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tomekkorbak

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[ "El festival V-CON 2012 es un nuevo evento o convención sobre la industria de los videojuegos que se realizará en México, el cual ha sido anunciado el día de hoy por Mariachi Games.", "\n\nEl V-CON 2012 se realizará en noviembre próximo, en la ciudad de Santiago Querétaro, con la participación de varias marcas importantes de la industria ya confirmadas, con lo que éste se abre como una nueva alternativa en este rubro y en una ciudad que no es el Distrito Federal.", "\n\nLa iniciativa concebida por Mariachi Games tiene por objetivo promover la industria de los videojuegos a nivel nacional como medio de comunicación, forma de entretenimiento y también, como parte de la cultura actual, realzando su importancia a nivel comercial y educativo. ", "Con esta intención V-CON 2012 también busca presentar y promover el diverso abanico de oportunidades que ofrece la industria del entretenimiento interactivo en cuanto a desarrollo y empleos en nuestro país. ", "V-CON 2012 se llevará a cabo del 16 al 18 de noviembre de 2012 en la ciudad de Santiago Querétaro, una de las ciudades con mayor porcentaje de crecimiento industrial en los últimos años, teniendo como sede el Centro de Congresos de Querétaro. ", "Actualmente, algunas de las diversas empresas que ya han confirmado su presencia y apoyo se encuentra, PlayStation México, Electronic Arts, Ubisoft, Grasshopper Manufacture Inc. y Q-Games.", "\n\nHay pocos eventos de este tipo en nuestro país, siendo el EGS la principal vitrina, aunque en los últimos años ha decaído bastante, al punto de que algunos fabricantes muy importantes ya no asisten, creo que abandonar el World Trade Center perjudicó al evento más de lo que lo benefició, por lo menos desde el punto de vista de muchos asistentes.", "\n\nEsperemos que esta edición del V-CON sea la primera de muchas y que vaya creciendo cada año.", "\n\nFuente | Atomix Más información | V-CON, Facebook V-CON" ]

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[ "No influence of one right-sided prefrontal HF-rTMS session on alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients: results of a naturalistic study.", "\nPrior research in substance dependence has suggested potential anti-craving effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) when applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). ", "However, no single sham-controlled session studies applied to the right DLPFC have been carried-out in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. ", "Furthermore, no studies examined the effect of a single HF-rTMS session on craving in these patients' natural habitat. ", "To further investigate the effect of high-frequency (HF)-rTMS of the right DLPFC on alcohol craving, we performed a prospective, single-blind, sham-controlled study involving 36 hospitalized patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. ", "After successful detoxification, patients were allocated receiving one active or one sham HF-rTMS session. ", "The obsessive-compulsive drinking scale (OCDS) was administered to evaluate the extent of craving just before and after the HF-rTMS session (on Friday), on Saturday and Sunday during the weekend at home, and on Monday when the patient returned to the hospital. ", "One single blind sham-controlled HF-rTMS session applied to the right DLPFC did not result in changes in craving (neither immediately after the stimulation session, nor in patients' natural environment during the weekend). ", "One HF-rTMS stimulation session applied to the right DLPFC had no significant effects on alcohol craving in alcohol dependent patients. ", "One such session could have been too short to alter alcohol craving in a sample of alcohol dependent patients." ]

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[ "SAN FRANCISCO (AP), Golden Gate Bridge officials have set a date for the installation of a moveable median separating northbound and southbound traffic.", "\n\nBridge District General Manager Denis Mulligan says the bridge is scheduled to close after midnight on Saturday, Jan. 10 and reopen before 4 a.m. on Monday, Jan. 12 for the work. ", "Officials had originally aimed to install the median in October, but decided on the January weekend because the bridge traditionally experiences light traffic then.", "\n\nThe $30 million project has been in the works for more than a decade. ", "Officials say the moveable, steel and concrete median will help prevent head-on crashes. ", "Traffic on the span is currently separated only by yellow plastic tubes.", "\n\nThe January shutdown will be the famed span's first construction-related closure. ", "The bridge's sidewalks will remain open." ]

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[ "European initiative in the field of civil protection (debate) \nPresident\nThe next item is the debate on the oral question to the Council on the European initiative in the field of civil protection by Mr Florenz, on behalf of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, by Mr Galeote, on behalf of the Committee on Regional Development and by Mr Daul, on behalf of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (B6-0442/2006).", "\nAntonios Trakatellis \nMr President, Madam President-in-Office of the Council, Madam Vice-President of the European Commission, the experience acquired over recent years from dealing with natural and man-made disasters has revealed that there are shortcomings in the capacity for national intervention and, consequently, increased expectations of Community assistance, assistance which will need to have the attributes of effective intervention in the field of prevention and rapid response. ", "From this point of view, an early warning and response system is needed, based on the following four components: identification and assessment of the risks, constant monitoring of the risks, a warning and communication mechanism and, lastly, preparedness, in other words the ability to respond and help.", "\nAllow me to refer briefly to certain parameters of particular importance which characterise such an effective civil protection mechanism, as referred to in the exceptional Barnier report passed by plenary and in the report which I presented to the Euro-Mediterranean plenary.", "\nWe need a lookout system, intervention units from the participating states, response guidelines and the relevant information for citizens, best practices for dealing with situations and mutual consular assistance in determining contact points between Member States.", "\nIt goes without saying that, without the necessary funding and the fundamental participation of the Member States, the entire endeavour will remain in abeyance. ", "The question, therefore, Madam President-in-Office, is whether the Council has the will to respond to the demand and, of course, to secure the necessary cooperation of the Member States.", "\nI believe that, in the relevant decisions, the need to respond to the demand and expectations of the citizens will ultimately prevail, dictated first and foremost by the increase in and frequency and intensity of natural disasters which result in loss of life as well as financial and environmental damage.", "\nIn addition, we must always bear in mind that promoting cooperation between the Member States in the field of civil protection will gradually consolidate a European conscience in the citizens and will be a visible example of the solidarity which must distinguish the European Union.", "\nGerardo Galeote \nauthor. - (", "ES) Mr President, without going into the underlying causes, over recent years several countries have been suffering serious natural disasters. ", "Particularly in the summer, we have suffered fires, floods and the effects of a particularly severe drought.", "\nWe frequently see how the affected regions of the Member States, sometimes of the most developed ones, lack sufficient resources to deal with these phenomena themselves.", "\nNevertheless, it sometimes seems that we are more conscientious about offering our solidarity when the damage is done thousands of kilometres away than we are when it is done in a Member State.", "\nDespite all of this, the Council appears to be sticking to a passive approach. ", "Some people will say that no more money should be spent, but it is not a financial issue, and one example of this is that you, representatives of the Council, are not making any progress on the reform of the European Solidarity Fund, which will not cost a single additional euro from the Community budget.", "\nSometimes we are in no position to criticise. ", "Plenary approved the sending of a delegation to the most affected regions at the beginning of September, and, Mr President, Parliament's Bureau is still tied up with regulatory issues that it has to sort out before it can give the green light to that delegation.", "\nWe shall not lose heart, however, because nobody believes that we should not provide resources for a common effort that will make us more effective when it comes to helping people. ", "The principle of subsidiarity will be respected as well. ", "There is no intention of impinging on the sovereignty of any Member State.", "\nThere is a report, for which Mr Barnier is responsible, on the table in the Council, which provides a good basis for this work. ", "I would like to know whether the Council intends to pursue this issue. ", "The European Parliament will undoubtedly give its enthusiastic support, and Europeans will be grateful for that.", "\nMarkus Pieper \nauthor. - (", "DE) Mr President, Madam President-in-Office of the Council, no region can cope unaided with natural disasters, whether these be forest fires, earthquakes or floods. ", "Fighting them, and, moreover, coping with their aftermath, goes beyond the capacities of regional authorities, and so the regions affected are reliant on solidarity, primarily on aid from neighbouring regions and support from the national level, with which responsibility for civil protection and disaster prevention lies.", "\nI would like to make it clear that we have no need of new powers at European level, which would duplicate structures and waste money on administrative apparatus. ", "I also find somewhat problematic the idea of using European money from the structural funds or even money intended for rural development. ", "European policy for rural areas looks towards the future; it supports the nation states in their regional investment strategies in international competition. ", "There are those who are now demanding that these valuable resources be put to work in preventing forest fires and compensating their victims, and, on that front too, I have to say that it does not seem to make much sense to use European taxpayers' money for such things as firebreaks.", "\nAs we all know, the European Solidarity Fund is there to deal with really major disasters, for those very situations in which individual countries are unable to cope with natural calamities, but I would demand that this fund be more flexible in its use of money. ", "I also call for more binding rules on the international coordination of crisis interventions, initially bilaterally between the states concerned and in exceptional cases at the European level too, but, please, let there be no new European superstructures in the civil protection field and no more wasting of valuable European resources on tasks that really should, in the main, be left to the nation states!", "\nPaula Lehtomäki\nPresident-in-Office of the Council. (", "FI) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, in drafting its answer, the Council has gone on the assumption that the honourable Members wish to know how the Union's civil protection services are to be developed and taken forward by the Council. ", "Their introductory speeches have now confirmed that our assumption was correct and that this is indeed the issue.", "\nThe primary goal in the work of the Council is to establish better coordination to ensure that assistance interventions function more efficiently. ", "The Council will rely on this in existing structures, such as the civil protection monitoring and information centre that operates in association with the Commission and the Secretariat-General of the Council of the European Union.", "\nThe second goal of the Council's work is to provide assistance quickly wherever it is needed. ", "The Member States themselves have the main responsibility for providing assistance in emergencies. ", "With reference to a Commission proposal for establishing a financial instrument for emergency services and rapid assistance interventions, the Council is examining whether, with certain conditions in place, a proportion of the Community budget appropriations allocated for EU civil protection operations could be used for the hire of transport and equipment. ", "All this shows that the Council considers it very important to strengthen the European Union's preparedness in the area of civil protection.", "\nKonstantinos Hatzidakis\nMr President, the fact that this is the third time in recent months that we have discussed this issue demonstrates the enhanced sensitivity of the European Parliament.", "\nI have pointed out on another occasion that it is a paradox that we have a common policy for farmers, the environment and regional development, but have no policy for the natural disasters that affect farmers and regional development and the environment. ", "This is a paradox in the functioning of the European Union to date.", "\nFurthermore, I consider that indifference on these issues is also strengthening Euro-scepticism. ", "The image of the European Union would be much more positive if there were a European mechanism and if the European Union were present after any natural disaster at the problem faced at that moment by the citizens. ", "We need to understand this. ", "I do not think that particular thought is needed in order to adopt this perception. ", "We do not want substitution of the Member States. ", "Of course the Member States will also continue to be present, but what we want is for there to be coordination.", "\nMinister, it was the Council that called on Mr Βarnier, a distinguished European and successful Commissioner, to table a proposal to you, not us. ", "You noted the Council proposal in June and, since then, the proposal has remained without there being any development. ", "You need to tell us something. ", "I know that you do not merely represent your country here; you represent 25 countries and you must coordinate between yourselves, really coordinate. ", "Months have gone past. ", "Must we wait again for disasters as happened in Germany in 2002 before we do something? ", "At that time, the disasters were the reason we set up the Solidarity Fund. ", "We cannot proceed in this fashion. ", "You need to say something clearer at some point and you have time up to December to raise the matter and to follow up the Barnier report. ", "You owe it to yourselves, because you called on him to draft that report, and you owe it, above all, to the citizens of Europe.", "\nEdite Estrela\non behalf of the PSE Group. - (", "PT) Madam President-in-Office of the Council, Commissioner, as times change, so do needs. ", "The climate is no longer what it was dozens of years ago. ", "All year round, parched dry days alternate with days of torrential rain.", "\n'Climate change is not science fiction', said Kofi Annan today as he opened the Climate Change Conference in Nairobi. ", "Insurance experts have predicted that natural disasters will cause EUR 2.3 billion's worth of damage in 2040.", "\nClimate change lies at the root of natural disasters throughout the world that have left a trail of destruction and death in their wake. ", "Global warming is one of the major problems of our times. ", "It is necessary to raise awareness among the citizens and encourage them to take part in the prevention of these disasters, although responsibility for managing the response to natural disasters rests primarily with the country affected, with the Union playing a supporting role.", "\nThe Community civil protection mechanism must be strengthened with greater resources and more wide-ranging powers. ", "This indeed was what you said, Mrs Lehtomäki, but what actual form will this process of strengthening take? ", "What is the Council thinking of doing to enhance the European Civil Protection mechanism? ", "Does the Council support the idea of creating a European Strategic Coordination Centre responsible for gathering and disseminating information on emergencies and for making rapid reaction resources available for combating the different types of disaster? ", "What does the Council intend to do with the Barnier report, as mentioned earlier?", "\nThese are the questions to which we would like answers.", "\nJean Marie Beaupuy\non behalf of the ALDE Group. - (", "FR) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, if there is one area in which all Europeans expect effective Community responses, it is that of large-scale natural disasters.", "\nEveryone has seen how, whenever major disasters such as the tsunami occur, there is a quick response on the part not only of individual countries and NGOs but also of our fellow citizens who, through their gifts of money, clothes and time, are able to join forces and take action. ", "However, we have also seen, when each of these disasters has occurred, that what was missing was proper organisation. ", "We are indeed confronted by inadequate organisation.", "\nThat is why, together with my group, I am in favour of implementing preventative actions and of putting in place the capacity to respond very quickly to the consequences of tragedies. ", "In this connection, I should like to draw attention to the quality of the Barnier report, which states the problem well and proposes solutions that are constructive not only - my fellow Members have already emphasised this - in terms, as one would expect, of efficiency but also of subsidiarity. ", "At this stage, I should like to point out where this report scores. ", "Although no one questions the fact that it is for the various military organisations, fire services and other players of various kinds to exercise their responsibilities in full, it has to be acknowledged that only the European Union is in a position to ensure preventative and responsive coordination.", "\nFinally, I should like to emphasise that the European Union has thus had the opportunity to demonstrate at a global level that the word 'solidarity' is not devoid of meaning but may be translated as 'practical action'. ", "If, when disasters similar to those of the past occur - and there is, unfortunately, a danger of their doing so in 2007 - the European Union has a presence on the ground in order to offer a response to human suffering and to mitigate the material, technical and ecological disasters, it will be viewed by the world as a more unified and much more practical enterprise. ", "For this reason too, it is important for the Presidency successfully to carry out this operation as early as at the beginning of 2007.", "\nDerek Roland Clark\non behalf of the IND/DEM Group. - ", "There are indeed two aspects. ", "There are disasters, natural and man-made, and there is terrorist attack.", "\nAllow me to speak from the perspective of the UK, where we have experienced both of those within the last year. ", "Last December, at an oil-storage depot near London, we had the biggest fire in peacetime Europe. ", "In July there was a serious terrorist attack in central London, with three tube trains bombed below ground and a bus above ground.", "\nIn each case we coped. ", "And it is more than just a question of subsidiarity. ", "We do not want to become dependent - and neither should anybody else.", "\nSo, I have a question. ", "What do you mean by 'European Consulates'? ", "Are these to be imposed upon national systems, over and above them?", "\nAnother question: the European Civil Defence Force referred to in the Barnier report - what is it going to do? ", "Is it an armed unit? ", "If so, under whose control? ", "Based where? ", "Could it be deployed without national government request or permission?", "\nFinally, the Constitution included a European policy on the prevention of natural disasters and on civil protection. ", "A further question: is this an attempt to introduce parts of the dead Constitution into new legislation?", "\nPaula Lehtomäki\nPresident-in-Office of the Council. (", "FI) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, it has become very clear from this debate that the Council, Parliament and surely the Commission too share exactly the same goals. ", "Firstly, we have to be able to establish effective arrangements for coordination in the field of civil protection. ", "The other goal that we share is that assistance should go wherever it is needed efficiently. ", "It is worth bearing in mind that a high level of cooperation will be needed to achieve these shared goals. ", "We do not necessarily or automatically need new structures, and we should not imagine that something will run well merely by creating a new structure. ", "Cooperation is therefore paramount, and is a keyword here.", "\nFurthermore, when we speak of certain natural disasters we have to remember, particularly when they occur outside the European Union, that there are a lot of players other than the European Union in the field. ", "In such situations, the Union needs to be part of a wider internationally coordinated operation. ", "The need for coordination in the field was very evident when the tsunami disaster struck, when there were dozens, even hundreds, of players in the field at the same time.", "\nMr Barnier's proposals are now being considered and digested by the Member States. ", "They are very ambitious, and right now the work of the Council work is focussed on finalising decisions on the financial instrument, leading to a common civil protection instrument. ", "Work is also nevertheless continuing with respect to Mr Barnier's proposals, and he has been invited to present his ideas at the Justice and Home Affairs Council on 5 December.", "\nPresident\nThe debate is closed.", "\nWritten statements (Rule 142)\nSebastiano\n(IT) This umpteenth and timely question on the sensitive matter of EU civil protection capacity puts the spotlight on one of the most convoluted and controversial sectors that the Member States have ever had to deal with.", "\nAs I have said before - I have talked to the Commission on a number of occasions and expressed my views in this House - since the civil protection sector is a matter for the individual Member States, it inevitably comes up against very different laws, types of professional training and practices. ", "For that reason, I have for some time supported the idea of capacity building and strengthening the coordination of the national intervention forces, with the aim of rendering the various national legislations more homogeneous. ", "In my view, such action has to be delegated to a special European Civil Protection Agency, on the model of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency.", "\nRecent experience has taught us that, if you look beyond the willingness shown, for example, when the horrific tsunami hit part of the Indian Ocean in 2004, the European Union's emergency management is, I am sorry to say, utterly inadequate.", "\nMargie Sudre\n(FR) The strategy developed in the excellent Barnier report with a view to making the most of the very considerable efforts made by Europeans in the field of emergency aid could supplement the Community civil protection mechanism instituted in 2001, whether the crisis were internal or external to the EU.", "\nI particularly approve of the proposal aimed at basing this force in the EU's seven outermost regions, which give Europe a human and territorial presence off the African coast - the Canaries and Madeira - in the Indian Ocean - Réunion - and in or close to the Americas - Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and the Azores - not to mention the overseas territories in the Pacific: French Polynesia and New Caledonia.", "\nWe must follow the example of the French Red Cross, which has created overseas-based teams for responding to humanitarian crises. ", "These are capable of rushing to the area concerned in less than 24 hours, setting up emergency hospitals and providing tents, medicines, water supplies, telecommunications and logistical support.", "\nIn order to give practical expression to the 'Europe of projects', the European Union must take initiatives inspired by a clear, comprehensible and strong political will.", "\nEnhanced civil protection on the part of Europe would involve a federative dimension, strongly identifying the action concerned as European, and, in accordance with the principle of solidarity dear to our Community, would represent a source of pride for our fellow citizens.", "\n" ]

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[ "Receptor interactions in stimulation of hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids.", "\nThe amount of carbachol-induced hydrolysis of inositol phospholipid in the mouse exocrine pancreas is reduced when cholecystokinin octapeptide, an agonist which works through a separate class of receptors, is also present. ", "This effect does not appear to be due to depletion of inositol phospholipid from the cell membranes. ", "These results indicate that the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipid is not always dependent on the number of receptors occupied and that the different classes of receptors share at least one component in the response system." ]

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[ "Sony Pictures Entertainment has reversed its prior decision to pull the movie The Interview, an action comedy about two American journalists (played by Seth Rogen and James Franco) who wrangled an interview with North Korea’s ruthless savage dictator Kim Jong Un, then assassinated Kim.", "\n\nHackers who call themselves “Guardians of the Peace,” determined by federal investigators to be associated with the North Korea government, had hacked into Sony’s computers and leaked a trove of embarrassing emails. ", "Then the hackers threatened to to carry out terrorist attacks against cinemas that screen The Interview, which originally was scheduled for release on December 25.", "\n\nOn Dec. 17, Sony buckled under pressure and took the unprecedented step of canceling the Dec. 25 release of the The Interview.", "\n\nObama and the F.B.I. accused North Korea of targeting Sony and pledged a “proportional response” just hours before North Korea’s Internet went dark without explanation.", "\n\nBut now Sony has reversed its decision.", "\n\nThe movie is being screened today in independent theaters across the United States. ", "Beginning yesterday at 10 a.m. PT, the movie can also be downloaded from from Google Play, YouTube Movies, Xbox Video and the website SeetheInterview.com for $5.99, or $14.99 for an HD version.", "\n\nHere’s a preview:\n\nSony’s reversal has led InfoWars to wonder if the whole thing is a marketing scam — “a cynical PR campaign from the start.”", "\n\nA number of private security researchers are increasingly voicing doubts that the hack of Sony‘s computer systems was the work of North Korea…with some even likening the government’s claims to those of the Bush administration in the build-up to the Iraq war.", "\n\nFueling their suspicions is the fact that the [Obama] government based its findings, in large part, on evidence that it will not release, citing the ‘need to protect sensitive sources and methods.’ […]", "\n\n“Essentially, we are being left in a position where we are expected to just take agency promises at face value,” Marc Rogers, a security researcher at CloudFlare, the mobile security company, wrote in a post Wednesday. “", "In the current climate, that is a big ask.”", "\n\nMr. Rogers, who doubles as the director of security operations for DefCon, an annual hacker convention, and others like Bruce Schneier, a prominent cryptographer and blogger, have been mining the meager evidence that has been publicly circulated, and argue that it is hardly conclusive.", "\n\nFor one, skeptics note that the few malware samples they have studied indicate the hackers routed their attack through computers all over the world. ", "One of those computers, in Bolivia, had been used by the same group to hack targets in South Korea. ", "But that computer, as well as others in Poland, Italy, Thailand, Singapore, Cyprus and the United States, were all freely available to anyone to use, which opens the list of suspects to anyone with an Internet connection and basic hacking skills.", "\n\nFor another, Sony’s attackers constructed their malware on computers configured with Korean language settings, but skeptics note that those settings could have been reset to deflect blame. ", "They also note the attackers used commercial software wiping tools that could have been purchased by anyone.", "\n\nThey also point out that whoever attacked Sony had a keen understanding of its computer systems — the names of company servers and passwords were all hard-coded into the malware — suggesting the hackers were inside Sony before they launched their attack. ", "Or it could even have been an inside job. […]", "\n\nOn Wednesday, one alternate theory emerged. ", "Computational linguists at Taia Global, a cybersecurity consultancy, performed a linguistic analysis of the hackers’ online messages — which were all written in imperfect English— and concluded that based on translation errors and phrasing, the attackers are more likely to be Russian speakers than Korean speakers.", "\n\nSuch linguistic analysis is hardly foolproof. ", "But the practice, known as stylometry, has been used to contest the authors behind some of history’s most disputed documents, from Shakespearean sonnets to the Federalist Papers.", "\n\n[…] other private security researchers say their own research backs up the government’s claims. ", "CrowdStrike, a California security firm that has been tracking the same group that attacked Sony since 2006, believes they are located in North Korea and have been hacking targets in South Korea for years.", "\n\nBut without more proof, skeptics are unlikely to simply demur to F.B.I. claims. “", "In the post-Watergate post-Snowden world, the USG can no longer simply say ‘trust us’,” Paul Rosenzweig, theDepartment of Homeland Security’s former deputy assistant secretary for policy, wrote on the Lawfare blog Wednesday. “", "Not with the U.S. public and not with other countries. ", "Though the skepticism may not be warranted, it is real.”", "\n\nIn real life, Kim Jong Un, the obese grandson and son of North Korea’s previous dictators, Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, lives a life of luxury and gluttony while his subjects starve to death. ", "Kim the 3rd reportedly had his own uncle killed and fed to dogs.", "\n\nUpdate (Dec. 26, 2014):\n\nEvidence is mounting that this Sony “hack” is another Obama admin. ", "false flag.", "\n\n1. ", "Almost every cyber security expert now says the FBI is wrong: North Korea is not responsible for the hack; in fact, Pyongyang has denied it’s responsible. ", "Instead, the hack most likely was a Sony inside job by someone named Lena. (", "Daily Mail) H/t FOTM’s CSM\n\n2. ", "The movie is panned by critics: The Interview received only an average 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.", "\n\n3. ", "Despite being panned by critics, but thanks to the mega publicity from the “hacking” and Sony’s initial withdrawal of the movie, The Interview played to packed cinemas across America on Christmas Day. (", "Daily Mail)\n\nI am very uncertain about the narrative on news reporting for this movie. ", "There are some people suggesting that we have all been played in a cynical publicity stunt. ", "The reasoning is based on the question, “Who benefits?” ", "North Korea doesn’t gain anything, even though its fat dictator is a perfect sucker for a rope-a-dope move like this. ", "But Sony gets huge attention for an otherwise dismally sophomoric dud of a movie. ", "And Obama benefits by being able to try again to take over the control of the internet.", "\n\nI personally place this in my unhappy category, alongside Sandy Hook, Benghazi, and the Boston Marathon bombing, labeled, “Riddles in the dark.” ", "We are in a hall of mirrors.", "\n\nThis week I am reading The Revelation of St. John the Divine (the Book of Revelation). ", "One of the unmistakable messages in this book is that God will not be mocked. ", "So to the Church I say, Take Heart! ", "And to the leaders of this dark world I say, Take heed!", "\n\nThough I tried to see it otherwise,I really feel like it was a play designed to increase viewership and ticket sales (and membership sales on the internet). ", "It’s just ironic how this has played out. ", "They’ve managed to make this flick one of the most desired ones to see in history,I have no doubt they’ll have more money generated from this scenario,and made “The Interview” a Historic relic.", "\nJust my 2 cents worth\n\nThis is a complicated issue, which Eo has made as clear as posible from the bits & pieces fed to us. ", "There’s an excellent article on this in Veteran Times yesterday that has some info from an insider who works in internet security, so this looks to be a black op by the CIA….", "\n\nI located and was able to watch a full copy before YouTube removed it, ya gotta be quick. ", "Anyway it was ok, had a few funny moments, but nothing that warranted going to WWIII over…twas either a false flag or publicity stunt\n\nAfter Sony successfully sold the grossly overpriced PS3 to people, being active in MPAA etc, should we really expect any less from a mega corporation? ", "But more than that, consider that this will be utilized as a pretext for more “cybersecurity” and “cyberwarfare” E.O.’s and “laws”. ", "It has also demonstrated that the general public are suckers and can be made to see some filthy worthless pseudo-comedy if they can be made to think that some “enemy” doesn’t want them to see it, consider the implications of that. ", "If the citizenry is that idiotic, that pavlovian, and the govstapo knows that… what else could that be exploited for? ", "Keep your eyes out this coming year and be especially wary of any “news”, be it mainstream or “alt”.", "\n\nSuffice it to say the public has been quite openly had, their nation-worship has been used to snooker them for some satanic shill corporation’s own profit, folks should be outraged enough to bring a full-scale lawsuit against the corporation from all possible sides, but will that happen?", "\n\nI’m w/Dave, for the same reasons. ", "North Koreans blow hard [maybe to keep warm?] ", "but “They don’t have the technological sophistication unless they got a lot of outside help” and the ONLY nation willing to is China. ", "But China isn’t so foolish as to risk a diplomatic row over a clownish movie not worth a fiddler’s ‘damn!’" ]

