at Republican fund-raising dinners around the country won him favor among local party organizers. In 1952, at the age of 39, he was nominated by the party to be Dwight D. Eisenhower's vice-presidential running mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.319366931915283, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "During the 1952 presidential campaign, Eisenhower adopted a statesmanlike pose, whereas Nixon once again employed the blistering anti-Communist language that had helped him gain national prominence. Midway in the campaign, however, he was nearly dropped from the ticket. Stories appeared in the press of an $18,000 fund that had been raised for Nixon by California businessmen. On September 23, Nixon defended himself in a nationwide radio and television speech, denying that there was anything improper in his use of the money. His wife did not wear mink, he pointed out, but only \"a respectable Republican cloth coat.\" The only gift that he had kept for himself was a cocker spaniel named Checkers. The \"Checkers speech\" brought an overwhelmingly favorable response from Republicans across the nation. Eisenhower kept him on the ticket, and the two were swept into office by a margin of more than 6 million votes over the Democratic ticket headed by Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0228853225708, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Julie Nixon Eisenhower", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.073452949523926, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Main article: Eisenhower Administration", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412684440612793, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In part because of his reputation as an ardent anti-communist, 39-year-old Nixon was selected by Republican party nominee General Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the Vice Presidential candidate at the Republican National Convention in July 1952.[31] In September, the New York Post published an article claiming that campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses.[31] Nixon responded that the fund was not secret, and the campaign commissioned an independent review which showed that it was used only for political purposes.[32] Republicans, including some within Eisenhower's campaign, pressured Eisenhower to remove Nixon from the ticket, but Eisenhower realized that he was unlikely to win without Nixon.[33]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.989155888557434, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon appeared on television on September 23, 1952, to defend himself against the allegations. He detailed his personal finances and mentioned the independent third-party review of the fund's accounting.[31] While it was the first time that a national politician released his tax returns, the speech became better known for its rhetoric, such as when he remarked that his wife Pat did not wear mink, but rather \"a respectable Republican cloth coat,\" and that, although he had been given an American Cocker Spaniel named Checkers in addition to his other campaign contributions, he was not going to give the dog back because his daughters loved it.[31] Now known as the \"Checkers speech,\" it resulted in much support from the base of the Republican Party and from the general public,[34] and greatly aided Nixon in remaining on the ticket.[31] In the 1952 presidential elections, Eisenhower and Nixon defeated Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and Alabama Senator John Sparkman by seven million votes.[31]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.40346908569336, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In March 1957, he visited Libya for a program of economic and military aid.[37] Nixon was, and is still, the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit the African nation. In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for Moscow's opening of the American National Exhibition.[31] On July 24, while touring the exhibits with Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in the impromptu \"Kitchen Debate\" about the merits of capitalism versus communism.[31]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.102491855621338, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "In 1960, Nixon launched his campaign for President of the United States. He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries, and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. as his running mate.[31] His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy, and the race remained close for the duration.[39] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower-Nixon administration allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the \"missile gap\"). Kennedy told voters it was time to \"get the country moving again.\"[40] In the midst of the campaign, Nixon advocated stimulative tax cuts in what would become one of the core tenets of the supply-side theory of economics.[41] He also presented a plan for economic growth and deficit reduction, which appealed to many.[41]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9451003074645996, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law in La Mirada. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the United States Navy and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He was elected in 1946 as a Republican to the House of Representatives representing California's 12th Congressional district, and in 1950 to the United States Senate. He was selected to be the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was the Republican Party nominee in the 1952 presidential election, and Nixon was vice president until 1961. Nixon announced his withdrawal from politics after losing the presidential election in 1960 and the California gubernatorial election in 1962. However, in 1968, Nixon was elected president of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7221280932426453, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. In 1937 he passed the bar exam and practiced law in La Mirada. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the United States Navy and rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in the Pacific during World War II. In 1946 he was elected to the House of Representatives, first representing California's 12th Congressional district, and in 1950 served as Senator. He was chosen by party nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower to be his running mate for vice president in 1952, a position he was elected to and served from 1953 until 1961. After an unsuccessful presidential run in 1960 and a failed run for Governor of California in 1962, Nixon was elected to the presidency in 1968, and reelected four years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.49538522958755493, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of United States ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Luxor International Airport is the main airport serving the city of Luxor, Egypt. It is located four miles (6 km) east of the city. Many charter airlines use the airport, as it is a popular tourist destination for those visiting the River Nile and the Valley of the Kings.", "precise_score": 8.529693603515625, "rough_score": 8.2937593460083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Luxor International Airport serves the city of Luxor, Egypt . Luxor is a popular tourist destination, particularly for tourists travelling to the River Nile and the Valley of the Kings. The majority of traffic at Luxor is European charter traffic, but the airport is also well served by airlines from across North Africa , the Middle East and Europe .", "precise_score": 8.440794944763184, "rough_score": 8.753626823425293, "source": "search", "title": "Profile on Luxor International Airport | CAPA - Centre for ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Location of Luxor International Airport, Egypt", "precise_score": 6.758954048156738, "rough_score": 7.751371383666992, "source": "search", "title": "Profile on Luxor International Airport | CAPA - Centre for ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "A-Z World Airports Online - Egypt airports - Luxor International Airport (LXR/HELX)", "precise_score": 5.5723161697387695, "rough_score": 7.151614665985107, "source": "search", "title": "A-Z World Airports Online - Egypt airports - Luxor ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Facilities for cargo include refrigerated storage, animal quarantine, livestock handling, health officials, X-Ray equipment, and fumigation equipment. The cargo terminal handling agent for the airport is EgyptAir Cargo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287453651428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Luxor Airport (LXR) Information: LXR Airport in Luxor Area, Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.822901725769043, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "(Luxor, Egypt)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3491634130477905, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Situated 6 km / 4 miles east of Luxor city itself (Al Uqsur) and close to both Al Bayadiyah and El-dabiya, Luxor International Airport (LXR) is an entry point for the popular tourist destination of the Nile Valley. This is the closest airport to the renowned Valley of the Kings, which is situated just south of Luxor, and is currently Egypt's fourth-biggest airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.904607772827148, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The airport has recently been upgraded to meet the needs of the growing air traffic and has been designed to handle some seven million passengers annually, being currently used by around one million. Luxor Airport covers around 740 acres / 300 hectares and features just one runway and comprehensive cargo storage. EgyptAir and AMC are currently amongst the main airlines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.7979416847229, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Luxor truly is a city like no other and successfully combines the splendour of ancient Thebes with the hustle and bustle of a modern Egyptian city. A vibrant centre that offers surprises around every corner, visitors to Luxor can enjoy striking architecture and an abundance of dining and accommodation options.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6991817951202393, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Address: Luxor City, Luxor, Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.229804515838623, "source": "search", "title": "Airports Guides - Luxor International Airport" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Luxor Airport, Egypt, Luxor, Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.625067710876465, "source": "search", "title": "A-Z World Airports Online - Egypt airports - Luxor ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Airlines Serving Airport: AMC Airlines, Aigle Azur Transp Aériens, Air Arabia, Air Austral, Air Berlin, Air Cairo, Air Memphis, Austrian Airtransport, Edelweiss Air, Egyptair, First Choice Airways, Kuwait Airways, LTU Int´l, Lotus Air, Luxair, Monarch, Niki, Orca Airways, Petroleum Air Services, Qatar Airways Cargo, Raslan Air Service, Scorpion Air, TUIfly, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomson Airways, Transavia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.527890682220459, "source": "search", "title": "A-Z World Airports Online - Egypt airports - Luxor ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Cargo Handling Agents: AN-Aviation Services Co , Egyptair (Luxor)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4740159511566162, "source": "search", "title": "A-Z World Airports Online - Egypt airports - Luxor ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395115852355957, "source": "search", "title": "Car rental Luxor International Airport | Europcar" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Navigating a whole new area on your own schedule was never easier than with a cheap car rental from Luxor International Airport. As soon as you arrive at Luxor International Airport, Egypt, you can look forward to exploring straight away. As well as having the freedom to drive to exciting new locations on a whim, you can plan day trips and excursions to nearby attractions that capture your interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.17583703994751, "source": "search", "title": "Car rental Luxor International Airport | Europcar" } ]

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[ { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula (which has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"services to theoretical physics\", in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory. ", "precise_score": -3.030468463897705, "rough_score": -6.66151237487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of \"extremely powerful bombs of a new type\" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.", "precise_score": 3.654531717300415, "rough_score": 3.0868380069732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company lost a bid to supply the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought was lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title \"On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field\". ", "precise_score": -1.1477537155151367, "rough_score": -6.219513416290283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zürich in July 1910. In April they moved to Berlin. After a few months his wife returned to Zürich with their sons, after learning that Einstein's chief romantic attraction was his first and second cousin Elsa. They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years. Eduard, whom his father called \"Tete\" (for petit), had a breakdown at about age 20 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. His mother cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally being committed permanently after her death.", "precise_score": -2.3109755516052246, "rough_score": -6.752783298492432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so. During his Prague stay, Einstein wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Zürich. From 1912 until 1914, he was professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, where he taught analytical mechanics and thermodynamics. He also studied continuum mechanics, the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and friend Marcel Grossmann. ", "precise_score": -2.5797102451324463, "rough_score": -4.73963737487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist. ", "precise_score": -2.081569194793701, "rough_score": -7.6563544273376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Chaplin's film, City Lights, was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. Walter Isaacson, Einstein's biographer, described this as \"one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity.\" Einstein and Chaplin arrived together, in black tie, with Elsa joining them, \"beaming.\" The audience applauded as they entered the theater. Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled his \"modest little flat\" and the piano at which he had begun writing his theory. Chaplin speculated that it was \"possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis.\"", "precise_score": -6.114928245544434, "rough_score": -7.353978633880615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "In February 1933 while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler.", "precise_score": 6.120981216430664, "rough_score": 5.071439266204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet Winston Churchill at his home, and later, Austen Chamberlain and former Prime Minister Lloyd George. Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Frederick Lindemann to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.Gilbert, Martin. Churchill and the Jews, Henry Holt and Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176 Churchill later observed that as a result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their \"technical standards\" and put the Allies' technology ahead of theirs.", "precise_score": -1.9292477369308472, "rough_score": -5.817418575286865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In October 1933 Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their Jewish quota which lasted until the late 1940s. ", "precise_score": 2.567169427871704, "rough_score": -2.7599825859069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd attempted to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, \"regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the race to build an atomic bomb, and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon.\" ", "precise_score": -3.1347734928131104, "rough_score": -3.848578929901123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "The letter is believed to be \"arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II\". In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the Belgian Royal Family and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White House's Oval Office. President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing Hitler to possess atomic bombs first. As a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the \"race\" to develop the bomb, drawing on its \"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\" to initiate the Manhattan Project. The U.S. became the only country to successfully develop nuclear weapons during World War II and also remains the only country to use them in combat, against Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, towards the end of the war.", "precise_score": -1.073355793952942, "rough_score": -5.902506351470947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title \"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen\", which translates as \"Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena\". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.", "precise_score": -8.15658950805664, "rough_score": -7.208627700805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux.In September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.", "precise_score": -8.288167953491211, "rough_score": -6.800777912139893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1933, with the support of traditional conservative nationalists, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and the Nazis gradually established a one-party state, under which Jews, political opponents and other \"undesirable\" elements were marginalized, with several millions eventually imprisoned and killed. Hitler purged the party’s more socially and economically radical factions in the mid-1934 Night of the Long Knives and, after the death of President Hindenburg, political power was concentrated in his hands, as Führer or \"leader\". Following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism.", "precise_score": -4.892314910888672, "rough_score": -5.49322509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, but soon gave up this effort and generally avoided it while in power. The use of \"Nazi Germany\", \"Nazi regime\", and so on was popularized by German exiles abroad. From them, the term spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a common name for the ideology the party advocated; a rarer alternative spelling, though representing a common pronunciation, is Naziism.", "precise_score": -7.630661964416504, "rough_score": -5.882010459899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis, the far-right monarchist, reactionary German National People's Party (DNVP), and others, such as monarchist officers of the German Army and several prominent industrialists, formed an alliance in opposition to the Weimar Republic on 11 October 1931 in Bad Harzburg; officially known as the \"National Front\", but commonly referred to as the Harzburg Front. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP. The Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag. The Nazis denounced them as \"an insignificant heap of reactionaries\". The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their street violence, and the \"economic experiments\" that would take place if the Nazis rose to power.", "precise_score": -3.147991418838501, "rough_score": -3.075529098510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The radical Nazi Joseph Goebbels hated capitalism, viewing it as having Jews at its core, and he stressed the need for the party to emphasise both a proletarian and national character. Those views were shared by Otto Strasser, who later left the Nazi Party in the belief that Hitler had betrayed the party's socialist goals by allegedly endorsing capitalism. Large segments of the Nazi Party staunchly supported its official socialist, revolutionary, and anti-capitalist positions and expected both a social and economic revolution upon the party's gaining power in 1933. Many of the million members of the Sturmabteilung (SA) were committed to the party's official socialist program. The leader of the SA, Ernst Röhm, pushed for a \"second revolution\" (the \"first revolution\" being the Nazis' seizure of power) that would entrench the party's official socialist program. Further, Röhm desired that the SA absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks under his leadership.", "precise_score": -6.5316619873046875, "rough_score": -7.613739490509033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "During his youth in Austria, Hitler was politically influenced by Austrian Pan-Germanist proponent Georg Ritter von Schönerer, who advocated radical German nationalism, antisemitism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Slavism, and anti-Habsburg views. From von Schönerer and his followers, Hitler adopted for the Nazi movement the Heil greeting, the Führer title, and the model of absolute party leadership. Hitler was also impressed with the populist antisemitism and anti-liberal bourgeois agitation of Karl Lueger, who as the mayor of Vienna during Hitler's time in the city used a rabble-rousing oratory style that appealed to the wider masses. Unlike von Schönerer, however, Lueger was not a German nationalist, but a pro-Catholic Habsburg supporter.", "precise_score": -5.413825988769531, "rough_score": -7.285290718078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Fascism was a major influence on Nazism. The seizure of power by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in the March on Rome in 1922 drew admiration by Hitler, who less than a month later had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists. Hitler presented the Nazis as a form of German fascism.", "precise_score": -3.779463291168213, "rough_score": -5.359610080718994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler spoke of Nazism being indebted to the success of Fascism's rise to power in Italy. In a private conversation in 1941 he said \"the brown shirt would probably not have existed without the black shirt\", the \"brown shirt\" referring to the Nazi militia and the \"black shirt\" referring to the Fascist militia. He also said in regards to the 1920s \"If Mussolini had been outdistanced by Marxism, I don't know whether we could have succeeded in holding out. At that period National Socialism was a very fragile growth.\".", "precise_score": -3.5856387615203857, "rough_score": -6.379612445831299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In his early years as the Nazi leader, Hitler had claimed that he would be willing to accept friendly relations with Russia on the tactical condition that Russia agree to return to the borders established by the German–Russian peace agreement of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Vladimir Lenin of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1918 which gave large territories held by Russia to German control in exchange for peace. Hitler in 1921 had commended the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as opening the possibility for restoration of relations between Germany and Russia, saying:", "precise_score": -5.163167476654053, "rough_score": -6.644665241241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler from 1921 to 1922 evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of Lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government. Hitler's attitudes changed by the end of 1922, in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia. Later Hitler declared how far he intended to expand Germany into Russia:", "precise_score": -5.117951393127441, "rough_score": -7.134704113006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In Nazi Germany, the idea of creating a master race resulted in efforts to \"purify\" the Deutsche Volk through eugenics; its culmination was compulsory sterilization or involuntary euthanasia of physically or mentally disabled people. The name given after World War II for the euthanasia programme is Action T4. The ideological justification was Adolf Hitler's view of Sparta (11th century – 195 BC) as the original Völkisch state; he praised their dispassionate destruction of congenitally deformed infants in maintaining racial purity. Some non-Aryans enlisted in Nazi organisations like the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht, including Germans of African descent and Jewish descent. The Nazis began to implement \"racial hygiene\" policies as soon as they came to power. The July 1933 \"Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring\" prescribed compulsory sterilisation for people with a range of conditions thought to be hereditary, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, Huntington's chorea, and \"imbecility\". Sterilisation was also mandated for chronic alcoholism and other forms of social deviance. An estimated 360,000 people were sterilised under this `law between 1933 and 1939. Although some Nazis suggested that the programme should be extended to people with physical disabilities, such ideas had to be expressed carefully, given that some Nazis had physical disabilities, one example being one of the most powerful figures of the regime, Joseph Goebbels, who had a deformed right leg. ", "precise_score": -6.228854656219482, "rough_score": -6.847383499145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis continued social welfare policies initiated by the governments of the Weimar Republic and mobilised volunteers to assist those impoverished, \"racially-worthy\" Germans through the National Socialist People's Welfare organisation.Fritzsche 1998, p. 51. This organisation oversaw charitable activities, and became the largest civic organization in Nazi Germany. Successful efforts were made to get middle-class women involved in social work assisting large families. The Winter Relief campaigns acted as a ritual to generate public sympathy. Bonfires were made of school children's differently coloured caps as symbolic of the abolition of class differences. Large celebrations and symbolism were used extensively to encourage those engaged in physical labour on behalf of Germany, with leading National Socialists often praising the 'honour of labour', which fostered a sense of community (Gemeinschaft) for the German people and promoted solidarity towards the Nazi cause. ", "precise_score": -7.850593090057373, "rough_score": -7.488452911376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler primarily viewed the German economy as an instrument of power. Hitler believed the economy was not just about creating wealth and technical progress so as to improve the quality of life for a nation’s citizenry; economic success was paramount in that, it provided the means and material foundations necessary for military conquest. While economic progress generated by National Socialist programs had its role in appeasing the German people, the Nazis and Hitler in particular, did not believe that economic solutions alone were sufficient to thrust Germany onto the stage as a world power. Therefore, the Nazis sought first to secure a command economy through general economic revival accompanied by massive military spending for rearmament, especially later through the implementation of the Four Year Plan, which consolidated their rule and firmly secured a command relationship between the German arms industry and the National Socialist government. Between 1933 and 1939, military expenditures were upwards of 82 billion Reichsmarks and represented 23 percent of Germany's gross national product as the Nazis mobilized their people and economy for war. ", "precise_score": -4.841183662414551, "rough_score": -4.027161121368408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Historians Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest argue that in post-World War I Germany, the Nazis were one of many nationalist and fascist political parties contending for the leadership of Germany's anti-communist movement. The Nazis claimed that communism was dangerous to the well-being of nations because of its intention to dissolve private property, its support of class conflict, its aggression against the middle class, its hostility towards small business, and its atheism. Nazism rejected class conflict-based socialism and economic egalitarianism, favouring instead a stratified economy with social classes based on merit and talent, retaining private property, and the creation of national solidarity that transcends class distinction.", "precise_score": -5.992885589599609, "rough_score": -7.525807857513428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Under Nazism, with its emphasis on the nation, individual needs were subordinate to those of the wider community. Hitler declared that \"every activity and every need of every individual will be regulated by the collectivity represented by the party\" and that \"there are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself\". Himmler justified the establishment of a repressive police state, in which the security forces could exercise power arbitrarily, as national security and order should take precedence over the needs of the individual. ", "precise_score": -7.970566272735596, "rough_score": -7.267308712005615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Einstein went to the United States in 1932 to work at Princeton University. While he was in the United States, Nazis took control of Germany. Einstein spoke out against the Nazis that came to power in 1932. Once the Nazis were in control, he did not go back to Germany. He became a United States citizen in 1940. He contributed money to help the United States win World War II against Germany.", "precise_score": 5.791492938995361, "rough_score": 5.813910484313965, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - NASA" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com", "precise_score": -3.963169574737549, "rough_score": -7.645949840545654, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America?", "precise_score": -3.2000844478607178, "rough_score": -6.582881927490234, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Albert Einstein was very outspoken politically and was an avid pacifist. He was also a Jew in Germany at the time when the Holocaust was only a few years away. For this reason, he was forced out of his native Germany. He emigrated to the United States because he had been offered various positions there.", "precise_score": 2.304198741912842, "rough_score": -2.1841089725494385, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Albert Einstein spoke out openly in support of pacifism and didn't hesitate to create a political persona. Because of this, and because of his famous status, he made political enemies of extreme right-wing groups. Anti-Semites declared that his work was un-German, and as the Nazis rose to power, it became increasingly hard for Einstein to live in Germany. The scientist was offered a position at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. Although he wasn't initially welcomed in the United States because of his pacifist views, after a few more months in Europe, he was able to move to America in 1933. He retained dual U.S. and Swiss citizenship, giving up his German citizenship. It was fortunate that Einstein moved because he was accused of treason by the Nazi party in 1933. The party's power was so absolute that at one point Einstein's name couldn't be mentioned, even in academic circles.", "precise_score": 7.460728645324707, "rough_score": 6.50367546081543, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Once in the United States, Einstein and his wife helped other Jewish refugees to emigrate to the America. Einstein expressed mixed feelings about living in the United States. He felt privileged to live in a place as peaceful as Princeton, New Jersey, but at the same time felt guilty for being able to live peacefully while so many others had lives destroyed by the war. Nevertheless, Einstein remained in Princeton until his death in 1955.", "precise_score": 0.5124728679656982, "rough_score": -6.861948013305664, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Albert Einstein come to America? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Munich. As a child, Einstein became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics and science. He dropped out of school in 1894 and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901.", "precise_score": 1.445231318473816, "rough_score": -6.469754695892334, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Almost immediately after Albert Einstein learned of the atomic bomb's use in Japan, he became an advocate for nuclear disarmament. He formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and backed Manhattan Project scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer in his opposition to the hydrogen bomb.", "precise_score": -2.9928853511810303, "rough_score": -6.006669044494629, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein continued working at the patent office until 1909, when he finally found a full-time academic post at the University of Zurich. In 1913, he arrived at the University of Berlin, where he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. The move coincided with the beginning of Einstein’s romantic relationship with a cousin of his, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he would eventually marry after divorcing Mileva. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. According to Einstein’s equivalence principle–which held that gravity’s pull in one direction is equivalent to an acceleration of speed in the opposite direction–if light is bent by acceleration, it must also be bent by gravity. In 1919, two expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted.", "precise_score": -3.6977386474609375, "rough_score": -4.766241550445557, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Einstein Moves to the United States (1933-39)", "precise_score": 4.851463317871094, "rough_score": -2.2552223205566406, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "A longtime pacifist and a Jew, Einstein became the target of hostility in Weimar Germany, where many citizens were suffering plummeting economic fortunes in the aftermath of defeat in the Great War. In December 1932, a month before Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Einstein made the decision to emigrate to the United States, where he took a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey . He would never again enter the country of his birth.", "precise_score": 5.492997646331787, "rough_score": 1.0703006982803345, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "In the late 1930s, Einstein’s theories, including his equation E=mc2, helped form the basis of the development of the atomic bomb. In 1939, at the urging of the Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt advising him to approve funding for the development of uranium before Germany could gain the upper hand. Einstein, who became a U.S. citizen in 1940 but retained his Swiss citizenship, was never asked to participate in the resulting Manhattan Project, as the U.S. government suspected his socialist and pacifist views. In 1952, Einstein declined an offer extended by David Ben-Gurion, Israel’s premier, to become president of Israel.", "precise_score": -0.7484378814697266, "rough_score": -6.490849494934082, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein move to America? - Quora", "precise_score": 0.8017321825027466, "rough_score": 1.5038946866989136, "source": "search", "title": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein moved to America in 1933 because he was appalled of the Nazis being in power in Germany. Initially,  the Nazis did not try to kill the Jews, they rather encouraged them to migrate to other countries by making their situation in Germany as miserable as possible. The systematic mass killings of Jews did not start before 1941.", "precise_score": 7.193066596984863, "rough_score": 5.675365447998047, "source": "search", "title": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Hitler didn't get the chance.Thing is Einstein was visiting U.S in 1933, when he came to know that the Nazi party has rose to power. Einstein knew that he couldn't return to Germany. So, he stayed back and became an American citizen in  1940", "precise_score": 5.729591369628906, "rough_score": 6.278528690338135, "source": "search", "title": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein ..." }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm , Württemberg, Germany—died April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect . Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -0.7236199378967285, "rough_score": -3.564035177230835, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With a small but steady income for the first time, Einstein felt confident enough to marry Maric, which he did on January 6, 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard, were born in Bern in 1904 and 1910, respectively. In hindsight, Einstein’s job at the patent office was a blessing. He would quickly finish analyzing patent applications, leaving him time to daydream about the vision that had obsessed him since he was 16: What would happen if you raced alongside a light beam? While at the polytechnic school he had studied Maxwell’s equations , which describe the nature of light, and discovered a fact unknown to James Clerk Maxwell himself—namely, that the speed of light remains the same no matter how fast one moves. This violates Newton’s laws of motion , however, because there is no absolute velocity in Isaac Newton ’s theory. This insight led Einstein to formulate the principle of relativity : “the speed of light is a constant in any inertial frame (constantly moving frame).”", "precise_score": -6.758025646209717, "rough_score": -6.520257949829102, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Soon, owing to Planck’s laudatory comments and to experiments that gradually confirmed his theories, Einstein was invited to lecture at international meetings, such as the Solvay Conferences , and he rose rapidly in the academic world. He was offered a series of positions at increasingly prestigious institutions, including the University of Zürich, the University of Prague , the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and finally the University of Berlin , where he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913 to 1933 (although the opening of the institute was delayed until 1917).", "precise_score": -2.8897101879119873, "rough_score": -4.23257303237915, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Inevitably, Einstein’s fame and the great success of his theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity , branding it “Jewish physics” and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark , to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931. When asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat relativity one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.", "precise_score": -1.310752034187317, "rough_score": -1.6482813358306885, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In December 1932 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever (he would never go back). It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein’s picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a price on his head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression. To Einstein, pacifism was not an absolute concept but one that had to be re-examined depending on the magnitude of the threat.", "precise_score": 0.5951557159423828, "rough_score": -3.9937238693237305, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "To his horror, during the late 1930s, physicists began seriously to consider whether his equation E = mc2 might make an atomic bomb possible. In 1920 Einstein himself had considered but eventually dismissed the possibility. However, he left it open if a method could be found to magnify the power of the atom. Then in 1938–39 Otto Hahn , Fritz Strassmann , Lise Meitner , and Otto Frisch showed that vast amounts of energy could be unleashed by the splitting of the uranium atom . The news electrified the physics community.", "precise_score": -8.375615119934082, "rough_score": -6.026442527770996, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "In July 1939 physicist Leo Szilard convinced Einstein that he should send a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to develop an atomic bomb. With Einstein’s guidance, Szilard drafted a letter on August 2 that Einstein signed, and the document was delivered to Roosevelt by one of his economic advisers, Alexander Sachs, on October 11. Roosevelt wrote back on October 19, informing Einstein that he had organized the Uranium Committee to study the issue.", "precise_score": -5.851954936981201, "rough_score": -7.1452178955078125, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein was granted permanent residency in the United States in 1935 and became an American citizen in 1940, although he chose to retain his Swiss citizenship. During the war Einstein’s colleagues were asked to journey to the desert town of Los Alamos , New Mexico , to develop the first atomic bomb for the Manhattan Project . Einstein, the man whose equation had set the whole effort into motion, was never asked to participate. Voluminous declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files, numbering several thousand, reveal the reason: the U.S. government feared Einstein’s lifelong association with peace and socialist organizations. (FBI director J. Edgar Hoover went so far as to recommend that Einstein be kept out of America by the Alien Exclusion Act, but he was overruled by the U.S. State Department .) Instead, during the war Einstein was asked to help the U.S. Navy evaluate designs for future weapons systems. Einstein also helped the war effort by auctioning off priceless personal manuscripts. In particular, a handwritten copy of his 1905 paper on special relativity was sold for $6.5 million. It is now located in the Library of Congress .", "precise_score": -1.341770887374878, "rough_score": -6.765377044677734, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein was a racist Zionist. He believed that anti-Semitism was good for the Jewish \"race\" because it promoted segregation and separated Jews from the, to use his word, \"Goyim\". John Stachel wrote,", "precise_score": -2.751281261444092, "rough_score": -7.214369297027588, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"While he lived in Germany, however, Einstein seems to have accepted the then-prevalent racist mode of thought, often invoking such concepts as 'race' and 'instinct,' and the idea that the Jews form a race.\"— J. Stachel, \"Einstein's Jewish Identity\", Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin, (2002), pp. 57-83, at 68.", "precise_score": -0.6139846444129944, "rough_score": -7.541496276855469, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"I am neither a German citizen, nor is there in me anything that can be described as 'Jewish faith.' But I am happy to belong to the Jewish people, even though I don't regard them as the Chosen People. Why don't we just let the Goy keep his anti-Semitism, while we preserve our love for the likes of us?\"—A. Einstein quoted in A. Foelsing, English translation by E. Osers, Albert Einstein, a Biography, Viking, New York, (1997), p. 494; which cites speech to the Central-Verein Deutscher Staatsbuerger Juedischen Glaubens, in Berlin on 5 April 1920, in D. Reichenstein, Albert Einstein. Sein Lebensbild und seine Weltanschauung, Berlin, (1932). This letter from Einstein to the Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith of 5 April 1920 is reproduced in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 9, Document 368, Princeton University Press, (2004).", "precise_score": -3.1880528926849365, "rough_score": -6.53458309173584, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"What I hear from [Einstein] is not exactly encouraging, for it shows the impossibility of arriving at a lasting peace with Germany without first totally crushing it. Einstein says the situation looks to him far less favorable than a few months back. The victories over Russia have reawakened German arrogance and appetite. The word 'greedy' seems to Einstein best to characterize Germany. [***] Einstein does not expect any renewal of Germany out of itself; it lacks the energy for it, and the boldness for initiative. He hopes for a victory of the Allies, which would smash the power of Prussia and the dynasty. . . . Einstein and Zangger dream of a divided Germany—on the one side Southern Germany and Austria, on the other side Prussia. [***] We speak of the deliberate blindness and the lack of psychology in the Germans.\"—R. Romain, La Conscience de l'Europe, Volume 1, pp. 696ff. English translation from A. Foelsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, Viking, New York, (1997), pp. 365-367. See also: Letter from A. Einstein to R. Romain of 15 September 1915, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 8, Document 118, Princeton University Press, (1998); and Letter from A. Einstein to R. Romain of 22 August 1917, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 8, Document 374, Princeton University Press, (1998).", "precise_score": 0.9226040244102478, "rough_score": -4.0597124099731445, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein's dreams during the First World War remind one of the \"Carthaginian Peace\" of the Henry Morgenthau, Jr. plan for the destruction of Germany following the Second World War. Morgenthau worked with Lord Cherwell (Frederick Alexander Lindemann), Churchill's friend and advisor, who planned to bomb German civilian populations into submission. Lindemann studied under Einstein's friend, Walther Nernst, who worked with Fritz Haber, a Jewish developer of poisonous gas. James Bacque argues that the Allies, under the direction of General Eisenhower, starved hundreds of thousands, if not millions of German prisoners of war to death. [J. Bacque, Other Losses: An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners at the Hands of the French and Americans after World War II, Stoddart,Toronto, (1989).]", "precise_score": -3.229757308959961, "rough_score": -5.148688316345215, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "While responsible people were trying to preserve some sanity in the turbulent period following World War I, racist Zionists including Albert Einstein sought to validate and encourage the racism of anti-Semites. The Dreyfus Affair taught them that anti-Semitism had a powerful effect to unite Jews around the world.", "precise_score": -2.8278961181640625, "rough_score": -7.38368558883667, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein bore no such loyalty to Germans, who had fed him and made him famous. In fact, Einstein wanted to exterminate Gentile Germans.", "precise_score": -0.4413973093032837, "rough_score": -5.813632965087891, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After siding with Germany's enemies in the First World War—while living in Germany, and after intentionally provoking Germans into increased anti-Semitism, which he thought was good for Jews, and after defaming German Nobel Prize laureates in the international press to the point where they felt obliged to join Hitler's cause, which cause eventually resulted in the genocide of Europe's Jews; Einstein sponsored the production of genocidal weapons to mass murder Germans, whom he had hated all of his life, in the famous letter to President Roosevelt that Einstein signed urging Roosevelt to begin the development of atomic bombs—before the mass murder of Jews had begun. [Cf. A. Unsoeld, \"Albert Einstein — Ein Jahr danach\", Physikalische Blaetter, Volume 36, (1980), pp.337-339; and Volume 37, Number 7, (1981), p. 229.]", "precise_score": 0.12200348824262619, "rough_score": -2.853243589401245, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"It should not be forgotten that the atomic bomb was made in this country as a preventive measure; it was to head off its use by the Germans, if they discovered it. The bombing of civilian centers was initiated by the Germans and adopted by the Japanese. To it the Allies responded in kind—as it turned out, with greater effectiveness—and they were morally justified in doing so.\"—A. Einstein, \"Atomic War or Peace\", Atlantic Monthly, (November, 1945, and November 1947); as reprinted in: A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, Crown, New York, (1954), p. 125.", "precise_score": -4.006666660308838, "rough_score": -6.8046159744262695, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"With the Germans having murdered my Jewish brethren in Europe, I do not wish to have anything more to do with Germans, not even with a relatively harmless Academy. [***] The crimes of the Germans are really the most hideous that the history of the so-called civilized nations has to show. [***] [It was] evident that a proud Jew no longer wishes to be connected with any kind of German official event or institution. [***] After the mass murder committed by the Germans against my Jewish brethren I do not wish any publications of mine to appear in Germany.\"—A. Einstein quoted in A. Foelsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, Viking, New York, (1997), pp. 727-728.", "precise_score": -2.7291460037231445, "rough_score": -6.776160717010498, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein was born in Germany on March 14 1879. His mother noticed that the back of her baby’s head was unusually large, and for a moment thought there was something wrong. With her encouragement Albert was taught to play the violin when still very young, and he became an excellent musician. (As an adult he would take his fiddle everywhere: he found that playing it relaxed him.) He learned to sail, too, which he loved. And he knew by the age of 12 what he wanted to spend his life studying: nothing less than the behaviour of the universe.", "precise_score": -1.8744769096374512, "rough_score": -7.079068660736084, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein brought a new perspective to the relationships between light, time, space, matter and gravity. 1905 was also the year of his famous equation: E=mc2. This was a way of expressing his theory that matter could be converted into huge amounts of energy. It was Einstein who proved, through his ‘thought experiments’, that atoms really exist. His work helped to make quantum physics possible - without which much modern technology (including computers) might still be a closed book. It was for this work, not for his more famous theory of relativity, that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.", "precise_score": -8.302098274230957, "rough_score": -7.657890319824219, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Albert Einstein was born a German, took Swiss nationality in 1900 and German-Swiss nationality after the war, renounced German citizenship in 1933, and became an American citizen in 1940. Such real and symbolic frontier-crossing was appropriate in a man who hoped for a world in which there were no binding or fanatical nationalist allegiances to cause distrust, hostility and war.", "precise_score": 1.2875049114227295, "rough_score": -3.458413600921631, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1914 Einstein had just taken up a high-ranking science post in Berlin. When the war began, international criticism of Germany for attacking a neutral country (Belgium) was so great that a government-sponsored ‘Manifesto to the Civilised World’ was published. It defended German militarism and was signed by nearly 100 famous German intellectuals. A prominent German pacifist responded with a ‘Manifesto to Europeans’, which challenged militarism and ‘this barbarous war’ and called for peaceful European unity against it. ‘Educated people in all countries should use their influence to bring about a peace treaty that will not carry the seeds of future wars.’ Only three other people were brave enough to sign this peace manifesto; one of them was Einstein. It was the first of many public actions he took to promote pacifist ideals over the next 40 years.", "precise_score": -0.03601815551519394, "rough_score": -4.13665246963501, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In the spring of 1923 Einstein visited Japan, and fell in love with it. ‘The Japanese are a wonderful people in a beautiful land.’ But in Europe the news was bad. Nazism and its racist creeds were spreading. Mussolini was entrenching his fascist dictatorship in Italy. France had re-occupied part of Germany (the industrial area of the Ruhr valley) demanding reparation money for war damage. Einstein, asked by someone for his autograph, wrote: ‘Children do not listen to the wisdom of their elders. Nations do not listen to history. The bitter lessons of the past must ever be learned anew.’", "precise_score": 2.4330861568450928, "rough_score": -4.053268909454346, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "An international movement for individual resistance to war had grown steadily since 1914. In 1928 Einstein began to make public his own support for ‘absolute refusal of military service’. With other international pacifists, he signed a manifesto against military conscription.", "precise_score": -3.2063424587249756, "rough_score": -5.80902099609375, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "1932 was a difficult year in Einstein’s struggle for peace. First there was the failure of the Disarmament Conference. Then a proposal for an International Peace Centre at The Hague lost its way when several main international pacifist organisations backed off. An anti-war congress in Amsterdam was politically hi-jacked by the USSR. Einstein himself was accused of communism and repudiated for his pacifism - in America, where he was on January 30 1933, the day Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. ‘I’m not going home,’ Einstein told an interviewer.", "precise_score": 0.5329224467277527, "rough_score": -6.471436023712158, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "But Einstein never stopped supporting pacifist ideals. Perhaps we should remember that Einstein knew at first hand what the Nazis were capable of; he knew that Germany was now re-arming, fast; and he knew (from its victims) of ‘the war of annihilation against my defenceless fellow Jews’. More than that, as he saw it, civilisation and culture were under threat, and despite so much hard work for peace, the world had not yet been able to devise a non-military way of dealing with this kind of threat. (To understand is not to excuse; but it’s what pacifists try to do when talking with people who disagree.)", "precise_score": -1.6749862432479858, "rough_score": -4.139108180999756, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In September 1933 Einstein left Belgium for England. From there he wrote, ‘My present attitude towards military service was reached with the greatest reluctance and after a difficult inner struggle’. Despite rumours that plots to kidnap or assassinate him had followed him from Europe, he spoke at a mass meeting in the Royal Albert Hall. It was organised by refugee aid workers focused on assisting Jewish academics to escape from Nazi persecution (help which Einstein, too, offered personally to scores of colleagues). He told the audience of 10,000 that ‘freedom itself is at stake....one can only hope that the present crisis will lead to a better world’.", "precise_score": 3.0185012817382812, "rough_score": -3.000917911529541, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "When Hitler marched into Austria in 1938, the persecution of Jews in Europe grew even worse. Einstein tried to start an immediate appeal to non-Jews in Europe and America, for help in ‘averting the worst’. ‘No government has the right to conduct a systematic campaign of physical destruction of any segment of the population which resides within its borders. Germany has embarked on such a path in its inhuman persecution of German and Austrian Jews....Can there be anything more humiliating for our generation than to feel compelled to request that innocent people be not killed?’", "precise_score": 1.5598745346069336, "rough_score": -3.7333974838256836, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Then news came that Germany had forbidden exports of uranium ore from Czechoslovakia (which it had recently invaded). Szilard panicked: Germany must be making a bomb already. The only other stocks of good uranium were in Belgium - they had to be protected, thought Szilard, from falling into German hands. He went to America to get help from Einstein: Einstein was someone people would listen to. Szilard remembered that visit well: ‘The possibility of a chain reaction in uranium hadn’t occurred to him, but as soon as I began to tell him about it he saw what the consequences might be.’ A letter, signed by Einstein, was sent to the American president, Franklin Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -2.221935272216797, "rough_score": -6.952070713043213, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, Wuerttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. His boyhood was spent in Munich, where his father, who owned electro-technical works, had settled. The family migrated to Italy in 1894, and Albert was sent to a cantonal school at Aarau in Switzerland. He attended lectures while supporting himself by teaching mathematics and physics at the Polytechnic School at Zurich until 1900. Finally, after a year as tutor at Schaffthausen, he was appointed examiner of patents at the Patent Office at Bern where, having become a Swiss citizen, he remained until 1909.", "precise_score": 0.35478997230529785, "rough_score": -6.104831695556641, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Dr. Einstein married Mileva Marec, a fellow-student in Switzerland, in 1901. They had two sons, Albert Einstein Jr., an electrical engineer who also came to this country, and Eduard. The marriage ended in divorce. He married again, in 1917, this time his cousin, Elsa Einstein, a widow with two daughters. She died in Princeton in 1936.", "precise_score": -1.37998628616333, "rough_score": -6.833594799041748, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "that he moved in America at the time of Hitler's rise to power...and never went back", "precise_score": 2.787405014038086, "rough_score": 1.8211206197738647, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "During the 1930s and into World War II, Albert Einstein wrote affidavits recommending United States visas for European Jews who were trying to flee persecution and lobbied for looser immigration rules.", "precise_score": -0.4868922829627991, "rough_score": -5.653289318084717, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Einstein was visiting the United States when the virulently anti-Semitic Nazi Party came to power in 1933... he didn't go home to Germany. He spoke out against the Nazis. He worked to support the Allied war effort against Germany, including the Manhattan Project, though he came to oppose the use of nuclear weapons due to their enormous destructive power. Later he supported the founding of the State of Israel as a refuge and homeland for Jews.", "precise_score": 4.456210613250732, "rough_score": 4.975510120391846, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \"Einstein\" synonymous with \"genius\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288948059082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal in 1919, after having had a personal relationship with her since 1912. She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems; she died in December 1936.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.024794578552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901, but was not conscripted for medical reasons. With the help of Marcel Grossmann's father, Einstein secured a job in Bern at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner. He evaluated patent applications for a variety of devices including a gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he \"fully mastered machine technology\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.629486083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.438484191894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named \"The Olympia Academy\", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.549177169799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1900, Einstein's paper \"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen\" (\"Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena\") was published in the prestigious Annalen der Physik. On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as pro-forma advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation entitled, \"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions.\" That same year, which has been called Einstein's annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.138362884521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1914, he returned to the German Empire after being appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (1914–1932) and a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, but freed from most teaching obligations. He soon became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1916 was appointed president of the German Physical Society (1916–1918). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673562049865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Based on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about his new theory of general relativity, light from another star should be bent by the Sun's gravity. In 1919, that prediction was confirmed by Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. Those observations were published in the international media, making Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper The Times printed a banner headline that read: \"Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.4393310546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received an official welcome by Mayor John Francis Hylan, followed by three weeks of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at Columbia University and Princeton University, and in Washington he accompanied representatives of the National Academy of Science on a visit to the White House. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman and philosopher Viscount Haldane in London, where he met several renowned scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at King's College London. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.13003158569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "He also published an essay, \"My First Impression of the U.S.A.,\" in July 1921, in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much as had Alexis de Tocqueville, who published his own impressions in Democracy in America (1835). For some of his observations, Einstein was clearly surprised: \"What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life . . . The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.158928871154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "In 1922, his travels took him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour, as he visited Singapore, Ceylon and Japan, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture, he met the emperor and empress at the Imperial Palace, where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, Einstein described his impression of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true feel for art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.896650314331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "1930–1931: Travel to the U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.881242752075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In December 1930, Einstein visited America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit as a research fellow at the California Institute of Technology. After the national attention he received during his first trip to the U.S., he and his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped with telegrams and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.412955284118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including Chinatown, a lunch with the editors of the New York Times, and a performance of Carmen at the Metropolitan Opera, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor Jimmy Walker and met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as \"the ruling monarch of the mind.\" Harry Emerson Fosdick, pastor at New York's Riverside Church, gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance. Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at Madison Square Garden during a Hanukkah celebration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.020731925964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplin, both noted for their pacifism. Carl Laemmle, head of Universal Studios, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a \"highly emotional temperament,\" from which came his \"extraordinary intellectual energy.\"Chaplin, Charles. Charles Chaplin: My Autobiography, Simon and Schuster, N.Y. (1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.391359329223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "1933: Emigration to the U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842913627624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He and his wife Elsa returned to Belgium by ship in March, and during the trip they learned that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in Antwerp on 28 March, he immediately went to the German consulate and turned in his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship. A few years later, the Nazis sold his boat and turned his cottage into a Hitler Youth camp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.833250045776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Refugee status ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371896743774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. Historian Gerald Holton describes how, with \"virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues,\" thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed.Holton, Gerald. [https://books.google.com/books?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.458795547485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "United+States", "passage": "Gerald+Holton+migration+physicists+United+States+Einstein+jews&hlen&sa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68674373626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Gerald%20Holton%20migration%20physicists%20United%20States%20Einstein%20jews&f=false \"The migration of physicists to the United States\"], Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1984 pp. 18–24", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67853832244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein+on+Race+and+Racism+america's+worst+disease#vonepage&q&f", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506693840026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "false Einstein on Race and Racism] Rutgers University Press, (2006) In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend Max Born, who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, \"... I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.\" After moving to the U.S., he described the book burnings as a \"spontaneous emotional outburst\" by those who \"shun popular enlightenment,\" and \"more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.181580543518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British naval officer Commander Oliver Locker-Lampson, who had become friends with Einstein in the preceding years. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London, with the press publishing a photo of them guarding Einstein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.800467491149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe. The bill failed to become law, however, and Einstein then accepted an earlier offer from the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, in the U.S., to become a resident scholar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.263813018798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Einstein was still undecided on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxford where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a 5 year Studentship, but in 1935 he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.479765892028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He was one of the four first selected (two of the others being John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close friendship with Gödel. The two would take long walks together discussing their work. Bruria Kaufman, his assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory and to refute the accepted interpretation of quantum physics, both unsuccessfully.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.710149765014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "To make certain the U.S. was aware of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Szilárd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered. He was asked to lend his support by writing a letter, with Szilárd, to President Roosevelt, recommending the U.S. pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.685282707214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "For Einstein, \"war was a disease ... [and] he called for resistance to war.\" By signing the letter to Roosevelt, he went against his pacifist principles. In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, \"I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them ...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.240485191345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "U.S. citizenship ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021642684936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture when compared to Europe. He recognized the \"right of individuals to say and think what they pleased\", without social barriers, and as a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his own early education.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.626503944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein was a passionate, committed antiracist and joined National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the civil rights of African Americans. He considered racism America's \"worst disease,\" seeing it as \"handed down from one generation to the next.\" As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial in 1951.Robeson, Paul. Paul Robeson Speaks, Citadel (2002) p. 333 When Einstein offered to be a character witness for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.364871978759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In 1946 Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania where he was awarded an honorary degree. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to blacks, including Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall. To its students, Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, \"I do not intend to be quiet about it.\" A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student,[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/ \"Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist\"], Harvard Gazette, April 12, 2007 and black physicist Sylvester James Gates states that Einstein had been one of his early science heroes, later finding out about Einstein's support for civil rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.771799087524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Assisting Zionist causes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289594650268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university. He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.711666107177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Among those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as malaria, which he called an \"evil\" that was undermining a third of the country's development. Establishing an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments, was also important.Rowe, David E. and Schulmann, Robert, editors. Einstein on Politics, Princeton University Press (2007)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458325386047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Love of music ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381904602050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein developed an appreciation of music at an early age, and later wrote: \"If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.618725776672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture. According to conductor Leon Botstein, Einstein is said to have begun playing when he was 5, although he did not enjoy it at that age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.614484786987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart, whereupon \"Einstein fell in love\" with Mozart's music and studied music more willingly. He taught himself to play without \"ever practicing systematically\", he said, deciding that \"love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.\" At age 17, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau as he played Beethoven's violin sonatas, the examiner stating afterward that his playing was \"remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'.\" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein \"displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577286720275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played chamber music were a few professionals, and he performed for private audiences and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zürich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the 1937 edition of the Köchel catalogue of Mozart's work; that edition was actually prepared by Alfred Einstein, who may have been a distant relation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45826244354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Political and religious views ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343400955200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein's views about religious belief have been collected from interviews and original writings. He called himself an agnostic, while disassociating himself from the label atheist. He said he believed in the \"pantheistic\" God of Baruch Spinoza, but not in a personal god, a belief he criticized. Einstein once wrote: \"I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but expressed it clearly\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513812065124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the State of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live long enough to complete it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.799437522888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein refused surgery, saying: \"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.\" He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740004539489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \"Einstein\" synonymous with \"genius\". In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957544326782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113959312438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Annus Mirabilis papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc2 that Albert Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space, time, and matter. The four papers are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.688475608825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Consequences of this include the time-space frame of a moving body appearing to slow down and contract (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960871696472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each, where h is Planck's constant. He does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.213706016540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be different, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. Peter Debye refined this model. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55029582977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Throughout the 1910s, quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the periodic table of the elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336968421936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments Wilhelm Wien had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of adiabatic invariance of a thermal equilibrium state allows all the blackbody curves at different temperature to be derived from one another by a simple shifting process. Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant. Arnold Sommerfeld identified this adiabatic invariant as the action variable of classical mechanics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.415704727172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In \"über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung\" (\"The Development of our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation\"), on the quantization of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined momenta and act in some respects as independent, point-like particles. This paper introduced the photon concept (although the name photon was introduced later by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926) and inspired the notion of wave–particle duality in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave–particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.847272872924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his \"second quantum theory.\" Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Albert Einstein and his assistant Otto Stern. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0418701171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "As Albert Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled \"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It\", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation, gravitational red shift and deflection of light.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.241189956665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1911, Einstein published another article \"On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light\" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98989200592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81242561340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the nebulae, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe. In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated with the cosmological constant. As he stated in the paper, \"In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [sic] facts, and in which the density is constant over time\"...\"If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.895747184753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It thus appears that Einstein considered a Steady State model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.057686805725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083629608154297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the Zeitschrift für Physik. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose–Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures. It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman using ultra-cooling equipment built at the NIST–JILA laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of bosons. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.017034530639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein argued that this is true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, and others, and has become standard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7113037109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in 1917 by Erwin Schrödinger and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780003547668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Following his research on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his \"unified field theory\" in a Scientific American article entitled \"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation\". Although he continued to be lauded for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358333587646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.694300174713135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons, nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization in an iron bar suspended on a torsion pendulum. They confirmed that this leads the bar to rotate, because the electron's angular momentum changes as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.132404327392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Bohr versus Einstein ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.650128364562988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": " The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. From Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949), publ. Cambridge University Press, 1949. Niels Bohr's report of conversations with Einstein. Their debates would influence later interpretations of quantum mechanics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.563486099243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He then used a hypothesis of local realism to conclude that the other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the particle actually has values of position or momentum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183000564575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307817459106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In the period before World War II, The New Yorker published a vignette in their \"The Talk of the Town\" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain \"that theory\". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers \"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.661415100097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. He is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was \"a cartoonist's dream come true\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405355453491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein received numerous awards and honors and in 1922 he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.\" None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.803736686706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "National Socialism (), more commonly known as Nazism (), is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi state – and, by extension, other far-right groups. Usually characterized as a form of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism, Nazism developed out of the influences of Pan-Germanism, the Völkisch German nationalist movement, and the anti-communist Freikorps paramilitary groups that emerged during the Weimar Republic after German defeat in World War I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853791236877441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race. It aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, or \"people's community\" based on national unity. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans living in historically German territory, as well as gain additional lands for German expansion under the doctrine of Lebensraum, while excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or foreign peoples. The term \"National Socialism\" arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of \"socialism\", as an alternative to both international socialism and free market capitalism. Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of class struggle, opposed cosmopolitan internationalism, and sought to defend the private property and privately owned businesses of Aryans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05240535736084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazi Party was founded as the Pan-German nationalist and antisemitic German Workers' Party on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organization and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP) to broaden its appeal. The National Socialist Program, adopted in 1920, called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In Mein Kampf, written in 1924, Hitler outlined the antisemitism and anti-communism at the heart of his political philosophy, as well as his disdain for parliamentary democracy and his belief in Germany’s right to territorial expansion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7455267906188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards peasant, characterizing an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, being a shortened version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria, the area from which the Nazis emerged. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the party's name, Nationalsozialistische, to the dismissive \"Nazi\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.479735374450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Today our left-wing politicians in particular are constantly insisting that their craven-hearted and obsequious foreign policy necessarily results from the disarmament of Germany, whereas the truth is that this is the policy of traitors [...] But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496350288391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler, when asked whether he supported the \"bourgeois right-wing\", claimed that Nazism was not exclusively for any class, and indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved \"pure\" elements from both \"camps\", stating: \"From the camp of bourgeois tradition, it takes national resolve, and from the materialism of the Marxist dogma, living, creative Socialism\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.371755599975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Prior to becoming an antisemite and a Nazi, Hitler had lived a Bohemian lifestyle as a wandering watercolour artist in Austria and southern Germany, though he maintained elements of it later in life. Hitler served in World War I. After the war, his battalion was absorbed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic from 1918 to 1919, where he was elected Deputy Battalion Representative. According to the historian Thomas Weber, Hitler attended the funeral of communist Kurt Eisner (a German Jew), wearing a black mourning armband on one arm and a red communist armband on the other, which he took as evidence that Hitler's political beliefs had not yet solidified. In Mein Kampf, Hitler never mentioned any service with the Bavarian Soviet Republic, and stated that he became an antisemite in 1913 in Vienna. This statement has been disputed with the contention he was not an antisemite at that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.950503349304199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler altered his political views in response to the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919, and it was then that he became an antisemitic, German nationalist. As a Nazi, Hitler had expressed opposition to capitalism, having regarded capitalism as having Jewish origins. He accused capitalism of holding nations ransom in the interests of a parasitic cosmopolitan rentier class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.565520286560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Although he opposed communist ideology, Hitler on numerous occasions publicly praised the Soviet Union's leader Joseph Stalin and Stalinism. Hitler commended Stalin for seeking to purify the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of Jewish influences, noting Stalin's purging of Jewish communists such as Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, and Karl Radek. While Hitler always intended to bring Germany into conflict against the Soviet Union to gain Lebensraum (living space), he supported a temporary strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to form a common anti-liberal front to crush liberal democracies, particularly France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.823302745819092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Another important figure in pre-Nazi völkisch thinking was Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, whose work—Land und Leute (Land and People, written between 1857 and 1863)—collectively tied the organic German Volk to its native landscape and nature, a pairing which stood in stark opposition to the mechanical and materialistic civilization developing as a result of industrialization. Geographers Friedrich Ratzel and Karl Haushofer borrowed from Riehl’s work as did Nazi ideologues Alfred Rosenberg and Paul Schultze-Naumburg; both of whom employed some of Riehl’s philosophy in arguing that \"each nation-state was an organism that required a particular living space to survive\". Riehl’s influence is overtly discernible in the Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil) philosophy introduced by Oswald Spengler, which the Nazi agriculturalist Walther Darré and other prominent Nazis adopted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.334756851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Völkisch nationalism denounced soulless materialism, individualism, and secularized urban industrial society, while advocating a \"superior\" society based on ethnic German \"folk\" culture and German \"blood\". It denounced foreigners and foreign ideas, and declared that Jews, Freemasons, and others were \"traitors to the nation\" and unworthy of inclusion. Völkisch nationalism saw the world in terms of natural law and romanticism; it viewed societies as organic, extolling the virtues of rural life, condemning the neglect of tradition and decay of morals, denounced the destruction of the natural environment, and condemned \"cosmopolitan\" cultures such as Jews and Romani.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.418272018432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "During the era of Imperial Germany, Völkisch nationalism was overshadowed by both Prussian patriotism and the federalist tradition of various states therein. The events of World War I, including the end of the Prussian monarchy in Germany, resulted in a surge of revolutionary Völkisch nationalism. The Nazis supported such revolutionary Völkisch nationalist policies and claimed that their ideology was influenced by the leadership and policies of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the founder of the German Empire. The Nazis declared that they were dedicated to continuing the process of creating a unified German nation state that Bismarck had begun and desired to achieve. While Hitler was supportive of Bismarck's creation of the German Empire, he was critical of Bismarck's moderate domestic policies. On the issue of Bismarck's support of a Kleindeutschland (\"Lesser Germany\", excluding Austria) versus the Pan-German Großdeutschland (\"Greater Germany\") of the Nazis, Hitler stated that Bismarck's attainment of Kleindeutschland was the \"highest achievement\" Bismarck could have achieved \"within the limits possible of that time\". In Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler presented himself as a \"second Bismarck\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.070273399353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The concept of the Aryan race, which the Nazis promoted, stems from racial theories asserting that Europeans are the descendants of Indo-Iranian settlers, people of ancient India and ancient Persia. Proponents of this theory based their assertion on the similarity of European words and their meaning to those of Indo-Iranian languages. Johann Gottfried Herder argued that the Germanic peoples held close racial connections with the ancient Indians and ancient Persians, who he claimed were advanced peoples possessing a great capacity for wisdom, nobility, restraint, and science. Contemporaries of Herder used the concept of the Aryan race to draw a distinction between what they deemed \"high and noble\" Aryan culture versus that of \"parasitic\" Semitic culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.199163436889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Notions of white supremacy and Aryan racial superiority combined in the 19th century, with white supremacists maintaining that certain groups of white people were members of an Aryan \"master race\" that is superior to other races, and particularly superior to the Semitic race, which they associated with \"cultural sterility\". Arthur de Gobineau, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the ancien régime in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing, which he argued destroyed the purity of the Aryan race, a term which he reserved only for Germanic people. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany, emphasised the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan (Germanic) and Jewish cultures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.745099067687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Aryan mysticism claimed that Christianity originated in Aryan religious tradition and that Jews had usurped the legend from Aryans. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, an English proponent of racial theory, supported notions of Germanic supremacy and antisemitism in Germany. Chamberlain's work, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), praised Germanic peoples for their creativity and idealism while asserting that the Germanic spirit was threatened by a \"Jewish\" spirit of selfishness and materialism. Chamberlain used his thesis to promote monarchical conservatism while denouncing democracy, liberalism, and socialism. The book became popular, especially in Germany. Chamberlain stressed the need of a nation to maintain racial purity in order to prevent degeneration, and argued that racial intermingling with Jews should never be permitted. In 1923, Chamberlain met Hitler, whom he admired as a leader of the rebirth of the free spirit. Madison Grant's work The Passing of the Great Race (1916) advocated Nordicism and proposed using a eugenic program to preserve the Nordic race. After reading the book, Hitler called it \"my Bible\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.660256385803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In Germany, the idea of Jews economically exploiting Germans became prominent upon the foundation of Germany due to the ascendance of many wealthy Jews into prominent positions upon the unification of Germany in 1871. Empirical evidence demonstrates that from 1871 to the early 20th century, German Jews were overrepresented in Germany's upper and middle classes while they were underrepresented in Germany's lower class, particularly in the fields of work of agricultural and industrial labour. German Jewish financiers and bankers played a key role in fostering Germany's economic growth from the 1871 to 1913, and such Jewish financiers and bankers benefited enormously from this boom. In 1908, amongst the twenty-nine wealthiest German families with aggregate fortunes of up to 55 million marks at the time, five were Jewish, and the Rothschilds were the second wealthiest German family. The predominance of Jews in Germany's banking, commerce, and industry sectors in this time period was very high with consideration to Jews being estimated to have accounted for 1 percent of the population of Germany. This overrepresentation of Jews in these areas created resentment by non-Jewish Germans during periods of economic crisis. The 1873 stock market crash and ensuing depression resulted in a spate of attacks on alleged Jewish economic dominance in Germany and increased antisemitism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.530868530273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1912) was an antisemitic forgery created by the secret service of the Russian Empire, the Okhrana. Many antisemites believed it was real and the Protocol became widely popular after World War I. The Protocols claimed that there was a secret international Jewish conspiracy to take over the world. Hitler had been introduced to The Protocols by Alfred Rosenberg, and from 1920 onward, Hitler focused his attacks on claiming that Judaism and Marxism were directly connected, that Jews and Bolsheviks were one and the same, and that Marxism was a Jewish ideology. Hitler believed that The Protocols were authentic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.446840286254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Radical Antisemitism was promoted by prominent advocates of Völkisch nationalism, including Eugen Diederichs, Paul de Lagarde, and Julius Langbehn. De Lagarde called the Jews a \"bacillus, the carrier of decay ... who pollute every national culture ... and destroy all faith with their materialistic liberalism\", and he called for the extermination of the Jews. Langbehn called for a war of annihilation of the Jews; his genocidal policies were published by the Nazis and given to soldiers on the front during World War II. One antisemitic ideologue of the period, Friedrich Lange, even used the term \"national socialism\" to describe his own anti-capitalist take on the Völkisch nationalist template. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976812362670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte accused Jews in Germany of having been, and inevitably continuing to be, a \"state within a state\" that threatened German national unity. Fichte promoted two options to address this: the first was the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine to impel the Jews to leave Europe. The other option was violence against Jews, saying that the goal would be \"... to cut off all their heads in one night, and set new ones on their shoulders, which should not contain a single Jewish idea\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140787124633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis claimed that Bismarck was unable to complete German national unification because of Jewish infiltration of the German parliament, and that their abolition of parliament ended the obstacle to unification. Using the stab-in-the-back myth, the Nazis accused Jews—and other populaces it considered non-German—of possessing extra-national loyalties, thereby exacerbating German antisemitism about the Judenfrage (the Jewish Question), the far-right political canard popular when the ethnic Völkisch movement and their politics of Romantic nationalism for establishing a Großdeutschland were strong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7768049240112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Nazism's racial policy positions may have developed from the views of important biologists of the 19th century, including French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, through Ernst Haeckel's idealist version of Lamarckism and the father of genetics, German botanist Gregor Mendel. However, Haeckel's works were later condemned and banned from bookshops and libraries by the Nazis as inappropriate for \"National-Socialist formation and education in the Third Reich\". This may have been because of his \"monist\" atheistic, materialist philosophy, which the Nazis disliked. Unlike Darwinian theory, Lamarckian theory officially ranked races in a hierarchy of evolution from apes while Darwinian theory did not grade races in a hierarchy of higher or lower evolution from apes, simply categorising humans as a whole of all as having progressed in evolution from apes. Many Lamarckians viewed \"lower\" races as having been exposed to debilitating conditions for too long for any significant \"improvement\" of their condition in the near future. Haeckel utilised Lamarckian theory to describe the existence of interracial struggle and put races on a hierarchy of evolution, ranging from being wholly human to subhuman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.685248374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mendelian inheritance, or Mendelism, was supported by the Nazis, as well as by mainstream eugenics proponents at the time. The Mendelian theory of inheritance declared that genetic traits and attributes were passed from one generation to another. Proponents of eugenics used Mendelian inheritance theory to demonstrate the transfer of biological illness and impairments from parents to children, including mental disability; others also utilised Mendelian theory to demonstrate the inheritance of social traits, with racialists claiming a racial nature of certain general traits such as inventiveness or criminal behaviour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4749755859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Oswald Spengler, a German cultural philosopher, was a major influence on Nazism, although, after 1933, Spengler became alienated from Nazism and was later condemned by the Nazis for criticising Adolf Hitler. Spengler's conception of national socialism and a number of his political views were shared by the Nazis and the Conservative Revolutionary movement. Spengler's views were also popular amongst Italian Fascists, including Benito Mussolini.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.273842811584473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Spengler's book The Decline of the West (1918) written during the final months of World War I, addressed the claim of decadence of modern European civilisation, which he claimed was caused by atomising and irreligious individualization and cosmopolitanism. Spengler's major thesis was that a law of historical development of cultures existed involving a cycle of birth, maturity, ageing, and death when it reaches its final form of civilisation. Upon reaching the point of civilisation, a culture will lose its creative capacity and succumb to decadence until the emergence of \"barbarians\" creates a new epoch. Spengler considered the Western world as having succumbed to decadence of intellect, money, cosmopolitan urban life, irreligious life, atomised individualization, and was at the end of its biological and \"spiritual\" fertility. He believed that the \"young\" German nation as an imperial power would inherit the legacy of Ancient Rome, lead a restoration of value in \"blood\" and instinct, while the ideals of rationalism would be revealed as absurd.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63704776763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Spengler's notions of \"Prussian socialism\" as described in his book Preussentum und Sozialismus (\"Prussiandom and Socialism\", 1919), influenced Nazism and the Conservative Revolutionary movement. Spengler wrote: \"The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor, but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow. That is our freedom, freedom from the economic despotism of the individual.\" Spengler adopted the anti-English ideas addressed by Plenge and Sombart during World War I that condemned English liberalism and English parliamentarianism while advocating a national socialism that was free from Marxism and that would connect the individual to the state through corporatist organisation. Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany, including creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice. He prescribed war as a necessity, saying \"War is the eternal form of higher human existence and states exist for war: they are the expression of the will to war.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.932710647583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Wilhelm Stapel, an antisemitic German intellectual, utilized Spengler's thesis on the cultural confrontation between Jews as whom Spengler described as a Magian people versus Europeans as a Faustian people. Stapel described Jews as a landless nomadic people in pursuit of an international culture whereby they can integrate into Western civilisation. As such, Stapel claims that Jews have been attracted to \"international\" versions of socialism, pacifism, or capitalism because as a landless people the Jews have transgressed various national cultural boundaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565448760986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Other Nazis—especially those at the time associated with the party's more radical wing such as Gregor Strasser, Joseph Goebbels, and Heinrich Himmler—rejected Italian Fascism, accusing it of being too conservative or capitalist. Alfred Rosenberg condemned Italian Fascism for being racially confused and having influences from philosemitism. Strasser criticised the policy of Führerprinzip as being created by Mussolini, and considered its presence in Nazism as a foreign imported idea. Throughout the relationship between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a number of lower-ranking Nazis scornfully viewed fascism as a conservative movement that lacked a full revolutionary potential.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.687572002410889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The German Nazi Party supported German irredentist claims to Austria, Alsace-Lorraine, the region now known as the Czech Republic, and the territory known since 1919 as the Polish Corridor. A major policy of the German Nazi Party was Lebensraum (\"living space\") for the German nation based on claims that Germany after World War I was facing an overpopulation crisis and that expansion was needed to end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being. Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.168760299682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Policy for Lebensraum planned mass expansion of Germany eastwards to the Ural Mountains. Hitler planned for the \"surplus\" Russian population living west of the Urals to be deported to the east of the Urals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.719121932983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "A Nazi era school textbook for German students entitled Heredity and Racial Biology for Students written by Jakob Graf described to students the Nazi conception of the Aryan race in a section titled \"The Aryan: The Creative Force in Human History\". Graf claimed that the original Aryans developed from Nordic peoples who invaded ancient India that resulted in the initial development of Aryan culture there that later spread to ancient Persia and claimed that the Aryan presence in Persia was what was responsible for its development into an empire. He claimed that ancient Greek culture was developed by Nordics due to paintings of the time showing Greeks who were tall, light-skinned, light-eyed, blond-haired people. He said that the Roman Empire was having been developed by the Italics who were related to the Celts who were a Nordic people. He regarded the vanishing of the Nordic component of the populations in Greece and Rome led to their downfall. The Renaissance was claimed to have developed in the Western Roman Empire because of the Germanic invasions that brought new Nordic blood to the Empire's lands, such as presence of Nordic blood in the Lombards (referred to as Longobards in the book); that remnants of the western Goths were responsible for the creation of the Spanish Empire; and that heritage of Franks, Goths, and Germanic peoples in France was what was responsible for its rise to be a major power. He claimed that the rise of the Russian Empire was due to its leadership by people of Norman descent. He described the rise of Anglo-Saxon societies in North America, South Africa, and Australia, as being the result of the Nordic heritage of Anglo-Saxons. He concluded these points by saying that \"Everywhere Nordic creative power has built mighty empires with high-minded ideas, and to this very day Aryan languages and cultural values are spread over a large part of the world, though the creative Nordic blood has long since vanished in many places.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.111492156982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In its racial categorisation, Nazism viewed what it called the Aryan race as the master race of the world—a race that was superior to all other races. It viewed Aryans as being in racial conflict with a mixed race people, the Jews, whom Nazis identified as a dangerous enemy of the Aryans. It also viewed a number of other peoples as dangerous to the well-being of the Aryan race. In order to preserve the perceived racial purity of the Aryan race, a set of race laws were introduced in 1935 which came to be known as the Nuremberg Laws. At first these laws only prevented sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, but were later extended to the \"Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastard offspring\", who were described by the Nazis as people of \"alien blood\". Such relations between Aryans (cf. Aryan certificate) and non-Aryans were now punishable under the race laws as Rassenschande or \"race defilement\". After the war began, the race defilement law was extended to include all foreigners (non-Germans). At the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans were Jews, Romani,Slavs and blacks. To maintain the \"purity and strength\" of the Aryan race, the Nazis eventually sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, Slavs, and the physically and mentally disabled. Other groups deemed \"degenerate\" and \"asocial\" who were not targeted for extermination, but received exclusionary treatment by the Nazi state, included homosexuals, blacks, Jehovah's Witnesses, and political opponents. One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of the war was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all Slavs from central and eastern Europe in order to make living space for German settlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.626909255981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther argued that European peoples were divided into five races: Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, and East Baltic. Günther applied a Nordicist conception that Nordics were the highest in the racial hierarchy. In his book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) (\"Racial Science of the German People\"), Günther recognised Germans as being composed of all five races, but emphasised the strong Nordic heritage among them.Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870-1940. Eastbourne, England: UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS, 2008, 2010. P. 150. Hitler read Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes, which influenced his racial policy. Gunther believed Slavs belonged to an \"East race\" and warned against Germans mixing with them ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5293607711792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler's conception of the Aryan Herrenvolk (\"Aryan master race\") excluded the vast majority of Slavs from central and eastern Europe (i.e., Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, etc.). They were regarded as a race of men not inclined to a higher form of civilization, which were under an instinctive force that reverted them back to nature. They also regarding the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic, that being Mongol, influences. The Nazis because of this declared Slavs to be Untermenschen (subhumans). Nazi anthropologists attempted to prove scientifically the historical admixture of the Slavs further East. Leading Nazi racial theorist, Hans Günther, regarded the Slavs as being primarily Nordic centuries ago but over time had mixed with non-Nordic types. There were exceptions for a small percentage of Slavs who were seen to be descended from German settlers and therefore fit to be Germanised and be considered part of the Aryan master race. Hitler described Slavs as \"a mass of born slaves who feel the need of a master\". The Nazi notion of Slavs being inferior served as legitimising their goal for creating Lebensraum for Germans and other Germanic people in eastern Europe, where millions of Germans and other Germanic settlers would be moved into conquered territories of Eastern Europe, while the original Slavic inhabitants were to be annihilated, removed, or enslaved. Nazi Germany's policy changed towards Slavs in response to military manpower shortages, in which it accepted Slavs to serve in its armed forces within occupied territories, in spite of them being considered subhuman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72065544128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler declared that racial conflict against Jews was necessary to save Germany from suffering under them and dismissed concerns about such conflict being inhumane or an injustice:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.453275680541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "We may be inhumane, but if we rescue Germany we have achieved the greatest deed in the world. We may work injustice, but if we rescue Germany then we have removed the greatest injustice in the world. We may be immoral, but if our people is rescued we have opened the way for morality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96528148651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels frequently employed antisemitic rhetoric to underline this view: \"The Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity of blood, the conscious destroyer of our race ... As socialists, we are opponents of the Jews, because we see, in the Hebrews, the incarnation of capitalism, of the misuse of the nation's goods.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.057052612304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Nazi ideology advocated excluding women from political involvement and confining them to the spheres of \"Kinder, Küche, Kirche\" (Children, Kitchen, Church). Many women enthusiastically supported the regime but formed their own internal hierarchies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56401252746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "While unmarried until the very end of the regime, Hitler often made excuses about his busy life hindering any chance for marriage. Among National Socialist ideologues, marriage was valued not from moral considerations but because it provided an optimal breeding environment. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, reportedly told a confidant that when he established the Lebensborn program, an organization to dramatically increase the birth rate of \"Aryan\" children through extramarital relations between women classified as racially pure and their male equals, he had only the purest male \"conception assistants\" in mind. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.291070938110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis later issued similar regulations against the Eastern Workers (Ost-Arbeiters), including the death penalty for sexual relations with a German person. Heydrich issued a decree on 20 February 1942 that declared sexual intercourse between a German woman and a Russian worker or prisoner of war would result in the Russian man being punished by the death penalty. A further decree issued by Himmler on 7 December 1942 stated any \"unauthorized sexual intercourse\" would result in the death penalty. As the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour did not permit capital punishment for race defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases. German women accused of race defilement were marched through the streets with her head shaven and a placard around her neck detailing her crime, those convicted were sent to a concentration camp. When Himmler reportedly asked Hitler what the punishment should be for German girls and German women who have been found guilty of race defilement with prisoners of war (POWs) he ordered \"every POW who has relations with a German girl or a German would be shot\" and the German woman should be publicly humiliated by \"having her hair shorn and being sent to a concentration camp\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.566787719726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler promoted Himmler and the SS, who then zealously suppressed homosexuality, saying: \"We must exterminate these people root and branch ... the homosexual must be eliminated.\" In 1936, Himmler established the \"Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und Abtreibung\" (\"Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion\"). The Nazi régime incarcerated some 100,000 homosexuals during the 1930s. As concentration camp prisoners, homosexual men were forced to wear pink triangle badges. Nazi ideology still viewed German gay men as part of the Aryan master race but attempted to force them into sexual and social conformity. Gay men who would not change or feign a change in their sexual orientation were sent to concentration camps under the \"Extermination Through Work\" campaign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61815071105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazi Party Programme of 1920 guaranteed freedom for all religious denominations not hostile to the State and endorsed Positive Christianity to combat “the Jewish-materialist spirit”. It was a modified version of Christianity which emphasised racial purity and nationalism. The Nazis were aided by theologians such as Ernst Bergmann. Bergmann, in his work, Die 25 Thesen der Deutschreligion (Twenty-five Points of the German Religion), held that the Old Testament and portions of the New Testament of the Bible were inaccurate. He claimed that Jesus was not a Jew but of Aryan origin, and that Adolf Hitler was the new messiah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.692161560058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler denounced the Old Testament as \"Satan's Bible\", and utilising components of the New Testament attempted to demonstrate that Jesus was Aryan and antisemitic, such as in John 8:44 where Hitler noted that Jesus is yelling at \"the Jews\", as well as Jesus saying to the Jews that \"your father is the devil\", and describing Jesus' whipping of the \"Children of the Devil\". Hitler claimed that the New Testament included distortions by Paul the Apostle, whom Hitler described as a \"mass-murderer turned saint\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.609482765197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis were initially highly hostile to Catholics because most Catholics supported the German Centre Party. Catholics opposed the Nazis' promotion of sterilisation of those deemed inferior, and the Catholic Church forbade its members to vote for the Nazis. In 1933, extensive Nazi violence occurred against Catholics due to their association with the Centre Party and their opposition to the Nazi regime's sterilisation laws. The Nazis demanded that Catholics declare their loyalty to the German state. In propaganda, the Nazis used elements of Germany's Catholic history, in particular the German Catholic Teutonic Knights and their campaigns in Eastern Europe. The Nazis identified them as \"sentinels\" in the East against \"Slavic chaos\", though beyond that symbolism the influence of the Teutonic Knights on Nazism was limited. Hitler also admitted that the Nazis' night rallies were inspired by the Catholic rituals he witnessed during his Catholic upbringing. The Nazis did seek official reconciliation with the Catholic Church and endorsed the creation of the pro-Nazi Catholic Kreuz und Adler organisation that supported a national Catholicism. On 20 July 1933, a concordat (Reichskonkordat) was signed between Nazi Germany and the Catholic Church; in exchange for acceptance of the Catholic Church in Germany, it required German Catholics to be loyal to the German state. The Catholic Church then ended its ban on members supporting the Nazi Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.209308624267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Historian Michael Burleigh claims that Nazism used Christianity for political purposes, but such use required that \"fundamental tenets were stripped out, but the remaining diffuse religious emotionality had its uses\". Burleigh claims that Nazism's conception of spirituality was \"self-consciously pagan and primitive\". However, historian Roger Griffin rejects the claim that Nazism was primarily pagan, noting that although there were some influential neo-paganists in the Nazi Party, such as Heinrich Himmler and Alfred Rosenberg, they represented a minority and their views did not influence Nazi ideology beyond its use for symbolism; it is noted that Hitler denounced Germanic paganism in Mein Kampf and condemned Rosenberg's and Himmler's paganism as \"nonsense\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.772183418273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Generally speaking, Nazi theorists and politicians blamed Germany’s previous economic failures on political causes like the influence of Marxism on the workforce, the sinister and exploitative machinations of what they called international Jewry, and the vindictiveness of the western political leaders ‘war reparation’ demands. Instead of traditional economic incentives, the Nazis offered solutions of a political nature, such as the elimination of organized labour groups, rearmament (in contravention of the Versailles Treaty), and biological politics. Various work programs designed to establish full-employment for the German population were instituted once the Nazis seized full national power. Hitler encouraged nationally supported projects like the construction of the Autobahn, the introduction of an affordable people’s car (Volkswagen) and later, the Nazis bolstered the economy through the business and employment generated by military rearmament. Not only did the Nazis benefit early in the regime's existence from the first post-Depression economic upswing, their public works projects, job-procurement program, and subsidized home repair program reduced unemployment by as much as 40 percent in one year, a development which tempered the unfavourable psychological climate caused by the earlier economic crisis and encouraged Germans to march in step with the regime. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125741958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "To protect the German people and currency from volatile market forces, the Nazis also promised social policies like a national labour service, state-provided health care, guaranteed pensions, and an agrarian settlement program. Agrarian policies were particularly important to the Nazis since they corresponded not just to the economy but to their geopolitical conception of Lebensraum as well. For Hitler, the acquisition of land and soil was requisite in moulding the German economy. To tie farmers to their land, selling agricultural land was prohibited. Farm ownership was nominally private, but business monopoly rights were granted to marketing boards to control production and prices with a quota system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.39572525024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis sought to gain support of workers by declaring May Day, a day celebrated by organised labour, to be a paid holiday and held celebrations on 1 May 1933 to honour German workers. The Nazis stressed that Germany must honour its workers.Fritzsche 1998, p. 46. The regime believed that the only way to avoid a repeat of the disaster of 1918 was to secure workers' support for the German government. The Nazis wanted all Germans take part in the May Day celebrations in the hope that this would help break down class hostility between workers and burghers. Songs in praise of labour and workers were played by state radio throughout May Day as well as fireworks and an air show in Berlin. Hitler spoke of workers as patriots who had built Germany's industrial strength, had honourably served in the war and claimed that they had been oppressed under economic liberalism.Fritzsche 1998, p. 47. Berliner Morgenpost that had been strongly associated with the political left in the past praised the regime's May Day celebrations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.307428359985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler believed that private ownership was useful in that it encouraged creative competition and technical innovation, but insisted that it had to conform to national interests and be \"productive\" rather than \"parasitical\". Private property rights were conditional upon the economic mode of use; if it did not advance Nazi economic goals then the state could nationalise it. Although the Nazis privatised public properties and public services, they also increased economic state control. Under Nazi economics, free competition and self-regulating markets diminished; nevertheless, Hitler's social Darwinist beliefs made him reluctant to entirely disregard business competition and private property as economic engines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.301922798156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1930, Hitler said: \"Our adopted term 'Socialist' has nothing to do with Marxist Socialism. Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not.\" In 1942, Hitler privately said: \"I absolutely insist on protecting private property ... we must encourage private initiative\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.736806869506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Nazis argued that capitalism damages nations due to international finance, the economic dominance of big business, and Jewish influences. Nazi propaganda posters in working class districts emphasised anti-capitalism, such as one that said: \"The maintenance of a rotten industrial system has nothing to do with nationalism. I can love Germany and hate capitalism.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.774591445922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to its egotism, and he preferred a state-directed economy that is subordinated to the interests of the Volk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649879455566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hitler told a party leader in 1934, \"The economic system of our day is the creation of the Jews.\" Hitler said to Benito Mussolini that capitalism had \"run its course\". Hitler also said that the business bourgeoisie \"know nothing except their profit. 'Fatherland' is only a word for them.\" Hitler was personally disgusted with the ruling bourgeois elites of Germany during the period of the Weimar Republic, who he referred to as \"cowardly shits\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.776470184326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Another radical Nazi, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had stressed the socialist character of Nazism, and claimed in his diary in the 1920s that if he were to pick between Bolshevism and capitalism, he said \"in final analysis\", \"it would be better for us to go down with Bolshevism than live in eternal slavery under capitalism.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.662115097045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "According to the famous philosopher and political theorist, Hannah Arendt, the allure of Nazism as a totalitarian ideology (with its attendant mobilization of the German population), resided within the construct of helping that society deal with the cognitive dissonance resultant from the tragic interruption of the First World War, the economic and material suffering consequent the Depression, and brought to order the revolutionary unrest occurring all around them. Instead of the plurality that existed in democratic or parliamentary states, Nazism as a totalitarian system promulgated 'clear' solutions to the historical problems faced by Germany, levied support by de-legitimizing the former government of Weimar, and provided a politico-biological pathway to a better future, one free from the uncertainty of the past. It was the atomized and disaffected masses that Hitler and the party elite pointed in a particular direction, and using clever propaganda to make them into ideological adherents, exploited in bringing Nazism to life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.443331718444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "While the ideologues of Nazism, much like those of Stalinism, abhorred democratic or parliamentary governance as practiced in the U.S. or Britain, their differences are substantial. An epistemic crisis occurs when one tries to synthesize and contrast Nazism and Stalinism as two-sides of the same coin with their similarly tyrannical leaders, state-controlled economies, and repressive police structures; namely, since while they share a common thematic political construction, they are entirely inimical to one another in their worldviews and when more carefully analyzed against one another on a one-to-one level, an \"irreconcilable asymmetry\" results. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.483813285827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II and the end of the Holocaust, overt expressions of support for Nazi ideas were prohibited in Germany and other European countries. Nonetheless, movements that self-identify as National Socialist or are described as adhering to National Socialism continue to exist on the fringes of politics in many western societies. Usually espousing a white supremacist ideology, many deliberately adopt the symbols of Nazi Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677305221557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazism" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein became ill in 1949. He cut back on his travels and his workload. Einstein was so highly thought of that Israel offered him the job of President in 1952. He did not take the job because of his bad health. Einstein died in 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.845659255981445, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - NASA" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in 1905 alone. In the first paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light in order to explain the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, by which a material will emit electrically charged particles when hit by light. The second article contained Einstein’s experimental proof of the existence of atoms, which he got by analyzing the phenomenon of Brownian motion, in which tiny particles were suspended in water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.147848129272461, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In the third and most famous article, titled “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” Einstein confronted the apparent contradiction between two principal theories of physics: Isaac Newton’s concepts of absolute space and time and James Clerk Maxwell’s idea that the speed of light was a constant. To do this, Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which held that the laws of physics are the same even for objects moving in different inertial frames (i.e. at constant speeds relative to each other), and that the speed of light is a constant in all inertial frames. A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 (where “c” was the constant speed of light) expressed this relationship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471986770629883, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "The general theory of relativity was the first major theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years before, and the results made a tremendous splash worldwide, with the London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in Science” and a “New Theory of the Universe.” Einstein began touring the world, speaking in front of crowds of thousands in the United States, Britain, France and Japan. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect, as his work on relativity remained controversial at the time. Einstein soon began building on his theories to form a new science of cosmology, which held that the universe was dynamic instead of static, and was capable of expanding and contracting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.256901741027832, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "By the time Einstein’s wife Elsa died in 1936, he had been involved for more than a decade with his efforts to find a unified field theory, which would incorporate all the laws of the universe, and those of physics, into a single framework. In the process, Einstein became increasingly isolated from many of his colleagues, who were focused mainly on the quantum theory and its implications, rather than on relativity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.351676940917969, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Throughout the last years of his life, Einstein continued his quest for a unified field theory. Though he published an article on the theory in Scientific American in 1950, it remained unfinished when he died, of an aortic aneurysm, five years later. In the decades following his death, Einstein’s reputation and stature in the world of physics only grew, as physicists began to unravel the mystery of the so-called “strong force” (the missing piece of his unified field theory) and space satellites further verified the principles of his cosmology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6949462890625, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "I walked into my high school one morning to find everyone eerily quiet. Usually the place was pretty boisterous first thing in the morning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36112117767334, "source": "search", "title": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "I taught my dog to ring a bell on the door when he wants to go outside. Now all I hear is ringing. He wants to go outside to greet the cat, to watch the parrots, to sniff the garden, to howl and bark, to sit in the sun, to chew on rocks, to eat poop, to do anything but carry out his business. It's a nightmare - It's hard to tell when he actually has to poop or pee, but I've begun ignoring him u...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399248123168945, "source": "search", "title": "Why didn't Hitler kill Albert Einstein? Why did Einstein ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein’s parents were secular , middle-class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success. His mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He had one sister, Maria (who went by the name Maja), born two years after Albert.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.299877166748047, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein became deeply religious at age 12, even composing several songs in praise of God and chanting religious songs on the way to school. This began to change, however, after he read science books that contradicted his religious beliefs. This challenge to established authority left a deep and lasting impression. At the Luitpold Gymnasium , Einstein often felt out of place and victimized by a Prussian-style educational system that seemed to stifle originality and creativity. One teacher even told him that he would never amount to anything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19175910949707, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein’s education was disrupted by his father’s repeated failures at business. In 1894, after his company failed to get an important contract to electrify the city of Munich , Hermann Einstein moved to Milan to work with a relative. Einstein was left at a boardinghouse in Munich and expected to finish his education. Alone, miserable, and repelled by the looming prospect of military duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away six months later and landed on the doorstep of his surprised parents. His parents realized the enormous problems that he faced as a school dropout and draft dodger with no employable skills. His prospects did not look promising.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.932322025299072, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Fortunately, Einstein could apply directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (“Swiss Federal Polytechnic School”; in 1911, following expansion in 1909 to full university status, it was renamed the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, or “Swiss Federal Institute of Technology”) in Zürich without the equivalent of a high school diploma if he passed its stiff entrance examinations. His marks showed that he excelled in mathematics and physics , but he failed at French , chemistry , and biology . Because of his exceptional math scores, he was allowed into the polytechnic on the condition that he first finish his formal schooling. He went to a special high school run by Jost Winteler in Aarau , Switzerland , and graduated in 1896. He also renounced his German citizenship at that time. (He was stateless until 1901, when he was granted Swiss citizenship.) He became lifelong friends with the Winteler family, with whom he had been boarding. (Winteler’s daughter, Marie, was Einstein’s first love; Einstein’s sister, Maja, would eventually marry Winteler’s son Paul; and his close friend Michele Besso would marry their eldest daughter, Anna.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.74987506866455, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one of the greatest crises in his life. Because he studied advanced subjects on his own, he often cut classes; this earned him the animosity of some professors, especially Heinrich Weber. Unfortunately, Einstein asked Weber for a letter of recommendation. Einstein was subsequently turned down for every academic position that he applied to. He later wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.223587989807129, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1902 Einstein reached perhaps the lowest point in his life. He could not marry Maric and support a family without a job, and his father’s business went bankrupt. Desperate and unemployed, Einstein took lowly jobs tutoring children, but he was fired from even these jobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.644203186035156, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The turning point came later that year, when the father of his lifelong friend Marcel Grossmann was able to recommend him for a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern . About then, Einstein’s father became seriously ill and, just before he died, gave his blessing for his son to marry Maric. For years, Einstein would experience enormous sadness remembering that his father had died thinking him a failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990283966064453, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160979270935059, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "” (“On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat”), in which Einstein offered the first experimental proof of the existence of atoms . By analyzing the motion of tiny particles suspended in still water, called Brownian motion , he could calculate the size of the jostling atoms and Avogadro’s number (see Avogadro’s law ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.197795867919922, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Other scientists, especially Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz , had pieces of the theory of special relativity, but Einstein was the first to assemble the whole theory together and to realize that it was a universal law of nature, not a curious figment of motion in the ether , as Poincaré and Lorentz had thought. (In one private letter to Mileva, Einstein referred to “our theory,” which has led some to speculate that she was a cofounder of relativity theory. However, Mileva had abandoned physics after twice failing her graduate exams, and there is no record of her involvement in developing relativity. In fact, in his 1905 paper, Einstein only credits his conversations with Besso in developing relativity.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.484197616577148, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In the 19th century there were two pillars of physics: Newton’s laws of motion and Maxwell’s theory of light. Einstein was alone in realizing that they were in contradiction and that one of them must fall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.317544937133789, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "At first Einstein’s 1905 papers were ignored by the physics community . This began to change after he received the attention of just one physicist, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation, Max Planck , the founder of the quantum theory .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.684781074523926, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Even as his fame spread, Einstein’s marriage was falling apart. He was constantly on the road, speaking at international conferences, and lost in contemplation of relativity . The couple argued frequently about their children and their meager finances. Convinced that his marriage was doomed, Einstein began an affair with a cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, whom he later married. (Elsa was a first cousin on his mother’s side and a second cousin on his father’s side.) When he finally divorced Mileva in 1919, he agreed to give her the money he might receive if he ever won a Nobel Prize .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02338981628418, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "One of the deep thoughts that consumed Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a crucial flaw in his own theory: it made no mention of gravitation or acceleration . His friend Paul Ehrenfest had noticed a curious fact. If a disk is spinning, its rim travels faster than its centre, and hence (by special relativity) metre sticks placed on its circumference should shrink. This meant that Euclidean plane geometry must fail for the disk. For the next 10 years, Einstein would be absorbed with formulating a theory of gravity in terms of the curvature of space-time . To Einstein, Newton ’s gravitational force was actually a by-product of a deeper reality: the bending of the fabric of space and time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.098407745361328, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In November 1915 Einstein finally completed the general theory of relativity, which he considered to be his masterpiece. In the summer of 1915, Einstein had given six two-hour lectures at the University of Göttingen that thoroughly explained an incomplete version of general relativity that lacked a few necessary mathematical details. Much to Einstein’s consternation, the mathematician David Hilbert , who had organized the lectures at his university and had been corresponding with Einstein, then completed these details and submitted a paper in November on general relativity just five days before Einstein, as if the theory were his own. Later they patched up their differences and remained friends. Einstein would write to Hilbert,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.20021915435791, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein was convinced that general relativity was correct because of its mathematical beauty and because it accurately predicted the precession of the perihelion of Mercury ’s orbit around the Sun (see Mercury: Mercury in tests of relativity ). His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light around the Sun. As a consequence, he even offered to help fund an expedition to measure the deflection of starlight during an eclipse of the Sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.929519653320312, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein’s work was interrupted by World War I . A lifelong pacifist , he was only one of four intellectuals in Germany to sign a manifesto opposing Germany’s entry into war. Disgusted, he called nationalism “the measles of mankind.” He would write, “At such a time as this, one realizes what a sorry species of animal one belongs to.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.004270553588867, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In the chaos unleashed after the war, in November 1918, radical students seized control of the University of Berlin and held the rector of the college and several professors hostage. Many feared that calling in the police to release the officials would result in a tragic confrontation. Einstein, because he was respected by both students and faculty, was the logical candidate to mediate this crisis. Together with Max Born , Einstein brokered a compromise that resolved it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.301095962524414, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The headline of The Times of London read, “Revolution in Science—New Theory of the Universe—Newton’s Ideas Overthrown—Momentous Pronouncement—Space ‘Warped.’” Almost immediately, Einstein became a world-renowned physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.928146362304688, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "Invitations came pouring in for him to speak around the world. In 1921 Einstein began the first of several world tours, visiting the United States , England , Japan , and France . Everywhere he went, the crowds numbered in the thousands. En route from Japan, he received word that he had received the Nobel Prize for Physics, but for the photoelectric effect rather than for his relativity theories. During his acceptance speech, Einstein startled the audience by speaking about relativity instead of the photoelectric effect .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.019756317138672, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "During that same visit to California , Einstein was asked to appear alongside the comic actor Charlie Chaplin during the Hollywood debut of the film City Lights . When they were mobbed by thousands, Chaplin remarked, “The people applaud me because everybody understands me, and they applaud you because no one understands you.” Einstein asked Chaplin, “What does it all mean?” Chaplin replied, “Nothing.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152605056762695, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein also began correspondences with other influential thinkers during this period. He corresponded with Sigmund Freud (both of them had sons with mental problems) on whether war was intrinsic to humanity. He discussed with the Indian mystic Rabindranath Tagore the question of whether consciousness can affect existence. One journalist remarked,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002333641052246, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein also clarified his religious views, stating that he believed there was an “old one” who was the ultimate lawgiver. He wrote that he did not believe in a personal God that intervened in human affairs but instead believed in the God of the 17th-century Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza —the God of harmony and beauty. His task, he believed, was to formulate a master theory that would allow him to “read the mind of God.” He would write,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640612602233887, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "I’m not an atheist and I don’t think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many different languages.…The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but doesn’t know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358479499816895, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Nazi backlash and coming to America", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.162487983703613, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Doris Ulmann/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZC4-4940)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01086139678955, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Albert Einstein receiving his certificate of American citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman, Oct. …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.037221908569336, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "The physics community split on the question of whether to build a hydrogen bomb . J. Robert Oppenheimer , the director of the atomic bomb project, was stripped of his security clearance for having suspected leftist associations. Einstein backed Oppenheimer and opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb, instead calling for international controls on the spread of nuclear technology. Einstein also was increasingly drawn to antiwar activities and to advancing the civil rights of African Americans .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.415180206298828, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Although Einstein continued to pioneer many key developments in the theory of general relativity—such as wormholes , higher dimensions, the possibility of time travel, the existence of black holes , and the creation of the universe—he was increasingly isolated from the rest of the physics community. Because of the huge strides made by quantum theory in unraveling the secrets of atoms and molecules , the majority of physicists were working on the quantum theory, not relativity. In fact, Einstein would engage in a series of historic private debates with Niels Bohr , originator of the Bohr atomic model . Through a series of sophisticated “ thought experiments ,” Einstein tried to find logical inconsistencies in the quantum theory, particularly its lack of a deterministic mechanism. Einstein would often say that “God does not play dice with the universe.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.374700546264648, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1935 Einstein’s most celebrated attack on the quantum theory led to the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) thought experiment. According to quantum theory, under certain circumstances two electrons separated by huge distances would have their properties linked, as if by an umbilical cord . Under these circumstances, if the properties of the first electron were measured, the state of the second electron would be known instantly—faster than the speed of light . This conclusion, Einstein claimed, clearly violated relativity. (Experiments conducted since then have confirmed that the quantum theory, rather than Einstein, was correct about the EPR experiment. In essence, what Einstein had actually shown was that quantum mechanics is nonlocal; i.e., random information can travel faster than light. This does not violate relativity, because the information is random and therefore useless.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.989622116088867, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "The other reason for Einstein’s increasing detachment from his colleagues was his obsession , beginning in 1925, with discovering a unified field theory —an all-embracing theory that would unify the forces of the universe, and thereby the laws of physics, into one framework. In his later years he stopped opposing the quantum theory and tried to incorporate it, along with light and gravity , into a larger unified field theory . Gradually Einstein became set in his ways. He rarely traveled far and confined himself to long walks around Princeton with close associates, whom he engaged in deep conversations about politics, religion , physics, and his unified field theory . In 1950 he published an article on his theory in Scientific American , but because it neglected the still-mysterious strong force , it was necessarily incomplete. When he died five years later of an aortic aneurysm , it was still unfinished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.032470703125, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-60242)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228914260864258, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "In some sense, Einstein, instead of being a relic, may have been too far ahead of his time. The strong force, a major piece of any unified field theory , was still a total mystery in Einstein’s lifetime. Only in the 1970s and ’80s did physicists begin to unravel the secret of the strong force with the quark model. Nevertheless, Einstein’s work continues to win Nobel Prizes for succeeding physicists. In 1993 a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of gravitation waves , predicted by Einstein. In 1995 a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of Bose-Einstein condensates (a new form of matter that can occur at extremely low temperatures). Known black holes now number in the thousands. New generations of space satellites have continued to verify the cosmology of Einstein. And many leading physicists are trying to finish Einstein’s ultimate dream of a “theory of everything.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.140633583068848, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein | German-American physicist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"The way I see it, the fact of the Jews' racial peculiarity will necessarily influence their social relations with non-Jews. The conclusions which—in my opinion—the Jews should draw is to become more aware of their peculiarity in their social way of life and to recognize their own cultural contributions. First of all, they would have to show a certain noble reservedness and not be so eager to mix socially—of which others want little or nothing. On the other hand, anti-Semitism in Germany also has consequences that, from a Jewish point of view, should be welcomed. I believe German Jewry owes its continued existence to anti-Semitism.\"—Albert Einstein, A. Engel translator, \"How I became a Zionist\", The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 7, Document 57, Princeton University Press, (2002), pp. 234-235, at 235.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630491256713867, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Great exertions will not be necessary to spur on the movement. Anti-Semites provide the requisite impetus. They need only do what they did before, and then they will create a love of emigration where it did not previously exist, and strengthen it where it existed before. [***] I imagine that Governments will, either voluntarily or under pressure from the Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme; and they may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which they will also show to the Society of Jews.\"— T. Herzl, A Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish Question, The Maccabaean Publishing Co., New York, (1904), pp. 68, 93.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75363540649414, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"JUST WHAT IS A JEW?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370994567871094, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The formation of groups has an invigorating effect in all spheres of human striving, perhaps mostly due to the struggle between the convictions and aims represented by the different groups. The Jews, too, form such a group with a definite character of its own, and anti-Semitism is nothing but the antagonistic attitude produced in the non-Jews by the Jewish group. This is a normal social reaction. But for the political abuse resulting from it, it might never have been designated by a special name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070225715637207, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "What are the characteristics of the Jewish group? What, in the first place, is a Jew? There are no quick answers to this question. The most obvious answer would be the following: A Jew is a person professing the Jewish faith. The superficial character of this answer is easily recognized by means of a simple parallel. Let us ask the question: What is a snail? An answer similar in kind to the one given above might be: A snail is an animal inhabiting a snail shell. This answer is not altogether incorrect; nor, to be sure, is it exhaustive; for the snail shell happens to be but one of the material products of the snail. Similarly, the Jewish faith is but one of the characteristic products of the Jewish community. It is, furthermore, known that a snail can shed its shell without thereby ceasing to be a snail. The Jew who abandons his faith (in the formal sense of the word) is in a similar position. He remains a Jew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123678207397461, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "WHERE OPPRESSION IS A STIMULUS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422648429870605, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "Perhaps even more than on its own tradition, the Jewish group has thrived on oppression and on the antagonism it has forever met in the world. Here undoubtedly lies one of the main reasons for its continued existence through so many thousands of years.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186153411865234, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth has survived such struggles and sufferings as we have gone through. Jew-baiting has merely stripped off our weaklings; the strong among us were invariably true to their race when persecution broke out against them. This attitude was most clearly apparent in the period immediately following the emancipation of the Jews. Later on, those who rose to a higher degree of intelligence and to a better worldly position lost their communal feeling to a very great extent. Wherever our political well-being has lasted for any length of time, we have assimilated with our surroundings. I think this is not discreditable. Hence, the statesman who would wish to see a Jewish strain in his nation would have to provide for the duration of our political well-being; and even Bismarck could not do that. [***] The Governments of all countries scourged by Anti-Semitism will serve their own interests in assisting us to obtain the sovereignty we want. [***] Great exertions will not be necessary to spur on the movement. Anti-Semites provide the requisite impetus. They need only do what they did before, and then they will create a love of emigration where it did not previously exist, and strengthen it where it existed before. [***] I imagine that Governments will, either voluntarily or under pressure from the Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme; and they may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which they will also show to the Society of Jews.\"—T. Herzl, A Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish Question, The Maccabaean Publishing Co., New York, (1904), pp. 5-6, 25, 68, 93.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.811565399169922, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "\"Rarely since the conquest of Jerusalem by Titus has the Jewish community experienced a period of greater oppression than prevails at the present time. [***] Yet we shall survive this period too, no matter how much sorrow, no matter how heavy a loss in life it may bring. A community like ours, which is a community purely by reason of tradition, can only be strengthened by pressure from without.\"—A. Einstein, \"Our Debt to Zionism\", Out of My Later Years, Carol Publishing Group, New York, (1995), pp. 262-264, at 262.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608221054077148, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "U S", "passage": "\"What would you say, for example, if I did not deny there are good aspects of anti-Semitism? I say that anti-Semitism will educate the Jews. In fifty years, if we still have the same social order, it will have brought forth a fine and presentable generation of Jews, endowed with a delicate, extremely sensitive feeling for honor and the like.\"—Theodor Herzl, as quoted by Amos Elon, Herzl, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, (1975), pp. 114-115.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034202575683594, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Herzl declared the virtue and justice, in his racist mind, of anti-Semitism,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205604553222656, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"[W]e want to let respectable anti-Semites participate in our project [***] Present-day anti-Semitism can only in a very few places be taken for the old religious intolerance. For the most part it is a movement among civilized nations whereby they try to exorcize a ghost from out of their own past. [***] The anti-Semites will have carried the day. Let them have this satisfaction, for we too shall be happy. They will have turned out to be right because they are right. They could not have let themselves be subjugated by us in the army, in government, in all of commerce, as thanks for generously having let us out of the ghetto. Let us never forget this magnanimous deed of the civilized nations. [***] Thus, anti-Semitism, too, probably contains the divine Will to Good, because it forces us to close ranks, unites us through pressure, and through our unity will make us free.\"— T. Herzl, English translation by H. Zohn, R. Patai, Editor, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, Volume 1, Herzl Press, New York, (1960), pp. 143, 171, 182, 231.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729341506958008, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"The feeling of communion, of which we have been so bitterly accused, had commenced to weaken when anti-Semitism attacked us. Anti-Semitism has restored it. We have, so to speak, gone home. Zionism is the return home of Judaism even before the return to the land of the Jews.\"—\"The Zionist Congress: Full Report of the Proceedings\", The Jewish Chronicle, (3 September 1897), pp. 10-15, at 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84119701385498, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"This phenomenon [i. e. Anti-Semitism] in Germany is due to several causes. Partly it originates in the fact that the Jews there exercise an influence over the intellectual life of the German people altogether out of proportion to their number. While, in my opinion, the economic position of the German Jews is very much overrated, the influence of Jews on the Press, in literature, and in science in Germany is very marked, as must be apparent to even the most superficial observer. This accounts for the fact that there are many anti-Semites there who are not really anti-Semitic in the sense of being Jew-haters, and who are honest in their arguments. They regard Jews as of a nationality different from the German, and therefore are alarmed at the increasing Jewish influence on their national entity. [***] But in Germany the judgement of my theory depended on the party politics of the Press[.]\"—A. Einstein, \"Jewish Nationalism and Anti-Semitism\", The Jewish Chronicle, (17 June 1921), p. 16.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.62354564666748, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein's Jewish racism made him disloyal to Germany and treacherous. On 8 July 1901, Einstein wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.866296768188477, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "U S", "passage": "\"There is no exaggeration in what you said about the German professors. I have got to know another sad specimen of this kind — one of the foremost physicists of Germany.\"—A. Einstein to J. Winteler, English translation by A. Beck, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 1, Document 115, Princeton University Press, (1987), pp. 176-177, at 177.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.25833511352539, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Jews often sought to Balkanize nations so as to weaken the power of any faction within a nation and to create perpetual agitation between the nations which could be exploited for profit and other Jewish gains. For example, the Rothschilds created the American Civil War and profited from the debts it generated. They hoped to divide America into two nations and to pit these against one another. They were successful. Jews had long been pitting North German Protestants against South German and Austrian Catholics. Jews were the motive force behind the Kulturkampf. After creating these divides and promoting perpetual agitations amongst neighbors, Jewry could then fund one side against the other to destroy it whenever Jewry decided to wreck a given nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.63059139251709, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Zionists were afraid that the \"Jewish race\" was disappearing through assimilation. They wanted to use anti-Semitism to force the segregation of Jews from Gentiles and to unite Jews, and thereby preserve the \"Jewish race\". They hoped that if they put a Hitler-type into power—as Zionists had done in the past, they could use him to herd up the Jews of Europe and force these Jews into Palestine against their will. This would also help the Zionists to inspire distrust of, and contempt for, Gentile government, while giving the Zionists the moral high-ground in international affairs, despite the fact that the Zionists were secretly behind the atrocities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03447437286377, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Albert Einstein wrote to Max Born on 9 November 1919. In this letter, Einstein encouraged anti-Semitism and advocated segregation (one must wonder what role Albert's increasing racism played in his divorce from Mileva Maric, who was a Gentile Serb whom Einstein's racist mother hated),", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.409235000610352, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Antisemitism must be seen as a real thing, based on true hereditary qualities, even if for us Jews it is often unpleasant. I could well imagine that I myself would choose a Jew as my companion, given the choice. On the other hand I would consider it reasonable for the Jews themselves to collect the money to support Jewish research workers outside the universities and to provide them with teaching opportunities.\"—M. Born, The Born-Einstein Letters, Walker and Company, New York, (1971), p. 16.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.436437606811523, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Zionism recognizes the existence of the Jewish question and wants to solve it in a generous and constructive manner. For this purpose, it wants to enlist the aid of all peoples; those who are friendly to the Jews as well as those who are hostile to them, since according to its conception, this is not a question of sentimentality, but one dealing with a real problem in whose solution all peoples are interested.\"—English translation in: K. Polkehn, \"The Secret Contacts: Zionism and Nazi Germany, 1933-1941\", Journal of Palestine Studies, Volume 5, Number 3/4, (Spring-Summer, 1976), pp. 54-82, at 59.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544130325317383, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "On 21 June 1933, the Zionists issued a declaration of their position with respect to the Nazi regime, in which they expressed a belief in the legitimacy of the Nazis' racist belief system and condemned anti-Fascist forces. [See: L. S. Dawidowicz, \"The Zionist Federation of Germany Addresses the New German State\", A Holocaust Reader, Behrman House, Inc., West Orange, New Jersey, (1976), pp. 150-155. See also: H. Tramer, Editor, S. Moses, In zwei Welten: Siegfried Moses zum fuenfundsiebzigsten Geburtstag, Verlag Bitaon, Tel-Aviv, (1962), pp. 118.ff; cited in K. Polkehn, \"The Secret Contacts: Zionism and Nazi Germany, 1933-1941\", Journal of Palestine Studies, Volume 5, Number 3/4, (Spring-Summer, 1976), pp. 54-82, at 59.]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.105504035949707, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein's close friend and collaborator Michele Besso wrote that it might have been Albert Einstein's racism and bigotry which caused him to separate from his first wife Mileva Maric in 1914. Besso wrote to Einstein on 17 January 1928,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125495910644531, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"[. . .]perhaps it is due in part to me, with my defense of Judaism and the Jewish family, that your family life took the turn that it did, and that I had to bring Mileva from Berlin to Zurich[.]\"—English translation quoted from J. Stachel, \"Einstein's Jewish Identity\", Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin, (2002), pp. 57-83, at 78. Stachel cites M. Besso, A. Einstein, Correspondance, 1903-1955, Hermann, Paris, (1972), p. 238.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.1927490234375, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein may have been affected by his mother's early racist opposition to his relationship with Maric. Another factor in the Einsteins' divorce was, of course, Albert's incestuous relationship with his cousin Else Einstein, and his desire to bed her daughters, as well as Albert's general promiscuity—some believe he was a syphilitic whore monger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.258512496948242, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"When asked what he thought of Jews marrying non-Jews, which, of course, had been the case with him and Mileva, [Albert Einstein] replied with a laugh, 'It's dangerous, but then all marriages are dangerous.'\"—D. Brian, The Unexpected Einstein: The Real Man Behind the Icon, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, (2005), p. 42.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673186302185059, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"And this is precisely what he does not want to reveal in his confession. He talks about religious faith instead of tribal affiliation, of 'Mosaic' instead of 'Jewish' because the latter term, which is much more familiar to him, would emphasize affiliation to his tribe.\"—A. Einstein, English translation by A. Engel, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 7, Document 34, Princeton University Press, (2002), pp. 153-155, at 153.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.213151931762695, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"With adults it is quite similar as with children. Due to race and temperament as well as traditions (which are only to a small extent of religious origin) they form a community more or less separate from non-Jews. [***] It is this basic community of race and tradition that I have in mind when I speak of 'Jewish nationality.' In my opinion, aversion to Jews is simply based upon the fact that Jews and non-Jews are different. [***] Where feelings are sufficiently vivid there is no shortage of reasons; and the feeling of aversion toward people of a foreign race with whom one has, more or less, to share daily life will emerge by necessity.\"—A. Einstein, English translation by A. Engel, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 7, Document 34, Princeton University Press, (2002), pp. 153-155, at 153-154.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26545524597168, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"The psychological root of anti-Semitism lies in the fact that the Jews are a group of people unto themselves. Their Jewishness is visible in their physical appearance, and one notices their Jewish heritage in their intellectual works, and one can sense that there are among them deep connections in their disposition and numerous possibilities of communicating that are based on the same way of thinking and of feeling. The Jewish child is already aware of these differences as soon as it starts school. Jewish children feel the resentment that grows out of an instinctive suspicion of their strangeness that naturally is often met with a closing of the ranks. [***] [Jews] are the target of instinctive resentment because they are of a different tribe than the majority of the population.\"—A. Einstein, English translation by A. Engel, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 7, Document 35, Princeton University Press, (2002), pp. 156-157.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.387674331665039, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In a draft letter of 3 April 1920, Einstein wrote that children are conscious of \"racial characteristics\" and that this alleged \"racial\" gulf between children results in conflicts, which instill a sense of foreigness in the persecuted child. Einstein wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.792562484741211, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Unter den Kindern war besonders in der Volksschule der Antisemitismus lebendig. Er gruendete ich auf die den Kindern merkwuerdig bewussten Rassenmerkmale und auf Eindruecke im Religionsunterricht. Thaetliche Angriffe und Beschimpfungen auf dem Schulwege waren haeufig, aber meist nicht gar zu boesartig. Sie genuegten immerhin, um ein lebhaftes Gefuehl des Fremdseins schon im Kinde zu befestigen.\"—Letter from A. Einstein to P. Nathan of 3 April 1920, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 9, Document 366, Princeton University Press, (2004), p. 492. Also: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 1, Princeton University Press, (1987), p. lx, note 44.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672307968139648, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"We must be conscious of our alien race and draw the logical conclusions from it. [***] We must have our own students' societies and adopt an attitude of courteous but consistent reserve to the Gentiles. [***] It is possible to be [***] a faithful Jew who loves his race and honours his fathers.\"—A. Einstein, The World As I See It, Citadel, New York, (1993), pp. 107-108.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638752937316895, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Others repeated Theodor Herzl's theme, that Jews could not assimilate, because the presence of Jews in a host nation ultimately led to anti-Semitism due to Jewish parasitism—according to Herzl. Hilaire Belloc was a strong advocate of the view that Jews should not integrate. Belloc published a book on the subject entitled The Jews in 1922, and expressed similar convictions in G. K.'s Weekly in the 1930's. Belloc wrote biographies of men who had fallen under the influence of Zionists, like Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon. Belloc, however, was strongly opposed to Nazism. Douglas Reed took a similar Zionist stance on the alleged unassimilability of Jews in the late 1930's, though he later opposed Zionism. [See: D. Reed, Disgrace Abounding, Jonathan Cape, London, (1939).]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45505428314209, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Racist Zionist Solomon Schecter stated, in harmony with numerous political Zionists, though in opposition to the vast majority of Jews,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038317680358887, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "\"It is this kind of assimilation [the death of a \"race\" through integration], with the terrible consequences indicated, that I dread most; even more than pogroms.\"—S. Schechter, Zionism: A Statement, Federation of American Zionists, New York, (1906); reprinted in the relevant part in A. Hertzberg, The Zionist Idea, Harper Torchbooks, New York, (1959), p. 507.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89134693145752, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Einstein [***] is interested in our cause most strongly because of his revulsion from assimilatory Jewry.\"—J. Stachel, Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, (2002), p. 79, note 41.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.484058380126953, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"To deny the Jew's nationality in the Diaspora is, indeed, deplorable. If one adopts the point of view of confining Jewish ethnical nationalism to Palestine, then one, to all intents and purposes, denies the existence of a Jewish people. In that case one should have the courage to carry through, in the quickest and most complete manner, entire assimilation. We live in a time of intense and perhaps exaggerated nationalism. But my Zionism does not exclude in me cosmopolitan views. I believe in the actuality of Jewish nationality, and I believe that every Jew has duties towards his coreligionists. [***] [T]he principal point is that Zionism must tend to strengthen the dignity and self-respect of the Jews in the Diaspora. I have always been annoyed by the undignified assimilationist cravings and strivings which I have observed in so many of my friends.\"—A. Einstein, \"Jewish Nationalism and Anti-Semitism\", The Jewish Chronicle, (17 June 1921), p. 16.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.282200813293457, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"These men and women retain a healthy national feeling; it has not yet been destroyed by the process of atomisation and dispersion.\"—J. Stachel, \"Einstein's Jewish Identity\", Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, (2002), p. 65. Stachel cites, About Zionism: Speeches and Letters, Macmillan, New York, (1931), pp. 48-49. For Zionist Ha-Am's use of the image of atomisation and dispersion, see: A. Hertzberg, The Zionist Idea, Harper Torchbooks, New York, (1959), p. 276.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.229516983032227, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Let us take brief look at the development of German Jews over the last hundred years. With few exceptions, one hundred years ago our forefathers still lived in the Ghetto. They were poor and separated from the Gentiles by a wall of religious tradition, secular lifestyles and statutory confinement and were confined in their spiritual development to their own literature, only relatively weakly influenced by the forceful progress which intellectual life in Europe had undergone in the Renaissance. However, these little noticed, modestly living people had one thing over us: Every one of them belonged with all his heart to a community, into which he was incorporated, in which he felt a worthwhile member, in which nothing was asked of him which conflicted with his normal processes of thought. Our forefathers of that era were pretty pathetic both bodily and spiritually, but—in social relations—in an enviable state of mental equilibrium. Then came emancipation. It offered undreamt of opportunities for advancement. The isolated individual quickly found their way into the upper financial and social circles of society. They eagerly absorbed the great achievements of art and science which the Occidentals had created. They contributed to the development with passionate affection, and themselves made contributions of lasting value. They thereby took on the lifestyle of the Gentile world, turning away from their religious and social traditions in growing masses—took on Gentile customs, manners and mentality. It appeared as if they were being completely dissolved into the numerically superior, politically and culturally better organized host peoples, such that no trace of them would be left after a few generations. The complete eradication of the Jewish nationality in Middle and Western Europe appeared to be inevitable. However, it didn't turn out that way. It appears that racially distinct nations have instincts which work against interbreeding. The adaptation of the Jews to the European peoples among whom they have lived in language, customs and indeed even partially in religious practices was unable to eliminate all feelings of foreigness which exist between Jews and their European host peoples. In short, this spontaneous feeling of foreigness is ultimately due to a loss of energy. For this reason, not even well-meant arguments can eradicate it. Nationalities do not want to be mixed together, rather they want to go their own separate ways. A state of peace can only be achieved by mutual tolerance and respect.\"—", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.465065956115723, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "\"I regretted the fact that [Rathenau] became a Minister. In view of the attitude which large numbers of the educated classes in Germany assume towards the Jews, I have always thought that their natural conduct in public should be one of proud reserve.\"—R. W. Clarck, Einstein, the Life and Times, World Publishing Company, USA, (1971), p. 292. Clarck refers to: Neue Rundschau, Volume 33, Part 2, pp. 815-816.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95086669921875, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"By study of their past, by a better understanding of the spirit [Geist] that accords with their race, they must learn to know anew the mission that they are capable of fulfilling. [***] What one must be thankful to Zionism for is the fact that it is the only movement that has given many Jews a justified pride, that it has once again given a despairing race the necessary faith, if I may so express myself, given new flesh to an exhausted people.\"—English translation by John Stachel in J. Stachel, \"Einstein's Jewish Identity\", Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, (2002), p. 67. Stachel cites, \"Botschaft\", Juedische Rundschau, Volume 30, (1925), p. 129; French translation, La Revue Juive, Volume 1, (1925), pp. 14-16.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.344698905944824, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"In the re-establishment of the Jewish nation in the ancient home of the race, where Jewish spiritual values could again be developed in a Jewish atmosphere, the most enlightened representatives of Jewish individuality see the essential preliminary to the regeneration of the race and the setting free of its spiritual creativeness.\"—J. Stachel, \"Einstein's Jewish Identity\", Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhaeuser, Boston, (2002), p. 65. Stachel cites, About Zionism: Speeches and Letters, Macmillan, New York, (1931), pp. 78-79.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.73395824432373, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein's public racism eventually waned, but he continued to publicly express his segregationist philosophy in the same terms as anti-Semites, as well as his belief that Jews \"thrived on\" and owed their \"continued existence\" to anti-Semitism. Einstein stated in December of 1930 to an American audience,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.644434928894043, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "\"There is something indefinable which holds the Jews together. Race does not make much for solidarity. Here in America you have many races, and yet you have the solidarity. Race is not the cause of the Jews' solidarity, nor is their religion. It is something else—which is indefinable.\"—A. Einstein quoted in \"Einstein on Arrival Braves Limelight for Only 15 Minutes\", The New York Times, (12 December 1930), pp. 1, 16, at 16.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.717938423156738, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein's confusing public statement perhaps resulted from his desire to promote multi-culturalism in America, which had the benefit of freeing up Jewish immigration to the United States. [See: E. A. Ross, The Old World in the New: The Significance of past and Present Immigration to the American People, Century Company, New York, (1914), p. 144.] Einstein was also likely parroting, or trying to parrot, a fellow anti-assimilationist political Zionist whose pamphlet was well known in America, Solomon Schechter and his Zionism: A Statement, Federation of American Zionists, New York, (1906), in which Schechter states, among other things,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.782385349273682, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein often avowed that the anti-Semites' beliefs were true, and, hence, Einstein wished the Germans dead. When discussing the meaning of life, Einstein spoke to Peter A. Bucky about persons and creatures who \"[do] not deserve to be in our world\" and are \"hardly fit for life.\" [P. A. Bucky, Einstein, and A. G. Weakland, The Private Albert Einstein, Andrews and McMeel, Kansas City, (1992), p. 111.]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630427360534668, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein callously asserted that the use of atomic bombs on civilian populations was \"morally justified\". I quote Einstein without delving into the question of who first bombed civilian centers,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.096206665039062, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"The Germans as an entire people are responsible for these mass murders and must be punished as a people if there is justice in the world and if the consciousness of collective responsibility in the nations is not to perish from the earth entirely.\"—A. Einstein, \"To the Heroes of the Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto\", Bulletin of the Society of Polish Jews, New York, (1944), reprinted in Ideas and Opinions, Crown, New York, (1954), pp. 212-213.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.712234973907471, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"I have not changed my attitude to the Germans, which, by the way, dates not just from the Nazi period. All human beings are more or less the same from birth. The Germans, however, have a far more dangerous tradition than any of the other so-called civilized nations. The present behavior of these other nations towards the Germans merely proves to me how little human beings learn even from their most painful experiences.\"—A. Einstein quoted in M. Born, The Born-Einstein Letters, Walker and Company, New York, (1971), p. 189.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871023654937744, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"If anyone can be held responsible for the fact that you are migrating back to the land of the mass-murderers of our kinsmen, it is certainly your adopted fatherland — universally notorious for its parsimony.\"—A. Einstein quoted in M. Born, The Born-Einstein Letters, Walker and Company, New York, (1971), p. 199.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75298023223877, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Nowadays, if any States raise a protest against us, it is only pro forma at our discretion, and by our direction, for their anti-Semitism is indispensable to us, for the management of our lesser brethren.\"—L. Fry, Waters Flowing Eastward: The War Against the Kingship of Christ, TBR Books, Washington, D. C., (2000), p. 137.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10183048248291, "source": "search", "title": "Jewish Racism: How Einstein Helped Hitler" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘My pacifism is an instinctive feeling, a feeling that possesses me because the murder of men is abhorrent. My attitude is not derived from intellectual theory but is based on my deepest antipathy to every kind of cruelty and hatred.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362837791442871, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘Science is a powerful instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. A knife is useful, but it can also kill.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380030632019043, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "To a child like Albert, school could only be pedestrian, intimidating and alien. He loathed the ‘dull, mechanical method of teaching’; he didn’t fit in, he didn’t work, and was thought ‘precocious and insolent’; at 15 he took seriously the suggestion of an unfriendly tutor, and left. Somehow he got together the qualifications he needed to get into the renowned Polytechnic in the Swiss city of Zürich, where, at last, he could study physics as he wished (though even there one of his maths tutors called him a lazy dog).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858111381530762, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "By this time it was obvious that Albert Einstein was an unusual young man, whose greatest pleasure and satisfaction was in thinking about scientific theory, and who never wore socks (‘not even when he was invited to the White House!’ his secretary later revealed). In 1905, though working full-time as Technical Expert (Third Class) at the Swiss Patent Office in Berne, he published a series of remarkable scientific papers. They won him a PhD - and also radically changed human understanding of the universe. He was only 26 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49983024597168, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The years of his greatest discoveries were, he said, the happiest years of his life. He was not yet famous, so ‘nobody expected me to lay golden eggs’ of yet more new and surprising scientific insights; and the First World War had not yet begun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267017364501953, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "But this didn’t stop him from being thoroughly unpopular in Germany, where he had found that ‘even men of high culture cannot rid themselves of narrow nationalism’. As well as enduring anti-Semitism and attacked, together with other scientists, for ‘world-bluffing Jewish physics’, Einstein faced contempt for his opinions. ‘There’s no doubt that people are very irritated by my pacifist orientation’. Communists disliked his unshakeable independence of mind; religious leaders feared that his new science would empty the churches. And as Nazism took hold, brown-shirted students hissed him at lectures; one openly threatened to ‘cut that Jew’s throat’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.725586891174316, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It wasn’t until 1922, when he was travelling through northern France, that Einstein saw for himself the still-ravaged battlefields of the First World War. He was horrified. ‘War is a terrible thing, and must be abolished at all costs,’ he said again and again. That summer, the German minister of foreign affairs (who, like Einstein, was a Jew who preached internationalism) was assassinated. Einstein ignored warnings from worried friends to keep his own head down, and appeared publicly at the annual rally of the ‘No More War’ movement in Berlin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.202256202697754, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In the same year a German pacifist handbook was published. It contained an article by Einstein. ‘Whoever cherishes the values of culture cannot fail to be a pacifist....The natural scientist responds to pacifist aims because of the universal nature of his subject and his dependence on international co-operation. The development of technology has made the economies of the world interdependent, so every war has world-wide effects.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651132583618164, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein, together with other famous intellectuals (including Marie Curie, discoverer of radium), was invited to become a member of the League’s Committee on Intellectual Co-operation, aiming to mobilise international intelligentsia to work for peace. Believing ‘that science is and always will be international,’ Einstein was happy to join.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.050582885742188, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "U S", "passage": "But when the League was unable to deal with the French re-occupation of the Ruhr, he resigned from the Committee: ‘I have become convinced that the League has neither the strength nor the sincere desire it needs to achieve its aims. As a convinced pacifist, I request that you strike my name from the list of members.’ He explained: ‘By its silence and its actions, the League functions as a tool of those nations which, at this point of history, happen to be the dominant powers’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039987564086914, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "But he did not renounce the principles of the League. A year later, he said, with characteristic honesty, ‘I’ve come to feel that I was influenced more by a mood of disillusionment than by clear thinking,’ and re-joined the Committee. Its members grew very fond of him. ‘He was a delightful colleague. The only points on which we had differences were due to his special kindliness. He was unwilling to condemn anyone.’ Committee members were invited to give a lecture to the students of Geneva University; when it was Einstein’s turn, he charmed them by playing his violin instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786935806274414, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He attended meetings regularly until 1930, but then withdrew: the committee lacked ‘the determination needed to make real progress towards better international relations’, and, essentially a man who worked alone, he doubted his own suitability for committees. On the League of Nations’ 10th anniversary in 1930 he said, ‘I am rarely enthusiastic about what the League has accomplished, or not accomplished, but I am always thankful that it exists’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191195487976074, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He was elected to the board running the pacifist German League for Human Rights, and wrote a special statement for their journal commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Armistice. In it he said, ‘The political apathy of people in time of peace indicates that they will readily let themselves be led to slaughter later. Because today they lack even the courage to sign their names in support of disarmament, they will be compelled to shed their blood tomorrow.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995458602905273, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1929 he made another statement (which would be quoted many times), this time in an independent Czech journal called ‘The Truth’. Asked what he would do if another war broke out, Einstein said, ‘I would unconditionally refuse all war service, direct or indirect, and would seek to persuade my friends to take up the same stance, regardless of how I felt about the causes of any particular war’. The publication was suppressed, but Einstein’s statement found its way into international newspapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27978515625, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "At the end of 1930 Einstein sailed to the USA. (‘The excessive and pretentious attention makes me uncomfortable.... I feel odd about my own unpolished manners.’) It was on this visit that he made his famous ‘2%’ speech. ‘In countries where conscription exists, the true pacifist must refuse military duty. In countries where compulsory military service does not exist, true pacifists must publicly declare that they will not take up arms in any circumstances.... The timid may say, ?What’s the use? We’ll be sent to prison.? To them I say: even if only two per cent announced their refusal to fight, governments would be powerless - they would not dare send such a huge number to prison.’ Badges marked ‘2%’ soon began to appear on young Americans’ jacket lapels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.31194019317627, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "In America Einstein made speeches; attended press conferences, meetings and ceremonies; met politicians, musicians, scientists and other intellectuals; and received honours, including the keys of New York City. He was dogged by photographers and autograph-hunters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.002410888671875, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His main purpose, however, was scientific: a visit to the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, not far from the leading centre for astrophysical research at Mount Wilson Observatory. Einstein told several hundred Caltech students: ‘Why does applied science bring us so little happiness? The simple answer is that we have not yet learned to make proper use of it. In time of war it has given men the means to poison and mutilate one another. In time of peace it has made our lives hurried and uncertain. It has enslaved us to machines. The chief objective of all technological effort must be concern for mankind. Never forget this when you are pondering over your diagrams and equations!’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638455390930176, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein wrote an article about his trip, which was published in the USA after he had left. It makes disconcerting reading now. Einstein saw that ‘the United States is today the most powerful among the technologically advanced countries of the world. Its potential influence on international politics is incalculable. But America’s people so far have not taken much interest in the great international problems, chief among which is disarmament. The people of the USA must realise that they have responsibility for the political development in the world. The role of idle spectator is unworthy of America. In the long run it would be disastrous for all of us.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.408317565917969, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "To the WRI meeting in Lyons in 1931, Einstein’s message was: ‘You may become the most effective group of men and women involved in the greatest of human endeavours. The people of 56 countries whom you represent have a potential power far mightier than the sword. All the nations of the world are talking about disarmament. You must teach them to do more than just talk. The people must take it out of the hands of statesmen and diplomats. Only they themselves can bring disarmament into this world.’ His words made a deep impression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.566939353942871, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "More than that: he told the King of the Belgians that, in the present situation, Belgium’s army was a means of defence; if it came to it, conscientious objectors should be offered alternative war service. And he told an antimilitarist colleague; ‘If I were Belgian I would not, in the present situation, refuse military service. I would enter it in the belief that I was helping European civilisation’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072805404663086, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "Einstein arrived in the USA on October 17 1933. He was 54 years old. The new Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton had offered him a post, and Princeton became his permanent home. He never returned to Europe. Shortly after Einstein arrived, a friend said ‘it was as if something had died in him. He did not laugh any more’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.386392593383789, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein’s cause now was the establishment of a truly international organisation that would ensure peace, and this was the theme of many of his messages (which he didn’t stop sending) to anti-war groups and meetings. ‘I am,’ he told a rabbi, ‘as ardent a pacifist as I ever was.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91165542602539, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He had told the Albert Hall audience that what was needed was ‘enlightenment and education’; this too, became a repeated call. ‘We must educate the people,’ he told an interviewer in 1935, ‘so that they choose to outlaw war’. He was certain war could be abolished, and it would be done, ‘not through fear’, but by invoking ‘what is best in human nature’. Something else was necessary, too: ‘we need to be made conscious of our prejudices and learn to correct them’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.731165885925293, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1929 an essay of Einstein’s, called ‘The World as I see it’, had been published. Ten years later, it was reprinted. ‘What I wrote then still seems essentially as true as ever; yet it all seems curiously remote and strange. Has the world changed so profoundly? Or is it merely that I have grown older and my eyes see everything in a changed, dimmer light?...In these ten years confidence in the stability of civilised society has disappeared. One senses that a lower value is placed on what one would like to see protected at all costs.... Awareness of this overshadows every hour of my present existence.’ To his friend the Queen Mother of the Belgians he wrote, ‘The moral decline we are compelled to witness, and the suffering it causes, are so oppressive one can’t ignore them for a moment. No matter how deeply one immerses oneself in work, a haunting feeling of inescapable tragedy persists.