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[ "Can gestational dates routinely derived from very early ultrasound be used to interpret maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein measurements?", "\nThis study assesses the reliability of estimating gestational age via crown-rump or gestational sac measurements obtained at 8 weeks' gestation or earlier as part of routine physician office practice. ", "To accomplish this, we studied 88 pregnancies managed at 45 different sites in which both an early first-trimester ultrasonically-derived gestational age estimate and a second-trimester biparietal diameter (BPD) estimate were available. ", "The first- and second-trimester determinations were highly correlated, but the first-trimester determinations were, on average, 0.43 weeks earlier than the second. ", "The first-trimester estimates were satisfactory for use in interpreting maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening measurements, but second-trimester BPD measurements obtained prior to MSAFP screening should be the method of choice for interpreting MSAFP values, due to the increased sensitivity for detecting open spina bifida." ]

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[ "Representatives from Twitter met with advertisers last week to discuss the specifics of what might be — and won’t be — included in its ban on political advertising. ", "In those meetings, Twitter staffers suggested that ads that spread awareness about issues of national significance would still be allowed after the ban takes effect. ", "Ads that advocate for a specific candidate or piece of legislation will be banned, according to one advertiser briefed on Twitter’s plans.", "\n\n“For candidates, it seems like none of that advertising is going to be allowed,” the advertiser said. “", "For issue advocacy, the rules are a little bit more permissive.”", "\n\n“The exceptions, from what Twitter [Global VP of Revenue and Content Partnerships Matt] Derella has told me, will be for organizations that are not directly talking about a legislative issue,” the advertiser said.", "\n\nIn other words: Ads talking about climate change generally are likely going to be accepted; ads about the legislation that would enact the Green New Deal are not.", "\n\n“Issue awareness ads would be allowed, issue action-oriented ads that are based on a specific policy are definitely not,” the advertiser said, according to their interpretation of the meeting with Twitter.", "\n\nTwitter still hasn’t hammered out the exact contours of the policy, which is due to be announced Nov. 15, but this version would allow political advertisers room to spread their message on the platform, though in a much more limited manner than today.", "\n\nWhen announced later this week, the policy will contain more detail, but these conversations indicate that Twitter is considering a ban less sweeping than initially indicated by Dorsey when he tweeted, “We’ve made the decision to stop all political advertising on Twitter globally.”", "\n\n\"As we previously said, the full language of Twitter's new political ads policy will be public by the end of the week,\" Twitter spokesperson Nick Pacilio told BuzzFeed News.", "\n\nDorsey indicated that there would be exceptions to the policy on political ads last week, in response to criticisms from Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Elizabeth Warren, who claimed on Nov. 5 that Twitter would allow ads from fossil fuel companies while banning ads from organizations fighting the climate crisis. ", "Dorsey wrote, “We haven’t announced our new rules yet. ", "They come out 11/15. ", "Taking all this into consideration.”", "\n\n\n\nWhen Instagram head Adam Mosseri added, “You can’t ban these ads without significantly inhibiting the ability of activists, labor groups, and organizers to make their cases too,” Dorsey responded, “That’s not exactly right, Adam. ", "We gave ourselves until the 15th to make sure we’re addressing concerns like this thoughtfully.”", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Wednesday, June 11, 2008\n\nNearly Impossible to Fix a Football Game\n\nExplosive allegations continue to swirl around the NBA involving manipulation of games, the most recent made by disgraced referee Tim Donaghy that reference a 2002 playoff game.", "\n\nManipulating a basketball game appears relatively easy. ", "Get to the refs or a key player or two and — as they say — the fix is in.", "\n\nBut rigging a college football game is next to impossible. ", "Why? ", "Several reasons, beginning with the use of instant replay to review calls made by the officials.", "\n\nBasketball has no such safety net and when a call is made, it stands. ", "There is no such thing as a coaches challenge to overturn a bad call.", "\n\nFootball also involves way too many players. ", "Even if a quarterback or running back were on the take, an interception here or a fumble there usually results in the player quickly finding a seat on the bench.", "\n\nNo its not. ", "Stephen Pamon (remember him?) ", "fixed the 2007 Penn State Purdue game (I know what you're thinking.....who cares about Penn State vs Purdue). ", "It was maddening to watch. ", "The amount of money bet on Penn State that day was extraodinary.", "\n\nAnd you forgot about the Referee Team that did the OSU/Illinois game and the PSU/Purdue game. ", "Remember head of the refs for those games had huge black marks against him. ", "And Illinois was the most penalized team in the Big 10 and had 1 penalty called on them the whole game. ", "My guess is that it is easier than you think.", "\n\nI agree that it's harder to fix a football game than basketball, but not by much. ", "There is holding on nearly every offensive snap in football, and it's up to the refs to decide when to call it. ", "Often times a holding call can absolutely kill a drive. ", "Same goes for pass interference, it's a judgement call and the refs can call it at will with little argument.", "\n\nHolding or non holding calls, phantom personal fouls and late hits, pass intereferences called or not called are all penalites that can easily be called or not, and more times than not its one or two big plays that decide the momentum and outcome of a game. ", "A fixed game doesnt always turn out like its supposed to, but remember you only need to be right 53% of the time to turn a profit with the 10% juice.", "\n\nOverall, would not be hard to fix a college or NFL game. ", "Not hard at all.", "\n\nYou ever wrote this article has never seriously watch a football game. ", "Football is the second easiest rigged game after basketball. ", "In football theres a big difference between 3rd and 5, or 3rd and 15 all thanks to phantom holding call(theres holding on 90% of the plays if you want to go by the official rules). ", "Refs aren't going to \"rig\" big plays, or instant replays cause they dont want the picture all over espn, nfl network etc.. There changing the game when no one thinks it matters. ", "A phantom call here and there usually results in a extra punt here and there. ", "Most NFL games are decided by 7 points or less so an extra possession here and there makes a HUGE difference. ", "The Patriots figured this out years ago, thus spygate. ", "I do agree with the author in that college football would be harder to \"rig\" though the player. ", "In contast college football would be much easier to \"rig\" through the ref than the NFL. ", "The college refs are supposed to make mistakes, miss calls,etc.. its college not pros. ", "If there money to be made, then there \"rigging\" going on and probably more than we really want to know." ]

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[ "Follow us on Twitter\n\nGo Home or Face Arrest\n\nBy Natasha Holder\n\nLast week the government spent thousands on advertising to have vans circulating that read ‘Go home, or face arrest’. ", "The question on everyone’s lips was ‘what is the purpose of this’? ", "If the aim was really to reduce the number of illegal immigrants then there were cheaper and far more effective alternatives such as engaging with local communities. ", "Someone wanting to return home voluntarily is far more likely to open dialogue with a community leader or local advisor than respond to an intimidating billboard telling them to ‘go home’. ", "A Lib Dem party spokesman said: “These poster vans were not cleared or agreed by Liberal Democrats in government. ", "We are totally committed to tackling illegal immigration but this is a disproportionate, distasteful and ineffective way to do it.” ", "This has been the widely held view, and the campaign has subsequently been condemned as naked anti-immigration propaganda.", "\n\nThe government are using billboard vans in an attempt to encourage illegal immigrants to return home.", "\n\nDespite this, the Conservative government have hailed their campaign a success; it’s been such a success that they’ve decided not to release any proof of this. ", "I’m guessing it’s made as much of a difference as a van would circulating the city of London with a sign that read ‘playing roulette with people’s money is immoral’, or circulating Google’s offices with the message ‘pay tax or we’ll be angry’.", "\n\nThe billboards also showed residents how many illegal migrants had recently been arrested in their local area. ", "The poster in Brent had the figure of 106 arrests; although the Home Office has not yet defined the remit of ‘your area’. ", "Despite this, Barry Gardiner, MP for Brent North, in a letter to Theresa May pointed out:\n\n“At the rate of 106 arrests a week and assuming each arrest results in a deportation I calculate that it will take your van 90 years to scare people out of the UK – always assuming no further illegal immigrants enter the UK in the meantime.”", "\n\nSo what is the true purpose of this charade?", "\n\nThe Conservative government are determined to win back votes from UKIP, which some pundits suggest has led to an ‘arms-race on anti-immigration rhetoric’. ", "Earlier this year Cameron’s speech on immigration left France’s far-right Front National party praising him, but the party’s latest billboard campaign has been branded ‘nasty’ even by Nigel Farage. ", "Some suggest that this campaign against illegal immigrants is not only ineffective but vicious and a stress on social cohesion.", "\n\nSarah Teather, the former Lib Dem minister and MP for Brent Central, said constituents told her the billboards were reminiscent of some of the most offensive graffiti and signs seen at the height of anti-immigrant racism in the 70s, she said:\n\n“It reminds them of the things they used to see on walls in the 70s such as ‘Paki go home’. ", "The tone of the words on this van is similar to those signs in guesthouses that once told potential tenants: ‘no Irish, no blacks, no dogs’.”", "\n\nMany will proclaim that this is not directed at any particular racial group or even legal immigrants. ", "Yet the racially charged words, ‘go home’, were being displayed in the most ethnically diverse region in the whole of Europe – Brent; a region with a long established diverse community. ", "Barking and Dagenham, areas “with historically fraught race relations and a high prevalence of BNP support” were also targeted. ", "Linkage of immigration to race was a feature of political culture in Britain throughout the post-1945 period. ", "Since the early 1960s, British Labour and Conservative governments actively regulated and racialised immigration. ", "And now 50 years later, this billboard campaign has come at a time when the Conservative government has proposed visitors from countries – including Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh – produce a £3,000 bond to be allowed in to Britain.", "\n\nYou would have thought the backlash the government received following the Home Office’s controversial move to tweet pictures of illegal immigrants being dragged away into vans would have sent a clear signal that they are out of touch with ordinary people. ", "The public are concerned about the effect of immigration on their own living standards; they’re afraid they’re wages will be undercut, or that they’re children won’t be able to obtain school places. ", "They do not take pleasure in seeing pictures of immigrants in distress, being ripped from their families, put into a back of a van, to be sent back to their country of origin. ", "Do the government have a duty to pursue people who have over stayed – yes. ", "Do the government need to humiliate and dehumanise them by tweeting pictures of their ordeal – I should think not. ", "Statistics used to suffice in showing the effectiveness of government policies. ", "It’s also hard to see how this would lead to increases in deportations, so again, why the very public display? ", "I can only assume that it’s another attempt to attract a certain type of voter.", "\n\nThis campaign is the latest in a concerted effort to use immigrants as a scapegoat for all Britain’s problems whilst showing the public how tough on immigration they can be. ", "It’s easier to tell the public they have no jobs because an immigrant stole it than to tell them they aren’t in employment because the economy grew by only 0.6% during the second quarter of 2013. ", "Likewise, it’s simpler to advocate that immigration is pushing down wages and to circulate vans around the country targeting illegal immigrants, than to target the root cause of the slow and meagre rise in wages for the bottom 10% of earners, coupled with the unprecedented wealth redistribution from the poor to the rich in recent decades.", "\n\nIf the billboard campaigns, Home Office tweets and some of the demonising rhetoric were carried out by the EDL or BNP, no politician or mainstream media would dare defend it. ", "Many worry that the accumulated effect of this has and/or will discourage empathy with immigrants by treating them as objects, rather than as the subjects of life stories, create hostility or contempt for a largely voiceless group, and encourage suspicion of ethnic minorities. ", "It is the Conservative-led governments democratic right to decide that the level of immigration needs to be reduced. ", "However, many people are concerned that the government’s recent actions were never intended to reduce illegal immigration in an effective and sensible manner, but simply to win votes using morally questionable tactics.", "\n\nNatasha Holder writes as a Guest Writer/Blogger for Great British Community\n\nThe opinions expressed by the guest writer/blogger and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Link Up (UK) or any employee thereof. ", "Link Up (UK) is not responsible for the accuracy of any of the information supplied by the Guest writer/bloggers. ", "This work is the opinion of the blogger. ", "It is not the intention of Link Up (UK) to “malign any religion, ethnic group, club, organization, company, or individual.”" ]

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[ "Household air pollution from wood burning in two reconstructed houses from the Danish Viking Age.", "\nDuring 13 winter weeks, an experimental archeology project was undertaken in two Danish reconstructed Viking Age houses with indoor open fireplaces. ", "Volunteers inhabited the houses under living conditions similar to those of the Viking Age, including cooking and heating by wood fire. ", "Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5 ) were measured at varying distances to the fireplace. ", "Near the fireplaces CO (mean) was 16 ppm. ", "PM2.5 (mean) was 3.40 mg/m(3) , however, measured in one house only. ", "The CO:PM mass ratio was found to increase from 6.4 to 22 when increasing the distance to the fire. ", "Two persons carried CO sensors. ", "Average personal exposure was 6.9 ppm, and from this, a personal PM2.5 exposure of 0.41 mg/m(3) was estimated. ", "The levels found here were higher than reported from modern studies conducted in dwellings using biomass for cooking and heating. ", "While this may be due to the Viking house design, the volunteer's lack of training in attending a fire maybe also played a role. ", "Even so, when comparing to today's issues arising from the use of open fires, it must be assumed that also during the Viking Age, the exposure to woodsmoke was a contributing factor to health problems." ]

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[ "Summit Vitamins Vita-SEDDS Multi-packs\n\nSelf Emulsified Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) is a unique, cutting edge, nano technology. ", "Through this proprietary delivery system, poorly water soluble nutrients such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin D3 are converted into water soluble solutions. ", "The resulting micro-sized, dietary supplements are shown in clinical research to have 3 to 5 times higher, bio-availability, and thereby significantly greater absorption into the body's vital organs.", "\n\nParticipate\n\nBy crowdsourcing expertise our goal is to create a 'living' inventory for the exchange of accurate information on nano­ enabled consumer products. ", "Registered users are encouraged to submit relevant data pertaining to nanoparticle function, location, properties, potential exposure pathways, toxicity and life cycle assessment. ", "Registered users can update product information and add new products. ", "You can register for an account here or submit new and updated information to nano@wilsoncenter.org." ]

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[ "Frank Harris Hitchcock\n\nFrank Harris Hitchcock (October 5, 1867 – August 25, 1935), was chairman of Republican National Committee from 1908 to 1909. ", "He was then Postmaster General of the United States under President William Howard Taft from 1909 to 1913.", "\n\nBiography\nHe is credited with establishing the first U.S. airmail service. ", " As Postmaster General, he made prosecution of mail fraud a top priority, and led a major crackdown on people using the mails to sell shares in worthless companies.", "\n\nAccording to historian David Leighton, \"He graduated from Harvard in 1891 and the George Washington University Law School in 1894. ", "During his time at Harvard he met Theodore Roosevelt at the Audubon Society, both sharing a passion for the study of birds. ", "Hitchcock credited Roosevelt for his success at the national level: From 1897 to 1905 Hitchcock served in the departments of Agriculture and Commerce. ", "From 1905-08, he was assistant postmaster general.\"", "\n\nImages\n\nExternal links\n David Leighton, \"Street Smarts: General Hitchcock Highway remembers a man whose influence went from D.C. to Tucson and back,\" Arizona Daily Star, Feb. 25, 2014\n\nNotes\n\n|-\n\nCategory:1867 births\nCategory:1935 deaths\nCategory:20th-century American politicians\nCategory:Arizona Republicans\nCategory:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery\nCategory:George Washington University Law School alumni\nCategory:Harvard University alumni\nCategory:Ohio Republicans\nCategory:People from Amherst, Ohio\nCategory:Republican National Committee chairmen\nCategory:Taft administration cabinet members\nCategory:United States Postmasters General" ]

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[ "I have watched a weight around 455g for the S-Works. ", "That's not so close to this Ciamillo crank but I agree that if you're looking for the cheapest gram saved this Ciamillo crank is not the best.", "But the stiffness is gonna be impressive and the design very unique. ", "And I don't speak about unlimited custom options that are making this product very interesting for people looking for optimized parts for their own use !", "The last thing is that it's a 100% made in USA product and this only fact should be taken into consideration from US buyers who want to preserve their jobs.[/quote]\n\nIt's a bit of a let down . ", "First we had those early shots of the crank design which I thought looked really cool . ", "Then we had some postings about the weight dropping and new design . ", "Now what we are left with is a crank that looks a lot like the Rotor crank without a coat on and when you add the spider and bb is a bit disappointing in the weight area . ", "I Still think there will be issues with the carbon rods joining the aluiminium. ", "I can see water and salt getting in there and causing issues. ", "Looks very exposed.", "\n\nWe’ve posted a ton on these recently, and I started this as a mere update to the post earlier this week. ", "But, the more I spoke with Ted, the more info came out and, well, here we are with lots of great details on the construction of his Gravitas cranks.", "\n\nFirst off, they’re shipping. ", "The first few units have mailed to some of his long-standing customers, and more will trickle out each week until they’re up to full speed. ", "Orders placed now will likely ship in five or six weeks. ", "Second, given the overriding theme among the comments, I asked directly about the stiffness of the design and why use carbon tubes. ", "Here’s Ted’s response:\n\n“We’re shooting for a sub-400g crankset that’s as stiff as or stiffer than Dura-Ace. ", "The tubes are made by a company that specializes in hi-mod carbon tubes. ", "We started this process by reverse engineering other cranks on the market, and this three-tube design can be made stiffer. ", "The engineer designed these tubes to be 1.5x as stiff as the Rotor cranks, and the end result is slightly less than 1.5x because of the alloy parts interface. ", "But, all we have to do is slightly increase the wall thickness and/or diameter of the tubes and we can make this the stiffest crank on the market without adding any weight. ", "I wanted to have the lightest component in that arena without compromise.”", "\n\nRead on to see how it all comes together, and get a promo code to enter to win a set of these and his brakes!", "\n\nThe Gravitas crankset's pins can be anodized or powdercoated in a variety of custom colors.", "\n\nA two part process connects the carbon tubes and alloy ends. ", "First, they’re bonded together. ", "The bonding agent fills in any gaps, providing a solid connection. ", "Then holes are bored through both the alloy parts and carbon tubes, and pins (blue in the top pic) are threaded together inside the holes. ", "It’s called PTS for Pinned Tube System. ", "These both lock the carbon tubes in place and prevent them from rotating.", "\n\nThe other side of the story is customization. ", "This design lets them very easily make custom lengths and Q-factors without needing a ton of size-specific tooling. ", "To get the exact length a rider needs/wants, they simply cut the tubes accordingly. ", "Depending on the frame’s BB width, they have a range of spindle widths they can use, too, with spacers taking up any slack. ", "A narrower 68mm BB shell would give you a wider range of customization than an 86mm one, of course.", "\n\nThey can also change the spider’s mounting width to tweak the spacing between chainrings to accommodate different rings in both 10- and 11-speed. ", "The spider is interchangeable, letting you run standard or compact with the same arms.", "\n\nSeveral spindle options will be offered to accommodate all modern bottom bracket sizes, BB30 first. ", "A 24mm BSA spindle should be available in a couple weeks, which is likely to be a bit heavier because the spindle’s wall thickness will have to increase.", "\n\nI really like the idea behind this crankset and it looks beautiful, I'm just a little bit curious as to how well the carbon tube system will work, especially manufactured from UHM carbon. ", "Stiffer generally equates to more brittle. ", "I'll be waiting for the ride reports .............\n\nI would like to know what happened to the original design which I liked better . ", "Why can't the cranks be all carbon? ", "When this crank was first posted the weight was mentioned on more than one occasion and the assumption given by the posts was that this was going to be one of the lightest cranksets out there .It now seems to have changed in to a little bit lighter version of an undressed rotor crank . ", "I liked the original design and I wonder why the change to the rods and how come the talk has gone from being super light to a stiffer heavier crank. ", "For me the impact was about the weight of this crank and it seems to have been lost .", "\n\nI have not talked to Ted. ", "The first crank was going to be 454 grams with a big emphasis on stiffness. ", "I was one of the first to chime in and say 454 grams is not that exciting, plenty of other lighter options. ", "Now understand that I posted this on Weight Weenies. ", "You could still end up with a nice crank at 454 grams but you are not going to appeal to the super weight conscience.", "\n\nWith the new design at 390 grams or whatever it will be, this is a big deal. ", "This would match the lightest cranks made in the world and Ted says that he was still focused on stiffness.", "\n\nI understand that the looks changed, and 60 grams might not sound like a huge difference. ", "These cranks now have the potential to be the lightest and stiffest cranks ever made. ", "I am not saying they are the lightest and stiffest, we will find out when we see some postings from the first users. ", "Hopefully soon.", "\n\nWith the new design at 390 grams or whatever it will be, this is a big deal. ", "This would match the lightest cranks made in the world and Ted says that he was still focused on stiffness.", "\n\nAt 390g, these are NOT the lightest cranks made. ", "I currently own a set of lightning sl cranks (172.5). ", "With the 110 spider they weigh about 356g. Before that I had vumaquads which came in at 378g w/ 50/34 rings.", "\n\nIt's quite possible they'll be able to go with 2 carbon tubes instead of 3 at some point in the future, that would (probably) make it the lightest crankset, but not yet.", "\n\nI do think they look better than the lightning cranks (the vumaquads looked better as well), but I'm gonna stick to the true WW thing here and go w/ lighter!", "\n\nWho is online\n\nYou cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot post attachments in this forum" ]

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[ "We currently have 26 patients enrolled in this study, half of whom have been followed for one year. ", "An interim analysis of the data are planned for 4/99." ]

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[ "Sonic Screwdriver Bouquet: Do You Take This Doctor?", "\n\nSuppose the Doctor and River Song got married. ", "This would be River’s bouquet, because you know, that’s her sonic screwdriver as the stem. ", "But in real life this was a human bride’s bouquet that not only features River’s sonic screwdriver, but there are also paper flowers from the pages of a Sherlock Holmes story on top. ", "That makes it doubly awesome.", "Doctor Who fans with impending nuptials now have another project to keep them busy until the big day. ", "You already have the TARDIS or Dalek cake, no doubt. ", "The groom will be dressed like the Doctor, the bride like River Song and now you have a sonic screwdriver bouquet.", "\n\nBut don’t stop there. ", "I want to see some Daleks walking her down the aisle and a Cyberman presenting the ring. ", "Nah, that’s not too much." ]

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[ "AS GOVERNMENTS try to tackle huge structural budget deficits, one means of attack is to delay paying state pensions by gently raising the official state-retirement age. ", "Protests are expected in Spain on Tuesday February 23rd against an official plan to lift the retirement age by two years to 67. ", "Official retirement ages have failed to keep pace with rising life expectancy, making pensions increasingly unaffordable. ", "In practice many people in the rich-world OECD countries retire several years early, which lets them enjoy, on average, some 19 years in retirement before death. ", "Spaniards should spare a thought for the previous generation; those who became pensioners in 1970 could expect to survive for less than a decade.", "\n\nShutterstock" ]

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[ "Cleanly and neatly modified VL Revolution w/ Xboard featuring a internally routed flexible hose with the appropriate adapters to run from your warpfeed to your feedneck. ", "One half is opaque blue and the other is solid black. ", "Battery door is shimmed with DSM tape to ensure a good connection no matter how much it bounces around. ", "Needs a speedfeed or lid - I \"borrowed\" the speedfeed for one of my Halos. ", "Works great and makes for a very tight setup." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field Of The Invention\nThe present invention relates to the field of decontamination of nuclear reactor primary systems. ", "More specifically, it relates to a unique apparatus for integrating a chemical injection system, a clean-up subsystem and a resin replacement system into a nuclear reactor primary system for chemical decontamination of the entire primary system in which the process equipment is located outside of the containment chamber.", "\n1. ", "Description Of The Prior Art\nThe problem of excessive personnel exposures caused by high background radiation levels in a nuclear reactor primary system, such as in pressurized water reactor (PWR) systems, and the resultant economic cost of requiring personnel rotation to minimize individual exposure is significant at many nuclear plants. ", "These background levels are principally due to the buildup of deposits of radioactive corrosion products in certain areas of the plant. ", "The buildup of corrosion products exposes workers to high radiation levels during routine maintenance and refueling outages. ", "The long term prognosis is that personnel exposure levels will continue to increase.", "\nAs a nuclear power plant operates, the surfaces in the core and primary system corrode. ", "Corrosion products, referred to as crud, are activated during transport of the corroded material through the core region by the reactor coolant system (RCS). ", "Subsequent deposition of the activated crud elsewhere in the system produces radiation fields in piping and components throughout the primary system, thus increasing radiation levels throughout the plant. ", "The activity of the corrosion product deposits is predominately due to Cobalt 58 and Cobalt 60. ", "It is estimated that 80-90% of personnel radiation exposure can be attributed to these elements.", "\nOne way of controlling worker exposure, and of dealing with this problematic situation, is to periodically decontaminate the nuclear steam supply system using chemicals which remove a significant fraction of the corrosion product oxide films. ", "Prior techniques had done very little to decontaminate the primary system as a whole, typically focusing only on the heat exchanger (steam generator) channel heads.", "\nTwo different chemical processes, referred to as LOMI (developed in England under a joint program by EPRI and the Central Electricity Generating Board) and CANDEREM (developed by Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.), have been used for small scale decontamination in the past. ", "These processes are multi-step operations, in which various chemicals are injected, recirculated, and then removed by ion-exchange. ", "Although the chemicals are designed to dissolve the corrosion products, some particulates are also generated. ", "One method of chemical decontamination, focusing on the chemistry of decontamination, is disclosed in U.K. Patent Application No. ", "GB 2 085 215 A (Bradbury et al.). ", "There is little disclosure, however, of the methodology t be used in applying that chemistry to system decontamination.", "\nWhile these chemical processes had typically been used on only a localized basis, use of these chemical processes has now been considered for possible application on a large scale, i.e. full system chemical decontamination. ", "Such an application is disclosed generally in co-pending Application Ser. ", "No. ", "07/621,120, filed Nov. 26, 1990, now U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,089,216, entitled \"System For Chemical Decontamination Of Nuclear Reactor Primary Systems\", and incorporated herein by reference.", "\nWhile some work has been done in the boiling water reactor (BWR) programs, the BWR scenarios examined by those in the field involved decontaminating fuel assemblies in sipping cans employing commercial processes at off-normal decontamination process conditions with little regard for the effects of temperature, pressure, and flow that would be mandated by an actual application of the process to the full RCS.", "\nThe estimated collective radiation dose savings over a 10-year period following decontamination is on the order of 3500-4500 man rem, depending upon whether or not the fuel is removed during decontamination. ", "At any reasonable assigning of cost per man-rem, the savings resulting from reduced dose levels will be in the tens of millions of dollars.", "\nAs a result of the present examination of potential full system decontamination, and the resulting need for new sub-system methods, developments have been made by the assignor of this invention to use demineralizing resin beds in conjunction with the known chemical processes. ", "Developments in resin replacement systems for the demineralizer resin beds have also been made by the assignor of this invention. ", "These developments are set forth in co-pending Application Ser. ", "No. ", "07/621,129, filed Nov. 26, 1990, now U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,089,217 entitled \"Clean-up Sub-system for Chemical Decontamination of Nuclear Reactor Primary systems\", and in Ser. ", "No. ", "07/621,130, filed Nov. 26, 1990 entitled \"Resin Processing System , which are both incorporated herein by reference.", "\nThere exists a need for a design layout which incorporates these advanced full system decontamination systems and sub-systems and incorporates them into an existing or future reactor plant design. ", "One such plant design would be an \"outside of containment\" design in which the plant processing units which constitute the chemical decontamination process would be installed outside of the containment chamber." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to the art of blowmolding freestanding plastic drums, and more specifically to an improved method for forming bungholes in blowmolded drums.", "\nPlastic drums are often manufactured by extruding a tubular parison into a chamber defined by open mold sections, inserting a blow pin into at least one end of the parison, closing the mold sections which compresses a portion of the parison against the blow pin to form the bunghole, blowing air through the blow pin and into the parison so as to expand the remainder of the parison into contact with the interior surface of the closed mold, opening the mold, and then removing the final blown article from the mold and the blow pin.", "\nIn such a method, the blow pin generally has an annular shoulder which forms a sealing surface on the molded bunghole for abutting a reciprocal surface on the bung or closure. ", "Additionally, the blow pin assembly generally would include means for providing the bunghole with threads for cooperative engagement with a closure. ", "Such means might consist of threads on the blow pin itself for casting the image onto the molding plastic, or it might consist of a threaded plastic or metal insert temporarily affixed to the blow pin but over which the plastic may be molded and which remains as a part of the bunghole upon removal of the blow pin.", "\nOne of the problems association with the sealing surfaces of bungholes made by the above method is that the surfaces are somewhat conical, generally sloping upwardly and outwardly from the center axis of the bunghole. ", "This requires the use of a highly elastic and compressible gasket to effect a seal.", "\nOne of the shortcomings of the compression molded plastic threads has been their poor definition leading to cross-threading and reduction of their mechanical advantage. ", "Cross-threading or other thread damage commonly occurs in one of the following three manners: (1) the forced engagement of a difficult-to-screw-in closure or other device, (2) the force of impact under government-required drop tests (see United States Department of Transportation Regulations Governing Transportation of Hazardous Materials, Sec. ", "178.19, Specification 34), and (3) the gravitational leverage exerted by engaged pumping or other dispensing equipment." ]