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533316612243652, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "‘Politics is for the moment. An equation is for eternity.’ In 1905 Einstein had published his revolutionary equation showing that matter and energy were equivalent and interconvertible. There was much speculation by scientists on how that atomic power might be released, and, once released, sustained (by what is called a ‘chain reaction’, on which ordinary fuels and explosives rely). During the 1920s and 1930s many physicists struggled with the problem. Einstein was right: science was international. American, Australian, British, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, New Zealand, Russian, Swiss and Yugoslav scientists between them made the various research breakthroughs needed to show that an atom of uranium could be split by a neutron beam and would readily produce a chain reaction - thus releasing enormous amounts of energy. It only remained to put it to the test.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.261482238769531, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "It began: ‘Some recent work leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary quick action....This new phenomenon would also lead to the production of bombs, and it is conceivable that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be constructed....Some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut in Berlin.’ Roosevelt replied: ‘I found this data of such import that I have convened a board to investigate.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989140510559082, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Apart from a second letter written when the advisory board seemed to be dragging their feet, Einstein took no other part in the UK/US study of uranium fission or in the USA’s Manhattan Project which created the first atomic bombs. In fact, before Szilard’s visit Einstein had not been convinced that nuclear fission was likely, at least in his lifetime; he was reported to have likened it to ‘shooting birds in the dark in a country where there are few birds’. His response to Szilard’s news was prompted by different belief: that if ‘the enemies of mankind’ were developing an atomic bomb, the only deterrent was for America to make one first. 'If I had known that the Germans would not succeed in constructing the bomb, I would never have lifted a finger.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.797389507293701, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein also believed that the USA would treat the discovery with respect and would resist actually using the bomb. He was not the sort of cynical realist who would foresee that America’s atomic research would now be managed by the military. (When it was found that Germany had no bomb, someone said, ‘That’s wonderful; we won’t have to use ours’. A US army officer retorted, ‘Of course you understand that if we have such a weapon we are going to use it’.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.56182861328125, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "In April 1945 Leo Szilard came to Einstein again, this time to share his deep fear that the USA would start an atomic arms race. Once again Einstein wrote to the President, enclosing a strong warning (written by Szilard) against using the atomic bomb. But the letter was still unopened on Roosevelt’s desk when he died on 12 April. The new president, Harry Truman, was too busy taking office to be accessible, though the scientists tried hard to get through.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.876145839691162, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In a letter to the New York Times in 1945, Einstein quoted recent words of Franklin Roosevelt: ‘We are faced with the pre-eminent fact that if civilisation is to survive we must cultivate the science of human relationship - the ability of peoples of all kinds to live together and work together in the same world, at peace.’ Well, Einstein continued, ‘we have learned, and paid an awful price to learn, that living and working together can be done in one way only - under law. Unless it prevails, and unless by common struggle we are capable of new ways of thinking, mankind is doomed.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.815231323242188, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima (not on its military installations but on the civilian centre of the city) on August 6 1945. Up to 140,000 people were killed. Thousands were to die much later, of radiation-related diseases: the death toll had reached 192,000 in 1995. When Einstein heard the news, he uttered a cry of anguish. On August 9 a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. It killed 73,884 people outright, and injured 76,769 more; these figures do not include those who died later from radiation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.80469799041748, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘Just as we use our reason to build a dam to hold a river in check, we must now build institutions to restrain the fears and suspicions and greeds which move people and their rulers....We do not have to wait a million years to use our ability to reason. We can and must use it now, or human society will sink into a new and terrible dark age.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185544967651367, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Above all, he promoted the idea of a world government founded on international law. ‘As long as sovereign states continue to have separate armaments and armaments secrets, new world wars will be inevitable.’ He opposed the development of atomic weapons and the US military’s intention to develop the much more powerful hydrogen bomb. He was chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, set up in 1946; its aims were to educate the public about the dangers of atomic warfare, to promote the benign use of atomic energy, and to work for the abolition of war as the only answer to weapons of mass destruction. (The ECAS disbanded in 1949, but continued to publish its Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.) Einstein also continued his public opposition to militarism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05052375793457, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Never afraid of swimming against the tide, Einstein tried hard to create links with the Soviet Union and to prevent the escalation of the Cold War. He spoke up against America’s persecution of suspected communists. He opposed the US/UK/European sponsorship of rearmament in Germany. He supported the Black American civil rights movement. As a result, he continued to endure hostile attacks from some sections of the US press and public. (‘Life’ magazine listed him as one of the USA’s top 50 famous ‘dupes and fellow-travellers’ of communism.) These contrasted oddly with the profound respect felt for him (and expressed) by friends, colleagues and admirers worldwide. He made radio broadcasts, or was relayed by telephone from his Princeton home to whatever pro-peace meeting had asked for his presence. He issued statements, gave interviews, wrote articles and letters, and took part in controversial debates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.000667572021484, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After his 70th birthday in 1949 he became if anything more outspoken. In that year the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb. Here are just three of his observations around that time:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965847969055176, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "‘I believe America may totally succumb to the fearful militarisation which engulfed Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. There is real danger that political power and the power to influence the minds of people will pass increasingly into the hands of the military, which is used to approaching all political problems from the point of view of military expediency. Because of America’s supremacy, the military point of view is forced upon the world.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18657398223877, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘In all countries power lies in the hands of ambitious power-hungry men. This is true whether the political system is dictatorial or democratic. Power relies not only on coercion, but on subtle persuasion and deception through the educational system and the media of public information. One can only hope there are enough people the world over who possess the integrity to resist these evil influences. What is important is that individuals have the honesty and courage to stand up for their convictions.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.477982521057129, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "Usa", "passage": "In January 1950 President Truman announced that the USA was beginning an all-out effort to develop a hydrogen bomb. Einstein took part in a television programme about the implications. ‘The belief that it’s possible to achieve security through armaments on a national scale is a disastrous illusion. The arms race between the US and the Soviet Union assumes hysterical proportions. On both sides, means of mass destruction are being perfected with feverish haste and behind walls of secrecy. Radioactive poisoning of the atmosphere is now possible. But our goal should in fact be to do away with mutual fear and distrust.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.521800994873047, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Einstein wrote sadly to another dismayed American: ‘I am badly in need of encouragement. I have the impression that our nation has gone mad and is no longer open to reasonable suggestions.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.820055961608887, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "A hydrogen bomb was exploded in the Marshall Islands in 1952, the same year that Britain exploded its first atomic bomb. At the same time the communist witch-hunt operated by the Committee of Un-American Activities had reached its height. Einstein was asked for advice, which was published in the New York Times in June 1953. ‘I can only see the revolutionary way of non-co-operation, in Gandhi’s sense. Every intellectual called before the Committee ought to refuse to testify. That is, he must be prepared for jail and economic ruin, in short for the sacrifice of his personal welfare in the interest of the cultural welfare of his country....based on the assertion that it is shameful for a blameless citizen to submit to such an inquisition.... If enough people are ready to take this grave step, they will be successful.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.908117294311523, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1955 Bertrand Russell composed a public declaration [on line at www.pugwash.org/] about the dangers of nuclear war and suggesting that nuclear weapons should be renounced. ‘We have to learn to think in a new way.... We have to learn to ask ourselves what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest disastrous to everyone.’ Russell asked Einstein to sign it. He did; it was one of his last public actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315017700195312, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "But his final concern was about something quite different, and equally close to his heart: Israel. Long before the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, Einstein had said that its only basis could be peaceful co-existence between Jews and Arabs. In 1952, Einstein was invited to become the second president of Israel. ‘I am deeply moved by the offer, and both saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept. But I lack both the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people and to exercise official functions. I am the more distressed, because my relationship to the Jewish people has become my strongest bond.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.056452751159668, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein’s last, unfinished, document was the draft of a speech to mark Israel’s Independence Day. His opening remarks commented on long-term conflict between Israel and Egypt. ‘You may think this is a small and insignificant problem and that there are more serious things to worry about. But this is not true. In matters of truth and justice there can be no distinction between big problems and small...Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted in important affairs....’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58431339263916, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The explosion of the H-bomb in 1952 was found to have synthesised a new chemical element. In 1955 it was given a name: einsteinium. This was an ironic memorial for the man who had proved the existence of atoms, demonstrated that they carried enormous power, accepted that such power had to be experimentally released, and spent the rest of his life trying to stop people turning the knowledge into instruments of war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.061393737792969, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "When the nuclear nature of an atom was defined by Ernest Rutherford in 1932, journalists began predicting right away what might be done with atomic power once it was released. But Rutherford (famous also for saying that the idea of using atomic energy for industry or war was ‘moonshine’) said that physicists weren’t looking for a new source of power or new and valuable elements. The real reason for what they did, he said, lay deeper, in ‘the urge and fascination of a search into the deepest secrets of Nature’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1858549118042, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein understood that; indeed, he felt the same fascination. He knew that there was no way to stop scientists from pursuing knowledge. ‘We must not condemn man because his inventiveness and patient conquest of the forces of nature are exploited for false and destructive purposes.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.213994026184082, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘The line of demarcation,’ he said, ‘doesn’t lie between scientists and non-scientists; it lies between responsible, honest people, and the others.’ That didn’t let off scientists from thinking about the consequences of what they do. ‘In our time, scientists and engineers carry a particularly heavy burden of moral responsibility, because the development of military means of mass destruction is dependent on their work.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236361503601074, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "After the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, someone said in Leo Szilard’s hearing that it was the tragedy of scientists that their discoveries were used for destruction. Leo Szilard replied, ‘It’s not the tragedy of scientists. It’s the tragedy of mankind’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01872730255127, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "‘When men are engaged in war and conquest,’ said Einstein, ‘the tools of science become as dangerous as a razor in the hands of a child.’ The fate of mankind, he said, depends entirely on our sense of morality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.419923782348633, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In short, it’s up to us to make the right moral choices. So, if the scientists have problems getting the information to us, might it not be up to us to ask the questions first? And get the communication lines laid for receiving (and translating) the answers?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337410926818848, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "This is one of the questions Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists posed in 1948: ‘We are all citizens of a world community sharing common perils. Is it inevitable that because of our passions and our inherited customs we should be condemned to destroy ourselves?’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.261981964111328, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Peace Pledge Union, 1 Peace Passage, London N7 0BT. Tel +44 (0)20 7424 9444    contact        |    where to find us", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347947120666504, "source": "search", "title": "ALBERT EINSTEIN - peace people - GreenNet" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "These were so highly esteemed that in 1909 he was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he accepted the Chair of Physics at Prague, only to be induced to return to his own Polytechnic School at Zurich as full professor the next year. In 1913 a special position was created for him in Berlin as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute. He was elected a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and received a stipend sufficient to enable him to devote all his time to research without any restrictions or routine duties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51756763458252, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1921, having also been made previously a member of the Amsterdam and Copenhagen Academies, while the Universities of Geneva, Manchester, Rostock and Princeton conferred honorary degrees on him. In 1925 he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society and in 1926 the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in recognition of his theory of relativity. He received a Nobel Price in 1921.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805599212646484, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Honors continued to be conferred on him. He was made a member of the Institute de France, one of the few foreigners ever to achieve such a distinction. Other great universities throughout the world, including Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, Madrid, Buenos Aires, Zurich, Yeshiva, Harvard, London and Brussels, awarded honorary doctorates to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973506927490234, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "One of the highest American scientific honors, the Franklin Institute Medal, came to him in 1935, when he startled the scientific world by failing to deliver more than a mere \"thank-you\" in lieu of the scientific address customary on such occasions. He made up for it later by contributing an important paper to the Journal of the Franklin Institute dealing with ideas, he explained, that were not quite ripe at the time he received the medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190011978149414, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Not long after that he was notified through the press that he had been ousted from the supervising board of the German Bureau of Standards. His home at Caputh was sacked by Hitler Brown Shirts on the allegation that the world-renowned physicist and pacifist had a vast store of arms hidden there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.706335067749023, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Prussian Academy of Science expelled him and also attacked him for having made statements regarding Hitler atrocities. His reply was this:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.48996639251709, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "In September of 1933 he fled from Belgium and went into seclusion on the coast of England, fearful that the Nazis had plans upon his life. Then he journeyed to Princeton and made his home there. He bought a home in Princeton and settled down to pass his remaining years there. In 1940 he became a citizen of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.426319122314453, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Out of those symbols came the most explosive ideas in the age-old strivings of man to fathom the mystery of his universe. Out of them, incidentally, came the atomic bomb, which, viewed from the long-range perspective of mankind's intellectual and spiritual history may turn out, Einstein fervently hoped, to have been just a minor by-product.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515503883361816, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Many other scientific papers, of startling originality and intellectual boldness, were published by Dr. Einstein in the succeeding years. The scientific fraternity in the world of physics, particularly the leaders of the group, recognized from the beginning that a new star of the first magnitude had appeared on their firmament. But with the passing of time his fame spread to other circles, and by 1920 the name of Einstein had become synonymous with relativity, a theory universally regarded as so profound that only twelve men in the entire world were believed able to fathom its depths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.65857982635498, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Many famous scholars live in the distinguished university town,\" (Princeton) Dr. Frank continues, \"but no inhabitant will simply number Einstein as one among many other famous people. For the people of Princeton in particular and for the world at large he is not just a great scholar, but rather one of the legendary figures of the twentieth century. Einstein's acts and words are not simply noted and judged as facts; instead each has its symbolic significance * * *\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480876922607422, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Saintly,\" \"noble\" and \"lovable\" were the words used to describe him by those who knew him even casually. He radiated humor, warmth and kindliness. He loved jokes and laughed easily.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276299476623535, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Outward appearance meant nothing to him. Princetonians, old and young, soon got used to the long-haired figure in pullover sweater and unpressed slacks wandering in their midst, a knitted stocking cap covering his head in winter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110546112060547, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"My passionate interest in social justice and social responsibility,\" he wrote, \"has always stood in curious contrast to a marked lack of desire for direct association with men and women. I am a horse for single harness, not cut out for tandem or team work. I have never belonged wholeheartedly to country or state, to my circle of friends, or even to my own family. These ties have always been accompanied by a vague aloofness, and the wish to withdraw into myself increases with the years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115653991699219, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Such isolation is sometimes bitter, but I do not regret being cut off from the understanding and sympathy of other men. I lose something by it, to be sure, but I am compensated for it in being rendered independent of the customs, opinions and prejudices of others, and am not tempted to rest my peace of mind upon such shiftless foundations.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316448211669922, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It was this independence that made Dr. Einstein on occasions the center of controversy, as the result of his championship of some highly unpopular causes. He declared himself a stanch pacifist in Germany during World War I and brought down upon his head a storm of violent criticism from all sides. When outstanding representatives of German art and science signed, following the German invasion of Belgium in violation of treaty, the \"Manifesto of Ninety-two German Intellectuals,\" asserting that \"German culture and German militarism are identical,\" Dr. Einstein refused to sign and again faced ostracism and the wrath of the multitudes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354716300964355, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"My conscience compels me to urge you to commute the death sentence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg,\" the two convicted atomic spies who were executed five months later. In June, 1953, he wrote a letter to a school teacher in which he characterized certain tactics of a Congressional investigating committee as \"a kind of inquisition\" that \"violates the spirit of the Constitution,\" and advised the \"minority of intellectuals\" to refuse to testify on the ground that \"it is shameful for a blameless citizen to submit to such an inquisition.\" Faced with this evil, he said, he could \"see only the revolutionary way of non-cooperation in the sense of Gandhi's.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856171607971191, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Later that year Dr. Einstein advised a witness not to answer any questions by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, Republican of Wisconsin, relating to personal beliefs, politics, associations with other people, reading, thinking and writing, as a violation of the First Amendment, which provides constitutional guarantees of free speech and associations. The witness, in refusing to cooperate with the subcommittee then headed by Senator McCarthy, said he was doing so on the advice of Dr. Einstein, who confirmed the witness's statement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513509750366211, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His political ideal, he emphasized frequently, was democracy. The distinctions separating the social classes, he wrote, \"are false. In the last analysis they rest on force. I am convinced that degeneracy follows every autocratic system of violence, for violence inevitably attracts moral inferiors * * *. For this reason I have always been passionately opposed to such regimes as exist in Russia and Italy today.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091022491455078, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Dr. Einstein devoted much of his time and energy in an attempt to arouse the world's consciousness to its dangers. He became the chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, organized to make the American people aware of the potential horrors of atomic warfare and the necessity for the international control of atomic energy. He believed that real peace could be achieved only by total disarmament and the establishment of a \"restricted world government,\" a \"supranational judicial and executive body empowered to decide questions of immediate concern to the security of the nations.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.719719886779785, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He found recreation from his labors in playing the grand piano that stood in the solitary den in the garret of his residence. Much of his leisure time, too, was spent in playing the violin. He was especially fond of playing trios and quartets with musical friends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272842407226562, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"In my life,\" he said once, explaining his great love for music, \"the artistically visionary plays no mean role. After all, the work of a research scientist germinates upon the soil of imagination, of vision. Just as an artist arrives at his conceptions partly by intuition, so a scientist must also have a certain amount of intuition.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341813087463379, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "While he did not believe in a formal, dogmatic religion, Dr. Einstein, like all true mystics, was of a deeply religious nature. He referred to it as the cosmic religion, which he defined as a seeking on the part of the individual who feels it \"to experience the totality of existence as a unity full of significance.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76005744934082, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"I assert,\" he wrote for The New York Times on Nov. 9, 1930, \"that the cosmic religious experience is the strongest and the noblest driving force behind scientific research. No one who does not appreciate the terrific exertions and, above all, the devotion without which pioneer creation in scientific thought cannot come into being can judge the strength of the feeling out of which alone such work turned away as it is from immediate, practical life, can grow.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089447975158691, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"The most beautiful and profound emotion we can experience,\" he wrote \"is the mystical. It is the source of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: his eyes are closed. This insight into the mystery of life, coupled though it be with fear, also has given rise to religion. To know that what is impenetrable to us really exists, manifesting itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty which our dull faculties can comprehend only in their primitive forms--this knowledge, this feeling, is at the center of true religiousness. In this sense, and in this sense only, I belong in the ranks of devoutly religious men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250214576721191, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation, whose purposes are modeled after our own--a God, in short, who is but a reflection of human fraility. Neither can I believe that the individual survives the death of his body, although feeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotism. It is enough for me to contemplate the mystery of conscious life perpetuating itself through all eternity, to reflect upon the marvelous structure of the universe which we can dimly perceive, and to try humbly to comprehend even an infinitesimal part of the intelligence manifested in nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304283142089844, "source": "search", "title": "Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ..." }, { "answer": "America", "passage": "Quora User, World War II History, Native American History, U.S.History, Ancient History, Religious History Critique, World Histor...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230937957763672, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Written Sep 19, 2015 · Upvoted by Quora User, Teacher and scholar of Jewish history and culture", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299161911010742, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In general, Jews feel pain about the actions of the Nazi and their numerous European collaborators. There's usually nothing but praise or thanksgiving about Jews who left and escaped the atrocities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.258321762084961, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Anonymous", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099034309387207, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Updated Dec 30, 2015 · Upvoted by Quora User, Teacher and scholar of Jewish history and culture", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346814155578613, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "A betrayal is when you put your trust in someone who then goes out and does or says something to harm you or otherwise act against your interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478852272033691, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel (as Quora User mentioned), the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York is named after him, there is a major street named after him in Tel Aviv, and he appeared on Israel's 5-lira banknote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.735427856445312, "source": "search", "title": "Did European Jews feel betrayed by Einstein? - Quora" } ]

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[ { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Currently, the first qualifying period is eighteen minutes long, with all twenty two cars on the circuit. At the end of the period, the six slowest drivers are eliminated, and they fill positions seventeen to twenty two on the grid. Any driver attempting to set a qualifying time when the period ends is permitted to finish his lap, though no new laps may be started once the chequered flag is shown. After a short break, the second period begins, with sixteen cars on the circuit. At the end of the fifteen-minute period, the six slowest drivers are once again eliminated, filling grid positions eleven to sixteen. Finally, the third qualifying period features the ten fastest drivers from the second period. The drivers have twelve minutes to set a qualifying time, which will determine the top ten positions on the grid. The driver who sets the fastest qualifying time is said to be on pole position, the grid position that offers the best physical position from which to start the race. For the first two races of the 2016 season, a modified format was used where drivers were eliminated during the sessions rather than just at the end and only eight drivers progressed to the final session. Qualifying reverted to the previous format from the third race of the season onwards.", "precise_score": -8.118985176086426, "rough_score": -6.051496982574463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Points are awarded to drivers and teams exclusively on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10. If a race has to be abandoned before 75% of the planned distance has been completed all points are halved. In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on. ", "precise_score": 2.643251895904541, "rough_score": 0.14371569454669952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Historically, the races were scored on the basis of a five-place tally: i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete 90% of race distance) on a 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis.", "precise_score": 1.5068832635879517, "rough_score": 2.0249905586242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The scale of points awarded to the first six finishers in each race has been modified on two occasions, the most recent of which was in 1991; the first now obtains 10 points (previously nine, and only eight between 1950 and 1960), and the following five are awarded: 6 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 points. There was a time when the driver who recorded the fastest lap was given 1 point.", "precise_score": 5.139621734619141, "rough_score": 6.555198669433594, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Each circuit must be homologated by the FIA Circuits and Safety Commission following a series of inspections which are carried out from the start of the work right up until the inauguration of the circuit. The homologation criteria are less strict for circuits hosting events for slower formulae. In addition to the initial procedure, the circuits sometimes have to carry out maintenance work or update their facilities so that their homologation may be renewed. In the past, with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix, which is the only event to take place within a town itself, circuits tended to be very fast with long straights. The increase in the cars’ performances has meant that these straights have had to give way to series of bends, which are the only means of preventing excessive speeds. Similarly, very long tracks, like that at the old Nürburgring (22.835 km), have had to be abandoned, since the costs involved in providing the safety facilities and personnel required by the regulations together with the technical facilities necessary for television broadcasting are too great. Monaco is still the shortest circuit (3.328 km), while Spa is the longest (6.940 km).", "precise_score": -10.355047225952148, "rough_score": -7.811873435974121, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The Grand Prix with the highest average speed in history was the 1971 Italian Grand Prix, won by Peter Gethin in a BRM at an average speed of 242.615 kph (151.634 mph) on the Monza circuit which at the time did not yet have any chicanes (interestingly, a recent computer simulation suggested that current Formula One cars would achieve an average speed of well over 300 kph – 190 mph – on the original circuit). In 1997, the fastest Grand Prix was the Italian, won by David Coulthard at an average of 238.036 kph (147.940 mph). The highest speed recorded during practice in 1997 was 250.295 kph (155.559 mph), which was set at Monza by Jean Alesi, while the highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix in the 1997 season was set by Jacques Villeneuve, at 351.7 kph (218.6 mph), during the German Grand Prix. The lowest average speed of a Grand Prix winner in 1997 was 104.264 kph (64.800 mph), and was recorded by Michael Schumacher in the Monaco Grand Prix.", "precise_score": -6.0914764404296875, "rough_score": -4.26231050491333, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Grand Prix events' prize purse depends on the size of the tournament, with a minimum of $50,000. [5] Starting in 2016, the winner of individual Grand Prix earns $10,000. [3] [6]", "precise_score": -5.934443473815918, "rough_score": -6.36876916885376, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Previously, winning a Grand Prix Trial or having a sufficient number of Planeswalker Points (or a high enough DCI Rating, prior to 2012) could make a player earn three byes; however, the requirement for three byes has been tightened, as Wizards found the number of three-round byes awarded to be detrimental to tournament play. [7]", "precise_score": -2.7364389896392822, "rough_score": -0.6974326372146606, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Grand Prix Trials, or GPTs, are tournaments associated with a particular Grand Prix, often using the same format. Winning a GPT will give a player two byes for the Grand Prix it feeds. GPTs are held locally around the world, and at the Grand Prix itself; GPTs at Grand Prix are typically held on the day before the event (the Friday), and are 32-man single elimination tournaments.", "precise_score": -7.259427070617676, "rough_score": -6.611140727996826, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The largest Extended Grand Prix: GP Atlanta 2011 – 1,223 players", "precise_score": -6.475953102111816, "rough_score": -7.131542205810547, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The smallest Grand Prix tournaments of all time were both at Melbourne: GP Melbourne 1998 ( Limited ) and GP Melbourne 2005 ( Extended ), both with 140 players.", "precise_score": -5.671860694885254, "rough_score": -6.976535797119141, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Four additional players have finished the Swiss portion of the event 15–0: Kevin Grove at Grand Prix Brighton 2009, [9] Fabrizio Anteri at Grand Prix Madrid 2015, [10] Josh Buitenhuis at Grand Prix Toronto 2016, [11] and Mike Sigrist at Grand Prix New York 2016. [12] All four players lost in the quarterfinals.", "precise_score": -4.211726665496826, "rough_score": -3.6500892639160156, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "When the fifth generation was released for the 1999 model year, the Pontiac Grand Prix displayed a slightly longer wheelbase, an independent suspension, and five separate trim levels: SE. SE1, SE2, GT, and GT1. The base engine (SE and SE1) was a 2.4L Twin Cam inline four-cylinder good for 150 horsepower mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. The SE2, GT, and GT1 used a 3.4L V6, which got credit for churning out up to 170 (GT- 175) horsepower along with 150 pounds-per-foot of torque (GT- 200). All trims featured traction control and antilock brakes. In 2001, Pontiac dropped the SE2 trim level and a year after that, a new 2.2L DOHC Ecotec four-cylinder engine (140 hp/150 pounds-per-foot of torque) was introduced into the lineup to replace the previous 2.4L. 2005 saw Pontiac stop producing the GT coupe. This eventually led to the introduction of the G6, the Grand Prix's successor. Although no longer assembled, the Pontiac Grand Prix is still a visible presence on the blacktop. While it was in production, the Pontiac Grand Prix was consistently recognized as one of GM's most successful and reliable cars with impressive sales numbers to back it up.", "precise_score": -9.82388973236084, "rough_score": -6.724234104156494, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Athletes on the top-tier fringes must, under the new system, fight it out to achieve the score needed to enter the top-5 standings based on accumulated points. If contenders accumulate enough points, they will proceed to Olympia contention.", "precise_score": -9.292896270751953, "rough_score": -7.238239288330078, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Based on current pro point standings, Ben Pakulski has the most points (10) so far and is well-placed for Olympia inclusion. By contrast, Australia's Luke Timms who placed fifth in this year's Australian Pro Grand Prix and 13th at the 2012 Mr. Europe Grand Prix, has secured only one point. In order to make it to the Olympia, he needs to overtake men like Tony Freeman (4 points), Sergey Shelestov (4 points) and Flex Lewis (3 points).", "precise_score": -1.3620110750198364, "rough_score": 1.020036220550537, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "In 1996 qualifying was amended with the Friday qualifying session abolished in a favour for a single qualifying session held on Saturday afternoon. As previously, each driver was limited to twelve laps with the inclusion of a 107% rule to exclude drivers with slow lap times. This was calculated by using the time of the driver on pole position and adding on 7% to create a cut-off time. This format remained until the conclusion of the 2002 season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.589468002319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Drivers may complete as many laps as they choose. However, the top ten drivers must start the race on the set of tyres they used during their fastest lap time in the second qualifying period. These may only be changed if qualifying and the race are held under different weather conditions, or if a tyre is damaged as a result of an accident. The remaining ten drivers are free to start the race with any tyres they choose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536166191101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "107% rule", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284979820251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "As the number of cars entered in the world championship fell below twenty-six, a situation arose in which any car entered would automatically qualify for the race, no matter how slowly it had been driven. The 107% rule was introduced in to prevent completely uncompetitive cars being entered in the championship. If a car's qualifying time was not within 107% of the pole sitter's time, that car would not qualify for the race, unless at the discretion of the race stewards for a situation such as a rain affected qualifying session. For example, if the pole-sitter's time was one minute and forty seconds, then all cars must set a time within one minute and forty-seven seconds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.62663745880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The 107% rule was removed since the FIA's rules indicated previously that 24 cars can take the start of a Formula One race, and a minimum of twenty cars must enter a race. In , the qualifying procedure changed to a single-lap system, rendering the rule inoperable. However, there were concerns about the pace of the new teams in the 2010 season. As the qualifying procedure had been changed since the 2006 season to a three-part knockout system, the rule could now be reintroduced. As such, the 107% rule has been reintroduced for the 2011 Formula One season. Currently, cars have to be within 107% of the fastest Q1 time in order to qualify for the race. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805883407592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Since the 2007, teams are supplied by the sole tyre supplier (currently Pirelli which replaced Bridgestone in 2011 ), and receive two different types of slick dry tyre compounds: \"Prime\" tyres (now either the Hard, Medium or Soft compound), and \"Option\" tyres (either the Medium, Soft or Supersoft compound). The Prime tyres are more durable than the Option tyres, however the Option tyres produce faster lap times than the Prime tyres (the Option tyres are said to be one second per lap quicker than the Prime tyres, though this figure varies between circuits). From 2014, drivers who qualify in the top ten must start the race with the tyres they used in the second qualifying session (previously this had been the tyres they used in the final qualifying session); all other drivers have freedom over which tyres they can start with. Each driver is also required to use both types of dry compound during a dry race, and so must make a mandatory pit-stop. Timing pitstops with reference to other cars is crucial - if they are following another car but are unable to pass, the driver may try to stay on the track as long as possible, or pit immediately, as newer tyres are usually faster. Prior to the 2010 season, drivers used to make pitstops for fuel more than once during a race, as the cars on average consumed two kilometres per litre (approximately five miles per gallon)- nowadays this figure is lower, due to changes in engines from 2014. From 2010, refuelling has been forbidden during a race. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.840519905090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "At the end of the race, the first, second and third-placed drivers take their places on a podium, where they stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of his team is played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers and a constructor's trophy to a representative from the winner's team, and the winning drivers spray champagne and are interviewed, often by a former racing driver. The three drivers then go to a media room for a press conference where they answer questions in English and their native languages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912882804870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Despite having the highest budget in all of auto racing, Formula One racing has often been accused of being unexciting when compared to less expensive categories. The differences in driver ability are usually dwarfed when compared to the relative speed of the different makes of cars, and on-track overtaking is very rare due to the aerodynamics of trailing cars being adversely affected by the car in front (making overtaking only possible by very risky and thus rarely taken chances, or a much faster car trailing a slower one). So, beginning in the 2011 season F1 adopted 2 new innovations to help with passing/overtaking and to bring a little more excitement to the races. These innovations are \"DRS\" and the \"KERS\" systems. The DRS (Drag Reduction System) allows for one of the horizontal fins/blade on the rear spoiler to be \"lifted\" open which reduces the downforce and increases the race car speed. This system is only operable on straightaways where rear downforce is not as important. The system cannot be activated unless the driver is within (1) second or less behind the car he is trying to pass. The DRS zones on each track are set by the F1 governing body. And although the system on is controlled by computers and timers, the driver has to activate it by pushing a button on the steering wheel when he wants to use it. The \"KERS\" (kinetic energy recovery system) grabs and stores the energy usually lost during braking (which has always been wasted) and stores the energy into the batteries. Again, when allowed and the driver wants to use this system it is a matter of pushing a button and the engine gets another 60-80 horse power for a short time. The system will deplete/discharge this stored energy quickly and the driver has to wait until it gets charged back up. Also the use of electronic driver aids such as semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control has been widely criticized by F1 fans around the globe. Traction control was banned in the 2008 Formula One season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.675740242004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "But as Britain basks in the glory of what is shaping up to be the most triumphant Olympics for Team GB in more than 100 years, it is worth reflecting for a moment on the reasons behind the success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785781860351562, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The return was instant. In the Sydney Games of 2000, the British team won 11 golds - the first time Britain won more than 10 golds since the Antwerp Games in 1920 - and 28 medals in total.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207101821899414, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "\"We spent an extra £165m and got 17 more medals, so that's about £10m a medal.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140054702758789, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Wrestling, judo, weightlifting and gymnastics, he says, tend to be the best sports for developing nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363525390625, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "But with Team GB's haul so far costing each UK taxpayer less than 10p a medal, you won't find too many Britons complaining. Add in a conservative £12bn cost of hosting the games at £400 per taxpayer, and some may not feel quite the same.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206474304199219, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "*Tennis is funded by the Lawn Tennis Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532919883728027, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic success: How much does a gold medal cost? - BBC News" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Special cars as such are not built specifically for qualification, but, in a few cases only, special engines, or even special set-ups, are designed for qualifying practice, so that the engine’s full potential may be reached, even though this shortens its life-span.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354409217834473, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Even though the constructors refuse to divulge details of their engine power, it is rumored that at the beginning of the 1997 season the maximum power easily exceeded seven hundred horse power. Manufacturers of engines with eight or ten cylinders maintain that maximum power is not the only valid criteria, since there is also the power curve which in their case is better at a low engine speed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902009010314941, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "It became evident that significant lift could be achieved by giving the bottom of the two side members the shape of inverted aeroplane wings. In order to reduce downforce (the so-called “ground effect”), and thus reduce cornering speed, the FIA made it obligatory for each car to have a flat bottom between the front of the rear wheels and the rear of the front wheels, as well as a ground clearance obtained by means of a skid block attached to the flat bottom. The constructors have nevertheless managed to optimise the behavior of the airfoils and aerodynamic extractors situated behind the gear box, to such an extent that a current Formula One car is capable of a transverse acceleration of up to 4G, whereas a road car does not exceed 1G.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813549995422363, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The brakes on series-produced cars are derived from the disc brakes which were first used in racing. All Formula One cars are equipped with brakes with callipers made from light alloy while the discs and pads tend to be made from synthetic materials, i.e. carbon/carbon. Their resistance to heat is much greater than that of series-produced brakes (which is why, in certain conditions, the insides of the wheels appear completely incandescent) and they weigh significantly less. Their braking power is thus uncommonly high: at the end of a straight, at maximum speed (around 340 kph – 212.5 mph), a Formula One car can brake at less than 100 meters in order to take a slow corner. Naturally, carbon/carbon is expensive: it takes six months to produce a disc, at a temperature of between 900 and 2000°C. The same material is now used to produce clutch discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116052627563477, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "A hard or softer type of rubber is selected on the basis of the driver’s style, the design of the car, the atmospheric temperature and the layout of the circuit. In general, the slower the circuit and the cooler the temperature, the softer the rubber, allowing greater grip. On the other hand, high speeds, together with a highly abrasive track and a heavy and powerful car wear the tyres down more quickly. The team and the driver must therefore strike a balance between various options, i.e., whether to mount harder tyres which grip less well but permit fewer pit-stops, or whether to use softer tyres which will have to be changed several times during the race. A judicious choice sometimes enables one of the less powerful cars to win a Grand Prix. Tyre changes are a part of the Formula One landscape; the better trained teams usually manage to change all four tyres and refuel in the space of 5 to 10 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017377853393555, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "During the race, the Stewards may also impose a time penalty on a driver. In this case, the driver must remain at his pit for the duration of his penalty. In reality, this penalty, which is usually 10 seconds, involves a far greater loss of time, given the time taken to return to the pit and to leave it again, both at reduced speed. Depending on the configuration of the circuit, this can result in a time loss of between 25 and 40 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111164093017578, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "No. Any competitor who feels that he has been unfairly penalised by a Stewards’ decision may appeal against this decision before the International Court of Appeal. He must declare his intention to do so within one hour of being notified of the Stewards’ decision. Similarly, the FIA has the right to defer a decision of the Stewards to the International Court of Appeal, if it believes that the Stewards have misjudged or inappropriately penalised the matter. There have already been cases in which the Stewards or the Clerk of the Course have been penalised by having their licenses suspended, or in which competitors’ rights have been restored by the International Court of Appeal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335329055786133, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "If the start of the race is imminent and a particularly heavy shower begins, and the volume of water on the track is such that it cannot be negotiated safely, the procedure may be interrupted by the Race Director, who will order a “10” board with a red background to be shown. This indicates that the start has been aborted and that there will be a delay of at least 10 minutes before the procedure is resumed.If weather conditions have improved at the end of the ten-minute period, a “10” board with a green background will be shown, indicating that the start of the formation lap will be given 10 minutes later. If however, the weather conditions have not improved within ten minutes, the “10” board with the red background is shown again, indicating a further delay of ten minutes. This procedure may be repeated several times, but it is not necessary to wait for the end of the 10 minutes to show the green board.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660277366638184, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "10:55AM BST 16 Jul 2013", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098552703857422, "source": "search", "title": "Degree classification: when is a First not a First ..." }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "30 May 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297008514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Degree classification: when is a First not a First ..." }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The university, however, refused his application, meaning that he missed out on the top grade by just 0.6%. “I’m incredibly angry that handing in an essay five minutes past the deadline has stood in the way of me achieving my academic potential,” he says. “My marks clearly stated that I was capable of getting a First, and that is what I deserved.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853440284729004, "source": "search", "title": "Degree classification: when is a First not a First ..." }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Some might argue that these are simply the rules. But with so many graduates now armed with a 2:1 and a fast-track ticket to the unemployment queue, distinguishing yourself from your contemporaries has never been so crucial. And a further cause of contention amongst students hoping to have their marks rounded up to a higher degree classification is that different departments within the same institution often have different policies regarding proximity to grade boundaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15710735321045, "source": "search", "title": "Degree classification: when is a First not a First ..." }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Carol Ellis, a recent Drama graduate from the University of Surrey, knows this lack of consistent grading only too well. “Having received strong marks throughout my time at university, I was quietly confident that I’d get a First overall. But one bad module saw my mark go down to 69%, which I was then told could not be changed as several of my classmates had received the same mark, and it would ‘look bad’ for the department if they bumped us all up,” she divulges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427247047424316, "source": "search", "title": "Degree classification: when is a First not a First ..." }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Contents", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37610149383545, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Attendance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41107177734375, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Owen Turtenwald won GP Washington, D.C. on 16–17 November 2013, and then GP Albuquerque on 23–24 November 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.949073791503906, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Whatever you expect from your Pontiac Grand Prix, a bold look, mind-boggling performance, greater ride comfort, or safer driving, CARiD goes the extra mile to meet all your needs. Our extensive range of premium accessories and parts covers all the bases, whether you want your vehicle to be more powerful, smarter, fun to drive, or just need to restore it to original condition. We know how to throw a classy appeal into your Pontiac Grand Prix and keep it providing the best performance, so trust us and get the greatest bang for the buck!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.822968482971191, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "When you've got an unrestored classic car, it's almost par for the course that the original seats are worn out structurally, if not visibly. You may have gotten used to the sagging, pinching, and squeaking that comes from tired or broken seat frame components, but the point always comes where you just can't take any more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1489839553833, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "When working as a do-it-yourselfer (DIY), whether you're a beginner or an expert, having the right equipment to get your vehicle off the ground is a starting point for easier car repairs at home. You work on your own vehicle because you enjoy the experience of improving your car or truck with your own hands, and you do it to save money. With that spirit in mind, we've written this article to cover the very items that help you get started - floor jacks which are the right size, quality, and price for your home garage workshop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397249221801758, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "With storms and weather events that intensify with every passing year, power outages lasting for extended periods of time have become commonplace - a problem that's only going to get worse in the future. When power outages hit, hot water heaters, heating systems, kitchen appliances, basement pumps, security alarms, and other items that use electricity as their lifeblood are rendered useless. You're left literally powerless to control your environment against extreme temperatures, and you have no way to stop flooding and property damage that tend to go hand-in-hand with heavy storms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442248344421387, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Sunroof deflectors install on your vehicle's roof in front of the leading edge of the sunroof itself. The rounded, upwardly-curving shape they possess redirects air so it flows up and over the sunroof opening instead of into the vehicle. Because of that built-in curve, most deflectors extend over and effectively cover approximately three to six inches of the sunroof opening at the front - blocking sun glare that would normally beam directly into your eyes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318174362182617, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Rain Guards, also known as wind deflectors, window deflectors, or window visors, are an underrated automotive accessory - simply because it's difficult to know just how effective they are until you experience them. However, once fitted on your car or truck, it's hard to imagine how you got along without them. Deflectors improve your vehicle's aerodynamics when the windows are down, reducing annoying wind noise. Deflectors also allow you to drive in the rain with windows cracked for ventilation without getting wet. And when blistering hot summer days roll around, windows can be left cracked in a parking lot without being noticeable to potential thieves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394013404846191, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The effectiveness of bug deflectors has been a point of contention between believers and non-believers for a long time. Some insist they work wonders, while others swear to the contrary. Because lots of testimonials supporting both points of view float around the internet and through word of mouth, deciding what to believe can be difficult. Before doing that, it's important to understand the thinking behind bug deflector designs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920265197753906, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Rain Guards, also known as wind deflectors, window deflectors, or window visors, improve your vehicle's aerodynamics when the windows are down, reduce annoying wind noise, shield you from rain spray, and allow windows to be left cracked in a parking lot without giving notice to potential thieves. Going forward, we'll refer to them as \"deflectors\" in this article.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469350814819336, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The IFBB has created a new points system to promote increased competition among its athletes while providing fans with consistently-stacked lineups. The announcement of the Olympia Qualification Series came on March 14, 2012, and was largely viewed by fans, competitors and administrators as a welcome change. It's an opportunity for more athletes to compete against the best, ensuring a steady supply of heated battles and exciting events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.744097709655762, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Olympia Inclusion - The system rewards athletes who are willing to make the necessary sacrifices and who have the toughness and resiliency to stand toe-to-toe with the world's best for months on end. The Olympia is on the line all year now. Lesser competitors who consistently maintain their peaks can earn points and overtake the betting favorites. This will help keep competitors honest and will likely raise the physical standard among all IFBB pros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.191242218017578, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Better-Conditioned Athletes - The new qualification system may encourage athletes to fine tune their preparation and consistently bring their A-game to each contest. IFBB athletes will have to perfect the art shredding and peaking in order to obtain those much-needed points. Competitors may initially find it difficult to adjust to the pressure of competing more often, which may be reflected in the way they look onstage. But in due course, we should see a much higher standard. More competitors will then be likely to take to the Olympia stage in the best shape of their lives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.997865676879883, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Star Athletes Will Compete More Often - Though the sport's biggest names may have already received automatic Olympia inclusion, contenders who routinely place in the top 5 in the smaller shows may now be forced to compete more often. If this does occur, each show's lineup may be on par with the average Arnold Classic or New York Pro field, leading to bigger and better contests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405728340148926, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Increased Mainstream Interest - Because more top-level competitors will challenge each other more often, the IFBB (and bodybuilding in general) will likely gain greater exposure. Events will be more widely discussed and disseminated, and we can expect more anticipation for upcoming shows. This extra exposure will naturally translate to more mainstream interest in pro bodybuilding, a win-win for the sport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020440101623535, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "A major component to athletics is the ability to consistently perform at the highest level. Until recently, certain professional bodybuilders - usually elite level competitors - may have competed only once per year; then they trained, rested and put the rest of their energy into", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799568176269531, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "a champion from an also-ran. Now the top contenders, like all other athletes, may have to prove themselves many times each year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858817100524902, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Potential Danger - For those who must compete many times throughout the year, multiple peaking could mean an increased reliance on potentially harmful chemicals like clenbuterol, diuretics and other enhancers. The demise of champions Andreas Munzer and Momo Benaziza, both known for their active pro competition schedules, shows that tipping the body's chemical balance too far can have devastating consequences. Seasoned competitors know that in today's ultra-competitive pro bodybuilding scene, it is imperative to achieve off-the-charts-conditioning to have any hope of finishing well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654040336608887, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "New Pros May Struggle - While the new qualification system may enable new pros to gain Olympia inclusion based on persistence of effort and extreme sacrifice, many rookie competitors may not yet have the experience needed to nail their conditioning for one event, let alone many competitions in succession. They will have to adjust, overcome, and learn from their mistakes. Such a practice may prove dissuasive, thus forcing many promising athletes out of the sport before they're truly in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810134887695312, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "I was pretty accustomed to placing top 3 and top 5 under the NY pro qualifying system when aiming for Olympia inclusion. I had that set in my mind for some time and felt I was almost there because I have placed 9th, 7th and 5th. I am not sure if the new system is better for us or not. I guess I must take it up a notch and win a show or be more consistent with my competing. Either way, I now have to become a better bodybuilder. The Mr. Olympia is a prestigious event and I am glad they are making us work hard to qualify for it. If they didn't and some guys slipped in and qualified because there was lack of competition in a qualifying show, then it would no longer be special. Why would you want to walk on that stage with the best in the world if you looked out of place up there?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.894623756408691, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "I think the point system is valid. It will benefit contest promoters who may otherwise lose competitors when a \"big name\" athlete commits to their show. It also provides an opportunity for athletes who may never win an IFBB pro contest to gain an Olympia qualification. The downside is that some competitors will essentially need to diet year-round and enter several contests to gain a qualifying spot. Getting to the Olympia stage will be like running a marathon and on the day of the Super Bowl of bodybuilding, those who competed often will not be able to bring their best physique to the stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.390718460083008, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "I am glad that bodybuilding is starting to acknowledge and recognize what works in other successful sports. You don't see pro tennis players or cyclists enter 1-2 events per year, so why should bodybuilders be given a different privilege? I understand all too well that dieting and competing is very taxing, but guys like Vince Taylor, Levrone, and Gaspari used to compete frequently through the year. This is what being professional is about.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32749080657959, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "I really like the system, because athletes who compete more frequently should be rewarded for their efforts. I don't compete that often because my muscles still need to mature and grow and I still need a good offseason, but I totally agree with the fact that athletes who are competing more frequently represent the sport in a good way and should have the opportunity to reach the Olympia stage through their consistent effort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243535041809082, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "select few shows or for those who cannot afford to compete as often without the aid of sponsorship. This would immediately eliminate the possibility for some competitors who are attempting to qualify for the Olympia. Their lack of competing limits their ability to obtain the amount of points needed for qualification. So if you didn't get a head start at the beginning of the competition season, you're pretty much out of luck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382935523986816, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "I think the new Olympia points system has upsides and downsides. I think the downside is that many competitors will compete year-round and not make as many improvements as they otherwise might, due to constant dieting for numerous competitions. On the plus side, it gives competitors a reward for doing so many shows and also ensures that people who consistently place high get a shot at the Olympia. Also it ensures that more high-quality competitors will compete in more shows other than just the Olympia and Arnold. Overall, I like the new rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.002768516540527, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Given the current state of professional competition, anything that encourages bodybuilders to compete more often also encourages them to take more appearance-enhancing drugs and to flirt more often with dehydration-related calamities. Let's not forget that Mohammed Benaziza dropped dead only hours after stepping offstage at the last of the 1992 European Grand Prix contests, or that Andreas Munzer died only days after the San Jose Pro show in 1996. Both competed as often as the IFBB schedule allowed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.160311698913574, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "So why is the IFBB changing the qualification rules? In a situation like this, it may seem appropriate to conjure the old adage which says if you ask 100 questions, 99 times the correct answer is the same: Money. Will the IFBB generate more money from this, and if so, how? Or a better question might be how will it funnel more money into the hands of the right people? One can only guess if money is indeed the underlying motivation. Meanwhile, pro bodybuilding, a stressful occupation for those who depend on it to make a living, may have just gotten more stressful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271425247192383, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The system was created in an effort to encourage athletes to compete more often. It also ensures a higher-caliber lineup. Under the old system, an athlete would qualify for the Olympia simply by finishing 3rd at a single event. Those days are over. The new system is a step in the right direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.905618667602539, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "It will allow only the best of the best to attend the Olympia instead of upward of 30 competitors in each category.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.996438980102539, "source": "search", "title": "2012 Olympia Weekend: How Do Athletes Qualify?" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Perry Mason (film)", "Perry mason", "Perry Mason: The Case of the Defiant Daughter", "Perry Mason" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "perry mason", "perry mason case of defiant daughter", "perry mason film" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "perry mason", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Perry Mason" }

[ { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond William Stacy Burr (May 21, 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian-American actor, primarily known for his title roles in the television dramas Perry Mason and Ironside. He was prominently involved in multiple charitable endeavors, such as working on behalf of the United Service Organizations.", "precise_score": 4.367762088775635, "rough_score": 4.775440692901611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr's occasional roles on the right side of the law include the aggressive prosecutor in A Place in the Sun (1951). His courtroom performance in that film made an impression on Gail Patrick and her husband Cornwell Jackson, who had Burr in mind when they began casting the role of Los Angeles district attorney Hamilton Burger in the CBS-TV series Perry Mason.", "precise_score": 3.600491523742676, "rough_score": 5.234911918640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In the mid-1950s, Burr met Robert Benevides (born February 9, 1930, Visalia, California) a young actor and Korean War veteran, on the set of Perry Mason. According to Benevides, they became a couple around 1960. Benevides gave up acting in 1963 and later became a production consultant for 21 of the Perry Mason TV movies.Murphy, Mary. \"With Raymond Burr During His Final Battle.\" TV Guide, 25 September 1993, pp. 34–43 Together they owned and operated an orchid business and then a vineyard, in the Dry Creek Valley in California. They were partners until Burr's death in 1993. Burr left Benevides his entire estate, including \"all my jewelry, clothing, books, works of art … and other items of a personal nature.\" Benevides subsequently renamed the Dry Creek property Raymond Burr Vineyards (reportedly against Burr's wishes) and managed it as a commercial enterprise. In 2016 the property was listed for sale. ", "precise_score": 0.7800340056419373, "rough_score": 2.937304973602295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "The day after Burr's death, American Bar Association president R. William Ide III released a statement: \"Raymond Burr's portrayals of Perry Mason represented lawyers in a professional and dignified manner. … Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity in his courtroom characterizations that we regard his passing as though we lost one of our own.\" The New York Times reported that Perry Mason had been named second—after F. Lee Bailey, and before Abraham Lincoln, Thurgood Marshall, Janet Reno, Ben Matlock and Hillary Clinton—in a recent National Law Journal poll that asked Americans to name the attorney, fictional or not, they most admired. ", "precise_score": 5.415954113006592, "rough_score": 7.717350959777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr, the burly, impassive actor who played the defense lawyer Perry Mason and the police detective Robert T. Ironside on television, died on Sunday at his ranch in Dry Creek Valley, near Healdsburg, Calif. He was 76.", "precise_score": 5.937482833862305, "rough_score": 7.4214253425598145, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Mr. Burr started his career playing Hollywood heavies, most notably in Alfred Hitchcock's film \"Rear Window.\" But he captivated television audiences with his portrayal of the Los Angeles trial lawyer Perry Mason, who won his first case in September 1957 and continued an unbroken winning streak that lasted nine seasons.", "precise_score": 4.529913425445557, "rough_score": 6.0531697273254395, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He portrayed a crusading defense attorney in the popular TV series. He was also known for his role in the movie 'Rear Window.' - latimes", "precise_score": 4.980447769165039, "rough_score": 6.957309246063232, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He portrayed a crusading defense attorney in the popular TV series. He was also known for his role in the movie 'Rear Window.'", "precise_score": 5.0196943283081055, "rough_score": 6.932437419891357, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Born Raymond William Stacy Burr on 21 May 1917 in New Westminster, British Columbia, Burr spent most of his early life traveling. As a youngster, his father moved his family to China, where the elder Burr worked as a trade agent. When the family returned to Canada, Raymond's parents separated. He and his mother moved to Vallejo, California, where she raised him with the aid of her parents. As he got older, Burr began to take jobs to support his mother, younger sister and younger brother. He took jobs as a ranch hand in Roswell, New Mexico; as a deputy sheriff; a photo salesman; and even as a singer in nightclubs. In World War II, Burr served in the United States Navy. In Okinawa, he was shot in the stomach and sent home. In 1946, Burr made his film debut in San Quentin (1946). From there, he appeared in more than 90 films before landing the role of defense attorney Perry Mason (1957). After a battle with cancer, Burr died at age 76 on September 12, 1993 at his ranch home in Sonoma, California.", "precise_score": 3.7245731353759766, "rough_score": 5.963499069213867, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Longtime companion of Robert Benevides . Benevides was a young actor Burr met on the set of the original Perry Mason (1957) television series. He was 13 years Raymond's junior. He had a small role in the sci-fi film The Monster That Challenged the World (1957), billed as Bob Benevedes.", "precise_score": 0.02033156342804432, "rough_score": 3.641758918762207, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr (né Raymond William Stacey Burr) gained fame playing mainly bad guys, as the murderer in Hitchcock's Rear Window. He later starred in two successful television series, as the crime-solving lawyer in Perry Mason (1957-66) and as the wheelchair-bound detective in Ironside (1967-75).", "precise_score": 6.980544090270996, "rough_score": 8.091249465942383, "source": "search", "title": "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr eventually found his niche in television when author Erle Stanley Gardner handpicked him to play the fictional defense attorney Perry Mason. From 1957-66, Burr starred in the title role of the courtroom drama. Despite initial unfavorable reviews, audiences hailed the show, and it quickly gained a loyal following of viewers. The CBS series ran for nine seasons, during which Burr earned two Best Actor Emmy Awards. In 1967, he created his second signature title role with another successful TV drama, Ironside (1967-75), in which he played a paraplegic detective.", "precise_score": 3.409639835357666, "rough_score": 5.7031331062316895, "source": "search", "title": "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr's surgery having taken place on 10 December 1962, he returned to work on Perry Mason in February 1963. Perry Mason was back at work on the episode \"The Case of the Golden Oranges,\" which aired 7 March 1963. The four episodes produced while Raymond Burr recovered from his surgery would not be the last to be produced without him. \"The Case of the Bullied Bowler\" had Mike Connors (later of Mannix fame) filling in for Raymond Burr as attorney Joe Kelly.  According to Raymond Burr: A Film, Radio and Television Biography by Ona L. Hill, the reason that Mr. Burr did not appear in the episode was that he was out with infected teeth. Raymond Burr would also be absent in the episode \"The Case of the Thermal Thief,\" where his place was taken by Barry Sullivan as lawyer Kenneth W. Kramer.  According to Raymond Burr: A Film, Radio and Television Biography by Ona L. Hill, Raymond Burr was absent from this episode due to illness.", "precise_score": 5.141014099121094, "rough_score": 4.988847255706787, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "While it might seem odd for the producers of Perry Mason to make episodes that did not feature Raymond Burr as the famous attorney, there would be an attempt to make a series featuring Perry Mason, but without Raymond Burr in the role. The New Perry Mason starred Monte Markham as the crime solving lawyer, and debuted only seven years after the original series had left the air. It lasted only fifteen episodes, deubting on 16 September 1973 and last airing on 20 January 1974. There appear to have been several reasons for the failure of The New Perry Mason. The show was scheduled against two ratings powerhouses, The Wonderful World of Disney on NBC and The F.B.I. on ABC. The New Perry Mason also got poor reviews. In the end, however, one has to wonder if The New Perry Mason bombed simply because Raymond Burr wasn't there to play Perry Mason.", "precise_score": 6.187502861022949, "rough_score": 8.359014511108398, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "The original Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr, would continue to air in syndication decades after The New Perry Mason was forgotten. Indeed, it is still in syndication. In 1985 Raymond Burr returned to his most famous role in a TV movie entitled Perry Mason Returns (although personally I think The Case of Perry Mason's Return would have been a better title). He would appear in 26 more television movies until his death in 1993. All 27 Perry Mason movies continue to air on TV stations and cable channels to this day. The character of Perry Mason may have been created by Erle Stanley Gardner, but it was a role that Raymond Burr made all his own. It then seems surprising that there were episodes of Perry Mason made in which Raymond Burr's presence was minimal at best.", "precise_score": 3.795276403427124, "rough_score": 2.3381950855255127, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "His portrayal of the suspected murderer in the Alfred Hitchcock thriller Rear Window (1954) is regarded as his best-known film role. He won two Emmy Awards, in 1959 and 1961, for the role of Perry Mason, which he played for nine seasons (1957–66) and reprised in a series of 26 television films (1985–93). His second hit TV series, Ironside, earned him six Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe nominations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620501518249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In 1956 Burr was the star of CBS Radio's Fort Laramie, an adult Western drama produced, written and directed by the creators of Gunsmoke. He played the role of Lee Quince, captain of the cavalry, in the series set at a post-Civil War military post where disease, boredom, the elements and the uncharted terrain were the greatest enemies of \"ordinary men who lived in extraordinary times\". The half-hour transcribed program aired Sundays at 5:30 p.m. ET January 22 – October 28, 1956. Burr told columnist Sheilah Graham that he had received 1,500 fan letters after the first broadcasts, and he continued to receive letters praising the show's authenticity and presentation of human dignity. In August 1956, CBS announced that Burr would star in the television series Perry Mason. Although the network wanted Burr to continue work on Fort Laramie, as well, the TV series required an extraordinary commitment and the radio show ended. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.434299468994141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Known for his loyalty and consciousness of history, Burr went out of his way to employ his radio colleagues in his television programs. Some 180 radio celebrities appeared on Perry Mason during the first season alone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.276001930236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Perry Mason", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445262908935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In 1956, Burr auditioned for the role of District Attorney Hamilton Burger in Perry Mason, a new CBS-TV courtroom drama based on the highly successful novels by Erle Stanley Gardner. Impressed with his courtroom performance in the 1951 film A Place in the Sun, executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson told Burr he was perfect for Perry Mason, but at least 60 pounds overweight. Over the next month, Burr went on a crash diet. When he returned, he tested as Perry Mason and won the role. While Burr's test was running, Gardner reportedly stood up, pointed at the screen and said, \"That's Perry Mason.\" William Hopper also auditioned as Mason, but was instead cast as private detective Paul Drake. Also starring were Barbara Hale as Della Street, Mason's secretary; William Talman as Hamilton Burger, the district attorney who loses nearly every case to Mason; and Ray Collins as homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5005464553833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "The series ran from 1957 to 1966. Burr received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations and won the award in 1959 and 1961 for his performance as Perry Mason. The series has been rerun in syndication ever since. Beginning in 2006, the series has become available on DVD, with each calendar year having the release of one season as two separate volumes. The ninth and final season's DVD sets became available in 2013. Though Burr's character is often said never to have lost a case, he did lose two murder cases in early episodes of the series, once when his client misled him and another time when his client was later cleared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.958968162536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In 1985, Burr was approached by producers Dean Hargrove and Fred Silverman to star in a made-for-TV movie, Perry Mason Returns. The same week, Burr recalled, he was asked to reprise the role he played in Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), in a low-budget film that would be titled Godzilla 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.356207847595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "He agreed to do the Mason movie if Barbara Hale returned to reprise her role as Della Street. Hale agreed and when Perry Mason Returns aired in December 1985, her character became the defendant. The rest of the principal cast had died, but Hale's real-life son William Katt played the role of Paul Drake, Jr. The movie was so successful that Burr made a total of 26 Perry Mason television films before his death. Many were filmed in and around Denver, Colorado. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.230142116546631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "By 1993, when Burr signed with NBC for another season of Mason films, he was using a wheelchair full-time because of his failing health. In his final Perry Mason movie, The Case of the Killer Kiss, he was shown either sitting or standing while leaning on a table, but only once standing unsupported for a few seconds. Twelve more Mason movies were scheduled before Burr's death, including one scheduled to film the month he died. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.88965892791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "As he had with the Perry Mason TV movies, Burr decided to do an Ironside reunion movie. The Return of Ironside aired in May 1993, reuniting the entire original cast of the 1967–75 series. Like many of the Mason movies, it was set and filmed in Denver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.325285911560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Arthur Marks, a producer of Perry Mason, recalled Burr's talk of wives and children: \"I know he was just putting on a show. … That was my gut feeling. I think the wives and the loving women, the Natalie Wood thing, were a bit of a cover.\" Dean Hargrove, executive producer of the Perry Mason television films, said in 2006, \"I had always assumed that Raymond was gay, because he had a relationship with Robert Benevides for a very long time. Whether or not he had relationships with women, I had no idea. I did know that I had trouble keeping track of whether he was married or not in these stories. Raymond had the ability to mythologize himself, to some extent, and some of his stories about his past … tended to grow as time went by.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0104222297668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "He developed his interest in cultivating and hybridizing orchids into a business with Benevides. Over 20 years, their company, Sea God Nurseries, had nurseries in Fiji, Hawaii, the Azores, and California, and was responsible for adding more than 1,500 new orchids to the worldwide catalog. Burr named one of them the \"Barbara Hale Orchid\" after his Perry Mason costar. Burr and Benevides cultivated Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Port grapes, as well as orchids, at Burr's farmland holdings in Sonoma County, California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.925717353820801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr was a well-known philanthropist. He gave enormous sums of money, including his salaries from the Perry Mason movies, to charity. He was also known for sharing his wealth with friends. He sponsored 26 foster children through the Foster Parents' Plan or Save The Children, many with the greatest medical needs. He also gave money and some of his Perry Mason scripts to the McGeorge School of Law in Sacramento, California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0671991109848022, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr had a reputation in Hollywood as a thoughtful, generous man years before much of his more-visible philanthropic work. In 1960, Ray Collins, who portrayed Lt. Arthur Tragg on the original Perry Mason series, and who was by that time often ill and unable to remember all the lines he was supposed to speak, stated, \"There is nothing but kindness from our star, Ray Burr. Part of his life is dedicated to us, and that's no bull. If there's anything the matter with any of us, he comes around before anyone else and does what he can to help. He's a great star—in the old tradition.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.081748008728027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "During the filming of his last Perry Mason movie in the spring of 1993, Raymond Burr fell ill. A Viacom spokesperson told the media that the illness might be related to the malignant kidney that Burr had removed that February. It was determined that the cancer had spread to his liver and was at that point inoperable. Burr threw several \"goodbye parties\" before his death on September 12, 1993, at his Sonoma County ranch near Healdsburg. He was 76 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2239227294921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "For his work in the TV series Perry Mason, Burr received the Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series at the 11th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1959. Nominated again in 1960, he received his second Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series (Lead) at the 13th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1961. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.138648509979248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr was named Favorite Male Performer, for Perry Mason, in TV Guide magazine's inaugural TV Guide Award readers poll in 1960. He also received the second annual award in 1961. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.873037338256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and Ironside - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.332930088043213, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies; Played Perry Mason and Ironside", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8506664037704468, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "One year after \"Perry Mason\" went off the air in September 1966, Mr. Burr stepped into the role of Robert Ironside, the chief of detectives for the San Francisco police department, who worked from a wheelchair after a would-be assassin's bullet left him paralyzed from the waist down. A Peripatetic Youth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.828601360321045, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In 1957, Mr. Burr was chosen over contenders including Fred MacMurray and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. to play the starring role in \"Perry Mason,\" a CBS-TV series based on the mystery novels of Erle Stanley Gardner. In the 1960-61 season, the show was among the five most popular on television, and Mr. Burr twice won Emmy Awards for best actor in a series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2392497062683105, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Even after the show was canceled, Mason lived on in syndication. Mr. Burr recreated the role in \"The New Perry Mason\" in 1973, and in a television movie, \"Perry Mason Returns,\" that was the second-highest-rated television movie in the 1985-86 season. It led to 25 more Perry Mason vehicles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.029437065124512, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In August, he completed location work in Denver for \"The Case of the Killer Kiss,\" a Perry Mason television movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487183570861816, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Photo: Raymond Burr, right, with William Talman in \"Perry Mason.\" (CBS, 1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4630260467529297, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr, Actor, 76, Dies - Played Perry Mason and ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "When it was announced that Raymond Burr was selected to play Perry Mason  a number of critics voiced  their skepticism.  They reasoned that Burr was so typecast playing villains that viewers would have a difficult time accepting  him in the Mason role.  And there was some justification to their point. Burr had made a career playing heavies, and were not talking average bad guys here, he had played some of the most vicious and vile characters appearing on the screen in the film noir era.  He played pimps, commies, drug smugglers,  sadistic killers, and seemed to be always beating  up women. Burr often tipped the scales at 300 lbs or more adding to his menacing screen presence.  He was so ensconced as a heavy that he would show up in comedies, almost as a parody of himself. Actors with less a portfolio than Burr’s have been relegated to  career villains.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.705617070198059, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "So for many,  it was a surprise when Erle Stanley Gardner gave his nod for Burr to play Perry Mason. For Burr to be selected was even more surprising when you consider the competition for the role. Nearly 100 actors tested for the part, including Efrem Zimbalist Jr, Mike Conners, Jeff Chandler, Gerald Mohr, Fred MacMurray and Richard Eagan.    Burr  won out, and Gardner stuck by his decision, even though some  Hollywood critics didn’t think much of it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.398892879486084, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In 1955 Burr appeared in the low budget film noir Please Murder Me.  In the film Burr plays a defense attorney defending Angela Lansbury.  Could this long forgotten film have been  a crucial element in helping Burr get the role of Perry?  Is his performance in the film the  inspiration for Perry Mason?  Did Gardner see this film and make his decision before Burr’s audition?  These are interesting questions and the circumstances seem to point that there was a connection. Here you have the film, released in March, 1956, less than two month before Burr auditioned for the Mason role.  If you watch Burr in the film you find his actions and  mannerisms are  nearly identical to those he employed during the run of Perry Mason.  He’s playing the same type of role in what amounts to an hour screen test..  It’s inconceivable that the producers or Gardner himself would not have taken the time to view it. And, the producers might have taken much more from this film inasmuch as courtroom style closely matches what would follow on Perry Mason.  The scenes from Please Murder Me look as if they came  right out of a Perry Mason episode. Is it a coincident that J. Paul Popkin, the production manager on Please Murder Me, would have the same job on 35 episodes during the first two years of Perry Mason?  Al C. Ward, the screenwriter on Please Murder Me, was a writer on five early episodes of the show as well.  And yes, that is Lee Miller playing a police officer, a role he would  play on Perry Mason in addition to being Burr’s stand in.  There certainly seems to be a connection here.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2425549030303955, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Before Perry Mason Raymond Burr was a character actor, albeit a very busy one.  His ability to play bad guys so convincingly made him much in demand for tough guy roles .   In 1948 alone, he appeared in nine films and another six the following year. At the same time Burr was working in radio.  He had a regular role on Jack Webb’s radio program Pat Novak For Hire in 1949 and the following year he played Webb’s boss in Dragnet.  He was concurrently appearing on a number of other radio shows as well.  In the year before Perry Mason he had the leading role in the western radio drama, Fort Laramie.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0340700149536133, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "and as well paid as any actor in Hollywood.   He will forever be remembered for his role as Perry Mason which unfortunately overshadows his other body of work.  In the post WWII era Burr was film noir’s most prolific villain but he also brought his brutish characters to every other genre as well, something few other actors have been able to pull off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.772755146026611, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In these scenes from Please Murder Me,  Raymond Burr had already developed his courtroom style that viewers would come to expect as Perry Mason.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.09479962289333344, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Film noir" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Perry Mason' Reboot Lands Hot Writer (Exclusive) | Hollywood Reporter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413469314575195, "source": "search", "title": "Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Perry Mason' Reboot Lands Hot Writer ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Perry Mason' Reboot Lands Hot Writer (Exclusive)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419756889343262, "source": "search", "title": "Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Perry Mason' Reboot Lands Hot Writer ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Marc Guggenheim is in negotiations to write the big-screen adventures of Perry Mason, set up at Warner Bros. as a potential starring vehicle for Robert Downey Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381794929504395, "source": "search", "title": "Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Perry Mason' Reboot Lands Hot Writer ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Although his movie roles often cast the heavyset Canadian-born actor as a bad guy--such as the murderer who menaced James Stewart in \"Rear Window\"--it was by television roles as the crusading defense attorney in \"Perry Mason,\" which ran for nine seasons, and later the wheelchair-bound San Francisco police detective in the series \"Ironside,\" that his fame was cemented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585286140441895, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "So popular was the late 1950s-early 1960s lawyer series that won him two Emmys, that when the Perry Mason role was revived in a 1985 made-for-TV film, it earned the year's highest ratings for such a movie, and prompted a Perry Mason revival. The TV show is still in reruns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.569513320922852, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr completed his last Perry Mason film in mid-August in Denver, showing up on the set at 4 a.m. in a wheelchair. After the filming, he returned to his vineyards and farm in Northern California, where he died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.236351013183594, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "If the formula of \"Perry Mason\" was always the same--the dedicated attorney outsmarting the prosecutor to see justice done, often in gripping witness stand revelations--it enthralled audiences, making him TV's most successful lawyer for nine seasons, from 1957 to 1966. Even Pope John XXIII was a fan, and granted Burr an audience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.579771637916565, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "\"Perry Mason went on the air when people were first buying television sets,\" Burr said in an Associated Press interview this year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.431350708007812, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "\"Every bit of (Perry Mason) was within the framework of what could happen in a court in the county of Los Angeles or the state of California.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470979690551758, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Burr returned to law and order as the unflappable San Francisco detective in the 1960s-'70s series \"Ironside,\" and returned to Perry Mason in 1985, for the popular TV movie \"Perry Mason.\" But a brief series in which he played an investigative reporter, \"Kingston: Confidential,\" lasted only 13 episodes in 1977.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.181185722351074, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "He had an interest in, and knowledge of, the cultivation and hybridization of orchids. He and partner of 35 years, Robert Benevides , set up Sea God Nurseries, becoming, in the 20-odd years of its operation, an international presence with ranges in Fiji, Hawaii, the Azores and Southern California. They were responsible for over 1,500 new orchids added to the worldwide catalog. Burr cultivated an orchid that he named after his former Perry Mason (1957), co-star, Barbara Hale , as the symbol of friendship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.967555046081543, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "After he was diagnosed with kidney cancer, he refused to undergo surgery so that he could star in his final television movies: The Return of Ironside (1993) and Perry Mason: The Case of the Killer Kiss (1993).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47070026397705, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Was considered for the role of Matt Dillon in Gunsmoke (1955). In an August 23, 1975, article in TV Guide called \"When Chester Forgot to Limp\" commemorating trivia from the show as it was about to leave the air, the show's first producer Charles Marquis Warren recalled, \"His voice was fine, but he was too big. When he stood up, his chair stood up with him\". William Conrad , who played Matt Dillon on radio, was rejected for the TV version for similar reasons. In a memorial article in TV Guide published shortly after Burr's death, the original producers of Perry Mason (1957) almost rejected Burr for that role, again because Burr was overweight. He went on an intensive diet to get down to a size acceptable to the producers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.153897285461426, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Appears as lawyer Perry Mason, with William Talman as District Attorney Hamilton Burger, on a 44¢ USA commemorative postage stamp in the \"Early TV Memories\" issue honoring Perry Mason (1957), issued 11 August 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9766206741333, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Best remembered by the public for his starring roles as the title characters of both series: Perry Mason (1957) and Ironside (1967).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391250610351562, "source": "search", "title": "Raymond Burr - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Then in 1985, Burr returned as the ever-victorious Perry Mason in Perry Mason Returns. The television movie met with success, introducing a whole new generation to the classic character. Shortly after, Burr was contracted to reprise his role in over two dozen Perry Mason TV movies during the '80s and '90s. In 1993, he completed work on his last Perry Mason mystery The Case of the Killer Kiss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.118419647216797, "source": "search", "title": "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "In World War Two, Burr served in the Navy. When in Okinawa, he was shot in the stomach and sent home. Soon after this, in 1946, Burr made his film debut in San Quentin. From there, he went on to act in more than 90 films before landing the role of defense attorney \"Perry Mason\" (1957) in the series of the same name. Then, in 1993, after a battle with cancer that dated back to his days on \"Perry Mason\", Burr died on 12 September 1993 at his ranch home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.01886335201561451, "source": "search", "title": "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Perry Mason (TV Series) (1957)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455599784851074, "source": "search", "title": "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Raymond Burr" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Actor. He is best remembered for his roles in the CBS drama series \"Perry Mason\" as the defense lawyer by the same name, that aired from September 1957 until May 1966 and continues to run in syndication, and the NBC television crime show \"Ironside,\" as the paraplegic Chief of Detectives 'Robert T. Ironside', that aired from September 1967 until January 1975. Born Raymond William Stacey Burr, his father was a hardware salesman and his mother was a concert pianist and music teacher. At the age of... [Read More] (Bio by: William Bjornstad )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7591135501861572, "source": "search", "title": "Find A Grave - Search Results for \"raymond burr\"" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the Disappearing Defence Attorney", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238039016723633, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Perry Mason: The Case of the Disappearing Defence Attorney", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116127967834473, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": " It is quite possible that Perry Mason is the most famous, fictional lawyer of all time. Created by Erle Stanley Gardner, the character first appeared in the 1933 novel The Case of the Velvet Claws. He proved popular enough to appear in over 80 novels. Hollywood was unsuccessful in bringing the crime solving lawyer to the big screen, with only six movies made from 1934 to 1937, but a radio show based on the novels, Perry Mason, ran from 1943 to 1955 on CBS Radio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4320952892303467, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": " Despite the success of the novels and the radio show, however, the most famous incarnation of Perry Mason may have been on the television show that ran on CBS from 1957 to 1966. On television Perry Mason proved to be a smash hit, ranking in the top thirty shows for six of its nine years. Reruns of the show proved very successful in syndication, and it is still rerun to this day. In 1985 the show was revived in a series of TV movies that continued until Raymond Burr died in 1993. To this day when many people think of the character of Perry Mason, they think of actor Raymond Burr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2202837467193604, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Given how much Raymond Burr was identified with the role of Perry Mason and how much the character of Perry Mason is identified with Raymond Burr, it might surprise many to know that in the show's sixth season its producers did the unthinkable. They produced episodes of Perry Mason without Perry Mason. Quite simply, there are four episodes in the sixth season in which Raymond Burr appears as Perry Mason for only a few minutes. In Perry Mason's place the cases are tried by other lawyers, each played by a well known guest star: Bette Davis, Michael Rennie, Hugh O'Brian, and Walter Pidgeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1177475452423096, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "The reason for Raymond Burr's absence was related to his health. In an Associated Press article from 2 November 1962, television-radio writer Cynthia Lowry reported that Raymond Burr was going to hospital in December for \"minor corrective surgery.\" She also reported that big name guest stars (including Bette Davis) would take his place. An Associated Press article from 11 February 1963 by Bob Thomas sheds a bit more light on the situation. In the article it is reported that Raymond Burr was returning to Perry Mason after recuperating from surgery to remove intestinal polyps. While the article reported that the polyps were cancerous, the books Hiding in Plain Sight: The Secret Life of Raymond Burr by Michael Seth Starr and Raymond Burr: A Film, Radio and Television Biography by Ona L. Hill state that the polyps were benign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6028847694396973, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "As might be expected, the four episodes without Raymond Burr varied somewhat in quality. By far the best is \"The Case of Constant Doyle.\" While the episode's plot could have been stronger, it is enlivened by the presence of Bette Davis (the \"Constant Doyle\" of the title), probably the biggest star to ever appear on the show. Constant Doyle is the sort of character that Miss Davis always played well, a wisecracking, whip smart, and somewhat cantankerous woman who still cares about her fellow human beings. The following episodes were not quite as good, even though the guest stars gave good performances. In \"The Case of the Libelous Locket\" Michael Rennie played Edward Lindley, a law school professor who finds himself defending one of his students. While Mr. Rennie did a great job as Professor Lindley, the case was not particularly interesting.  In \"The Case of the Two-Faced Turn-a-bout\" Hugh O'Brian gave a solid performance as playboy, entertainment lawyer Bruce Jason. The problem is that the episode could well be one of the most far fetched ever produced for Perry Mason. \"The Case of the Surplus Suitor,\" featuring Walter Pidgeon as attorney Sherman Hatfield is perhaps the best of the four episodes besides \"The Case of Constant Doyle.\" Mr. Pidgeon was very convincing as a defence attorney, and the episode had the best mystery of any of the four without Perry Mason.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6522384881973267, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "Raymond Burr would miss no more episodes of Perry Mason, and the show ended its run with its ninth season. The final new episode aired on 22 May 1966. Curiously, when the series entered syndication in autumn 1966, the four episodes made while Raymond Burr was recovering from surgery during the sixth season were not made available for syndication. They would not be seen again until TBS bought the rights to air them in the mid-Eighties. They have been seen as part of the syndication run of Perry Mason ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9307258129119873, "source": "search", "title": "A Shroud of Thoughts: Perry Mason: The Case of the ..." }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "The Perry Mason TV Show Book (2.7)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52838134765625, "source": "search", "title": "The Perry Mason TV Show Book (2.7)" }, { "answer": "Perry Mason", "passage": "to fill in as lawyer friends of Perry's who were handling his caseload while he was \"away in Europe.\" (When asked if any of the guest lawyers would actually lose a case, Jackson replied: \"Our aim in 'Perry Mason' has always been that justice prevails. If justice would prevail by having [the guest lawyer] losing a case, we would not object.\" It didn't happen, though.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45236873626709, "source": "search", "title": "The Perry Mason TV Show Book (2.7)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "After losing on final appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court in May 1943, RCA sold Blue Network Company, Inc., for $8 million to the American Broadcasting System, a recently founded company owned by Life Savers magnate Edward J. Noble. After the sale was completed on October 12, 1943, Noble acquired the rights to the Blue Network name, leases on landlines, the New York studios, two-and-a-half radio stations (WJZ in Newark/New York City; KGO in San Francisco and WENR in Chicago, which shared a frequency with Prairie Farmer station WLS); contracts with actors; and agreements with around 60 affiliates. In turn, to comply with FCC radio station ownership limits of the time, Noble sold off his existing New York City radio station WMCA. Noble, who wanted a better name for the network, acquired the branding rights to the \"American Broadcasting Company\" name from George B. Storer in 1944. The Blue Network became ABC officially on June 15, 1945, after the sale was completed. ", "precise_score": 7.06997013092041, "rough_score": 8.28577995300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "...and the Blue networks. After the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) declared in 1941 that no company could own more than one radio network, NBC in 1943 sold the less-lucrative Blue Network to Edward J. Noble, the millionaire maker of Life Savers candy, who initially renamed it the American Broadcasting System before settling on the name the American Broadcasting Company, Inc. (ABC). ABC...", "precise_score": 7.00356388092041, "rough_score": 7.997638702392578, "source": "search", "title": "Edward J. Noble | American businessman | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "...for a monopoly on broadcasting, and in 1941 it recommended that no single company own more than one network. As a result, NBC decided to sell its Blue network in 1943. The chain was purchased by Edward J. Noble, president of the Life Savers candy company. By 1944 it had been renamed the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).", "precise_score": 6.515419960021973, "rough_score": 8.399340629577637, "source": "search", "title": "Edward J. Noble | American businessman | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Edward John Noble (1882 - 1958, aged 76) was an American broadcasting and candy industrialist originally from Gouverneur, New York. He co-founded the Life Savers Corporation in 1913. He founded the American Broadcasting Company when he purchased the Blue Network in 1943 following the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) decree that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks. Edward Noble was born in Gouverneur, New York and educated in the public schools. He attended Syracuse University and graduated from Yale in 1905. In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane of Cleveland, Ohio invented Life Savers as a \"summer candy\" that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature life preservers, he called them Life Savers. After registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, Noble created tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority. He also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939-1940. Following the Federal Communications Commission's order that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks, he founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) when he purchased the Blue Network (formerly part of NBC) on October 12, 1943. Noble tried valiantly to build ABC into an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but was hampered by financial problems and the pressure of competing with long-established NBC and CBS, and by 1951 was forced to enter negotiations to merge the network with United Paramount Theaters, headed by Leonard Goldenson; Goldenson would become chairman of the ABC network, while Noble remained on the ABC board of directors for the remainder of his life. In 1943, Edward John Noble bought the St. Catherines Island on the coast of Georgia; in 1968, ten years after his death, the island was transferred to the Edward J. Noble Foundation. The island is now owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and the island's interior is operated for charitable, scientific, literary, and educational purposes. The foundation aims to promote conservation of natural resources, the survival of endangered species, and the preservation of historic sites, and to expand human knowledge in the fields of ecology, botany, zoology, natural history, archaeology, and other scientific and educational disciplines. Noble was part of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project and was appointed to the advisory board by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954. He owned Boldt Castle, the Thousand Island Club, and a summer residence on Wellesley Island. The ornamental street lights in the village park are all that remain of the gift of new street lights that were given to the village by Edward and his brother, Robert. The lights were in memory of their father. Edward Noble died peacefully in his sleep on December 28, 1958. Three hospitals and a foundation are named after him. In Rocksteady Studios' most recent and final installment of the Batman Arkham video game series, Batman Arkham Knight, there is a possible dual reference to Edward J Noble and Arkham Knight 3D artist Edward Noble. After entering the tower from Bruce Wayne's office balcony, a plaque recognizing either (or both) Noble(s) can be found beside a model of Wayne Tower in the receptionist lobby. It reads \"Wayne Tower & Plaza Architecture by: Edward Noble\" followed by a model credit to \"Martin Teichmann\" (a Rocksteady Studios Environment Artist).", "precise_score": 7.2531418800354, "rough_score": 5.93511438369751, "source": "search", "title": "About: Edward John Noble - DBpedia" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In 1946, Hinckley and Edward Noble and Robert H. Hinckley co-founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and over the next two decades they worked together helped to build this company into the major radio and television network that it became.", "precise_score": 7.451246738433838, "rough_score": 8.18553638458252, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "KGW became part of the NBC Red Network in July of 1936 when the NBC Orange Network was fazed out. It was announced on September 1, 1942, \"There will be no more Red Network,  it will simply be “NBC\".  The Blue Network was designated as a separate company in January 1942 in preparation for  future sale.  On October 12, 1943, NBC Chairman David Sarnoff sold The Blue Network to Edward J. Noble, owner of Lifesavers Candy Company. The Blue Network name was changed to the American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) on June 15, 1945.", "precise_score": 4.041912078857422, "rough_score": 5.755326271057129, "source": "search", "title": "KGW Radio - Portland" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The Story behind the RED and BLUE Networks -- RCA (Radio Corporation of America) launches NBC (National Broadcasting Company) NBC controlled the RED Network derived from the Telephone Group and the BLUE Network derived from the Radio Group. In 1940s the FCC orders NBC to sell one of the Networks. In 1943 Edward J. Noble buys BLUE Network for $8 million, (Edward J. Noble inventor LifeSavers) and the BLUE Network becomes ABC (American Broadcasting Company)", "precise_score": 5.286469459533691, "rough_score": 8.880789756774902, "source": "search", "title": "Broadcast Ownership Regulations - BOND & PECARO" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "On September 25, 1926, RCA formed the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) to take over its network broadcasting business. In early 1927 only seven percent of the nation’s 737 radio stations were affiliated with NBC. In that year a rival network whose name eventually became the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) was established. In 1928, CBS was purchased and reorganized by William S. Paley, a cigar company executive whose CBS career spanned more than a half-century. In 1934, the Mutual Broadcasting System was formed. Unlike NBC and CBS, it did not move into television. In 1943, the Federal Communications Commission forced NBC to sell a part of its system to Edward J. Noble, who formed the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). To avoid the high cost of producing radio shows, local radio stations got most of their shows other than news from the networks, which enjoyed economies of scale in producing radio programs because their costs were spread over the many stations using their programming.", "precise_score": 4.606301784515381, "rough_score": 6.967073917388916, "source": "search", "title": "The History of the Radio Industry in the United States to 1940" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority. He also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939-1940. Following the Federal Communications Commission's order that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks, he founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) when he purchased the Blue Network (formerly part of NBC) on October 12, 1943. Noble tried valiantly to build ABC into an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but was hampered by financial problems and the pressure of competing with long-established NBC and CBS, and by 1951 was forced to enter negotiations to merge the network with United Paramount Theaters, headed by Leonard Goldenson; Goldenson would become chairman of the ABC network, while Noble remained on the ABC board of directors for the remainder of his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7417333126068115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edward John Noble" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "New beginnings: The Blue Network becomes ABC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348184585571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In 1961, NBC approached Walt Disney about acquiring the rights to his anthology series, offering to produce the program in color. Disney was in the midst of negotiating a new contract to keep the program (then known as Walt Disney Presents) on ABC, however ABC president Leonard Goldenson said that it could not counter the offer, as the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in color. Disney subsequently struck a deal with NBC, which began airing the anthology series in the format in September 1961 (as Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color). As many of the Disney programs that aired in black-and-white on ABC were actually filmed in color, they could easily be re-aired in the format on the NBC broadcasts. In January 1962, NBC's telecast of the Rose Bowl became the first college football game ever to be telecast in color.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.042351722717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The late 1960s brought big changes in the programming practices of the major television networks. As baby boomers reached adulthood, NBC, CBS and ABC began to realize that much of their existing programming had not only been running for years, but had audiences that skewed older. In order to attract the large youth population that was highly attractive to advertisers, the networks moved to clean house of a number of veteran shows. In NBC's case, this included programs like The Bell Telephone Hour and Sing Along With Mitch, which both had an average viewer age of 50. During this period, the networks came to define adults between the ages of 18 and 49 as their main target audience, although depending on the show, this could be subdivided into other age demos: 35–45, 18–25 or 18–35. Regardless of the exact target demographic, the general idea was to appeal to viewers who were not close to retirement age and to modernize television programming, which the networks felt overall was stuck in a 1950s mentality, to closely resemble contemporary American society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.683032035827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In 1974, under new president Herb Schlosser, the network tried to attract younger viewers with a series of costly movies, miniseries and specials. This failed to attract the desirable 18–34 demographic, and simultaneously alienated older viewers. None of the new prime-time shows that NBC introduced in the fall of 1975 earned a second season renewal, all failing in the face of established competition. The network's lone breakout success that season was the groundbreaking late-night comedy/variety show, NBC's Saturday Night – which would be renamed Saturday Night Live in 1976, after the cancellation of a Howard Cosell-hosted program of the same title on ABC – which replaced reruns of The Tonight Show that previously aired in its Saturday time slot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992486000061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In 1978, Schlosser was promoted to executive vice president at RCA, and a desperate NBC lured Fred Silverman away from top-rated ABC to turn its fortunes around. With the notable exceptions of Diff'rent Strokes and its spin-off The Facts of Life, Real People and the miniseries Shōgun, Silverman was unable to pull out a hit. Failures accumulated rapidly under his watch (such as Hello, Larry, Supertrain, Pink Lady and Jeff, The Krofft Superstar Hour and The Waverly Wonders). Ironically, many of them were beaten in the ratings by shows that Silverman had greenlit during his previous tenures at CBS and ABC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.423260688781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "During this time, several longtime affiliates also defected from NBC in markets such as Atlanta (WSB-TV), Baltimore (WBAL-TV), Baton Rouge (WBRZ-TV), Charlotte (WSOC-TV), Dayton (WDTN), Indianapolis (WRTV), Jacksonville (WTLV), Minneapolis-St. Paul (KSTP-TV), San Diego (KGTV), Schenectady (WRGB) and Wheeling (WTRF-TV). Most were wooed away by ABC, which had lifted out of last place to become the #1 network during the late 1970s and early 1980s, while WBAL-TV, WRGB and WTRF-TV went to CBS; WBAL-TV was originally to go to ABC, but the station decided against it because ABC's evening newscasts had attracted ratings too dismal for them to consider doing so. In the case of WSB-TV and WSOC-TV, which have both since become ABC affiliates, both stations were (and remain) under common ownership with Cox Enterprises, with its other NBC affiliate at the time, WIIC-TV in Pittsburgh (which would become WPXI in 1981 and also remains owned by Cox), only staying with the network because WIIC-TV itself was a distant third to CBS-affiliated powerhouse KDKA-TV and ABC affiliate WTAE-TV (KDKA-TV, owned at the time by Group W and now owned by CBS, infamously passed up affiliating with NBC after Westinghouse bought the station from DuMont in 1954, leading to an acrimonious relationship between NBC and Westinghouse that lasted for years afterward). In markets such as San Diego, Charlotte and Jacksonville, NBC had little choice but to affiliate with a UHF station, with the San Diego station (KNSD) eventually becoming an NBC O&O. In Wheeling, NBC ultimately upgraded its affiliation when it partnered with WTOV-TV in nearby Steubenville, Ohio, overtaking former affiliate WTRF-TV in the ratings by a large margin. Other smaller television markets like Yuma, Arizona waited many years to get another local NBC affiliate (first with KIVA, and later KYMA). The stations in Baltimore, Dayton and Jacksonville, however, have since rejoined the network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.356826782226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "On the other hand, NBC was stripped of the broadcast rights to two other major sports leagues: it lost Major League Baseball to Fox after the 2000 season (by that point, NBC only had alternating rights to the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and World Series), and, later, the NBA to ABC after the 2001–02 season. After losing the NBA rights, NBC's major sports offerings were reduced to the Olympics (which in 2002, expanded to include rights to the Winter Olympics, as part of a contract that gave it the U.S. television rights to both the Summer and Winter Olympics through 2012), PGA Tour golf events and a floundering Notre Dame football program (however, it would eventually acquire the rights to the National Hockey League in May 2004).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04313850402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In December 2005, NBC began its first week-long primetime game show event, Deal or No Deal; the series garnered high ratings, and returning as a weekly series in March 2006. Otherwise, the 2005–06 season was one of the worst for NBC in three decades, with only one fall series, the sitcom My Name Is Earl, surviving for a second season; the sole remaining anchor of the \"Must See TV\" lineup, Will & Grace also saw its ratings decline. That season, NBC's ratings freefalled to fourth place, behind a resurgent ABC, Fox (which would eventually become the most-watched U.S. broadcast network in the 2007–08 season) and top-rated CBS (which led for much of the remainder of the decade). During this time, all of the networks faced audience erosion from increased competition by cable television, home video, video games and the Internet, with NBC being the hardest hit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81557846069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The 2006–07 season was a mixed bag for the network, with Deal or No Deal remaining strong and Heroes becoming a surprise hit on Monday nights, while the highly touted Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (from West Wing creator Aaron Sorkin) lost a third of its premiere-night viewers by Week 6 and was eventually cancelled; two critically acclaimed sitcoms, The Office and 30 Rock, also pulled in modest successes and went on to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for four consecutive years. The network also regained the rights to the NFL after eight years that season when it acquired the Sunday Night Football package from ESPN (as part of a deal that also saw Monday Night Football move to ESPN from ABC). However, despite this, NBC remained at a very distant fourth place, barely ranking ahead of The CW.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144845962524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "NBC's broadcast of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, in February of that year, generated a ratings increase of 21% over its broadcast of the 2006 Winter Games in Torino. The network was criticized for repeatedly showing footage of a crash occurring during practice for an Olympic luge competition that killed Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili. NBC News president Steve Capus ordered the footage not to be shown without his permission and Olympics prime time host Bob Costas promised on-air that the video would not be shown again during the Games. NBC Universal was on track to lose $250 million in advertising revenue on that year's Winter Olympics, failing to make up the $820 million it paid for the U.S. television rights. Even so, with its continuing position in fourth place (although it virtually tied with ABC in many demographics on the strength of NBC's sports broadcasts that year ), the 2009–10 season ended with only two scripted shows – Community and Parenthood, as well as three unscripted shows – The Marriage Ref, Who Do You Think You Are? and Minute to Win It – being renewed for second seasons, while other series such as Heroes and veteran crime drama Law & Order (the latter of which ended after 20 seasons, tying it with Gunsmoke as the longest-running prime time drama in U.S. television history) were cancelled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588937759399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "In 1989, NBC premiered Saved by the Bell, a live-action teen sitcom which originated on The Disney Channel the previous year as Good Morning, Miss Bliss (which served as a starring vehicle for Hayley Mills; four cast members from that show were cast in the NBC series as the characters they originally played on Miss Bliss). Saved by the Bell, despite being given bad reviews from television critics, would become one of the most popular teen series in television history as well as the top-rated series on Saturday mornings, dethroning ABC's The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show in its first season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76565933227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The success of Saved by the Bell led NBC to remove animated series from its Saturday morning lineup in August 1992 in favor of additional live-action series as part of a new block called TNBC, along with the debut of a Saturday edition of Today. Most of the series featured on the TNBC lineup were executive produced by Peter Engel (such as City Guys, Hang Time, California Dreams, One World and the Saved by the Bell spinoff, Saved by the Bell: The New Class), with the lineup being designed from the start to meet the earliest form of the FCC's educational programming guidelines under the Children's Television Act. NBA Inside Stuff, an analysis and interview program aimed at teens that was hosted for most of its run by Ahmad Rashad, was also a part of the TNBC lineup during the NBA season until 2002 (when the program moved to ABC as a result of that network taking the NBA rights from NBC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98129653930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "NBC provides video on demand access for delayed viewing of the network's programming through various means, including via its website at NBC.com, a traditional VOD service called NBC on Demand available on most traditional cable and IPTV providers, and through content deals with Hulu and Netflix (the latter of which carries only cataloged episodes of NBC programs, after losing the right to carry newer episodes of its programs during their current seasons in July 2011). NBCUniversal is a part-owner of Hulu (as part of a consortium that includes, among other parties, the respective parent companies of ABC and Fox, The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox), and has offered full-length episodes of most of NBC's programming through the streaming service (which are available for viewing on Hulu's website and mobile app) since Hulu launched in private beta testing on October 29, 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.309686660766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The network completed its conversion to high definition in September 2012, with the launch of NBC Kids, a new Saturday morning children's block programmed by new partial sister network PBS Kids Sprout, which also became the second Saturday morning children's block with an entirely HD schedule (after the ABC-syndicated Litton's Weekend Adventure). All of the network's programming has been presented in full HD since then (with the exception of certain holiday specials produced prior to 2005 – such as its annual broadcast of It's a Wonderful Life – which continue to be presented in 4:3 SD, although some have been remastered for HD broadcast).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014117240905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "in American Broadcasting Company (ABC): Origins", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.542269229888916, "source": "search", "title": "Edward J. Noble | American businessman | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Edward John Noble (1882 - 1958) fue un industrial de broadcasting y dulces de origen estadounidense originalmente de Gouverneur, Nueva York. Fue el co-fundador de la Life Savers Corporation en 1913. Fundó la American Broadcasting Company cuando compró la NBC Blue Network en 1943, después de que la Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decretó que la Radio Corporation of America (RCA) debería deshacerse de uno de sus dos cadenas de radio. Edward Noble nació en Gouverneur, Nueva York y se educó en las escuelas públicas. Asistió a la Universidad de Siracusa y graduó de la Universidad Yale en 1905. En 1912, el fabricante de chocolate Clarence Crane de Cleveland, Ohio inventó Life Savers como un \"dulce de verano\" que podría soportar el calor mejor que el chocolate. Porque las mentas parecían a salvavidas miniaturas, los llamó \"Life Savers.\" Después de registrar la marca, Crane vendió los derechos para las mentas a Edward Noble por $2,900. En lugar de utilizar rollos de cartón, que no tuvieron mucho éxito, Noble creó envoltorios de aluminio para mantener el fresco. Pep-O-Mint fue el primer sabor de los Life Savers. Fue el primer presidente de la \"Civil Aeronautics Authority.\" También se desempeñó como Subsecretario de Comercio bajo el presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt, en 1939 y 1940. Después de que la Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordenó que RCA despoja de uno de sus dos cadenas de radio, fundó la American Broadcasting Company (ABC) cuando compró la NBC Blue Network el 12 de octubre de 1943. Noble valientemente trató construir ABC en una cadena innovadora y competitiva, pero se vio obstaculizado por los problemas financieros y la presión de competir con las cadenas establecidas NBC y CBS, y en 1951 se vio obligado a entrar en negociaciones para fusionar la cadena con United Paramount Theaters, dirigida por Leonard Goldenson; Goldenson se convertiría en el presidente de la cadena ABC, mientras que Noble mantuvo en la junta de directores de ABC para el resto de su vida. En 1943, Edward John Noble compró St. Catherines Island, en la costa de Georgia; en 1968, diez años después de su muerte, la isla fue transferida a la Edward J. Noble Foundation. La isla es ahora propiedad de la St. Catherines Island Foundation, y el interior de la isla es operado para propósitos caritativos, científicos, literarios, y educativos. La fundación tiene el objetivo de promover la conservación de los recursos naturales, la supervivencia de especies en peligro de extinción, y la preservación de sitios históricos, y para ampliar el conocimiento humano en los campos de la ecología, la botánica, la zoología, la historia natural, la arqueología, y otras disciplinas científicas y educativas. Noble fue un parte del proyecto en torno a la vía marítima del San Lorenzo y fue nombrado como un miembro del consejo asesor del presidente Dwight D. Eisenhower en 1954. Era propietario de \"Boldt Castle,\" el \"Thousand Island Club,\" y una residencia de verano en Wellesley Island. Los luces públicos ornamentales en el parque del pueblo son todo lo que queda de la entrega de nuevas luces de calle que se dieron al pueblo por Edward y su hermano, Robert. Las luces estaban en memoria de su padre. Edward Noble murió pacíficamente mientras dormía el 28 de diciembre de 1958. Tres hospitales y una fundación llevan su nombre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3778300285339355, "source": "search", "title": "About: Edward John Noble - DBpedia" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Noble decided to rename The Blue Network the American Broadcasting Company. This set off a flurry of re-naming. To avoid confusion, CBS changed the call-letters of its New York flagship, WABC-AM 880, to WCBS-AM in 1946.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7816576957702637, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "ABC Radio began slowly; with few \"hit\" shows, it had to build an audience. ABC paid to acquire more stations, among them Detroit's WXYZ, one of the founding stations of the Mutual network. WXYZ was where The Lone Ranger, Sergeant Preston, Sky King and other popular daily serials originated. With this purchase, ABC instantly acquired a bloc of established daily shows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.133859634399414, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "ABC also bought KECA (now KABC) in Los Angeles, to give the network a Hollywood production base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119000434875488, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Counter-programming became an ABC specialty, for example, placing a raucous quiz-show like Stop the Music! against more thoughtful fare on NBC and CBS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105069160461426, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Unlike the other networks, ABC pre-recorded many programs; advances in tape-recording brought back from conquered Germany meant that the audio quality of tape could not be distinguished from \"live\" broadcasts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273096084594727, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "As a result, several high-rated stars who wanted freedom from rigid schedules, among them Bing Crosby, moved to ABC. Though still rated fourth, by the late 1940s ABC had begun to close in on the better-established networks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819969177246094, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "Hinckley retired from ABC in 1959 as vice president of its Washington office, but he remained as a member of the ABC Board of Directors until 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.982542991638184, "source": "search", "title": "Robert H. Hinckley, Sr., Brigham Young High School Class ..." }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority . He also served as Under secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1939-1940. in 1943, following the Federal Communications Commission 's order that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks, he founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) when he purchased the NBC Blue Network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.827028751373291, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Noble : Wikis (The Full Wiki)" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "On December 17, 1956, KGW Radio ended their long-time affiliation with NBC when they became an affiliate of ABC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707767486572266, "source": "search", "title": "KGW Radio - Portland" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "1953 ABC attempts to merge with Paramount Studios. The merger is objected to by two FCC Commissioners because of a erceived monopoly threat. More monopoly threats ensue in 1966 when ITT tries to take over ABC. The merger is approved, because RCA already owns NBC, but ITT withdraws over possible litigation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428865432739258, "source": "search", "title": "Broadcast Ownership Regulations - BOND & PECARO" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority . He also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1939-1940. Following the Federal Communications Commission ‘s order that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks, he founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) when he purchased the Blue Network (formerly part of NBC) on October 12, 1943. [1] Noble tried valiantly to build ABC into an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but was hampered by financial problems and the pressure of competing with long-established NBC and CBS , and by 1951 was forced to enter negotiations to merge the network with United Paramount Theaters , headed by Leonard Goldenson ; Goldenson would become chairman of the ABC network, while Noble remained on the ABC board of directors for the remainder of his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0192689895629883, "source": "search", "title": "Edward John Noble - PediaView.com" }, { "answer": "ABC", "passage": "The National Broadcasting Company was created when RCA purchased radio stations WEAF New York, WCAP Washington, DC and the radio programming network from American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in 1926 and merged those assets with its own WJZ New York, WRC Washington and radio programming network. The WEAF stations and network would become known as the NBC Red network, the WJZ stations and network would be dubbed the NBC Blue network (later to become ABC, the American Broadcasting Company ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8061394691467285, "source": "search", "title": "NBC - Fact-index.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Sixties Revolution", "Turbulent Sixties", "1960s (decade)", "The '60's", "60's", "1960s in sports", "1960's", "Nineteen sixties", "The 60s", "1960s", "The '60s", "Sixties", "The 60's", "Nineteen-sixties", "1960ies", "1960–1969", "%6060s", "'60s", "1960-1969", "1960’s", "The Sixties" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "1960 1969", "1960 s", "1960–1969", "60s", "sixties", "sixties revolution", "1960s in sports", "60 s", "turbulent sixties", "1960s", "1960s decade", "nineteen sixties", "1960ies", "6060s" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1960s", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "1960s" }

[ { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "The rise of the Jackson 5 in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise of a very similar musical family, The Osmonds. The Osmonds had risen to fame as regular performers on The Andy Williams Show; Jay Osmond would later note: \"Michael had a unique sense of humor about him, and told us he was so tired of watching The Osmonds on The Andy Williams Show. He explained this was something their father had them do, and Michael joked he became really tired of it!\" The song \"One Bad Apple\", written by George Jackson, who had the Jackson Five in mind when he wrote it, was originally presented to Motown Record's Chairman of the Board Berry Gordy for the group to record, but he turned it down. It was then presented to MGM Records for The Osmonds. \"One Bad Apple\", which the Osmonds recorded in a similar style to the songs of the Jackson 5 at the time, reached number one and began a string of several hits for the Osmonds. Both bands followed a similar career trajectory: a string of several hits as a group, which eventually led to a breakout star (Michael for the Jacksons, Donny for the Osmonds) becoming a solo artist, a little sister not originally part of the group also rising to fame (Janet Jackson and Marie Osmond respectively), and eventual decline as a smaller group in the 1980s. The two groups' members eventually became friends, despite public perception of a rivalry between the two and allegations that the Osmonds, white Mormon brothers from Utah, were an imitation of the black Jackson 5.", "precise_score": 3.8526623249053955, "rough_score": 3.7066428661346436, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "60's", "passage": "Over the next decade, the sheer number of chart-topping artists, musicians, and groups produced by Motown defied comprehension: Martha and the Vandellas, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Diana Ross and the Supremes, Gladys Knight and the Pips, The Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye. All became part of what would come to be known as the Motown Sound. It is rumored that Gordy modeled his hit factory after the Detroit car assembly line that he knew so well: Make a good product, then make something similar, and make it quick. Over here were the songwriters — Robinson and the team of Eddie Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Brian Holland (Holland-Dozier, Holland, or H-D-H). Over there was the talent — Stevie Wonder, whom the label discovered when he was 11; Marvin Gaye, who wanted so much to be a jazz crooner before he came into his own in the late 60's; and, above all, Diana Ross, whom the label put its stake in early on, and who was told so many times that she was a star that she drove off one of the Supremes before quitting to launch a solo career. In a neglected corner were the session musicians the Funk Brothers, who played on God knows how many hit songs. Let's just say a lot.", "precise_score": 1.8552839756011963, "rough_score": 4.8152971267700195, "source": "search", "title": "A Brief History of Motown - TIME" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "The Jackson Five's sound was influenced by many of the biggest stars of the 1960s, especially including family funk bands Sly & the Family Stone and The Isley Brothers, soul pioneer Marvin Gaye, doo-wop boy band Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, and soul shouters like Wilson Pickett, Jackie Wilson, Stevie Wonder and James Brown . At the time of their early success, soul and funk stars, especially coming from Motown Records, were among the most popular musicians; Motown had launched the careers of dozens of the decade's biggest stars, most notably Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, and Diana Ross & the Supremes.", "precise_score": 5.499811172485352, "rough_score": 4.532674789428711, "source": "search", "title": "The Jackson 5’s Biography — Free listening, videos ..." }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "Motown is both a style of music and an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1959, and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit, Michigan. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including Tamla Motown, the brand used outside the US) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company: 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9907984733581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "Early Tamla/Motown artists included Mable John, Eddie Holland and Mary Wells. \"Shop Around\", the Miracles' first number 1 R&B hit, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960. It was Tamla's first million-selling record. On April 14, 1960, Motown and Tamla Records merged into a new company called Motown Record Corporation. A year later, the Marvelettes scored Tamla's first US number-one pop hit, \"Please Mr. Postman\". By the mid-1960s, the company, with the help of songwriters and producers such as Robinson, A&R chief William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Norman Whitfield, had become a major force in the music industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.202677249908447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "The '60s", "passage": "Into the '60s, I was still not of a frame of mind that we were not only making music, we were making history. But I did recognize the impact because acts were going all over the world at that time. I recognized the bridges that we crossed, the racial problems and the barriers that we broke down with music. I recognized that because I lived it. I would come to the South in the early days of Motown and the audiences would be segregated. Then they started to get the Motown music and we would go back and the audiences were integrated and the kids were dancing together and holding hands. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.238123893737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s, and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles. The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972, with a number of artists, among them Martha Reeves, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and Motown's Funk Brothers studio band, either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons. By re-locating, Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion-picture industry, and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit-vehicles for Diana Ross: the Billie Holiday biographical film Lady Sings the Blues (1972), and Mahogany (1975). Other Motown films would include Scott Joplin (1977), Thank God It's Friday (1978), The Wiz (1978) and The Last Dragon (1985). Ewart Abner, who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s, became its president in 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.20214581489563, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "The style created by the Motown musicians was a major influence on several non-Motown artists of the mid-1960s, such as Dusty Springfield and the Foundations. In the United Kingdom, the Motown Sound became the basis of the northern soul movement. Smokey Robinson said the Motown Sound had little to do with Detroit:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.365854263305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "A Motown hit from the 1960s returns to the limelight as Bonnie Pointer’s update of “Heaven Must Have Sent You” reaches the Top 20.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.550660133361816, "source": "search", "title": "History | Classic Motown" }, { "answer": "Sixties", "passage": "Throughout the Sixties, Motown produced a catalog of songs that cannot be rivaled. \"You've Really Got a Hold On Me,\" \"Heat Wave,\" \"Dancing in the Street,\" \"Tracks of My Tears,\" \"Where Did Our Love Go,\" \"My Guy,\" \"My Girl,\" \"Baby Love,\" \"Reach Out, I'll Be There,\" \"I Can't Help Myself,\" \"Get Ready,\" \"Stop! In the Name of Love,\" \"The Way You Do the Things You Do,\" and so on. They were simple love songs that told simple stories, often in joyously happy or heartbreakingly sad ways. And all the while Motown was the pride of Detroit and the pride of black America (though Gordy tried, with his usual bluster, to make it the \"Sound of Young America,\" a label he began to stamp on all of the company's vinyl).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.254253387451172, "source": "search", "title": "A Brief History of Motown - TIME" }, { "answer": "'60s", "passage": "Around the time of the '67 Detroit riots, however, things changed, as they eventually had to. Gordy looked west, towards Los Angeles (how could such a large entertainment company as his not be involved in movies and television?). Dissatisfied with the increasing disconnect between the success of their work and the level of their pay, Holland-Dozier-Holland broke off from Motown. And while the Jackson 5 was on the rise, most of the rock-steady Motown acts of the early '60s were on the wane. In 1971, though, the label released what is arguably its grandest artistic statement, something not at all of a piece with its previous, poppy output. Marvin Gaye put out What's Going On, a thoughtful, socially conscious album whose title track Gordy famously called the worst song he had ever heard. A year later, Motown deserted Detroit for L.A. and Stevie Wonder turned 21, thereby taking creative control of his music. Within four years he had released Talking Book, Innervisions, and Songs in the Key of Life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8344123363494873, "source": "search", "title": "A Brief History of Motown - TIME" }, { "answer": "1960s", "passage": "The primary members of the group were all the sons of Katherine and Joseph Jackson: Jackie Jackson , Tito Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Randy Jackson . Joseph Jackson formed the band in 1964 and served as its manager, with Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and unrelated youths Reynaud Jones and Milton Hite comprising its original lineup. Within a year, Michael and Marlon joined the band, and Michael became lead singer as the group developed a following in the eastern and midwestern United States during the mid-1960s. Signed to the Motown label from 1969 to 1975, and to CBS Records (as \" The Jacksons \") from 1975 until their disbanding in 1990, the Jackson 5 were one of the most popular groups of the era and became the first recording act to have their first four major label singles ( I Want You Back , ABC , The Love You Save , and I'll Be There ) reach the top of the American charts. Several future singles, among them \"Mama's Pearl\", \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Dancing Machine\", were Top 5 pop hits and number-one hits on the R&B singles chart. Most of the early hits were written and produced by a specialized songwriting team known as The Corporation™; later Jackson 5 hits were crafted chiefly by Hal Davis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9376020431518555, "source": "search", "title": "The Jackson 5’s Biography — Free listening, videos ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "3", "passage": "As President of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 4), the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. There is a strong convention within the U.S. Senate that the vice president should not use their position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner, except in the case of breaking tie votes. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast twenty-nine tie-breaking votes, a record no successor except John C. Calhoun ever threatened. Adams's votes protected the president's sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, and prevented war with Great Britain. On at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters. Adams's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of George Washington's administration. Toward the end of his first term, a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters caused him to exercise more restraint in hopes of seeing his election as President of the United States.", "precise_score": -6.734562397003174, "rough_score": -4.712846755981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Another issue was who had the power to declare that an incapacitated president is unable to discharge his duties. This question had arisen most recently with the illnesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Section 3 and Section 4 of the amendment provide means for the vice president to become acting president upon the temporary disability of the president. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity of the president. Section 4 deals with incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet.", "precise_score": -8.875900268554688, "rough_score": -4.330532550811768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "If no vice presidential candidate receives an Electoral College majority, then the Senate selects the vice president, in accordance with the United States Constitution. The Twelfth Amendment states that a \"majority of the whole number\" of Senators (currently 51 of 100) is necessary for election. Further, the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie which might occur. The election of 1836 is the only election so far where the office of the vice president has been decided by the Senate. During the campaign, Martin Van Buren's running mate Richard Mentor Johnson was accused of having lived with a black woman. Virginia's 23 electors, who were pledged to Van Buren and Johnson, refused to vote for Johnson (but still voted for Van Buren). The election went to the Senate, where Johnson was elected 33-17.", "precise_score": -4.641119003295898, "rough_score": -4.896956443786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Since the adoption of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, the office has been vacant twice while awaiting confirmation of the new vice president by both houses of Congress. The first such instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew as Richard Nixon's vice president. Gerald Ford was subsequently nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later when Nixon resigned following the Watergate scandal and Ford assumed the presidency. The resulting vice presidential vacancy was filled by Nelson Rockefeller. Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office, and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office.", "precise_score": -3.1185808181762695, "rough_score": -4.124139785766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many who found the job frustrating and stupefying, writing to his wife Abigail that \"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.\" Many vice presidents lamented the lack of meaningful work in their role. John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency \"isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss.\" Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as \"useful as a cow's fifth teat.\" ", "precise_score": 1.650427222251892, "rough_score": 4.644436836242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him at the start of the second term on the Court-packing issue and became Roosevelt's leading political enemy. In 1937, Garner became the first vice president to be sworn in on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president, a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.", "precise_score": 2.986983060836792, "rough_score": 5.933845043182373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Richard Nixon unsuccessfully sought the governorship of California in 1962, nearly two years after leaving office as vice president and just over six years before becoming president. Walter Mondale ran unsuccessfully for president in 1984, served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996, and then sought unsuccessfully to return to the Senate in 2002. George H. W. Bush won the presidency, and his vice president, Dan Quayle, sought the Republican nomination in 2000. Al Gore also ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 2000, turning to environmental advocacy afterward. Cheney had previously explored the possibility of running for president before serving as vice president, but chose not to run for president after his two terms as vice president.", "precise_score": -5.162222862243652, "rough_score": -4.011507987976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, his own pronunciation, or; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.", "precise_score": 1.5584511756896973, "rough_score": -2.56667160987854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt was born in 1882, to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County, New York. He attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School and Harvard College. At age 23, in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children. He entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt ran for vice president with presidential candidate James M. Cox, but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio in 1921, which cost him the use of his legs and put his future political career in jeopardy, but he attempted to recover from the illness, and founded the treatment center for people with polio in Warm Springs, Georgia. After returning to political life by placing Alfred E. Smith's name into nomination at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt, at Smith's behest, successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928. In office from 1929 to 1933, he served as a reform governor promoting the enactment of programs to combat the Great Depression besetting the United States at the time.", "precise_score": 2.353818416595459, "rough_score": -2.3293373584747314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Like all but two of his 21 Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to Harvard College, where he lived in a suite which is now part of Adams House, in the \"Gold Coast\" area populated by wealthy students. Again an average student academically, Roosevelt later declared, \"I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong.\" He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and the Fly Club. While undistinguished as a student or athlete, he became editor-in-chief of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper, a position which required great ambition, energy, and ability to manage others. While he was at Harvard, his fifth cousin Theodore \"T. R.\" Roosevelt, Jr. (1858–1919) became President of the United States; his vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero. The younger Roosevelt remained a Democrat, campaigning for Theodore's opponent William Jennings Bryan. In mid-1902, Franklin was formally introduced to his future wife Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), Theodore's niece, on a train to Tivoli, New York, although they had met briefly as children. Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed. She was the daughter of Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (1860–94) and Anna Rebecca Hall (1863–92) of the Livingston family. At the time of their engagement, Roosevelt was twenty-two and Eleanor nineteen. Roosevelt graduated from Harvard in 1903 with an A.B. in history. He later received an honorary LL.D. from Harvard in 1929. ", "precise_score": -0.7108443379402161, "rough_score": -4.3766350746154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt's support of Wilson led to his appointment in 1913 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. Roosevelt had a lifelong affection for the Navy—he had already collected almost 10,000 naval books and claimed to have read all but one—and was more ardent than his boss Daniels in supporting a large and efficient naval force. As assistant secretary, Roosevelt worked to expand the Navy and founded the United States Navy Reserve. Against reactionary older officers such as Admiral William Bensonwho claimed he could not \"conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation\"Roosevelt personally ordered the preservation of the navy's Aviation Division after the war, despite publicly opining that Billy Mitchell's warnings of bombs capable of sinking battleships were \"pernicious\". Roosevelt negotiated with Congressional leaders and other government departments to get budgets approved. He opposed the Taylor \"stop-watch\" system, which was hailed by shipbuilding managers but opposed by the unions. Not a single union strike occurred during his seven-plus years in the office, during which Roosevelt gained experience in labor issues, government management during wartime, naval issues, and logistics, all valuable areas for future office.", "precise_score": -3.7124834060668945, "rough_score": -4.918728828430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The 1920 Democratic National Convention chose Roosevelt by acclamation as the vice-presidential candidate with its presidential candidate, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Although his nomination surprised most people, Roosevelt was considered as bringing balance to the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a prohibitionist with a famous name. Roosevelt had just turned 38, four years younger than Theodore had been when he received the same nomination from his party. The Cox-Roosevelt ticket was defeated by Republicans Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge in the presidential election by a wide margin. Roosevelt returned to New York to practice law and joined the newly organized New York Civitan Club. ", "precise_score": -0.07864657789468765, "rough_score": 0.1930662989616394, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The Supreme Court became Roosevelt's primary focus during his second term, after the court overturned many of his programs. In particular in 1935, the Court unanimously ruled that the National Recovery Act (NRA) was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the president. Roosevelt stunned Congress in early 1937 by proposing a law to allow him to appoint up to six new justices, what he referred to as a \"persistent infusion of new blood.\" This \"court packing\" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner, since it upset the separation of powers and gave the President control over the Court. Roosevelt's proposal to expand the court failed; but by 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven of the nine justices of the court, a change in membership which resulted in a court that began to ratify his policies. ", "precise_score": -1.2490088939666748, "rough_score": -3.2086615562438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The two-term tradition had been an unwritten rule (until the 22nd Amendment after Roosevelt's presidency) since George Washington declined to run for a third term in 1796. Both Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt were attacked for trying to obtain a third non-consecutive term. Roosevelt systematically undercut prominent Democrats who were angling for the nomination, including Vice President John Nance Garner and two cabinet members, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and James Farley, Roosevelt's campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, the Postmaster General and the Democratic Party chairman. Roosevelt moved the convention to Chicago where he had strong support from the city machine (which controlled the auditorium sound system). At the convention the opposition was poorly organized, but Farley had packed the galleries. Roosevelt sent a message saying that he would not run unless he was drafted, and that the delegates were free to vote for anyone. The delegates were stunned; then the loudspeaker screamed \"We want Roosevelt... The world wants Roosevelt!\" The delegates went wild and he was nominated by 946 to 147 on the first ballot. The tactic employed by Roosevelt was not entirely successful, as his goal had been to be drafted by acclamation. The new vice-presidential nominee was Henry Agard Wallace, a liberal intellectual who was Secretary of Agriculture.", "precise_score": -0.18130022287368774, "rough_score": 1.9432260990142822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In his campaign against Republican Wendell Willkie, Roosevelt stressed both his proven leadership experience and his intention to do everything possible to keep the United States out of war. In one of his speeches he declared to potential recruits that \"you boys are not going to be sent into any foreign war.\" He won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote and 38 of the 48 states, and thus winning almost 85% of the electoral vote (449 to 82). A shift to the left within the Administration was shown by the naming of Henry A. Wallace as Vice President in place of the conservative Texan John Nance Garner, who had become a bitter enemy of Roosevelt after 1937.", "precise_score": 0.3217117190361023, "rough_score": -2.901465892791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Party leaders insisted that Roosevelt drop Henry A. Wallace, who had been erratic as Vice President. James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, a top FDR aide, was considered ineligible because he had left the Catholic Church and many Catholic voters would not vote for him. Roosevelt replaced Wallace with Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, best known for his battle against corruption and inefficiency in wartime spending. The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey, the liberal governor of New York. The opposition lambasted FDR and his administration for domestic corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, tolerance of Communism, and military blunders. Labor unions, which had grown rapidly in the war, threw their all-out support behind Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Truman won the 1944 election by a comfortable margin, defeating Dewey and his running mate John W. Bricker with 53.4% of the popular vote and 432 out of the 531 electoral votes. The President campaigned in favor of a strong United Nations, so his victory symbolized support for the nation's future participation in the international community.", "precise_score": -0.5042673349380493, "rough_score": -0.2747355103492737, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations. On the afternoon of April 12, Roosevelt said, \"I have a terrific pain in the back of my head.\" He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke). At 3:35 p.m. that day, Roosevelt died. As Allen Drury later said, \"so ended an era, and so began another.\" After Roosevelt's death, an editorial by The New York Times declared, \"Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House\". ", "precise_score": -4.344974517822266, "rough_score": -3.645571708679199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Less than a month after his death, on May 8, the war in Europe ended. President Harry S. Truman dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory, and kept the flags across the U.S. at half-staff for the remainder of the 30-day mourning period, saying that his only wish was \"that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day.\"", "precise_score": -5.73939323425293, "rough_score": -3.4826154708862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "Three public sculptures of Roosevelt sitting in a wheelchair are known to exist. Two are at the Roosevelt Memorial, one of FDR sitting in a chair with small wheels – mostly obscured by his cape, another of FDR in a wheelchair at the entrance to the memorial; a third statue, unveiled in April 2008, is part of the \"Paseo de los Presidentes\" on the south side of Puerto Rico's Capitol Building, which honors the nine presidents who have visited the US territory while in office. Another statue is installed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park on Roosevelt Island.", "precise_score": -0.6451290249824524, "rough_score": -2.8059897422790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression as our 32nd President (1933-1945), Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves.", "precise_score": 2.8398945331573486, "rough_score": -0.6451731324195862, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "In the end, FDR defeated Dewey by more than three and a half million votes, winning a 333-vote margin in the Electoral College. [19] Franklin Delano Roosevelt would be dead by April, but the election’s ramifications reverberate into the twenty-first century. Roosevelt’s deception about his health was one factor moving the political culture to a place where candidates would be forced to disclose intimate details of their lives. Wartime presidents, FDR’s victory suggested, had an electoral advantage while running for re-election—so long as their leadership seemed to be paying dividends. His fourth-term win also resulted in the amendment that has barred presidents from winning more than two elections—perhaps depriving Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton of third terms. Last, Roosevelt’s victory, and Truman’s ascension, helped ensure that the New Deal would continue to define Americans’ relationship with their government—that with his re-election Roosevelt’s vision of humanizing the industrial economy had become an accepted aspect of Americans’ lives, so vital to the country’s future that even FDR’s 1944 opponent vowed to “keep” it.", "precise_score": -2.062262535095215, "rough_score": -1.8091142177581787, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[7] William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 312–313.", "precise_score": -2.6125240325927734, "rough_score": -2.2298293113708496, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[15] Franklin D. Roosevelt, Excerpts from the Press Conference, Dec. 28, 1943, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16358 ; also see Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 358–359.", "precise_score": -2.5547540187835693, "rough_score": 2.5488009452819824, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Roosevelt was admitted to the bar in 1907 and practiced law before running for the New York State Senate. In 1913, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He then ran for Vice President with James M. Cox in 1920 against Warren Harding . When defeated he went back to practicing law. He was elected Governor of New York from 1929-33.", "precise_score": 2.8171353340148926, "rough_score": 1.705165982246399, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt won the Democratic nomination for the presidency with John Nance Garner as his Vice President. He ran against incumbent Herbert Hoover . The Great Depression was the backdrop for the campaign. Roosevelt gathered a Brain Trust to help him come up with effective public policy. He campaigned continuously and his apparent confidence made Hoover's meager campaign pale in comparison. In the end, Roosevelt carried 57% of the popular vote and 472 electors versus Hoover's 59.", "precise_score": 3.1641955375671387, "rough_score": 2.3981668949127197, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1936, Roosevelt easily won the nomination with Garner as his Vice President. He was opposed by progressive Republican Alf Landon whose platform argued that the New Deal was not good for America and relief efforts should be run by the states. Landon argued while campaigning that the New Deal programs were unconstitutional. Roosevelt campaigned on the programs' effectiveness. The NAACP supported Roosevelt who won an overwhelming victory with 523 electoral votes versus Landon's 8.", "precise_score": 0.735176146030426, "rough_score": -2.1170480251312256, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt was quickly renominated to run for a fourth term. However, there was some question over his Vice President. FDR's health was declining and the Democrats wanted someone they were comfortable with to be president. Harry S Truman was eventually chosen. The Republicans chose Thomas Dewey to run. He used FDR's declining health and campaigned against waste during the New Deal. Roosevelt won by a slim margin getting 53% of the popular vote and winning 432 electoral votes versus 99 for Dewey.", "precise_score": 0.25179359316825867, "rough_score": -1.2803127765655518, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an airplane. He did it in 1943.", "precise_score": -4.488328456878662, "rough_score": -0.29502275586128235, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 in Warm Springs, Ga. He was 63 years and 72 days old. He is buried in a family plot in Hyde Park, N.Y.", "precise_score": -4.2421650886535645, "rough_score": -3.08119535446167, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin D. Roosevelt, thirty-second president of the United States, led the nation out of the period of economic crisis known as the Great Depression (1929–39) and later into World War II (1939–45). Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including the establishment of the United Nations.", "precise_score": 2.284409523010254, "rough_score": 2.0916121006011963, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, into a well-known family. The Roosevelts had been fairly wealthy for many generations. The family had often been important in the civic affairs of New York. When Franklin was born, his father was fifty-one years old and his mother was twenty-eight. As his parents' only child, he did not have to compete with other siblings for their attention. Tutors and governesses (female, live-in teachers) educated him at home until he was fourteen. At this time he attended Groton School, which educated boys of the upper class. The young Roosevelt was thus surrounded by privilege and by a sense of social importance from an early age. His family traveled in elite (high-society) circles, and he even visited the White House to meet President Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) when he was five years old.", "precise_score": -1.6194055080413818, "rough_score": -1.2665071487426758, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The Republican Party had the advantage of not having been responsible for America's role in World War I. In 1920 the Republicans nominated U.S. senator Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) of Ohio as their candidate for president. The Democrats nominated Ohio governor James Cox (1870–1957). His vice presidential candidate was Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -3.0159854888916016, "rough_score": -4.388240814208984, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "After his run for vice president, Roosevelt returned to work in New York City's financial district. But in the summer of 1921 he became mysteriously ill. His disease, which was not immediately diagnosed, was poliomyelitis. Often called simply polio, this infectious disease is caused by a virus and can lead to paralysis. Roosevelt became almost totally paralyzed as a result of this illness. He would never be able to use his legs again, which might have ended his political career. However, Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt's friend Louis McHenry Howe (1871–1936) set out to renew Roosevelt's ambition.", "precise_score": -0.8161073923110962, "rough_score": -2.4797515869140625, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt now began the four years of his New York governorship that led to his presidency. By 1930, it was clear that he should be the Democratic candidate for president in 1932. Since 1929 the nation had been struggling in the Great Depression, the worst economic depression of its kind in history, and the Republican administration of then-president Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) had failed to find a way to help the country recover.", "precise_score": -1.380566120147705, "rough_score": -4.1431732177734375, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt", "precise_score": 2.467463493347168, "rough_score": -0.3477438688278198, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the thirty-second President of the United States (1933-45), was the only United States President to be elected to four terms. FDR, as he was called, served during the worst times in the history of the United States, including the Great Depression and World War II.", "precise_score": 2.574720859527588, "rough_score": 0.5338374972343445, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Born January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York, his uncle was the former President, Theodore Roosevelt. His mother, Sarah Delano, was his father's second wife, and she could trace her ancestry back to the Plymouth Colony. As the only son of a wealthy family, Franklin first attended the prestigious Groton School, where his sense of social responsibility was formed, and then went on to Harvard. He was only an average student, but during his senior year was the editor of the elite Harvard Crimson (the student paper).", "precise_score": -2.859952211380005, "rough_score": -6.064538955688477, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Roosevelt was elected to the New York Senate in 1910. His first elected public office was State Senator from the Hudson River District. At this time, he became a Democrat, despite the fact that his Uncle Teddy was a Republican. During the bitter fight for President in 1912 he supported Woodrow Wilson. In 1913, President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Josephus Daniels. This is where he got the reputation as an elitist and a dandy (a finely dressed man) that followed him throughout his career. In 1920 he was the Vice Presidential candidate on a ticket with James Cox. They lost to Warren G Harding.", "precise_score": 1.4736053943634033, "rough_score": -2.0540876388549805, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1933, incumbent Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor, while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4882173538208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": " Gerald Ford was the first vice president selected by this method, after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973; after succeeding to the presidency, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.144552230834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked three times: on July 13, 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon, and twice more on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007 when George W. Bush underwent colonoscopy procedures requiring sedation. Prior to this amendment, Vice President Richard Nixon informally assumed some of President Dwight Eisenhower's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.839079856872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "* Be at least 35 years old", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461586952209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Additionally, Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment denies eligibility for any federal office to anyone who, having sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution, later has rebelled against the United States. This disqualification, originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy, may be removed by a two-thirds vote of each house of the Congress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397919654846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Also, Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 allows the Senate, upon voting to remove an impeached federal official from office, to disqualify that official from holding any federal office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56490707397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "as his running mate. Despite the two candidates' near-identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013915061950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "A greater problem occurred in the election of 1800, in which the two participating parties each had a secondary candidate they intended to elect as vice president, but the more popular Democratic-Republican party failed to execute that plan with their electoral votes. Under the system in place at the time (Article II, Section 1, Clause 3), the electors could not differentiate between their two candidates, so the plan had been for one elector to vote for Thomas Jefferson but not for Aaron Burr, thus putting Burr in second place. This plan broke down for reasons that are disputed, and both candidates received the same number of votes. After 35 deadlocked ballots in the House of Representatives, Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot and Burr became vice president. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465702056884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The vice president's salary is $230,700. The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.50372314453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 and Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a \"grand jury\" with the power to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\" Similarly, Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 and Article II, Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. No vice president has ever been impeached.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.366228103637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The original Constitution had no provision for selecting such a replacement, so the office of vice president would remain vacant until the beginning of the next presidential and vice presidential terms. This issue had arisen most recently when the John F. Kennedy assassination caused a vacancy from November 22, 1963, until January 20, 1965, and was rectified by Section 2 of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.774724960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor's ticket, he replied \"I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin.\" This was the second time Webster declined the office, which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him. Ironically, both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three-time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either. Since presidents rarely died in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor's successor, Fillmore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.636401653289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:President George H. W.tif|George H. W. Bush43rd (1981–1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855751037597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:Quayle2k11.tif|Dan Quayle44th (1989–1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.562407493591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:Gore2k11.tif|Al Gore45th (1993–2001)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479715347290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt successfully defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover to win the presidency of the United States. Having been energized by his personal victory over his polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. In his first hundred days in office, which began March 4, 1933, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief (government jobs for the unemployed), recovery (economic growth), and reform (through regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation). He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936. The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, and blocked almost all proposals for major liberal legislation (except the minimum wage, which did pass). When the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business. Along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.222960472106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "As World War II loomed after 1938, with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and the United Kingdom, while remaining officially neutral. His goal was to make America the \"Arsenal of Democracy\", which would supply munitions to the Allies. In March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which he called \"a date which will live in infamy\", Roosevelt sought and obtained the quick approval, on December 8, of the United States Congress to declare war on Japan and, a few days later, on Germany. (Hitler had already declared war on the US in support of Japan). Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins, and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek in leading the Allies against Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan in World War II. He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and also ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians. As an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. His work also influenced the later creation of the United Nations and Bretton Woods. During the war, unemployment dropped to 2%, relief programs largely ended, and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to wartime factory jobs or entered military service. Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died three months into his fourth term. He is often rated by scholars as one of the top three U.S. Presidents, along with Abraham Lincoln and George Washington. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.861083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park, New York to businessman James Roosevelt I (1828–1900) and Sara Ann Delano (1854–1941). His parents were sixth cousins and both were from wealthy old New York families. They were of mostly English descent; Roosevelt's patrilineal great-grandfather, Jacobus Roosevelt III, was of Dutch ancestry, and his mother's maiden name, Delano, could be traced to a French Huguenot immigrant ancestor of the 17th century. Their only child was to have been named Warren, but Sara's infant nephew of that name had recently died. Their son was named for Sara's uncle Franklin Hughes Delano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.971339225769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On March 17, 1905, Roosevelt married Eleanor in New York City, despite the fierce resistance of his mother; he was 23 and she was 21. While she did not dislike Eleanor, Sara Roosevelt was very possessive of her son; believing he was too young, she several times attempted to break the engagement. Eleanor's uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, stood in at the wedding for Eleanor's deceased father Elliott, as Eleanor was his favorite niece. (Eleanor had lost both parents by age ten.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.759099006652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "* Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (May 3, 1906 – December 1, 1975)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358638763427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "* James Roosevelt II (December 23, 1907 – August 13, 1991)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.034757614135742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "* Elliott Roosevelt (September 23, 1910 – October 27, 1990)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.63636302947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "* John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (March 13, 1916 – April 27, 1981)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.258989334106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Taking his seat on January 1, 1911, Roosevelt immediately became the leader of a group of \"Insurgents\" who opposed the bossism of the Tammany machine dominating the state Democratic Party. The U.S. Senate election, which began with the Democratic caucus on January 16, 1911, was deadlocked by the struggle of the two factions for 74 days, as the new legislator endured what a biographer later described as \"the full might of Tammany\" behind its choice, William F. Sheehan. (Popular election of US Senators did not occur until after a constitutional amendment.) On March 31 compromise candidate James A. O'Gorman was elected, giving Roosevelt national exposure and some experience in political tactics and intrigue; one Tammany leader warned that Roosevelt should be eliminated immediately, before he disrupted Democrats as much as his cousin disrupted the Republicans. Roosevelt soon became a popular figure among New York Democrats, though he had not as yet become an eloquent speaker. News articles and cartoons began depicting \"the second coming of a Roosevelt\" that sent \"cold shivers down the spine of Tammany\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.360228538513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt was still relatively obscure, but his friends were already speaking of him as a future president; he reportedly began talking about being elected to the presidency as early as 1907. In 1914, Roosevelt made an ill-conceived decision to run for the U.S. Senate seat for New York. The decision was doomed for lack of Wilson administration backing. He was determined to take on Tammany again at a time when Wilson needed them to help marshal his legislation and secure his future re-election. He was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary election for the United States Senate by Tammany Hall-backed James W. Gerard, by a margin of 3-to-1. Roosevelt learned a valuable lesson, that federal patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a strong local organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.874077320098877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In August 1921, while the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, Roosevelt fell ill and was diagnosed with polio. It left him with permanent paralysis from the waist down. Following the illness, Roosevelt remained out of the public eye for several years, turning his attention away from politics and toward his legal practice. For the rest of his life, Roosevelt refused to accept that he was permanently paralyzed. He tried a wide range of therapies, including hydrotherapy. In 1926, he purchased a resort at Warm Springs, Georgia, where he founded a hydrotherapy center for the treatment of polio patients; it still operates as the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation. In 1938, FDR founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, now known as the March of Dimes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.429082870483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "At the time, Roosevelt convinced many people that he was improving, which he believed to be essential prior to running for public office again. He laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs by swiveling his torso, supporting himself with a cane. He was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. Few photographs of FDR in his wheelchair are known; they include two taken by his cousin and confidante Margaret Suckley, another taken by a sailor aboard the USS Indianapolis in 1933, and another published in a 1937 issue of Life magazine. Film clips of the \"walk\" he achieved after his illness are equally rare. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons. FDR used a car with specially designed hand controls, providing him further mobility. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.158995628356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "A 2003 retrospective diagnosis of Roosevelt's paralytic illness favored Guillain–Barré syndrome rather than polio, a conclusion criticized by other researchers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023008346557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Governor of New York (1929–32)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281075477600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In May 1930, as he began his run for a second term, Roosevelt reiterated his doctrine from the campaign two years before: \"that progressive government by its very terms, must be a living and growing thing, that the battle for it is never ending and that if we let up for one single moment or one single year, not merely do we stand still but we fall back in the march of civilization.\" In this campaign for re-election, Roosevelt needed the good will of the Tammany Hall machine in New York City to succeed; but, his Republican opponent, Charles H. Tuttle, used Roosevelt's connection with Tammany Hall's corruption as an election issue. As the election approached, Roosevelt began preemptive efforts by initiating investigations of the sale of judicial offices. He was directly involved, as he had made a routine short-term court appointment of a Tammany Hall man who was alleged to have paid Tammany $30,000 for the position. His Republican opponent could not overcome the public's criticism of the Republican Party for current economic distress in the Great Depression, and Roosevelt was elected to a second term by a margin of fourteen percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.612226486206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "1932 presidential election", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290002822875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Economist Marriner Eccles observed that \"given later developments, the campaign speeches often read like a giant misprint, in which Roosevelt and Hoover speak each other's lines.