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[ "Image copyright Getty Images\n\nAt the moment, lorry drivers in the UK wanting to deliver to the EU need to have a community licence, which is a document issued by UK authorities that allows them to operate there.", "\n\nThat's important because about 3.5 million road goods vehicles travel from Britain to Europe each year.", "\n\nIf Theresa May's withdrawal agreement is ratified by Parliament, then the situation will remain the same throughout a transition period as the UK negotiates the future trade relationship.", "\n\nBut if the UK leaves without a deal, then EU countries will no longer have to accept community licences issued here.", "\n\nOne possible solution would be for the UK government to issue European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) permits, which are allocated by an independent group and allow holders to deliver in 43 countries, including all of the European Economic Area (EEA) countries except Cyprus.", "\n\nECMT permits may be issued for a calendar year or one month. ", "The trouble is that the UK government can only issue a limited number of them. ", "For 2019, it has allocated 984 annual permits so far, for which it had 11,392 applications.", "\n\nIt has managed to get some more permits, though - and the Road Haulage Association thinks this will increase the number of annual permits available by about 70%.", "\n\nThe UK also has 2,832 monthly permits, which have not yet been allocated.", "\n\nImage copyright Getty Images\n\nThe ECMT permits do not allow operators the same freedom they currently have as EU members, however.", "\n\nThere are limits to what international drivers can do, particularly because countries have been trying to prevent them making lots of deliveries within a single country rather than across borders.", "\n\nUnder the community licence, they can drive between member states as much as they like without returning to the UK.", "\n\nThe key restriction here is that after making an international delivery to a member state, they are allowed to make only three domestic deliveries within that country before making another international delivery.", "\n\nWith an ECMT permit, in contrast, they are allowed to make only three journeys between countries before returning to the UK and no deliveries within countries are allowed.", "\n\nCommission plans\n\nAn alternative, though temporary, solution comes from the European Commission's plans for a no-deal Brexit.", "\n\nThe commission has adopted a proposal to allow UK operators to carry goods in the EU until the end of 2019 following a no-deal Brexit, as long as the UK does the same thing for EU operators.", "\n\nThe regulation is being considered by the European Parliament and the European Council.", "\n\nIt also has limitations compared with EU membership - in its current form operators would be allowed a maximum of two deliveries within the EU after transporting goods from the UK, falling to one and then none over time. ", "They would also not be allowed to travel through EU countries to access non-EU countries such as Switzerland, with which separate bilateral agreements exist.", "\n\nThere have also been some disagreements about the regulation at a European level because of disputes between the European Commission and the member states about whether road haulage regulation should be governed by the commission at all.", "\n\nImage copyright Getty Images\n\n\"We are still not sure the commission's proposal is going to go through - and even if it does, it will only run until the end of the year and provide far less access to the EU market than our members enjoy today,\" said Pauline Bastidon, from the Freight Transport Association.", "\n\n\"It's little reassurance for lorry drivers, especially if they're trying to sign contracts covering several years.\"", "\n\nBut the Department for Transport told (DfT) BBC News: \"We are confident we will secure a relationship with the EU that maintains the liberalised access the UK currently enjoys, without hauliers needing an ECMT permit to continue operating in the EU.\"", "\n\nThe DfT is also looking into whether old, bilateral agreements on lorry transport would automatically come back into effect when the UK leaves the EU, although the current position of the EU is that they would not.", "\n\nAnd it has prepared, although not yet passed, secondary legislation that would allow EU operators to deliver in the UK whether or not the European Commission's proposals are passed.", "\n\nTrailer registration\n\nThere are other potential snags involving the Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (CPC) and the different International Driver Permits needed to drive in the EU - there is one that is valid predominantly in Spain and Ireland and one valid in most of the rest of the EU, so many drivers need two.", "\n\nIn addition, some trailers need to be registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and given registration plates separate to the vehicle towing them if they are going to travel to some EU countries.", "\n\nOn top of that, there are the issues with customs forms and other paperwork when the lorries enter or leave the EU that we discussed in this piece about ports.", "\n\nWhat do you want BBC Reality Check to investigate? ", "Get in touch\n\nRead more from Reality Check\n\nFollow us on Twitter" ]

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[ "Utilization of Red-Light-Emitting CdTe Nanoparticles for the Trace-Level Detection of Harmful Herbicides in Adulterated Food and Agricultural Crops.", "\nRed-light-emitting water-soluble semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by using a wide variety of commercially available thiol-type capping agents. ", "QDs with a negatively charged nanosurface showed excellent selectivity for paraquat (PQ) at pH 7.4 over other commonly encountered pesticides/herbicides, including diquat (DQ). ", "The presence of a 4,4'-bis-pyridinium unit in PQ enabled it to initiate long-range aggregation, thereby leading to the formation of nanostructures with excellent emission-quenching behavior. ", "Precoated quartz plates were developed as a low-cost, portable sensor for the on-site detection of PQ in both natural water and human urine. ", "Estimation of the PQ concentration was performed in different commercial formulations and the detection of PQ contamination in adulterated dairy product was also achieved with excellent sensitivity. ", "Finally, we screened more than 50 different food items, including vegetables, fruits, cereals, and fodders, to construct a generalized marker for any residual PQ in such specimens." ]

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[ "Filed 6/4/13 In re Alberto E. CA5\n\n\n\n\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS\nCalifornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for\npublication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). ", "This opinion has not been certified for publication\nor ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.", "\n\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA\n FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT\n\n\nIn re ALBERTO E., a Person Coming\nUnder the Juvenile Court Law.", "\n\n\nTHE PEOPLE, F065759\n\n Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. ", "Ct. ", "No. ", "12JQ0034)\n\n v.\nALBERTO E., OPINION\n\n Defendant and Appellant.", "\n\n\n THE COURT*\n APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kings County. ", "George\nOrndoff, Judge.", "\n Courtney M. Selan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and\nAppellant.", "\n Office of the State Attorney General, Sacramento, California, for Plaintiff and\nRespondent.", "\n\n -ooOoo-\n\n* Before Cornell, Acting P.J., Kane, J., and Franson, J.\n\f In March 2012, appellant, Alberto E., a minor, admitted an allegation set forth in a\njuvenile wardship petition that he committed the offense commonly known as active\nparticipation in a criminal street gang (Pen. ", "Code, § 186.22, subd. (", "a)). ", "At the disposition\nhearing later that month, the juvenile court adjudged appellant a ward of the court;\ndeclared the offense to be a felony; placed appellant on probation, with various terms and\nconditions; and ordered him committed to the Kings County Juvenile Academy Alpha\nProgram (Alpha Program) for a period of 90 days to one year.", "\n In June 2012, it was alleged appellant violated his probation by failing to comply\nwith the rules and regulations of the Alpha Program. ", "At the hearing in July 2012,\nappellant admitted the allegation. ", "At the subsequent disposition hearing held later that\nmonth, the court readjudged appellant a ward of the court, continued him on probation\nand ordered him committed to the Kings County Juvenile Academy Impact Program for a\nperiod of 180 days to one year. ", "Appellant appeals from this most recent disposition\norder.", "\n Appellant‟s appointed appellate counsel has filed an opening brief which\nsummarizes the pertinent facts, with citations to the record, raises no issues, and asks that\nthis court independently review the record. (", "People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.)", "\nAppellant has not responded to this court‟s invitation to submit additional briefing. ", "We\naffirm.", "\n FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n Alpha Program reports indicate that between March 19, 2012, and June 11, 2012,\nappellant violated Alpha Program rules and regulations in that he, inter alia, engaged in\n“disruptive behavior in class,” failed to obey orders by staff members, refused to take\nmedication, engaged in “horse playing,” was “trying to pull the pants down of cadets\nwalking by,” told a staff member “„fuck it,”‟ and “„fuck the program‟” when told by staff\nthat he would be receiving a disciplinary “write up,” spoke to a staff member in a\n\n 2\n\f“disrespectful tone,” spoke to another cadet “in a hostile tone,” “argued back to staff,”\nengaged in “horseplay” that “appear[ed] to be ... gang related” (unnecessary\ncapitalization omitted), “intentionally bumped” another cadet, and “started to call\n[another cadet] „D.O.‟, which stands for „Drop Out‟ because he no longer affiliates with\nthe Norteno gang.”", "\n A “PROGRAM FAILURE REPORT” dated June 20, 2012, states the following:\nAppellant “has been a habitual behavioral problem.” ", "Two days after one of his five\n“Discipline Board” sessions, he “assaulted another minor, totally unprovoked.”", "\nAppellant is “deemed to be a program failure.”", "\n DISCUSSION\n Following independent review of the record, we have concluded that no other\nreasonably arguable legal or factual issues exist.", "\n DISPOSITION\n The judgment is affirmed.", "\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow is Geo Redundant Storage charged on Microsoft Azure?", "\n\nSO I have been using the azure 3 month trial, to test out whether I want to use Microsoft Azure to host a project I am working on, however I have been very confused as I have run out of \"Geo Redundant Storage\" in the first month and I don't really understand why.", "\nI have read this: https://www.windowsazure.com/en-us/pricing/details/ and the only thing I can make of it, is that it takes an average of how much storage you are using across a month, eg as long as I am using less then 35gb (for a 35gb limit) on average of storage space I am in the clear. ", "\nSo under my Azure Subscriptsions 'STORAGE (GB/MONTH) - GEO REDUNDANT' it says '101.027% of 35 GB/month' (so I have reached my cap).", "\nBut I don't understand why this would be happening, all I have is a simple server with a nodejs web application and a redis database (pretty much an empty at the moment), all running on an ubuntu VM, and as I can't login and check storage now because it is disabled, but I am pretty sure it is nowhere even near 35gb total storage and never has been?", "\nI am hoping someone can explain how the azure storage is charged or if I have missed something silly? ", "\nEdit: It just hit me that it could be redis, doing crazy things with IO? ", "not sure if this is possible, but if it is, would I be better to use locally redundant storage and pay for locally redundant storage transactions?", "\nEdit 2: On my graph it says I had been using 1.96gb / day. ", "So that means its not the total harddrive space per month, is it harddrive space / day? (", "using 2gbs of data probably sounds about right with the OS included, if this is the case, that means they give you less then 2gb space on the trial, seems minute??)", "\n \n\nA:\n\nThis caused due to the limitation on the geo redundant storage I have faced the same issue to fix this just disable geo redundant storage from the Windows Azure preview portal.", "\n\nOpen the Windows Azure preview portal.", "\nSelect Storage left.", "\nThe select your storage.", "\nClick Configure on the top.", "\nTurn off geo-replication.", "\n\nI hope this will help.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "During the fighting of a fire, a firefighter works in a very hostile environment. ", "Many firefighters lose their lives while fighting fires. ", "Most of the deaths of firefighters while fighting fires are the result of stress, heart attacks, strokes, and the like. ", "Of course, a firefighter must be protected from the environment within which the firefighter works. ", "However, in an attempt to provide adequate protection, the garments of firefighters have been too heavy and too bulky.", "\nFirefighter's coats and trousers customarily have three layers of material: an outer shell or layer, which is flame resistant and abrasion resistant, and an intermediate layer which is a moisture barrier, and an inner layer, which is a thermal barrier. ", "These layers may be three separate distinct layers or may be one or two members.", "\nCustomarily, the inner layer, or thermal barrier, in a firefighter's garment is significantly thick and bulky. ", "Optimal thermal insulation in a garment is dead air space within the garment. ", "Dead air space can be provided in a garment at relatively low costs. ", "Dead air space creates minimal weight in a garment. ", "However, even though dead air as a thermal insulator in a garment has been recognized in the clothing industry, this fact has not received significant recognition in the design and construction of firefighters' protective clothing.", "\nThis absence of use of dead air insulation in firefighters' clothing has resulted from the fact that in a garment which is designed for dead air as thermal insulation, that dead air insulation must be guaranteed and maintained during all firefighting activity of a firefighter who wears the garment. ", "Localized pressure upon a firefighter's garment may occur as a firefighter carries firefighting apparatus, or an object or a person. ", "Localized pressure may also occur in a firefighter's garment as the firefighter moves and works. ", "During firefighting activity a firefighter frequently finds it necessary to carry relatively heavy and/or bulky items, such as a breathing apparatus tank, water hose, and the like. ", "If conventional dead air space means in clothing should be provided in a firefighter's garment, such heavy items carried by the firefighter would apply pressure upon portions of the firefighter's clothing and would reduce or destroy the dead air space in the firefighter's garment. ", "Thus, conventional dead air space structure for thermal insulation cannot be employed in a firefighter's garment, because such conventional structure cannot assure or maintain dead air space in a firefighter's garment.", "\nIt is an object of this invention to provide firefighters' garments which have the same quality of protection or better protection against the environment than conventional firefighters' garments but which have significantly less weight, permitting greater ease of movement of the firefighters and less stress upon the firefighters than conventional garments of firefighters.", "\nIt is another object of this invention to provide firefighters' garments in which dead air space is employed as thermal insulation and in which the dead air space is maintained even when significant external pressure or weight is applied to the garments.", "\nAnother object of this invention is to provide firefighters' garments which contain ventilation means.", "\nAnother object of this invention is to provide a means and a method which can be used in constructing firefighters' coats, vests, and trousers, and other garments or wearing apparel in which air space is employed as insulation.", "\nAnother object of this invention is to provide such firefighters' garments which can be constructed at lower costs than firefighters' conventional garments.", "\nOther objects and advantages of the firefighters' garments of this invention reside in the construction of parts, the combination thereof, the method of production and the mode of use, as will become more apparent from the following description." ]

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[ "Instantly downloadable sheet music by Ian Gillan for band of MEDIUM skill level.", "\n\nSmoke on the Water, Pt.3 part - Preview #1\n\nThis sheet music has not received any reviews yet, you can be the first one to write one!", "\n\nVirtual Sheet Music\n\nVirtual Sheet Music has become one of the leading sources for classical sheet music downloads and for other music products and services serving over 20,000 users daily. ", "Desired titles can be downloaded from the web site directly to the user's home computer, and subsequently displayed and/or printed. ", "Users can also listen to and enjoy audio MIDI and MP3 files for any item in their catalog.", "\n\nThis store has not received any reviews yet, you can be the first one to write one!" ]

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[ "Spectroscopic and functional characterization of the putative transmembrane segment of the minK potassium channel.", "\nMinK (Isk) is a voltage-dependent K+ channel whose gene has been recently cloned and which consists of 130 amino acids [Takumi, T., Ohkubo, H., & Nakanishi, S. (1988) Science 242, 1042-1045]. ", "The protein contains one putative transmembrane segment by hydropathy analysis. ", "Whether this putative transmembrane segment is involved in the function of the protein was studied. ", "A 32 amino acid peptide (residues 41-72) with the sequence SKLEALYILMVLGFFGFFTLGIMLSYIRSKKL, containing the hypothesized transmembrane domain, designed TM-minK, was synthesized and fluorescently labeled. ", "The alpha-helical content of TM-minK, assessed in methanol using circular dichroism (CD), was 57%. ", "The fluorescent emission spectrum of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD)-labeled TM-minK displayed a blue shift upon binding to small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), reflecting a relocation of the fluorescent probe to an environment of increased apolarity, i.e., within the lipid bilayer. ", "The increase in NBD's fluorescence upon mixing NBD-labeled TM-minK with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) was used to generate a binding isotherm, from which was derived a surface partition coefficient of 5.5 x 10(4) M-1. ", "Fluorescence energy transfer measurements between carboxyfluoresceine-labeled and rhodamine-labeled analogues suggest that TM-minK aggregates within membranes. ", "In addition, single-channel experiments revealed that TM-minK can form single channels in planar lipid membranes only when a trans negative potential is applied. ", "The findings herein experimentally support a role of the transmembrane segment of minK both in the assembly and as a constituent of the pore formed by the protein." ]

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[ "Preps: The Oakland Press' top 60 softball players\n\nThe Oakland Press file photo/DOUG BAUMAN\nJennifer Topor of West Bloomfield should be one of the state's best.", "The third-year player hit .559, driving in 45 runs, while maintaining a 1.13 ERA in the circle last season.", "\n\n1. ", "Taylor Hasselbach, Clarkston jr. ", "INF -- Might be the most feared hitter in the state over the next two years. ", "Already committed to Michigan, Hasselbach had a sensational sophomore season, hitting .577 with 13 HR, 51 runs and 59 RBI. ", "She also had a on-base percentage of .717, a slugging percentage of 1.221 and 26 SB.", "\n\n2. ", "Jordan Wheatley, Troy jr. ", "P -- Hoping a full winter's worth of training will make her even more dominant. ", "Went 23-8 with 287 strikeouts and a 1.30 ERA in 188 IP last season. ", "Also batted .532 at the plate. ", "Committed to Penn State.", "\n\n3. ", "Jennifer Topor, West Bloomfield jr. ", "P/SS -- An impact player ever since she was a freshman, Topor should be one of the state's best. ", "Hit .559 with 45 RBI and had a 1.13 ERA and 262 K in 180 IP last season.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\n4. ", "Andie Dawson, Lakeland sr. ", "OF -- Smart, speedy player who does everything for the Eagles. ", "Signed with Adrian, Dawson hit .414 with 24 RBI and 32 SB last season.", "\n\n5. ", "Taylor Cummings, Farmington sr. ", "INF -- Should be the Falcons' offensive leader and one of the hardest outs in the county. ", "Defensively, Cummings will move from second base to shortstop.", "\n\n6. ", "Mary Kate DiVirgilio, Birmingham Detroit Country Day sr. ", "C -- Possibly the best catcher in the entire state, both offensively and defensively. ", "Batted .510 with eight HR and 49 RBI and allowed only one runner to steal on her last season.", "\n\n7. ", "Corinne Luxton, Oxford jr. ", "P -- Coming off a sensational sophomore season and could be even better as a junior. ", "A strikeout pitcher who has gained 10 mph on her fastball and is a premier power hitter.", "\n\n8. ", "Carlee Meek, Lakeland jr. ", "P -- In her first season as the team's ace, Meek went 30-5 and allowed 12 earned runs last season. ", "Hit .326 as well.", "\n\n9. ", "Shantel Uballe, Clarkston sr. ", "1B -- An honorable mention all-state player last season who will be another hard out in Clarkston's lineup.", "\n\n10. ", "Tessa Tomlin, Lake Orion jr. ", "OF -- Coming off a monster sophomore year that saw her hit .471 for the Dragons.", "\n\n11. ", "Kristi Hardy, Walled Lake Central sr. ", "P -- A threeyear starter who might be one of the best all-around players in the county. ", "Had a .372 ERA in the circle and a .422 BA in 2008.", "\n\n12. ", "Carly Hall, Troy senior OF -- Honorable mention allstate player last year after hitting .414 with 22 runs. ", "A good table setter at the top of the lineup, Hall had also had an onbase percentage of .568.", "\n\n13. ", "Teresa Patterson, Birmingham Seaholm sr. ", "CF\n\n-- The most feared run producer for the Maples, Patterson has signed to play in college at Hillsdale. ", "Hit .450 with 45 RBI and a .570 on-base percentage in 2008.", "\n\n14. ", "Rachel Jablonski,\n\nAuburn Hills Oakland Christian jr. ", "INF -- Played for the baseball team last year after the Lancers didn't have enough players to field a softball team. ", "With enough softball players to field a team this year, Jablonski should be a force. ", "A Division I college prospect at a small high school.", "\n\n15. ", "Heather Cuthrell, Waterford Mott jr. ", "SS -- The offensive and defensive leader of the Corsairs. ", "Batted .497 with five HR last season.", "\n\n16. ", "Jessica Sherman, Ortonville Brandon jr. ", "P -- Established herself as the team's ace last year and should be so again this spring. ", "Also batted over .400 last year.", "\n\n17. ", "Rachel Hammer, Lakeland sr. ", "SS -- Signed with Northwood, Hammer is one of several important threeyear varsity players for the Eagles.", "\n\n18. ", "Danielle Dunn, Lake Orion sr. ", "P -- Control pitcher who has been the Dragons' ace ever since she was a freshman. ", "Might also contribute a lot offensively.", "\n\n19. ", "Katie Dunn, Troy junior C -- Another member of a terrific junior class for the Colts, Dunn hit .486 with 34 RBI last season.", "\n\n20. ", "Chrissy Albrecht, Farmington jr. ", "P -- Had a secondary role to ace Dana Velzy last year, but should do well as the ace of the Falcons this year.", "\n\n22. ", "Lauryn Whittler, Southfield Christian sr. ", "C -- Southfield Christian head coach Ken Brown said Whittler is \"in a class by herself\" and one of the best hitters in school history. ", "First team all-state last year in Division 4.", "\n\n23. ", "Emily Carlson, Walled Lake Western P/1B -- A fouryear varsity player, Carlson should be one of the best in the KLAA. ", "Hit .371 and struck out 202 batters last season.", "\n\n24. ", "Krista Hakola, Walled Lake Central jr. ", "SS -- An important part of the Vikings' offensive attack and defense. ", "Batted .368 last season.", "\n\n25. ", "Natalie Lampman, Madison Heights Bishop Foley jr. ", "SS -- Should be one of the better players in the Catholic League. ", "Hit .422 and was named honorable mention all-state last season in Division 3.", "\n\n26. ", "Hillary Timm, Holly jr. ", "SS -- Swings a potent bat and has a strong arm on the field. ", "Batted .510 with 42 RBI last season.", "\n\n27. ", "Alexa Maciejewski, Troy Athens sr. ", "SS -- A threeyear starter who led the Red Hawks in hitting and stolen bases last season.", "\n\n28. ", "Sara Dykowski, Troy junior 2B -- Can produce runs in a variety of ways for the Colts. ", "Batted .433 with 31 RBI and 29 runs in 2008.", "\n\n29. ", "Brianna Hicks, Waterford Mott jr. ", "P -- The ace of the Corsairs, Hicks led the team in every major pitching category last year.", "\n\n30. ", "Stephanie Carrico, Waterford Our Lady of the Lakes sr. ", "P/INF -- Has been on the varsity team since she was a freshman and will be a focal point for the Lakers both offensively and on the pitching rubber." ]

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[ "SRC President calls political parties to join Political Council [02/August/2016]\n\n\n\nSANA'A, Aug. 02 (Saba) - The Supreme Revolutionary Committee (SRC) President has called the political parties to join an agreement to establish a Political Council to run the country.", "\n\n\n\nThe agreement was signed last Thursday by Ansarallah and the General People Congress (GPC) to form the 10-member Council, which is made up of a rotating leadership that includes a president and a deputy from both sides.", "\n\n\n\n\"Today, these political forces have gathered here to bless and congratulate this agreement. ", "We call on the rest of the parties, including Islah Party - even we have a great pain - to join this agreement,\" Mohammed al-Houthi said in a speech he delivered on Monday in a rally in al-Sabeen square in Sana'a to support the agreement.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHe said the agreement has been called for by the leader of the revolution Abdulmalik al-Houthi in frequent speeches.", "\n\n\n\n\"The revolution, revolutionaries and the revolution's cooperators believe in partnership with all their brothers because we know that by partnership and through partnership, we can build the nation.\"", "\n\n\n\nAl-Houthi urged the misled Yemenis abroad to return home and live in safe and sound, as long as they returned. \"", "They are welcome in their home and among their brothers.\"", "\n\n\n\nHe declared the formation of committees formed of the governor of each province, security director, poplar committees and social figures for communicating with the misled people to coordinate their return home.", "\n\n\n\nThe SRC President called on the political council, after being formed, to re-draft the constitution in line with the outputs of the national dialogue conference and also to serve the nation and the people.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAF\n\nSaba SANA'A, Aug. 02 (Saba) - The Supreme Revolutionary Committee (SRC) President has called the political parties to join an agreement to establish a Political Council to run the country.", "The agreement was signed last Thursday by Ansarallah and the General People Congress (GPC) to form the 10-member Council, which is made up of a rotating leadership that includes a president and a deputy from both sides.", "\"Today, these political forces have gathered here to bless and congratulate this agreement. ", "We call on the rest of the parties, including Islah Party - even we have a great pain - to join this agreement,\" Mohammed al-Houthi said in a speech he delivered on Monday in a rally in al-Sabeen square in Sana'a to support the agreement.", "He said the agreement has been called for by the leader of the revolution Abdulmalik al-Houthi in frequent speeches.", "\"The revolution, revolutionaries and the revolution's cooperators believe in partnership with all their brothers because we know that by partnership and through partnership, we can build the nation.", "\"Al-Houthi urged the misled Yemenis abroad to return home and live in safe and sound, as long as they returned. \"", "They are welcome in their home and among their brothers.", "\"He declared the formation of committees formed of the governor of each province, security director, poplar committees and social figures for communicating with the misled people to coordinate their return home.", "The SRC President called on the political council, after being formed, to re-draft the constitution in line with the outputs of the national dialogue conference and also to serve the nation and the people.", "AFSaba" ]