\" Roosevelt denounced Hoover's failures to restore prosperity or halt the downward slide, and he ridiculed Hoover's huge deficits. Roosevelt campaigned on the Democratic platform advocating \"immediate and drastic reductions of all public expenditures,\" \"abolishing useless commissions and offices, consolidating departments and bureaus, and eliminating extravagances\" and for a \"sound currency to be maintained at all hazards.\" On September 23, Roosevelt made the gloomy evaluation that, \"Our industrial plant is built; the problem just now is whether under existing conditions it is not overbuilt. Our last frontier has long since been reached.\" Hoover damned that pessimism as a denial of \"the promise of American life... the counsel of despair.\" The prohibition issue solidified the \"wet vote\" for Roosevelt, who noted that repeal would bring in new tax revenues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.867631912231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt won 57 percent of the vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932–36 elections a realigning election that created a new majority coalition for the Democrats, made up of organized labor, northern blacks, and ethnic Americans such as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans and Jews. This transformed American politics and started what is called the \"New Deal Party System\" or (by political scientists) the Fifth Party System. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.345336437225342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "After the election, Roosevelt refused Hoover's requests for a meeting to develop a joint program to stop the downward spiral and calm investors, claiming publicly it would tie his hands, and that Hoover had all the power to act if necessary. Unofficially, he told reporters that \"it is not my baby\". The economy spiraled downward until the banking system began a complete nationwide shutdown as Hoover's term ended. In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt. Giuseppe Zangara, who expressed a \"hate for all rulers,\" attempted to shoot Roosevelt. He shot and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak who was sitting alongside Roosevelt, but his attempt to murder Roosevelt failed when an alert spectator, Lillian Cross, hit his arm with her purse and deflected the bullet. Roosevelt leaned heavily on his \"Brain Trust\" of academic advisers, especially Raymond Moley, when designing his policies; he offered cabinet positions to numerous candidates, but some declined. The cabinet member with the strongest independent base was Cordell Hull at State. William Hartman Woodin – at Treasury – was soon replaced by the much more powerful Henry Morgenthau, Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.211749076843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Presidency (1933–45)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805709838867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "First term, 1933–37", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23111343383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "When Roosevelt was inaugurated March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir of the worst depression in its history. A quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Farmers were in deep trouble as prices fell by 60%. Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. Two million people were homeless. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states – as well as the District of Columbia – had closed their banks. The New York Federal Reserve Bank was unable to open on the 5th, as huge sums had been withdrawn by panicky customers in previous days. Beginning with his inauguration address, Roosevelt began blaming the economic crisis on bankers and financiers, the quest for profit, and the self-interest basis of capitalism:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.687946319580078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Historians categorized Roosevelt's program as \"relief, recovery and reform.\" Relief was urgently needed by tens of millions of unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal. Reform meant long-term fixes of what was wrong, especially with the financial and banking systems. Through Roosevelt's series of radio talks, known as fireside chats, he presented his proposals directly to the American public. In 1934, FDR paid a visit to retired Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, who mused about the President: \"A second class intellect. But a first class temperament.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.143754959106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "First New Deal, 1933–34", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228246688842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt's \"First 100 Days\" concentrated on the first part of his strategy: immediate relief. From March 9 to June 16, 1933, he sent Congress a record number of bills, all of which passed easily. To propose programs, Roosevelt relied on leading Senators such as George Norris, Robert F. Wagner, and Hugo Black, as well as his Brain Trust of academic advisers. Like Hoover, he saw the Depression caused in part by people no longer spending or investing because they were afraid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.252772808074951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt's inauguration on March 4, 1933, occurred in the middle of a bank panic, hence the backdrop for his famous words: \"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.\" The very next day he declared a \"bank holiday\" and called for a special session of Congress to start March 9, at which Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act. This was his first proposed step to recovery. To give Americans confidence in the banks, Roosevelt signed the Glass–Steagall Act that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to underwrite savings deposits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61807632446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Reform of the economy was the goal of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933. It tried to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to come up with codes that established the rules of operation for all firms within specific industries, such as minimum prices, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. Industry leaders negotiated the codes which were approved by NIRA officials. Industry needed to raise wages as a condition for approval. Provisions encouraged unions and suspended anti-trust laws. The NIRA was found to be unconstitutional by unanimous decision of the US Supreme Court on May 27, 1935. Roosevelt opposed the decision, saying, \"The fundamental purposes and principles of the NIRA are sound. To abandon them is unthinkable. It would spell the return to industrial and labor chaos.\" In 1933, major new banking regulations were passed. In 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission was created to regulate Wall Street, with 1932 campaign fundraiser Joseph P. Kennedy in charge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054468154907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt wanted a federal minimum wage as part of the NIRA, arguing that. \"No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country\". Congress finally adopted the minimum wage in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. It was the last major domestic reform measure of the New Deal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464332580566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Recovery was pursued through \"pump-priming\" (that is, federal spending). The NIRA included $3.3 billion of spending through the Public Works Administration to stimulate the economy, which was to be handled by Interior Secretary Harold Ickes. Roosevelt worked with Republican Senator George Norris to create the largest government-owned industrial enterprise in American history — the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) — which built dams and power stations, controlled floods, and modernized agriculture and home conditions in the poverty-stricken Tennessee Valley. The repeal of prohibition also brought in new tax revenues and helped Roosevelt keep a major campaign promise. Executive Order 6102 declared that all privately held gold of American citizens was to be sold to the US Treasury and the price raised from $20 to $35 per ounce. The goal was to counter the deflation which was paralyzing the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.265128135681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt tried to keep his campaign promise by cutting the federal budget — including a reduction in military spending from $752 million in 1932 to $531 million in 1934 and a 40% cut in spending on veterans' benefits — by removing 500,000 veterans and widows from the pension rolls and reducing benefits for the remainder, as well as cutting the salaries of federal employees and reducing spending on research and education. But, the veterans were well organized and strongly protested; most benefits were restored or increased by 1934, but FDR vetoed their efforts to get a cash bonus. The benefit cuts also did not last. In June 1933, Roosevelt restored $50 million in pension payments, and Congress added another $46 million more. Veterans groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President's veto and passed the Bonus Act in January 1936. It pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.662234306335449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt also kept his promise to push for repeal of Prohibition. On March 23, 1933, he signed the Cullen–Harrison Act redefining 3.2% alcohol as the maximum allowed. That act was preceded by Congressional action in the drafting and passage of the 21st Amendment, which was ratified later that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.512680053710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Second New Deal, 1935–36", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287041664123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "After the 1934 Congressional elections, which gave Roosevelt large majorities in both houses, his administration drafted a fresh surge of New Deal legislation. These measures included the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which set up a national relief agency that employed two million family heads. At the height of WPA employment in 1938, unemployment was down from 20.6% in 1933 to only 12.5%, according to figures from Michael Darby. The Social Security Act established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly, the poor and the sick. Senator Robert Wagner wrote the Wagner Act, which officially became the National Labor Relations Act. The act established the federal rights of workers to organize unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.788418769836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors, the Second New Deal challenged the business community. Conservative Democrats, led by Al Smith, fought back with the American Liberty League, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. But Smith overplayed his hand, and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal, strengthening Roosevelt for the 1936 landslide. By contrast, the labor unions, energized by the Wagner Act, signed up millions of new members and became a major backer of Roosevelt's reelections in 1936, 1940 and 1944.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.676939010620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Government spending increased from 8.0% of gross national product (GNP) under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2% of the GNP in 1936. The national debt as a percentage of the GNP had more than doubled under Hoover from 16% to 40% of the GNP in early 1933. It held steady at close to 40% as late as fall 1941, then grew rapidly during the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582158088684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Deficit spending had been recommended by some economists, most notably by John Maynard Keynes of Britain. The GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. That is, the economy grew 58% from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime, and then grew 56% from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168939590454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Unemployment fell dramatically in Roosevelt's first term, from 25% when he took office to 14.3% in 1937. However, it increased slightly to 19.0% in 1938 (\"a depression within a depression\") and fell to 17.2% in 1939, and then dropped again to 14.6% in 1940 until it reached 1.9% in 1945 during World War II. Total employment during Roosevelt's term expanded by 18.31 million jobs, with an average annual increase in jobs during his administration of 5.3%. Roosevelt considered his New Deal policies as central to his legacy, and in his 1944 State of the Union Address, he advocated that Americans should think of basic economic rights as a Second Bill of Rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.809391975402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt did not raise income taxes before World War II began; however payroll taxes were introduced to fund the new Social Security program in 1937. He also convinced Congress to spend more on many various programs never before seen in American history. Under the revenue pressures brought on by the depression, most states added or increased taxes, including sales as well as income taxes. Roosevelt's proposal for new taxes on corporate savings were highly controversial in 1936–37, and were rejected by Congress. During the war he pushed for even higher income tax rates for individuals (reaching a marginal tax rate of 91%) and corporations and a cap on high salaries for executives. He also issued Executive Order 9250 in October 1942, later to be rescinded by Congress, which raised the marginal tax rate for salaries exceeding $25,000 (after tax) to 100%, thereby limiting salaries to $25,000 (about $ today). To fund the war, Congress not only broadened the base so that almost every employee paid federal income taxes, but also introduced withholding taxes in 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.519377708435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. As governor and president, he launched numerous projects for conservation, in the name of protecting the environment, and providing beauty and jobs for the people. He was strengthened in his resolve by the model of his cousin Theodore Roosevelt. Although FDR was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on TR's scale, his growth of the national systems were comparable. FDR created 140 national wildlife refuges (especially for birds) and established 29 national forests and 29 national parks and monuments. He thereby achieved the vision he had set out in 1931:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.537238597869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "As president he was active in expanding, funding, and promoting the National Park and National Forest systems. He used relief agencies to upgrade the facilities. Their popularity soared, from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade, to 15.5 million in 1939. His favorite agency was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which expended most of its effort on environmental projects. The CCC in a dozen years enrolled 3.4 million young men; they built 13,000 miles of trails, planted two billion trees and upgraded 125,000 miles of dirt roads. Every state had its own state parks, and Roosevelt made sure that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as well as the national systems. Roosevelt heavily funded the system of dams to provide flood control, electricity, and modernization of rural communities through the Tennessee Valley Authority, as well as less famous projects transforming western rivers. He was a great dam builder, although 21st century critics would see this as the antithesis of conservation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.596909999847412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Foreign policy, 1933–37", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233144760131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The rejection of the League of Nations treaty in 1919 marked the dominance of isolationism from world organizations in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. Roosevelt's \"bombshell\" message to the world monetary conference in 1933 effectively ended any major efforts by the world powers to collaborate on ending the worldwide depression, and allowed Roosevelt a free hand in economic policy. Roosevelt was a lifelong free-trader and anti-imperialist. Ending European colonialism was one of his objectives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.630607604980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was the Good Neighbor Policy, which was a re-evaluation of U.S. policy towards Latin America. Since the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, this area had been seen as an American sphere of influence. American forces were withdrawn from Haiti, and new treaties with Cuba and Panama ended their status as U.S. protectorates. In December 1933, Roosevelt signed the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502474784851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye and others who succeeded in their effort to stop the \"merchants of death\" in the U.S. from selling arms abroad. This effort took the form of the Neutrality Acts; the president asked for, but was refused, a provision to give him the discretion to allow the sale of arms to victims of aggression. In the interim, Italy under Benito Mussolini proceeded to overcome Ethiopia, and the Italians joined Nazi Germany in supporting the General Franco and the Nationalist cause in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936 Germany and Japan signed a Anti-Comintern Pact, but they never coordinated their strategies. Congress passed, and the president signed, a mandatory arms embargo at a time when dictators in Europe and Asia were girding for world war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18809700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Landslide re-election, 1936", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517753601074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In the 1936 presidential election, Roosevelt campaigned on his New Deal programs against Kansas Governor Alf Landon, who accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste. Roosevelt and Garner won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except Maine and Vermont. The New Deal Democrats won even larger majorities in Congress. Roosevelt was backed by a coalition of voters which included traditional Democrats across the country, small farmers, the \"Solid South\" (mostly white Democrats), Catholics, big city political machines, labor unions, northern African Americans (southern ones were still disfranchised), Jews, intellectuals and political liberals. This coalition, frequently referred to as the New Deal coalition, remained largely intact for the Democratic Party until the 1960s. Roosevelt's popularity generated massive volumes of correspondence that had to be responded to. He once told his son James, \"Two short sentences will generally answer any known letter.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.422707557678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Second term, 1937–41", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36076545715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In contrast to his first term, little major legislation was passed during Roosevelt's second term. There was the Housing Act of 1937, a second Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, which created the minimum wage. When the economy began to deteriorate again in late 1937, Roosevelt asked Congress for $5 billion in WPA relief and public works funding. This managed to eventually create as many as 3.3 million WPA jobs by 1938. Projects accomplished under the WPA ranged from new federal courthouses and post offices, to facilities and infrastructure for national parks, bridges and other infrastructure across the country, and architectural surveys and archeological excavations — investments to construct facilities and preserve important resources. Beyond this, however, Roosevelt recommended to a special congressional session only a permanent national farm act, administrative reorganization and regional planning measures, which were leftovers from a regular session. According to Burns, this attempt illustrated Roosevelt's inability to decide on a basic economic program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198555946350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt at first had massive support from the rapidly growing labor unions, but they split into bitterly feuding AFL and CIO factions, the latter led by John L. Lewis. Roosevelt pronounced a \"plague on both your houses,\" but labor's disunity weakened the party in the elections from 1938 through 1946. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.89868450164795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress (mostly from the South), Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. His targets denounced Roosevelt for trying to take over the Democratic party and to win reelection, using the argument that they were independent. Roosevelt failed badly, managing to defeat only one target, a conservative Democrat from New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.117767333984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In the November 1938 election, Democrats lost six Senate seats and 71 House seats. Losses were concentrated among pro-New Deal Democrats. When Congress reconvened in 1939, Republicans under Senator Robert Taft formed a Conservative coalition with Southern Democrats, virtually ending Roosevelt's ability to get his domestic proposals enacted into law. The minimum wage law of 1938 was the last substantial New Deal reform act passed by Congress. Following the autumn Congressional elections in 1938, Congress was now dominated by conservatives, many of whom feared that Roosevelt was \"aiming at a dictatorship,\" according to the historian Hugh Brogan. In addition, as noted by another historian, after the 1938 election increased the strength of Republicans,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028973579406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt had always belonged to the more liberal wing of the Democratic Party. He sought a realignment that would solidify liberal dominance by means of landslides in 1932, 1934 and 1936. During the 1932 campaign he predicted privately, \"I'll be in the White House for eight years. When those years are over, there'll be a Progressive party. It may not be Democratic, but it will be Progressive.\" When the third consecutive landslide in 1936 failed to produce major legislation in 1937, his recourse was to purge his conservative opponents in 1938. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.315253257751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Foreign policy, 1937–41", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349924087524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The aggressive foreign policy of Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler in Germany after 1933 aroused fears of a new world war. Americans wanted to keep out of it and in 1937 Congress passed an even more stringent Neutrality act. But when Japan invaded China in 1937, public opinion strongly favored China, and Roosevelt found various ways to assist that nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740582466125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In October 1937, Roosevelt gave the Quarantine Speech aiming to contain aggressor nations. He proposed that warmongering states be treated as a public health menace and be \"quarantined.\" Meanwhile, he secretly stepped up a program to build long-range submarines that could blockade Japan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321087837219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "At the time of the Munich Agreement in 1938 — with the U.S. not represented — Roosevelt said the country would not join a \"stop-Hitler bloc\" under any circumstances. He made it quite clear that, in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral. Roosevelt said in 1939 that France and Britain were America's \"first line of defense\" and needed American aid, but because of widespread isolationist sentiment, he reiterated the US itself would not go to war. In the spring of 1939, Roosevelt allowed the French to place huge orders with the American aircraft industry on a cash-and-carry basis, as allowed by law. Most of the aircraft ordered had not arrived in France by the time of its collapse in May 1940, so Roosevelt arranged in June 1940 for French orders to be sold to the British.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.311655044555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "When World War II began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland, Roosevelt rejected the Wilsonian neutrality stance and sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. At first he gave only covert support to repeal of the arms embargo provisions of the Neutrality Act. He began a regular secret correspondence with the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill in September 1939 — the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them — discussing ways of supporting Britain. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in May 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293937683105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt's third term was dominated by World War II. Roosevelt slowly began re-armament in 1938, although he was facing strong isolationist sentiment from leaders like Senators William Borah and Robert A. Taft. By 1940, re-armament was in high gear, with bipartisan support, partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" supporting Britain, France, China and (after June 1941), the Soviet Union. As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against the Axis Powers, American isolationists (including Charles Lindbergh and America First) vehemently attacked the President as an irresponsible warmonger. Roosevelt initiated FBI and Internal Revenue Service investigations of his loudest critics, though no legal actions resulted. Unfazed by these criticisms and confident in the wisdom of his foreign policy initiatives, FDR continued his twin policies of preparedness and aid to the Allied coalition. On December 29, 1940, he delivered his Arsenal of Democracy fireside chat, in which he made the case for involvement in the war directly to the American people. A week later he delivered his famous Four Freedoms speech laying out the case for an American defense of basic rights throughout the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.874446392059326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The homefront was subject to dynamic social changes throughout the war, though domestic issues were no longer Roosevelt's most urgent policy concern. The military buildup spurred economic growth. Unemployment fell in half from 7.7 million in spring 1940 (when the first accurate statistics were compiled) to 3.4 million in fall 1941 and fell in half again to 1.5 million in fall 1942, out of a labor force of 54 million. There was a growing labor shortage, accelerating the second wave of the Great Migration of African Americans, farmers and rural populations to manufacturing centers. African Americans from the South went to California and other West Coast states for new jobs in the defense industry. To pay for increased government spending, in 1941 FDR proposed that Congress enact an income tax rate of 99.5% on all income over $100,000; when the proposal failed, he issued an executive order imposing an income tax of 100% on income over $25,000, which Congress rescinded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.15913200378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt and Churchill conducted a highly secret bilateral meeting in Argentia, Newfoundland, and on August 14, 1941, drafted the Atlantic Charter, conceptually outlining global wartime and postwar goals. All the Allies endorsed it. This was the first of several wartime conferences; Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person. In July 1941, Roosevelt had ordered Secretary of War Henry Stimson, to begin planning for total American military involvement. The resulting \"Victory Program\" provided the Army's estimates necessary for the total mobilization of manpower, industry, and logistics to defeat Germany and Japan. The program also planned to dramatically increase aid to the Allied nations and to have ten million men in arms, half of whom would be ready for deployment abroad in 1943. Roosevelt was firmly committed to the Allied cause, and these plans were formulated before Japan's Attack on Pearl Harbor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1056084632873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.803714752197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "The \"Big Three\" (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin), together with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West; Soviet troops fought on the Eastern front; and Chinese, British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific. The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high-profile conferences as well as contact through diplomatic and military channels. Roosevelt guaranteed that the U.S. would be the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" by shipping $50 billion of Lend Lease supplies, primarily to Britain and to the USSR, China and other Allies. Roosevelt coined the term \"Four Policemen\" to refer this \"Big Four\" Allied powers of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3211030960083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The Allies undertook the invasions of French Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) in November 1942. FDR very much desired the assault be initiated before election day, but did not order it. FDR and Churchill had another war conference in Casablanca in January 1943; Stalin declined an invitation. The Allies agreed strategically that the Mediterranean focus be continued, with the cross-channel invasion coming later, followed by concentration of efforts in the Pacific. Roosevelt also championed General Henri Giraud as leader of Free France against General Charles de Gaulle. Hitler reinforced his military in North Africa, with the result that the Allied efforts there suffered a temporary setback; Allied attempts to counterbalance this were successful, but resulted in war supplies to the USSR being delayed, as well as the second war front. Later, their assault pursued into Sicily (Operation Husky) followed in July 1943, and of Italy (Operation Avalanche) in September 1943. In 1943, it was apparent to FDR that Stalin, while bearing the brunt of Germany's offensive, had not had sufficient opportunity to participate in war conferences. The President made a concerted effort to arrange a one-on-one meeting with Stalin, in Fairbanks. However, when Stalin learned that Roosevelt and Churchill had postponed the cross-channel invasion a second time, he cancelled. The strategic bombing campaign was escalated in 1944, pulverizing all major German cities and cutting off oil supplies. It was a 50–50 British-American operation. Roosevelt picked Dwight D. Eisenhower, and not George Marshall, to head the Allied cross-channel invasion, Operation Overlord that began on D-Day, June 6, 1944. Some of the most costly battles of the war ensued after the invasion, and the Allies were blocked on the German border in the \"Battle of the Bulge\" in December 1944. When Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Allied forces were closing in on Berlin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.641542434692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "By late 1943, it was apparent that the Allies would ultimately defeat the enemy, so it became increasingly important to make high-level political decisions about the course of the war and the postwar future of Europe. Roosevelt met with Churchill and the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek at the Cairo Conference in November 1943, and then went to the Tehran Conference to confer with Churchill and Stalin. While Churchill warned of potential domination by a Stalin dictatorship over eastern Europe, Roosevelt responded with a statement summarizing his rationale for relations with Stalin: \"I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man. [...] I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace.\" At the Tehran Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed plans for a postwar international organization. For his part, Stalin insisted on redrawing the frontiers of Poland. Stalin supported Roosevelt's plan for the United Nations and promised to enter the war against Japan 90 days after Germany was defeated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.120368003845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt, aware that most publishers were opposed to him, issued a decree in 1943 that blocked all publishers and media executives from visits to combat areas; he put General Marshall in charge of enforcement. The main target was Henry Luce, the powerful publisher of Time and Life magazines. Historian Alan Brinkley argues the move was \"badly mistaken\", for had Luce been allowed to travel, he would have been an enthusiastic cheerleader for American forces around the globe. But stranded in New York City, Luce's frustration and anger expressed itself in hard-edged partisanship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802346229553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On the morning of April 13, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train. As was his wish, Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate, the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15. Eleanor, who died in November 1962, is interred next to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.333389282226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Supreme Court appointments 1933–45", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444705963134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "African Americans and Native Americans fared well in two New Deal relief programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Indian Reorganization Act, respectively. Sitkoff reported that the WPA \"provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s, rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source\" of income.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466254234313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Beginning in the 1960s, FDR was charged with not acting decisively enough to prevent or stop the Holocaust. Critics cite instances such as the 1939 episode in which 936 Jewish refugees on the SS St. Louis were denied asylum and not allowed into the United States because of strict laws passed by Congress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422310829162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "By the middle of his second term, much criticism of Roosevelt centered on fears that he was heading toward a dictatorship, by attempting to seize control of the Supreme Court in the court-packing incident of 1937, by attempting to eliminate dissent within the Democratic party in the South during the 1938 elections, and by breaking the tradition established by George Washington of not seeking a third term when he again ran for re-election in 1940. As two historians explain, \"In 1940, with the two-term issue as a weapon, anti-New Dealers...argued that the time had come to disarm the 'dictator' and to dismantle the machinery.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594928741455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "The airport of the Dutch Caribbean island of St. Eustatius is named F.D. Roosevelt Airport after Roosevelt, whose ancestors lived on the island in the 18th century. Most of the arms and supplies for General Washington's fight against the British came to North America through St. Eustatius. When in the port of the island in 1939, Roosevelt presented the inhabitants with a plaque commemorating that in 1776 \"Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official\", the famous \"First Salute\". The plaque hangs on the flag pole of the island's Fort Oranje. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.164506912231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:FDR in 1893-crop.jpg|Age 11, 1893", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457132339477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:Franklin Roosevelt Secretary of the Navy 1913-crop.jpg|Age 31, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.972066402435303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:Roosevelt20.jpg|Age 37, circa 1919", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57935905456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "File:FDR in 1933.jpg|Age 51, first year as president, 1933", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896167755126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In the summer of 1921, when he was 39, disaster hit-he was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as \"the Happy Warrior.\" In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976820945739746, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first \"hundred days,\" he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.966975212097168, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "By 1935 the Nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken the Nation off the gold standard and allowed deficits in the budget, and disliked the concessions to labor. Roosevelt responded with a new program of reform: Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.145428657531738, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1936 he was re-elected by a top-heavy margin. Feeling he was armed with a popular mandate, he sought legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court, which had been invalidating key New Deal measures. Roosevelt lost the Supreme Court battle, but a revolution in constitutional law took place. Thereafter the Government could legally regulate the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6177978515625, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "With the benefit of hindsight, we can see how consequential the 1944 election was. FDR’s victory would lead to the passage in 1951 of the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution barring presidents from serving more than two full terms. [2] His physical condition at the time of his victory virtually ensured that his vice president would become president, and when FDR died three months into his fourth term, Harry Truman helped launch the nuclear age when he dropped two atomic bombs on Japan to end the war in the Pacific. The Cold War with the Soviet Union also began on Truman’s watch. The 1944 presidential election inaugurated a politics of prosperity that would last for decades, while FDR’s deception about his health helped pave the way for the now-familiar custom in which candidates are forced to release results of their physicals, disclose income taxes, and reveal at least some details of their personal lives to the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.536406517028809, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "FDR defended his precedent-breaking decision to seek a fourth term on several grounds. In late 1944, Roosevelt reflected that while he “hate[d] the fourth term . . . and the third term as well,” he thought he was able to “plead extenuating circumstances!” He believed, he explained, that Americans deserved to have the chance “freely to express themselves every four years.” Unlike some of his contemporaries, Roosevelt claimed, he did not feel the need to cling to power just for the sake of holding power. “I would, quite honestly, have retired to Hyde Park with infinite pleasure in 1941” had it not been for the international crisis. He felt ethically bound to break from tradition in 1940 and, again, in 1944; he described the possible election of his 1940 opponent, Republican Wendell Willkie, as “a rather dangerous experiment,” as he had little foreign policy experience and was not the man to handle an international emergency. By 1944, with America in its third year of the war, FDR considered it his obligation to remain in office until Hitler had been defeated. [3]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.389350891113281, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "If Dewey’s candidacy was hyperbolic and if his personality was remote, Roosevelt was no longer the sterling campaigner of the 1930s. The President had lost his vigor. His face was haggard and gaunt; his clothes hung loose around his frame; his hands trembled so much that Truman once saw him unable to make his own coffee. FDR’s physician, Ross McIntire, and a coterie of aides managed a cover-up that hid FDR’s illnesses from the voting public. Roosevelt’s use of radio helped him overcome doubts about his wherewithal to handle a fourth term. When he was preparing to oversee a military exercise at San Diego’s Camp Pendleton in July 1944, he had a seizure. This happened just as the Democratic National Convention was taking place. Still, Roosevelt delivered his acceptance speech to the convention over the radio. Only a handful of his closest aides knew about his seizure. Another key moment in the campaign came when FDR addressed the Teamsters on September 23, 1944. His talk, which was carried over the radio, rebutted Republican-led smears that the President had ordered the use of a Navy destroyer to rescue his Scottish terrier, Fala, from an island where the dog allegedly had been stranded. [11]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.550830841064453, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Most importantly, two issues—peace and prosperity—framed the election and explain why FDR won an unprecedented fourth term. On the eve of the 1942 mid-term elections, Roosevelt confronted economic troubles at home and military challenges abroad. While his name was not on the ballot that year, the returns on Election Day were a bad omen for FDR. His party lost forty-seven House seats and seven Senate seats. Beginning in 1943, Congress began to eliminate some of Roosevelt’s cherished New Deal programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Youth Administration. The nation’s mood was less than ebullient. The economy had frustrated consumers on the home front; World War II seemed to be stalemated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26109504699707, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "By Election Day 1944, however, the Allies had pulled off D-Day and liberated Paris. In his Pulitzer-winning synthesis Freedom from Fear: The American People in World War II, historian David Kennedy points out that news from the front lines was positive in 1944. “Shortly before election day, the navy defeated the Japanese in the war’s last great sea duel at Leyte Gulf, MacArthur histrionically waded ashore in the Philippines, and the first US troops entered Germany.” [13] Nearly three years after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Americans concluded that victory in World War II was now achievable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.918254852294922, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Not even FDR knew what he would do in a fourth term. He sought to leave as many options open as possible; his intentions were contradictory and, ultimately, inscrutable. During a news conference on December 28, 1943, FDR told reporters that his single-minded economic focus had been replaced by his wartime agenda. He talked in metaphors, explaining that when he took power in 1933 the United States was “an awfully sick patient” with “grave internal” wounds. FDR had to don his “Dr. New Deal” persona—prescribing the remedies that prevented the patient from dying. But then he said that when this patient “was in a pretty bad smashup” on December 7, 1941, Dr. New Deal was forced to bring in his partner, “Dr. Win-the-War, to take care of this fellow who had been in this bad accident.” Dr. Win-the-War was now in charge of saving the country. [15]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347322463989258, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[1] David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, The American People in World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 357–358.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.760733604431152, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[3] FDR letter, reprinted in Robert H. Jackson, That Man: An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, ed. John Q. Barrett (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 45.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.999500274658203, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[4] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 366.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121245384216309, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[6] David M. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2011), 84–91; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 363.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.599311828613281, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[9] Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 329.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536998748779297, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[11] Stanley Weintraub, Final Victory: FDR’s Extraordinary World War II Presidential Campaign (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012), 1–5; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 367.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822168350219727, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[12] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 367. FDR, Address at a Union Dinner, Washington, DC, September 23, 1944. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16563", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900477409362793, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[13] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 368.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110102653503418, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[14] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 360.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098443031311035, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[17] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 361–362.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109539985656738, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[18] Quoted in Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 326.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94083309173584, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "[19] Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: Part II, 368.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104643821716309, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt—Four-Term President—and the ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Roosevelt's Nomination and Election of 1932:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.035087585449219, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Second Reelection - 1936:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436274528503418, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt did not publicly ask for a third term but when his name was placed on the ballot, he was quickly renominated. The Republican nominee was Wendell Willkie who had been a Democrat but switched parties in protest to the Tennessee Valley Authority. War was raging in Europe. While FDR pledged to keep America out of war, Willkie was in favor of a draft and wanted to stop Hitler. He also focused on FDR's right to a third term. Roosevelt won with 449 out of 531 electoral votes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4274320602417, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- hired more than three million men to work on various projects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501033782958984, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "One of the election promises Roosevelt ran on was the repeal of prohibition . On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment passed which meant the end of prohibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808738708496094, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "Franklin Roosevelt was the fourth cousin once removed of Ulysses Grant, fourth cousin three times removed of Zachary Taylor, fifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.299942016601562, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1935, all plane flights over the White House were barred because they were disturbing President Roosevelt's sleep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.104769706726074, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "After his inauguration in 1937, FDR watched the parade from a reviewing stand in front of the White House built to look like Andrew Jackson's Tennessee home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38839340209961, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1943, he dedicated the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266042709350586, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "FDR was the first president to have his own airplane, the first to travel through the Panama Canal, the first to visit a foreign country during wartime (6-10-43).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441722869873047, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "I'd Rather Be Right was a humorous play that opened on November 2, 1937. It satirized the highest office of the land as it related to FDR.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393474578857422, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "President Roosevelt vetoed 935 bills passed by congress. Congress only overrode nine of his vetoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9963812828063965, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "FDR requested that the White House Easter Egg Roll be discontinued, which it was, for 11 years. Dwight D. Eisenhower brought the tradition back in 1953.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948780059814453, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "FDR started the presidential library tradition in 1939 when he donated his papers to the U.S. and asked the National Archives to administer them. His presidential library was the first to be dedicated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09305477142334, "source": "search", "title": "President Franklin Roosevelt - Classroomhelp.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt's struggle during the next few years was very difficult and disappointing. He did exhausting exercises to reactivate his paralyzed muscles. In 1923 he tried the warm mineral waters of Warm Springs, Georgia. Roosevelt invested a good part of his remaining fortune in Warm Springs, and it soon became a resort for those with similar ailments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294827461242676, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "While at Warm Springs in 1928, Roosevelt was called to political duty again. Al Smith (1873–1944), the four-time governor of New York, was now running as a Democratic candidate for president. Although it became clear that Smith could not win the national election, Smith felt that Roosevelt, as a candidate for governor, would help to carry New York. Roosevelt resisted, feeling that if he lost the race for the governorship he might lose his own chance to become president. Nevertheless, he ran and was barely elected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7980875968933105, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt was elected president in 1932. He came to office with a dangerous economic crisis at its height. Some 30 percent of the work force was unemployed. Roosevelt began providing relief on a large scale by giving work to the unemployed and by approving a device for bringing increased income to farmers. He adjusted the U.S. currency (the American money system) so that those in debt could pay what they owed. Banks that were closed all over the country were helped to reopen, and gradually the crisis was overcome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.789783000946045, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1934 Roosevelt proposed a national social security system that, he hoped, would prevent another such depression. Citizens would never be without at least minimum incomes again, because the new social security system (still in use today) used money paid by employees and employers to provide support to those who were unemployed, retired, and disabled. Many citizens became devoted supporters of the president who had helped them. Roosevelt became so popular that he won reelection in 1936 by an overwhelming majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.42109203338623, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "Burns, James MacGregor. The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.226787567138672, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt. 3 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.037296295166016, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography - family, parents, history ..." }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On a clear spring day at his Warm Springs, Georgia, retreat, Roosevelt sat in the living room with Lucy Mercer (with whom he had resumed an extramarital affair), two cousins and his dog Fala, while the artist Elizabeth Shoumatoff painted his portrait. According to presidential biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin, it was about 1 p.m. that the president suddenly complained of a terrific pain in the back of my head and collapsed unconscious. One of the women summoned a doctor, who immediately recognized the symptoms of a massive cerebral hemorrhage and gave the president a shot of adrenaline into the heart in a vain attempt to revive him. Mercer and Shoumatoff quickly left the house, expecting FDR’s family to arrive as soon as word got out. Another doctor phoned first lady Eleanor Roosevelt in Washington D.C., informing her that FDR had fainted. She told the doctor she would travel to Georgia that evening after a scheduled speaking engagement. By 3:30 p.m., though, doctors in Warm Springs had pronounced the president dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.337776184082031, "source": "search", "title": "FDR dies - Apr 12, 1945 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Eleanor delivered her speech that afternoon and was listening to a piano performance when she was summoned back to the White House. In her memoirs, she recalled that ride to the White House as one of dread, as she knew in her heart that her husband had died. Once in her sitting room, aides told her of the president’s death. The couple’s daughter Anna arrived and the women changed into black dresses. Eleanor then phoned their four sons, who were all on active military duty. At 5:30 pm, she greeted Vice President Harry Truman, who had not yet been told the news. A calm and quiet Eleanor said, “Harry, the president is dead.” He asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which she replied, “Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92414379119873, "source": "search", "title": "FDR dies - Apr 12, 1945 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "He graduated in 1903 and went on to Columbia Law School (1904-07), but he dropped out upon his admission to the New York State Bar Association in 1907. On March 27, 1905, he had married Eleanor Roosevelt, a distant cousin. As a young woman, Eleanor was shy, but she grew into one of the most prominent first ladies of this nation. In the latter part of her life she worked for social betterment, and she was highly regarded as a lecturer and newspaper columnist. From 1949 to 1952 she served as a United States delegate to the United Nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.199841499328613, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Smith lost the race for President to Herbert Hoover, but Roosevelt did become Governor of New York, although by a narrow margin, proving to all that, despite his health, he could manage a strong campaign. While Governor, he initiated various welfare reforms, the development of public power, and civil service reforms. He also began to have serious Presidential aspirations. He met with a group of trusted advisors, many of them prominent new Yorkers, whose purpose was to brainstorm ideas that might put the nation back on its feet and, at the same time, quietly position FDR with a Presidential image. Reelected in 1930, he began to use the radio as a means of contact with the people. Roosevelt was still Governor of New York when he first mounted his campaign for the White House. During the National Convention he promised the delegates a \" New Deal.\" That terminology was forever linked to his presidency and is a great part of United States history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.046526908874512, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "He became President in March of 1933 at one of the worst points of the Great Depression. On the eve of his inauguration he inspired confidence with the people when he told them \" The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.\" Roosevelt began by winning the confidence of ordinary Americans through regular \"fireside chats\" on the radio. He asked them to stop hoarding cash, and on his first day as President he closed the Banks and ordered the Congress into special session to pass emergency banking legislation. It was a crisis situation. Between 12 and 14 million people were unemployed, and many were actually starving. In response, FDR recommended passage of programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) that provided building projects, built schools and public buildings; the Civil Concentration Corps [CCC], wherein unmarried men built roads and public projects under the direction of the Army; and The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), formed to build dams and hydroelectric plants for electricity and flood control on rivers. The Agricultural Adjustment Acts of 1933 and 1938 promoted reforestation and conservation and controlled supply and demand by paying farmers not to plant certain crops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1055097579956055, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "During Roosevelt's presidency; the gold standard was abandoned and the Social Security Act introduced. The Social Security Act provided unemployment compensation, retirement funds, and disability insurance on a national scale. The dollar was devalued to stimulate foreign trade and to support more competitive business practices. As part of the New Deal, aid and assistance were provided to farms and businesses. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was passed to stabilized industry by eliminating cutthroat practices, maintaining prices, and promoting labor unionization. The United States Supreme Court claimed that the NIRA and the Agricultural Adjustment Acts were unconstitutional. In 1938 Roosevelt had Congress pass another AA Act that did fit the Supreme Court's Standards. Employment for the unemployed and \"a chicken in every pot\" were the themes of the times. Many critics called the programs socialistic and said they were creating a welfare state funded by the government. Roosevelt's social welfare platform created federal deficits never seen before in this country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165449142456055, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Roosevelt foresaw the coming of the war that began in Europe in September of 1939. He kept playing cards with foreign policy, finding ways to aid the Allies against the Axis Powers. He advocated preparedness. Hitler was smashing his way through Europe, one country at a time, until he finally took France. In an overt gesture that broke the United State's neutrality, Roosevelt gave warships to the British, docking them in ports in the West Indies. Soon after this he introduced legislation to the Congress called the Lend-Lease Act. Under this act, the Allied countries could trade leased foreign bases for supplies and ships under a cash and carry arrangement that would have materials delivered to their ports by American ships. Soon America's factories were again humming, and war materials flowed to the Allies in huge numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.151082038879395, "source": "search", "title": "The 32nd US President - Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 at his parents' estate in Hyde Park, New York. His parents were members of the New York aristocracy. His father, James, was a country gentleman who made money in railroads and coal. His mother, Sara , was a strong-willed woman who adored her only child and remained a central figure in his life until her death in 1941. His father died in 1900. FDR�s childhood in Hyde Park instilled in him a love of the Hudson Valley, farming and rural people. His lifelong interest in forestry helped shape some of the policies and programs of the New Deal, particularly the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8440446853637695, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "Three", "passage": "After their honeymoon in Europe, FDR and ER moved into one half of a double townhouse given to them as a wedding present. Sara occupied the other half, which opened into theirs. FDR resumed his studies at Columbia University Law School, which he had begun in the fall of 1904. He never completed the courses needed to receive an LL.B. degree, but passed the bar examination at the end of three years and began a law practice in New York City. In 1910, FDR won a seat in the New York State Senate. It would be the only election in which he carried the Republican stronghold of Dutchess County where his Hyde Park home was located. As a freshman senator, he led a challenge to the Tammany bosses who sought to elect one of their own to the United States Senate (senators from New York were at that time elected by the state legislature). Although the uprising failed in the end, FDR won wide renown for his efforts. He introduced legislation to protect farmers that successfully passed and headed the Senate Forest, Fish and Game Committee where he began to emerge as a leader in conservation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252038955688477, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1920, FDR was nominated as the Democratic candidate for vice-president on a ticket with James Cox of Ohio. Although they did not win, FDR�s spirited campaigning won him a following in the Democratic party and laid the groundwork for his future success. He returned to his law practice with a promising political future ahead of him, but in August of 1921 at the age of 39, he came down with polio while vacationing at his beloved Campobello. Paralyzed from the waist down, he set about trying to recover the use of his legs with characteristic energy, optimism, ingenuity, and determination. He began an ambitious regimen of exercise and searched out new treatments. Although he increased his strength, particularly in his upper body, he would never walk unaided again. In 1924, he discovered the restorative powers of the mineral waters at Warm Springs, Georgia, and found that exercising in the buoyant 88-degree waters there helped him recover some sensation and muscle strength. Not content with trying to heal himself alone, he bought the old resort hotel at Warm Springs and in 1927 established the Warm Springs Foundation, a pioneering center for the rehabilitation of polio patients and for what is called today, �independent living.� He remained devoted to this institution for the rest of his life, returning almost every year to celebrate Thanksgiving with his fellow �polios� and at other times to restore his body and spirit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.996932983398438, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "In 1932, with the Great Depression at its peak and Herbert Hoover, the incumbent president, unable to effect change or inspire hope, the American people elected FDR president by a wide margin. He brought to the presidency the courage that had enabled him to overcome his disability, the experience that he had acquired in fighting the depression as governor, a joy in exercising the wiles of a skillful politician, and an incandescent optimism that lifted the spirits of the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.054753303527832, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "With a strong mandate, FDR moved quickly during the first hundred days of his administration to address the problems created by the Great Depression. Under his leadership, Congress passed a series of landmark bills that created a more active role for the federal government in the economy and in people�s lives. During the first hundred days of his administration, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which stabilized the nation�s ailing banks and reassured depositors, created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the National Recovery Administration (NRA), the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Believing that work programs were better than relief, FDR secured passage of legislation establishing the CCC and the Civil Works Administration (replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration or WPA). He appointed Frances Perkins as Secretary of Labor, the first woman to become a cabinet member. With strong prodding from Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR appointed more women to federal posts than any president before him and made sure that black Americans were included in federal job programs (although they remained, in most cases, segregated). In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act, the most important and enduring piece of New Deal legislation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019344329833984, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "On March 12, 1933, shortly after his inauguration, FDR gave the first of his famous �fireside chats.� In these informal, but carefully prepared, radio talks, FDR explained his initiatives in the same language he used in speaking with his rural Hyde Park neighbors. As a result, his listeners felt that he was talking directly to them, understood their problems, and was taking action to address their needs. FDR�s ability to connect personally with ordinary people, to communicate his optimism, and project an image of vigorous action was probably as important as all the New Deal legislation combined in helping the nation weather the Great Depression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295158386230469, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "Although the depression was far from over, New Deal legislation during FDR�s first term in banking, housing, unemployment, work relief, and old age pensions gave people hope and a sense of security they had not enjoyed before. In 1936, FDR won reelection in a landslide even bigger than in 1932, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412898063659668, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "During his first administration, several key pieces of New Deal Legislation, notably the NRA, had been struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Frustrated that the aging members of the Court were preventing some of his programs from taking effect, and feeling that his 1936 victory gave him an overwhelming mandate for change, FDR proposed expanding the number of justices on the Court. Many Americans, however, saw the \"court packing� plan as an assault on one of the nation�s sacred institutions. The plan immediately ran into stiff opposition in Congress and was defeated, handing FDR the most embarrassing political setback of his career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343438148498535, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "By 1937, the depression had eased somewhat and FDR sought to balance the budget by cutting government spending. But in the fall and winter of 1937-38, conditions worsened again, partly because of these cuts, and FDR had to seek additional funds to meet the crisis. The depression didn�t actually end until the beginning of World War II when the defense economy put the unemployed who were not called to military service back to work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222179412841797, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "No president had ever run for a third term but, in 1940, FDR did so, feeling that with Poland, France, and the Low Countries overrun by Hitler�s forces and Great Britain standing alone, that he was still needed. FDR and Hitler had come to power in the same year and FDR had opposed Hitler from the beginning. Although his hands were tied by the deep isolationism of most Americans, the Neutrality Act, and restrictive immigration laws, FDR worked cautiously to build up the nation�s defenses, to generate sympathy for Great Britain (e.g. by hosting a visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth to the United States in 1939), and to prepare the nation for the eventuality of war. After his reelection in November 1940, he pressed these initiatives harder. Under the Lend-Lease program he proposed, the United States provided military assistance to Great Britain in exchange for air and naval bases. America, he said in December 1940, must be the �arsenal of democracy.�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287373542785645, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" }, { "answer": "3", "passage": "From the early 1920s on, FDR and ER managed a complex relationship with each other. Although their circles of friends overlapped, they rarely relaxed together. FDR and ER each found emotional sustenance in other people, not in each other. FDR found affection, humor, and fellowship in his friendships with Louis Howe, Harry Hopkins , Edwin �Pa� Watson (his military aide and appointments secretary), Missy LeHand (his devoted personal secretary), Margaret �Daisy� Suckley (a distant cousin), and, during World War II , with the exiled Princess Martha of Norway and his daughter Anna, who moved into the White House in 1943. FDR and ER continued, however, to have great respect and affection for each other. Without this they could not have created one of the greatest political partnerships in history. ER�s strong support among blacks, women, and youth and her skill at political organizing helped draw support to FDR. Her first-hand knowledge of conditions and government programs, which she gathered on her frequent travels, helped her shape some of the policies of the Roosevelt administration. Although her independent stance on some issues may have been a liability to FDR, it also meant that blacks, women and youth felt that someone with power and influence understood their problems and was fighting their fight within the administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87196159362793, "source": "search", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Silver State", "Nevada, United States", "Sports in Nevada", "Geography of Nevada", "US-NV", "Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867", "Transportation in Nevada", "The Sagebrush State", "NV (state)", "Education in Nevada", "Religion in Nevada", "Nevadian", "36th State", "The Battle Born State", "Thirty-Sixth State", "Nev.", "Demographics of Nevada", "Navada", "Nevada Annulment", "Nevada, USA", "Climate of Nevada", "Economy of Nevada", "Thirty-sixth State", "State of Nevada", "Politics of Nevada", "Nevadan", "Silver state", "Nevada (U.S. state)", "The Silver State", "Tikaboo Valley", "Nevada (state)", "Battle Born State", "Transport in Nevada", "Nevada" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "silver state", "transport in nevada", "sports in nevada", "transportation in nevada", "36th state", "tikaboo valley", "state of nevada", "battle born state", "demographics of nevada", "sagebrush state", "nevada state", "nevada u s state", "politics of nevada", "thirty sixth state", "nevada united states", "economy of nevada", "nevadan", "nevada", "nev", "education in nevada", "nevadian", "nevada annulment", "geography of nevada", "religion in nevada", "nevada s southern boundary 1861 1867", "nv state", "us nv", "nevada usa", "climate of nevada", "navada" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "nevada", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Nevada" }

[ { "answer": "Nev.", "passage": "\"The car collection wasn't self-supporting,\" Gene Evans, marketing director of the William F. Harrah Automobile Museum, said Friday. The museum is situated in Sparks, Nev., just east of Reno. In three previous sales of cars from the collection, Harrah's, now a subsidiary of Memphis, Tenn.-based Holiday, has grossed about $40 million, Evans said.", "precise_score": 7.461396217346191, "rough_score": 6.500607490539551, "source": "search", "title": "Lyon Buys 82 Cars From Famed Harrah's Collection ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "“As most car enthusiasts know, Bill Harrah was a great car collector, building the largest antique and classic car collection based in Sparks, Nevada just outside of Reno.  Employees were granted discount passes to the collection and I managed to go through the numerous buildings in Sparks many, many times during the three summers I spent at Tahoe.  I never had the opportunity to meet Mr. Harrah (we employees were told to address him as \"Bill\" if we did), but I have acquired many friends over the years who did get to know him and even bought, sold and traded cars with him in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Some even worked for him in the collection at a very early age. Bill Harrah passed away in June 1978 and his life story makes very interesting reading.", "precise_score": 4.362527370452881, "rough_score": 3.9324982166290283, "source": "search", "title": "Reader snapshots: At Harrah's in South Lake Tahoe, 1966 ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The taxpayer, plaintiff Harrah's Club of Reno, operates hotels and gambling casinos in Reno, Nevada. To attract patrons, taxpayer maintains a museum of antique automobiles and other vehicles, known as Harrah's Automobile Collection (HAC). Approximately 1,000 antique vehicles are exhibited, many of them restored to original or near original condition. HAC employs 150 people, and is housed in a 10-acre complex which includes showrooms, restoration workshops and an extensive research library for use in restoration planning.", "precise_score": 5.382694244384766, "rough_score": 4.326240062713623, "source": "search", "title": "HARRAH'S CLUB v. UNITED STATES | Leagle.com" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Caesars Entertainment Corporation, is an American gaming corporation based in Paradise, Nevada that owns and operates over 50 casinos and hotels, and seven golf courses under several brands. It is the fourth-largest gaming company in the world, with annual revenues of $8.6 billion (2013). Caesars is a public company, majority-owned by a group of private equity firms led by Apollo Global Management and TPG Capital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297980308532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caesars Entertainment Corporation" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The company's background can be traced to October 29, 1937, when Bill Harrah opened a small bingo parlor in Reno, Nevada, a predecessor to Harrah's Reno. In 1955, he expanded to Stateline, Nevada, on the south shore of Lake Tahoe, where he would eventually open Harrah's Lake Tahoe. Harrah's Inc. made its initial public offering in 1971. Following that in 1972, it was listed on the American Stock Exchange and in 1973, Harrah's became the first casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2801997661590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caesars Entertainment Corporation" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "In the summer of 1981, after Holiday Inns said it was going to put the entire collection up for sale, there was a big brouhaha in Nevada over the possible loss of the collection. Nevada's then-Gov. Robert List even entered the fray, trying to stall the sale, possibly by getting the state's congressional delegation to enact some kind of car-saving legislation. At one point, Bay Area venture capitalist Thomas Perkins headed a group interested in acquiring the collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.034475326538086, "source": "search", "title": "THE LAST OF HARRAH / Enough of Reno tycoon's car ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center | University of Nevada, Las Vegas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5536364316940308, "source": "search", "title": "Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "University of Nevada, Las Vegas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49339485168457, "source": "search", "title": "Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "\"We are proud to share our company's rich history with the people of Nevada,\" Satre said. \"The story of Nevada's gaming industry cannot be told without our company's founder, Bill Harrah. These archives provide an intriguing look at his life and the legacy of the company he created.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.019957542419434, "source": "search", "title": "Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Harrah's began humbly in 1937 when Harrah opened a bingo parlor in Reno. Harrah's went on to play a significant role in the development and defining of gaming resorts over the years. Today, it is one of the nation's largest gaming companies, operating 26 casinos in 13 states, including seven in Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.691171884536743, "source": "search", "title": "Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "[Editor’s Note: Kenneth R. Unger, a C.P.A. and car enthusiast from Chandler, Arizona sends these photos to share with fellow readers of Old Cars Weekly. They are from a 1966 Harrah’s antique car show in South Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Kenneth offers this background about the photos.]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1752638816833496, "source": "search", "title": "Reader snapshots: At Harrah's in South Lake Tahoe, 1966 ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "“As a college student in the mid 1960’s at Arizona State University I had the wonderful opportunity to work for Harrah’s Club during the summer months.  Harrah’s would actually send recruiters to numerous college campuses scouting for summer employees at South Lake Tahoe, Nevada.  Those older than 21 could work in the casinos. Harrah’s, Harvey’s and other casinos hired many college students.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.153641700744629, "source": "search", "title": "Reader snapshots: At Harrah's in South Lake Tahoe, 1966 ..." }, { "answer": "Nev.", "passage": "John P. Sande, III, Reno, Nev., atty. of record, for plaintiff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229710578918457, "source": "search", "title": "HARRAH'S CLUB v. UNITED STATES | Leagle.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion the Wonder Horse was the on-screen companion of singing cowboy Gene Autry in 79 films between 1935 and 1952, and 91 television episodes of The Gene Autry Show between 1950 and 1955. In addition, Champion starred in 26 episodes of his own television series The Adventures of Champion in 1955 and 1956. Throughout these years, Autry used three horses to portray \"Champion\": the original Champion who appeared in Autry films from 1935 to 1942, Champion Jr. who appeared in Autry films from 1946 to 1950, and Television Champion, who appeared in Autry's films from 1950 to 1953, and in the television series during the 1950s. Several other \"Champion\" horses were used as stunt doubles and for personal appearances throughout the years.", "precise_score": 6.295351982116699, "rough_score": 6.254631996154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "There were three official Champions that appeared in Gene Autry films. The original Champion was a dark sorrel with a blaze face and white stockings on all his legs except the right front. The original Champion first appeared on screen with Autry in Melody Trail (1935) and went on to co-star in 51 additional Autry films. The horse was previously owned by Tom Mix and was used during the filming of The Phantom Empire series; he was one of several horses that Autry rode in that production. After learning about the horse through stunt man and movie horse wrangler Tracey Layne, Autry paid $75 for the original Champion, whose sire was a Morgan trotting horse from Ardmore, Oklahoma. Trained to perform numerous tricks, Champion could untie knots, fall, roll over and play dead, come at Autry's whistle, bow, and shake his head yes and no. In one film he pushes Autry into the arms of his leading lady June Storey. By 1939 his reported worth was $25,000. The original Champion died in 1943, at the age of 17, from apparent heart attack while Gene was in the army. He was buried at Melody Ranch by Autry's horse trainer John Agee, who had previously worked for 14 years for Tom Mix.", "precise_score": 5.773559093475342, "rough_score": 6.119597434997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Autry's second screen horse was Champion Jr., a lighter sorrel with four stockings and a narrow blaze ending in an arrow tip. This horse appeared in Autry's films from 1946 to 1950. For his Republic Pictures film appearances he was credited as the \"Wonder Horse of the West\"; for his Columbia Pictures film appearances he was credited as the \"World's Wonder Horse\". He appeared with Autry at Madison Square Garden in 1946. Champion Jr. was over 30 years old when he died in August 1977. In the late 1940s, a well-trained trick pony named Little Champ, with a blaze-face and four stockings, joined Gene's stable and appeared in three Autry films and joined him in various personal appearances.", "precise_score": 6.806356430053711, "rough_score": 6.102410316467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Autry's third screen horse was Television Champion, also a light sorrel with four white stockings, but with a wide blaze that covered his nose. Owned by Autry's wife Ina, he resembled Champion Jr., but had his mane and tail bleached. Television Champion appeared in Autry's later films from 1950 to 1953 and in all 91 television episodes of The Gene Autry Show and all 26 episodes of The Adventures of Champion during the 1950s.", "precise_score": 6.069128036499023, "rough_score": 6.999129772186279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse", "precise_score": 6.267449378967285, "rough_score": 7.338871479034424, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Gene Autry's horse was Champion. The Lone Ranger's horse was Silver(and Tonto was The Lone Ranger's friend and Tonto's horse was a pinto named Scout) Roy Roger's horse was Trigger and Roy so loved the horse that when Trigger died, Roy had Trigger stuffed. Dale Evans' horse was Buttermilk(Dale was married to Roy but Roy did not have Dale stuffed). Roy's dog was named Bullet(German Shepperd) and Roy's jeep was named Nellie Belle. Gene Autry was known as \"The Singing Cowboy\". Many people still try to find Gene's recording of 'Poppy the Puppy'. Pat Buttram was Gen's sidekick in their cowboy movies. Pat used his real name for most of his characters. Later on Pat Buttram was Mr. Haney on TV's Green Acres. more", "precise_score": 7.494453430175781, "rough_score": 7.219986438751221, "source": "search", "title": "What was the name of Gene Autry's Horse? - Experts123" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "After returning from World War II service, Autry made a few pictures for Republic before he formed his own production company and moved over to Columbia Pictures.  Above is Gene on Champion Jr. with sidekick Sterling Holloway in a lobby card from TWILIGHT ON THE RIO GRANDE (Republic, 1947).  Champion Jr. was Gene's first post World War II steed. Note the narrow blaze with the 'arrowhead' tip. He was a Tennessee Walking Horse and pranced prettily down the trail as Gene sang a mighty fine song.", "precise_score": 4.544182300567627, "rough_score": 6.060264587402344, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Gene Autry is a real person who played the part of a cowboy called \"Gene Autry\". What I remember most about him is his beautiful horse, \"Champion\".", "precise_score": 7.101940631866455, "rough_score": 7.74735164642334, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - TV Cowboys" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse", "precise_score": 6.267449378967285, "rough_score": 7.338871479034424, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion (Gene Autry horse)", "precise_score": 6.17427396774292, "rough_score": 7.49375581741333, "source": "search", "title": "Champion (Gene Autry horse)" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion (Gene Autry horse)", "precise_score": 6.17427396774292, "rough_score": 7.49375581741333, "source": "search", "title": "Champion (Gene Autry horse)" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Summary: Photographs show actor Gene Autry and his horse Champion training a smaller horse at Autry's ranch. Includes Champion and other horse performing tricks; Autry riding Champion as he performs tricks; Autry cleaning horse's hoofs; checking horse's teeth; Autry and other trainers working with horses. Also Champion and smaller horse being transported in truck; stables at the ranch; Autry on Champion donating money to a Los Angeles police charity.", "precise_score": 5.942737579345703, "rough_score": 6.371537208557129, "source": "search", "title": "Champion (Gene Autry horse)" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Discovered by film producer Nat Levine in 1934, Autry and Burnette made their film debut for Mascot Pictures Corp. in In Old Santa Fe as part of a singing cowboy quartet; he was then given the starring role by Levine in 1935 in the 12-part serial The Phantom Empire. Shortly thereafter, Mascot was absorbed by the newly formed Republic Pictures Corp. and Autry went along to make a further 44 films up to 1940, all B Westerns in which he played under his own name, rode his horse, Champion, had Burnette as his regular sidekick, and had many opportunities to sing in each film. Pat Buttram was picked by Gene Autry, recently returned from his World War II service in the United States Army Air Forces, to work with him. Buttram would co-star with Gene Autry in more than 40 films and in over 100 episodes of Autry's television show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.480147361755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Autry" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "In 1990, after his favorite horse Champion, which lived in retirement there, died, Autry put the remaining 12-acre ranch up for sale. It is now known as the Melody Ranch Motion Picture Studio and Melody Ranch Studios on 22 acres. The ranch has Melody Ranch Museum open year-round; and one weekend a year, the entire ranch is open to the public during the Cowboy Poetry and Music Festival, another legacy of Autry's multiple talents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4948323965072632, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Autry" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "From 1940 to 1956, Autry had a huge hit with a weekly show on CBS Radio, Gene Autry's Melody Ranch. His horse, Champion, also had a CBS-TV and Mutual radio series, The Adventures of Champion. In response to his many young radio listeners aspiring to emulate him, Autry created the Cowboy Code, or Ten Cowboy Commandments. These tenets promoting an ethical, moral, and patriotic lifestyle that appealed to youth organizations such as the Boy Scouts, which developed similar doctrines. The Cowboy Code consisted of rules that were \"a natural progression of Gene's philosophies going back to his first Melody Ranch programs—and early pictures.\" According to the code:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.925283908843994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Autry" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Few are aware of Autry's longtime involvement in professional rodeo. In 1942, at the height of his screen popularity, Autry had a string of rodeo stock based in Ardmore, Oklahoma. A year later, he became a partner in the World Championship Rodeo Company, which furnished livestock for many of the country's major rodeos. In 1954, he acquired Montana's top bucking string from the estate of Leo J. Cremer, Sr., and put Canadian saddle bronc riding champion Harry Knight in charge of the operation. A merger with the World Championship Rodeo Company in 1956 made Autry the sole owner. He moved the entire company to a 24000 acre ranch near Fowler, Colorado, with Knight as the working partner in the operation. For the next 12 years, they provided livestock for most of the major rodeos in Texas, Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska. When the company was sold in 1968, both men continued to be active in rodeo. For his work as a livestock contractor, Autry was inducted into the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association's ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.854809582233429, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Autry" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "When the Anaheim Angels won their first World Series in 2002, much of the championship was dedicated to him. The interchange of Interstate 5 and State Route 134, near the Autry National Center in Los Angeles, is signed as the \"Gene Autry Memorial Interchange.\" In 2007, he became a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, Indiana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4198975563049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Autry" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Throughout the years, several other \"Champions\" served as doubles for film stunts and personal appearances, including Little Champ, Lindy Champion, and Touring Champion. In 1940, Lindy Champion became the first horse to fly from California to New York to appear with Autry at Madison Square Garden for the World's Championship Rodeo. Touring Champion, a darker sorrel with a medium blaze and four white stockings, became one of Autry's most reliable horses for public appearances. Autry paid $1,500 for the horse, which was part Morgan and part Tennessee Walking Horse. Touring Champion is seen in several scenes of Gaucho Serenade (1940), including the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v-Suky3iqKn0 \"Song at Sunset\"] scene with Mary Lee, and appeared with Autry in rodeos and stage shows throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, including an appearance in England in 1953. His hoof prints appear next to Autry's handprints at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. It is not known when Touring Champion died. Champion Three, a sorrel with four white stockings and a crooked blaze, appeared with Autry at personal appearances in the late 1950s until 1960, when he retired to Melody Ranch in Newhall, California, where he died in 1990. In the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2639240622520447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "IQIagUuGn5Q \"Deep in the Heart of Texas\"] scene from Heart of the Rio Grande (1942) we see an unidentified Champion that has three white stockings and a white blaze face similar to, but different than, that of Touring Champion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2406005859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "All of the Champions were skilled in a wide range of complex horse tricks, including dancing the hula and the Charleston, jumping through rings of fire, and playing dead. They greeted crowds from Texas to Ireland and were featured in dime novels, children's stories, and comic books. Their popularity matched some of the most popular film stars of their day, even receiving equal billing with Autry above the leading ladies on film posters and lobby cards. The original Champion received thousands of fan letters each month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.218378067016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Champion the Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion, World's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296219825744629, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion appeared with Gene Autry as his partner and sidekick throughout their legendary career in film, radio, and television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7990689873695374, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Original Champion in Home on the Prairie, 1939", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371445655822754, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "There were three \"official\" Champions that performed in Autry films and several specialized Champions, such as Little Champ, Lindy Champion, Touring Champion, and Champion Three. Other horses, for which we have no documentation at this time, served as doubles for movie stunts and personal appearances. The Original Champion was sorrel-colored, had a blaze down his face and white stockings on all his legs except the right front. His first onscreen credit was for 1935's Melody Trail. He died while Gene was in the service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.015596389770508, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion Jr., c. 1950", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206504821777344, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Gene's second screen horse was Champion Jr., a lighter sorrel with four stockings and a narrow blaze, who appeared in films until 1950. While onscreen with Republic, Champion Jr. was billed as \"Wonder Horse of the West,\" and at Columbia, he was known as \"World's Wonder Horse.\" The third screen horse, Television Champion, costarred in Gene's last films and also appeared on television in The Gene Autry Show and The Adventures of Champion during the fifties. Also a light sorrel with four white stockings, he resembled Champion Jr. but had a thick blaze. In the late forties, Little Champ joined Gene's stable. A well-trained trick pony, this blaze-faced sorrel with four stockings appeared in three of Gene's films and made personal appearances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.2523603439331055, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Rushing from a movie set in Hollywood to his annual appearance at Madison Square Garden for the World's Championship Rodeo in 1940, Lindy Champion made aviation history as the first horse to fly from California to New York. Gene used Lindy, a sorrel with four white stockings and an oval-topped blaze, for personal appearances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7049031257629395, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Touring Champion on parade,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4678316116333, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Touring Champion and Champion Three were also personal appearance horses. A darker sorrel with four white stockings and a medium-wide blaze, Touring Champion appeared at rodeos and stage shows in the late forties and fifties and has his hoof prints next to Gene's handprints at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. Champion Three appeared with Gene on the road from the late fifties until 1960, when the sorrel with four white stockings and a crooked blaze retired happily to Gene's Melody Ranch in Newhall, California, where he died in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.866274833679199, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Touring Champion taking tea", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555685997009277, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Collectively, the Champions performed the world's largest repertory of horse tricks, including dancing the hula and the Charleston, jumping through a ring of fire, and playing dead. Greeting crowds from Brownwood, Texas, to Dublin, Ireland, Touring Champion even enjoyed a proper high tea at the Savoy in London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.145978927612305, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Always popular, Champion received thousands of fan letters each month, proving that the World's Wonder Horse was an important element in the Singing Cowboy's success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21912956237793, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Throughout their careers, Gene Autry and Champion were featured in dime novels, children's stories, and comic books. Champion even received equal billing with Gene above the leading ladies on movie posters and lobby cards promoting Autry films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4313056468963623, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "If you'd like to know more about Champion and horses in the movies, we recommend the book Hollywood Hoofbeats: Trails Blazed Across the Silver Screen by Petrine Day Mitchum with Audrey Pavia. For details, read here .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802047729492188, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "You'll also find information on Champion and Gene's movies and television shows in the book Gene Autry Westerns by Boyd Magers. For details, read here .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.148110866546631, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "A variety of horses were known as Champion over the years. To learn more about each horse's role in Gene's career, click on the photos below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.345836639404297, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "The Original Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357425689697266, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above and below, Gene with the original Champion.  This was the horse Gene rode during his glory days from 1935 until he went into the service in 1942.  The original Champion came off a ranch in the Ardmore, Oklahoma area, not far from where Gene grew up.  He had only three stocking feet, a distinctively shaped head, and a large 'I'd know him anywhere' blaze down his face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.006369590759277, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above are Polly Rowles and Gene, on the original Champion, in a scene from SPRINGTIME IN THE ROCKIES (Republic, 1937). You can see the missing sock on Champ's right front leg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695281028747559, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Gene strums his guitar and serenades pretty June Storey, while the original Champion looks on (probably thinking \"c'mon Gene, let's hit the trail!\".)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607553482055664, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345633506774902, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above is Champion Jr., the second of Gene's fulltime steeds.  His distinctive, narrow, well-designed blaze makes him easy to identify. He was Gene's main mount in the years following his return to the movies after World War II. He first appeared in SIOUX CITY SUE (Republic, 1946).