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[ "Your doctor has delivered the most frightening prognosis imaginable: You have no more than six months to live.", "\n\nOn Monday, lawmakers in both the state Senate and Assembly will decide the fate of a bill that would give you and other terminally ill patients in New Jersey have a legal right to decide how and when you die.", "\n\nFor six years, religious leaders and disability advocates have succeeded in casting doubt on whether the law would be abused and consequently lead to the premature deaths of people who could outlive a dire diagnosis.", "\n\nThe bill has benefited from the deliberate pace of the discussions, said Assemblyman John Burzichelli, D-Gloucester, the prime sponsor of the “Medical Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act.”", "\n\nMore protections have been added over the years to make sure patients are making the decision freely. ", "Opponents remain unconvinced, however, that some patients will end their lives out of fear they are a burden to their families.", "\n\n“This is the kind of topic where it just takes time to have people put the pieces together on their own,” said Burzichelli, who embraced the issue after watching family members grapple with terminal illness. “", "This is not an issue that involves twisting any arms.”", "\n\nIf the bill (A1504) passes both Democratic-controlled houses, Gov. Phil Murphy, a Democrat, will decide whether to sign it into law. ", "New Jersey would be the eighth state permitting “aid in dying.”", "\n\nThe law would apply to New Jersey residents who have received a terminal diagnosis, defined as an incurable, irreversible and medically confirmed disease that will end the person’s life within six months. ", "Disabilities are not terminal illnesses, according to the legislation.", "\n\nIn order to get the prescription for the life-ending medication, patients will have to verbally ask their doctor twice over the span of 15 days. ", "A second physician would need to verify the diagnosis, according to the bill.", "\n\nPatients would also need to submit a request in writing, stating they had been “fully informed” of alternatives, such as palliative care and pain control. ", "The declaration would need to be witnessed by two people who attest the person is acting voluntarily. ", "One of the two must not be a relative or entitled to any portion of the patient’s estate or the person’s doctor.", "\n\nAnyone who coerces a patient into requesting the medication would face up to three to five years in prison, a $15,000 or both, according to the bill. ", "Doctors and pharmacists would also be protected from arrest or the loss of their license by complying with the law.", "\n\nBurzichelli emphasized people who make the request can change their minds, and those who obtain the medication don’t have to use it.", "\n\n“People may change their minds of their own volition, and nothing changes for those who are against this,” he said.", "\n\nThe latest poll on the topic taken by Rutgers University in 2015 found 63 percent of residents said they believed it was morally acceptable to let terminally ill people end their lives; 29 percent did not.", "\n\nCalifornia, Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Vermont, Washington and Washington D.C. enacted right to die laws. ", "Montana’s “right-to-die” was established under a court ruling, which provides physicians a legal defense or immunity from prosecution.", "\n\nSusan K. Livio may be reached at slivio@njadvancemedia.com. ", "Follow her on Twitter @SusanKLivio. ", "Find NJ.com Politics on Facebook." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPage Objects design issues\n\nI have started using the Selenium 2 /Webdriver web automation framework a couple of weeks ago and I'm generally pleased, but I find myself unsure about how to best design my Page Objects. ", "The following issues have been bothering me :\n\nIs a page URL a property of the Page Object ? ", "What if a number of different URLs lead to the same page ? ", "Also, what if the URL is used to pass some parameters, do you if at all deal with that ? ", " \nWhat fields do your page objects have except for WebElements and a WebDriver instance ? ", "\nHow do you initialize your page objects ? ", " In the constructor? ", "Using a factory method ? ", "Do you use the PageFactory class provided by WebDriver ? ", "\nAre your page objects ever responsible for browsing to the appropriate web page or do you depend on an \"external force\" to do the browsing ? ", "In WebDriver terms, do your objects ever do driver.get(\"URL\") ? ", "\n\nI of course have my own answers to these questions, but I will leave them out of the main post to avoid clutter.", "\n\nA:\n\nI find the Page Object pattern very useful, and use a modified PageFactory (parameterized for custom timeouts).", "\nI also use WidgetObjects (basically, PageObjects with a parent reference via constructor) to represent common themes across pages.", "\n\nI don't think URL association is necessary on all pages, so I keep it out of my base class. ", " URL params? ", " I keep my PageObjects user-centric; if the user doesn't need to know, the PageObject doesn't either. ", " Object state is a product of sequential executions and constructions, only.", "\n\nformat(:Date) : String\nselect(:WebElement, :String)\nselectMany(:WebElement, :int)\nselectRadio(:WebElement, ...)\n....\nI also have many Predicates, Functions, and ExpectedConditions defined in a singleton utility class, which are used with FluentWait to implement:\n\nwaitToBeAt(path:String, timeout:int)\nvarEquals(var:String, value:String, timeout:int)\nswitchToWindow(path:String, value:String, timeout:int) : WebDriver\nwindowIsClosed(winTitle:String, timeout:int)\nelementLocated(:By, timeout:int) : WebElement\n....\n\nI also keep JavaScript snippets in discrete files and at startup, read them into a Map, indexed by the filename. ", " This is infinitely more maintainable than writing escaped source within source.", "\n\nI usually use my custom PageFactory to initialize, or for complex objects I call the constructor and pass the instance to PageFactory for static element initialization.", "\nMy PageObjects always know how to navigate to the next page, and have methods returning those PageObjects. ", " I use chaining (return this;) wherever possible because it makes the test code extremely fluent, which is my favorite part about using this pattern:\n\n/**\n * Test Utility. ", " Create an Assembly.", "\n * @return A reference to the viewport of the created Assembly.", "\n */\npublic ViewAssemblyPage createAssembly(String title, String type, \n String description, Date dueDate, int numParts) {\n\n AssemblyPage assy = login(\"JoeCoder\", \"foopass\")\n .createRecord()\n .assembly(type)\n .formInput(title, description, dueDate);\n\n return assy.getTable()\n .openPartsPicker()\n .findParts(type)\n .selectSomeParts(numParts)\n .submitSelection();\n}\n\nA:\n\nMy answers below are based on the framework that we've built, which uses a state machine to traverse the application we're testing.", "\n\nThe URL (or, rather, a compiled regex representing the URL) is indeed a property of the individual page objects in my test suite. ", "They all descend from a base page object very similar to terryp's (though we've converted to PyQuery instead of BeautifulSoup -- mostly). ", "\nIn __init__, the page is scraped for form elements, and they're wrapped up into a .form attribute.", "\nThe WhereAmI method of the state machine pulls the regexes from all the page objects in a given module (e.g., lib.pages) to find the most appropriate one. ", "In cases where one url is used for many different pages (ajax, etc), other identifying information based on content (eugh, I know) is used.", "\nIn the state machine model we use, the state machine is an iterator. ", "So, the browsing from one page to the next happens in the next() method on each page object (via __iter__ on the state machine)\n\n" ]

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[ "Even coming off a 103-loss season, the Minnesota Twins don’t have much in the way of position battles heading into 2017. ", "Most of the team is filled with young players who are unproven but have high ceilings. ", "They also have relatively low floors, as was seen with how the team played on the whole last year.", "\n\nBut even still, there are some interesting position battles to break down. ", "Here’s how we handicap them a couple weeks into spring training:\n\nBackup Catcher\n\nThe Candidates: John Ryan Murphy, Chris Gimenez, Mitch Garver\n\nThe Breakdown: To be clear, Garver is probably a very, very distant third here and probably not in serious consideration for the spot. ", "He’s drawn good marks for his continued progress behind the plate and did a nice job offensively (.815 OPS) in 22 games at Rochester last season, but he’ll probably draw the bulk of the starts behind the plate down there as he continues his development.", "\n\nAs of right now, it seems like the Twins really, really want to give the role to Gimenez to start the season. ", "Murphy was dreadful last year at every level offensively — but did do a good job behind the plate, for what it’s worth — so it can be spun as justifiable that he needs to go down to Rochester. ", "According to Jeremy Nygaard of Twins Daily, Murphy has one final option year. ", "The Twins will just need to find room on the 40-man roster for Gimenez, which shouldn’t be hard once the bullpen shakes itself out. ", "There are a few guys out there who could be run through waivers. ", "Gimenez is just a career .218/.297/.335 hitter who has caught 24 percent of attempted base thieves, but he’s drawn rave reviews for his work behind the plate and in the clubhouse. ", "He’s also played with both the Indians (twice) and Rangers, so he’s got the Falvey-Levine connection, too.", "\n\nThe Verdict: I’d give Gimenez about a 75 percent shot of cracking the Opening Day roster as the backup catcher.", "\n\nStarting Left Fielder\n\nThe Candidates: Eddie Rosario, Robbie Grossman\n\nThe Breakdown: This shouldn’t be a competition and who knows, maybe it isn’t? ", "But there’s a very real chance that Grossman could put a dent in Rosario’s playing time if recent trends continue. ", "Grossman absolutely throttled lefties last year (.994 OPS) and didn’t embarrass himself against righties (.367 OBP) either, while Rosario continued to exercise the lack of plate discipline that separates him from a real breakout. ", "Pretty much anything could happen here. ", "Grossman is just a career .254/.347/.375 hitter while Rosario was a very highly-regarded prospect, but their recent track records favor the former. ", "Rosario doesn’t have much of a platoon split, so he might still play left against lefties with Grossman getting some DH work — especially in light of last season’s defensive issues — but it’s a fluid situation.", "\n\nThe Verdict: Rosario probably takes the long end of a 60/40 platoon split that doesn’t focus as much on handedness but rather effectiveness.", "\n\nFinal Bench Player\n\nThe Candidates: Ehire Adrianza, Danny Santana, Byungho Park, J.B. Shuck, Drew Stubbs\n\nThe Breakdown: As of right now, a likely scenario with the bench is backup catcher, Eduardo Escobar, Grossman and then a fourth player. ", "Each of these players offers something the existing bench doesn’t, so it might be difficult to know exactly how the brain trust is leaning at this point. ", "Adrianza is an elite defender who can handle short but hasn’t hit much (.271 wOBA) in 331 big-league plate appearances. ", "He has shown a little pop at times despite having just a 155-lb. ", "frame. ", "Santana can theoretically play virtually any position and still has his rookie season to fall back on, but that’s increasingly more in the rear-view mirror as time goes on. ", "He’s still young and has plenty of physical talent, but the new guys in the organization aren’t nearly as married to him as Terry Ryan and co. were. ", "Park isn’t on the 40-man anymore but that could be easily remedied, and he could add some serious pop to a bench that, as constructed, won’t have much. ", "Shuck and Stubbs both could offer some defensive versatility in the outfield that Grossman doesn’t — namely, the ability to play center — but how much does that really matter when all three starting outfielders play a capable center field?", "\n\nThe Verdict: Adrianza probably makes the most sense, considering they’ll want to use a late-inning defensive replacement for Polanco or Escobar at short with late-inning groundball guys like Brandon Kintzler in the mix. ", "In fact, don’t be surprised if Adrianza comes in at short and Escobar moves over to third to take over for Sano sometimes.", "\n\nNo. ", "5 Starter\n\nThe Candidates: Trevor May, Tyler Duffey, Jose Berrios, Ryan Vogelsong, Justin Haley, Adalberto Mejia\n\nThe Breakdown: The first four are locked in with Ervin Santana, Phil Hughes, Kyle Gibson and Hector Santiago, barring some sort of move or perhaps a setback in the recovery of Hughes from Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. ", "As Mike Berardino has said a few times on the Midwest Swing podcast, it might make sense to send May down to Rochester to make sure he’s entirely lengthened out before giving him one more crack at this thing. ", "Duffey’s long-term future might be as a late-inning reliever unless he develops a changeup, and he could really carve out a role there at some point this year. ", "The organization is obviously still high on Berrios — and for good reason — but sending him to Rochester buys him a bit more time to develop him. ", "Haley probably is more of a fit as a long guy than as a starter. ", "Mejia is basically a ready-made fourth or fifth starter whenever the Twins are ready to use him, but it doesn’t seem likely that’ll be right away. ", "Vogelsong probably gets the nod here as the veteran bridge to someone like May or Berrios, though there’s always the possibility that injuries will pop up as well.", "\n\nThe Verdict: Leaning Vogelsong at this moment, as he’d also have the flexibility to work as a swingman if the team doesn’t need a fifth starter over the first few weeks of the season. ", "The Twins will rightly value someone with that flexibility, as well as someone they can start in any game and any situation without having to worry about composure.", "\n\nCloser\n\nThe Candidates: Kintzler, Ryan Pressly, J.T. Chargois\n\nThe Breakdown: It would be quite a shock for this not to be Kintzler’s job from the jump, but he lacks the ideal stuff teams like in the ninth inning. ", "However, he flat out got the job done last season. ", "His September swoon coincided with Chargois coming on strong, though, and don’t sleep on either of these two other guys to wrangle the job from Kintzler before the season is too old. ", "Kintzler makes a lot of sense putting out fires in the middle innings with his penchant for grounders.", "\n\nThe Verdict: Kintzler to start the year, but probably not to finish it. ", "That’s not a knock on him, either.", "\n\nThe Final Bullpen Spot(s)\n\nThe Candidates: Craig Breslow, Haley, Duffey, Buddy Boshers, Ryan O’Rourke, Taylor Rogers, Michael Tonkin, Mason Melotakis\n\nThe Breakdown: Outside of Kintzler, Pressly and Matt Belisle, there isn’t much in the way of ‘givens’ in this bullpen. ", "Rogers should be based on how he pitched last year, but with a new front office and a player with options, these things can be thrown out the window. ", "Boshers and O’Rourke could both be fabulous LOOGY options — the former better in a more expanded role — but a bullpen on the upswing doesn’t need to worry itself with specialists necessarily, either. ", "If a righty can get left-handed hitters out, that’s all that should matter. ", "Breslow has reinvented himself with a new arm slot, and with all the talk between him and Falvey about clubhouse culture, he seems to have the inside track on an Opening Day job. ", "He’s one of the smartest players (people?) ", "in baseball. ", "Haley might get a crack based on being a Rule 5 pick the Red Sox would welcome back with open arms, while Duffey — as previously noted — could harness his high-energy, stewing angsty side in relief with his two-pitch mix that’d play up in smaller doses. ", "Tonkin basically is who he is at this point, though he had extended runs last season where he threw hard and was one of the team’s better options in the pen. ", "Melotakis should be in the bullpen before season’s end, and is an impressive lefty with really good stuff. ", "He might be an option to get batters out from both sides before all is said and done.", "\n\nThe Verdict: A four-man bench would mean a seven-man bullpen. ", "With Kintzler, Pressly and Belisle in, that means four guys from that list make it. ", "Will Glen Perkins be ready? ", "It seems unlikely. ", "For now, we’ll guess….Breslow, Haley, Boshers and….Tonkin? ", "Duffey? ", "What we don’t know yet is how married the team is to certain guys — such as Tonkin — but that last spot will almost certainly be a righty." ]

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[ "This application claims the priority of German application DE 199 43 002.0, filed in Germany on Sep. 9, 1999, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.", "\nThis invention relates to a cooling device for an internal combustion engine installed in a motor vehicle such as a passenger car. ", "The cooling device has several radiators, which are disposed in the front section of the passenger car and connected with the internal combustion engine by pipelines.", "\nA cooling device of the type mentioned above is known from German Patent Document DE 39 30 076 C1. ", "This cooling device is disposed in the front space of a motor vehicle and, moreover, as seen in the driving direction, in front of a cooling fan driven by an internal combustion engine. ", "The cooling device comprises two radiators; one radiator is disposed obliquely in the front space of the motor vehicle, and the other radiator is disposed upright.", "\nIn German Patent Document DE 36 11 713 C1, a cooling device in a motor vehicle which has a radiator and a secondary radiator is described. ", "The two radiators are at a distance from one another and are disposed upright in the front space of the motor vehicle.", "\nIt is an object of the invention to provide a cooling device for a motor vehicle which comprises several radiators, is highly effective, and can be installed in the front section of the motor vehicle in a justifiable space.", "\nThis object is accomplished by a particular cooling device for an internal combustion engine, installed in a motor vehicle such as a passenger car, which has several radiators. ", "The cooling device is disposed in the front section of the passenger car and connected with the internal combustion engine by pipelines such that the cooling device in the front section has one radiator extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and two lateral radiators extending obliquely to a central longitudinal plane. ", "By way of a collecting device, the radiators are connected with cooling water outlet pipelines at a common supplying pipeline connected with the internal combustion engine. ", "Downstream from the internal combustion engine, there is a returning pipeline, which is connected with a branching device, from which the cooling water-supplying pipelines run to the radiators.", "\nThe main advantages achieved by the invention, in which the cooling device has three radiators, are that the front space is well utilized and that an efficient cooling performance for the internal combustion engine is enclosed. ", "The cooling water outlet pipelines, the collecting device, the supplying pipeline, the returning pipeline, the branching device, and the cooling water-returning pipelines make a properly functioning cooling water cycle possible for an internal combustion engine disposed in the front, in the rear, or close to the rear (in a mid-engine construction) of a motor vehicle. ", "The cylinder-supplying pipelines extend from the water pump in a clear manner to the rows of cylinders. ", "Finally, an auxiliary supplying pipeline, by which the heat exchanger is supplied for cooling the engine oil, comes from the water pump. ", "This heat exchanger cooling, which acts independently of the cylinders, ensures a uniform supply of cooling water to the two rows of cylinders." ]

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[ "Description:\nThis website from Federal Transit Administration reviews some of the challenges involved in subway design. ", "On this page, visitors will find the aims of the program as well as further research and reports regarding the sharing of tracks between transit and freight railroads, tunnel design and construction, and subway environment simulation. ", "There is also a link to the May 2005 final report on the General Atomics Low Speed\nMaglev Technology Development\nProgram, a 174-page pdf." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We investigate the formation of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars that are observed in the Galactic halo and neighboring ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. ", "Their low metal abundances (${\\rm [Fe/H]} < -3$) indicate that their parent clouds were enriched by a single or several supernovae (SNe) from the first (Pop III) stars. ", "In this study, we perform numerical simulations of the entire formation sequence of a EMP star through the feedback effects of photo-ionization and metal-enrichment by a Pop III SN. ", "We for the first time employ a metal/dust properties calculated consistently with the progenitor model, and solve all relevant radiative cooling processes and chemical reactions including metal molecular formation and grain growth until the protostar formation. ", "In a minihalo (MH) with mass $1.77\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$, a Pop III star with mass $13 \\ \\Msun$ forms at redshift $z=12.1$. After its SN explosion, the shocked gas falls back into the central MH internally enriching itself. ", "The metallicity in the recollapsing region is $2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$ (${\\rm [Fe/H]} = -3.42$). ", "The recollapsing cloud undergoes cooling by HD, CO, and OH molecules and heating along with H$_2$ formation. ", "Eventually by grain growth and dust cooling, knotty filaments appear in the central 100 au region with the help of turbulence driven by the SN, leading to the formation of low-mass EMP stars surviving until the present day.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Gen Chiaki$^{1,2}$[^1] and John H. Wise$^{1}$\\\n $^{1}$Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA\\\n $^{2}$Department of Physics, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Kobe, 658-0072, Japan\ntitle: 'Seeding the second star: Enrichment from population III, dust evolution, and cloud collapse'\n---\n\n\\[firstpage\\]\n\ngalaxies: evolution — ISM: abundances — stars: formation — stars: low-mass — stars: Population III — stars: Population II\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nThe properties of early-generation stars are crucial to determine structure formation in the first billion years from Big Bang including the first galaxy formation and cosmic reionization. ", "The typical mass scale and initial mass function (IMF) of first-generation metal-free stars (Pop III stars) determine the degrees of photoionization and the metal enrichment in the ambient interstellar medium (ISM) through their supernova (SN) explosions. ", "Conversely, the metal content in collapsing clouds affects the mass range of stars formed [@Omukai00; @Bromm03]. ", "Such co-evolution determines the star formation history of the ISM in high-redshift galaxies [see a recent review of @Dayal18Rev and references therein].", "\n\nIn the next decade, instruments such as [*James-Webb Space Telescope*]{} ([*JWST*]{}), [*SPICA*]{}, and [*Thirty-Meter Telescope*]{} ([*TMT*]{}) are planned to directly observe high-redshift galaxies to extend our knowledge of their IMFs and metal content. ", "The prediction of the observational features of high-redshift galaxies and even the first generation of galaxies is an urgent task [see a review of observational features of [*JWST*]{} in @Kalirai18]. ", "On the theoretical side, cosmological simulations of the first stars and galaxies, including massive star feedback, provide valuable insight of their origin and evolution [@Tumlinson07; @Salvadori07; @Wise12; @Barrow17; @Barrow18; @Magg17; @Dayal18BH].", "\n\nIn this work, we focus on another constraint on IMFs in the early Universe. ", "In the halo and bulge regions in the Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring ultra-faint dwarf (UDF) galaxies, ancient stars with metallicities lower than the solar value, so-called metal-poor stars, have been observed. ", "In particular, ones with iron abundances of $\\rm [Fe/H] < -3$ are called extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars [@Beers05]. ", "Due to their small metal content, they should inherit the nucleosynthetic features of a single or several parent Pop III SN(e) [@Ryan96; @Cayrel04; @Chiaki18]. ", "Constraining the mass scale and explosion mechanism of Pop III stars indirectly through the elemental abundance ratios and metallicities of metal-poor stars is called near-field cosmology or Galactic archaeology [@Ishigaki18].", "\n\nThe second generation of star formation is the very first matter cycle in the ISM. ", "It begins with Pop III star formation in small gravitationally-bound dark matter (DM) haloes, so-called minihaloes (MHs), with masses $\\sim 10^6 \\ \\Msun$ at redshift $z\\sim 20$. The first light is emitted during its main sequence, and the first metals are then synthesized and released by its SN if it is massive [$\\MPopIII = 8$–$40 \\ \\Msun$ and $140$–$260 \\ \\Msun$; @Heger02]. ", "Metals are incorporated into later star-forming regions, where the cloud collapses and fragments into low-mass clumps ($\\sim 0.01$–$0.1 \\ \\Msun$) by gas cooling of dust thermal emission into the embryos of observed long-lived EMP stars [@Omukai00; @Schneider03; @Bromm14].", "\n\nThere are two processes of metal enrichment. ", "One is called external enrichment (EE), where the gas shocked by a Pop III SN reaches a neighboring clump and triggers star formation. ", "The other is called internal enrichment (IE), in which the metal-enriched gas falls back into the DM potential having hosted the Pop III star. ", "@Chiaki18 showed that both processes occur through a balance between the radiation/supernova energy by a Pop III star and binding energy of MH, and that the latter is the major process for the formation of EMP stars.", "\n\nThe whole process has only been investigated by @Smith15. ", "They show that an externally enriched clump with metallicity $\\sim 2\\E{-5} \\ \\Zsun$ contracts to fragment by dust cooling. ", "Although IE is the major process for the formation of EMP stars , its whole process has not been explicitly followed by three-dimensional numerical simulations in the cosmological context. ", "@Machida05 and @Chiaki13 studied the low-mass star formation in the partially enriched SN shell with one-zone and one-dimensional calculations. ", "However, because the propagation of SN shells is highly anisotropic, three-dimensional simulations are required to properly follow the process of metal mixing and gas fragmentation [@Ritter12]. ", "The works of @Ritter12 [@Ritter15; @Ritter16], @Sluder16, and are limited in the sense that they only consider the recollapse of the shocked gas, i.e., the succeeding protostar formation and cloud fragmentation are not followed.", "\n\nIn low-metallicity clouds, various heating/cooling processes are present. ", "@Chiaki16 followed the cloud collapse with metallicities $10^{-6}$–$10^{-3} \\ \\Zsun$. They showed that rapid gas heating along with H$_2$ molecular formation prevents fragmentation in the most cases even though the dust cooling is efficient later. ", "In other cases where OH/H$_2$O molecular cooling operates, fragmentation along the filamentary structure appears. ", "In , metals are uniformly added in static clouds. ", "In the shock-driven cloud collapse, the dynamical timescale becomes shorter so that the efficiencies of these heating/cooling processes might be suppressed. ", "Furthermore, the turbulence driven by SN shocks will enhance the fragmentation [@Dopcke11; @Dopcke13]. ", "To properly know how the hydrodynamic evolution is coupled with the chemical processes, it is required to follow the cloud collapse with full calculations of chemistry and gas heating/cooling in these shock-driven star-forming clouds.", "\n\nThe metal and dust properties produced from a Pop III SN are a key ingredient in these calculations [@Bovino16; @Grassi17]. ", "In the recollapsing region, the metal and dust compositions and dust size distribution are assumed to directly inherit the nucleosynthesis and nucleation in Pop III SN ejecta [@Tanaka17]. ", "Type-II SNe yield more abundant alpha elements $\\abFe{\\alpha} > 0$ ($\\alpha = {\\rm O},~{\\rm Mg},~{\\rm Si}$) than measured in the present-day including the contribution of Type-Ia SNe [@Umeda02]. ", "This elemental abundance enhances O [i]{} fine-structure cooling and OH/H$_2$O molecular cooling. ", "Although dust grains are formed in expanding ejecta, they are partly destroyed by reverse shock, and return to the gas phase [@Bianchi07; @Nozawa07]. ", "Consequently, the condensation efficiency of metal (dust to metal mass ratio) is smaller (a few %) than in the present-day (50%), where all refractory elements (Mg, Si, and Fe) are locked up into grains [@Pollack94]. ", "On the other hand, grains can grow by accreting the gas-phase metal (grain growth) in a molecular clouds, which enhances the dust cooling efficiency [@Chiaki15].", "\n\nIn this work, we for the first time to follow the full process from Pop III to Pop II star formation via IE in a three-dimensional cosmological simulation with all relevant chemistry and heating/cooling processes. ", "We calculate the metal and dust models employed in this study with accurate nucleosynthesis and nucleation models of a Pop III SN. ", "We describe our numerical models in Sec. ", "\\[sec:method\\] and the results in Sec. ", "\\[sec:results\\]. ", "Then, we discuss importance of physical processes included in this work and caveates (Sec. ", "\\[sec:discussion\\]). ", "The application of our results to Galactic Archaeology is discussed in Sec. ", "\\[sec:GA\\]. ", "Finally, we provide summary and conclusion of this work in Sec. ", "\\[sec:conclusion\\].", "\n\nNumerical models {#sec:method}\n================\n\nSimulation setup\n----------------\n\nWe use the $N$-body/adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmological hydrodynamics simulation code  [@Bryan14].[^2] To follow the evolution of shocks with high Mach numbers, a grid-based code is useful relative to smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) codes by which the spurious surface tension affects the hydrodynamics [also see @Saitoh13; @Hopkins13; @Rosswog15]. ", "The code solves the hydrodynamics equations with the Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) in an Eulerian frame while using a two-shock Riemann solver. ", "In the hydrodynamics equations of [enzo]{} PPM solver, the fixed adiabatic index $\\gamma = 5/3$ has been imposed. ", "At densities $\\nH \\gtrsim 10^8 \\ \\percc$, the gas becomes fully molecular at low metallicities $Z<10^{-3} \\ \\Zsun$, and $\\gamma$ approaches 7/5. ", "If $\\gamma$ remains 5/3 in the molecular regime, this causes spurious heating. ", "To avoid this, we have modified the hydrodynamics solver to consider a variable $\\gamma$ value.", "\n\nFor the study of star formation and expansion of dense cooling shells, the AMR technique can capture the inherently wide dynamic range of length and density of this problem. ", "We adopt the following cosmological parameters in the simulation: $\\Omega _{\\rm\n m} = 0.3089$, $\\Omega _{\\rm CDM} = 0.2603$, $\\Omega _{\\rm \\Lambda}\n= 0.6911$, and $H_0 = 67.74 \\ {\\rm km \\ s^{-1} \\ Mpc^{-1}}$ [@Planck2015]. ", "We initialize the periodic simulation volume with a side length of 300 comoving kpc at redshift $z=140$ with <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">MUSIC</span> [@Hahn11]. ", "We initially perform a small $64^3$ pathfinder simulation with only dark matter to identify the most massive halo at $z=10$ that has a mass of $3.8 \\times 10^6~\\Msun$. We then reinitialize and recenter the simulation by resampling its Lagrangian volume at $z=10$ increasing the mass and spatial resolution by a factor of 64 and 4, respectively, i.e. two additional initial AMR levels. ", "The Lagrangian volume considered is a sphere centered on the target halo with a radius of five times the virial radius. ", "In the “zoom-in” region, we have an effective initial resolution of $256^3$ and a mass resolution of $53.4~\\Msun$, resolving the halo by approximately 50,000 particles. ", "Although this simulation size is smaller than most cosmological simulations of metal-free and metal-poor star formation, it was necessary to reduce its computational size because of the expense of the solving a detailed chemical network that includes a live dust model. ", "In the end, the full simulation required 33 days on 224 cores, consuming 177,000 core-hours. ", "We terminate the simulations when the first metal-enriched hydrostatic core forms at a density of $10^{16}~\\percc$. We perform all of the analysis in this paper with the [yt]{} toolkit [@yt].", "\n\nComputational cells satisfying criteria below are progressively refined by a factor of two in space up to 33 refinement levels, resulting in a maximal spatial resolution of 0.01 au. ", "We smooth the dark matter density field at scales below 1 comoving pc (AMR level 12). ", "At these scales, the gas density dominates, and by smoothing the dark matter density, we remove any artifacts, i.e. heating in the wake of individual massive particles, associated with the discrete representation of the dark matter mass distribution [e.g. @Abel02]. ", "We employ the following refinement criteria:\n\n- the baryon mass in a cell on a refinement level $l$ exceeds $3\\times 2 ^{-0.2 l}$ times the mean baryon mass on the root grid,\n\n- the DM particle mass in a cell exceeds three times the initial mass,\n\n- the local Jeans length is less than 64 times the cell size.", "\n\nWe allow Pop III star formation in regions where a cell satisfying the following criteria [@Wise12]:\n\n- the physical gas density exceeds $10^6 \\ \\percc$,\n\n- the gas flow is convergent ($\\nabla \\cdot \\vb{v} < 0$),\n\n- the cooling time is less than the dynamical time,\n\n- the metallicity is less than the critical value ($5\\E{-5} \\ \\Zsun$),\n\n- the H$_2$ fraction exceeds a critical value ($10^{-3}$) that is typical for the collapsing primordial cloud at the critical density (i).", "\n\nBecause we focus on the feedback effects of a single Pop III star in this work, the formation of secondary Pop III stars is artificially prohibited. ", "The mass of a Pop III star is sampled from the IMF of $$f(\\log \\MPopIII) = M^{-1} \\exp \\left[ -\\left( \\frac{M_{\\rm char}}{\\MPopIII } \\right)^{1.6} \\right],\n\\label{eq:PopIII_IMF}$$ where $M_{\\rm char}$ is the characteristic mass of Pop III stars, and $M_{\\rm char} = 20 \\ \\Msun$. We regard the star particle as a radiation point source, and solve the radiative transfer equation with <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Moray</span> [@Wise11] during the lifetime $\\tlife$ of the star. ", "Then the supernova energy of $\\Esn = 10^{51}$ erg and metal is added within the radius of 10 pc. ", "Although the stellar core is stratified just before the explosion, where heavier elements such as iron reside inner region, we assume uniform i.e. fully-mixed ejecta, considering hydrodynamical instabilities [@Chen17b]. ", "Metals are initially contained in the ejecta surrounded by the ambient medium through a contact discontinuity (CD) that is placed at a radius of 7.5 pc, which is appropriate for the energy-conserving phase. ", "The metals can penetrate through this barrier into the ambient gas when the shock undergoes Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities on the CD.", "\n\nChemistry and cooling\n---------------------\n\nWe use the chemistry/cooling library , generalized to adopt simulation codes with various schemes [@Smith17].[^3] The original version presented by @Smith17 solved the chemical reactions of at most 12 primordial species and radiative cooling of the relevant species. ", "The metal cooling rates were interpolated from tables calculated by [cloudy]{} [@Smith08]. ", "The dust temperature and cooling efficiency were solved based on the dust model in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the vicinity of the solar system [@Pollack94; @Omukai00]. ", " is well-designed to supplement the default chemical reactions and cooling functions with user-defined ones. ", "In order to follow the abundances and cooling efficiencies of 48 chemical species of metal elements and dust as well as primordial elements for a wide range of density ($\\nH < 10^{18} \\ \\percc$) and gas temperature ($T < 10^9$ K), we add the corresponding chemical reactions, cooling functions, and opacities described in the subsequent sections. ", "We also modified the scheme to solve the ordinary differential equations of reaction rates from the backward differential formula [@Anninos97] to an implicit scheme.", "\n\n### Primordial chemistry and cooling\n\nWe extend [grackle]{}’s chemical network of primordial species to include 49 reactions for 15 primordial species: $\\rm e$, $\\rm H$, $\\rm H^+$, $\\rm H_2$, $\\rm H^-$, $\\rm H_2^+$, $\\rm HeH^+$, $\\rm He$, $\\rm He^+$, $\\rm He^{2+}$, $\\rm D$, $\\rm D^+$, $\\rm D^-$, $\\rm HD$, and $\\rm HD^+$ by adding $\\rm HeH^+$, $\\rm D^-$, and $\\rm HD^+$, which are important in the high-redshift intergalactic medium [$z>10$; @Galli13]. ", "The reactions include the collisional ionization/recombination and formation/destruction of H$_2$ via H$^-$/H$_2^+$ processes and three-body reactions.", "\n\nWe include gas heating along with H$_2$ molecular formation, which is important to suppress the gas elongation and fragmentation . ", "For $T>8000$ K, we consider bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton cooling, ionization/recombination and transition line cooling of H- and He-bearing species. ", "For $T<10000$ K, we calculate the molecular cooling rates by H$_2$ and HD. ", "The radiative cooling rate of H$_2$ molecules are calculated for each line transition between 20 rotational and 3 vibrational levels. ", "For HD, we consider 3 vibrational levels.", "\n\nFor molecular cooling, the emission rate is reduced by the corresponding photon escape fraction $\\beta _{\\rm line} = \\frac{1-e^{-\\tau _{\\rm line}}}{\\tau _{\\rm line}} e^{-\\tau _{\\rm cont}}$, where $\\tau _{\\rm line} = \\alpha _{\\rm line} l_{\\rm sh}^{\\rm line}$ is the optical depth for each transition line. ", "In this formula, $\\alpha _{\\rm line}$ is the absorption coefficient including stimulated emission, and $l_{\\rm sh} = \\min \\{ 2v_{\\rm th} / (dv/dr),~l_{\\rm Jeans} \\}$ is the shielding length as the minimum between the Sobolev length, where the relative velocity of the fluid becomes equivalent to line width of the order of thermal velocity $v_{\\rm th} = (2kT/m_j)^{1/2}$, and the Jeans length [@Takahashi83]. ", "For simplicity, we here estimate the velocity gradient as $dv/dr = 1/3t_{\\rm ff}$ under the one-zone approximation [@Omukai00]. ", "We will present the formulation of continuum opacity $\\tau _{\\rm cont}$ in Section \\[sec:dust\\_physics\\].", "\n\nThroughout the simulation, hydrogen mass fraction is a constant $\\XH = 0.76$. Although the helium fraction is enhanced just around a SN ejecta, the He-rich gas is diluted by the ambient pristine gas. ", "The density is expressed as the number density of hydrogen nuclei $\\nH = \\XH \\rho /\\mH$ with mass density $\\rho$ throughout this paper.", "\n\n### Metal chemistry and cooling\n\nThe metal cooling is important to determine the fragmentation properties of low-metallicity gas in the early stage of collapse [@Bromm03]. ", "In particular, metal molecules such as OH and H$_2$O can overcome heating associated with H$_2$ formation to enhance fragmentation .[^4] We for the first time follow the abundances of their different phases (ions, atoms, and molecules) in three-dimensional simulations of Pop III SNRs, considering 40 reactions for the 19 species: C$^+$, C, CH, CH$_2$, CO$^+$, CO, CO$_2$, O$^+$, O, OH$^+$, OH, H$_2$O$^+$, H$_2$O, H$_3$O$^+$, O$_2^+$, O$_2$, Si, SiO, and SiO$_2$. We solve recombination of C$^+$ and formation of molecules CH, CH$_2$, CO, and CO$_2$. For O-bearing species, recombination/charge transfer of O$^+$ and OH, O$_2$, and H$_2$O formation is included. ", "Atoms of Si are oxidized into SiO and SiO$_2$ molecules in the course of collapse .", "\n\nThe fine-structure level transition line cooling of C$^+$, C and O for the systems of 2, 3, and 5 levels are considered, respectively [@Santoro06]. ", "The photon escape fractions are estimated in the same manner as H$_2$ and HD. ", "We calculate the cooling rates by rotational level transition of OH, H$_2$O, and CO by interpolating the tables of @Neufeld93, @Neufeld95, and @Omukai10, respectively.", "\n\n### Dust physics {#sec:dust_physics}\n\nDust grains play a crucial role in determining the final fate of a cloud by enhancing gas cooling efficiency and thus inducing fragmentation [e.g. @Smith15; @SafranekShrader16]. ", "They modify the thermodynamics of gas in the four aspects:\n\n1. ", " \\(1) H$_2$ molecular formation on grain surfaces,\n\n2. ", " \\(2) continuum opacity,\n\n3. ", " \\(3) gas cooling by dust thermal emission, and\n\n4. ", " \\(4) accretion of gas-phase metal onto grains .", "\n\nTo self-consistently consider the properties of dust grains released by Pop III SNe, we derive these efficiencies separately with grain radii $r = 1 \\ $Å–$10 \\ \\um$ with 0.1 dex interval for eight grain species: metallic silicon (Si), metallic iron (Fe), forsterite ($\\Forsterite$), enstatite ($\\Enstatite $), amorphous carbon (C), silica ($\\Silica $), magnesia ($\\Magnesia $), and troilite ($\\Troilite $). ", "The continuum opacity is estimated as $\\tau _{\\rm cont} = (\\kappa _{\\rm p} \\rho + \\sum _i \\kappa _{\\rm i} \\rho _i) l_{\\rm Jeans}$, where $\\kappa _{\\rm p}$ and $\\kappa _i$ are the Planck mean opacity of the primordial gas [@Mayer05] and a grain species $i$ [@Nozawa08], and $\\rho _i$ is the mass density of a grain species $i$. We use the Jeans length as the shielding length for simplicity. ", "The continuum cooling rates such as collision-induced emission (CIE) and dust thermal emission are reduced by a factor of $\\beta _{\\rm cont} = \\min \\{1, \\tau _{\\rm cont} ^{-2}\\}$ under the diffusion approximation.", "\n\nFor densities $\\nH \\gtrsim 10^{10} (Z/10^{-4} \\ \\Zsun)^{-2} \\ \\percc$, grain growth is present and can enhance cloud fragmentation . ", "We simultaneously compute the loss of elements Mg, Al, S, and Fe, assuming that they all are in the form of atoms. ", "Carbon grains grow through impact of carbon atoms. ", "Since C atoms are rapidly oxidized to form CO molecules at density $\\nH \\sim 10^6 \\ \\percc$, growth of carbon grains can occur if the number abundance ratio $\\rm C/O > 1$. Silicate grains grow by accreting Mg, SiO, and H$_2$O molecules. ", "Since the dominant Si-bearing species at $\\nH > 10^6 \\ \\percc$ is SiO, we expect that silicate grains grow in the Pop III SN dust models.", "\n\nThe formulation of the rates of (1)–(4) explicitly described in our previous paper depends on the grain temperature. ", "To calculate it, many iterations are required to solve the energy balance equation between gas-dust heat transfer rate and dust thermal emission rate for each grain species and size bin. ", "In order to reduce the computational costs, these rates have been tabulated for each grain species, and are interpolated from density ($\\rho$), gas temperature ($T$), density of a grain species $i$ ($\\rho _i$), and density of the corresponding key element $X$ ($\\rho_{X}$) of a fluid cell at each timestep. ", "In this strategy, we successfully include the effect of grain growth (See Appendix \\[sec:rates\\_dust\\] for the detailed description).", "\n\n![ [*", "Blue solid line*]{}: abundance $[X/{\\rm Fe}]$ of major elements $X$ relative to iron for our SN model with progenitor mass $\\MPopIII = 13 \\ \\Msun$. [*Orange dashed line*]{}: number fraction of nuclei condensed into dust grains for our dust formation/destruction model with ambient gas density $\\namb = 1 \\ \\percc$. For metallicity $Z_{\\rm recol} = 2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$ in the recollapsing region (see text), the absolute iron abundance is ${\\rm [Fe/H]} = -3.42$. []{data-label=\"fig:metal\"}](fig/fig01.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![ ", "Mass fraction of the total and individual dust grain species relative to all metals after the dust destruction by reverse shocks in the supernova remnant. []{", "data-label=\"fig:dust\"}](fig/fig02.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![ ", "Size distribution function of each dust grain species normalized to unity just after they are ejected from the Pop III supernova. []{", "data-label=\"fig:dist\"}](fig/fig03.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nPop III supernova yields\n------------------------\n\nIn this paper, we employ the Pop III SN model in a hydrodynamic evolution of a SN remnant and star-forming clouds self-consistently. ", "In this simulation, a Pop III star with mass $13.5 \\ \\Msun$ forms. ", "Metal and dust abundances and dust size distribution are taken from @Umeda02 and @Nozawa03 [@Nozawa07] for the progenitor mass $\\MPopIII = 13 \\ \\Msun$, explosion energy $\\Esn = 1\\E{51}$ erg, and ambient gas density $\\namb = 1 \\ \\percc$. The progenitor model is tailored to be consistent with the averaged elemental abundances of EMP stars presented by @Cayrel04.", "\n\nThe blue solid curve of Fig. ", "\\[fig:metal\\] show metal abundances. ", "We briefly summarize the different and common points of them with respect to those in the present-day ISM. ", "In general, Pop III SN models show the alpha-element abundance enhancement relative to the solar abundance ratio (${\\rm [\\alpha /Fe]} \\simeq 0.4$). ", "In a model with a mass of $13 \\ \\Msun$, however, O and Mg are slightly underabundant relative to solar (${\\rm [O/Fe]}=-0.15$ and ${\\rm [Mg/Fe]}=-0.23$, respectively). ", "Instead, Si and S are slightly overabundant (${\\rm [Si/Fe]}=+0.11$ and ${\\rm [S/Fe]}=+0.17$, respectively). ", "We here focus on the progenitor model with a C-normal abundance (${\\rm [C/Fe]} = 0.18$). ", "Note that there are another classification of EMP stars with C-enhanced abundance ratio (${\\rm [C/Fe]} > 2.3$; see Sec. ", "\\[sec:GA\\]).", "\n\nThe orange dotted curve of Fig. ", "\\[fig:metal\\] shows the condensation efficiency of each element. ", "Figs. ", "\\[fig:dust\\] and \\[fig:dist\\] show dust abundances and size distribution. ", "The mass ratio of dust relative to metal (condensation ratio) is only 9.3%, which is less than that in the present-day ISM by a factor of five. ", "The major species are initially metallic silicon and amorphous carbon. ", "Silicate grains (forsterite and enstatite) are less abundant before grain growth occurs . ", "The size distribution is proportional to $r^{-3.5}$ [@Nozawa07] as in the present-day [@Pollack94].", "\n\nThroughout this paper, metallicity is normalized by the solar metallicity $\\Zsun = 0.01295$ and the solar elemental abundance ratio is taken from @Asplund09.", "\n\n{width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n{width=\"5.5cm\"} {width=\"5.5cm\"} {width=\"5.5cm\"} {width=\"5.5cm\"} {width=\"5.5cm\"} {width=\"5.5cm\"}\n\n{width=\"18cm\"} {width=\"18cm\"}\n\n{width=\"18cm\"} {width=\"18cm\"}\n\nResults {#sec:results}\n=======\n\nWe follow the entire formation sequence from Pop III star formation to the near birth of a second-generation star in a cosmological context. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\] shows the slice of density, temperature, H$^+$, and H$_2$ fractions at four characteristic epochs. ", "First, a MH with a mass of $1.77\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$ virializes at the center of the simulation box at redshift $\\zform = 12.1$, in which the gas begins to collapse through hydrogen molecule cooling, forming a Pop III star with a mass of $13.5 \\ \\Msun$ (Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]a). ", "We follow the evolution of H [ii]{} region formed around the Pop III star by solving the radiative transfer equation. ", "During the lifetime of $\\tlife = 11.8$ Myr, the ionization and D-type fronts expand to 40 pc, smaller than the virial radius 287 pc of the host MH. ", "This is the condition for an ensuing SN shock to fall back to the host MH [@Kitayama05].", "\n\nAt the time $\\tlife$, a SN explosion occurs, and metal and dust are released into the immediate environment (Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]b–d). ", "We add metal and dust to the ejecta with the mass, abundances of each gas-phase element and dust species, and dust size distribution that have been consistently calculated by hydrodynamics evolution of Pop III SN with progenitor mass $13 \\ \\Msun$. About 80 Myr after the SN, the enriched gas falls back into the host MH as predicted, and then begin to recollapse (Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]e). ", "The metallicity of the recollapsing region is $2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$, corresponding to ${\\rm [Fe/H]}=-3.42$, indicating that a EMP star will form there. ", "We calculate all relevant chemical reactions and grain growth to investigate the thermal evolution and fragmentation properties of the low-metallicity collapsing cloud. ", "Finally, a protostellar core forms in the optically thick region. ", "Knotty filamentary structures appear around the protostar, where gas becomes unstable through dust cooling. ", "This indicates that the cloud fragmentation occurs and a low-mass stellar cluster would form if we extended the simulations.", "\n\nPop III star formation and feedback\n-----------------------------------\n\nOur zoom-in simulation focuses on a MH with mass $\\Mhalo = 1.77\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$ and radius $\\Rhalo = 287$ pc that virializes at redshift $\\zform = 12.1$. Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]a shows the slices of density, temperature, the abundances of $\\rm H^{+}$ and $\\rm H_2$ just before star formation, while Fig. ", "\\[fig:nT\\]a shows gas temperature as a function of density at that same epoch. ", "The gas accreting into the halo collapses adiabatically until the density reaches $\\nH \\sim 1 \\ \\percc$. Then radiative cooling by H$_2$ molecules becomes effective, and temperatures drop down to $\\sim 200$ K at a density $\\sim 10^3 \\ \\percc$. Cloud fragmentation does not occur at higher densities due to the lack of coolants, and at these scales, the mass range of the forming stars is determined [@Omukai00]. ", "The typical mass of the system is the order of the Jeans mass $\\sim 10^2$–$10^3 \\ \\Msun$ at this scale [@Omukai00]. ", "Prior work have shown disk fragmentation in the accretion disk of the subsequently formed protostar and a lower mass range in the eventually formed stellar cluster [@Clark11; @Greif11; @Stacy12]. ", "In this MH, a Pop III star particle is created with a mass $\\MPopIII = 13.5 \\ \\Msun$ that was randomly sampled from the assumed IMF (Eq. ", "\\[eq:PopIII\\_IMF\\]).", "\n\nThe star emits hydrogen ionizing photons and H$_2$ dissociation photons at the rate of $\\QH = 1.23\\E{48} \\ {\\rm s}^{-1}$ and $\\QHH = 1.72\\E{48} \\ {\\rm s}^{-1}$, respectively during its lifetime of $\\tlife = 11.8$ Myr [@Schaerer02]. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]b shows the snapshot at 10.6 Myr after the star formation. ", "A clump close to the Pop III star is partially disrupted but remains dense. ", "Also, the gas at the connecting point between the cloud and filament is compressed. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_ion\\] shows one-dimensional profiles of density, temperature, and H$^+$ abundance during the Pop III main sequence from the star toward the clump and filament. ", "A D-type shock front forms and eventually expands to 40 and 100 pc in the directions of the clump and filament, respectively, at $\\tlife$. Within it hydrogen is fully ionized, and temperature of the H [ii]{} region reaches 20,000 K from the balance between ionization heating and Ly$\\alpha$ cooling. ", "The large gas pressure causes the central density tone almost uniform with $0.03 \\ \\percc$. Fig. ", "\\[fig:nT\\]b shows that a diffuse ($\\sim 0.1 \\ \\percc$) and warm ($\\sim 20,000$ K) phase appears. ", "The density is smaller than that of previous result [@Jeon14]. ", "The lifetime of Pop III star with $13 \\ \\Msun$ in our case is slightly longer than with $15 \\ \\Msun$ in @Jeon14, and D-type front is expanded to larger radius, resulting in more diffuse H [ii]{} region. ", "Also, compared with the same progenitor mass model of our previous SPH simulation , the spatial resolution in the central evacuated region around the Pop III star is higher, better capturing the density structures in the H [ii]{} region. ", "In the mass resolution was $4.5 \\ \\Msun$, corresponding to the spatial resolution of 28 pc for $\\nH = 0.1 \\ \\percc$ while it is 3 pc in this work.", "\n\nThe SN explosion occurs afterwards, and the blastwave propagates through the H [ii]{} region. ", "In the direction of the dense clump (Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_SN\\]a–c), the SN shock interacts with the clump of density $10^3 \\ \\percc$ that is 40 pc from the Pop III stellar remnant. ", "The clump is partly disrupted and is forced outward from the SN shock pressure (green curve). ", "Its density decreases and the clump eventually falls back into the recollapsing region (red curve). ", "In the direction of filament (Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_SN\\]d–f), the SN shock merges with the D-type shock just after the transition from the Sedov-Taylor phase to pressure-driven snowplough phase (orange curve). ", "The shell becomes thicker (green curve) and eventually falls back (red curve).", "\n\nFinally, 80 Myr after explosion, which is approximately the dynamical time of the central MH, the diluted shell begins to fall back into the central MH. ", "The clumps near the Pop III remnant and at the connecting point between the halo and filament form the subsequent star-forming cloud (Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_time\\]e) as previous works have found [@Ritter16; @Chiaki18]. ", "The density of the halo center increases again to $10^3 \\ \\percc$ at 84 Myr after the Pop III star forms, and a runaway collapse begins (red curve in Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_SN\\]), which is exactly the scenario of internal enrichment. ", "At that time the dark matter halo mass increases to $2.99\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$, 1.69 times larger than at the time of Pop III star formation. ", "Assuming that the turbulent velocity is the order of the circular velocity proportional to $\\Mhalo ^{1/2}$, it increases by 1.30 times, which affects the fragmentation properties of the enriched cloud as well as SN driven shocks.", "\n\n![ ", "Metallicity distribution as a function of radius from the densest point when the protostar is formed in the recollapsing region. []{", "data-label=\"fig:rZ\"}](fig/fig08.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n{width=\"18cm\"} {width=\"18cm\"} {width=\"18cm\"} {width=\"18cm\"}\n\n{width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"}\n\nMetal-poor star formation {#sec:thermal_evolution}\n-------------------------\n\nThe metallicity in the recollapsing region is $Z_{\\rm recol} = 2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$, corresponding to iron abundance of ${\\rm [Fe/H]} = -3.42$, indicating that EMP stars will form in the cloud. ", "The abundances of the other elements are determined according to the elemental abundance ratio shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:metal\\]. ", "In our previous study , we terminated simulation when the maximum density of the recollapsing region becomes $1000 \\ \\percc$ to measure its metallicity range. ", "In this work, we follow the subsequent chemical and thermal evolution to study the fragmentation properties of the cloud until the maximum density reaches $10^{16} \\ \\percc$, when the primordial component of gas becomes optically thick. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:rZ\\] shows the metallicity distribution as a function of the distance from the peak of the recollapsing cloud. ", "While there are both regions with large metallicity up to $10^{-2} \\ \\Zsun$ and with pristine gas in the adjacent cosmological voids (radius $>100$ pc and density $< 0.1 \\ \\percc$), the metallicity is uniform within $\\sim 1$ pc because only the inner part of fluid [@Smith15], whose metallicity fluctuations are progressively reduced, experiences a run-away collapse [@Larson69; @Penston69] faster than the metal mixing timescales.", "\n\nIn Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\], we show a sequence of zoom-in images focused on the recollapsing cloud. ", "Because of the adaptive nature of our simulation, we can resolve the cosmological volume with a side of $26.8$ kpc (physical scale at redshift $z=10.2$) down to 0.010 au, corresponding to 33 levels of refinement. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\] shows the evolution of temperature and chemical abundances as a function of the central density. ", "Our detailed chemical network allows us to calculate the reactions including formation of metal molecules such as CO, OH, and H$_2$O and growth of each grain species such as silicates for the first time. ", "The corresponding radiative cooling and chemical heating processes determine the evolution of temperature, which affects the fragmentation properties of the gas cloud.", "\n\nWe here briefly summarize the chemo-thermal evolution of the recollapsing cloud step-by-step. ", "At densities less than $10^3 \\ \\percc$, hydrogen molecules are formed via the H$^-$ process: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rm H + e^- &\\to& \\rm H^- + \\gamma , \\\\\n\\rm H^- + H &\\to& \\rm H_2 + e^-\\end{aligned}$$ catalyzed by free electrons. ", "In gas with a metallicity of $2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$, H$_2$ formation on grain surfaces is marginally dominant. ", "The H$_2$ fraction is $10^{-3}$ that is slightly higher than in the primordial gas (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]b). ", "Their ro-vibrational cooling is dominant at that stage, and temperature declines to 150 K. At this low temperature, HD molecules form through the reactions $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rm D + H_2 &\\to& \\rm HD + H , \\\\\n\\rm D^+ + H_2 &\\to& \\rm HD + H^+\\end{aligned}$$ (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]c). ", "At $10^3 < \\nH < 10^5 \\ \\percc$, due to HD cooling, temperature further drops down to 70 K. This is shown as the green-yellow region in the density map of Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]b, where filamentary structures start to form. ", "Along the filaments, the temperature reaches a minimum value $\\sim 100$ K, suggesting that HD cooling induces the deformation of the gas cloud.", "\n\nAt this metallicity, metal fine-structure cooling is sub-dominant. ", "However, the transition discriminant introduced by @Frebel13 $D_{\\rm trans} = \\log (10^{\\rm [C/H]} + 0.9\\times 10^{\\rm [O/H]}) = -3.09$ in our simulation, above the critical value of $-3.5$ where fine-structure cooling is efficient. ", "We find that O atoms are converted into OH molecules primarily through the reaction $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rm O + H &\\to& \\rm OH + \\gamma \\end{aligned}$$ at $\\nH \\sim 10^5 \\ \\percc$ (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]e). ", "At the same time, C atoms are oxidized into CO molecules by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rm C + OH &\\to& \\rm CO + H\\end{aligned}$$ (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]d). ", "At $10^5 < \\nH < 10^8 \\ \\percc$, OH and CO molecules are the dominant coolants instead of C and O atoms, and temperature remains around 100 K.\n\nBecause adiabatic compressional heating overcomes these cooling processes, the gas slowly heats up. ", "The cloud becomes stable against deformation, and thus forms a hydrostatic spherical core as shown by the red-colored region in density plot of Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]b. ", "Here a molecular cloud forms with a size of $\\sim 0.1$ pc, which is depicted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]c as the region where SiO molecules are abundant at a fraction $y({\\rm SiO}) = 3\\E{-9}$. Si atoms are oxidized into SiO by the impact of OH and O$_2$ molecules (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]f). ", "At densities $10^8 < \\nH < 10^{11} \\ \\percc$, gas heating along with H$_2$ formation through the three-body reactions $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rm H + H + H &\\to& \\rm H_2 + H, \\\\\n\\rm H + H + H_2 &\\to& \\rm H_2 + H_2\\end{aligned}$$ become efficient, and deformation of the molecular cloud is further suppressed.", "\n\nFinally, at $10^{11} \\ \\percc$, grain growth occurs. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]f shows that forsterite (red dotted curve) and enstatite (purple dotted curve) grows by accreting gas-phase Mg, SiO, and H$_2$O. Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]e shows that H$_2$O molecules are totally depleted by grain growth because the abundance of available H$_2$O molecules are less ($y({\\rm H_2O})=5\\E{-9}$) than that of Mg or SiO ($y({\\rm Mg})=9\\E{-9}$, $y({\\rm SiO})=2\\E{-8}$) just before grain growth. ", "Since oxygen is less abundant than carbon in the assumed progenitor model (${\\rm C/O} = 1.17$), most of oxygen has been depleted into CO molecules at $\\nH \\sim 10^5 \\ \\percc$ before the onset of H$_2$O molecule formation ($\\sim 10^9 \\ \\percc$). ", "In Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]d, we can see that the forsterite ($\\Forsterite$) abundance is enhanced while SiO molecules are slightly depleted along the dense filaments ($\\nH \\gtrsim 10^{13} \\ \\percc$). ", "A fraction of silicon has remained in its atomic form avoiding oxidization, but Si atoms are eventually depleted into metallic silicon grains. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]d shows the absence of Si atoms in the very center of the cloud ($\\gtrsim 10^{14} \\ \\percc$).", "\n\nThe phase plot (Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]a) shows that dust cooling operates at densities $\\nH \\sim 10^{13} \\ \\percc$, and the cloud again becomes unstable to deformation. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]d shows that filamentary structures (yellow region in density map) appears along the cool region (black region in temperature map) with length of a few 10 au. ", "At density $\\sim 10^{14} \\ \\percc$, dust cooling become ineffective at which point dust and gas are thermally coupled and the gas becomes optically thick through the dust opacity. ", "The gas evolves adiabatically, forming a hydrostatic core (red region in Fig \\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]d), the so-called first core [@Larson69; @Penston69]. ", "Hereafter, we call it a “protostar”.[^5] Here we define the radius of the protostar to be where the thermal energy balances the gravitational energy. ", "The mass and radius of the protostar are $0.06 \\ \\Msun$ and 1.8 au, respectively. ", "These are consistent with the Jeans mass at density $10^{15} \\ \\percc$ and temperature 500 K, where gas becomes optically thick due to absorption of continuum photons by dust grains. ", "The black circle in the density map of Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]d denotes the radius of the protostar. ", "This result suggests that dust cooling induces the formation of the low-mass star.", "\n\nWe should note that the stellar mass is eventually determined when the accretion onto the protostar halts. ", "Also, we do not see any fragmentation that would be the precursor of further low-mass star formation. ", "It is still possible that the filaments around the protostar will fragment into low-mass protostars. ", "Several knotty structures appears along the filaments, and these are expected to be separately self-gravitating. ", "Because of computational limitations, we can only follow the initial dynamics of the primal protostar. ", "Since the dynamical time is proportional to $\\rho ^{-1/2}$, the necessary numerical timestep to follow the stable and accurate evolution of the dense ($10^{16} \\ \\percc$) primary protostar is too short to fully follow the accretion history of the less-dense ($10^{14} \\ \\percc$) filaments. ", "There are other approaches to extend the physical time for the simulation. ", "In the sink-particle method, dense regions that determine the computational time are artificially masked. ", "The gas within a given radius around a density peak is accreted onto an artificial particle mimicking a star [@Stacy12; @SafranekShrader14b]. ", "Another technique introduces a stiff equation of state to halt the further gas accretion into protostars [; @Hirano17]. ", "We will extend our simulation with one of these methods to follow the evolution of filamentary structures induced by dust cooling to determine their fragmentation properties and final stellar masses in a future work.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec:discussion}\n==========\n\n![ ", "Radially averaged profiles of the turbulent Mach number, the ratio of velocity dispersion and sound speed, in the Pop III star-forming cloud (blue curve) and recollapsing cloud after the SN explosion (orange curve) when the peak density is $2.6\\E{4} \\ \\percc$ and $1.6\\E{4} \\ \\percc$, respectively. ", "We subtract the bulk velocity calculated as the mass-weighted mean of velocity within 10 pc from the location of peak density. []{", "data-label=\"fig:radial_profile_vsig\"}](fig/fig11.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nEffect of turbulence induced by SN shock\n----------------------------------------\n\nIn our previous work , we followed the chemo-thermal evolution of collapsing clouds from Pop III star-forming MHs with in the case of uniform metal distribution. ", "The conclusion was that the cloud fragmentation induced by dust cooling halted in most cases because of preceding H$_2$ formation heating, which generally occurs in low-metallicity clouds with $10^{-4}$–$10^{-3} \\ \\Zsun$. We did not include any SN shock-driven turbulence. ", "@Dopcke13 and @SafranekShrader16 found that shocks added manually and driven by a halo merger, respectively, drive density perturbations in the collapsing clouds. ", "These perturbations can become the seeds of fragments in the filamentary structures induced by dust cooling.", "\n\nIn this work, we explicitly include the SN explosion and follow the subsequent shock. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_vsig\\] shows the turbulent Mach number ${\\cal M}_{\\rm turb} = \\sigma _v / \\cs$ as a function of distance from the density peak for the Pop III star-forming cloud and the recollapsing cloud, where $\\sigma _v$ is velocity dispersion and $\\cs$ is sound speed. ", "The velocity dispersion is enhanced by gas accretion onto the halo and by the SN-driven shock by a factor of at most two within 10 pc from the density peak. ", "We measure the energy fraction of turbulence to the total energy in this region as $\\epsilon _{\\rm turb} = \\sigma _v^2 / (\\bar{v}^2 + \\bar{\\cs} ^2)$ as $0.13$ and $0.38$, respectively, where $\\bar{v}$ and $\\bar{\\cs}$ are mass weighted average of velocity magnitude and sound speed in the core region with a radius of 10 pc. ", "The $\\epsilon _{\\rm turb}$ fraction increases in the latter by a factor of three. ", "As a result, multiple filamentary structures appear in our simulation with SN shock-driven turbulence (Fig. ", "\\[fig:output\\_zoom\\]) while only a single filament is seen in our previous work .", "\n\n![ ", "Density-weighted density projections at the maximum density $\\nH = 10^{16} \\ \\percc$ in the runs (a) with and (b) without grain growth. []{", "data-label=\"fig:compare_slice\"}](fig/fig12.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![ ", "Same as Fig. ", "\\[fig:nT\\]f but for the simulation without grain growth. []{", "data-label=\"fig:nT_ng\"}](fig/fig13.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nEffect of grain growth\n----------------------\n\nTo study how grain growth affects the thermal evolution of metal-poor collapsing clouds, we here also run a reference simulation without grain growth and overplot the thermal evolution of the run in Fig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\]a with the orange dashed curve. ", "We find that the depth of the “trough” of temperature at densities $\\nH = 10^{12}$–$10^{16} \\ \\percc$, where dust cooling operates, is not so enhanced by grain growth. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:compare\\_slice\\] shows the snapshots of the central 100 au region in the runs with and without grain growth. ", "These show the similar filamentary structures, and fragmentation notably appears even in the latter case opposite to our expectation. ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:nT\\_ng\\] shows the two-dimensional histogram of the density and temperature in the run without grain growth when the maximum of gas density reaches $10^{16} \\ \\percc$. We find that no significant difference is seen compared with Fig. ", "\\[fig:nT\\]f for the run with grain growth. ", "The difference of the fragmentation properties could stem from the minute differences in the chemo-thermal evolution during the collapse, altering its timing and filamentary structures.", "\n\nIn the simulation with a metal and dust model with a progenitor mass $\\MPopIII = 13 \\ \\Msun$, the growth of silicates, which are the major species for gas cooling, is suppressed because oxygen has been depleted into CO molecules at $\\nH \\sim 10^5 \\ \\percc$. If ${\\rm C/O} < 1$, a fraction of oxygen is reduced into H$_2$O molecules, which are accreted onto silicates without being depleted into CO molecules. ", "This scenario occurs for progenitor masses of $\\MPopIII > 20 \\ \\Msun$ as we show that silicates grow sufficiently to affect the thermal evolution in .", "\n\n{width=\"8.5cm\"} {width=\"8.5cm\"} {width=\"8.5cm\"} {width=\"8.5cm\"}\n\nSimplified enrichment model\n---------------------------\n\nWe can further understand the chemical enrichment through a simplified model from a single event. ", "The recollapsing cloud in the simulation has a metallicity of $2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$. We define the cloud as a sphere with a mass $M_{\\rm cloud} = 2\\E{3} \\ \\Msun$ of the Jeans mass at a density of $10^3 \\ \\percc$ and temperature of 100 K that has been uniformly enriched in the simulation within a radius of $1$ pc (see Fig. ", "\\[fig:rZ\\]). ", "We can estimate the average metallicity of the cloud by assuming that all of the ejecta metal mass $M_{\\rm met} = 1 \\ \\Msun$ is reincorporated into the cloud, giving a metallicity $$Z_{\\rm pred} = \\frac{M_{\\rm met}}{M_{\\rm cloud}} = 4\\E{-2} \\ \\Zsun.$$ However, in reality, most of the metal escapes from the halo along with the shocked gas into the adjacent voids. ", "The rest recollapses into the cloud, being blocked by the cosmic filaments and a neighboring gas clump.", "\n\nFig. ", "\\[fig:time\\_series\\_SN\\] shows the process of metal dispersion along with the SN shock propagation and fall-back into the central MH. ", "At 1.3 Myr after explosion (panel a), the SN shock with radius 40 pc is still inside the D-type shock with radius 100 pc, and begins to interact with the neighboring clump. ", "The initial enriched gas does not mix with the interior gas at regions with densities $\\gtrsim 3 \\ \\percc$ (yellow-orange colored region) and passes around the clump. ", "The partially destroyed clump and two connecting regions between the MH and cosmic filaments remains dense, and the SN shock stalls out at 10.6 Myr after the SN (panel b). ", "The shock does not escape the halo’s gravitational potential well, and these three regions accrete back into the MH (panel c). ", "The metals are then incorporated into the recollapsing cloud and mixed by the turbulence driven by the SN and virialization (panel d).", "\n\nWith this picture, we can estimate a fraction $f_{\\rm fb}$ of metals which fall-back as @Ritter15 did. ", "The fraction of metals that is blocked by the clump is the ratio of solid angles of neighboring clumps with radius $r$ at a distance $R$ from the SN is $\\pi r^2 / 4\\pi R^2$. The radius of the region with densities $\\nH \\gtrsim 3 \\ \\percc$ is $r = 5$ pc and the distance is $R = 50$ pc (Fig. ", "\\[fig:time\\_series\\_SN\\]b). ", "There are $N_{\\rm clump}=3$ of clumps that interrupt the propagation of metals. ", "We can thus estimate the metallicity $Z_{\\rm recol}$ in the recollapsing region as $$Z_{\\rm recol} = \\frac{f_{\\rm fb} M_{\\rm met}}{M_{\\rm cloud}} \n= N_{\\rm clump} \\frac{\\pi r^2}{4\\pi R^2} \\frac{M_{\\rm met}}{M_{\\rm cloud}}\n= 3\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun,$$ which is consistent with our simulation result.", "\n\nMinihalo and Pop III star mass\n------------------------------\n\nIn this work, we investigate the metal enrichment in the case of a particular scenario: an initial MH mass $\\Mhalo = 1.77\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$ and Pop III stellar mass $\\MPopIII = 13.5 \\ \\Msun$. The subsequent dynamics and metal enrichment heavily depend on these two characteristic properties, where the ratio of the halo binding energy and the radiation/explosion energies is the key quantity. ", "However, we can categorize this spectrum of initial parameters and associated outcomes into two scenarios: internal enrichment and external enrichment. ", "In our previous work , we found that the external enrichment occurs when ionizing region expands beyond the halo virial radius with MH masses below the critical mass: $$\\begin{aligned}\nM_{\\rm halo, cr}^{\\rm ion} &=&\n6\\E{5} \\ \\Msun\n\\left\\{\n\\left( \\frac{\\MPopIII}{25 \\ \\Msun} \\right) \n\\right. ", "\\nonumber \\\\ && \\times \\left.", "\n\\left[\n1-\\exp\n\\left( -\\frac{\\MPopIII}{25 \\ \\Msun} \\right) \n\\right]\n\\right\\} ^{3/4}.", "\n\\label{eq:MHion_fit}\\end{aligned}$$ In this case, because the SN shell expands through the low-density region ($\\lesssim 10 \\ \\percc$), it does not sufficiently lose thermal energy due to the low cooling rate (proportional to density squared) and continues to expand.", "\n\nIn the simulated mass range of $\\Mhalo = 2\\E{5}-1\\E{6} \\ \\Msun$ [@Hirano14], the main enrichment process is internal enrichment for core-collapse SNe ($\\MPopIII = 8-40 \\ \\Msun$). ", "In the most energetic case, metals can escape from the host MH and external enrichment occurs for pair-instability supernovae [$\\MPopIII = 140$–$260 \\ \\Msun$; @Heger02]. ", "Therefore, to fully investigate the metal distribution function in the Universe, it is required to follow the metal dispersion from a multitude of host halos and Pop III stars with a wider sampling of their initial masses and thus stellar endpoints. ", "However by focusing on individual cases, we can further understand the detailed dynamics and mixing during the transition from Pop III to metal-enriched star formation.", "\n\nIsolation of minihaloes\n-----------------------\n\nOur simulation focuses on an isolated MH in a cosmological setting. ", "Particularly in large-scale overdense regions, MHs can be clustered enough so that their SN remnants will overlap. ", "The mixing of nucleosynthetic products from multiple events will partially wash out any unique feature from each explosion [@deBennassuti14; @deBennassuti17; @Hartwig18].", "\n\nIt has been shown that metal-free stars generally form in halos of mass $10^6~\\Msun$ [@Bromm13]. ", "For a large-scale region with a typical overdensity, such as the one that eventually forms the Milky Way, the average MH separation can be calculated with (elliposidal) Press-Schetcher formalism [@Press74; @Sheth01] to be $200 \\left( \\Mhalo / 10^6 \\ \\Msun \\right) ^{0.5}$ comoving kpc at redshift $z=15$. This is comparable with the simulation side length (300 comoving kpc), justifying our choice of considering a single enrichment event. ", "We should note that, however, some fraction of MHs will be clustered in the Milky Way progenitor environment. ", "In such regions, EMP stars should be enriched by multiple progenitors. ", "This suggests that EMP stars, especially for C-normal ones, are not the only second-generation stars which we investigate in this work. ", "To capture the statistical feature of first stars and EMP stars, simulations in a larger cosmological volume are required with a special focus on progenitors of Milky Way like galaxies [@Tumlinson07; @Salvadori07; @Sarmento17].", "\n\nShell instability\n-----------------\n\nWhen the SN shock interacts with the D-type shock, there is a possibility that the shell becomes sufficiently thick to become unstable against fragmentation. ", "In the dense clump neighboring the SN, its density is $10^3 \\ \\percc$ when the shocks interact (Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_SN\\]a). ", "However, the clump is partly desrupted by the pressure of SN shock before it collapses. ", "Also, in the direction of cosmic filament (Fig. ", "\\[fig:radial\\_profile\\_SN\\]d), the gas falling into the MH collide with the SN shock, forming a dense shell. ", "The intability criterion of an expanding shell with velocity $V_{\\rm sh}$ at distance $R_{\\rm sh}$ from the SN can be written as $$\\frac{V_{\\rm sh}}{R_{\\rm sh}} < \\frac{\\pi G \\Sigma _{\\rm sh}}{\\sqrt{8}c_{\\rm eff}},$$ where $\\Sigma _{\\rm sh}$, $c_{\\rm eff}$ are the surface density and effective sound speed of the shell [see @Chiaki13]. ", "For the dense shell with $V_{\\rm sh} = 20$ km/s, $R_{\\rm sh} = 100$ pc, $\\Sigma _{\\rm sh} = 8.1\\E{-4} \\ {\\rm g/cm^2}$, and $c_{\\rm eff} = 2.2$ km/s, the left and right hand sides are $0.20$ and $0.0085 \\ {\\rm Myr^{-1}}$, respectively, showing that the shell is also marginally stable.", "\n\nComparison with observed EMP stars {#sec:GA}\n==================================\n\nRecent observational campaigns have covered a large sample of EMP stars [@Yoon18; @Placco18]. ", "Although we restrict our focus on a single metal-poor star-forming cloud enriched by a single Pop III SN, this study gives a general insight for the chemo-thermal evolution of metal-poor clouds and their prior enrichment. ", "We expect that the chemical/thermal processes such as metal molecular cooling, H$_2$ formation heating, and dust thermal emission cooling as well as grain growth will be commonly crucial for cloud formation and collapse because the thermal evolution of those clouds is nearly insensitive to their initial conditions [see discussion around Fig. ", "2 in @Omukai00]. ", "Although our study shows that cloud fragmentation is hardly seen until we terminate the simulation, it is possible that knotty filamentary structure will fragment in later phases. ", "However, these filaments can still accrete onto the central initial protostar, and if this accretion flow remains intact until the protostellar radiation starts to sweep up the ambient gas, low-mass EMP star formation will be suppressed [@Hosokawa11]. ", "The simple chemical evolution model of @Hartwick76 suggests that the metallicity distribution of stars is proportional to $Z^{-1}$, while observations have shown that the number of stars deviates below this prediction [@Frebel13], which is consistent with our results in that low-mass EMP stars are rarely formed.", "\n\nOur study, where we follow the advection of each element and chemical reactions, can also be applied to the explanation of the existence of different classifications among EMP stars. ", "Observations have revealed that EMP stars are classified into two major groups, C-normal and C-enhanced populations [@Beers05]. ", "The vast majority of EMP stars with $\\rm [Fe/H] < -4.5$ have carbon enhancement [@Placco18; @Yoon18]. ", "Although we here restrict our focus on the C-normal EMP stars, the evolution of C-enhanced EMP star-forming clouds is also followed with progenitor models consistent with their elemental abundance ratio such as faint SN [@Umeda03; @Marassi14; @Marassi15; @Chiaki17].", "\n\nLastly, we restrict our focus to a single EMP star-forming cloud enriched by a single Pop III SN. ", "To study the nucleosynthesis and mass distribution of Pop III stars and the first metal enrichment process indirectly from the metallicity and elemental abundance ratios of EMP stars, it is preferable to isolate stars that are enriched by a single event [@Ishigaki18; @Hartwig18]. ", "However, some EMP stars could be enriched by multiple progenitors [@deBennassuti14; @deBennassuti17; @Hartwig18]. ", "In our simulation, the recovery time during which the ejected gas returns to the MH and ensuing star formation occurs is $\\sim 80$ Myr. ", "In the case where other explosions in neighboring halos occur during this delay time, the stars could be enriched by multiple progenitors, and the metallicity and elemental abundances will be some combination of the progenitors’ explosion characteristics. ", "Furthermore, a single halo might host multiple Pop III stars caused by fragmentation [@Turk09; @Clark11; @Greif11; @Stacy12; @Susa14]. ", "To statistically compare with the large observational sample of EMP stars, we plan to extend our simulation temporally and spatially to follow the effects of multiple Pop III stars and formation of a population of EMP stars in future work.", "\n\nSummary and conclusion {#sec:conclusion}\n======================\n\nWe follow the entire formation sequence of an EMP star in a cosmological context. ", "In this simulation, we for the first time solve all relevant chemical reactions and grain growth in a low-metallicity molecular cloud, considering nucleosynthesis and nucleation models of Pop III SN in a consistent manner. ", "In the targeted minihalo, metal-free gas contracts through hydrogen molecule cooling, where a Pop III star forms with a mass $\\MPopIII = 13.5 \\ \\Msun$. We compute the radiation hydrodynamics of the system and follow the formation of an ionized region around the Pop III star. ", "At the end of its lifetime, the ionization and D-type shock fronts reaches a radius of 40 pc, still contained within the MH that has a virial radius of 287 pc. ", "This containment is one of the conditions for the self-enrichment of host MHs . ", "This Pop III star explodes as a normal core-collapse SN with explosion energy $10^{51}$ erg. ", "In the ejecta, we uniformly add metal and dust models calculated for a Pop III SN with mass $13 \\ \\Msun$. The ejected gas falls back into the central MH 80 Myr after the SN explosion. ", "In the recollapsing cloud, the metallicity is $2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$ nearly uniform within 1 pc. ", "We follow the further evolution of recollapsing cloud until the first protostellar core forms, at which time the spatial resolution reaches a value of 0.01 au, sufficient to resolve the protostellar core. ", "We finally find that gas around the protostar deforms to multiple knotty filamentary structures by dust thermal emission cooling. ", "Although we do not follow the further evolution of these filaments due to the computational limits, the filaments will fragment into a multiple protostellar system.", "\n\nWe show that a single SN event can reproduce a collapsing cloud with a metallicity in a range of observed EMP stars through the internal enrichment process. ", "The mass of the primary protostar is $0.06 \\ \\Msun$ when we terminate the simulation. ", "The protostar will continue to accrete the ambient gas, and the stellar mass will ultimately be determined when accretion is halted. ", "If this mass is less than $0.8 \\ \\Msun$, it will survive until the present-day. ", "If such an object formed in the Milky Way progenitor halos, it would be observed as an EMP star in the Galactic halo or neighboring dwarf galaxies. ", "This work is the very first step to seek the chemical enrichment and star formation in the early universe. ", "By applying our strategy and results to larger simulations both in time and volume, we will continue to clarify their entire formation sequence and connection to EMPs in the local universe, strengthening the insights gained from near-field cosmology.", "\n\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe thank the anonymous referee for their constructive comments, improving our paper. ", "We also thank T. Nozawa, who kindly give us the SN models, and V. Bromm and T. Hartwig for fruitful discussions. ", "We also thank B. Smith, who helped us with the [yt]{} clump finding method. ", "GC is supported by Research Fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for Young Scientists. ", "JHW acknowledges support from NSF grants AST-1614333 and OAC-1835213, Hubble Theory grant HST-AR-14326, and NASA grant NNX-17AG23G. The numerical simulations in this work are carried out on PACE cluster in the Georgia Institute of Technology. ", "The freely available plotting library [matplotlib]{} [@matplotlib] was used to construct numerous plots within this paper. ", "Computations and analysis described in this work were performed using the publicly-available [Enzo]{} and [yt]{} codes, which is the product of a collaborative effort of many independent scientists from numerous institutions around the world.", "\n\nDust cooling rates with grain growth {#sec:rates_dust}\n====================================\n\nDust grains have an effect on the chemo-thermal evolution of collapsing clouds, depending on the density $\\rho$, gas temperature $T$, density $\\rho _i$ of a grain species $i$, and $\\rho _{X}$ of a key element $X$. To reduce the computational cost, we have calculated the following quantities:\n\n- H$_2$ formation rate on grain surfaces from Eq. (", "4) of\n\n- dust opacity from Eq. (", "8) of\n\n- dust cooling rate from Eq. (", "7) of\n\n- grain growth rate (see below)\n\nfor each species $i$, and tabulated them.", "\n\nAs a result of grain growth, these rates are enhanced. ", "If the growth rate depends on the grain radius, it would be almost impossible to tabulate these rates for each grain species because the size distribution is deformed over the course of time. ", "We pay attention to the convenient nature of grain growth in that the size increment is independent of the grain radius. ", "Although the rate at which a gas-phase species sticks to grain surfaces is proportional to $r ^2$, it is converted to the increasing rate of grain radius with divided by a grain surface area ($\\propto r^2$) for the impactor to cover the entire area of a grain surface. ", "Because the size distribution function is just shifted to larger radii without changing its shape, we can estimate the rates from the initial size distribution and dust amount at a given time.", "\n\nIn , the rates (1)–(4) are formulated with the size increment $\\delta r_i(t)$ for a grain species $i$ at the time $t$.[^6] When we create the lookup table, we convert the given fluid quantities into $\\delta r_i(t)$ in the following manner. ", "In the relevant density and temperature range, metals are accreted onto pre-existing seed grains, i.e., seeds are not newly formed. ", "Therefore, the ratio of number density of grain particles[^7] $$n_i(t) = \\frac{\\rho _i(t)}{(4\\pi/3) \\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,t} \\varsigma _i}\n\\label{eq:ndust}$$ to that of nuclei of the key element is constant: $$\\frac{\\rho _i(0) / \\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,0}}{\\rho _X (0)}\n=\n\\frac{\\rho _i(t) / \\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,t}}{\\rho _X (t)}.", "\n\\label{eq:conserv}$$ Since $\\delta r_i (t)$ is independent on grain radii, $\\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,t}$ is expanded as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,t} \n&=& \\langle (r+\\delta r_i(t))^3 \\rangle _{i,0} \\nonumber \\\\\n&=& \\langle r^3 \\rangle _{i,0}\n+ 3\\langle r^2 \\rangle _{i,0} \\delta r_i(t) \n+ 3\\langle r \\rangle _{i,0} (\\delta r_i(t))^2\n+ (\\delta r_i(t))^3, \\nonumber \\\\\n\\label{eq:size_increment}\\end{aligned}$$ using the moments of the grain radii $\\langle r^n \\rangle _{i,0}$ ($n=1,2,3$) weighted by the initial size distribution function $\\varphi _{i,0} (r)$. Then, $\\delta r_i (t)$ is derived as the root of the cubic equation (\\[eq:size\\_increment\\]).", "\n\nWe should note that $\\delta r_i (t)$ is independent of $r$ unless grain sublimation is considered. ", "In our chemistry model, we ignore it because grains sublimate only after the gas becomes opaque in the continuum [@Omukai00]. ", "Also, grain collisional cross-sections with gas-phase species depend on $r$ when grains interact with ions and electrons [@Draine87].", "\n\nNext, we describe how to estimate grain growth rate. ", "It is treated as a set of chemical reactions. ", "The grain growth rate is written as $$k_{{\\rm gg}, i}(t) = \\min _x \\left\\{4\\pi \\langle r^2 \\rangle _{i,t} v_{{\\rm th}, x} n_i n_x\\right\\},$$ where $v_{{\\rm th},x}$ and $n_x$ are the thermal velocity and number density of a reactant $x$ bearing the corresponding element $X$, respectively. ", "For species with multiple reactants (e.g., Mg, SiO, and H$_2$O for forsterite), we take the minimum rate among them [@Kozasa87]. ", "Then, the growth rate of number density $\\nu _i$ of nuclei of the key element $X$ locked up into grain species $i$ and the depletion rate of number density $n_x$ of gas-phase species $x$ are $$\\left. ", "\\frac{{\\rm d}\\nu _i(t)}{{\\rm d}t} \\right| _{\\rm gg} =\n-\\left. ", "\\frac{{\\rm d}n_x(t)}{{\\rm d}t} \\right| _{\\rm gg} \n= k_{{\\rm gg}, i}(t) \\prod _{x} n_x.$$ The number density $\\nu _i$ is converted into the mass density of grain species $i$ as $$\\rho _i (t) = \\nu _i (t) \\mu _i \\mH,$$ where $\\mu _i$ is the molecular weight of a monomer of $i$.\n\nComparison of chemistry with one-zone calculation\n=================================================\n\n{width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"} {width=\"5.7cm\"}\n\nWe compare our simulation results with a semi-analytic one-zone collapse calculation, in which the thermal evolution of a collapse center is followed with the same chemical reaction network and radiative cooling as the simulation [see also @Omukai00]. ", "The density $\\rho$ is assumed to increase at the rate of nearly a free-fall time $\\tff = (3\\pi/32G\\rho)^{1/2}$: $$\\frac{{\\rm d}\\rho}{{\\rm d}t} = \\frac{\\rho}{\\tcol}.$$ In this equation, $\\tcol$ is the collapse timescale as $$\\tcol = \\frac{\\tff}{\\sqrt{1-f_p}},\n\\label{eq:tcol}$$ where $f_p$ is the ratio of gas thermal energy to gravitational energy as $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_p = \n \\begin{cases}\n 0, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(\\gamma < 0.83) \\\\\n 0.6 + 2.5(\\gamma -1) -6.0(\\gamma -1)^2, ~~~~~~~~~(0.83 < \\gamma < 1) \\\\\n 1.0 + 0.2(\\gamma -4/3) - 2.9(\\gamma -4/3)^2, ~~~(\\gamma > 1) \n \\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ $\\gamma = {\\rm d}\\ln p / {\\rm d}\\ln \\rho$ is the specific heat ratio of the gas with density $\\rho$ and pressure $p$ [@Larson69; @Omukai05]. ", "Then, specific energy $e$ is calculated as $$\\frac{{\\rm d}e}{{\\rm d}t} = -p\\frac{{\\rm d}(1/\\rho)}{{\\rm d}t} + \\Gamma - \\Lambda,$$ where $\\Gamma$ and $\\Lambda$ is the gain and lost of the energy, respectively.", "\n\nFig. ", "\\[fig:chemothermal\\_evolution\\_comparison\\] shows the evolution of temperature and chemical abundances with a metallicity $Z = 2.6\\E{-4} \\ \\Zsun$, the same as the recollapsing region in our simulation. ", "We find that our three-dimensional results match very well with the one-zone model. ", "However, there is the discrepancy at densities $\\nH < 10^7 \\ \\percc$ and $\\nH > 10^{11} \\ \\percc$. This difference occurs because the one-zone calculation does not include any hydrodynamic effects. ", "In our simulation, the collapse timescale $\\tcol$ is longer than the one in Eq. (", "\\[eq:tcol\\]). ", "At $\\nH < 10^7 \\ \\percc$, the collapse time is slower than in Eq. (", "\\[eq:tcol\\]) because of the gravitational potential of the dark matter MH whose distribution is more spread than gas . ", "Since the adiabatic compressional heating rate $\\Gamma _{\\rm ad} = p/\\tcol$ is smaller and thus the chemical timescale for H$_2$ formation is relatively longer, the gas temperature is lower than the one-zone calculation. ", "Also, when temperature decreases below 150 K, HD molecule formation is enhanced, and the gas further cools down to 70 K. Conversely, at $\\nH > 10^{11} \\ \\percc$, the temperature in our simulation is higher than one in the one-zone calculation. ", "The collapse timescale is shorter than the one in the one-zone calculation (Eq. (", "\\[eq:tcol\\])) because of the rapid gas accretion into the hydrostatic core formed by H$_2$ formation heating (see Sec. ", "\\[sec:thermal\\_evolution\\]).", "\n\n\\[lastpage\\]\n\n[^1]: E-mail: gen.chiaki@physics.gatech.edu\n\n[^2]: <http://enzo-project.org/>\n\n[^3]: <https://grackle.readthedocs.io/>\n\n[^4]: Although CO is important in the present-day ISM, not in the low-metallicity ISM affected only by massive Pop III SNe .", "\n\n[^5]: Strictly speaking, a protostar forms at a later stage. ", "At $\\nH \\gtrsim 10^{16} \\ \\percc$, cooling by H$_2$ dissociation will make the equation of state softer, after which a second collapse occurs. ", "After H$_2$ molecules are fully dissociated, the gas again collapses adiabatically. ", "The hydrostatic core embedded in the first core is called a protostar.", "\n\n[^6]: The origin of time should be the time at which grain size distribution is fixed. ", "Here we set it the time of SN explosion. ", "Note that it takes $\\sim 10^4$ yr that dust size distribution is fixed [@Nozawa07].", "\n\n[^7]: In Eq. (", "\\[eq:ndust\\]), $\\varsigma _i$ is the bulk density of grain species $i$. $\\langle \\cdots \\rangle _{i,t}$ is the average of a physical quantity weighted by the size distribution function $\\varphi _{i,t} (r)$ normalized as $\\int \\varphi _{i,t} (r) dr = 1$.\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an automatic wafer plating equipment for automatically plating wafers, and particularly to an automatic wafer plating equipment suitable for automatically plating a small lot of wafers.", "\n2. ", "Earlier Technology\nSemiconductor devices are fabricated through a number of processing steps. ", "One of the steps is for plating wafers. ", "It is common that a large lot of identical wafers are plated using a bulky, full-automatic plating equipment. ", "A small lot of wafers are however plated with, for example, one or two cup-type plating equipments in which a series of pertinent plating steps are substantially carried out manually. ", "Such manual actions in the plating steps for wafers are disadvantageous. ", "For example, a wafer of which surface is touched by an operator can considerably produce a defective article. ", "It is thus requested to develop an automatic wafer plating equipment capable of performing a series of steps for plating a small lot, namely several to dozens, of wafers which are free from being directly touched by an operator.", "\nThe present invention has been embodied for meeting the above demand and its object is to provide a wafer plating equipment for automatically plating wafers, and particularly to an automatic wafer plating equipment for automatically plating a small lot of wafers." ]