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.00688648223877, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Leon Jackson resides in Coalgate, Oklahoma, and during September '99, we exchanged some e-mails about the origin of Champion Jr.  The story goes that Gene Autry purchased a four year old named 'Boots' from a Charles Auten around 1946 for $2,500 or so.  Auten lived in Ada, Oklahoma, and he exhibited 'Boots' at various fairs and rodeos.  He learned that Gene was looking for a new 'Champion' and that the cowboy film star was doing personal appearances including a rodeo in or near Fort Worth, Texas.  The two met, struck a deal, and 'Boots' became 'Champion Jr.'.  Leon was able to contact Charles Auten's nephew Melvin Auten, who confirmed that his uncle did sell 'Champion Jr.' to Autry, and one of Auten's ranches was the Echo Ranch in Ada, Oklahoma.  Seems that Auten and Gene Autry also became good friends.  In later years, Auten had a ranch in Sulphur, Oklahoma where he trained and sold horses - this included some Roman style riding horses for Montie Montana (who would spend time at the ranch), as well as one or more of the 'Silvers' used in the LONE RANGER TV show and THE LEGEND OF THE LONE RANGER (1981) movie which starred Klinton Spillsbury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.306454181671143, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "TV Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485783576965332, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above is Gene and TV Champion. This was the last of Gene's three main horses and was used in the feature films of the 1950s and THE GENE AUTRY SHOW and THE ADVENTURES OF CHAMPION television programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6342949867248535, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Touring Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458154678344727, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above is Gene Autry putting one of his Champions through his paces, doing one of their rodeo tricks (possibly the 'End of the Trail' routine). I had originally thought this was Lindy Champion, but decided to investigate further by doing a blowup of the face blaze (shown below) which seems to be off center and toward the left eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.64626407623291, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "If the various Champion identifications are correct at the the Gene Autry website, this horse is Touring Champion: http://www.autry.com/geneautry/champion/touringchampion.html", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.634087085723877, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Above are Barbara Britton, Gene Autry and his Touring Champion in a scene from LOADED PISTOLS (Columbia, 1949). If you'd like to see another film with Touring Champion, look at GAUCHO SERENADE (Republic, 1940), and in particular, the scenes where Gene, Smiley Burnette, June Storey and Mary Lee camp near the lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.917592763900757, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry and his many Champions - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Most TV cowboy's horses were really smart and helped them out of jams, but Champion could do almost anything! This horse was so talented that he got his own TV show called \"The Adventures of Champion\"!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4379301071167, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - TV Cowboys" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "His sidekick \"Pat\" (played by Pat Buttram) always managed to get into some kind of silly predicament in each episode, Gene would find an opportunity to burst into song, and Champion (the Wonder Horse) wound up saving the day! Remember - this was one very talented horse!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.811317443847656, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - TV Cowboys" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "He began his movie career in 1934 as part of a singing cowboy quarter, starring with Smiley Burnette in \"In Old Santa Fe\". As part of Republic Pictures, Gene made another 44 films by 1940, all B Westerns in which he starred (riding Champion!) with Smiley Burnette. After returning from his WWII service, Gene chose Pat Buttram to work with him and they made 40 films and over 100 episodes of his TV show together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817254066467285, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - TV Cowboys" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Gene Autry was a very smart businessman. As early as 1942 he had a string of rodeo stock so he became a partner in the World Championship Rodeo Company which furnished livestock for many of the country's major rodeos. In 1954 he acquired Montana's top bucking string, moved it to a 24,000 acre ranch in Colorado and continued to provide livestock for most of the major rodeos in Texas, Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska. For his work as a livestock contractor, Gene Autry was inducted into the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Associations ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.995312213897705, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - TV Cowboys" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "After high school Gene Autry worked as a laborer for the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad in Oklahoma. Next he was a telegrapher. In 1928 he began singing on a local radio station, and three years later he had his own show and was making his first recordings. Three years after that he made his film debut in Ken Maynard 's In Old Santa Fe (1934) and starred in a 13-part serial the following year for Mascot Pictures, The Phantom Empire (1935). The next year he signed a contract with Republic Pictures and began making westerns. Autry--for better or worse--pretty much ushered in the era of the \"singing cowboy\" westerns of the 1930s and 1940s (in spite of the presence in his oaters of automobiles, radios and airplanes). These films often grossed ten times their average $50,000 production costs. During World War II he enlisted in the US Army and was assigned as a flight officer from 1942-46 with the Air Transport Command. After his military service he returned to making movies, this time with Columbia Pictures, and finally with his own company, Flying A Productions, which, during the 1950s, produced his TV series The Gene Autry Show (1950), The Adventures of Champion (1955), and Annie Oakley (1954). He wrote over 200 songs. A savvy businessman, he retired from acting in the early 1960s and became a multi-millionaire from his investments in hotels, real estate, radio stations and the California Angels professional baseball team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.184934377670288, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Song: \"Back in the Saddle Again\", horse: Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025755882263184, "source": "search", "title": "Gene Autry - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Champion, World's Wonder Horse", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.317339897155762, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "Original Champion (b. circa 1926 – d. 1943)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213373184204102, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" }, { "answer": "Champion", "passage": "First \"official\" screen Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520210266113281, "source": "search", "title": "GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steelers compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) North division. Founded in , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC.", "precise_score": 3.581878900527954, "rough_score": 6.218893051147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, by Art Rooney, taking its original name from the baseball team of the same name, as was common practice for NFL teams at the time. To distinguish them from the baseball team, local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen, an unofficial nickname which persisted for decades after the team adopted its current nickname. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding. The current owner is Art's son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II. Long one of the NFL's flagship teams, the Steelers enjoy a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation. The Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburgh's North Side in the North Shore neighborhood, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons. Prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field.", "precise_score": 2.0300276279449463, "rough_score": 7.280652046203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20, 1933, losing 23–2 to the New York Giants.[http://www.profootballhof.com/history/team.jsp?franchise_id=25 Team – Pro Football Hall of Fame] Through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than .500 (). Pittsburgh did make history in by signing Byron White, a future Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, to what was at the time the biggest contract in NFL history, but he played only one year with the Pirates before signing with the Detroit Lions. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers.", "precise_score": 2.7053873538970947, "rough_score": 6.101859092712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "During World War II, the Steelers experienced player shortages. They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team. During the 1943 season, they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the \"Phil-Pitt Eagles\" and were known as the \"Steagles\". This team went 5–4–1. In 1944, they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card-Pitt (or, mockingly, as the \"Carpets\"). This team finished 0–10, marking the only winless team in franchise history.[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_150100.html World War II Steagles to be honored at tonight's game – Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]", "precise_score": -4.108718395233154, "rough_score": 1.5707939863204956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers have used black and gold as their colors since the club's inception, the lone exception being the 1943 season when they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles and formed the \"Steagles\"; the team's colors at that time were green and white as a result of wearing Eagles uniforms. Originally, the team wore solid gold-colored helmets and black jerseys. The Steelers' black and gold colors are now shared by all major professional teams in the city, including the Pittsburgh Pirates in baseball and the Pittsburgh Penguins in ice hockey, and also the Pittsburgh Power of the reformed Arena Football League, and the Pittsburgh Passion of the Independent Women's Football League. The shade of gold differs slightly among teams: the Penguins currently use \"Vegas Gold\", a color similar to metallic gold, and the Pirates' gold is a darker mustard yellow-gold, while the Steelers \"gold\" is more of a bright canary yellow. Black and gold are also the colors of the city's official flag.", "precise_score": 3.090510368347168, "rough_score": 6.7579731941223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In –2009, the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to defeat an opponent three times in a single season using three different uniforms. They defeated the Baltimore Ravens in Pittsburgh in Week 4 in their third jerseys, again Week 15 in Baltimore in their road whites, and a final time in the AFC Championship in Pittsburgh in their home black jerseys.", "precise_score": -0.6961506605148315, "rough_score": 3.0529422760009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Pittsburgh Steelers have three primary rivals, all within their division: (Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens, and Cincinnati Bengals). They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from post-season battles in the past, most notably the New England Patriots, Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys. They also have an intrastate rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles, but under the current scheduling the teams play each other only once every four years.", "precise_score": -0.3901197612285614, "rough_score": 2.4379029273986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Cleveland Browns and the Steelers have been divisional rivals since the two cities' teams began playing against each other in 1950. After posting a 9–31 record in the first 40 games of the series between the two cities, the Steelers recently took over the all-time series lead for the first time ever (64–56); partly due to their dominance over the post-1999 Cleveland Browns franchise and won twelve straight before the Browns snapped their losing skid against them by beating them 13–6 on December 10, 2009. Additionally, the Browns lost 16 straight years in Pittsburgh from – and posted an abysmal 5–24 record at Three Rivers Stadium overall. Former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher coached the Browns special teams and secondary before following Marty Schottenheimer for a brief tenure as Kansas City Defensive Coordinator, and then hired by Pittsburgh. This has only intensified the rivalry.", "precise_score": 0.8820475339889526, "rough_score": 1.9177632331848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers have a tradition of having a large fanbase, which has spread from Pittsburgh. In August 2008, ESPN.com ranked the Steelers' fans as the best in the NFL, citing their \"unbelievable\" sellout streak of 299 consecutive games. The team gained a large fan base nationally based on its success in the 1970s, but many consider the collapse of the city's steel industry at the end of the 1970s dynasty into the 1980s (and the resulting diaspora) to be a large catalyst for the size of the fan base in other cities. The Steelers have sold out every home game since the season.", "precise_score": 0.17928513884544373, "rough_score": 3.5623373985290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In 2001, the Steelers moved into Heinz Field. The franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes. For thirty-one seasons, the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963. In 1958, though they started splitting their home games with the football only Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh. From 1964 to 1969, the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the city's Northside. Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse, winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984, the AFC title game seven times. Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships.", "precise_score": 3.17881441116333, "rough_score": 7.334354877471924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins", "precise_score": 5.655196189880371, "rough_score": 5.823354721069336, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "If it's action you want, this city has it covered with the best of football, baseball, hockey and more. Grab your Terrible Towel and visit Heinz field to watch the six-time Super Bowl Champion Pittsburgh Steelers. Head to PPG Paints Arena and join in all the excitement when the Penguins take the ice.  The Pirates make a perfect summer night complete as you watch the game from PNC Park, rated by Travel & Leisure as the \"best baseball stadium in America!\"", "precise_score": 4.557417869567871, "rough_score": 6.755996227264404, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "There's also diversity in our sports teams, as Pittsburgh has three teams to cheer for in the Pirates, Penguins and Steelers . There wasn't much diversity in terms of cheering for a team in the city's primitive years, as the Pirates were the first franchise to be born back in 1887. And for nearly 100 years, the city's sports fans identified themselves with the Pirates, who rewarded them with memorable seasons and World Series victories. Before the Steelers were even a glint in Art Rooney's eyes, the Pirates had World Series victories under their belts and had just played the historic 1927 Yankees in the Fall Classic after winning the National League Pennant.", "precise_score": 7.01569128036499, "rough_score": 8.011550903320312, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The city is diverse, but its also unique in that it is a true sports town. In the early 90s, the Penguins once captured the city much like the Steelers did two decades earlier, and even the recent teams have brought hockey fever back to the 412 area code. The recent resurgence of Pirates baseball is a marvelous thing to behold, as finally, a new generation of Pittsburgh baseball fans has their own memories and heroes to call their own.", "precise_score": 4.944167137145996, "rough_score": 7.158655643463135, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is a sports town, and there will always be love for each sports team. But at the end of the day, there's only one team that is revered in almost biblical proportions, and that's the team that, over four decades ago, captured the heart and imagination of a city that will never let go of its love affair with the Steelers.", "precise_score": 4.526202201843262, "rough_score": 3.796121597290039, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "If you live in Pittsburgh and hockey isn't your thing, you may choose to fill your non-Steelers time with the Pirates. The storied MLB franchise of the the Pittsburgh Pirates is a shell of its former self. World Series champions in the 60's and 70's, to consistent National League championship runner-ups, to the first minor league team to compete with the teams farming it. A recent ownership change and solid talent development has begun to assemble rosters which have lit the fuse to the emotional bomb which would consume the city should the team return to the playoffs, or - dare I say - another World Series. Signs are promising, but no tangible results as of yet. Luckily, baseball begins their spring training shortly after the end of the NFL season, and will carry on into October.", "precise_score": 3.4467906951904297, "rough_score": 7.549572467803955, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "There's also the effect on the people of Pittsburgh and its sports fans. Can they handle another home-team? The entire city has to be put on death watch if the Steelers, Penguins and Pirates are all playing poorly at the same time. Would another losing franchise push the good people over the edge? Should the Pirates continue their improving ways and begin participating in post-season activities, while the Steelers and Penguins continue to field contending rosters, could the new basketball team handle the pressure of being the only losing team in the city of champions?", "precise_score": 5.106811046600342, "rough_score": 8.285120010375977, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers, Pirates and Penguins -- the original names? | You Had to Ask | Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh City Paper", "precise_score": 5.699319839477539, "rough_score": 7.135429382324219, "source": "search", "title": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "But back in those days, the charge of being a Pirate was honorable enough that, when the Steelers were established in 1933, they were first known as the Pittsburgh Pirates too. It fit, if only because the offense could barely put up enough points to make a respectable baseball team. Fan interest in the squad waned quickly. Not even the 1938 acquisition of Byron \"Whizzer\" White -- a standout running back who later became a U.S. Supreme Court justice -- made much of an impact.", "precise_score": 0.44005286693573, "rough_score": 2.0309009552001953, "source": "search", "title": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The popular string pom \"ball\" atop the toboggan is in black, gold and white, team colors of all of Pittsburgh's major-league sports teams -- Steelers, Pirates and Penguins. Not only is this cap practi...", "precise_score": 4.714743137359619, "rough_score": 5.902188301086426, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "The Steel City", "passage": "That’s a line from the old Iron City Beer commercial, and it perfectly captures the mood of the Steel City. From grandmothers to little kids, from Highland Park to the South Side , the entire city gets behind its Steelers and Penguins (and sometimes Pirates.) In how many cities is the local football team always the lead story on the 6 pm newscast? Even for regular season games?", "precise_score": 4.192102909088135, "rough_score": 4.355454921722412, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "It's nearly impossible to separate Pittsburgh from its beloved sports teams, and nowhere is this more true than with the Steelers , who have won an astonishing six Super Bowl championships, all while being the pinnacle of class and professionalism. The Steelers have played their home games at Heinz Field since 2001, and it is among the nicest venues in the league. The stadium is also home to the beloved University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team.", "precise_score": 2.7040600776672363, "rough_score": 3.116115093231201, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Although the Steelers dominate the sports scene in Pittsburgh, they are certainly not the only ones. The Penguins of the NHL enjoy a large and loyal following in their home town, and have brought the city four Stanley Cup titles. The Penguins play their home games at the Consol Energy Center, which is one of the most modern venues in the NHL, having opened in 2010. With a capacity of just over 18,000, the arena offers great seats for everyone in attendance.", "precise_score": 1.645447850227356, "rough_score": 5.192484378814697, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Along with the Steelers and the Penguins, the Pittsburgh Pirates call the city home. One of the oldest teams in the MLB, the Pirates have a rich history and tradition. While it's been years since they won a World Series crown, the Bucs, as they're affectionately known, have had some of the most legendary players come through, and their home field of PNC Park is among the nicest in the country.", "precise_score": 5.34418249130249, "rough_score": 7.1908650398254395, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "It’s impossible not to catch Steeler Fever if you’re in the Pittsburgh area during the Fall. The team has called Pittsburgh home since it was founded in 1933, when they were originally called the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Steelers have won several NFL Championships and can always be expected to be playoff contenders. Steeler Nation has been rated as one of the top NFL fan bases and you can expect an experience like no other when you visit Heinz Field.", "precise_score": 3.419584035873413, "rough_score": 5.973268508911133, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "“Pittsburgh’s ranking is bolstered by the Steelers, who nabbed the top spot in our recent Uni Watch NFL Power Rankings . Solid looks from the Pirates (whose score would be higher if they didn’t wear their black alternate tops so often) and Penguins, along with one of MLB’s best-looking ballparks and a common municipal color scheme, were enough to vault the Steel City into the No. 2 spot. Still waiting for one of these teams to come up with an Andy Warhol-themed alternate jersey (his museum is a prime local attraction ), but the Steelers’ bumblebee throwbacks sort of qualify for that, right?", "precise_score": 3.908738136291504, "rough_score": 4.3513994216918945, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The one thing Pittsburgh is missing is a recent championship. But, really, we have no right to complain, not with the Steelers’ record six Super Bowl wins, the Penguins’ three Stanley Cup titles and the Pirates’ two relatively recent World Series titles in 1971 and 1979. Atlanta has won just one major championship — the 1995 Braves. Minneapolis-St. Paul hasn’t won a title since the 1991 Twins and hasn’t won a Super Bowl, Stanley Cup or NBA championship. The Detroit Lions  never have made it to a Super Bowl. Go back to Philadelphia for a second. It has won one championship — the 2008 Phillies — since 1983. And laughable, not-so-lovable Cleveland? It hasn’t won a major sports title since the Browns in 1964.", "precise_score": 0.9510085582733154, "rough_score": 2.9394657611846924, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In contrast with their status as perennial also-rans in the pre-merger NFL, where they were the oldest team to never win a league championship, the Steelers of the post-merger (modern) era are one of the most successful NFL franchises. Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles (6), and hosted more (11) conference championship games than any other NFL team. The Steelers share the record for most AFC championships with the New England Patriots and the Denver Broncos (8), and the record for most conference championship games played in with the San Francisco 49ers (15). The Steelers share the record for most Super Bowl appearances with the Patriots, Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys (8). The Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.28686612844467163, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in , tying for first place in the division at 8–4 with the Philadelphia Eagles. This forced a tie-breaking playoff game at Forbes Field, which the Steelers lost 21–0.[http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/pitindex.htm Pittsburgh Steelers Team Encyclopedia – Pro-Football-Reference.com] That would be Pittsburgh's only playoff game for the next 25 years; they did qualify for a \"Playoff Bowl\" in 1962 as the second-best team in their conference, but this was not considered an official playoff.[http://www.mmbolding.com/BSR/The_Playoff_Bowl.htm The Playoff Bowl (Bert Bell Benefit Bowl)]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7513287663459778, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In , the year they moved into Three Rivers Stadium and the year of the AFL-NFL merger, the Pittsburgh Steelers were one of three old-guard NFL teams to switch to the newly formed American Football Conference (the others being the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts), in order to equalize the number of teams in the two conferences of the newly merged league. The Steelers also received a $3 million ($ million today) relocation fee, which was a windfall for them; for years they rarely had enough to build a true contending team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6658986210823059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "NFL Pittsburgh Steelers Draft History, Stats and more on databaseFootball.com] and finally, in 1974, pulling off the incredible feat of selecting four Hall of Famers in one draft year, Lynn Swann, Jack Lambert, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster.[http://www.profootballhof.com/history/general/draft/1974.jsp History: 1974 Draft – Pro Football Hall of Fame] The Pittsburgh Steelers' 1974 draft was their best ever; no other team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year, and only very few (including the 1970 Steelers) have drafted two or more in one year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.371384620666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Noll's career record with Pittsburgh was 209–156–1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393098831176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In 1992, Chuck Noll retired and was succeeded by Kansas City Chiefs defensive coordinator Bill Cowher, a native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Crafton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87861442565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Cowher's career record with Pittsburgh was 149–90–1 in the regular season and 161–99–1 overall, including playoff games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0023193359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "On January 7, 2007, Cowher resigned from coaching the Steelers, citing a need to spend more time with his family. He did not use the term \"retire\", leaving open a possible return to the NFL as coach of another team. A three-man committee consisting of Art Rooney II, Dan Rooney, and Kevin Colbert was set up to conduct interviews for the head coaching vacancy.[http://news.steelers.com/article/73452/ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers – Article] The candidates interviewed included: offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt, offensive line coach Russ Grimm, former offensive coordinator Chan Gailey, Minnesota Vikings defensive coordinator Mike Tomlin, and Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Ron Rivera. On January 22, 2007, Mike Tomlin was announced as Cowher's successor as head coach. Tomlin is the first African-American to be named head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers in its 75-year history. Tomlin became the third consecutive Steelers Head Coach to go to the Super Bowl, equaling the Dallas Cowboys (Tom Landry, Jimmy Johnson and Barry Switzer) in this achievement. He was named the Motorola 2008 Coach of the Year. On February 1, 2009, Tomlin led the Steelers to their second Super Bowl of this decade, and went on to win 27–23 against the Arizona Cardinals. At age 36, he was the youngest head coach to ever win the Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8499274253845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Through the 2015 season, Tomlin's record is 98–57, including playoffs. He is the first Pittsburgh coach without a losing season. The 2014 season was known for record performances from the \"killer B's\". This trio consisted of Antonio Brown, Ben Rothlisberger and Leveon Bell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121468544006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Since the NFL merger in 1970, the Pittsburgh Steelers have compiled a regular season record of 363–235–2 (.607) and an overall record of 394–253–2 (.609) including the playoffs, reached the playoffs 25 times, won their division 20 times, played in 15 AFC championship games, and won six of eight Super Bowls. They are also the only NFL team not to have a season with twelve or more losses since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7224386930465698, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Robert A. Paul family of Pittsburgh and Los Angeles, which is primarily involved with Pittsburgh-based Ampco Pittsburgh Corporation as well as Morton's Restaurant Group, Urban Active Fitness, Meyer Products and Harley Marine Services. Additionally, family members serve on numerous boards, including Cornell University, UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, the American Red Cross, Harvard Medical School and the Loomis Chaffee School.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147857666015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the \"Steelmark\", originally designed by Pittsburgh's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). In fact, it was Cleveland-based Republic Steel that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo. It consists of the word \"Steelers\" surrounded by three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps). The original meanings behind the astroids were, \"Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure, and widens your world.\" Later, the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel-making process: yellow for coal, red for iron ore, and blue for scrap steel. While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word \"Steel\", the team was given permission to add \"ers\" in 1963 after a petition to AISI.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.985536098480225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Baltimore Ravens and the Steelers have had several memorable match-ups and have a bitter divisional rivalry. Both teams handed the other their first losses at their current home fields. The Steelers won the inaugural game played at Baltimore's M&T Bank Stadium in , 20–13, and three years later the Ravens handed the Steelers their first-ever loss at Heinz Field, 13–10. Later that season () Pittsburgh won a divisional playoff game 27–10 against Baltimore, who was the defending Super Bowl champion. During their NFL championship season in 2000, the Ravens defeated the Steelers in Pittsburgh, 16–0, in the season opener with the Steelers later exacting revenge, 9–6, in Baltimore (the Ravens' final loss of the season). During the Steelers 2008 Championship run, they beat the Ravens three times, including a win in the AFC Championship game. The Steelers lead the series (begun in ), 16–10. The two teams complement each other by consistently fielding strong defenses in their division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8325935006141663, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Raiders–Steelers rivalry was one of the most heated of the 1970s and early to mid-1980s. The Steelers' first playoff win was a 13–7 victory over the Raiders by way of Franco Harris's Immaculate Reception on December 23, 1972. The wild card Pittsburgh football team was knocked out of the playoffs the following year by the Raiders in the 1973 AFC Divisional round 33–14, but fired back with two straight AFC Championships in 24–13 and 16–10 over Oakland. Oakland responded with a victory over Pittsburgh in the AFC Championship game 24–7 (the third consecutive AFC title game between the two teams), but not before Chuck Noll referred to Oakland's George Atkinson as part of the NFL's \"criminal element\" after his alleged cheap-shot on Lynn Swann during a regular-season matchup. Atkinson and the Raiders later filed a defamation of character lawsuit against Noll, but lost. Following the 1983 regular season, the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Steelers 38–10 in the AFC Divisional round which turned out to be the last NFL game for Steeler NFL Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw who did not play due to injury. While the rivalry has dissipated over the years (mostly due to Oakland's decline after 2002), the teams have had notable games against each other including an upset Steelers victory towards the end of the season to prevent the Raiders from obtaining homefield advantage in the playoffs, and an upset Raiders victory in week 8 of the 2006 NFL season (20–13), which helped cost the Steelers a playoff berth; three years later another Raiders upset took place. In Week 13 the game lead changed five times on five touchdowns in the fourth quarter; Bruce Gradkowski's third touchdown of the quarter won it with nine seconds to go, and the 27–24 loss cost the Steelers another playoff run. The teams met at Pittsburgh in , where the Steelers blew out the Raiders 35–3, and ended their 3-game winning streak; the game was further notable for a punch thrown by Richard Seymour of the Raiders against Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger. The Raiders then hosted the Steelers in 2012 and erased a 31–21 gap to win 34–31. The two clubs met again in 2013 and the Raiders won again, 21–18. The Steelers trail the all-time series 14–12 (11–9 in regular season).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.403052806854248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Cowboys–Steelers rivalry started with the Cowboys' first game as a franchise in (against the Steelers) at the Cotton Bowl with the Steelers coming away with a 35–28 victory. These teams hold a record for the most times (three) that two teams have met in a Super Bowl. The first two times the favored Steelers and Cowboys met came with Pittsburgh victories in the Orange Bowl Super Bowl X 21–17 and Super Bowl XIII 35–31. The Cowboys never won a regular season game in the Orange Bowl and lost three Super Bowl games (once to the Baltimore Colts and twice to the Steelers). Between the Cowboys and Steelers, Super Bowl XIII had the greatest number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players participating, which as of 2010 numbered 20 – 14 players and six coaches/front office, including Ernie Stautner, defensive coordinator for the Cowboys who was a HoF defensive tackle for the Steelers. The teams featured an all-star matchup at quarterback between the Steelers' Terry Bradshaw and the Cowboys' Roger Staubach, both of whom are in the Hall of Fame. In , Staubach and the Cowboys won Super Bowl XII, their second and last loss of their season being inflicted by Bradshaw and the Steelers, 28–13 at Three Rivers Stadium in November. In , Staubach's final season, the two defending conference champs met again at Three Rivers, the Steelers winning 14–3 en route to winning their fourth Super Bowl title. The Steelers won six of eight meetings during the 1970s and 80s, before the Cowboys won all four meetings during the 1990s, including the teams' record third Super Bowl meeting in 1996, as this time the heavily favored Cowboys beat the Steelers 27–17. Dallas cornerback Larry Brown intercepted Pittsburgh quarterback Neil O'Donnell twice and was named the game's MVP. The teams' first two meetings of the 21st century ( and ) were won by the Steelers, including a come from behind victory December 7, 2008 in Pittsburgh, when the Steelers drove the length of the field to tie the game 13–13, then cornerback Deshea Townsend returned an intercepted pass from Tony Romo for the game's final score, Steelers 20, Cowboys 13. The Cowboys won on December 16, 2012, at Cowboys Stadium by a 27–24 margin in overtime.The all-time series is led by the Dallas Cowboys, 16–15. The Pittsburgh/Dallas rivalry served as a backdrop to the 1977 film Black Sunday, parts of which were filmed during Super Bowl X.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.440042018890381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The Denver Broncos in 2011 broke a tie with the Oakland Raiders for the most playoff meetings versus the Steelers (the Broncos have met Pittsburgh seven times to Oakland's six). The rivalry dates from , but the first notable contest came in , when Denver dealt Pittsburgh its first regular-season defeat at Three Rivers Stadium, 23–13. The following year, they met in the NFL's first regular-season overtime game, which ended in a 35–35 tie. Denver's first playoff game had them hosting the Steelers in the 1977 divisional round; the Broncos won 34–21. The following year, the Steelers hosted and defeated Denver 33–10 in the divisional round. Their next playoff matchup was the 1984 divisional round in Mile High Stadium; the Steelers pulled the upset 24–17. They nearly pulled the upset again 5 years later in Denver, but the Broncos prevailed in the divisional playoff, 24–23. In 1997, they met in Pittsburgh for the AFC Championship Game, where Denver squeaked out at 24–21 win. Eight years later, the Steelers went to the Super Bowl by beating Denver 34–17 in Colorado, only to have their campaign to repeat as AFC Champions dashed in Denver after a stunning overtime upset by the Tim Tebow lead Broncos in January 2012. The following September the Steelers were defeated in Denver 31–19 in Peyton Manning's debut as Broncos quarterback. The two clubs are not scheduled to meet again until 2015; Denver presently leads the series 18–10–1, including 4–3 in the playoffs. Neither team has beaten the other more than three times in a row.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6041510105133057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*The rivalry between the Steelers and the New England Patriots emerged as a prominent rivalry in league circles when the Patriots upset the Steelers in the 2001 AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field. Pittsburgh did not exact revenge for the loss until ending the Patriots record-setting 21-game winning streak in week 6 of the 2004 NFL season. Later that season, the Steelers lost to the eventual champion Patriots in the AFC Championship game after a 15–1 season. The two also had a brief rivalry in the mid-1990s when the Steelers and Patriots split playoff meetings in 1996 and 1997, in which the Patriots had two young stars with Pittsburgh-area roots with Ty Law and Curtis Martin. Martin played his last game as a Patriot against the Steelers in the second playoff game before signing with the rival New York Jets during the offseason, where he became better known. The Patriots won 6 of 7 meetings over a ten-year period (–) before the Steelers broke through with a 33–10 victory at Foxborough in , after Matt Cassel had turned the ball over five times. The Steelers lead the all-time regular season series, 13–8. The Patriots in 2013 then made history by becoming the first opponent to score 55 points on the Steelers, winning 55–31. In the postseason, the Patriots have outscored the Steelers 99 points to 58, with the Patriots maintaining a 3–1 record. The only other franchises with winning AFC playoff records against Steelers include the Miami Dolphins (2–1, both wins in the AFC Championship), the Kansas City Chiefs (1–0), San Diego Chargers (2–1, all games played in Pittsburgh), the Jacksonville Jaguars (1–0, game at Heinz Field), and the Broncos (4–3). The Steelers have an all-time record of 14–11 against the Patriots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.143838882446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*Less well known is Pittsburgh's rivalry with the Houston Oilers-Tennessee Titans franchise. The Oilers were aligned into the AFC Central with the Steelers in 1970 and were division rivals for 32 seasons. The Steelers dominated the rivalry during the Houston era and defeated the Oilers in three playoff matchups. But since the franchise moved to Tennessee the rivalry shifted, with the Titans winning 13 of 20 meetings (including a bitter 34–31 playoff showdown in 2002) post-Houston; the Titans won seven in a row in the 1997–2001 period, the longest win streak by either team in the series. The Steelers have won 45 of 77 career meetings following 2014's 27–24 win at LP Field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.511289119720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Prior to the season, the Steelers introduced Steely McBeam as their official mascot. As part of the 75th anniversary celebrations of the team, his name was selected from a pool of 70,000 suggestions submitted by fans of the team. Diane Roles of Middlesex Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania submitted the winning name which was \"meant to represent steel for Pittsburgh's industrial heritage, \"Mc\" for the Rooney family's Irish roots, and Beam for the steel beams produced in Pittsburgh, as well as for Jim Beam, her husband's favorite alcoholic beverage.\" Steely McBeam is visible at all home games and participates in the team's charitable programs and other club-sponsored events. Steely's autograph is known to be drawn with an oversized 'S' and the \"L\" is drawn to look like a beam of steel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.754050254821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Pittsburgh Steelers have numerous unofficial fan clubs in many cities throughout the country, that typically meet in bars or taverns on game days. This phenomenon is known to occur for other NFL teams as well, but \"Steeler bars\" are more visible than most, including representative establishments even in cities that field their own NFL teams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.02392861247062683, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers have several nicknames, most notably \"The Black and Gold\" and the Pittsburghese dialect \"Stillers\" or \"Stihllers\". Founder Art Rooney was almost always referred to by the nickname \"The Chief\" and Three Rivers Stadium as the \"Blast Furnace\" during the championship years of the 1970s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.871897220611572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers hold training camp east of the city at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. The site is one of the most storied in the league with Peter King of SI.com describing it as: \"... I love the place. It's the perfect training-camp setting, looking out over the rolling hills of the Laurel Highlands in west-central Pennsylvania, an hour east of Pittsburgh. On a misty or foggy morning, standing atop the hill at the college, you feel like you're in Scotland. Classic, wonderful slice of Americana. If you can visit one training camp, this is the one to see. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.91353178024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The team has its headquarters and practice facilities at the state-of-the-art University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sportsplex on Pittsburgh's Southside. Constructed in 2000 the facility combines the vast expertise of sports medical professionals and researchers as well as hosting the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.878689289093018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "K2kDAAAAIBAJ&dqmcnally%20pittsburgh&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524552345275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "2384%2C2841237 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Google News Archive Search]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.540781021118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In the 1970s and 1980s, the team had season scrimmages at South Park in the suburban south hills of Pittsburgh. During various seasons including the strike season of 1987, the Steelers used Point Stadium in nearby Johnstown, Pennsylvania for game week practices. During the 1950s St. Bonaventure University and suburban Ligonier[https://news.google.com/newspapers?idMBxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2440950870513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers boast the third most \"primary\" inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, i.e. inductees that spent most or all of their NFL careers in Pittsburgh. They also can claim the most honorees of any franchise founded on or after and the only franchise with three members of ownership in the Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.816402435302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*Pat Livingston, Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press, awarded the 1979 Dick McCann Memorial Award", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.564688682556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*Vito Stellino, Steelers beat writer in the 1970s for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, awarded the 1989 Dick McCann Memorial Award ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92319393157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "*John Clayton, Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press (1976–1986), awarded the 2007 Dick McCann Memorial Award", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.018097877502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The regional Dapper Dan Charities has since 1939 named the \"Sportsman of the Year\" in the Pittsburgh region. 18 Steelers have won the award in 22 events:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.400774002075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "As of 2006, the Steelers' flagship radio stations were WDVE 102.5 FM and WBGG 970 AM. Both stations are owned by iHeart Media. Games are also available on 51 radio stations in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland, Ohio, and Northern West Virginia.[http://media3.steelers.com/gameday/broadcasts/ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers – Broadcasts] The announcers are Bill Hillgrove and Tunch Ilkin. Craig Wolfley is the sideline reporter. Myron Cope, the longtime color analyst and inventor of the \"Terrible Towel\", retired after the 2004 season, and died in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.920691967010498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pre-season games not shown on one of the national broadcasters are seen on CBS O&O KDKA-TV, channel 2; sister CW O&O WPCW, channel 19; and Root Sports Pittsburgh. KDKA-TV's Bob Pompeani and former Steelers quarterback Charlie Batch do the announcing for the pre-season games, as well as the two hosting the pre-game program Steelers Kickoff during the regular season prior to the national airing of The NFL Today. Pompeani and former Steelers lineman Chris Hoke also host the Xfinity Xtra Point following the game on days when CBS does not have that week's NFL doubleheader. When CBS has a week's doubleheader, the show airs on WPCW. Coach Mike Tomlin's weekly press conference is shown live on Root Sports Pittsburgh. Both Batch and Hoke replaced former Steelers lineman Edmund Nelson, who retired from broadcasting in 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4008660316467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers Digest is the only official newspaper for the Pittsburgh Steelers. It has been published for 22 years and is currently published by Dolphin/Curtis Publishing in Miami, Florida, which also handles several other publications. The newspaper is very widely acknowledged by Steelers fans. Issues are mailed out to paying subscribers weekly through the season after every regular season game and continues through playoffs as long as the Steelers do. After a Super Bowl victory, a bonus issue is published, which is followed by a draft preview, draft recap, and training camp edition every other month, then leading into the pre-season. There are typically 24 issues of the paper within a publishing year. The newspaper is listed on the official Steelers.com page.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.089197635650635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is the place for sports fans! Come see for yourself why Sporting News magazine awarded Pittsburgh the coveted \"Best Sports City\" title and why the USA TODAY 10Best Reader's Choice poll named Pittsburgh as one of the winner's of the \"Best City for Sports\" travel award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.982012748718262, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.008398056030273, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is officially \"Sixburgh\" as the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to win six Super Bowl titles! The Steelers Nation spreads far and wide, so grab your Terrible Towel and come celebrate where it all originates: the Home of the World Champion Pittsburgh Steelers. Here we go!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.225562810897827, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Pirates at PNC Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.308704376220703, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Thanks to the Pittsburgh Pirates for bringing the excitement of a winning season back to the 'Burgh for a second year in a row! The Bucs made postseason play for the second time since 1992, a trend that's sure to continue! Raise the Jolly Roger at PNC Park, hailed as one of the best ballparks in the country. Let's Go Bucs!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.368101119995117, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Penguins", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223647117614746, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The ice might be cold, but the Pittsburgh Penguins are HOT! When the four-time Stanley Cup champions take the ice at PPG Paints Arena it's \"A Great Day for Hockey.\" Tickets sell out fast, so don't be left out of the action!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976496696472168, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy of sports teams - Behind the Steel Curtain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.55818772315979, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Diversity is what makes Pittsburgh such a magical place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530909538269043, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh's love affair with the Pirates rolled on into the 60s, as the Pirates won the most dramatic World Series ever against the Yankees in seven games. With Bill Mazeroski, who hit the most famous home run in World Series history to defeat the Yankees, Willie Stargell and Roberto Clemente, the Pirates had cemented their place in Pittsburgh lore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.201930046081543, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "At the end of the decade, something happened that changed the city of Pittsburgh forever. Once a baseball town only, the Steelers stormed onto the scene after hiring coach Chuck Noll and drafting Joe Greene and L.C. Greenwood in 1969. These moves were the beginning of the creation of the greatest NFL team ever assembled. Terry Bradshaw, Mel Blount, Gerry Mullins, Jack Ham, Jack Lambert, Dwight White, Ernie Holmes, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Donnie Shell, Mike Wagner and Mike Webster were each drafted between 1970-74 and helped the Steelers win four Super Bowl in six years, capturing the hearts of Pittsburgh forever in the process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6783745288848877, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The love Pittsburghers had for that team has been passed on through generations, as today, Steelers fans that didn't even live to see those 70s teams play can recite their greatest moments. Every Pittsburgh fan I know has ownership to at least one Steelers jersey, a jersey that belongs to a player his father or grandfather may have cheered for four decades earlier. Football Sundays are Pittsburghers second church service of the day; Heinz Field the city's chapel that on fall Sundays tries in vein to satisfy the city's unquenchable thirst for its football team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.928598165512085, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "This is what the 70s Steelers did to the city of Pittsburgh. They formed a bond with the city that bridges generational gaps, social and racial divides, and time. The greatest football team of all-time, Steelers, is ours, a birthright that is given to each baby at birth with a Terrible Towel given to us just hours after arriving into this world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1083996295928955, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "According to the Houston Chronicle, David Stern has named Pittsburgh as a potential NBA expansion target .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32737922668457, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86780834197998, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Steelers , even during off-seasons following non-playoff-worthy years, will always own the heart of Pittsburgh. They have been through too much together over the years to ever break their bond. With two victories out of three championship game appearances, this bond is as strong as it ever was. However, when the NFL concludes its season with the Super Bowl , fans must have other things to preoccupy their minds as time drags on toward the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1419219970703125, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The Penguins have drafted their way into second place for most loved sports franchises in Pittsburgh. When the NHL and its players decide to get together and actually play hockey, the Pens have one of the most skilled young rosters in the league and are perennial contenders for Lord Stanley's Cup, reminding the city of its last championship roster from the early 90's which included the likes of Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr and Tom Barrasso. The precipitous winters in western Pennsylvania create the perfect environment for hockey infatuation - especially when the Pens are playing well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.677358627319336, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86780834197998, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "In this modern era of sports, professional basketball could survive in Pittsburgh; but any teams forming in this town will have a lot of time to make up if they're ever going to be loved as much as the other local teams. There would be no stories of personalities-past like Jack Lambert, Joe Greene or James Harrison . There would be no temporal comparisons between a young Lemiux and Jagr, and Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin. There would be no legendary moments like Mazzeroski's World Series home run or anything Roberto Clemente. They have to start from scratch and develop their own legacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.977073669433594, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86780834197998, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "There's no shortage of piracy at Pittsburgh sporting events -- just buy a beer and you'll see -- but when the Pirates began play in 1887, they started as the Pittsburgh Alleghenies. But two years later, they were caught up in a sports scandal when they stole a player, Louis Bierbauer, from the Philadelphia Athletics. The Athletics only had themselves to blame, having forgotten to put Bierbauer's name on a list of protected players, but nevertheless Philly sports boosters accused Pittsburgh of being \"piratical\" for filching their player.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.02937650680542, "source": "search", "title": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "That bothered Pittsburgh's owners about as much as it would bother a free agent ballplayer if you called him a \"mercenary\" today. The Pittsburgh team even turned the accusation into a new name. Much tougher-sounding than \"Alleghenies,\" and a nice job of shoving it in Philadelphia's face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930768966674805, "source": "search", "title": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "All three teams have struggled with this formula, which is of course part of their history and charm. With a few notable exceptions in their long histories, Pittsburgh teams, by any other name, still smell about the same.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188862800598145, "source": "search", "title": "Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517258644104004, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517258644104004, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "PITTSBURGH, Pa. – They booed in the first inning of the last home game of the season. It wasn't clear if fans here were booing Cincinnati's Brandon Phillips, the Reds as a whole, or Pirates' starting pitcher Jeff Locke, who gave up five runs. But it was a boo-off first at PNC Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964916229248047, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Ten hours later, there was mostly silence down the street at Heinz Field. The Steelers had lost their third straight game and the colossal complex was filled with yellow seats and delirious Bears fans. The visitors cheered their quarterback, Jay Cutler, as he ran off the field victorious. It was a strange moment; Pittsburgh felt pillaged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.561633586883545, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "[Related: Bears QB Jay Cutler sparks win after bowling over Pittsburgh safety Robert Golden ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409512519836426, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Ah, the angst. As nice as the idea of removing the angst sounds, this is Pittsburgh. So the angst is never far. The angst is a strange blessing mixed in with the euphoria. New fans can't wait for triumph. Older fans, well … Sid Bream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398931503295898, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "This mix of emotions shows up in the clubhouse as well. Yeah it's great that more than 2.2 million fans showed up for 80 home dates this year – second-most in team history. No, it's not all that satisfying when a division title starts to slip away and the rival Reds come in and steal two games of three. Pitcher A.J. Burnett should want to talk about how he was ridiculed for choosing Pittsburgh over Los Angeles, only to become a stalwart on a playoff-bound team while the Angels foundered. But he declined an interview before Sunday's game, and again after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569267272949219, "source": "search", "title": "Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again - Yahoo Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "ALL YOUR FAVORITE PITTSBURGH SPORTS TEAMS. WE SPECIALIZE IN PITTSBURGH SPORTS PRODUCTS. ON ONE GREAT SHIRT. LOGO ON FRONT OF SHIRT AND THE BACK IS BLANK. 100 % COTTON BLACK T SHIRT. ALL XXXL SIZED SHI...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71110725402832, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "NEW UPDATED ON ICE OR GRASS SHIRT FOLLOWING PENGUINS STANLEY CUP WIN. FAVORITE PITTSBURGH SPORTS TEAMS. WE SPECIALIZE IN PITTSBURGH SPORTS PRODUCTS. CITY OF CHAMPIONS SHIRT WITH ALL YOUR. ON ONE GREAT...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.099311828613281, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "With the black, gold, silver and white in this knit hat, you can wear it to any Pittsburgh pro game -- Steelers, Pirates or Penguins -- and feel right at home. WEAR THIS KNIT HAT TO ANY PITTSBURGH PRO...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.018580913543701, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "CITY OF CHAMPIONS SWEATSHIRT ! ALL YOUR FAVORITE PITTSBURGH SPORTS TEAMS. WE SPECIALIZE IN PITTSBURGH SPORTS PRODUCTS. CITY OF CHAMPIONS BANNER ON FRONT OF HOOD AND THE LARGE LOGO IS ON THE BACK. ON O...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.773736953735352, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Women's Pittsburgh Pirates/Penguins/Steelers BoyShort Panty. Black Boyshort with Gold logo of your choice on back. Boyshort has lace trim and small bow on front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7653579711914062, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Original Myron Cope's. TERRIBLE TOWEL. From the winter classic in Pittsburgh on Jan 1,2011. Pittsburgh Steelers/Penguins . Refer to pictures for more condition detail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.094156265258789, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "City of Pittsburgh 34\"x22\" 1500 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle This is an spectacular item that you will have fun with, and its a great picture that you can shellac or clear coat and frame to have as a great pie...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022089958190918, "source": "search", "title": "Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of Champions | Quirky Travel Guy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.338768005371094, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of Champions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.319299697875977, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is a sports town. You can see it in the streets. And every fan in Pittsburgh is everyone you meet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389537811279297, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Aside from possibly Boston, there isn’t another city in the U.S. that so rabidly supports its teams. And fortunately, they’ve had a ton of great teams to support. With six Super Bowl trophies, three Stanley Cups, five World Series titles, and one college football national championship, Pittsburgh has earned its nickname “City of Champions.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.837139129638672, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "I was recently walking through downtown Pittsburgh on a Friday morning, and the number of Steeler jerseys I saw on the streets was crazy. I’d forgotten that in the Steel City, office employees are always allowed to dress-down on Fridays by wearing Steeler jerseys to work. It brought a huge smile to my face, this level of devotion that I haven’t seen anywhere else.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933835983276367, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is the City of Champions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.186773300170898, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "If you go to the Strip District on a weekend morning, you’ll catch the city’s biggest open-air market. It feels like half of the stores sell nothing but Pittsburgh sports merchandise:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081747055053711, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "A city so rich in sports heritage and tradition needs a proper museum, and Pittsburgh has that with the Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum, which takes up portions of two floors of the six-floor John Heinz History Center .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333367347717285, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "If you ever make it to Pittsburgh, do yourself a favor and attend a sporting event. Or at least watch one with the locals at a bar or the nearest Primanti’s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335737228393555, "source": "search", "title": "The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Steelers & Concert Tickets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.947931289672852, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Tickets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490730285644531, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Tickets Information", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541163444519043, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Located deep in the heart of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh is one of the most hard-nosed cities in the country. With its history firmly rooted in manufacturing and blue collar toughness, Pittsburgh is home to deeply passionate sports fans, as well as a culture all of its own that will instantly show itself to visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970330238342285, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Sports in Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933855056762695, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Concerts in Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477310180664062, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh isn’t known for its music scene, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t one. Pittsburgh has several music venues and is a city that attracts some of today’s most popular touring artists. Some of the most popular concert venues are Rex Theater, Stage AE, Benedum Center for the Performing Arts, Consol Energy Center, and First Niagara Pavilion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256243705749512, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Visitors looking for a more refined form of entertainment may want to turn their attention toward the Pittsburgh Playhouse. This venerable institution houses three separate performance areas and often hosts popular plays and musicals. Outside of the Pittsburgh Playhouse, the city offers numerous other areas to take in some excellent theater productions. Specifically, the Pittsburgh Public Theater, Prime Stage Theater and Quantum Theater are all excellent venues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322598457336426, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Spring in Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424646377563477, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh fans are dedicated to their teams year-round, so despite the typical brisk Spring weather, they have no problem cheering on the Pittsburgh Pirates at PNC Park when baseball season begins. While the Pirates haven’t won a World Series since 1979 they have become serious National League champion contenders over the past few seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.99000883102417, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Address: 115 Federal St, Pittsburgh, PA 15212", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42929744720459, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "PNC Park is located on the North Shore of Pittsburgh and has been rated as one of the most beautiful MLB stadiums. The Pirates have called PNC Park home since 2001 and the stadium holds 38,362 fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.271968364715576, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Fall in Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361023902893066, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Address: 100 Art Rooney Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437400817871094, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Winter in Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41745376586914, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh is home to one of the best teams in the NHL, the Pittsburgh Penguins . The 2016 Stanley Cup Champions have qualified for the playoffs 30 times since being founded in 1967 and have won the Stanley Cup four times. The Penguins have played at the Consol Energy Center since 2010. Consol Energy Center has a capacity of 18,387 for hockey games, and 19,100 for basketball games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.821274757385254, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Address: 1001 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417962074279785, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Consol Energy Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is the home of the Pittsburgh Penguins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099874496459961, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Tickets - Concerts, Theatre & Sports" }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports Cities « CBS Pittsburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530393600463867, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Here’s their summary of Pittsburgh’s ranking:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478493690490723, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "UNI WATCH SCORE: Pirates: 6.5, Steelers: 10, Penguins: 6.5, Intangibles: Bonus points for PNC Park (2), and for all three teams basing their color scheme on the colors of the Pittsburgh city flag (1.5). UNI: 8.83″", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.18800993263721466, "source": "search", "title": "Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh sports fan | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318100929260254, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh sports fan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338911056518555, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "By Ron Cook / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399372100830078, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "The sports teams here are on a roll. Do you realize we live in one of two North American cities that sent teams in three different pro sports to the playoffs in each of the past two calendar years? The other is Los Angeles/Anaheim. I’m thinking we stand alone because Los Angeles/Anaheim had six pro teams before adding the NFL’s Rams as a seventh in January. None of the three Pittsburgh teams has missed the postseason since the 2013 Steelers went 8-8.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7378658056259155, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." }, { "answer": "Pittsburgh", "passage": "Maybe Pittsburgh will get that next championship sooner than you think.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476701736450195, "source": "search", "title": "Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Chicago, Illinois", "passage": "Fort Dearborn was an United States fort built in 1803 beside the Chicago River, in what is now Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed by troops under Captain John Whistler and named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. The original fort was destroyed following the Battle of Fort Dearborn during the War of 1812, and a new fort was constructed on the same site in 1816. By 1837, the fort had been de-commissioned. Parts of the fort were lost to both the widening of the Chicago River in 1855, and a fire in 1857. The last vestiges of Fort Dearborn were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The site of the fort is now a Chicago Landmark, located in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.", "precise_score": 2.938145875930786, "rough_score": 0.3972683250904083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had claimed a large territory (including the Chicago area), for France. In 1763, following the French and Indian War, the French ceded this area to Great Britain, and it became a region of the Province of Quebec. Great Britain later ceded the area to the United States (at the end of the American Revolutionary War), although the Northwest Territory remained under de facto British control until about 1796. Following the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, the Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on August 3, 1795. As part of the terms of this treaty, a coalition of Native Americans and Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois. This included the six square miles centered at the mouth of the Chicago River. ", "precise_score": -4.749987602233887, "rough_score": -3.650966167449951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "On March 9, 1803, Henry Dearborn, the Secretary of War, wrote to Colonel Jean Hamtramck, the commandant of Detroit, instructing him to have an officer and six men survey the route from Detroit to Chicago, and to make a preliminary investigation of the situation at Chicago. Captain John Whistler was selected as commandant of the new post, and set out with six men to complete the survey. The survey completed, on July 14, 1803, a company of troops set out to make the overland journey from Detroit to Chicago. Whistler and his family made their way to Chicago on a schooner called the Tracy. The troops reached their destination on August 17. The Tracy was anchored about half a mile offshore, unable to enter the Chicago River due to a sandbar at its mouth. Julia Whistler, the wife of Captain Whistler's son, Lieutenant William Whistler, later related that 2000 Indians gathered to see the Tracy. The troops had completed the construction of the fort by the summer of 1804; it was a log-built fort enclosed in a double stockade, with two blockhouses (see diagram above). The fort was named Fort Dearborn, after U.S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, who had commissioned its construction.", "precise_score": -2.2547190189361572, "rough_score": -5.1402153968811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Following the war, a second Fort Dearborn was built (1816). This fort consisted of a double wall of wooden palisades, officer and enlisted barracks, a garden, and other buildings. The American forces garrisoned the fort until 1823, when peace with the Indians led the garrison to be deemed redundant. This temporary abandonment lasted until 1828, when it was re-garrisoned following the outbreak of war with the Winnebago Indians. In her 1856 memoir Wau Bun, Juliette Kinzie described the fort as it appeared on her arrival in Chicago in 1831:", "precise_score": 2.9092750549316406, "rough_score": 1.6561644077301025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The southern perimeter of Fort Dearborn was located at what is now the intersection of Wacker Drive and Michigan Avenue in the Loop community area of Chicago along the Magnificent Mile. Part of the fort outline is marked by plaques, and a line embedded in the sidewalk and road near the Michigan Avenue Bridge and Wacker Drive. A few boards from the old fort were retained and are now in the Chicago History Museum in Lincoln Park.", "precise_score": -1.3140294551849365, "rough_score": -5.72311544418335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "In 1939, the Chicago City Council added a fourth star to the city flag to represent Fort Dearborn. This star is depicted as the left-most, or first, star of the flag. ", "precise_score": -2.314678192138672, "rough_score": -5.378589153289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Indian raids, often encouraged by the British, were influential in causing the United States to declare war on Great Britain in 1812. The British made Tecumseh a brigadier general and used Indian allies to help recapture Detroit and Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ). Several hundred American prisoners were killed following a skirmish at the River Raisin in early 1813. But Harrison pushed into Canada and won the Battle of the Thames, which saw the death of Tecumseh and the collapse of his confederation. In the Southeast, the Creeks gained a major triumph against American forces at Fort Sims, killing many of their prisoners in the process. Andrew Jackson led the counterthrust, winning victories at Tallasahatchee and Talladega before crushing the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814.", "precise_score": -1.4751394987106323, "rough_score": 1.078894019126892, "source": "search", "title": "American-Indian Wars - Native American History - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT DEARBORN - Built in 1803 by Captain John Whistler on the windswept west shore of Lake Michigan where the Chicago River empties into the lake, Fort Dearborn occupied a site today incorporated within Chicago's famous \"Loop\" section. The basic design of the fort, named for Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, was much like that of earlier forts in the East and of others erected in Illinois, such as Fort Armstrong and Fort Clark.", "precise_score": 1.97610342502594, "rough_score": -3.060063123703003, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "After the end of the war, the government was urged to rebuild the fort on the same site where only the brick remains of the powder magazine served as a stark reminder of the tragedy On July 4, 1816, Captain Hezekiah Bradley arrived with 116 soldiers and Fort Dearborn's reconstruction followed. This second fort fell into disrepair after the Black Hawk War of 1832 and was abandoned in December, 1836. Twenty years later the fort was completely dismantled except for one small structure which was ultimately destroyed in the great Chicago fire of 1871. Today a reproduction of the fort stands near Lake Michigan on 26th Street, about three miles south of the original fort site in the immediate area of Prairie and 16th streets.", "precise_score": -1.2460509538650513, "rough_score": -6.653000831604004, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant s quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's a (sutler's) store and general store house on the north-all the buildings being constructed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its armament consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawatomies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a distribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would have to pass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous, he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the savages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition which they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the \"Fort Dearborn Massacre.\" Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stockade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836.", "precise_score": 3.792064905166626, "rough_score": 0.6160503029823303, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The history of human activity in the Chicago area prior to the arrival of European explorers is mostly unknown. In 1673, an expedition headed by Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette was the first recorded to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Marquette returned in 1674, and camped for a few days near the mouth of the river; then moved on to the portage, where he camped through the winter of 1674–75. Joliet and Marquette did not report any Native Americans living near the Chicago River area at that time, although archaeologists have discovered numerous Indian village sites dating to that time elsewhere in the greater Chicago area. Two of de La Salle's men built a stockade at the portage in the winter of 1682/1683. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66008186340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "A Jesuit mission, the Mission of the Guardian Angel, was founded somewhere in the vicinity in 1696, but was abandoned around 1700. The Fox Wars effectively closed the area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century. The first non native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading-post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River around 1778. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable built a farm and trading post near the mouth of the Chicago River in the 1780s, and he is widely regarded as the founder of Chicago. Antoine Ouilmette is the next recorded resident of Chicago; he claimed to have settled at the mouth of the Chicago River in July 1790. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.985562324523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "A fur trader, John Kinzie, arrived in Chicago in 1804, and rapidly became the civilian leader of the small settlement that grew around the fort. In 1810 Kinzie and Whistler became embroiled in a dispute over Kinzie supplying alcohol to the Indians. In April, Whistler and other senior officers at the fort were removed; Whistler was replaced as commandant of the fort by Captain Nathan Heald. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64714241027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The fort was closed briefly before the Black Hawk War of 1832 and by 1837, the fort was being used by the Superintendent of Harbor Works. In 1837, the fort and its reserve, including part of the land that became Grant Park, was deeded to the city by the Federal Government. In 1855 part of the fort was demolished so that the south bank of the Chicago River could be dredged, straightening the bend in the river and widening it at this point by about 150 ft; and in 1857, a fire destroyed nearly all the remaining buildings in the fort. The remaining blockhouse and few surviving outbuildings were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.175366401672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "On March 5, 1899, the Chicago Tribune publicized a Chicago Historical Society replica of the original fort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.363593101501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The site of the fort was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15, 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028121948242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "File:Fort Dearborn Chicago 2012-0238.jpg|A marker showing the fort's southern perimeter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.223015308380127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort Dearborn" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "At the time of the American Revolution, many Native American tribes had long-standing relationships with British who were loyal to the British Empire, but they had a less-developed relationship with the Empire's colonists-turned-rebels. After the defeat of the British, the Americans twice invaded the Ohio Country and were twice defeated. They finally defeated the Indian Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and imposed the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.262696266174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian Territory" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The Council of Three Fires is an alliance of the Ojibwe or Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi tribes. In the first Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the United States their lands in Illinois Michigan and Wisconsin. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day Iowa, then to Kansas and Nebraska, and ultimately to Oklahoma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591655731201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian Territory" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP BLUM - A temporary Civil War assembly point for recruits, Camp Blum was located within the precincts of Chicago and established during the early months of the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378009796142578, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT CHECAGOU (Fort St. Joseph) - During the early days of French exploration and colonization, they built Fort St. Joseph where Chicago's \"Loop\" is today. On a French map drawn in 1683 is marked \"Fort Checagou.\" According to traditions handed down by regional historians, the fort was said to have been abandoned after the French and Indian War in 1763.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.691963195800781, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP DOUGLAS - An extensive Federal Civil War encampment, first a camp for the instruction of recruits, then a camp for Confederate prisoners, Camp Douglas was established in Chicago in 1861 and soon became one of the two principal places for the mustering of Illinois regiments (the other being Camp Butler at Springfield). The 60-acre camp was then located between 31st Street and College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest avenues. It covered the land through which has since been opened Calumet, South Park, Vernon, and Rhodes avenues, between 31st and 33rd streets. The camp's main gate was at what is now 32nd Street and Cottage Grove Avenue. To the south of the camp was the old university, to the west and north was prairie land, clumps of trees, and thinly scattered houses, which have all long since given way to the march of progress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833085060119629, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Camp Douglas remained as a camp of instruction until after the battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862 when by official order it was prepared for the reception of prisoners taken from Island No. 10. Nearly 9,000 prisoners - weak, worn-out, sick, and wretched - came to Chicago in the first lot. In November of 1863 a nearly successful attempt to escape was made. A number of the prisoners removed the boards from the floor of their barracks and digging down a few feet ran a tunnel under the fence and one by one silently crept through and out and fled into the darkness. Some 70 or more of them had escaped before the discovery of their plans, and about 50 of them were afterward recaptured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644634246826172, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "In 1864 Chicago figured dramatically in one of the most daring plans devised by Confederate leaders. The plan called for the Confederate prisoners at Camp Douglas to break out of prison on the eve of the presidential election. But an informer, who while a prisoner had been privy to the prisoners' grapevine, and who had since escaped, related the details of the plot to the commandant. Federal agents on the night before the election, November 7, arrested some of the conspirators at a fashionable Chicago hotel and at the home of another near the camp where a veritable arsenal of weapons was found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220497131347656, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP DUNNE - A temporary Civil War encampment in the suburbs of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428991317749023, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "DUSABLE TRADING POST - Chicago's first settler, Jean DuSable was also the first to recognize the commercial advantages of the location, having enough faith in its possibilities to establish a successful trading post near the mouth of the Chicago River. Today this pioneer's settlement has grown into the trading post of the world. DuSable, a Haitian, came all the way up the Mississippi in about 1779. The elaborate home he built was located at the present site of the Wrigley Building on the north bank of the Chicago River at Michigan Boulevard. He established a lasting friendship with the Potawatomi living in the area, or Eschikagou, as the Indians called it. He courted an Indian girl, joining the tribe in order to marry her and then sanctifying the marriage when a Catholic priest entered the region. They had two children, one a boy named after his father, and a girl named Suzanna, whose birth is considered the first recorded birth in the Chicago area. DuSable died at St. Charles, Missouri. Today a plaque marks the site in Chicago where his home stood, a high school in the city was named in his honor, and a memorial society exists to revere his memory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591297149658203, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP ELLSWORTH - A Civil War encampment located in the suburbs of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42310905456543, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP FREMONT - A Civil War encampment located in Chicago's suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387738227844238, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP FRY - A Civil War post established in February 1864, Camp Fry, like Camp Douglas, was a Chicago-located training camp at first, then a prisoner of war facility. The stockaded camp was located on the site now occupied by the Broadway-Clark-Diversey intersection on Chicago's north side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193070411682129, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP HAMMOND - A temporary Civil War encampment established in 1861, it was located at or near Aurora, Kane County, and named for the president of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112295150756836, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "KINZIE'S TRADING POST - Quebec-born John Kinzie, Indian trader and reputedly Chicago's first white settler, established a trading post in 1804, most probably located on or close to either the Chicago River or Lake Michigan. Kinzie's post was not the first in the area - Jean DuSable's trading enterprise preceded Kinzie's by about a quarter of a century (see: DUSABLE TRADING POST). Kinzie later established other posts on the Rock, Illinois, and Kankakee rivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635019302368164, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP LONG - A temporary Civil War encampment in the suburbs of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432947158813477, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP MATHER - A temporary Civil War encampment established in 1861 at Chicago or its suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236190795898438, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT MIAMIS (Fort des Miamis) - Reportedly a French trading post established shortly after the turn of the eighteenth century, it was located at the mouth of the Chicago River, on the site of modern Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228353500366211, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP MULLIGAN - A temporary Civil War encampment situated in Chicago's suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446264266967773, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP PAROLE - A Civil War encampment located in Chicago or its suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333220481872559, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT PATTON - In 1829 John Patton and his family, with the help of other whites and several Kickapoo and Delaware Indians, erected his cabin in the Pleasant Hill section of Lexington Township, southeast of the town of Lexington, in present McLean County. When it was built it is said there was not another house between it and Chicago, then consisting of Fort Dearborn and a few traders' cabins. In 1832, during the Black Hawk War, a blockhouse was erected 12 feet from the cabin, and in 1840 the original cabin and the block house were joined together. Still in existence, the structure is being maintained by the McLean County Historical Society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.831179141998291, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT SHERIDAN (Camp Highwood) -Activated in 1887 in response to urgent requests of Chicago business leaders during labor unrest marked by violence, the post was established on the shore of Lake Michigan 25 miles north of the city. It was first occupied on November 8 by two companies of the 6th Infantry. Originally called Camp Highwood for the town adjacent to the post, it was designated Fort Sheridan in 1888 in honor of General Philip Sheridan, who died that yeas. The general, then Commander of the Army, had been sent here to restore order during Chicago's labor riots. Fort Sheridan's tower, a famous landmark on the lake built in 1891 as a barracks, was originally 227 feet high, but after its complete renovation in 1940, its height was scaled down to 167 feet and used to store a huge water tank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831951141357422, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent on the south.) Population (1890), 451; (1900), 1,575.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497139930725098, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP SIGEL - A temporary Civil War encampment located in the suburbs of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409256935119629, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP SKOKIE - A World War II military police and prisoner-of-war camp, Camp Skokie was located near the towns of Skokie and Glenview, just north of Chicago. A War Department release, dated September 19, 1945, listed the camp as surplus property as of November 15, 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22302532196045, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP SONG - A temporary Civil War encampment located in Chicago's suburbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450176239013672, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP TYLER - Most probably a temporary Civil War encampment, Camp Tyler was located within or near Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411316871643066, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "CAMP WEBB - A temporary Civil War encampment located in the suburbs of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407445907592773, "source": "search", "title": "Forts of Illinois..... History of Illinois Forts presented ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "mackinac, on the straits between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron; Fort Dearborn, on the site of what is now Chicago; Fort Detroit; and Fort Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara River on Lake Ontario. (Map 15) The actual strength of the Regular Army in June 1812 totaled approximately 11,744 officers and men, including an estimated 5,000 recruits enlisted for the additional force authorized the preceding January, in contrast to an authorized strength of 35,600. The Navy consisted of 20 vessels: the 3 large 44-gun frigates, 3 smaller frigates of the Constellation class rated at 38 guns, and 14 others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.66533374786377, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6: The War of 1812 - U.S. Army Center Of Military ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The treaties concluded between 1821 and 1832 at Chicago, Mississinewa, Carey Mission, and Tippecanoe focused on the lands in northern Indiana. In the 1826 negotiations of the Mississinewa agreements, the Miamis and Potawatomies were further isolated on reservations in the north-central part of the state and provided with hunting rights on their ceded lands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.862532615661621, "source": "search", "title": "Native Americans in Indiana - Conner Prairie Interactive ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Full text of \"Heroes and heroines of the Fort Dearborn massacre. A romantic and tragic history of Corporal John Simmons and his heroic wife, also of the first child born in Chicago\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.884949207305908, "source": "search", "title": "Full text of \"Heroes and heroines of the Fort Dearborn ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "THE FR T DEARBORN ]Vi ASS ACRE ft Romantic and Grapliic ttistoru of Corporal John Simmons and His Brave Wife. N. SIMMONS, M. D., LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 1896. APR 4-52 i 3 H S c S s HEROES AND HEROINES OF THE FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE ROMANTIC AND TRAGIC HISTORY -OF- CORPORAL JOHN SIMMONS AND HIS HEROIC WIFE, THE FIRST WHITE CHILD BORN IN CHICAGO. THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE HORRID BUTCHERY. A FULL AND TRUE RECITAL OF MARVELOUS FORTITUDE, MATCHLESS COURAGE AND TERRIBLE SUFFERINGS DURING THE BATTLE, THE MARCH, AND IN CAPTIVITY. BY N. SIMMONS, M. D. LAWRENCE, KANSAS: JOURNAL, PUBLISHING COMPANY, COPYRIGHT, 1896. BY N. SIMMONS, M. D. PREFACE. Much of the material for this narrative has been obtained from Mrs. Simmons, an eye witness, and from her daughter, who was her companion in captivity, and with whom she resided for many years. Many histories have been consulted, but they are most unsatisfactory in their treatment of the details of the Fort Dearborn massacre, while the only reference to John Simmons on file in the department at Washington is that he drew $60 for his first year's service as a soldier. By the kind courtesy of E. G. Mason, Esq., President of the Chicago Historical Society, his masterly address, delivered at the unveiling of the Pullman Memorial Monument on the 22d of June, 1893, is inserted. In behalf of the large number of relatives and friends of the principal parties whose names are mentioned in this little book, I desire to express here their grateful ac- knowledgments to George M. Pullman, the donor of the beautiful monument to the memory of the slain of the massacre, and all associated with him in its conception and execution, especially E. G. Mason, historian, and Carl Rorhl-Smith, sculptor of the monument. My apology for this intrusion into the already over- wrought field of authorship is a desire to do justice to the memory of a brave soldier and his devoted wife, and also to add a few tacts to the brief history of the Fort Dearborn massacre. 4 HEROES AND HEROINES The heroines and heroes of that awful day, whose blood sank into the sand dunes by the lake, or who experienced in captivity, an even more dreadful fate, are almost forgotten, but it may be interesting to know that the butchers of Fort Dearborn and their descendents have annually received many thousands of dollars from the United States government for their support. The name of the ancestors of John Simmons in Switzerland was Simons, the additional letter being first employed after their arrival in America. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. CONTKNTS. PAGE. PREFACE 3 CHAPTER I. A FORTUNATE MEETING IN THE WILDERNESS. 9 CHAPTER II. MARRIED AND ENLISTED 13 CHAPTER III. THE STORM GATHERING 15 CHAPTER IV. A TOUR THROUGH THE WILDERNESS 20 CHAPTER V. LIFE AT FORT DEARBORN 25 CHAPTER VI. THE ORDER To EVACUATE THE FORT 28 CHAPTER VII. PREPARING TO EVACUATE THE FORT 31 CHAPTER VIII. THE BATTLE AND MASSACRE. 