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[ "St. Louis Flood of December 2015 - Valley Park, 12/30/15\n\nHigh-resolution panorama: Scroll right, left, up and down to view all of this image:\n\n" ]

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[ "oracle.jdeveloper.controller\nClass NodeActionController\n\nA controller which executes an action on one or more nodes using subclass-\nspecific delegates.", "\n\nThe controller expects the action to provide two string properties: a\ntemplate string to compute the label for a context with a single selection\n(action key SINGLE_SELECTION_TEMPLATE_TEXT); and a string\nused to for a context with a multiple selection (action key\nMULTIPLE_SELECTION_TEXT). ", "The update(oracle.ide.controller.", "IdeAction, oracle.ide.", "Context) method uses these\nstrings to update the action name (action key Action.", "NAME) to\nreflect the current context. (", "The action name is the string typically\ndisplayed by menu items and buttons tied to the action.) ", "Note that if these\nstrings are not supplied, the controller will still function decently.", "\n\nWhile the semantics of Context are tighter than they used to be, the\nselection semantics are still a little nebulous. ", "This controller assumes,\namong other things, that all the elements of a selection are either nodes or\nnode containers, or else are elements contained by a single node.", "\n\nSINGLE_SELECTION_TEMPLATE_TEXT\n\npublic static final java.lang.", "String SINGLE_SELECTION_TEMPLATE_TEXT\n\nAction property key for the template text used to compute the\ncontext-dependent action name for a context containing a single selected\nelement. ", "The name is computed by substituting the name of the selected\nelement for any occurrence in the template of the substring\n\"{0}\".", "\n\naddDelegate\n\nupdate\n\nThis method updates the enabled status of the specified action within the\nspecified context. ", "It should generally be called on the controller\nassociated with the active view to allow that controller to take the\nfirst crack at determining its enabled status. ", "If that controller\nwants to update its enabled status, it does so and returns true to\nindicate that further controllers do not need to be consulted. ", "If the\ncontroller does not deal with setting the enabled status of an action,\nit delegates the request to its supervising controller, all the way up\nto the Ide. ", "The Ide has a special implementation of update(xx) that\nfurther delegates the request to root controllers, until one of them\nreturns true indicating the request was handled by the controller." ]

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[ "Calling all burger junkies! ", "If you are someone who loves to eat those juicy, finger licking and scrumptious cheesy patty between beautifully baked buns, then this app is your means to get that foodgasm whenever you desire.", "\n\nFolks… we introduce to you Burger Dispatch! ", "This app surely is a blessing in disguise to all you burger lovers out there. ", "It is here for just one and only reason and that is delivering a sinful indulgence from your favorite burger joint.", "\n\nMeet The Power Team That Made It Happen!", "\n\nIdeated and co-founded by Saphire Sumpter and Satoria Sumpter, Burger Dispatch is here to make your taste buds and tummy happy.", "\n\nRegardless of whom you are or what you do–everyone loves to eat. ", "It’s the only way to really explain how these two vegetarians ended up founding a burger delivery service. ", "The duo wanted to take their love for eat burgers and start a neat business around it.", "\n\nKnow The App Better!", "\n\nBurger Dispatch is all about burgers and fries. ", "The best ones in your area are delivered to your door in under an hour. ", "Currently based in Alpharetta, GA; delivery is available from Five Guys, Smashburger, BurgerFi, Ted’s Montana Grill and Bocado Burger.", "\n\nThe Driving Force!", "\n\n“We were hungry and unmoved at the thought of ordering another pizza. ", "We’d also fallen for a new local burger joint. ", "They had managed to put together an unbelievable veggie delight and we found ourselves wishing they delivered. ", "After about the eighth wish, we decided to just do it”, says the team.", "\n\nOn Challenges Faced & Competitors\n\nLike most startups, getting the word out and creating awareness about the app was the team’s greatest challenge.", "\n\nIn terms of competition, Domino’s, Pizza Hut, Papa John’s and other pizza joints do pose as potential competitors. ", "This is because people are so accustomed to ordering pizza that no one thinks to search for burger delivery.", "\n\nOn The Road Ahead, Target Audience & More\n\n“Starting Burger Dispatch in Alpharetta, GA has helped us to realize the true void of unique startups in suburban areas. ", "A big city often has one type of food delivery service or another. ", "We’d like to expand Burger Dispatch to suburbs across the US”, says the duo.", "\n\nCurrently, the app is mainly targeted towards foodies aged from 25 to 40 and residing in Alpharetta, GA. ", "Also, Burger Dispatch generates revenue via a delivery fee of $7.00 plus $0.50 per mile.", "\n\nTo perfectly sum it all, with this app you are just a click away from getting your favorite burger delivered right at your doorstep.", "\n\nPsst… Special Offer For Our Readers!", "\n\nThe team was kind enough to leave our readers with some really cool offer. ", "If you’re in the Alpharetta area, use code STARTUPDOPE and receive $1.00 off on your first order.", "\n\nTo know more about the app, do visit: www.burgerdispatch.com" ]

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[ "Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and Their Families\n\nA unique and innovative approach to family issues in psychiatric disorders. ", "The authors tackle a broad range of complex issues that are rarely covered in the depth or with the expertise that this volume brings. ", "This book is a major contribution to the field and provides the kind of international perspective that enhances our understanding of the complex dimensions of psychiatric disorders from a multigenerational and cross-cultural perspective.' ", "From a review of the first edition by Carol Nadelson, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School. ", "It is indisputable that mental illness in a parent has serious and often adverse effects on the child, something which is surprisingly unreflected in clinical service provision. ", "In this completely rewritten second edition, an international, multidisciplinary team of professionals review the most up-to-date treatment interventions from a practical, clinical point of view. ", "It is essential reading for all professionals dealing with adult mental illness and child-care.", "Read more...\n\nYou can write a book review and share your experiences. ", "Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. ", "Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nExtend @typings in Typescript\n\nI am writing a application using React and Typescript\nOne of the components is using an ReactBootstrap.", "Overlay trigger, and I would like to use the none supported parameter \"shouldUpdatePosition={true}\" as argument. ", "\nHowever that parameter is not defined in the @types for react-bootstrap (and since it is a non-supported argument I guess that is correct)\nIs it possible to extend the @types from @types/react-bootstrap with this parameter?", "\nMy code looks like this:\nimport * as React from \"react\";\nimport * as ReactBootstrap from \"react-bootstrap\"\n\nexport interface IDetailsPopoverProps {\n placement?: ", "string;\n}\n\nexport class DetailsPopover extends React.", "Component<IDetailsPopoverProps, any> {\npublic render(): JSX.Element {\n var detailsPopover = <ReactBootstrap.", "Popover id={this.props.id} className=\"details-popover\">\n {this.props.children}\n </ReactBootstrap.", "Popover>;\n return (\n <div className=\"details-popover-container\">\n <ReactBootstrap.", "OverlayTrigger \n ref=\"trigger\"\n container={this} \n //This is the parameter which does not exist in @types\n shouldUpdatePosition={true} \n trigger=\"click\" \n rootClose placement={this.props.placement ? ", "this.props.placement : \"bottom\"} \n overlay={detailsPopover}>\n <span className=\"details-popover-trigger\">\n <b className=\"caret\"></b>\n </span>\n </ReactBootstrap.", "OverlayTrigger>\n </div>\n );\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nAdd something like this declaration to your file:\ndeclare module \"react-bootstrap/lib/OverlayTrigger\" {\n interface OverlayTriggerProps {\n shouldUpdatePosition: boolean;\n }\n}\n\nHere's the handbook page I assume Aluan Haddad was talking about.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "During my postgraduate study years I read a 1954 article by American economist Clark Kerr entitled – The Balkanization of Labor Markets – which attacked the mainstream labour market views that there was mobility within labour markets such that poverty arising from low-pay was a function of workers’ preferences for low education and more leisure (that is, unemployment). ", "As such, there was no reason for the government to intervene to improve wages or job security. ", "Kerr’s thesis was that there was not a ‘single’ labour market accessible to all, where individual mobility would result from personal investment in education and skill development. ", "Instead, he argued that the US labour market was “segmented” by institutional arrangements, which trapped some demographic cohorts into low-pay and insecure jobs. ", "Poverty could arise from these traps. ", "The idea morphed into the segmented labour market literature of the late 1960s and early 1970s. ", "The applications were mostly Anglo because in non-Anglo countries there appeared to be more resistance to institutional arrangements that undermined the chance for workers to enjoy job security with decent pay. ", "However, in recent years (decade) the trend towards precarious work where certain groups (women, youth, migrants) are trapped in low pay and frequent spells of unemployment has spread, with devastating consequences. ", "The largest European economies – Germany and France – are now bedevilled with this issue and with a bias towards fiscal austerity, the path for workers out of the trap is limited.", "\n\n\n\nAs an aside, during the McCarthy era, Clark Kerr signed the so-called – University of California Loyality Oath – disavowing Communism.", "\n\nMany staff members refused to sign and were sacked, only to be reinstated a few years later when they sued the University. ", "They were the brave ones.", "\n\nKerr was critical of their dismissal but still signed.", "\n\nSoon after, Clark Kerr moved into University administration and became chancellor at UC Berkeley.", "\n\nHe was also severely criticised by conservative UC bosses for refusing to expel radical students protesting as part of the Civil Rights and Vietnam movements.", "\n\nFor his liberal beliefs (Ronald Reagan called him a ‘dangerous liberal’ in his campaign for California governor), Kerr was on the FBI blacklist.", "\n\nThe FBI “campaigned to destroy” Kerr’s career. ", "See –\n\nReagan, Hoover and the UC Red Scare – for more detail on the FBI and the purge of UC academics and other workers.", "\n\nAmong other things, Kerr was a Presidential nomination (LBJ) to the influential position of Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare but that invitation was withdrawn once the FBI (Hoover) intervened. ", "Their allegations against him for “subversise views” were later shown to be false.", "\n\nKerr was ultimated dismissed from his position on the UC Board of Regents in 1967 “three weeks after Reagan took office” (Source).", "\n\nSuch is America.", "\n\nBalkanisation of labour markets\n\nClark Kerr built on the work of the early institutionalist economists and industrial relations researchers in the US who argued that institutional arrangements were a permanent feature of economic life in contrast to the mainstream view that posited that they were just ‘imperfections’ that could be eliminated through deregulation to expose the true competitive nature of markets.", "\n\nFor example, in 1874, Irish economist John Elliot Cairnes had written (pp. ", "67-68):\n\nNo doubt the various ranks and classes fade into each other by imperceptible gradations, and individuals from all classes are constantly passing up or down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rates of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them. ", "We are thus compelled to recognize the existence of non-competing industrial groups as a feature of our social economy.", "\n\n[Reference: Cairnes, J.E. (1874) Political Economy, New York, Harper.]", "\n\nKerr noted that “Institutional rules put added structure into labor markets” and compared these arrangements with so-called “structuralist markets”, such as for agricultural harvest labour, which had been proffered by orthodox economists as the norm.", "\n\nThese markets were characterised by five elements:\n\n1. “", "there are no unions with seniority and other rules”.", "\n\n2. “", "the relation between employee and the employer is a transitory, impersonal one”.", "\n\n3. “", "the workers around skilled”.", "\n\n4. “", "payment is by unit of product”.", "\n\n5. “", "little capital or machinery is employed”.", "\n\nIn these arrangements, workers are considered ‘homogeneous’ and employers select on who will accept the lowest wage. ", "Anyone can get a job in these type of markets if labour demand is strong enough.", "\n\nHowever these type of labour markets are the exception rather than the rule.", "\n\nKerr noted that even “without institutional rules”, “most jobs … belong to single workers or to small groups of workers” as a result of skill differences.", "\n\nBut overlying those obvious differences are ” institutional rules … [which] … add new rights and new preferences and strengthen the old ties”.", "\n\n“Market forces … give way to personnel rules which may seem exceedingly impersonal when applied to specific workers”.", "\n\nSuch arrangements as “bureaucratic rules take the place of individual judgements”.", "\n\nKerr wrote that:\n\nThese rules accept or reject classes of people, instead of the single individuals who met or failed to meet the tests of judgement order prejudices a small employer or the foreman can. ", "Workers have organised into unions would seek to establish sovereignty over a ‘job territory’. ", "Within this job territory work the citizens who belong to this private government; outside are the non-citizens without rights. ", "The demand of all citizens will be met before the petitions of the aliens are considered. ", "The institutionalization of labor markets is one aspect of the general trend from the atomistic to the pluralistic, and from the largely open to the partially closed society.", "\n\nSegmentation of labour markets\n\nKerr’s work was a precursor to a burgeoning literature from the 1950s onwards, which described the manner in which labour markets are organised and adjust to economic cycles.", "\n\nCentral in this respect is so-called Segmented Labour Market (SLM) or dual labour market theory, which was developed by a range of economists, industrial relations practitioners, sociologists, and others to describe the relationship between employment, wages, poverty, discrimination, and social mobility.", "\n\nDual Labour Market theory – or Segmented Labour Market theory which was pioneered by Peter Doeringer and Michael Piore and others provided a reasonable description of the structure of labour markets in many countries.", "\n\nThe seminal text was Doeringer and Piore, Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis (Lexington, MA:\n\nD.C. Heath Co., 1971).", "\n\nSLM theory argues that the labour market is segmented into two separate labour markets each with different processes for allocation and reward. ", "These segments resist transitions from each others.", "\n\nThe most basic demarcation is between the Primary Labour Market (PLM) and the Secondary Labour Market (SLM). ", "PLM workers are typically employed in a tight internal labour market structure which provides for career advancement and tend to search for jobs within the firm while already employed. ", "The jobs are secure and relatively well-paid.", "\n\nThe SLM is characterised by low-paid, insecure ‘dead-end’ jobs which have high turnover rates. ", "The jobs do not have well-defined career ladders and offer very little training for higher productivity\n\nWhile the PLM worker searches for new ways in which to climb the career ladder, the SLM worker usually searches to avoid being sacked.", "\n\nGiven the lack of mobility between the ‘segments’, a SLM worker will typically not make the transition into the PLM. ", "Workers thus become ‘trapped’ in poor jobs with spells of unemployment intervening periods of low paid work.", "\n\nI have done a lot of work in this area in the past including during my postgraduate years.", "\n\nOne area of work I became interested in was the question of mobility. ", "The mainstream economists tried to refute the SLM ideas by arguing that mobility impediments were largely due to human capital differences.", "\n\nSo via education, training and experience, a worker could move from low-skill jobs into well-paid jobs. ", "The wage differences were due to productivity differences, inherent in the individual.", "\n\nAn aspect of this literature was the defense of the increased casualisation of labour markets. ", "I wrote about this increasing trend in this blog (May 25, 2015) – The rise of non-standard work undermines growth and increases inequality.", "\n\nMoreover, while the SLM theories applied to labour market structures in Anglo nations, European labour markets were less well described by the theories in the past. ", "Spain was the first nation to really move to increased casualisation. ", "However, that trend is now spreading – see below.", "\n\nWhile segmentation is becoming more apparent in most labour markets, mainstream economists have tried to claim that individuals are not trapped in poor jobs but rather use them as a “stepping stone” to better work.", "\n\nIn Australia, for example, these economists use flawed data to make these claims. ", "Their ‘mobility’ datasets usually do not exclude students who combine school/study and casual work.", "\n\nThis biases the results in favour of the stepping stone argument. ", "Why? ", "Because students who engage in casual work to support them while studying and then upon graduation enter a professional occupation are not representative examples.", "\n\nIn the case of students, the successful transition from casual work to full-time work has nothing to do with the casual work experience. ", "The casual work has nothing much to do with the skills they subsequently garner in their professional capacity which requires only a university qualification for entry. ", "Further, the casual employment undertaken typically bears no relationship to the industry or occupation that they enter after finishing their studies.", "\n\nI have written about this in the past. ", "Please read my blog – Casual work traps workers into low-pay and precarious jobs – for more discussion on this point.", "\n\nThe evidence is overwhelming. ", "Casual work traps workers into a life of precarious employment with low-pay.", "\n\nThe progressive side of the debate also didn’t fully understand the SLM message.", "\n\nInitially, it was argued that the solution to the segments and the poverty trap that arose from low-paid work was for the public sector to create jobs in the primary labour market and offer transitions to disadvantaged workers.", "\n\nThe problem is that they didn’t fully understand the ‘functional’ relationship between the two segments. ", "The ability of workers in primary labour markets to earn higher wages in stable jobs was directly related to the fact that employers could push all the flux and uncertainty of aggregate spending shifts onto the secondary workers.", "\n\nThe latter could be easily dismissed when sales fell, which then gave the firms leeway to ‘carry’ primary workers in slow times.", "\n\nThe interesting aspect of all this is that in the Anglo countries, capital has increased lobbied governments to break down the sort of institutional protections that workers in primary labour markets enjoyed, which is another story again.", "\n\nMeanwhile, in European labour markets, segmentation is on the rise.", "\n\nAnother aspect of the SLM theory was the role of migrants in reinforcing labour market structures.", "\n\nMichael Piore’s – Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies – published in 1979 by Cambridge University Press, analysed immigration flows in terms of the dual or segmented labour market theory, which Piore had helped develop in the late 1960s and early 1970s.", "\n\nHe considered the impact of migration to advanced urban industrial nations from less developed rural societies.", "\n\nHis thesis was that in most economies there are jobs that the locals do not particularly want to do. ", "These are secondary labour market jobs that pay poorly, are precarious and are typically boring, dangerous, dirty or in some other way, unattractive.", "\n\nFirms might struggle to attract local labour and in that regard, “migration seems to be an almost perfect solution … The migrants want the jobs; national workers do not. ", "What makes such migration a perfect solution, however, is its temporary character, and migrations of this kind virtually never remain temporary”.", "\n\nPiore’s analysis, although in the context of pull-factors (employers seeking workers) rather than push-factors (refugees fleeing unviable situations), was prescient.", "\n\nHe said that:\n\nMany migrants stay longer than originally intended, develop permanent attachments, have children, or bring their families. ", "Once permanent communities develop, the mi-grants are no longer satisfied with the jobs for whicb they were originally recruited. ", "They instead aspire to the same kinds of employment opportunities as nationals, but there is nothing in the process that assures that there will be enough of these other employment opportunities to go around. ", "In fact, history suggests that second-generation migrant communities have difficulty meeting their aspirations, eitber because the jobs to which they aspire are limited or because the workers are not trained to move into them.", "\n\nSome years ago, I read a report – The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany – written by Thomas Liebig and traced the fortunes of migrants in the German labour market.", "\n\n[Reference: Liebig, T. (2007) ‘The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. ", "47, OECD Publishing, Paris].", "\n\nGermany has a tradition since the 1950s of large-scale net immigration. ", "Immigration into Germany was initially concentrated on “low-skilled foreign labour” and many “of these ‘guest worker’ immigrants settled and were joined by their foreign spouses, which has given rise to a second generation of persons with an immigrant background”.", "\n\nSubsequently (from late 1980s), “Germany received massive immigration flows of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe”, partly due to reunification.", "\n\nData from the German federal statistics office (DeStatis) for Migration from the 1950s was used to produce this graph, which shows the annual flows of net migration and the cumulative effect of those flows up until 2016.", "\n\nThe humanitarian flows are considerably less\n\nThe Report found that, even though these workers had “low educational attainment … the the labour market integration of immigrant men is relatively favourable in international comparison. ", "However, immigrant women, and particularly those of Turkish origin, have very low employment rates”.", "\n\nBut the problems emerge when the “second generation” of these workers are considered. ", "They children of the first generation migrants are found to have:\n\n… very low educational outcomes. ", "This hampers their access to vocational training, which appears to have an even stronger impact on their employment prospects than on those of natives. ", "The low educational attainment of the second generation seems to be at least partly attributable to structural features in the German education system, such as the early streaming which puts migrants’ children in a lower track. ", "Especially problematic is the relatively late starting age for kindergarten and the prevalence of half-day education in kindergarten and school, which limits exposure to the German language at a crucial age. ", "Immigrants’ access to self- employment is hampered by legal obstacles and a lack of information and subsequent access to financial credits.", "\n\nThe Report found that when German was not spoken at home, the second-generation were more disadvantaged – “it seems that the language spoken at home has a much stronger impact on the second generation’s educational outcomes than in other countries.”", "\n\nThe overall conclusion is that “the second generation does not reach the same attainment as natives, not even as those with a similar socio-economic background, contrary to what is observed in other OECD countries.”", "\n\nThe neo-liberal apologists claim the minijobs satisfy the preferences of workers for flexible casual work. ", "But the reality is different.", "\n\nThis ‘preference’ argument is used universally by mainstream economists to make it seem like the outcomes from the labour market are the choice of the workers.", "\n\nBut the reality is that these disadvantaged jobs are just another rationing device when aggregate spending is too low and lead to rising inequality and diminished investment in human capital.", "\n\nSegmented labour markets in France\n\nAll of this came to mind as I was reading a recent Banque de France research report (December 19, 2017) – The duality of the French labour market – by researcher Clémence Berson.", "\n\nShe documents the classic SLM structure for France, where:\n\n… flexibility in the labour market relies mainly on fixed-term and temporary workers. ", "These workers are less well paid, receive less training and find it difficult to obtain permanent employment.", "\n\nThe problems that arise are that secondary workers, with low, insecure pay and no entitlements such as superannuation are at constant risk of poverty and disadvantage.", "\n\nTheir capacity to plan for the future is minimal if non-existent.", "\n\nThe Banque de France study documents how the share in temporary and short-term contracts in total employment has risen substantially in recent years (more than doubled since 1982), replicating trends that Anglo countries have endured for several decades.", "\n\nThe study shows that:\n\n… fixed-term contracts (CDD) and temporary contracts account for a small proportion of existing contracts but represent the majority of hires\n\nThe secondary jobs account for around 12 per cent of the total but around 85 to 87 per cent of total hirings, a phenomenon that transcends small and large firms.", "\n\nFurther, these secondary jobs have an increasing “turnover rate … the average length of a fixed-term contract being of 14 days in 2014”.", "\n\nWhich means that the vast burden of adjustment in the French labour market is being borne by these “fixed-term and temporary workers”.", "\n\nThis increases inequality trends and institutionalises poverty.", "\n\nApropos of my introduction above, the two interesting results of the study related to the ‘stepping stone’ hypothesis and the role of migrants.", "\n\nFirst, the study finds that “Fixed-term and temporary jobs … lead more often to unemployment than to a permanent job for this population”.", "\n\nIn other words, the French labour market experience rejects the “stepping stone” claim by mainstream economists.", "\n\nThe Banque de France study concludes:\n\n… the rate of transition to a permanent contract is relatively low … This shows that the French labour market is segmented: workers on fixed-term and temporary contracts tend to continue on these types of contracts for several years and find it difficult to obtain permanent employment.", "\n\nWho are these workers?", "\n\n1. “", "women and people from an immigrant background”.", "\n\n2. “", "The average age of these workers is relatively young”.", "\n\n3. “", "Blue-collar workers represent 34% of fixed-term and temporary contracts compared with 23% of permanent contracts, low-skilled white-collar workers represent 36% versus 32% in CDI while the proportion of intermediate and managerial occupations is 7 points higher in CDI than in fixed-term or temporary contracts.” ", "CDI stands for “Contrat à durée indéterminée” or a permanent contract.", "\n\nHow uncertain is the workers’ experience?", "\n\nThe study finds that:\n\n1. “", "Workers employed under fixed-term and temporary contracts are also more vulnerable to the economic conditions than other workers”.", "\n\n2. “", "people employed under fixed-term or temporary contracts are less likely to be trained during their employment”.", "\n\n3. “", "fixed-term or temporary contract reduces wages earned by 5%, all other characteristics being equal.”", "\n\nIs this a problem?", "\n\nThe lack of mobility means that these workers are locked into a low-wage, precarious future. ", "The diminished opportunity to receive training and the lack of incentive to invest private funds in education means that poverty is always staring these workers in the face.", "\n\nFurther, with increasing social trends towards single-parent families and the over-representation of women in these secondary jobs means that family disadvantage becomes entrenched.", "\n\nThe children from these families inherit the disadvantage of their parent(s).", "\n\nFurther, the over-representation of younger workers who have low skill and little prospect for advancement means that the problems will intensify as they age and require state support into their retirement years.", "\n\nThe Banque de France study notes also that:\n\nFirstly, the people who obtain only fixed-term or temporary employment experience frequent periods of unemployment. ", "Secondly, the consequences can be felt in other markets due, for example, to difficulties in obtaining housing or credit.", "\n\nWhat can be done?", "\n\nSee also – What policy to reduce labour market segmentation? – ", "which is co-authored by the author of the Banque de France study I cited above.", "\n\nThe Banque de France study suggests that:\n\nFirst, “reducing the protection gap between the two types of contract would be one way of reducing labour market segmentation”.", "\n\nHowever, these are likely to be rejected by permanent workers especially in times of economic downturn. ", "This goes back to the point I made earlier about the functional relationship between the segments.", "\n\nIf you reduce the protection of the permanent workers then a ‘race to the bottom’ begins. ", "And while unions are in decline everywhere, there would still be massive social unrest as a result of the increased job insecurity for the majority of workers.", "\n\nSimilarly, if you increase the protection of the contract workers in the secondary jobs then you undermine their ‘function’ – to absorb the flux and uncertainty of aggregate spending movements.", "\n\nIn that case, the employers would seek to undermine the general conditions enjoyed by the permanent workers.", "\n\nThe clue is to reduce the overall variations in aggregate spending, which is a role that fiscal policy (government spending and taxation) should play within a full employment objective.", "\n\nSecond, “Incentive schemes have also been examined to increase hires under permanent contracts and encourage the transformation of fixed-term and temporary contracts into permanent ones.”", "\n\nThese are ‘market-based’ attempts to make it profitable for firms to reduce segmentation.", "\n\nOne proposal is to ‘tax’ the firms who offer insecure work or taxing “dismissals”.", "\n\nThe author(s) realises that “By financially penalising hiring on fixed-term contracts, the reform reduces the flexibility of the labour market”, which once again goes to the functionality of these jobs in reducing profit uncertainty.", "\n\nThat is the problem.", "\n\nThe policy response should not be biased towards reducing profit uncertainty but rather advancing the well-being of workers.", "\n\nThe government can always ensure that the workers it hires receive secure jobs with socially-acceptable pay levels and enjoy other entitlements such as provision for superannuation, sick and holiday pay and other benefits.", "\n\nThe government labour market, which includes the introduction of a Job Guarantee, should set the benchmark that the non-government labour market has to match.", "\n\nVarious attempts by the government to water down the conditions in its own domain – such as outsourcing, privatisation, casualisation, etc – have only given incentives to non-government employers to do further erode conditions for their own workforces.", "\n\nMost of the retreat in public employment has come about because of flawed notions of fiscal responsibility.", "\n\nThe goal of government is not to reduce the fiscal deficit or produce any particular fiscal balance. ", "That balance should ebb and flow with the conditions in the non-government sector such that full employment can always be maintained.", "\n\nIn that environment, faced with increased scarcity of workers, the incentive to undermine workers conditions and offer low pay is reduced.", "\n\nAnd firms would have a better understanding that the policy environment was biased towards maintaining economic activity rather than undermining it.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nThe segmentation of labour markets has long been a problem that Anglo nations have been dealing with. ", "The solution is not easy in a capitalist world where profit prioritised above the interests of people.", "\n\nBut, now these trends are being entrenched in Europe, which had historically offered more secure employment to more workers than the Anglo nations.", "\n\nThe austerity bias in Europe exacerbates those trends.", "\n\nThe Weekend Quiz – the last for 2017 – will be back tomorrow.", "\n\nOn Monday, I am travelling a lot and the blog will go into holiday mode again until Tuesday.", "\n\nHappy New Year to all.", "\n\nThat is enough for today!", "\n\n(c) Copyright 2017 William Mitchell. ", "All Rights Reserved." ]