35 O HEROES AND HEROINES CHAPTER IX. CAPTIVITY AND RANSOM 52 CHAPTER X. THE MASSACRE OF NEIGHBORS HER ONLY SISTER AMONG THEM 61 CHAPTER XI. ' AT REST 67 CHAPTER XII. AWAITING THE END 69 CHAPTER XIII. THE POTTAWATOMIE TRIBE.. ,.J2 BLACK PARTRIDGE RETURNING HIS MEDAL. N. SIMMONS, M. D. HEROES AND HEROINES OF THE FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. CHAPTER I. A FORTUNATE MEETING IN THE WILDERNESS. One bright evening in the early springtime of 1801 two wagon trains entered simultaneously a beautiful grove on the banks of a limpid stream in eastern Ohio. The leaders of these trains at once discovered in each other friends and associates of boyhood days in the far away land of their nativity charming Switzerland. In early manhood they had emigrated to America and with- out prearrangement become neighbors in Pennsylvania. Phillip Simmons with his wife and only son, John, had settled in York county on the Susquehanna river, while later on, the elder Millhouse located on the opposite shore of the same stream in Lancaster county. This opportune meeting in a strange land which both had sought for new homes was the welcome renewal of the former acquaintance in dear old Switzerland. This close relation of comradeship between the families continued for many years and was not fully dissolved until the year 1800, when Phillip Simmons and his wife having passed away in the ripened maturity of wholesome lives, IO HEROES AND HEROINES John Simmons was left at the head of the family, his own household consisting of six hardy sons and four daughters. To provide homes for this large family he determined to move to West Virginia. A short resi- dence there convinced this descendent of Alpine moun- tains that he had not as yet found a satisfactory abiding place. The bold freeman resolved that his children should not live under the blighting influences of human slavery. This purpose led him to consider seriously the possibilities of obtaining homes on a soil free from the hated institution. Fortunately, at that time one of the grandest domains on earth had been recently dedicated to freedom. The ordinance of 1787 forever prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory lying north and west of the Ohio river. The resources of this new land were the subject of almost fabulous tales of its wonderful pro- ductiveness, the mildness of its climate, the beautiful streams fed by springs of crystal water, gurgling from the rocks and hill sides, the magnificent forests furnishing the finest timber for building purposes and teeming with wild game, the native grasses furnishing abundant food for horses and cattle, both winter and summer while the bountiful mast of the woods maintained the numerous hogs which ranged through them. This mere outline of the reports reaching the older settlements through the soldiers returning from the cam- paigns of Harmer, St. Clair and Wayne had awakened the spirit of adventure in these home seekers to the extent that they determined to dare the dangers arising from the hostility of the savages and seek their fortunes FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. I I in the new Territory of Ohio. Simultaneously the persons composing a train headed by Mr. Millhouse, had arrived at the same conclusion, hence the meeting in the wilderness. In the early morning following, the leaders of the two trains determined to cast their fortunes together on the remainder of the journey to the great Miami valley in western Ohio. This combination of forces enabled the train to present a somewhat formid- able aspect as each male member carried a rifle on his shoulder or strapped to his back and a serviceable knife in his belt. In the Simmons family, John Simmons, Jr., a lad of but twelve years of age was the favorite, while the youngest daughter, Susan Millhouse, was most tenderly regarded by the other party. Though their parents had been friends and acquaintances, first in Switzerland, then again in Pennsylvania, John and Susan first met in camp, as above described. They soon became fast friends and they are here introduced to the reader as the hero and heroine of this narative. Though John Simmons was but a mere boy, he was tall, strong and alert beyond his years. With his trusty rifle he furnished his full quota of game for the combined train and performed regular guard duty besides. Indeed his general usefulness in camp and on the journey rendered him a favorite with all. His genial spirit and cheerful bearing was especially recognized by Susan Millhouse, who looked upon the young frontiersman as her ideal of the coming hero, and manifested her partiality for his presence by little acts of favoritism. These evidences of deep esteem for John from the 12 HEROES AND HEROINES innocent girl were noticed with chagrin and mortification by a young man who had lived in the Millhouse family for some time, and was now emigrating with them to their new home. Thomas Rodgers was a fine athletic young fellow, but quiet and earnest. It had been his dream to win the hand of the youngest daughter of the Millhouse family, and it was with forebodings of disap- pointment that he witnessed the growing friendship between John Simmons and his idol. He continued to discharge his duties faithfully however, and with the exception of a disposition to ramble alone in the forest, seemingly without special purpose, and to isolate himself from society generally, no indication of his feeling was manifest. \" Tom,\" as he was familiarly called, remained with the party to the end of the journey and with the Millhouse family long after the marriage of their daugh- ter. With this simple statement Tom will be dismissed for the present. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 13 CHAPTER II. MARRIED AND ENLISTED. After months of weary journeying the travelers finally stood upon the shore of the great Miami river near the present city of Dayton. Few settlers had preceded them and the only evidence of advancing civilization were the few military trails that traversed the wilderness between the outposts and Indian agencies. After a time spent in exploring lands along the Miami and its tribu- taries in the vicinity of Troy and Dayton, John Sim- mons, Sr. , selected six quarter sections of fertile land on upper Lost Creek, six miles east of Col. Johnson's Indian Agency on the site of the present Piqua. Having secured titles to these lands, the men who were to occupy them proceeded to build a large two-story double log house at a central point near a fine spring of ever flowing cold water. The walls were pierced with loop holes; barricades and other means of defense were pro- vided and all trees and bushes within gun-shot distance of the blockhouse were removed. It was consequently deemed impossible for an enemy to approach without exposure to the fire of the riflemen within. Here the family resided and in times of extreme danger the neighbors collected. It is needless to say that when Mr. Millho'use settled near the Simmons blockhouse, John, Jr., and Susan were delighted. Perhaps the latter had 14 HEROES AND HEROINES reminded her father that there were six stalwart riflemen in the Simmons family, whose protection would be desirable in case of attack by the savages, and possibly her wishes were consulted in the selection of the home- stead site. Years passed amid constant dangers from the time the emigrants crossed the Ohio river. At that time John Simmons was but twelve years old. Young as he was he had been constantly on duty and every moment on the alert to prevent surprise by the Indians or wild beasts. It was not strange therefore that after eight years of this mode of life he embraced the first opportu- nity that presented after he had reached the age and strength required, to enlist in the regular army, some of the most important duties in which service having been learned in these individual experiences. In March, iSoS, John Simmons, Jr., and Susan Millhouse were married and in the latter part of 1809 David Simmons was born. On the I4th of March, 1810, John Simmons enlisted in Captain Whistler's Company, First Regiment, United States Infantry, afterward commanded by Cap- tain Nathan Heald, and was assigned to duty at Fort Dearborn on the site of the city of Chicago. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. I 5 CHAPTER III. THE STORM GATHERING. A brief study of the relation existing between the whites and Indians at this time is indispensable to a complete understanding of the perils that confronted the border settlers. As early as 1788 a settlement was made at Marietta and another at Cincinnati. The Indians alarmed at these and other aggressions main- tained a constant warfare on the border pioneers, often crossing the Ohio river into Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky and robbing isolated settlers and returning to their villages in the interior. To stop these predatory incursions and bring the Indians to terms, General Harmer was sent with an army of 1400 men into the country of the hostiles. Late in the autumn of 1790 he reached and destroyed the towns of the Miami Indians on the ground now occupied by Fort Wayne. The complete loss of their habitations and possessions was a severe blow to the savages, and doubtless rendered them desperate. To complete the work of destruction Gen. Harmer divided his army into three detachments which were cut to pieces in detail by the Indians under Little Turtle and Captain Wells. On November 3d. 1791, Gen. Arthur St. Clair with 1400 soldiers encamped at Fort Recovery, near the Ohio and Indiana state line. On the following morning 1 6 HEROES AND HEROINES at early dawn the savages made a furious attack upon the camp which resulted in fearful slaughter and dis- astrous route of the surprised whites. Closely pursued the remnant of the army fled to Fort Washington. These victories emboldened the exhilarated Indians to repeated depredations and acts of pillage and murder. In August, 1 794, Gen. Wayne, with 3000 troops attacked the hostiles near the Maumee Rapids and defeated them with great slaughter. Captain Wells, the former ally and son-in-law of Little Turtle acted as captain of scouts to Gen. Wayne. \"Mad Anthony\" took no trivial revenge upon the defeated enemy. Their fields and villages for fifty miles around were destroyed. Completely humbled and impoverished the late defiant victors sued for peace. Accordingly in 1795 a treaty was signed between Gen. Wayne and many of the Indian chiefs. A number refused to recognize the treaty how- ever, and at once began to prepare for the continuation of hostilities. It was during this enforced peace, late in 1 80 1 that the Simmons settlement was located in the interior of western Ohio in the midst of Indian villages. After Wayne's treaty a chain of forts was established on the border extending from Cincinnati west to Vincennes and St. Louis, north to Greenville, Fort Recovery, Fort Wayne, Fort Defiance, Fort Meigs, Detroit, Macinac, and northwest to Fort Dearborn (Chicago). Within this chain of posts were scores of Indian villages, teem- ing with old, scarred warriors who delighted in detailing the wrongs the tribes had suffered at the hands of the whites. The young warriors listened intently to these tales, and burned to avenge these indignities and injuries FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. \\J without delay. A leader alone was required to begin hostilities at once, and with the demand came the man. The leading chiefs of the powerful Shawnee tribe were Tecumseh and his twin brother Telskwatawa, known as \"The Prophet,\" two eloquent orators and able leaders. Tecumseh stirred the young warriors to the verge of frenzy with his firey recital of the outrages inflicted upon the Indians by the whites, while the Prophet aroused the strong religious and superstitious feelings of the tribe by his mysterious incantations. In 1806 Tecumseh and the Prophet established a village at Fort Greenville, twenty-six miles distant from the Simmons settlement, but in 1808 they removed to Tippecanoe, Indiana, to the great delight of the Ohio settlers. Undoubtedly this removal was made prepara- tory to the storm they intended should break upon the white settlers of the border, being for the purpose of placing their women and children beyond the doomed region. In 1809 the apprehension of the whites reached its climax, and rapid preparations were made for defence. Block houses, often surrounded with stockades, were erected in each settlement. Militia companies were organized, and the whole population of the border put upon a war footing. In 1810, house burning, horse stealing and murders were daily on the increase and had become so common that Gen. Harrison sent a message to Tecumseh, declaring that if these crimes against the white settlers did not cease he might expect to be attacked. To this message Tecumseh replied in person, but the interview was stormy and unsatisfactory, I 8 HEROES AND HEROINES and each proceeded at once to prepare for open hostili- ties; Tecumseh by visiting the Indian tribes in the south to secure their co-operation in the coming struggle, while Gen. Harrison collected his forces, and at once marched against the Shawnee village of Tippecanoe, where, on the /th of November, 1811, he defeated the Indians after a desperate engagement, and destroyed the village with the accumulated provisions for the coming winter. The records of history afford no grander episode than that of the crusade of Tecumseh. This eloquent champion, stealthy as the panther of his native wilds sprang from one tribe to another and enkindled every- where the smouldering embers of rapine and revenge into the fierce fires of war. But one theme was discussed at the numerous council fires which blazed from the oak forests of Michigan to the moss covered pines of Alabama. The whites were to be exterminated or driven across the Ohio. Many of the settlers had secured homes that were as dear to them as the lands on which they stood were to the Indians. So, to both parties it was to be a battle for their homes, therefore a battle to the death. With the certainty of an Indian war and of a conflict with Great Britain it was evident that the recruits who enlisted in the American army in 1810 might confidently expect a speedy participation in bloody conflict. Against this assurance of the dangers of battle the government had only the paltry pittance of five dollars a month to offer these enlisted men, but the courage and patriotism that accepted these odds finds no worthy parallel. Grand as were all these voluntary supporters of the country in this dark hour, none were more sublime in FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 19 sacrifice than Private John Simmons. A young and affectionate wife and a babe less than a year old were left behind while he went to engage in a war with fiendish savages who took no prisoners but to torture them to death in the most cruel manner. The only exceptions to this awful custom was furnished when a captive woman or child was occasionally spared with intent to impress as a slave or adopt by a warrior. From such an enemy no mercy need be expected. The result of each encounter was to be complete victory or dreadful death. It is difficult therefore for the men of this gene- ration with its protracted season of peace and the almost universally acknowledged amenities of warfare to realize the value of such sacrifice and service. 2O HEROES AND HEROINES CHAPTER IV. A TOUR THROUGH THE WILDERNESS. John Simmons reached Fort Dearborn early in the spring of 1810 and at once entered upon his military duties which he performed with skill and fidelity, and at the end of the first year of service he modestly received his promotion to corporal, and with it a furlough which enabled him to visit his family. He had often accom- panied hunting and scouting parties along the lake shore and the Chicago river. He became enamored of the country around Fort Dearborn which is now occupied by Chicago and its suburbs. Swarms of water fowl covered the lakes and rivers while their waters teemed \\vith the finest fish. Buffalo, elk, bear and deer, with a good variety of smaller game were found in abundance. On the vast prairies and along the wooded river bottoms the tall grass attested the great fertility of the soil, while the ease with which a farm could be opened by merely plowing the prairie as compared with the task of clearing the timber lands of western Ohio and eastern Indiana induced the young soldier to determine to settle there at the expiration of his term of seivice. He believed and frequently expressed the conviction that a great city would eventually be built near the fort. It was with these anticipations that John Simmons left the garrison and with rapid strides traversed the intervening FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 21 wilderness to his home in Miami county, Ohio. Looking back almost a century one can scarcely realize the extasy with which the returned soldier met his aged father and mother, his devoted wife and curly headed boy who had in his absence taken his first steps, and learned to pronounce the sacred words \"Mama\" and \"Papa.\" Equally difficult would it be for us to understand the emotions of the individual members of the little house- hold as the stalwart young officer, from whom presum- ably nothing had been heard during his absence, passed the heavy door and entered the well guarded enclusure. As John Simmons unfolded the marvelous tales of the Illinois country all members of the rejoicing family listened with engrossed interest. The vast meadows covered with luxuriant grass waving in the breeze, and bounded only to the observers view by the horizon, the herds of buffalo, deer and elk pasturing on these prairies, furnishing an abundance of excellent meat, while the lakes and rivers swarmed with an inexhaustible supply of food. His enthusiastic description produced un- bounded admiration and the narrator improved the advantage he had gained by revealing his desire to make the delectable land his future home, and for that purpose to take his little family with him on his return. This proposition startled his aged parents who having emi- grated from Europe to Pennsylvania, thence to Ohio, shrank from the thought of removing to Illinois. But the arguments John employed were so reasonable that they interposed but feeble opposition and contented themselves by expressing regrets that the parting must so soon occur and the hope that at the expiration of his 22 HEROES AND HEROINES term of service he would return to them and make his home on the land which they had given him. To Mrs. Simmons, Jr., the return with her husband to Fort Dearborn was a momentous matter. It involved a journey of four hundred miles through an almost track- less wilderness on foot with no shelter save that afforded by a small canvass stretched over the boughs of trees. But she had learned to trust her young soldier husband implicitly and for admirable cause. They had journeyed together from eastern Ohio to their home in Miami county, as neighbors and lovers they had been intimately acquainted for seven years; she had scarcely claimed him as her own before surrendering him to her country as a soldier. His promotion in the absence of wealth or influential friends to urge his cause was to her the best assurance of his merit. As he stood before her, nearly six feet in height, with massive frame, in the liberal endowment of muscular young manhood, clad in the neat army uniform, a mature man, an experienced back- woodsman and a brave soldier, his young wife felt that his plea for her companionship during the remaining period of his enlistment was already granted. Never had his influence over her been so controling, her love for him so overpowering. It was, however, no blind passion which assented to the hard conditions of the proposition. The devoted wife was no novice in the knowledge of the dangers to be expected on the con- templated journey. It was therefore with full under- standing of the situation that she gave her cheerful consent to accompany her husband on his return. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 23 Mrs. Simmons, although of but medium height, pos- sessed a physical frame and organization capable of great endurance. Aware, at least partially, of the demands to be made upon her constitution, she entered into the work of preparation for the journey intelligently, and the progress of the dreary march revealed her wise forethought in providing as far as possible for the comfort and relief of her cherished companions. Still, little time remained to complete the preparations and little was the amount they were able to transport, as a single pack horse was expected to carry the cooking utensils, camp equipage, provisions and extra clothing. John led the horse and bore his heavy rifle upon which so much of the safety and supply of the little party depended, while Susan trudged along carrying the child. So they set out one morning in the latter part of March, 181 1. The last parting had been a trying event. To the friends who had collected to see the adventurous pilgrims depart on their fearful journey it seemed the last farewell. To the aged father and mother of both John and Susan the parting was indescribably painful. Little David received a full share of tearful affection of all who had known him as the sunshine of the home he had so recently come to bless, and which was to see him no more. Reasonable as were the sad anticipations of the sorrowful friends, none could foretell the awful fate of the small party, but one of whom was to return. On the first day the family was escorted to Piqua where they crossed the Miami river and pushed on to Stillwater, where Covington now stands and there en- camped, having traveled fifteen miles. On the second 24 HEROES AND HEROINES day they reached Fort Greenville. Here their escort returned. From Fort Greenville they bore a little west of north to Fort Recovery, a distance of thirty-five miles. Their next point was Fort Wayne, distance eighty miles, where they rested for a day and secured provisions for the remainder of the journey to Fort Dearborn, the route traveled being near two hundred miles. The time occupied in making the trip to Fort Dearborn from Ohio was about thirty days. To persons acquainted with the country traveled it is a marvel that they succeeded in making the journey in that time, as at that season of the year (April) the streams were usually full and difficult to ford, and they were compelled to make long detours to pass around the swamps covered with water which lay on their way. Then, the constant fear of falling in with scalping parties of savages required incessant watchful- ness. Wearisome days were succeeded by sleepless nights and neither of the parents for an hour were free from apprehension. Long years after this journey, while Mrs. Simmons enjoyed repose in the society of friends she often declared that she enjoyed the trip as though it had been a pleasure excursion, but it is possible that this view was suggested by the contrast with her subsequent experiences. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 2 $/ CHAPTER V. LIFE AT FORT DEARBORN. It was late in April when the little party entered the gate at Fort Dearborn, tired and foot sore. The young- soldier was complimented by his comrades in arms for his bravery in making the journey to and from Ohio. A universal favorite before, this adventure greatly enhanced his reputation as a soldier of skill and spirit. His supe- rior officers confided important duties to his care and command which he always executed with the strictest fidelity. Mrs. Simmons watched with admiration and delight the growing confidence reposed in her husband. For herself, she soon shared with her husband the esteem of the entire garrison. The people of the fort, consisting of soldiers, women and children, were less than one hundred in number. The imminence of a common danger united all in a common union. They were far from civilization, far from succor in case of an attack by a strong enemy. Rumors of threatened hostilities were frequently brought to the fort by scouts or friendly Indians. Into such a community, thus bound together by a tie stronger than any known to humanity, it was not difficult for the heroic woman to obtain speedy entrance into any circle in the limited society of the post. Her splendid courage and endurance during the long and wearisome march, and 26 HEROES AND HEROINES her thorough acquaintance with Indian character, ac- quired by long residences in the midst of savage settle- ments, rendered her opinions almost as valuable as those of her husband. On account of his participation in the journey, little David, now three years old, was familiarly called \"the little curly headed corporal,\" and soon became a pet of all in the garrison. In November, 1811, Gen. Harrison defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe and destroyed their village. The loss to the hostiles of the stores collected for winter entailed great hardship upon them. The news of this battle reached Fort Dearborn by the way of Detroit, Fort Macinac and lake Michigan, and warned the garri- son of impending danger. The gratification over the success of the engagement was mingled in the minds of the occupants of the isolated post by the reflection that while it was then too late in the season for the enraged tribes to lay siege to Fort Dearborn a renewal of hostili- ties might be expected on the return of spring. Aggressions and indignities were so frequently inflicted upon American citizens by the officers and agents of the English government, that in June, 1812, war was de- clared against Great Britain, and in July the British and Indians captured Fort Macinac. The officers of this post first learned of the declaration of war from the enemy, a fact which suggests incompetency or criminal neglect on the part of high officials. On the I2th day of February, 1812, a daughter was born to Corporal Simmons, being one of the first white children, if not the first, born within the limits of the present city of Chicago. She came to brighten the few FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 2J remaining months of her little brother's life, as a source of consolation to her mother in widowhood and bondage, and to sustain and comfort her in her declining years. At this writing she is reposing at the age of 83 years in the beautiful California home of her daughter. In honor of his devoted wife, Corporal Simmons named the little stranger Susan Simmons. 28 HEROES AND HEROINES CHAPTER VI. THE ORDER TO EVACUATE THE FORT. With Macinac, the key to lake Michigan, in possession of the British and Indians, with Detroit practically beleaguered, while assistance from Fort Wayne or Yin- cennes was out of the question, Fort Dearborn should have been evacuated at once. There were no settlers near to protect, the garrison was too weak to venture beyond the walls of the fort and too far from other military posts to render them any assistance or to receive succor from them in case of attack. Such was the condition of Fort Dearborn on the seventh day of August, 1812, when Captain Heald received the order from Gen. Hull, who had reported to the war department on July 2Qth, that he would send \"at once.\" The order being nine days in transit reached the fort on the /th of August. It was obvious that every moment of delay increased the danger of the garrison. Whether it should be decided to remain or withdraw, this fact was equally manifest. Why, therefore, Captain Heald faltered for seven days is a serious question. The inexplicable delay gave the Indians an opportunity to collect their warriors from the Pottawatomie villages in the vicinity. This was done industriously during the week extending from the /th to the 1 4th of August. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 2Q On the 1 4th of August Captain Heald determined to evacuate the fort on the following day. On that day he concluded a treaty with the Indians by the terms of which the savages were to be given all the stores of the fort not required on the march in consideration of which the Indians stipulated to escort the garrison to Fort Wayne in safety. On the evening of the I4th, after the treaty had been made and the Indians had doubtless fully matured their plans for the following day, which without doubt included the capture of the entire garrison when decoyed into the open prairie, Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie chief, warned Captain Heald of the determination on the part of the Indians by returning to him a valuable medal with the statement that his young men had determined to wash their hands in the blood of the whites and that he could not restrain them. Then, in tones of sadness, he closed his remarkable speech with the most emphatic warning, saying: \"Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day; be careful on the march you are about to make.\" The fact that near five hundred armed warriors had collected in the imme- diate vicinity of the fort of itself boded no good to the garrison, but the warning of Black Partridge, couched in the most significant language and delivered in terms of sadness and sorrow, should have changed doubt and suspicion in the mind of Captain Heald into positive certainty. Perhaps the warning came too late for the commandant to retrace his steps and prepare for defense, but it should have led to more prudent alignment of the troops on the line of retreat. The destruction of surplus stores, notably powder and whiskey, while perhaps 3O HEROES AND HEROINES justifiable on account of the inevitable excesses their possession would cause, was made a pretext by the Indians to excuse their treachery. But the falseness of this plea is proved by the words of Black Partridge, which shows that the bloody purpose had been deter- mined on before the evacuation. Still, it may be possible that the act stimulated the savages to greater cruelty in their treatment of the whites. If there was any doubt as to the good intentions of Black Partridge in warning the garrison on the evening before the evacuation, it disappeared as the fact of his repeated intervention to save the lives of the doomed inmates was manifest It was a rash and ill considered act on the part of the government in planting a feeble post so far from support. Immediately upon the declaration of war, and especially after the fall of Mackinac it should have been evacuated. Promptly on the receipt of Gen. Hull's discretionary order Captain Heald should have abandoned the fort, and marched with all possible speed to Fort Wayne or he should have made the best possible preparation for defense and seige, but seven days of indecision coupled with previous neglect and incompetency caused the destruction of the brave garrison and the obliteration of the first Chicago. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 31 CHAPTER VII. PREPARING TO EVACUATE THE FORT. On the evening of the I4th the garrison was busy loading the wagons for the journey which would occupy from eight to ten days. Provisions and camp equipage constituted the principal part of these loads. In the grave peril which confronted them the members of the garrison were more united in sentiment and action than ever before. The soldiers filled their powder horns, adjusted their flints, loaded their bullet pouches, and every possible preparation was made for defense, believing the moment they left the friendly walls of the fort they would be at the mercy of an overwhelming army of savages. Many of the little Spartan band vowed to defend the women and children with their lives, and for this purpose the best possible preparations were made. Corporal Simmons fully realized the fearful responsibility that rested upon him, and not one of the small command prepared to march through the gate of the fort and out into the presence of the Indians with a firmer determin- ation to do his whole duty. True not one of them had greater incentive to perform a soldier's part. His con- stant thought was of the noble woman who had been his faithful friend on the perilous journey through the wilderness of Ohio, and later became his idolized wife; and who in a spirit fitting a soldier's bride, gave him to 32 HEROES AND HEROINES the service of his country a little more than two years before. His heart swelled often while engaged in the monotonous routine of his regular duty as he recalled her grand comradeship, on the long tramp through the dense forests in western Ohio and across Indiana to this forlorn hope. Intimately and inseparably connected with remembrances of his heroic wife, Corporal Simmons never forgot their first born, little David, the \"curly headed corporal,\" full of life and happy in the love of papa and mama, and the infant Susan, six months and two days old, the delight and joy of the little family and the pet and play fellow of even the roughest soldiers in the camp. On that sad evening, as John Simmons looked upon this group confided to his protection he resolved that harm could only reach them over his dead body. With what fidelity he redeemed this vow will be revealed later on. The great number of warriors camped in the imme- diate vicinity of the fort required a strong guard for the night to prevent a surprise. The other soldiers slept a fitful sleep upon their arms. The women of the garrison, a majority of whom had small children, were busy in preparing for the march. Among these was Mrs. Sim- mons, who early in the evening had endeavored to put her babe to sleep so that she might complete the preparations necessary for the long march. The \"little corporal,\" David, had noticed the unusual stir and preparation going on around him, and was exceedingly anxious to know what it all meant. \"Where were they going?\" \" Would he ride in the big wagon? \" \" Were they going to grandpa's in Ohio? \" These with many FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 33 other questions were eagerly asked and years afterward rang in the ears of Mrs. Simmons when she recalled the events of that last gloomy night in Fort Dearborn. It was late in the evening when little David, tired of watching the busy scene and overcome by weariness, repeated his little prayer on his mother's lap for the last time and received his good night kiss from father and mother. The young soldier and wife now discussed the probabilities of the morrow. He was familiar with all the details of the proposed evacuation. During the day Captain Wells one of the most famous Indian fighters of the frontier arrived with twenty friendly warriors of the Miami tribe, for the purpose of rendering assistance to the beleaguered garrison or to escort them to Fort Wayne in case of evacuation. Captain Wells was present and heard the declaration of Black Partridge that his young men had determined to imbue their hands in the blood of the whites and that he could not restrain them. Wells knew the chief intimately and reposed the utmost confidence in his truthfulness. This statement therefore convinced him of the danger which confronted them. Corporal Simmons informed his wife of the order to secretly destroy the whiskey and ammunition which Captain Heald had promised the Indians, and of his belief that should the savages discover this they would not hesitate to murder the garrison. He did not conceal from her his opinion that the peril seemed imminent for he realized that the whites would be com- pelled to fight for their lives with odds of eight to one against them. It may be well supposed that the night was far advanced before sleep came to their relief from 34 HEROES AND HEROINES the heavy burdens which oppressed mind and body, and that early dawn found them astir and preparing for the fearful ordeal before them. All night dark objects were seen moving about outside the fort, showing to the guards who were ever on the alert that the Indians were on the watch to prevent the admittance of farther rein- forcements and the dispatch of couriers for succor. At an early hour on the morning of the i 5th day of August, 1812, the troops were mustered within the stockade and inspected. The roll was called and answered for the last time. Fifty-four regular soldiers and twelve militia men stood in line, presenting a feeble array with which to engage five hundred fierce warriors on the open prairie. The troops were dismissed for the last breakfast they were destined to eat together, with orders to be ready to march at nine o'clock. While the troops were engaged in eating breakfast and preparing for the march the Indians just outside the stockade were eating a meal furnished from the stores of the fort the day before, and arranging apparently to escort the garrison on its march to safety, while in reality they were preparing to decoy it to its doom. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 35 CHAPTER VIII. THE BATTLE AND MASSACRE. Preparations for the evacuation having been completed and the fatal hour having arrived, the line of march was formed within the stockade as described by E. G. Mason, Esq., President of the Chicago Historical Society, in his masterly address delivered at the unveiling of the Pullman Memorial Monument, which is here inserted in full, as follows: \"The Chicago Historical Society accepts this noble gift in thrust for our city and for posterity with high appreciation of the generosity, the public spirit, and the regard for history of the donor. It realizes that this monument so wisely planned and so superbly executed is to be preserved not simply as a splendid ornament of our city but also as a most impressive record of its history. This group, repre- senting to the life the thrilling scene enacted perchance on the very spot on which it stands, barely eighty years ago, and its present surroundings, make most vivid the tremen- dous contrast between the Chicago of 1812 and the Chicago of 18^3. It teaches thus the marvelous growth of our city, and k commemorates as well the trials and the sorrows of those who suffered here in the cause' of civilization. The tragedy which it recalls, though it seemed to extinguish the infant settlement in blood, was in reality one which nerved men's arms and fired their hearts to the efforts vhich rescued this region from the invader and the barba- 36 HEROES AND HEROINES rian. The story which it tells is therefore of deeper significance than many that have to do with ' Battles, and the breath Of stormy war and violent death,' and it is one which should never be forgotten. \"With its suggestions before us how readily we can pic- ture to ourselves the events of that i5th day of August in the year of grace 1812. Hardly a week before there had come through the forest and across the prairie to the lonely Fort Dearborn an Indian runner, like a clansman with the fiery cross, bearing the news of the battle and disaster. War with Great Britain had been declared in June, Mackinac had fallen into the hands of the enemy in July, and with these alarming tidings the red messenger brought an order from the commanding general at Detroit, contemplating the abandonment of this frontier post. Concerning the terms of his order authorities have differed. Capt. Heald, who received it, speaks of it as a peremptory command to evacuate the fort. Others with good means of knowledge say that the dispatch directed him to vacate the fort if practicable. But General Hull who sent the order, settles this question in a report to the War Department which has recently come to light. Writing under date of July 2Qth, 1812, he says: \" ' I shall immediately send an express to Fort Dearborn with orders to evacuate that post and retreat to this place (Detroit) or Fort Wayne, provided it can be effected with a greater prospect of safety than to remain. Capt. Heald is a judicious officer and I shall confide much to his discretion. ' \" The decision whether to go or stay rested therefore with Capt. Nathan Heald, and truly the responsibility was a heavy one. Signs of Indian hostility had not been want- FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 37 ing. But the evening before Black Partridge, a chief of the Pottawatomie tribe, long a friend of the whites, had entered the quarters of the commanding officer and handed to him the medal which the warrior wore in token of ser- vices to the American cause in the Indian campaigns of ' Mad' Anthony Wayne. With dignity and with sadness the native orator said : \" ' Father, I come to deliver up to you the medal I w r ear. It was given me by the Americans, and I have long worn it in token of our mutual friendship. But our young men are resolved to imbue their hands in the blood of the whites. I cannot restrain them and I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy. ' \"This striking incident has been fitly chosen as the subject of one of the reliefs on the pedestal of the monu- ment. It typifies the relations between the hapless whites and their red neighbors at the moment and the causes which had changed friendship into hatred, and it sounds the note of coming doom. \"On that dreary day one gleam of light fell across the path of the perplexed commander. Capt. William Wells arrived from Fort Wayne with a small party of friendly Miami Indians to share the fortunes of the imperiled garri- son. This gallant man, destined to be the chief hero and victim of the Chicago massacre, had had a most remarkable career. Of a good Kentucky family, he was stolen when a boy of 12 by the Miami Indians and adopted by their great chief, Me-che-kau-nah-qua, or Little Turtle, whose daughter became his wife. He fought on the side of the red men in their defeat of Gen Harmar in 1790 and Gen. St. Clair in 1791. Discovered by his Kentucky kindred when he had reached years of manhood, he was persuaded to ally himself with his own race, and took formal leave of his Indian comrades, avowing henceforth his enmity to them. Joining 38 HEROES AND HEROINES Wayne's army, he was made captain of a company of scouts, and was a most faithful and valuable officer. When peace came with the treaty of Greenville in 1795, he de- voted himself to obtaining an education, and succeeded so well that he was appointed Indian agent and served in that capacity at Chicago as early as 1803, and later at Fort Wayne, where he was also government interpreter and a Justice of the Peace. Here he heard of the probable evacuation of the post at Chicago, and knowing the temper of the Indians, he gathered such force as he could and made a rapid march across the country to save or die with his friends at Fort Dearborn, among whom the wife of Capt. Heald was his own favorite niece, whose gentle influence had been most potent in winning him back from barbarism years before. It seemed almost as if he had resolved to atone for the period in which he had ignorantly antagonized his own people by a supreme effort in their behalf against the race which had so nearly made him a savage. \" He came too late to effect any change in .Capt. Heald's plans. The abandonment was resolved upon, and the stores and ammunition were in part destroyed and in part divided among the Indians, who were soon to make so base a return for these gifts. At 9 o'clock on that fatal summer morning the march began from the little fort, which stood where Michigan avenue and River street now join on a slight eminence around which the river wound to find its way to the lake near the present terminus of Madison street. The garrison bade farewell to the rude stockade and the log barracks and magazine and two corner blockhouses which composed the first Fort Dearborn. When this only place of safety was left behind, the straggling line stretched out along the shore of the lake, Capt. Wells and a part of his Miamis in the van, half a company of regulars and a dozen militiamen, and the wagons with the women and children FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 39 following, and the remainder of the Miamis bringing up the rear. You may see it all on the panel on the monument, which recalls from the past and makes very real this mournful march to death. The escort of Pottawatomies, which that treacherous tribe had glibly promised to Capt. Heald, kept abreast of the troops until they reached the sand hills intervening between the prairie and the lake, and here the Indians disappeared behind the ridge. The whites kept on near the water to a point a mile and a half from the fort and about where Fourteenth street now ends, when Wells in the advance was seen to turn and ride back, swinging his hat around his head in a circle, which meant in the sign language of the frontier: 'We are surrounded by Indians.' \"As soon as he came within hearing he shouted: 'We are surrounded; march up on the sand ridges.' And all at once, in the graphic language of Mrs. Heald, they saw ' the Indians' heads sticking up and down again, here and there, like turtles out of the water.' \" Instantly a volley was showered down from the sand hills, the troops were brought into line, and charged up the bank, one man, a veteran of seventy years, falling as they ascended. Wells shouted to Heald, ' Charge them! ' and then led on and broke the line of the Indians, who scattered right and left. Another charge was made, in which Wells did deadly execution upon the perfidious barbarians, load- ing and firing two pistols and a gun in rapid succession. But the Pottawatomies, beaten in front, closed in on the flanks. The cowardly Miamis rendered no assistance, and in fifteen minutes' time the savages had possession of the baggage train and were slaying the women and children. Heald and the remnant of his command were isolated on a mound in the prairie. He had lost all his officers and half 40 HEROES AND HEROINES his men, was himself sorely wounded, and there was no choice but to surrender. \"Such, in merest outline, was the battle, and one of its saddest incidents was the death of Capt. Wells. As he rode back from the fray, desperately wounded, he met his niece and bade her farewell, raying: 'Tell my wife, if you live to see her but I think it doubtful if a single one escapes tell her I died at my post; doing the best I could. There are seven red devils over there that I have killed.' As he spoke his horse fell, pinning him to the ground. A group of Indians approached; he took deliberate aim and fired, killing one of them. As the others drew near, with a last effort he proudly lifted his head, saying: 'Shoot away,' and the fatal shot was fired. \"So died Chicago's hero, whose tragic fate and the hot fight in which he fell are aptly selected as the subjects of the other bas-reliefs of this monument. The bronze group which crowns it is an epitome of the whole struggle, revealing its desperate character, the kind of foemen whom our soldiers had to meet, and their mode of warfare, their merciless treatment of women and children, and setting forth the one touch of romance in the grim record of the Chicago massacre. It illustrates the moment when the young wife of Lieut. Helm, second in command of the fort, was attacked by an Indian lad, who struck her on the shoulder with a tomahawk. . To prevent him from using his weapons she siezed him around the neck and strove to get possession of the scalping-knife which hung in a scab- bard over his breast. In the midst of the struggle she was dragged from the grasp of her assailant by an older Indian. He bore her to the lake and plunged her into the waves; but she quickly perceived that his object was not to drown her, as he held her head above water. Gazing intently at him she soon recognized, in spite of the paint with which FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 41 he was disguised, the whilom friend of the whites, Black Partridge, who saved her from further harm and restored her to her friends. For this good deed, and others, too, this noble chief should be held in kindly remembrance. \"It is difficult to realize that such scenes could have taken place where we meet to-day; but history and tradi- tion alike bear witness that we are assembled near the center of that bloody battlefield. From the place on the lake shore a few blocks to the north, where Wells' signal halted the column over the parallel sand ridges southwest- erly along the prairie and through the bushy ravines between, the running fight continued probably as far as the present intersection of Twenty-first street and Indiana avenue, where one of our soldiers was slain and scalped, and still lies buried. Just over on Michigan avenue must have been the little eminence on the prairie on which Heald made his last rally, and right before us the skulking savages, who had given away at the advance of our men, gathered in their rear around the few wagons which had vainly sought to keep under the cover of our line. \"If this gaunt old cottonwood, long known as the 'Massacre Tree,' could speak, what a tale of horror it would tell. For tradition, strong as Holy Writ, affirms that between this tree and its neighbor, the roots of which still remain beneath the pavement, the baggage wagon containing twelve children of the white families of the fort, and one young savage climbed into it, tomahawked the entire group.* A little while and this sole witness of that deed of woe must pass away. But the duty of preserving *Mrs. Simmons was perhaps the only person who witnessed the details in and around the government wagon who escaped from captivity, and she always placed the number of children killed in the wagon at nine, the other three who wore murdered were on foot. 42 HEROES AND HEROINES the name and the locality of the Chicago massacre, which has been its charge for so many years, is now transferred to this stately monument, which will faithfully perform it long after the fall of the 'Massacre Tree.' \"Capt. Heald's whole party, not including the Miami detachment, when they marched out of Fort Dearborn comprised fifty-four regulars, twelve militiamen, nine women and eighteen children ninety-three white persons in all. Of these twenty-six regulars and the twelve militia- men were slain in action, two women and twelve children were murdered on the field, and five regulars were bar- barously put to death, after the surrender. There remained then but thirty-six of the whole party of ninety-three, and of the sixty-six fighting men who met their red foemen here that day only twenty-three survived. These, with seven women and six children, were prisoners in the hands of the savages. We know of the romantic escape, by the aid of friendly Indians, of Capt. and Mrs. Heald and Lieut, and Mrs. Helm; and three of the soldiers, one of whom was Orderly Sergeant William Griffith, in less than two months after the massacre found their way to Michi- gan, bringing the sad news from Fort Dearborn. Hull's surrender had placed Detroit in the hands of the enemy; but the Territorial Chief Justice, Woodward, the highest United States authority there, in a ringing letter to the British Commander, Col. Proctor, under date of October 8, 1812, demanded in the name of humanity that instant means should be taken for the preservation of these un- happy captives by sending special messengers among the Indians to collect the prisoners and bring them to the nearest army post, and that orders to co-operate should be issued to the British officers on the lakes. Col. Proctor one month before had been informed by his own people of the bloody work at Chicago, and had reported the same to FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 43 his superior offcer, Maj. Gen. Brock, but had contented himself with remarking that he had no knowledge of any attack having been intended by the Indians on Chicago, nor could they indeed be said to be within the influence of the British. \"Now, spurred to action by Judge Woodward's clear and forcible presentation of the case, Proctor promised to use the most effective means in his power for the speedy release from slavery of these unfortunate individuals. He committed the matter to Robert Dickson, British agent to the Indians of the Western Nations, who proceeded about it leisurely enough. March 16, 1813, he wrote from St. Joseph's Lake, Michigan, that there remained of the ill- fated garrison of Chicago, captives among the Indians, seventeen soldiers, four women, and some children, and that he had taken the necessary steps for their redemption and had the fullest confidence that he should succeed in getting the whole. Six days later he came to Chicago and inspected the ruined fort, where, as he says, there remained only two pieces of brass ordinance, three-poundersone in the river, with wheels, and the other dismounted a powder magazine, well preserved, and a few houses on the outside of the fort, in good condition. The desolation apparently was not relieved by the presence of a single inhabitant. Such was the appearance of Chicago in the spring following the massacre. Of these seventeen soldiers, the nine who survived their long imprisonment were ransomed by a French trader and sent to Quebec, and ultimately reached Plattsburg, N. Y. , in the summer of 1814. Of the women, two were rescued from slavery, one by the kindness of Black Partridge; and the others doubt- less perished in captivity. Of the children, we only hear again of one. In a letter written to Maj. Gen. Proctor by Capt. Bullock, the British, commander at Mackinac, Sep- 44 HEROES AND HEROINES tember 25, 1813, he says: 'There is also here a boy (Peter Bell), 5 or 6 years of age, whose father and mother were killed at Chicago. The boy was purchased from the Indians by a trader and brought here last July by direction of Mr. Dickson.' Of the six little people who fell into the hands of the Indians this one small waif alone seems to have floated to the shore of freedom.\" \"The Pottawatomies, after the battle and the burning of the fort, divided their booty and prisoners and scattered, some to their villages, some to join their brethren in the siege of Fort Wayne. Here they were foiled by the timely arrival of William Henry Harrison, then Governor of the Indiana Territory, with a force of Kentucky and Ohio troops, and condign punishment was inflicted upon a part at least of the Chicago murderers. A detachment which Gen. Harrison assigned to this work was commanded by Col. Samuel Wells, who must have remembered his brother's death when he destroyed the village of Five Medals, a leading Pottawatomie chief. To one of the ruthless demons who slew women and children under the branches of this tree, such an appropriate vengeance came that it seems fitting to tell the story here. He was older than most of the band, a participant in many battles, and a deadly enemy of the whites. His scanty hair was drawn tightly upward and tied with a string, making a tuft on top of his head, and from this peculiarity he was known as Chief Shavehead. Years after the Chicago massacre he was a hunter in Western Michigan and when in liquor Avas fond of boasting of his achievements on the warpath. On one of these occasions in the streets of a little village he told the fearful tale of his doings on this field with all its horrors; but among his hearers chanced to be a soldier of *It is due Mr. Mason to say that he had no knowledge of Mrs. Simmons and her child until after he delivered his memorial address. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 45 the garrison of Fort Dearborn, one of the few survivors of that fatal day. As he listened he saw that frightful scene again, and was maddened by its recall. At sundown the old brave left the settlement, and silently on his trail the soldier came, 'with his gun,' says the account, 'resting in the hollow of his left arm and the right hand clasped around the lock, with his forefinger carelessly toying with the trigger.' The red man and the white passed into the shade of the forest; the soldier returned alone; Chief Shavehead was never seen again. He had paid the penalty of his crime to one who could, with some fitness, exact it. Such was the fate of a chief actor in the dark scene enacted here. \"Many others of the Pottawatomie tribe joined the British forces in the field, and at the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813, they were confronted again by Harrison and his riflemen, who then avenged the slaughter at Chicago upon some of its perpetrators. Victor and victim alike have passed away. The story of their struggle remains, and this masterpiece will be an object-lesson teaching it to after generations. Mr. Pullman's liberal and thoughtful action is a needed recognition of the importance and interest of our early history, an inspiration to its study, and an example which may well be followed. The event which this monument commemorates, its principal inci- dents, and the after fortunes of those concerned in it, have been briefly sketched and much has necessarily been left unsaid. But we should not omit a grateful recognition of the able civillian soldier, William Henry Harrison, who stayed the tide of barbarism which flowed from the Chicago massacre, and humbled the tribe which was responsible for that lurid tragedy. The name of Harrison is intimately and honorably associated with the early days in the North- west, with the war of 1812, and with the highest office in 46 HEROES AND HEROINES the gift of the American people half a century ago. It is likewise intimately and honorably associated with the later days of the Northwest and the great civil war, and again with the highest office in the gift of the American people in our own times. It is fitting that the distinguished descendant of William Henry Harrison should be here to- day. It is a high honor that the eminent ex-President of the United States should grace this occasion with his presence, which makes these exercises complete.\" Mr. Mason having told the story of the Fort Dearborn tragedy as it deserves and as it has never before been told, it remains for this humble sketch to devote itself chiefly to the fate of the persons with whom our story especially deals. Returning to the fort where we left the line of march forming, Corporal Simmons remained by the wagon until his duty called him away. He then lifted David, \"the curly headed Corporal,\" in his arms and, after both father and mother had kissed him for the last time, he placed him in the government wagon, then turning to his wife who held their babe, he embraced and kissed both, then held the babe up to receive the last kiss from its little brother. Then bidding his brave and faithful wife remain close by the children in the wagon he took his place among the troops who were ordered to guard the wagons and women and children, a position in which he had requested to be placed that he might defend his family to the last. Little David with eight other chil- dren, too small to walk, occupied the government wagon as it was called. Mrs. Simmons carried her babe in her arms while Peter Bell, six years old, with seven other children were with their mothers who were on foot near FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 47 the wagon, making eighteen children in all. Mrs. Heald and Mrs. Helm rode on horseback with their husbands and Capt. Wells, while Mrs. Simmons, Mrs. Bell and Mrs. Holt with four other women, whose names are unknown, were on foot near the wagon containing the children, altogether constituting a group of seven women and eighteen children. No sooner had the train left the fort than the Indians rushed into the stockade to take possession and secure the booty abandoned and perhaps assure themselves of the treachery of Capt. Heald in destroying the arms and ammunition and also to prevent the return of any of the garrison when attacked. No more favorable position to suit the purpose of the Indians could have been selected than that occu- pied by the line of march. The slender column was flanked on the left by the lake and on the right by the sand hills which were occupied by the savages and from which they suddenly poured down a shower of balls without exposing their own persons. The column was instantly halted when Capt. Wells discovered that it was surrounded by the assailants, and at the suggestion of Capt. Wells, Capt. Heald formed a line and charged up the sand hills through the line of Indians, and took a position on a mound in the prairie where they held the enemy at bay for a time. In the meanwhile, the bag- gage train, with the women and children remained near the lake, with the twelve militia men and^a mere hand- ful of regulars to guard them. The greater part of the soldiers who were not already killed or wounded had escaped with Capt. Heald and were now outside the 48 HEROES AND HEROINES Indian lines. The savages soon discovered the almost defenceless condition of the baggage train and of the women and children, fired a volley upon them and then rushed in from front, rear and right, with uplifted tomahawks. The few soldiers having discharged their rifles and being too closely pressed to reload them, continued the unequal contest with clubbed guns until every one was slain. It was at this time that the brave Capt. Wells returned through the Indian lines to the defense of the women and children, and dealt death among the savages until covered with wounds he fell with his face to the enemy, confronting death as a brave knight in defense of the helpless. He might have remained on the mound and surrendered with Capt. Heald and Lieut. Helm, and perhaps saved his life, but his cowardly and treacherous Miamis had betrayed him and fled to the enemy, leaving him to battle and die alone. His death was a fitting close to a heroic and honorable life and the name of Capt. William Wells will ever confer lustre on the list of American heroes. When the attack was made Corporal John Simmons, from his position near the great cottomvood, known as the \" Massacre Tree,\" loaded and fired as rapidly as possible, and more than one dusky warrior bit the dust at the discharge of his unerring rifle, but the contest was too unequal to continue long. When too closely pressed to load and fire his gun he clubbed it and wielded it with tremendous effect. Finally covered with wounds he fell to rise no more. The vow of the previous night had been redeemed. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 49 No sooner had Mrs. Simmons seen her husband fall beneath the blows of the savages surrounding him than she realized that all were at the mercy of the infuriated victors. A young Indian, tomahawk in hand, climbed into the now unguarded wagon, and in utter disregard of the tears and importunities of Mrs. Simmons and the other women, struck his bloody weapon into the heads of every child within, killing them instantly. The children unconscious of the danger which beset them had gayly enjoyed the ride from the fort until the fight began. The slaughter of these innocents was one of the most pathetic and fiendish incidents in the fearful annals of Indian warfare. At the first fire from the Indians Mrs. Holt was wounded in the foot and was rendered unable to walk when the charge was made upon the guard protecting the women and children. The savages came on enrnassc firing their guns and uttering hideous yells. The horses harnessed to the wagons became ungovernable and ran over Mrs. Holt, trampling her to death. Mrs. Bell was also severely and perhaps fatally wounded and finally tomahawked to death. Her husband, a soldier, was slain in action, leaving little Peter Bell, a boy six years old, the lone survivor of the family, a prisoner in the hands of the savages. The boy was fortunately on for)t and thus escaped the doom which fell upon all within the wagon. Three children besides those in the wagon were murdered on the spot, leaving six prisoners. Of these but two drifted back to civilization, Peter Bell and the infant babe of Mrs. Simmons, which escaped the fate of her little brother and the other children by being held in the arms of her mother during the massacre. HEROES AND HEROINES No sooner had the savages completed the destruction of the little, force guarding the baggage train, even to the last man, than most of them hastened to aid in the capture of Capt. Heald, who with his party was now surrounded by an overwhelming force, from which there was no possible escape. Realizing this, he promptly surrendered, and the little band was marched to the captured train, where all were closely guarded while the soldiers cared for their wounded and disposed of their dead, making sure that the whites should not learn the extent of their loss, which was considerable considering the disparity in numbers of the combatants. The whites, however, were all experienced backwoods riflemen and did terrible execution with weapons greatly superior to the arms of the savages, thus amply avenging their deaths before they fell. The Indians, not yet satisfied with thzir fiendish barbarity, now proceeded to deliber- ately hack and mangle to death five of the captured and disarmed soldiers in the most diabolical manner. It has been surmised that this vile deed was done to make the loss of the whites equal their own. Whether this be true or false, the act remains one of the most infamous on record. For the purpose of distressing the other prisoners, men, women and children were compelled to witness this horrible butchery. The surviving captives, as they beheld this deed, almost envied their tortured comrades as death at length came to their relief. They could reasonably anticipate a like fate, unless their heartless captors could realize more ransom money, whiskey or ammunition for their lives than for scalps, th2 life itself being of no value in their view. Mrs. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 51 Simmons discovered that the delight of the savages was much enhanced by tormenting their prisoners in every conceivable manner, thus almost invariably forcing from them manifestations of pain or anger which were sweeter than music in their ears. She therefore summoned all her marvelous fortitude to prevent any expression of the anguish which was crushing her great soul. She had scarcely thus determined until her resolution was put to the most excrutiating test. The Indians collected all the murdered children and laid them in a row with their faces downward. Two burly Indians then held her by the arms and led her slowly past the children, expecting that if her boy was one of the number she would make some demonstration at the sorrowful sight. But al- though her tearless eyes seemed fastened upon her dead darling's flaxen curls now matted by his blood, she passed the fearful ordeal and made no sign. Not alone, nor chiefly did considerations born of pride or hatred control her in this apparently stoical indifference. True, the indignation of her pure womanhood was aroused and fixed forever against a race capable of such hellish conduct, but to save if possible the corpse of her beauti- ful boy from farther mutilation and her little girl from a life with these monsters, or to perish as the last resort with it, the grand heroism nerved her to bear un- moved all events, and during the entire period of her captivity, eight long months, she met all the insults and injuries of her captors with defiance, never once during that period paying them the tribute of a tear. 5 2 HEROES AND HEROINES CHAPTER IX. CAPTIVITY AND RANSOM. The arms and ammunition of the fallen and prisoners were collected. The dead were stripped of everything of value, were scalped and their scalps were strung on a pole and carried on their march as trophies of the campaign. The march was then made back to the fort, where the Indians camped for the night, and feasted on the stores, while around and near the old Massacre Tree lay stark in death thirty-eight soldiers, twelve children and two women, the mangled trophies of their infernal treachery and bloodthirstiness. Never was a memorial more worthy its object, and never were noble and heroic deeds more appropriately commemorated than by the Pullman monument. Captain William Wells, Corporal John Simmons and the other soldiers who fell on that consecrated spot all deserve to have their names em- blazoned on that monument as brave martyrs to the folly of their officers. The horrors of the past and the dread of the future produced for Mrs. Simmons another sleepless night. Flushed with their success and indulging great expecta- tions of future triumphs, the Indians were equally wake- ful. In the morning the plunder was divided and the prisoners were separated, some going to the Kankakce village, some to Green Bay, and some to Michigan. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 53 After moving out of the fort it was set on fire and burned, and the line of march for the respective villages was taken up. It fell to the lot of Mrs. Simmons to go to Green Bay and her captors crossed the Chicago river on the 1 6th of August and started for home. The weather being warm and pleasant the hardships of the journey to Mrs. Simmons consisted mainly in being compelled to do the drudgery of the Indians, such as gathering fuel, building fires and preparing food. On the march she walked and carried her babe, the entire distance being over two hundred miles. More than a week was employed in making the journey, a terrible week to our heroine who was sufficiently acquainted with the customs of the savages to anticipate a wild scene upon arrival at their destination. Her fears were abundantly verified. Swift runners heralded the ap- proach of the party to the members of the tribe in camp and upon the first glimpse of the returning column the women and children sallied forth to meet it. Upon the announcement of the death of their friends they com- menced a fusilade of insult upon the prisoners in every conceivable manner, such as spitting in their faces, pull- ing their hair, kicking them and tormenting them in various other ways. They finally reached the village where the prisoners were kept under close guard during the night. In the morning the village was early astir. The young Indians especially were abroad and clamoring in a way that boded no good to the unfortunate captives. Soon, old and young, male and female, were on the open ground outside the circle of wigwams and formed a long double line reaching to the verge of the surrounding 54 HEROES AND HEROINES pines. The prisoners were then marched to one end of the line and each one of the soldiers was compelled to run the gauntlet receiving blows from the women and children who formed the line, and who beat them with sticks, switches and clubs. Mrs. Simmons witnessed this characteristic exhibition of savage cruelty and hoped that her sex and the infant she held in her arms would exempt her from the cruel ordeal; but to her dismay she was led in response to the universal clamor to the start- ing point. Looking for a moment in horror at that long line of women and children armed with implements of torture and eager to inflict punishment upon the pale- faced squaw, then glancing at the grim warriors looking on with apparent delight at the anxiety manifested by their wives and children, she almost lost heart for a moment and instantly realizing that in all the sur- rounding multitude there was not a heart to sym- pathize, not a hand to shield, before her was a long double line of savages awaiting her approach with uplifted clubs, all seeking to excel each other in wound- ing and bruising their victim. It was an awful moment for the poor woman but, as she had often done before in the last twelve days, when overcome with grief and almost famished with hunger, she turned her face to heaven and reposed her trust in her creator, her only source of hope and consolation, and as if inspired with superhuman strength, she wrapped the blanket about the babe that was clinging to her bosom for protection, and folding it in her strong arms to protect it from the cruel blows of the savages, she ran rapidly down the line, reaching the goal bleeding and bruised, but with the beloved object of her solicitude unharmed. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 55 Immediately after passing the gauntlet Mrs. Simmons was astonished to receive an act of kindness tor the first time since her captivity began. An elderly squaw took her kindly by the arm and led her into a wigwam, where her wounds and bruises were washed, food was given her and she was permitted to lie down and enjoy as well as she could a much needed rest. This kindness, so opportunely and unexpectedly extended was a great solace to the distressed woman. It revived her drooping faith and courage to encounter the trials yet before her. To ordinary view her situation seemed utterly desperate. She was five hundred miles from friends, the only exception being the poor savage who had befriended her at the hazard of her own safety, doubtless, and all the intervening territory swarming with murderous war parties of Indians. Bereft of the wise council and strong support of her husband, she had been taught by her bitter experiences to rely upon the All-wise and Almighty for power and guidance. It will not be out of place to state here that the squaw who so agreeably surprised Mrs. Simmons with her kind offices remained her friend so long as they were in the same camp. Mrs. Simmons ever after spoke of her as her Indian mother, and regretted that it was not in her. power to repay her for the many favors she had received from her hands. It was a matter of especial regret to her that she had forgotten her name. Could the name and history of this noble- daughter of the wilderness have been preserved along with the life of Black Partridge, their good deeds would atone somewhat for the cruelties of the more vicious of their race. 56 HEROES AND HEROINES After the massacre of Fort Dearborn many of the more blood-thirsty young savages of the Pottawatomie tribe hastened east to participate in the siege of Detroit and Fort Meigs, the- former having surrendered to the British and Indians on the day following the capture of Fort Dearborn. Sometime in the fall of 1812 the warriors of Green Bay with their prisoners left Green Bay and marched to the ruins of Fort Dearborn, thence around the end of lake Michigan and up to Mackinac, which was still in the hands of the British and Indians. It was winter when they reached Mackinac, and nego- tiations for the ransom of the prisoners were opened. Mrs. Simmons and her babe had suffered terribly while on the journey to Mackinac. Winter had come on and found her thinly clad, while she was often compelled to seek food from under the snow. Still, amid all her privations and hardships the heroic woman thought only of the safety and comfort of her child. While in Green Bay the Indians had, by various devices, attempted to take her babe from her, under the pretext of friendship. They declared they would relieve her from the burden of its care and would rear it as one of their own children. These repeated offers and their unconditional refusal led the mother to more closely watch over the babe, never permitting her to pass beyond her reach. After many refusals a chief seized the child by the arm and attempted to drag it from its mother's breast, at the same time brandishing his tomahawk over her head with violent contortions and gesticulations, and threatening to kill her instantly unless she resigned the infant. With a look of disdain and defiance, she replied FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 57' to his ferocious demonstrations that he might slay her, but separate her and her child, never! The chief finding her spirit unbroken and undismayed, relaxed his hold upon the child, and kindly though firmly said to Mrs. Simmons: \"Good squaw; heap brave; may keep papoose.\" This was the last effort made to take her babe from her, though she maintained a vigilant watch upon it while she remained a prisoner. Neither was she farther molested in caring for it, save that the Indians compelled her to bathe it daily, for the purpose, as they said, of washing the white blood out of its veins. At Mackinac Mrs. Simmons was much encouraged by the hope of ransom or exchange, and in order to accomplish release on some terms she was sent in mid- winter from Mackinac to Detroit, a distance of over three hundred miles. Deep snows with occasional storms and blizzards impeded their march, which was on foot through a trackless wilderness. But for the knowledge Mrs. Simmons possessed that an effort was being made by government authorities to ransom her and her child and that every step she now took led her nearer liberty and friends she must have sat down in despair. Who can imagine the hidden power which sus- tained the poor woman as she trudged along from day to day on that long and dreary journey? Her clothing was woefully insufficient and in tatters, the weather was unendurable, and food so scarce that she often appeased hunger by eating roots, acorns and nuts found under the snow. Her babe, now a year old, had much increased in weight, yet with her own diminished strength she was obliged to carry it in her arms continually while she performed the camp drudgery for the Indians. 58 HEROES AND HEROINES In the latter part of winter, when Mrs. Simmons with her captors reached Detroit they found that post in possession of the British and Indians, the latter having practical control. A large number of prisoners were captured by these allies at Frenchtown on the river Raisin in January, after a severe battle. Shortly after, Gen. Proctor, the British general, left for Maiden, across the Detroit river, when the Indians butchered part of the prisoners in cold blood. The wounded had been collected in two houses: these were set on fire, and when such of the prisoners as could move attempted to leave the burning buildings they were pushed back into the flames by the savages and perished there. The few who were not butchered or burned to death, were marched as slaves to Detroit and, dragged through the streets, exposed to sale as such. The citizens sacrificed every- thing they could spare to ransom them from this pitiful fate. Here Mrs. Simmons saw and recognized the savage Pottawatomies, and learned with horror of their barbarities at Frenchtown, and that the entire northwest was in possession of the Indians. She had fondly hoped that her perils would end when she reached Detroit, and expected that safety which it is the boast of England prevails beneath the British flag, but soon realized that the English officers had little disposition to restrain the cruelty of the Indians. From Detroit she was taken to Fort Meigs, and on the journey witnessed the destruction effected by the savages. Late in March she arrived at Fort Meigs; which was in command of Gen. Harrison, who was laboring day and night to strengthen the forti- fication against the expected attack from the British and FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 59 Indians. Here Mrs. Simmons was set at liberty among friends and joyfully learned that a supply train had just arrived from Cincinnati, and would immediately return under a strong escort. The train was to pass on return within a few miles of her home in Miami county, Ohio. She was still two hundred miles from home, the streams were swollen, the swamps covered with water, the roads deep in mud and slush, and the weather chilly, all combined making the journey disagreeable. But Mrs. Simmons contrasted it with her recent experience, and decided that after traveling nearly 400 miles, from Mackinac to Fort Meigs, through fierce storms and bitter cold, poorly clad, almost starved, bearing night and day the growing burden of her child, a slave to savage brutes, and forced to plod every step of the long way on feet almost bare, swollen and bleeding, the present trip was a delightful pleasure excursion. She was now among friends, with no great apprehension of danger from ene- mies, warmly wrapped in blankets and sheltered in a comfortable government wagon, enjoying plenty of civilized food, and conscious that each day's march brought her nearer her longed for destination. On a day about the middle of April, 1813, the train passed four miles south of her home. Here she left the wagons and escort with many heart-felt thanks for the kindness shown her on the march, and taking her babe in her arms walked swiftly along a dim path through the forest. The country was infested with predatory scalp- ing bands of Indians, ready to pounce upon defenseless travelers or isolated settlers for plunder or revenge. But the thoughts of the lone woman were busy with 6O HEROES AND HEROINES retrospect of the eventful past, rather than with forebod- ings of the future. Every step was bringing her nearer the home which she had left two years before in com- pany with her young soldier husband and their first born, little David. During the short journey to the dear home what pictures rose before her mental vision. The march of the little family through the woods, the rumbling of the coming storm, the heart-sickening details of the evacuation and the massacre of the soldiers, death of her brave husband, the slaughter of the innocents, David among them, the awful death of the captured soldiers, the fearful gauntlet, the exhausting marches through ex- treme cold, blinding storms and freezing mud and water, the miseries of starvation, and if it were possible to represent it, over all and through all the anxiety which knew neither palliation or cessation. As her heart burned within her at the remembrance of these experiences she found herself at the door of the blockhouse. To the inmates she appeared as one risen from the dead, for they had long before resigned themselves to the belief that the entire family of their son had fallen. The mutual, mingled feelings of grief, joy, thankfulness and sympathy, may well be left to the imagination of our readers without attempted description. It was long before the terrible tidings became an old story in recital, and as for the narrator herself, her long repressed emotions were so completely broken down by the return that to use her own language, she \"did nothing but weep for months.\" FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 6 I CHAPTER X. THE MASSACRE OF NEIGHBORS, HER ONLY SISTER AMONG THEM. Arrived at home Mrs. Simmons hoped that her trials were over, but she was soon to be terribly undeceived. Her only sister married a Henry Dilbone in Lancaster county, Pa., and they emigrated to Ohio in 1807, settling near the Simmons blockhouse where they opened a small farm. Here in the summer of 1813 they were living happily with their family of small children. Occasion- ally an alarm of Indian raids caused them to take tem- porary shelter in the blockhouse. The situation in the northwest was truly gloomy. The barbarities of the Indians and their British allies at Mackinac, Dearborn, Detroit, Frenchtown, the river Raisin, and Fort Meigs, where prisoners fell into their hands had brought mourn- ing to almost every family. Many women and children had been carried away into slavery. So far the savages had been successful in almost every engagement. They were therefore frenzied with daring and cruelty. It had become a war of extermination on both sides, and the lives of friendly Indians were often sacrificed by the enraged frontiersmen in retaliation for crimes committed by the hostiles. Many camps of peaceable savages existed all through the settlements, and their inmates were compelled to endure many hardships as it was not safe for them to go abroad to hunt or s:ek food. 62 HEROES AND HEROINES At this time there was an Indian camp at Piqua on the Miami river, and others in the vicinity. About the middle of August, 1813, three or four Indians in a canoe dropped down the river to near the mouth of Spring creek, where they were seen late in the evening by Dr. Coleman, of Troy, and from this action were supposed to be a fishing party. On the following day, about four o'clock in the afternoon they fired on and killed David Gerard, near his residence, about two miles north of the mouth of Spring creek. Having secured his scalp they fled north about four miles to the Dilbone farm. Henry Dilbone and his family were at some distance from the house in a field, which was surrounded by woods on three sides, engaged in pulling flax, from which to make clothing for the household. Adjoining the flax patch was a small field of corn within which an Indian had secreted himself, waiting an opportunity to slay the entire family. The sinking sun casting its lurid glare on the surrounding forest, and the evening shades fast settling down upon that sultry August day, warned the tired laborers that their day's work was nearly completed. Little did they dream how near the end of their earthly toil approached. Their faithful dog discovered the savage lying in wait, gave the alarm and almost simul- taneously with his loud bark a gun was discharged, Mr. Dilbone receiving a ball from the rifle of the Indian in his breast. The assassin at the same instant sprang from his place of concealment and rushed forward to tomakawk and scalp his victim, but Mr. Dilbone as quickly recovered from the shock and ran rapidly south, leaping over the fence into the thick brush bordering a FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 63 swamp where he fell. The savage abandoned the pursuit of Mr. Dilbone, perhaps not aware of the severity of his wound, being deceived by his speed, now turned his attention to Mrs. Dilbone, who at a glance saw the situation and fled into the corn on the west for conceal- ment, but was overtaken by the fiendish savage. A single blow from his tomahawk felled her to the earth, where, after taking her scalp, he left her weltering in her blood. During the time in which this terrible tragedy was being enacted, the four little children were horrified witnesses, and momentarily expected the same fate. The eldest son, John, being less than ten years of age, took his little brother, now in his seventh month, in his arms and set out for the house, but being encumbered with the babe and his little sisters who were but three and four years old, made slow progress over the rough ground. They had gotten but a little way when the fiend left his other victims and started toward them. But to the report of his own gun, the continued barking of the dog and the screams of Mrs. Dilbone, was now added the report of another fire arm a short distance away, which so alarmed the Indian that he instantly fled into the the deep forest leaving his rifle and blanket where he had dropped them in pursuit of his victims. He then, as stated in the History of Ohio, \"hastened north to receive the bounty for his scalps from the British authorities.\" More probably, from the agents of the British Hudson Bay Company. The fact that the savage fled without his gun is evidence that he was terribly alarmed, and this belief in his imminent peril 64 HEROES AND HEROINES was the salvation of the helpless children. The neigh- bors were speedily alarmed and collecting at once went in quest of Mr. and Mrs. Dilbone, accompanied by the eldest son as a guide. The dead body of Mrs. Dilbone was found which, with the children, was taken to the Simmons blockhouse for safety. In ignorance of the number of the assailants and fearing an ambuscade, darkness having already settled upon the dense forest, farther search for Mr. Dilbone was postponed until the following morning when a company of militia, under Capt. Wm. McKinney, which had rallied at the Sim- mons blockhouse during the night, started with the rising sun in search of the wounded man. In searching the neighboring woods the company passed so near him that he saw and heard them. As the rear soldier, Jacob Simmons, was passing by where he lay, Mr. Dilbone cried out in the accents of despair, \" For God's sake, don't all pass me again! \" The poor man lay just where he had first fallen, so exhausted that he was unable to rise or make any outcry audible to his son and the party which on the previous evening removed the body of his wife, and whom he heard distinctly. All night he had lain between two oaks, one of which has been spared by time and the woodman and still stands, a living monu- ment to the memory of Henry Dilbone. How little can the men of this generation realize the dreadful anguish under that veteran oak during that awful August night. Uncertainty regarding the fate of his loved and helpless family prompted him to rise and drag himself to them. Failing utterly in this attempt, he strove to staunch the streaming wound in his bosom. Tortured with the FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 65 agony of pain and consuming thirst, he could only lie help- less and well nigh hopeless and wait for the morning. Beside such anguish of body and mind how trivial seem many of our loudly lamented calamities. The almost unconscious man was borne to the block house, and a messenger was sent to summon the dis- tinguished Dr. Coleman from Troy the only surgeon then residing in Miami county, who came and attended the dying sufferer until the following day when he expired in the presence of his children. It was a sad coincidence when the dead and mangled body of the only sister of Mrs. Simmons was brought to the Simmons homestead on the first anniversary of the murder of her husband and son and her own capture. Surely her vivid remembrance of the events of the massacre and consequent captivity had been sufficiently bitter without this final draught of the cup of sorrow on the first recurrence of the black day. Mrs. Simmons and the other inmates of the blockhouse had been in- formed by a runner of the hellish deed and awaited the coming of the mournful procession which bore the mortal remains of her beloved sister accompanied by her four small orphan children. Another coincidence connecting this transaction with her own sad story which profoundly impressed Mrs. Simmons was the fact of the babe in its seventh month being bereft of its parents as her own infant had been robbed of its father a year before at the same tender age. That night of sorrow was a painful vigil for Mrs. Simmons. Her only sister, beloved as a cherished companion for almost a life time, lay a bloody corpse in the house. The cries of bereaved children, her 66 HEROES AND HEROINES own thoughts mingling ghastly memories with well- founded forebodings of future outrages from the savages believed to be prowling in the neighborhood, together with the agonizing uncertainty regarding the fate of her wounded brother-in-law, all combined to render the watch of the terribly tried woman the extremity, of mental torture. Mr. and Mrs. Dilbone were buried near where they fell, a few feet north of the section line, five miles east of Piqua on the turnpike and old military road over which a stream of emigrants have passed for more than eighty years, unconscious that they trod upon the unmarked graves of these martyrs to civilization. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 67 CHAPTER XI. AT REST During the years of peace and rural plenty which followed the eventful era of exploration and conquest the infant child of Mrs. Simmons, whose life morning opened so wild and ominous, grew to womanhood and became a happy wife and mother. Her husband, Moses Winans, settled in Shelby county, Ohio, when her aged mother took up her residence in her daughter's family. In 1853, Mrs. Simmons removed with the Winans family to Springville, Linn county, Iowa, where she died, February 27th, 1857, at the mature age of eighty years. The friends of Mrs. Simmons applied for and secured a pension for her, but she only received one payment, the pitiful sum of thirty dollars. The reason for the suspension of this payment was never known to her. In all the annals ol the race no grander exhibition of courage, devotion and fortitude can be found. No Spartan mother could have more effectually fortified her feelings against expression, when the slightest manifesta- tion of weakness had been fatal. Upon this lone woman culminated all the horrors which the most ingenious tortures could devise, while she endured so well the extremity of mental anguish, yet these almost incredible sufferings could not force from her proud, heroic spirit the tribute of a solitary tear to her tormentors. She 68 HEROES AND HEROINES passed the awful ordeal unscathed from dishonor or weakness and is entitled to a leading place among Amer- ican Heroines. A few words may be properly devoted at this place to a character previously introduced and well worthy mention on account of his exemplary and useful life. Tom Rodgers passed the three years of the war in the woods scouting and watching the movements of the Indians. He slept in the houses of settlers only in very cold weather. After the war he built for himself a small cabin in the forest on the banks of Spring Creek, in the vicinity of which he spent his life alone, hunting to sup- ply himself with food and clothing, until about 1850, when he became feeble from age and was taken to the county asylum, near Troy, where he died a year or two later. The service which he rendered daring the war so endeared Tom Rodgers to the settlers that he was at all times a welcome guest, but he very seldom took advan- tage of their generosity, preferring the life of a hermit. He lived more than the allotted three score years and ten- -a life which experienced the marvelous transition from the unbroken solitudes of a trackless wilderness to the perfect civilization of a mighty commonwealth. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 69 CHAPTER XII. AWAITING THE END. Mrs. Winans has unquestionably for many years been the sole survivor of the Fort Dearborn massacre. Cer- tainly for more than thirty years has this claim been true. It is also almost certain that she was the only person born there who escaped death on that fatal day, Peter Bell being the only competitor for this distinction with the weight of evidence in her favor. In the number of the \"Illustrated Pacific States\" for June, 1893, the following article with an excellent cut of the subject appears, contributed by Mrs. Florence M. Kimball. \"It is interesting to know that there is now living the first white child born in the famous city by the lakes. Mrs. Susan Winans of Santa Ana, Orange county, Cali- fornia, enjoys this distinction. When old Fort Dearborn was standing on the site of one of the greatest cities on the American continent, and savage Indians held supreme sway, Susan Simmons first saw the light in that historic fort. \" Her father, John Simmons, a Pennsylvanian by birth, married Miss Susan Millhouse, also a Pennsylvanian. He enlisted in the war of 1812, and was sent to the frontier, Fort Dearborn. While on a furlough he visited his young wife and persuaded her to return with him, /O HEROES AND HEROINES\" taking with them their little two-year old son, David. On February I3th, 1812, Susan was born. The dis- comforts and trials of the young mother, surrounded by hostile Indians, and the life of her husband constantly endangered, can never be told. Her devotion to her family and wonderful heroism sustained her; even when in the following August her husband and little son were killed at the terrible Indian massacre, and she, with her infant, Susan, were taken prisoners, she still maintained her courageous bearing. In April of the next year an exchange was effected, and the bereaved mother and little daughter returned to the parental roof in Ohio. In 1828 Susan Simmons was married to Mr. M. P. Winans. Nine children were born to them, six of whom are living, three in Orange count)', Cal., and three in Iowa, to which state Mr. and Mrs. Winans moved in 1853. Born in the midst of dangers, her life has been one of heroic acts, noble sacrifices and gentle, womanly deeds of love and kind- ness. Although eighty-thres years of age, she might easily be taken for sixty; her handwriting is that of a much younger person, and all her faculties are unimpaired. Enveloped in the domestic sunshine of her daughter's happy home, Grandma Winans' declining years are made bright and pleasant by its members. The children of the neighborhood love her as if she were their own. I visited her on May Day and found the vine-embowered cottage porch gay with May baskets left by the little ones, with the message, \"For Grandma.\" \"Anxious that Mrs. Winans should be represented either in the Woman's building at Chicago, or the recon- structed Fort Dearborn, I have made partial arrangement FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. /I for a life-size crayon portrait to be made by her grand- daughter, who is a fine artist. Mrs. Potter Palmer has asked for the glass of jelly made by her, and placed by the citizens of Santa Ana on a handsome silver stand, for the Woman's building. In reply to the -question if she would not like to visit the Exposition, she replied, with a smile of satisfaction: ' Oh, no; I have lived in the delightful climate of Southern California too long to be willing to encounter the storms of the East.' \" \"Such, in brief, \" concludes an article in the San Francisco JLvcning Chronicle of corresponding date with the issue of the Illustrated Pacific States, \" is the life history of the first white child born in Chicago. \" And this humble sketch may fittingly conclude in the graphic language of another review of this eventful life: \" In winterless California one of the most notable vestiges of the formative life of the nation abides in peace and quiet the inevitable change. Into her infant ears dinned the reveille of camp and the war hoop of the savage; her innocent eyes beheld father and brother fall in awful death. At a mother's breast she clung close that no club might bruise her tender frame. From that terrible dream of destruction and death to the vast Chicago, hostess of the nations in her peerless palaces by the illuminated lake, from the awful glare of the burning fort upon its unburied victims to the dazzling lights of Fairyland, from the temporary triumph of savagery to the eternal victory of the arts of civilization spans the extent of this phenomenal life.\" 72 HEROES AND HEROINES CHAPTER XIII. THE POTTAWATOMIE TRIBE. To perfect this narrative a brief history of the Potta- watomie Indians is essential. They are of Algonquin stock, crafty and hardy, possessing strong passions and as enemies are fierce and relentless. The establishment of Fort Dearborn in the center of their territory in 1 803 excited their jealousy. Gen. Harmer had penetrated to the border of their domain and laid the country waste in the fall of 1790. In November, 1791, Gen. St. Clair had reached the vicinity of the Indian villages for the purpose of destroying them. In 1 794 General Wayne killed many of their warriors and laid the country waste early in the fall. In November, 1811, Gen. Harrison defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe and destroyed the village with the food provided for the winter. These campaigns, although not uniformly successful, entailed great hardships upon the Indians. The destruction of their winter supplies at the approach of cold weather was exceedingly exasperating. These events recalled to their minds by the firey eloquence of Tecumseh became more provocation for war at each fresh recital. The Pottawatomies had long waited for the opportunity which now presented itself to seek revenge for these wrongs and to drive the Americans from their territory. The remembrance of the excesses perpetrated by vicious FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 75 whites upon peaceable Indians added to the natural resentment of the fierce tribes. It is therefore not to be deemed surprising in view of the peculiarities of Indian character that the atrocities of Dearborn, Frenchtown, Meigs and Detroit should have been committed. We have written the bloody record of the Pottawato- mies as we found it, but desiring to do the tribe justice, we note with pleasure the good deeds of Black Partridge and the noble Indian mother to whose care and kindness Mrs. Simmons probably owed her life and the life of her child, and through the efforts of the chief her restoration to her friends. Black Partridge deserves more than a passing notice for his timely warning to the doomed garrison and his heroic efforts to save the lives of the whites on the battle field at the hazard of his own. His identity concealed beneath war paint, he was liable to be shot down by those whom he endeavored to save. There may have been others as noble as those we have mentioned whose names will forever remain buried in oblivion. Later in the history of Chicago and northern Illinois, Chief Shabbona was prominent as an advocate for peace. He stood by the side of Tecumseh when that warrior fell, and soon after became the fast friend of the whites and devoted the remainder of his life to sincere efforts to maintain peace between the settlers and Indians, and between the several tribes. Pokanoka, squaw of Chief Shabbona, faithfully seconded him in his labor of love and mercy. The lives of many of the earlier settlers were saved by the timely warning given them by these noble missionaries of mercy. 74 HEROES AND HEROINES There are a few Pottawatomies in Michigan, a few in Nebraska, Wisconsin and the Indian territory, but the majority of the tribe, consisting of the Prairie Band, reside on their reservation in Jackson county, Kansas. This reservntion is twelve miles square. They pay no taxes and maintain their tribal relation. The United States government sustains a very extensive boarding school here. During the last quarter of 1895 eighty- nine boys and fifty-four girls from the Pottawatomie tribe also attended Haskell Institute, an Indian Training School maintained at Lawrence, Kansas, by the general government. A school is also in operation in Nebraska for the benefit of the Pottawatomies. They have now standing to their credit on the books of the Interior Department at Washington a total of $635,816.28. Thus whatever were the provocations furnished by the whites to inspire the cruelties of the Pottawatomies in the remote past, it is obvious that the surviving members of the tribe are in receipt of especial favors from the pale faces of the present time. These figures also contrast with the pitiful sums paid by the same gov- ernment to the brave men who left homes and families exposed to the assaults of the merciless savages and from whose sacrifices and sufferings sprang the mighty empire of the northwest. While the descendants of the butchers of Fort Dearborn are lavishly pro- vided for by the government, it is not too much to expect that the memories of the men and women who planted the outposts of civilization and defended them with their blood and lives shall be held in everlasting remembrance by the millions who shall occupy the fair heritage these heroic pioneers won from the wilderness. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. 75 The tribe touches by one link the period of the massa- cre. The present chief, Shaugh-nes-see, was born on the Kankakee in 1812. His grandfather, Suna-we-wone, was in command of the Pottawatomies at the Fort Dearborn fight. His father, Wab-sai was also a par- ticipant in the slaughter of the garrison. Shaugh-nes- see lives on the tribal reservation in Jackson county, Kansas. In a recent interview with him, he stated in reply to questions that the evening before the battle a white man (meaning probably Capt. Wells) who had been raised by Indians rode into the stockade, and that he tried to escape the next day but was killed by the savages. Also that a party of soldiers escaped to a mound but were captured and killed. To the question as to the number and disposition of prisoners taken, he believed that no captives were taken, the entire garrison having been slain. He had understood that the treach- ery of the officers in destroying the stores of the fort was one of the main causes of the massacre. All these statements were of course founded upon the traditions of the tribe often repeated in the hearing of the chief, and furnished an illustration of the reliability of such evidence as the sole support of history. N. SIMMONS, M. D. Proprietor of Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps. The following extract is from the Select Friend the organ of the order of that name: \"The Doctor has been one of the leading Physicians of Lawrence for many years. He is also one of our most reliable citizens. He has been a member of the Legislature; Mayor of our city; member of the State Board of Health, Coroner; County Health Officer; President and Secre- tary successively of the State Medical Association, etc.; and has always acquitted himself with credit in whatever position he has been called. His Tablets were first made to use in his practice but soon, by reason of their intrinsic merit, acquired a local reputation, and for several years their use has been gradually extended until now their manufacture and sale has become a business of considerable magnitude. We know of families who would not think of keeping house without them.\" THK HUMAN SYSTEM. By the harmonious action of this mechanism it is constantly renewing itself. Worn, effete material is eliminated by the excretory organs, while fresh supplies are prepared and assimilated to take its place. If the equilibrum between these functions is disturbed, and elimination proceeds rapidly, while assimilation is suspended, the system becomes emaciated and blood impoverished, resulting in anemia, vertigo, neuralgia, cramps, nervous headache indigestion, constipation, paresis, paralysis, palpita- tion, irregular action of the liver, kidneys, skin, brain and heart, with horrid mental forebodings and fleeting pains in all parts of the body. To attempt to correct this condition with active cathartics, only in- creases the danger, by hastening excretion and farther impairing assimila- tion. To attempt this correction with opiate or alcoholic narcotics is equally fallacious, for while excretion is delayed, assimilation is also im- paired, and life endangered by the retention of the morbid material. On the other hand, if excretion is retarded and assimilation active, perversion of the blood follows. The process of the renewal of life is arrested, colonies of microbes find lodgment in the accumulated detritis which clog the free circulation of the blood, resulting in congestion, tu- berculosis, scroffula, eczema, tumors, cancers, consumption, epilepsy, paralysis, apoplexy, rheumatism, gout, dropsy and Bright's disease, with blood poison and physical degeneration of the brain, lungs, heart, liver, stomach and kidneys. The proper remedies to employ are those that vitalize all of the func- tions of the system, and restore lost action of the stomach and bowels, strengthen and energize the brain and nervous system, stimulate the liver aai kidneys, and give force to the heart and circulaton of the blood, thereby relieving congestion and preventing the development of the many dangerous diseases above enumerated before organic disintegra- tion has proeeded too far to admit of recovery. There is no household remedy on the market that is equal to SIMMONS LIVER TABLETS OR GINGER SNAPS to correct these morbid functional processes and restore normal action. They are so accurately compounded that while they hasten the removal of waste, they stimulate assimilation and maintain harmony in the organ- ism which is indispensible to health. RIGIN OF THE 3j|AnE. THE UNIQUE NAME OF SIMMONS LIVER TABLETS OR GINGER SNAPS. Did not originate in an eccentric freak of the proprietor. They were widely known by this name many years before printed labels or circulars were prepared and could not well be changed without causing unavoidable confusion. HOW TO DO GOOD. Call on your neighbor who has sick headache and often complains of constipation, biliousness, torpid liver, weak stomach and is generally miserable and don't let him or her rest until made happy by the exhilerating effects of Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps. NOTICE. It is due the public to say that Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps will not cure all organic diseases in their advanced stage; notably cancers and consumption, but their timely use will prevent organic disintegration by ar- resting the morbid processes leading to their destruction. They keep the Life Renewing Mechanism Running. If the dotage of age or decline is creeping upon you take Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps and stimulate the renewal of life and you will be surprised at the happy results, that aged and haggard look and feeling due to general debility will be replaced by youthful freshness and vivacity. A HINT. Persons who use Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps seldom have to call in a physician. To the Despondent. Do not abandon hope while you can purchase 200 doses of Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps for $1.00 and remove the physical condition which makes you mel- ancholy and miserable. RfcflD THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL DIRECTIONS. For Constipation: Take i to 6 tablets, or as many as may be required 3 times a day until action is es- tablished. Then enough daily at bed time to produce a free operation on the following morning. For Sick Headache, Vertigo and Dizziness: Take the same as for Constipation and it will only be a ques- tion of time when you will be free from your tormentor. For Indigestion, (Dyspepsia): Take as many as the bowels will bear immediately before or after each meal. Congestion or Inflamed Liver: Symptoms; fulness, pain and soreness at the lower edge of the ribs on the right side. Take i to 4 tablets every 3 hours until free action is es- tablished; then repeat from i to 3 times a day as long as required. Weakness of the Kidneys and Bladder: Elderly persons, especially who are much disturbed of their rest at night will be greatly relieved by taking as many as the bowels will bear at early bed time. For Old Age: Use freely and postpone its ravages. Threatened Paralysis and Apoplexy: Symptoms; numbness, tingling in the extremities, pain and dizziness in the head, weakness, unsteady gait and loss of memory. Take as many as the bowels will bear from i to 3 times a day. For Heart Failure, Weakness: Take as many as the bowels will bear 2 or 3 times a day as a tonic to the pneumogastric nerve and muscles of the heart. In all Fevers: Take enough daily to keep the bowels in good condition. For Diarrhoea: Take a tablet every 2 hours until the discharges are corrected then 2 or 3 times a day. If chronic take i from i to 3 times a day. For Dysentary: Take 2 to 5 tablets every 3 hours until natural stools are produced; then repeat 3 times a day. Explanation: As many as the bowels will bear means not to exceed two or three operations daily. Containing no mercury, Simmons Liver Tablets or Gin- ger Snaps may be taken by persons of all ages and condi- tions for an indefinate period without injury. Children must take less in proportion to age. Call for Simmons Liver Tablets or Ginger Snaps and re- fuse all substitutes as there is no similar remedy on the market that can be safely employed in their stead. For Sale by all Druggists, or sent by Mail on receipt of Price. SINCLE BOX KOR 25 CENTS, Five Boxes for $1.00. ADDRESS, ,V. SIMMONS, M. D., Lawrence, Kansas. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA HEROESAND HEROINES OF THE FORT DEARBORN 30112025385367", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.60881233215332, "source": "search", "title": "Full text of \"Heroes and heroines of the Fort Dearborn ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Prior to the group's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Berry granted his first interview in several years, discussing life after retirement. \"It's a great chance to get back together and perform with R.E.M., which I always loved doing\", he said. \"This opportunity also does not require me to climb onto [a] bus or plane to do it again and again for several consecutive months.\"", "precise_score": -1.816048264503479, "rough_score": -6.592831611633301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Berry" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Buck's fears of the party being over were well-founded after the terrifying night that Berry became ill. Stopping a concert in the middle of a set is almost unprecedented. \"(Bill's onstage collapse) really worried me,\" says Buck, \"because we've all gone onstage with amazing injuries. I've had broken bones in my hands and my feet, or been so sore from a muscle pull, I couldn't bend over. I remember playing the Keystone in Berkeley once and I got food poisoning . . . and I had to have a bucket behind my amp, which I resorted to every third song! So for Bill to go off, was like, God, he must feel really bad.", "precise_score": -1.403632640838623, "rough_score": 0.6175707578659058, "source": "search", "title": "Drummer Bill Berry is Back on His Feet and R.E.M. is Back ..." }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Bill Berry Rem Today - Bill Berry Net Worth", "precise_score": -5.081211566925049, "rough_score": -7.187697410583496, "source": "search", "title": "Bill Berry Rem Today - Bill Berry Net Worth" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Bill Berry Rem Today", "precise_score": -2.215857744216919, "rough_score": -3.7309861183166504, "source": "search", "title": "Bill Berry Rem Today - Bill Berry Net Worth" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "As MTV News wrote, “Ninety minutes into the concert at the Lausanne [Switzerland’s] Patinoire Wednesday night, Berry was stricken by a migraine and was taken to the hospital. As Joey Peters, the drummer from Grant Lee Buffalo finished up R.E.M.’s set, Berry underwent an emergency craniotomy to clip off the aneurysm, which was on the right hand surface of his brain. There was no internal bleeding reported, and Berry, 36, is expected to remain in the hospital for the next week to 10 days.", "precise_score": 0.7708011865615845, "rough_score": -0.39696115255355835, "source": "search", "title": "Revisiting R.E.M.’s Cursed ‘Monster’ Tour" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Everything hung in the balance: the tour, the future of the band, not to mention Berry himself. Remarkably, the drummer recovered, the tour went on, and he manned the drum stool until retiring from the music business in ’97.", "precise_score": 2.6454803943634033, "rough_score": 3.690423011779785, "source": "search", "title": "Revisiting R.E.M.’s Cursed ‘Monster’ Tour" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Alabama : Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry, Jeff Cook, and Mark Herndon from 1979 until the early 2000s. Before Herndon joined, three different drummers had been in the group. Herndon has since quit in the wake of the band's semi-retirement (and a lawsuit filed against him by the other three members), but Owen, Gentry and Cook continue to record occasionally without him.", "precise_score": -3.3048923015594482, "rough_score": -5.088525772094727, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "AC/DC has changed a few members (Bon Scott most famously because of Author Existence Failure ), but after original drummer Phil Rudd returned in the early 90's, the line-up from Back in Black (Rudd, founders\\guitarists Angus and Malcolm Young, Bon Scott's replacement singer Brian Johnson, and bassist Cliff Williams, who joined 3 years prior) was back and remained the same until Malcolm Young had opted to take a break due to health issues than to record an album in 2014.", "precise_score": -4.349400043487549, "rough_score": -4.895298480987549, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "The Foo Fighters spent four years as a Revolving Door Band (only founder/frontman Dave Grohl and bassist Nate Mendel never left), but it started to get stable in 1999, when guitarist Chris Shiflett joined. The band remained Grohl, Mendel, Shifflet and drummer Taylor Hawkins until 2010, when guitarist Pat Smear (who was part of the band's first formation, and had been part of the touring band since 2006) rejoined as a full-time member.", "precise_score": -7.126712322235107, "rough_score": -6.775847911834717, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Sleater-Kinney formed in 1994 and had at least three drummers before their final drummer, Janet Weiss, joined in 1997. From 1997 to 2006, the band's lineup was Carrie Brownstein, Corin Tucker, and Weiss. The group was inactive from 2006 until 2014, when it reunited with the Brownstein/Tucker/Weiss lineup, which, as of this writing (early 2016), remains the band's lineup.", "precise_score": -5.920141696929932, "rough_score": -5.582262992858887, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "William Thomas Berry was born in Duluth, Minnesota, the fifth child of Don and Anna Berry. At the age of three years, Berry moved with his family to Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, where they would remain for the next seven years. In 1968, they were on the move again, this time to Sandusky, Ohio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.255495071411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Berry" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Retirement", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.026132583618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Berry" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "  \"to begin May 5 in Pheonix, remain as scheduled, as do a series of ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301297187805176, "source": "search", "title": "R.E.M. - These Days - The Bill Berry Illness FAQ" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Berry was born in Duluth, the fifth child of Don and Anna. At three years old, Berry moved with his family to Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, where they would remain for the next seven years. In 1968, they were on the move again, this time to Sandusky, Ohio, on the banks of Lake Erie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.100109100341797, "source": "search", "title": "Bill Berry Rem Today - Bill Berry Net Worth" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Berry was born in Duluth, the fifth child of Don and Anna. At three years old, Berry moved with his family to Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, where they would remain for the next seven years. In 1968, they were on the move again, this time to Sandusky, Ohio, on the banks of Lake Erie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.100109100341797, "source": "search", "title": "Bill Berry Ariadne - Bill Berry Net Worth" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "On July 11, 1995, it was Mills’ turn to have a health scare. The bassist went under the knife to remove an intestinal tumor which, fortunately, was benign. The Monster roadshow was sidetracked again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.951057434082031, "source": "search", "title": "Revisiting R.E.M.’s Cursed ‘Monster’ Tour" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "These bands can also fit under Revolving Door Band , especially types 3-5, and can even fit this trope more than once, if multiple lineups have each lasted over 10 years ( The Statler Brothers , R.E.M. , The Moody Blues , Van Halen . M�tley Cr�e and The Oak Ridge Boys fit twice with the same lineup.) The Logical Extreme of this is a band in which all lineups (example: The Statler Brothers ) or the only lineup (example: Led Zeppelin , Coldplay ) lasted over 10 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.968791007995605, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Alter Bridge has been Myles Kennedy, Mark Tremonti, Brian Marshall, and Scott Phillips since they formed in June 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20450496673584, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Anaal Nathrakh has been Mick Kinney and Dave Hunt since 1999. Rather unusual for a band as extreme as them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.953328132629395, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Korn kept its original formation of Jonathan Davis, James \"Munky\" Shaffer, Brian \"Head\" Welch, Reginald \"Fieldy\" Arvizu, and David Silveria from 1993 to 2005, when Head left. (they remained as a four-piece, with Silveria leaving one year later but being replaced.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041330337524414, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Shonen Knife 's original lineup of Naoko Yamano, Michie Nakatani, and Atsuko Yamano remained unchanged for eighteen years (1981-1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140153884887695, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Logical Extreme ( Long Runner Band that had just one lineup.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294808387756348, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Argentine alternative rockers Soda Stereo remained a Power Trio (Gustavo Cerati, Charly Alberti and Zeta Bosio) from 1984 all the way up to their break-up in 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959308624267578, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Logical Extreme (All lineups were long-runners)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12536334991455, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Creed : Scott Stapp, Mark Tremonti, Scott Phillips and Brian Marshall from 1995 to 2004, and after a hiatus (during which the ones other than Stapp formed Alter Bridge with Myles Kennedy) reunited in 2009, and split again three years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527153968811035, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Garbage has always been Shirley Manson, Butch Vig, Duke Erikson, and Steve Marker since their founding in 1994. Their first run lasted 11 years (1994�2005), after which they put the band on hiatus. They briefly reunited for a few months in 2007 to release a Greatest Hits Album , then went back on hiatus until 2010, when they got together again to start working on a new studio album (released in 2012) and remain together ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.330225944519043, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Country Music band Diamond Rio was founded in 1982 as the Tennessee River Boys, an attraction at the defunct theme park Opryland USA. During their Opryland years, their membership bounced around wildly (one of the founding members was Ty Herndon, who was later a Star Search finalist and had three #1 country hits in the latter half of the Nineties). Several membership changes later, they settled on Gene Johnson, Jimmy Olander, Brian Prout, Marty Roe, Dan Truman, and Dana Williams, a lineup that has remained unchanged since 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.264229774475098, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Marillion was founded in 1979, had a revolving door until 1984, had three different lead singers in 1989, and has remained stable ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14760684967041, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "The Oak Ridge Boys had been around since the 50s with many membership changes. But they ended up doing this twice—with the same lineup. They were Joe Bonsall, Duane Allen, William Lee Golden, and Richard Sterban from 1973-87 (fourteen years), at which point Executive Meddling led to Steve Sanders taking Golden's place. Golden returned in 1995 and has remained stable since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025532722473145, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Iron Maiden qualify under this category since the current line-up has been stable since 1999. Because guitarist Janick Gers remains in the band even though Adrian Smith returned, it is not a Type 5 'previous' line-up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41579818725586, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Cheap Trick 's classic lineup of Robin Zander, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson and Bun E. Carlos only lasted from 1973 to 1980, when Petersson left the band and was replaced by a series of bass players. He returned in 1987 and the band has since achieved Long Runner status by never changing their lineup permanently again. Carlos has recently stopped touring with the band for an indefinite period, replaced in concerts by Nielsen's son Daxx, but remains an official band member.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.328568458557129, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Although not the classic lineup of their commercial heyday, Def Leppard have remained unchanged since 1992, when former Dio guitarist Vivian Campbell was hired to replace the late Steve Clark on guitar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208024024963379, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Fleetwood Mac spent its first eight years as a prototypical Revolving Door Band , right up to the New Sound Album that introduced Stevie Nicks and Lindsay Buckingham. This line-up would remain stable for more than a decade, and would so define the band's sound that few people are even aware of its early albums and original blues-based aesthetic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285318374633789, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Kamelot had the same line-up from 1998, when Roy Khan joined Thomas Youngblood, Casey Grillo and Glen Barry, until Barry's departure in 2009. In 2005, long time tour keyboard player Oliver Palotai was also admited as a full-time member, though the other four remained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027541160583496, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Restless Heart originally consisted of lead singer Verlon Thompson, drummer John Dittrich, bassist Paul Gregg, keyboardist Dave Innis, and lead guitarist Greg Jennings. Thompson left shortly before the first single, with Larry Stewart taking over the lead vocal role in 1984. He left in 1992, Innis left in 1993, and the three remaining members broke up in 1994. Everyone but Innis briefly reunited in 1998 but split up again. The famous lineup reunited for good in 2002 and has been the same ever since, finally putting them under this trope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.407445430755615, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "311 formed in Omaha in 1988 and originally consisted of Nick Hexum (vocals and guitar), Aaron \"P-Nut\" Wills (bass), Chad Sexton (drums), and Jim Watson (guitar). In 1991, Jim left the band and Tim Mahoney (guitar) and Doug \"SA\" Martinez (vocals, turntables) joined. The line-up has remained unchanged since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.252161026000977, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Norwegian Black Metal band Enslaved were a Revolving Door Band in their early days, but their line-up has remained stable since 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.178936004638672, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Nitty Gritty Dirt Band : Formed in 1966, their lineup from 1988-2000 was Jeff Hanna, Jimmie Fadden, Jimmy Ibbotson, and Bob Carpenter. John McEuen rejoined in 2001, Ibbotson left in 2004, and the lineup remained stable ever since. Their third longest-lasting lineup? Only four years , when they were Hanna, Fadden, McEuen, Ibbotson, and Les Thompson from 1969 to 1973", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.694487571716309, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Deep Purple The present (Mark 8) line-up of vocalist Ian Gillan, bassist Roger Glover, drummer (and sole remaining original member) Ian Paice, guitarist Steve Morse and keyboardist Don Airey has been in place since 2002. This explains why Gillan is irritated at the exclusion of Morse and Airey from the group's nomination for the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.328575134277344, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Isis had a revolving door lineup until around 2000, after which their membership remained stable until their breakup in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044650077819824, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "New Order 's original line-up of Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris and Gillian Gilbert lasted from 1980 until Gilbert's retirement in 2005 (she was replaced by Phil Cunningham, although she has since returned to the band), with a hiatus between 1993 and 1998 (20 years total) Counting their years in Joy Division , Sumner, Hook and Morris performed together from 1976 until 2007. (31 years total - When the band reunited in 2011, Hook was not involved)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.970857620239258, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Logical Extreme", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340081214904785, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Madness was Graham \"Suggs\" McPherson, Mike Barson, Lee Thompson, Chris Foreman, Mark Bedford, Daniel Woodgate, and Carl Smyth from 1979 until Barson left in 1984 (five years), the remaining group breaking up two years later. In 1993, they started doing reunion tours. In 2005, Foreman left, but patched things up near the end of 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893758773803711, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "blur was only Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James and Dave Rowntree from 1989 to 2002, when Coxon left the band. After going on hiatus in early 2004, the original lineup reunited in 2009 and has remained together since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94638442993164, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Wire started out with an extremely short-lived five-member lineup, then continued on with the same four-member grouping from 1977 to 2003, interrupted by two hiatuses (1980-1984, 1991-1999) and a brief stint as a three-piece under the name Wir (1991-1993).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729164123535156, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Genesis lasted from 1971 to 1975 with the lineup of Peter Gabriel , Tony Banks , Phil Collins , guitarist Steve Hackett and guitarist/bassist Mike Rutherford. Gabriel left in 1975, to be replaced with Collins on vocals, the band continuing as a four-piece. Hackett left in 1977. Collins, Rutherford and Banks would remain in the line-up from 1978 to 1996, when Collins left. After one album was made with vocalist Ray Wilson of Stiltskin replacing Collins (Calling All Stations in 1997), the band called it quits. Collins, Rutherford and Banks returned for a reunion tour in 2006, but Collins' spinal injuries (which prevent him from drumming) put Genesis on ice 3 years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.003445625305176, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "The original and classic lineup of punk band X consisted of John Doe, Exene Cervenka, Billy Zoom, and DJ Bonebrake. This lineup lasted from 1977 to 1986, when Zoom left. He returned to the band in 1998 and has remained with them ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.155433654785156, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "Bruce Springsteen 's E Street Band kept its nucleus of Miami Steve Van Zandt (guitar/vocals/mandolin), Clarence Clemons (saxophone), Roy Bittan (piano/synthesizers), Danny Federici (organ), Garry Tallent (bass) and Max Weinberg (drums) from 1975 to 1984 when Van Zandt left and was replaced by Nils Lofgren. This lineup (often augmented by Springsteen's soon-to-be-wife Patti Scialfa as backing vocalist/acoustic guitarist) lasted until 1992 when Springsteen dissolved the band. Van Zandt augmented the reunited 1984-92 lineup in 1995 for new tracks on a Greatest Hits Album , but more or less was out of action until 1999. This lineup (Van Zandt/Lofgren/Bittan/Federici/Clemons/Tallent/Weinberg/Scialfa) lasted until Federici's death in 2008 (Charlie Giordiano replaced him) and Clemons' death in 2011 (Clemons' son Jake, plus a brass section replaced Clarence). This remains the lineup as of 2014. Guitarist Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine sat in with the band since 2012. (Occasionally, Springsteen would add a female violinist; Suki Lahav in 1975, Soozie Tyrell since 1992.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.777617454528809, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "The Stone Roses ' best known line-up of Ian Brown, John Squire, Mani, and Remi existed from 1987 to 1995, and has been together ever since the band's reformation in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.747200965881348, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "REM", "passage": "The most well-known incarnation of Jane's Addiction (Perry Farrell, Dave Navarro, Eric Avery and Stephen Perkins) got together in 1986, and remained together until the band's first break-up in 1991. After a brief reformation without Avery from 2001 to 2004, the band reformed with the bassist in 2008, and then Avery decided to drop out in 2010, making it 9 non-consecutive years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.4840669631958, "source": "search", "title": "Long Runner Line Up - TV Tropes" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Nielsen lived for several years in Fort Norman (now Tulita), Northwest Territories where his father was with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. His father was a troubled man who beat his wife and sons, and Leslie longed to escape. When he graduated from high school at 17, he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force even though he was legally deaf (he wore hearing aids most of his life). Following graduation from Victoria School of Performing and Visual Arts in Edmonton, Nielsen enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and trained as an aerial gunner during World War II. He was too young to be fully trained or sent overseas. He worked briefly as a disc jockey at a Calgary, Alberta, radio station, before enrolling at the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts, Toronto. While studying in Toronto, Nielsen received a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse. He noted, \"I couldn't refuse, but I must say when you come from the land of the snow goose, the moose and wool to New York, you're bringing every ton of hayseed and country bumpkin that you packed. As long as I didn't open my mouth, I felt a certain security. But I always thought I was going to be unmasked: 'OK, pack your stuff.' 'Well, what's the matter?' 'We've discovered you have no talent; we're shipping you back to Canada.'\" He moved to New York City for his scholarship, studying theatre and music at the Neighborhood Playhouse, while performing in summer stock theatre. Afterward, he attended the Actors Studio, until making his first television appearance in 1948 on an episode of Studio One, alongside Charlton Heston, for which he was paid $75.", "precise_score": 4.6448845863342285, "rough_score": -2.046790599822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leslie Nielsen" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Airplane, Naked Gun series, Poseidon Adventure and others (over 100 films). Nielsen enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and was trained as an aerial gunner during the latter part of World War II (but was too young to be fully trained and sent overseas).", "precise_score": 5.557736396789551, "rough_score": 3.9183177947998047, "source": "search", "title": "Celebrities In Uniform - portcall24.com" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Nielsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later worked as a disc jockey before receiving a scholarship to study theatre at the Neighborhood Playhouse. Making his acting debut in 1948, he made more than 50 television appearances two years later. Nielsen made his film debut in 1956, with supporting roles in several drama, western, and romance films produced between the 1950s and the 1970s, with Nielsen crossing genres in both television and films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.408047676086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leslie Nielsen" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Nielsen was born on 11 February 1926 in Regina, Saskatchewan. His mother, Mabel Elizabeth (née Davies), was a Welsh immigrant, and his father, Ingvard Eversen Nielsen, was a Danish-born constable in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Nielsen had two brothers; the elder, Erik Nielsen (1924–2008), was Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 to 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.005658149719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leslie Nielsen" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "The military history of Canada during the Second World War begins with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. While Canadian forces were eventually active in nearly every theatre of war, most combat was centred in Italy, Northwestern Europe, and the North Atlantic. Over the course of the war, more than 1.1 million Canadians served in the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and in forces across the Commonwealth. More than 44,000 lost their lives and 54,000 were wounded. The financial cost was $21.8 billion between 1939 and 1950. By the end of the war Canada had the world's fourth largest air force, and fifth largest navy The Canadian Merchant Navy completed over 25,000 voyages across the Atlantic, 130,000 Allied pilots were trained in Canada in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. On D-Day, 6 June 1944 the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division landed on \"Juno\" beach in Normandy, in conjunction with allied forces. The Second World War had significant cultural, political and economic effects on Canada, including the conscription crisis in 1944 which affected unity between francophones and anglophones. The war effort strengthened the Canadian economy and furthered Canada's global position. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.454865455627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Canada informally followed the British Ten Year Rule that reduced defence spending even after Britain abandoned it in 1932. Having suffered from nearly 20 years of neglect, Canada's armed forces were small, poorly equipped, and, for the most part, unprepared for war in 1939. King's government began increasing spending in 1936, but the increase was unpopular. The government had to describe it as primarily for defending Canada, with an overseas war \"a secondary responsibility of this country, though possibly one requiring much greater ultimate effort.\" The Munich Crisis of 1938 caused annual spending to almost double. Nonetheless, in March 1939 the Permanent Active Militia (or Permanent Force (PF), Canada's full-time army) had only 4,169 officers and men while the Non-Permanent Active Militia (Canada's reserve force) numbered 51,418 at the end of 1938, mostly armed with weapons from 1918. In March 1939 the Royal Canadian Navy had 309 officers and 2967 naval ratings, and the Royal Canadian Air Force had 360 officers and 2797 airmen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.633547782897949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "It is possible that Britain did not want Canada to send troops overseas at all. The Canadian government agreed, because doing so might result in the need for conscription, and it did not want a recurrence of the problem with French Canadians that caused the 1917 crisis. Public opinion did cause King to send the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in late 1939, possibly against British wishes, but it is possible that had the air training proposal arrived ten days earlier no Canadian troops would have left North America that year. Canada fully cooperated with Britain otherwise, devoting 90% of the manpower of the small Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to the air training plan; a force that had trained 125 pilots annually when the war began now produced 1,460 airmen every four weeks under the plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.74539852142334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Canada was also given the responsibility of covering two strategically key points in the Atlantic. The first is known as the \"Mid-Atlantic Gap\", located off the coast of Greenland. This gap was a very hostile point in the supply line which was very difficult to take control. With the use of Iceland as a refuelling point and Canada to the west, the gap was narrowed down to 300 nmi. \"The Surface gap was closed by the Royal Canadian Navy [in 1943]. This Newfoundland escort force started with 5 Canadian corvettes and two British destroyers [manned by Canadian seamen], followed by other Canadian-manned British destroyers when available\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868724822998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "The progression Canada made from 1939 to 1945 is astonishing, going from the limited amount of warships they had to becoming the third largest navy in the world is an achievement in itself, not to mention the role they played in informing the USN in intelligence and the increase in responsibility. Their primary role in protecting merchant ships from North America to Britain was successful. Throughout the war Canada had made 25,343 successful escort voyages delivering 164,783,921 tons of cargo. By the end of the war, German documents state that the Royal Canadian Navy was responsible for the loss of 52 submarines in the Atlantic. In return 59 Canadian merchant ships, and 24 warships were sunk during the battle of the Atlantic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.303089141845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" }, { "answer": "Royal Canadian", "passage": "Canadian naval and special forces participated in various capacities in the Pacific and South-East Asia. The cruisers and HMCS Uganda, along with the armed merchant cruiser HMCS Prince Robert were assigned to the British Pacific Fleet. HMCS Uganda was in theatre at the time. HMCS Ontario arrived to support the post-war operations in the Philippines, Hong Kong and Japan. However the Uganda was the only Royal Canadian Navy ship to take an active part against the Japanese while serving with the British Pacific Fleet. Various Canadian special forces also served in Southeast Asia including the \"Sea Reconnaissance Unit\", a team of navy divers tasked to spearhead assaults across the rivers in Burma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.884881019592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Military history of Canada during World War II" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Wept", "Lacrymation", "Bogorad’s Syndrome", "Lacrimal fluid", "Leamy eye", "Lachrymation", "Watery eyes", "Pre-corneal tear film", "Tears", "Tear Duct and Gland", "Lacrimation", "Teary", "Alacria", "Basal tears", "Bogorad's syndrome", "Epiphoria", "Bogorad's Syndrome", "Reflex ears", "Watering eyes", "Tear film" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "leamy eye", "tears", "teary", "tear duct and gland", "pre corneal tear film", "alacria", "tear film", "epiphoria", "reflex ears", "wept", "lacrimal fluid", "lacrymation", "lachrymation", "lacrimation", "bogorad s syndrome", "watery eyes", "basal tears", "watering eyes" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tears", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tears" }

[ { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "For a brief period at the end of the '60s and the start of the '70s, Blood, Sweat & Tears , which fused a Rock 'n' Roll rhythm section to a horn section, held out the promise of a jazz-rock fusion that could storm the pop charts. The band was organized in New York in 1967 out of the remnants of The Blues Project by keyboard player/singer Al Kooper and guitarist Steve Katz of that group and saxophonist Fred Lipsius. The rhythm section consisted of bassist Jim Fielder and drummer Bobby Colomby, and the horn section was filled out by trumpeters Randy Brecker, Jerry Weiss and trombonist Dick Halligan .", "precise_score": 6.081331253051758, "rough_score": 6.9444899559021, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Al Kooper came up with the name when he was on the phone with a promoter, while gazing at a Johnny Cash album cover. The album was called, \"Blood Sweat & Tears\". The inspiration for the band name did not come from Winston Churchill's quote, \"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat\", as was widely reported at the time. Their first gig was at the Village Theater (which later became the Fillmore East) as the opening act for the James Cotton Blues band.", "precise_score": 3.329075574874878, "rough_score": 5.949650764465332, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In January 1971, the group begin recording its next release in San Francisco. They recruited jazz writer / saxman / composer Don Heckman to co-produce. The sessions seem to drag on, with takes mounting up to the dozens. In a brief break from the recording, Blood, Sweat & Tears became one of the first Rock bands to play in Las Vegas, for which they received a lot of criticism. The band was charged with being hollow and pretentious, swapping its original Rock audience for older, cabaret-oriented listeners. They were called \"a lounge act\" and critics said that they had sold their soul for money.", "precise_score": 3.869286060333252, "rough_score": 4.222010612487793, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In late 1979, David Clayton-Thomas formed a new Canadian version of Blood, Sweat & Tears with Bobby Economou. He recruited Robert Piltch, one of Canada's finest young guitarists, and his brother David on bass. The other members were: Bruce Cassidy from The Bruce Cassidy Band on trumpet, Earl Seymour on saxophone and flute, Vernon Dorge on alto and soprano sax, and Richard Martinez on keyboards. Signed to MCA Records in 1980, this incarnation of Blood, Sweat & Tears' first album was called \"Nuclear Blues\" and featured cover versions of Jimi Hendrix's \"Manic Depression\" and Henry Glover's Blues classic, \"Drown In My Own Tears\". But the face of music had drifted away from the style that made Blood, Sweat And Tears popular and the band disbanded again later the same year. The Group faded from view for pretty much the next five years, getting together for a few live shows here and there.", "precise_score": 2.76090669631958, "rough_score": 6.454043865203857, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 1985, Clayton-Thomas teamed up with hard-driving young manager, Larry Dorr, formerly a tour manager with he band. Larry convinced David that there was still life in the once proud name Blood, Sweat & Tears, and that with the right musicians, good management, and strong leadership, it could once again be an attraction on concert stages around the world. They recruited musical director / trumpeter Steve Guttman, graduate of Oberlin Conservatory of Music, and Blood, Sweat & Tears began performing with prestigious American symphonies like the Detroit, the Houston, and the Oklahoma City Symphony Orchestras. Larry Dorr was right. A revitalized BS&T under his direction and David's leadership came storming back to the concert stages of the world, playing international Jazz festivals, symphonies, concert halls and casino show rooms. In the late '80s the personnel of the band stabilized and they became a solid group again.", "precise_score": 3.4762637615203857, "rough_score": 4.594327449798584, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 1994, David Clayton-Thomas and Blood Sweat & Tears horn section: Jerry Sokolow - trumpet, Steve Guttman - trumpet, Tim Ries - Sax and Charlie Gordon - Trombone, made a record with the Hungarian jazz drummer Leslie Mandoki called \"People\" billed as Leslie Mandoki And Friends.", "precise_score": 1.7140663862228394, "rough_score": 4.706182956695557, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "No American rock group ever started with as much daring or musical promise as Blood, Sweat & Tears , or realized their potential more fully -- and then blew it all as quickly. From their origins as a jazz-rock experiment that wowed critics and listeners, they went on -- in a somewhat more pop vein -- to sell almost six million records in three years, but ended up being dropped by their record label four years after that. Blood, Sweat & Tears started as an idea conceived by Al Kooper in July of 1967. An ex-member of the Blues Project , Kooper had been toying with the notion, growing out of his admiration for jazz bandleader Maynard Ferguson , of forming an electric rock band that would include horns and use jazz as the basis for their work. He planned to pursue this in London, but a series of New York shows involving some big-name friends didn't raise enough money to get him there. He did, however, find three players who wanted to work with him: bassist Jim Fielder , Blues Project guitarist Steve Katz , and drummer Bobby Colomby . Kooper agreed, as long as he was in charge musically. The horn section featured Fred Lipsius (saxophone), with Randy Brecker and Jerry Weiss on trumpets and flügelhorns, and Dick Halligan playing trombone. The new group was signed to Columbia Records, and the name \" Blood, Sweat & Tears \" came to Kooper after a jam at the Cafe au Go Go, where a cut on his hand left his organ keyboard covered in blood.", "precise_score": 4.076647758483887, "rough_score": 6.627231597900391, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Founder Al Kooper conceived Blood, Sweat and Tears as an experiment in expanding the size and scope of the rock band with touches of jazz , blues , classical , and folk music. When Kooper was forced out of the band soon after its eclectic debut, Child Is Father to the Man , BS&T became increasingly identified as a \" jazz-rock \" group, although its music was essentially easy-listening rhythm and blues or rock with the addition of brass .", "precise_score": 3.047232151031494, "rough_score": 4.621516704559326, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears — Free listening, videos, concerts ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "“Blood Sweat and Tears was born from a selfish notion that we could combine the sophistication and musical skill level of jazz music with the energy and universal appeal of rock vocal music.  Instead of incessant whiny guitar interludes, we would have improvised, spontaneous jazz solos.  Horn arrangements were not an afterthought, they were fully integrated into the songs themselves, some written by band members and others that would come from many different resources.  These are the ideas that formulated the concept of BS&T ", "precise_score": 0.21502989530563354, "rough_score": 4.829050540924072, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "No American rock group ever started with as much daring or musical promise as Blood, Sweat & Tears, or realized their potential more fully -- and then blew it all as quickly. From their origins as a jazz-rock experiment that wowed critics and listeners, they went on -- in a somewhat more pop vein -- to sell almost six million records in three years, but ended up being dropped by their record label four years after that. Blood, Sweat & Tears started as an idea conceived by Al Kooper in July of 1967. An ex-member of the Blues Project, Kooper had been toying with the notion, growing out of his admiration for jazz bandleader Maynard Ferguson, of forming an electric rock band that would include horns and use jazz as the basis for their work. He planned to pursue this in London, but a series of New York shows involving some big-name friends didn't raise enough money to get him there. He did, however, find three players who wanted to work with him: bassist Jim Fielder, Blues Project guitarist Steve Katz, and drummer Bobby Colomby. Kooper agreed, as long as he was in charge musically. The horn section featured Fred Lipsius (saxophone), with Randy Brecker and Jerry Weiss on trumpets and flügelhorns, and Dick Halligan playing trombone. The new group was signed to Columbia Records, and the name \"Blood, Sweat & Tears\" came to Kooper after a jam at the Cafe au Go Go, where a cut on his hand left his organ keyboard covered in blood. That first version of Blood, Sweat & Tears played music that roamed freely through realms of jazz, R&B, soul, and even psychedelia in ways that had scarcely been heard before in one band. The songs were bold and challenging, and the arrangements gave Lipsius, Brecker, et. al room to solo, while Kooper's organ and Katz's guitar swelled in pulsing, shimmering glory. Their debut, Child Is Father to the Man, was released in February 1968, and seemed to portend a great future. The only thing it didn't have was a hit single to get AM radio play and help drive sales. Disagreements about repertory grew into doubts about Kooper's ability as a lead singer, and soon split this band. Kooper left in March of 1968, and Brecker followed him out. That might've been the end of the story, except that Colomby and Katz decided to salvage a band of their own band out of this debacle. The lineup was reshuffled and expanded, and for a lead singer they found a Canadian national named David Clayton-Thomas. The new Blood, Sweat & Tears recorded their album in late 1968. Blood, Sweat & Tears, released in January 1969, was smoother and more traditionally melodic than its predecessor. Equally important, the singles from the album were edited, removing the featured spots for the jazz players. \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" rose to number two and lofted the album to the top of the LP listings. \"Spinning Wheel\" b/w \"More and More\" and \"And When I Die\" followed, and when the smoke cleared, the album had yielded a career's worth of hits. The LP also won the Grammy as Album of the Year, selling three million copies in the bargain. In the spring of 1970, however, the group lost a huge amount of momentum with its core audience, college students, when they undertook a tour of Eastern Europe on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The Vietnam War was still raging, and anything to do with the government was potentially poisonous on college campuses. It was on their return to America, amid this dubious career move -- which was done to overcome the problem of Clayton-Thomas' shaky immigration status -- that Blood, Sweat & Tears 3 was released. It briefly topped the LP charts, and the single \"Hi-De-Ho\" reached number 14, but both sold only a fraction of what their earlier releases had done. Additionally, the group was now criticized in the rock press, which felt that Blood, Sweat & Tears were either a pretentious pop group that dabbled in horn riffs, or a jazz outfit trying to pass as a rock band. The group's decision to perform at a Las Vegas casino -- which even upset the head of Columbia Records, Clive Davis -- did nothing to defuse these doubts. Clayton-Thomas exited after the fourth album to pursue a solo career. Most of the group's original and second-generation players were gone by then as well, though the playing standard remained consistently high. The lineup became a revolving door -- even Jaco Pastorius passed through their ranks, briefly -- and the group's record sales imploded, squeezed as they were by Chicago on the pop side of jazz-rock, and outfits such as Weather Report and Return to Forever on the more musically ambitious side of the spectrum. Clayton-Thomas returned in 1974, to what was billed officially as \"Blood, Sweat & Tears Featuring David Clayton-Thomas.\" They released New City (1975), which did well enough to justify an ambitious tour that yielded the double-LP Live and Improvised. Columbia Records dropped the group in 1976, and even Bobby Colomby, who had trademarked the group's name, gave up playing with them. Clayton-Thomas has kept the group name alive in the decades since, fronting various lineups. ~ Bruce Eder", "precise_score": 3.728980302810669, "rough_score": 5.588904857635498, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "No American rock group ever started with as much daring or musical promise as Blood, Sweat & Tears, or realized their potential more fully -- and then blew it all as quickly. From their origins as a jazz-rock experiment that wowed critics and listeners, they went on -- in a somewhat more pop vein -- to sell almost six million records in three years, but ended up being dropped by their record label four years after that. Blood, Sweat & Tears started as an idea conceived by Al Kooper in July of 1967....", "precise_score": 3.169360399246216, "rough_score": 5.22136116027832, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears by Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "No American rock group ever started with as much daring or musical promise as Blood, Sweat & Tears, or realized their potential more fully -- and then blew it all as quickly. From their origins as a jazz-rock experiment that wowed critics and listeners, they went on -- in a somewhat more pop vein -- to sell almost six million records in three years, but ended up being dropped by their record label four years after that. Blood, Sweat & Tears started as an idea conceived by Al Kooper in July of 1967. An ex-member of the Blues Project, Kooper had been toying with the notion, growing out of his admiration for jazz bandleader Maynard Ferguson, of forming an electric rock band that would include horns and use jazz as the basis for their work. He planned to pursue this in London, but a series of New York shows involving some big-name friends didn't raise enough money to get him there. He did, however, find three players who wanted to work with him: bassist Jim Fielder, Blues Project guitarist Steve Katz, and drummer Bobby Colomby. Kooper agreed, as long as he was in charge musically. The horn section featured Fred Lipsius (saxophone), with Randy Brecker and Jerry Weiss on trumpets and flügelhorns, and Dick Halligan playing trombone. The new group was signed to Columbia Records, and the name \"Blood, Sweat & Tears\" came to Kooper after a jam at the Cafe au Go Go, where a cut on his hand left his organ keyboard covered in blood.", "precise_score": 4.076647758483887, "rough_score": 6.627231597900391, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The story of Blood, Sweat & Tears began in one weekend of club shows at the Cafe Au Go Go, in New York's Greenwich Village in July of 1967. Al Kooper, ex-member of the Blues Project, had a great admiration for jazz band leader Maynard Ferguson and wanted to form an electric rock band. As a basis for the music, Al wanted it to use horns as much as guitarists, and jazz as much as rock. He did put together a band in the hope of raising enough cash to get to London. It was there he wanted to produce records and put such a band together. So, Al Kooper invited Bobby Colomby to play, and also asked Steve Katz a fellow former member from The Blues Project. Though there had been some personal disagreements between Al & Steve, they had decided to put it behind them. Jim Fielder, formerly member of the Buffalo Springfield and the Mothers of Invention joined on bass. They played some of Al's newer tunes: \"My Days Are Numbered\", \" I Can't Quit Her\" and \" I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\". Also on the bill were Paul Simon and Judy Collins. Despite the all-star cast, the gig barely raised enough money for milk shakes for the musicians.", "precise_score": 2.9675137996673584, "rough_score": 5.312231540679932, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In late 1979 David Clayton-Thomas reformed a new Canadian band. Initially it was called “Canada” but changed its name to Blood, Sweat & Tears at management insistence, to open the doors for international tour bookings.  On guitar Robert Piltch was recruited, one of Canada's finest young guitarists and his brother David on bass. They had been performing with their father and with the many jazz groups playing around the Toronto scene and played with famous musicians such as Chet Baker, Art Pepper, Zoot Sims, Mose Allison, George Coleman, and many others. The other members were: Bruce Cassidy from Bruce Cassidy Band, on trumpet, and arranger/musical director. Earl Seymour - Saxophone, Flute, Vernon Dorge - Alto, soprano sax, flute, Richard Martinez - Organ, piano, clavinet. Signed to MCA Records in 1980, this incarnation’s first album was called “Nuclear Blues” and featured cover versions of Jimi Hendrix's “Manic Depression” and Henry Glover's blues classic  “Drown In My Own Tears”. There is a “Nuclear Blues Live” album from that period. It was recorded live at The Street Scene, Los Angeles, California on October 12, 1980. Robert and David Piltch left shortly after that concert, Richard Martinez and Bruce Cassidy also. They are replaced by Wayne Pedewater on bass, Peter Harris on guitar, Lou Pomanti on keyboards and Mic Gillete on trumpet. There is also a laserdisc called Live at Little Club from this period. That lineup disbanded later the same year. After this the band fades from view for pretty much the next years, which Colomby and Clayton-Thomas occasionally putting together a few live shows here and there.", "precise_score": 0.8852550983428955, "rough_score": 4.834153652191162, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Parazider's longtime musician friend James William Guercio, by 1967 a producer at Columbia Records, loved the concept and agreed to manage the band. Moving them out to Los Angeles, the group, now renamed Chicago Transit Authority after their hometown's bus line, rehearsed night and day while Guercio produced the second album by Blood, Sweat & Tears, another big rock band with similar ideas. When that album became a Grammy-winning smash, spinning off three hit singles, the stage was set for Chicago. The album Chicago Transit Authority was only successful on the new, free-form FM stations at first, but two years of buzz finally got them a hit with \"25 or 6 to 4,\" and the band never looked back. The band's first six studio LPs were all smashes despite the fact that four of them were double albums; their singles ruled rock and also Top 40 AM radio.(The city of Chicago threatened to sue for unlicensed use of the CTA name, which is why the band's debut is called Chicago Transit Authority, but their second album is merely called Chicago, usually casually referred to as Chicago II).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.004165247082710266, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears -- Biography, Music and History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood,Sweat and Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6677145957946777, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat and Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6677145957946777, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Born in Surrey, England, on Septtember 13th, 1941 as David Henry Thomsett of British-Canadian parents, the family moved to Toronto, Canada when he was age six. David had a troubled adolescence and was jailed a half-dozen times for vagrancy, parole violations and petty theft. While other teenagers in suburban Toronto were attending high school proms, David was a street kid, a loner, sleeping in parked cars, stealing food and clothing, learning how to survive and fight behind bars. When he was at Millbrook Reformatory he learned to play the guitar. An old guitar had been left behind by an outgoing inmate and David claimed it. He began to practice alone, late into the night, and for the first time in his life he had a dream, a plan for the future. After his release, David made music his life, and steadily honed his skills in one band after another until Blood, Sweat And Tears approached him in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.908061981201172, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "After returning from the tour, their third album, \"Blood, Sweat & Tears 3\", struck gold upon its release. The album contained a lot of high points, such as Goffin-King's \"Hi-De-Ho\", Laura Nyro's \"He's A Runner\", Traffic's \"40,000 Headmen\" and Clayton-Thomas' \"Lucretia MacEvil\", along with one of Steve Katz's finest songs, \"The Battle\". On the album was also a version of Jagger-Richards' \"Sympathy for the Devil\", with an arrangement by Dick Halligan. \"Hi-De-Ho\" was released as a single and reached #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Jazz magazines praised their precision, their arrangements and their musicianship. Contrary, Rock critics called the group \"Slick and inflexible.\" Clayton-Thomas replied to the criticism. \"This band does more free blowing on stage than practically any Rock band, but we do it within a very literate and educated framework. A lot of people say it sounds so precise. Well that's the way these guys play. If you go to Juiliard for five or six years, you learn to play precisely.\" In September, \"Lucretia MacEvil\" was released as the next single and peaked at #29. November saw the group play its first concert with a full symphony in New Orleans. They also recorded music for a Barbra Steisand, George Segal movie, The Owl and the Pussycat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8538691401481628, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The personal changes continued. Joe Henderson was replaced by Lou Marini Jr. Dick Halligan called it a day and Larry Willis took over as keyboard player. In the summer of '72, Blood, Sweat & Tears went in the studio again to record a new album. This time they choose mostly covers. At the end of August, the first new material to be released in 13 months, the single \"So Long Dixie\" is released, but stalls out at #44. The album is released a month later. A discouraged Steve Katz leaves the band along with Chuck Winfield, who is replaced by Tom Malone. There was no replacement for Katz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4894653260707855, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "As touring continued, Blood, Sweat and Tears began gathering material for yet another album and in the Spring of 1973 they are once again in the studio to record. The result, \"No Sweat\", was released in June the same year and contained both originals and cover songs. The album this time is more rocking with \"Roller Coaster\" released as a single. The LP peaks at #42 and another single, \"Save Our Ship\" was released from the album. The touring continued and so did the personal changes. Long time member Jim Fielder left and was replaced by Ron McClure, Lou Marini Jr. was replaced by Bill Tillman. Tom Malone also left, replaced by Tony Klatka. Lew Soloff also quit the band. Jerry LaCroix, formerly a member of the Edgar Winter group, joins the band on sax and flute. He also sings, but Jerry Fisher was still the lead singer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.283235788345337, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In March and April 1974 the band spend most of the time in the studio for their forthcoming album and in July, \"Mirror Image\" was released. A song called, \"Tell Me ThatI'm Wrong\" was issued as a single but only reaches #83. The album flops at #149. Jerry LaCroix didn't feel comfortable within the band, and he couldn't' handle Bobby Colomby. Basically he didn't care for Blood, Sweat And Tears style and he did not like to share lead vocal duties. He was more interested in his solo album \"The Second Coming\", that he recently had recorded. He once said that one of the reasons for him to join was that they were going on a world tour and he hadn't seen the world. While they were in Australia he decided to quit and when they came back, he left the group after a gig in Central Park. Luther Kent, a Blues singer from New Orleans was recruited as a new lead vocalist, together with Jerry Fisher. Luther Kent had been singing with The Greek Fountains, a busy, popular band in demand regionally, then criss-crossed America with his own, 9-piece R&B band, Blues, Inc. His voice could be described as powerful, rough and whiskey-drenched. Blood, Sweat And Tears never did any recordings with Luther Kent, who eventually quit to form Trick Bag with guitarist Charlie Brent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5014339685440063, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "As 1975 began, David Clayton-Thomas returned to Blood, Sweat And Tears. Joe Giorgianni was added on trumpet and flugelhorn, and in sessions during February they recorded new songs for their next LP. The effort was made up of 50 percent cover tunes (Janis Ian, Randy Newman, the Beatles, Blues Image) and 50 percent originals, including a song from one of Clayton-Thomas solo albums (\"Yesterday's Music\"). The L.P. called \"New City\" was released in April, and on the cover it says \"Blood, Sweat & Tears featuring David Clayton-Thomas\", to let people know that now it's the same band that made all those hits a few years ago. It's the first BS&T album in many years to get favorable reviews. Live bookings began to increase in quality and quantity, and the band experienced renewed popularity. Their revival of The Beatles' \"Got To Get You Into My Life\" peaked at #62 in America and the album hit #47. During this period, a 'live' album was recorded and released in Europe and Japan as \"In Concert\". It's the same album that later was released as \"Live and Improvised\" in the U.S.A.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.157874345779419, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 1996 David Clayton-Thomas was induced into the Canadian Music hall of Fame. Later that year he recorded a solo LP called \"The Uptown Album\", recorded 'live' at Ornette Coleman's Harlem studio and produced by David himself. It was released in Canada in November 1997 and in the US and the rest of the world in January 1998. In 1997 he issued another album called \"People In Room no. 8\". Later in 1998, David recorded an LP called \"Bloodlines\" that featured some of the musicians that had been in Blood Sweat And Tears over the years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1209821701049805, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Finally, after 40 years in the business, David Clayton-Thomas retired from the road in 2004 and moved back to his native Toronto. A band calling itself Blood, Sweat And Tears continued to tour and in 2007 they were sharing the stage with Chuck Negron, formerly of Three Dog Night, in a series of shows across the US. 2011 saw BS&T and Chicago co-headlining a Jazz festival in Stuttgart Germany. From 2008 through 2010, guitarist Steve Katz returned to appear at BS&T's shows as a special guest. In 2013, they were still working a heavy schedule of concerts across America. David Clayton-Thomas was kept busy by his Pine River Foundation, an organization that helps street kids. He rarely appears on stage, booking only a couple of shows a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5224517583847046, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears - - Classic Rock Bands" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.989155292510986, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.38066029548645, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "That first version of Blood, Sweat & Tears played music that roamed freely through realms of jazz, R&B, soul, and even psychedelia in ways that had scarcely been heard before in one band. The songs were bold and challenging, and the arrangements gave Lipsius , Brecker , et. al room to solo, while Kooper 's organ and Katz 's guitar swelled in pulsing, shimmering glory. Their debut, Child Is Father to the Man , was released in February 1968, and seemed to portend a great future. The only thing it didn't have was a hit single to get AM radio play and help drive sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0245800018310547, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The new Blood, Sweat & Tears recorded their album in late 1968. Blood, Sweat & Tears , released in January 1969, was smoother and more traditionally melodic than its predecessor. Equally important, the singles from the album were edited, removing the featured spots for the jazz players. \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" rose to number two and lofted the album to the top of the LP listings. \"Spinning Wheel\" b/w \"More and More\" and \"And When I Die\" followed, and when the smoke cleared, the album had yielded a career's worth of hits. The LP also won the Grammy as Album of the Year, selling three million copies in the bargain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.679321765899658, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In the spring of 1970, however, the group lost a huge amount of momentum with its core audience, college students, when they undertook a tour of Eastern Europe on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The Vietnam War was still raging, and anything to do with the government was potentially poisonous on college campuses. It was on their return to America, amid this dubious career move -- which was done to overcome the problem of Clayton-Thomas ' shaky immigration status -- that Blood, Sweat & Tears 3 was released. It briefly topped the LP charts, and the single \"Hi-De-Ho\" reached number 14, but both sold only a fraction of what their earlier releases had done. Additionally, the group was now criticized in the rock press, which felt that Blood, Sweat & Tears were either a pretentious pop group that dabbled in horn riffs, or a jazz outfit trying to pass as a rock band. The group's decision to perform at a Las Vegas casino -- which even upset the head of Columbia Records, Clive Davis -- did nothing to defuse these doubts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3722652494907379, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Clayton-Thomas exited after the fourth album to pursue a solo career. Most of the group's original and second-generation players were gone by then as well, though the playing standard remained consistently high. The lineup became a revolving door -- even Jaco Pastorius passed through their ranks, briefly -- and the group's record sales imploded, squeezed as they were by Chicago on the pop side of jazz-rock, and outfits such as Weather Report and Return to Forever on the more musically ambitious side of the spectrum. Clayton-Thomas returned in 1974, to what was billed officially as \" Blood, Sweat & Tears Featuring David Clayton-Thomas .\" They released New City (1975), which did well enough to justify an ambitious tour that yielded the double-LP Live and Improvised . Columbia Records dropped the group in 1976, and even Bobby Colomby , who had trademarked the group's name, gave up playing with them. Clayton-Thomas has kept the group name alive in the decades since, fronting various lineups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9343965649604797, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.414916515350342, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.414916515350342, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "One of the more successful acts to travel this path were Blood, Sweat and Tears . Originally the brainchild of the legendary Al Kooper, BS&T made their first strike with the now classic ‘ Child Is The Father To The Man ‘ album back in 1968. Kooper left the band after this debut. The band brought in vocalist David Clayton-Thomas and would soon scale the pop charts with a series of hits. Though the hits would eventually run dry, the songs have lived on over the last 45 years or so. Here, then, is our list of the Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.183497905731201, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Blood, Sweat & Tears Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.757419586181641, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears — Free listening, videos, concerts ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood Sweat and Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9554293155670166, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "When Bobby Colomby assembled the first generation of Blood Sweat & Tears in 1967  he nor anyone else thought that 50 years later BS&T would still be a top touring band. Colomby’s vision of a Jazz/Fusion rock Band with horns and also not afraid to take musical chances would change the music scene forever.  Some of the greatest musicians in the world have passed through BS&T.  10 Grammy nominations winning 3 including Album of the Year beating out the Beatles Abby Road.  50 years of touring is a tribute to Colomby’s vision of Great Musicians equal Great Music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.422205686569214, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood Sweat & Tears hires the most talented musicians from around the world. At last count members of BS&T speak a combined total of 9 different languages. Their music accreditations range from Doctorate of Music to just growing up in a family of music Royalty to just working hard to become a music Phnom. Members love to talk with fans after the show near the stage so feel free to approach them with any questions you may have.   ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.253275394439697, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Welcome to the official site of Blood Sweat & Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9433112144470215, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "BS&T has never stopped touring. It didn’t go away.  You can call it a renaissance, or the newest version of… but it is simply Blood Sweat and Tears at its best“.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.00471830368042, "source": "search", "title": "Blood Sweat and Tears" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9045658111572266, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears by Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.932208061218262, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears by Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Top Albums and Songs by Blood, Sweat & Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.553678035736084, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears by Blood, Sweat & Tears on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.216908931732178, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.38066029548645, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "That first version of Blood, Sweat & Tears played music that roamed freely through realms of jazz, R&B, soul, and even psychedelia in ways that had scarcely been heard before in one band. The songs were bold and challenging, and the arrangements gave Lipsius, Brecker, et. al room to solo, while Kooper's organ and Katz's guitar swelled in pulsing, shimmering glory. Their debut, Child Is Father to the Man, was released in February 1968, and seemed to portend a great future. The only thing it didn't have was a hit single to get AM radio play and help drive sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0245800018310547, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The new Blood, Sweat & Tears recorded their album in late 1968. Blood, Sweat & Tears, released in January 1969, was smoother and more traditionally melodic than its predecessor. Equally important, the singles from the album were edited, removing the featured spots for the jazz players. \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" rose to number two and lofted the album to the top of the LP listings. \"Spinning Wheel\" b/w \"More and More\" and \"And When I Die\" followed, and when the smoke cleared, the album had yielded a career's worth of hits. The LP also won the Grammy as Album of the Year, selling three million copies in the bargain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.679321765899658, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In the spring of 1970, however, the group lost a huge amount of momentum with its core audience, college students, when they undertook a tour of Eastern Europe on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The Vietnam War was still raging, and anything to do with the government was potentially poisonous on college campuses. It was on their return to America, amid this dubious career move -- which was done to overcome the problem of Clayton-Thomas' shaky immigration status -- that Blood, Sweat & Tears 3 was released. It briefly topped the LP charts, and the single \"Hi-De-Ho\" reached number 14, but both sold only a fraction of what their earlier releases had done. Additionally, the group was now criticized in the rock press, which felt that Blood, Sweat & Tears were either a pretentious pop group that dabbled in horn riffs, or a jazz outfit trying to pass as a rock band. The group's decision to perform at a Las Vegas casino -- which even upset the head of Columbia Records, Clive Davis -- did nothing to defuse these doubts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3722652494907379, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Clayton-Thomas exited after the fourth album to pursue a solo career. Most of the group's original and second-generation players were gone by then as well, though the playing standard remained consistently high. The lineup became a revolving door -- even Jaco Pastorius passed through their ranks, briefly -- and the group's record sales imploded, squeezed as they were by Chicago on the pop side of jazz-rock, and outfits such as Weather Report and Return to Forever on the more musically ambitious side of the spectrum. Clayton-Thomas returned in 1974, to what was billed officially as \"Blood, Sweat & Tears Featuring David Clayton-Thomas.\" They released New City (1975), which did well enough to justify an ambitious tour that yielded the double-LP Live and Improvised. Columbia Records dropped the group in 1976, and even Bobby Colomby, who had trademarked the group's name, gave up playing with them. Clayton-Thomas has kept the group name alive in the decades since, fronting various lineups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9343965649604797, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat & Tears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video ..." }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2126989364624023, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Blood, Sweat & Tears History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.396886110305786, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Al Kooper started to compose more songs and Fred Lipsius became a key arranger for the band. The name Blood, Sweat and Tears came to Kooper in the wake of an after-hours jam at the Cafe Au Go Go, where he'd played with a cut on his hand that had left his organ keyboard covered in blood! A couple of weeks later the band opened for Moby Grape at the Cafe A Go Go.Their sound, in contrast to R&B outfits that merely used horn sections for embellishment and accompaniment, was a true hybrid of rock and jazz, with a strong element of soul as the bonding agent that held it together. Lipsius, Brecker, Weiss, and Halligan were not confined to following and embellishing the choruses, but played complex, detailed arrangements. Katz played guitar solos as well as rhythm accompaniment, and Kooper's keyboards moved to the fore along with his singing. Their sound was bold, and it was all new. Audiences at the time were just getting used to the psychedelic explosion of the previous spring and summer, but they were bowled over by what they heard. That first version of Blood, Sweat & Tears had elements of psychedelia in their work, but extended it into realms of jazz, R&B, and soul, in ways that had hardly been heard before in one band. The songs were attractive and challenging, the arrangements gave room for Lipsius, Brecker, and others, to solo as well as play rippling ensemble passages, while Kooper's organ and Katz's guitar swelled in pulsing, shimmering glory. They were a huge success and three record labels were willing to sign the group. They decided to sign Columbia, a label that Kooper already had a relationship with. On November 11, 1967 they entered the studio for tracking their first demo ”Refugee from Yuhupitz”. A month later they begin recording their first album ”Child is Father to the Man”. As a producer they used John Simon. The album was recorded in just two weeks and released on February 21 1968. Seven of the tracks are written by Kooper, one by Katz, and four are covers. The critics loved it and compared it to the Beatles ”Sgt. Pepper” and the Beach Boys ”Pet Sounds”. The album was considered a milestone in rock music. Jan Wenner wrote in Rolling Stone: ”Blood, Sweat & Tears is the best thing to happen in rock and roll so far in 1968”. It was something completely new. The horns were there for more than riffs or symphonic interludes, they were right at the heart of the sound. The only thing it did not have was a hit single to get radio play and help drive sales. ”Child Is Father to the Man” was out there on its own, invisible to AM radio and the vast majority of the public, awaiting word-of-mouth, whatever help the still fledgling rock press could give, plus the band's touring to promote it. Initially, it rated # 47 in the charts, yet despite all that, it received the accolade of Grammy nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8440213203430176, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "As a producer for the second BS&T album, James William Guercio, who had previously produced the Buckinghams, was called in. Though Kooper was gone from Blood, Sweat & Tears, the group was forced to rely on a number of songs that he'd prepared for the new album : The album contained songs like Brenda Holloway’s ”You’ve made me so very happy”, Laura Nyro’s ”And when I die”, Trafic’s ”Smiling phases”, Clayton-Thomas’ ”Spinning Wheel”. If the first album was a loose jazz blending melted together with rock, this album had a clearer delineation between jazz and rock. Straight-ahead rock songs and a jazzy part in the middle of each song. This was the formula that really did catch the fancy of the public. The album is released in 1968 on 11 December 11. The first single by the new lineup, \"You've Made Me So Very Happy,\" quickly rose to the number two position in the charts and lifted the album to the top of the charts as well. That was followed by \"Spinning Wheel\"/\"More and More,\" which also hit number two, which, in turn, was followed by the group's version of Laura Nyro's \"And When I Die,\" another gold-selling single. The album garnered five Grammy awards, including “Album of the Year” and ”Best Performance by a Male Vocalist”. Suddenly BS&T were as big as any band could be. Offers pour in for major concerts and TV appearances. Live performances included jazz and rock festivals from coast to coast. So much demand was created for work by Blood, Sweat & Tears, that the now 18-month-old “Child Is Father to the Man”, with the different singer and very different sound, last seen and heard in the spring of 1968, made the charts in the summer and fall of 1969 and earned a Gold Record of its own. They even played at Woodstock on the first day. The play list was: “More And More”, “I Love You More Than You Ever Know”, “Spinning Wheel” and ”Something Coming On”. Their manager at that time was Bennett Glotzer.  He felt that since they were one of the headliners (along with Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix), they should be paid accordingly.  $7500 was not enough to \"star\" in a movie.  He had not recognized that the event itself would supersede the status of the individual acts.  The producers of the festival and documentary were not permitted to film the band's performance. However, they did succeed in shooting the opening song, \"More and More\" and then were told to get off the stage. It should be noted that Albert Groossman (read “Mansions on the Hill”), a world class manager whose clients included Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin, agreed with Bennett and refused to allow Janis to be filmed as well. The month following Woodstock they began working on their next album. This time, the group produced the album. Some songs that they were planning to include were \"All Along The Watchtower\", \"Can't Be So Bad\", and \"Martha, My Dear\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5662755966186523, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The management of the band began negotiations with the U.S. Immigration to give the Canadian lead singer David Clayton-Thomas a green card.  After some discussion, in the end, BS&T was requested to do a little favor for the U.S. State Department. Still deeply involved in the unpopular Vietnam War, the Nixon Administration's State Department needed desperately to connect with the American youth. It then proposed Blood, Sweat & Tears on a $40,000 goodwill tour of East Europe. The idea was to bring a straight rock/jazz band behind the Iron Curtain to bring good vibes and a small taste of America to the youth of Romania, Poland and Yugoslavia. The band hated the idea but they didn't have much choice, especially if they wanted to have future plans with their lead vocalist.  The tour itself was a major disaster.  On the first night, the Romanian audience began standing and shouting \"U.S.A.\".  The Bucharest police's response was to release attack German shepherds.  The Communist government gives the band explicit rules on performance: more jazz, less rock; if the audience begins to make noise, leave stage; no more than two encores; no throwing of musical instruments; fewer body gestures; no removal of clothes. The result was a concert whose audience was totally repressed teens.  Colomby stated: \"There was an article in the New York Post, I did an interview with somebody, and they made it sound like I and the rest of the band were like staunch right-wingers, we believed in the massacre at Kent State, this was our idea, we all should have short hair, we worked for the CIA...it was unbelievable.\" At this time Jerry Hyman had left the band, his place was taken by Dave Bargeron, a capable player who was to add a variety of horns to the BS&T capability. After the return from the tour their third album was released,  and “Blood, Sweat & Tears 3” achieved instant gold status upon release. The album contains a lot of highpoints, such as Goffin-King’s ”Hi-De-Ho”, Laura Nyro’s ”He’s a Runner”, Traffic’s ”40,000 Headmen”, Clayton-Thomas’ ”Lucretia MacEvil” and one of Steve Katz finest compositions, ”The Battle”. On the album was also a version of Jagger-Richards’ ”Sympathy for the devil”, with an arrangement by Dick Halligan. ”Hi-De-Ho” is released as a single and reaches #14 in the charts. Jazz magazines praise their precision, their arrangements, and their musicianship. Contrary rock critics call the group slick and inflexible, and that they were a pretentious pop group dabbling in horn riffs. Others argued that they were a jazz outfit trying to pass as a rock band -- either way, they weren't \"one of us\". Clayton-Thomas replied to the criticism. ”This band does more free blowing on stage than practically any rock band. But we do it within a very literate and educated framework. A lot of people say it sounds so precise. Well that’s the way these guys play. If you go to Julliard for five or six years, you learn to play precisely.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0090391635894775, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 1970 Dick Halligan arranged and conducted an album with Susan Carter called  'Wonderful Deeds and Adventures'. The instruments are played by Blood, Sweat & Tears minus David and Steve, but with Randy Brecker added. Susan Carter sings like Laura Nyro, and highlights are “Bluebird”, “Cruising With The Blues” and a Billie Holiday medley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2149007320404053, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In January 1971 they begin recording their next release in San Francisco. They recruited jazz writer/saxman/composer Don Heckman to co-produce. The session drags on, with takes mounting up to the dozens. In a brief break from the recording, Blood, Sweat & Tears becomes one of the first rock bands to play Las Vegas. The successful Caesar’s Palace run (the band broke Frank Sinatra’s 20-year old house-record, but that was not that brilliant for their careers and credibility. They thought that they were paving the way into a new market, and that that would be something good. Instead they did receive a lot of criticism. The group was accused of being hollow and pretentious, swapping its original rock audience for older, cabaret-oriented listeners. They were called a lounge act and that they had sold their soul for the money. When you look at it now a hug number of bands have been lounge acts and sold their souls in Las Vegas. B,S&T 4 is released in the end of June and it’s the first album with mostly original tunes. It turns gold in a month. This time even the rock critics are impressed. Two singles are released from the album, ”Go Down Gamblin’” and ”Lisa, listen to Me”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.552724599838257, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Meanwhile, the personal changes continue: Joe Henderson is replaced by Lou Marini Jr., Dick Halligan calls it a day and Larry Willis takes over as keyboard player. In the summer Blood, Sweat & Tears went in the studio again to record a new album. This time they choose mostly covers, influenced by the sheer lack of time. At the end of August the first new material to be released in 13 months, the single ”So long Dixie” is released. The single reaches #44. The single version of \"So Long Dixie\" differs between the US and Europe, it was backed by \"Alone\" in the US and by \"Krakbegravningen\" (The Crows Funeral) in Europe. \"Krakbegravningen\" had previous been written by Georg Wadenius for a children’s record together with the Swedish writer Barbro Lindgren, but had gone on to win an Emmy award in its own  right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.457807540893555, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "Jerry LaCroix did not feel comfortable within the band, he could not handle Bobby Colomby. Basically he did not care for Blood, Sweat and Tears style. Having had a long history of sharing lead vocal duties from very early on in the Boogie Kings, then in various groups culminating in White Trash, he eventually recorded solo material. So at the time he was more interested in his own album “The Second Coming”, which he recently had recorded. He once said that one of the reasons for him to join was that they ware going on a world tour and he had not seen the world. While BS&T were in Australia, he decided to quit. When they came back he left the group after a gig in Central Park. Luther Kent, a blues singer from New Orleans was recruited as a new lead singer together with Jerry Fisher. Luther Kent had previously succeeded Jerry LaCroix once before, in the Boogie Kings. But later had been singing with The Greek Fountains, a busy, popular band in demand regionally, then criss-crossed America with his own, 9-piece R&B band, Blues, Inc. In 1970, he and Duke Bardwell sang for Cold Grits and Black-Eyed Peas, a red-hot R&B group. His voice could be described as powerful, rough and whiskey-drenched. There were never any BS&T recordings with Luther Kent, but there is a CD called 'Luther Kent & Trick Bag - Live´. This may give you an opinion of how it might have sounded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1274423599243164, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "As 1975 begins, David Clayton-Thomas returns to B,S & T. Joe Giorgianni is added on trumpet, flugelhorn. This is a much-needed injection for the band. In sessions during February, they record new songs for an album. 50 percent cover tunes (Janis Ian, Randy Newman, the Beatles, Blues Image) and 50 percent originals, including a song from one of Clayton-Thomas solo albums (”Yesterday’s Music”). The album, called ”New City”, is released in April, the cover credits being “Blood, Sweat & Tears featuring David Clayton-Thomas” to signal the buyers that now it’s the same band that made all those hits a few years ago. It’s the first BS&T album in many years to get favorable reviews. And it really is an excellent album. Live bookings begin to increase in quality and quantity, and they experience renewed popularity. Their revival of the Beatles ”Got to Get You into My Life” peaks at US #62, and the album hits #47. Don Alias becomes member of the band on percussion. During this period a live album is recorded. It was released in Europe and Japan as ”In Concert”. It’s the same album that later was released as ”Live and Improvised”. This album really shows the skills and musicianship that was in the band. It is a loss there are not more live recordings available from this period. Georg Wadenius leaves the band and is replaced for a short period by Steve Kahn, he is later replaced by Mike Stern. Joe Giorgianni also leaves and is replaced by Forrest Buchtell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.283609390258789, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "After a three year layoff for the birth of his daughter, David decided to tour again. He teamed up with manager, Larry Dorr, formerly a tour manager with the band. David had no legal rights to the name Blood Sweat & Tears, the named was owned by Bobby Colomby,  but he recruited musicians for a nine piece outfit and went out under his own name. Larry Dorr and David soon found out that the David Clayton-Thomas name could command maybe $2500 a night, split nine ways after commissions and expenses. They tried to keep the musical standards as high as possible, but it was hard as musicians left weekly. They played appalling clubs, as many as thirty a month, criss-crossing the country in a fifteen passenger van with the equipment in a U-haul trailer, thousand of miles a month. The promoters would sign a contract with David Clayton-Thomas and then bill it as BS&T anyway. To see the once proud name displayed outside of \"toilets\" all over the country broke David Clayton-Thomas’ heart. After two years of this, though, Bobby Colomby agreed to \"rent\" David the name, because he was being ripped-off every time some sleazy promoter used the name Blood, Sweat & Tears. The change was immediate, dramatic, and overnight the band's price jumped to $20,000 plus a night. They began playing festivals, symphony concerts, and major show rooms - and more importantly, they now had the money to hire and keep the best musicians in New York. They recruited musical director/trumpeter Steve Guttman, graduate of Oberlin Conservatory of Music. At Oberlin College, he studied trumpet with Gene Young and Charles Moore. Steve then went to New York to study with BS&T first lineup member Randy Brecker. Guttman had been the musical director for the 70's recording stars Gloria Gaynor, Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, and alumnus of the Tito Puente and Machito big bands. He assembled an exciting lineup of top New York musicians. With Steve conducting, Blood, Sweat & Tears began performing with prestigious American symphonies like the Detroit, the Houston, and the Oklahoma City Symphony Orchestras.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8350725173950195, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "A revitalized BS&T with  his arrangements and under David's leadership came storming back to the concert stages of the world, playing international jazz festivals, symphonies, concert halls and casino show rooms. In the late 80's the personnel of the band stabilized and they became a regular group again. The agreement with Bobby Colomby does not apply to recording. Colomby was not interested in a new album by a group called Blood, Sweat & Tears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5923086404800415, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 1994 David Clayton-Thomas and Blood Sweat & Tears horn  section of Jerry Sokolow - trumpet, Steve Guttman - trumpet, Tim Ries - Sax and Charlie Gordon - Trombone, made a record with the Hungarian composer and jazz drummer Leslie Mandoki. The album was called \"People\". In 1997 another album called \"People in room no. 8\" was released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.831623077392578, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In 2003 David wrote and recorded a new song called \"The Lights Of Broadway\". It is a song dedicated to the heroes of 9/11...the song depicts Lady Liberty standing in the harbor, covered with dust and ashes, while uptown the lights of Broadway still bravely shine through the smoke. It was distributed to radio stations across the country and the broadcast royalties go directly to the families of the victims of 9/11. David's decision to donate 100% of his songwriter's royalties to the families, brought an outpouring of help...Producer Billy Terrell donated his services...A major New York recording studio (Sound on Sound) contributed the studio time...singers from the ranks of the NYPD and FDNY made up the chorus....Steve Guttman wrote a brilliant, heartfelt arrangement and the members of Blood Sweat & Tears brought their amazing musicianship to the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.216190338134766, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "In November 2004 David announced. “I intend to spend the summer writing new music and collecting songs for my next Justin Time album. This means there will be no Blood Sweat & Tears dates next year. After 35 years of performing and touring with this great band, the time has come to disband the group, take a break from the road and get involved in some new creative projects. B,S&T has been a wonderful experience... The musicianship has always been superb and I have made friendships that will last a lifetime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5676698684692383, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "This seems to be the end of Blood, Sweat & Tears. All I can say is “Thank you BS&T, it’s be a hell of a good time following you over the years.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.952436923980713, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "NOTE: Even though David Clayton-Thomas is regarded as the voice of Blood, Sweat & Tears, it is the skill and the musicianship of all those very talented musicians that have passed through the group that have made the greatness of the group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.356382846832275, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" }, { "answer": "Tears", "passage": "The strength of this band became their fall. Because the musicianship they had and that they could play all kinds of music at the same high standard, and also did, it simply was not possible to confine them in a category. They were more than a rock band, more than a jazz group, the rock critics disliked the jazz and the jazz critics disdained the rock. Critics love to put bands in a category, and with Blood, Sweat & Tears that was impossible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.30012941360473633, "source": "search", "title": "Blood, Sweat and Tears History" } ]