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[ "This program allows me as a teacher to totally differentiate my instruction in a self-contained, collaborative-model classroom. ", "I have a group of 25 students, nine with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and five gifted and talented. ", "The remainder of my students are a heterogeneous mix that are on level or one to two grade levels below in math. ", "I use ALEKS to supplement my textbook's lessons. ", "My students, on average, made a year's growth in a year's time and outperformed peers in traditional classrooms.", "\n\nScenario\n\nHow many days per week is class time dedicated to ALEKS? ", "4 days per week.", "\n\nWhat is the average length of a class period when ALEKS is used? ", "25 minutes.", "\n\nImplementation\n\nDo you cover ALEKS concepts in a particular order? ", "No.", "\n\nHow do you structure your class period with ALEKS? ", "We teach whole group math using our textbook for 30 minutes. ", "Then, we break into small groups based on the needs of the students, and rotate groups using ALEKS math as a rotation.", "\n\nHow did you modify your regular teaching approach as a result of ALEKS? ", "I allow students who are independent learners to work at their own pace. ", "Once they demonstrate their mastery of the daily lesson, they are able to use ALEKS to extend their learning.", "\n\nHow often are students required or encouraged to work on ALEKS at home? ", "Daily!", "\n\nHow do you cultivate parental involvement and support for ALEKS? ", "I introduced ALEKS during a curriculum night and then their kids did the rest.", "\n\nGrading\n\nIs ALEKS assigned to your students as all or part of their homework responsibilities? ", "If so, what part of the total homework load is it? ", "I don't assign ALEKS as homework because not all students have home computers or Internet access.", "\n\nHow do you incorporate ALEKS into your grading system? ", "I did not incorporate ALEKS into the grading system this year.", "\n\nDo you require students to make regular amounts of progress in ALEKS? ", "Not this year, but I will do so when I use the program again.", "\n\nLearning Outcomes\n\nSince using ALEKS, please describe the learning outcomes or progress you have seen. ", "In this self-contained, collaborative classroom with a one-on-one environment, my students with IEPs and traditional students out-performed their peers in traditional classrooms. ", "Students totally embrace being able to work at their own pace and select the content that they want to work on. ", "They naturally completed the content that they were familiar with first, but then worked diligently in areas that were not as easy. ", "All in all, the online experience was a total success. ", "The students loved filling in their pies and experienced true success in math.", "\n\nBest Practices\n\nAre there any best practices you would like to share with other teachers implementing ALEKS? ", "Give ALEKS to the students and they will show you how to best use the program." ]

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[ "// mkerrors.sh\n// Code generated by the command above; see README.md. 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0x6e\n\tB115200 = 0x1c200\n\tB1200 = 0x4b0\n\tB134 = 0x86\n\tB14400 = 0x3840\n\tB150 = 0x96\n\tB1800 = 0x708\n\tB19200 = 0x4b00\n\tB200 = 0xc8\n\tB230400 = 0x38400\n\tB2400 = 0x960\n\tB28800 = 0x7080\n\tB300 = 0x12c\n\tB38400 = 0x9600\n\tB460800 = 0x70800\n\tB4800 = 0x12c0\n\tB50 = 0x32\n\tB57600 = 0xe100\n\tB600 = 0x258\n\tB7200 = 0x1c20\n\tB75 = 0x4b\n\tB76800 = 0x12c00\n\tB921600 = 0xe1000\n\tB9600 = 0x2580\n\tBIOCFEEDBACK = 0x8004427c\n\tBIOCFLUSH = 0x20004268\n\tBIOCGBLEN = 0x40044266\n\tBIOCGDIRECTION = 0x40044276\n\tBIOCGDLT = 0x4004426a\n\tBIOCGDLTLIST = 0xc0084279\n\tBIOCGETBUFMODE = 0x4004427d\n\tBIOCGETIF = 0x4020426b\n\tBIOCGETZMAX = 0x4004427f\n\tBIOCGHDRCMPLT = 0x40044274\n\tBIOCGRSIG = 0x40044272\n\tBIOCGRTIMEOUT = 0x4010426e\n\tBIOCGSEESENT = 0x40044276\n\tBIOCGSTATS = 0x4008426f\n\tBIOCGTSTAMP = 0x40044283\n\tBIOCIMMEDIATE = 0x80044270\n\tBIOCLOCK = 0x2000427a\n\tBIOCPROMISC = 0x20004269\n\tBIOCROTZBUF = 0x400c4280\n\tBIOCSBLEN = 0xc0044266\n\tBIOCSDIRECTION = 0x80044277\n\tBIOCSDLT = 0x80044278\n\tBIOCSETBUFMODE = 0x8004427e\n\tBIOCSETF = 0x80084267\n\tBIOCSETFNR = 0x80084282\n\tBIOCSETIF = 0x8020426c\n\tBIOCSETWF = 0x8008427b\n\tBIOCSETZBUF = 0x800c4281\n\tBIOCSHDRCMPLT = 0x80044275\n\tBIOCSRSIG = 0x80044273\n\tBIOCSRTIMEOUT = 0x8010426d\n\tBIOCSSEESENT = 0x80044277\n\tBIOCSTSTAMP = 0x80044284\n\tBIOCVERSION = 0x40044271\n\tBPF_A = 0x10\n\tBPF_ABS = 0x20\n\tBPF_ADD = 0x0\n\tBPF_ALIGNMENT = 0x4\n\tBPF_ALU = 0x4\n\tBPF_AND = 0x50\n\tBPF_B = 0x10\n\tBPF_BUFMODE_BUFFER = 0x1\n\tBPF_BUFMODE_ZBUF = 0x2\n\tBPF_DIV = 0x30\n\tBPF_H = 0x8\n\tBPF_IMM = 0x0\n\tBPF_IND = 0x40\n\tBPF_JA = 0x0\n\tBPF_JEQ = 0x10\n\tBPF_JGE = 0x30\n\tBPF_JGT = 0x20\n\tBPF_JMP = 0x5\n\tBPF_JSET = 0x40\n\tBPF_K = 0x0\n\tBPF_LD = 0x0\n\tBPF_LDX = 0x1\n\tBPF_LEN = 0x80\n\tBPF_LSH = 0x60\n\tBPF_MAJOR_VERSION = 0x1\n\tBPF_MAXBUFSIZE = 0x80000\n\tBPF_MAXINSNS = 0x200\n\tBPF_MEM = 0x60\n\tBPF_MEMWORDS = 0x10\n\tBPF_MINBUFSIZE = 0x20\n\tBPF_MINOR_VERSION = 0x1\n\tBPF_MISC = 0x7\n\tBPF_MOD = 0x90\n\tBPF_MSH = 0xa0\n\tBPF_MUL = 0x20\n\tBPF_NEG = 0x80\n\tBPF_OR = 0x40\n\tBPF_RELEASE = 0x30bb6\n\tBPF_RET = 0x6\n\tBPF_RSH = 0x70\n\tBPF_ST = 0x2\n\tBPF_STX = 0x3\n\tBPF_SUB = 0x10\n\tBPF_TAX = 0x0\n\tBPF_TXA = 0x80\n\tBPF_T_BINTIME = 0x2\n\tBPF_T_BINTIME_FAST = 0x102\n\tBPF_T_BINTIME_MONOTONIC = 0x202\n\tBPF_T_BINTIME_MONOTONIC_FAST = 0x302\n\tBPF_T_FAST = 0x100\n\tBPF_T_FLAG_MASK = 0x300\n\tBPF_T_FORMAT_MASK = 0x3\n\tBPF_T_MICROTIME = 0x0\n\tBPF_T_MICROTIME_FAST = 0x100\n\tBPF_T_MICROTIME_MONOTONIC = 0x200\n\tBPF_T_MICROTIME_MONOTONIC_FAST = 0x300\n\tBPF_T_MONOTONIC = 0x200\n\tBPF_T_MONOTONIC_FAST = 0x300\n\tBPF_T_NANOTIME = 0x1\n\tBPF_T_NANOTIME_FAST = 0x101\n\tBPF_T_NANOTIME_MONOTONIC = 0x201\n\tBPF_T_NANOTIME_MONOTONIC_FAST = 0x301\n\tBPF_T_NONE = 0x3\n\tBPF_T_NORMAL = 0x0\n\tBPF_W = 0x0\n\tBPF_X = 0x8\n\tBPF_XOR = 0xa0\n\tBRKINT = 0x2\n\tCAP_ACCEPT = 0x200000020000000\n\tCAP_ACL_CHECK = 0x400000000010000\n\tCAP_ACL_DELETE = 0x400000000020000\n\tCAP_ACL_GET = 0x400000000040000\n\tCAP_ACL_SET = 0x400000000080000\n\tCAP_ALL0 = 0x20007ffffffffff\n\tCAP_ALL1 = 0x4000000001fffff\n\tCAP_BIND = 0x200000040000000\n\tCAP_BINDAT = 0x200008000000400\n\tCAP_CHFLAGSAT = 0x200000000001400\n\tCAP_CONNECT = 0x200000080000000\n\tCAP_CONNECTAT = 0x200010000000400\n\tCAP_CREATE = 0x200000000000040\n\tCAP_EVENT = 0x400000000000020\n\tCAP_EXTATTR_DELETE = 0x400000000001000\n\tCAP_EXTATTR_GET = 0x400000000002000\n\tCAP_EXTATTR_LIST = 0x400000000004000\n\tCAP_EXTATTR_SET = 0x400000000008000\n\tCAP_FCHDIR = 0x200000000000800\n\tCAP_FCHFLAGS = 0x200000000001000\n\tCAP_FCHMOD = 0x200000000002000\n\tCAP_FCHMODAT = 0x200000000002400\n\tCAP_FCHOWN = 0x200000000004000\n\tCAP_FCHOWNAT = 0x200000000004400\n\tCAP_FCNTL = 0x200000000008000\n\tCAP_FCNTL_ALL = 0x78\n\tCAP_FCNTL_GETFL = 0x8\n\tCAP_FCNTL_GETOWN = 0x20\n\tCAP_FCNTL_SETFL = 0x10\n\tCAP_FCNTL_SETOWN = 0x40\n\tCAP_FEXECVE = 0x200000000000080\n\tCAP_FLOCK = 0x200000000010000\n\tCAP_FPATHCONF = 0x200000000020000\n\tCAP_FSCK = 0x200000000040000\n\tCAP_FSTAT = 0x200000000080000\n\tCAP_FSTATAT = 0x200000000080400\n\tCAP_FSTATFS = 0x200000000100000\n\tCAP_FSYNC = 0x200000000000100\n\tCAP_FTRUNCATE = 0x200000000000200\n\tCAP_FUTIMES = 0x200000000200000\n\tCAP_FUTIMESAT = 0x200000000200400\n\tCAP_GETPEERNAME = 0x200000100000000\n\tCAP_GETSOCKNAME = 0x200000200000000\n\tCAP_GETSOCKOPT = 0x200000400000000\n\tCAP_IOCTL = 0x400000000000080\n\tCAP_IOCTLS_ALL = 0x7fffffff\n\tCAP_KQUEUE = 0x400000000100040\n\tCAP_KQUEUE_CHANGE = 0x400000000100000\n\tCAP_KQUEUE_EVENT = 0x400000000000040\n\tCAP_LINKAT_SOURCE = 0x200020000000400\n\tCAP_LINKAT_TARGET = 0x200000000400400\n\tCAP_LISTEN = 0x200000800000000\n\tCAP_LOOKUP = 0x200000000000400\n\tCAP_MAC_GET = 0x400000000000001\n\tCAP_MAC_SET = 0x400000000000002\n\tCAP_MKDIRAT = 0x200000000800400\n\tCAP_MKFIFOAT = 0x200000001000400\n\tCAP_MKNODAT = 0x200000002000400\n\tCAP_MMAP = 0x200000000000010\n\tCAP_MMAP_R = 0x20000000000001d\n\tCAP_MMAP_RW = 0x20000000000001f\n\tCAP_MMAP_RWX = 0x20000000000003f\n\tCAP_MMAP_RX = 0x20000000000003d\n\tCAP_MMAP_W = 0x20000000000001e\n\tCAP_MMAP_WX = 0x20000000000003e\n\tCAP_MMAP_X = 0x20000000000003c\n\tCAP_PDGETPID = 0x400000000000200\n\tCAP_PDKILL = 0x400000000000800\n\tCAP_PDWAIT = 0x400000000000400\n\tCAP_PEELOFF = 0x200001000000000\n\tCAP_POLL_EVENT = 0x400000000000020\n\tCAP_PREAD = 0x20000000000000d\n\tCAP_PWRITE = 0x20000000000000e\n\tCAP_READ = 0x200000000000001\n\tCAP_RECV = 0x200000000000001\n\tCAP_RENAMEAT_SOURCE = 0x200000004000400\n\tCAP_RENAMEAT_TARGET = 0x200040000000400\n\tCAP_RIGHTS_VERSION = 0x0\n\tCAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 = 0x0\n\tCAP_SEEK = 0x20000000000000c\n\tCAP_SEEK_TELL = 0x200000000000004\n\tCAP_SEM_GETVALUE = 0x400000000000004\n\tCAP_SEM_POST = 0x400000000000008\n\tCAP_SEM_WAIT = 0x400000000000010\n\tCAP_SEND = 0x200000000000002\n\tCAP_SETSOCKOPT = 0x200002000000000\n\tCAP_SHUTDOWN = 0x200004000000000\n\tCAP_SOCK_CLIENT = 0x200007780000003\n\tCAP_SOCK_SERVER = 0x200007f60000003\n\tCAP_SYMLINKAT = 0x200000008000400\n\tCAP_TTYHOOK = 0x400000000000100\n\tCAP_UNLINKAT = 0x200000010000400\n\tCAP_UNUSED0_44 = 0x200080000000000\n\tCAP_UNUSED0_57 = 0x300000000000000\n\tCAP_UNUSED1_22 = 0x400000000200000\n\tCAP_UNUSED1_57 = 0x500000000000000\n\tCAP_WRITE = 0x200000000000002\n\tCFLUSH = 0xf\n\tCLOCAL = 0x8000\n\tCLOCK_MONOTONIC = 0x4\n\tCLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST = 0xc\n\tCLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE = 0xb\n\tCLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = 0xf\n\tCLOCK_PROF = 0x2\n\tCLOCK_REALTIME = 0x0\n\tCLOCK_REALTIME_FAST = 0xa\n\tCLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE = 0x9\n\tCLOCK_SECOND = 0xd\n\tCLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID = 0xe\n\tCLOCK_UPTIME = 0x5\n\tCLOCK_UPTIME_FAST = 0x8\n\tCLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE = 0x7\n\tCLOCK_VIRTUAL = 0x1\n\tCREAD = 0x800\n\tCRTSCTS = 0x30000\n\tCS5 = 0x0\n\tCS6 = 0x100\n\tCS7 = 0x200\n\tCS8 = 0x300\n\tCSIZE = 0x300\n\tCSTART = 0x11\n\tCSTATUS = 0x14\n\tCSTOP = 0x13\n\tCSTOPB = 0x400\n\tCSUSP = 0x1a\n\tCTL_MAXNAME = 0x18\n\tCTL_NET = 0x4\n\tDLT_A429 = 0xb8\n\tDLT_A653_ICM = 0xb9\n\tDLT_AIRONET_HEADER = 0x78\n\tDLT_AOS = 0xde\n\tDLT_APPLE_IP_OVER_IEEE1394 = 0x8a\n\tDLT_ARCNET = 0x7\n\tDLT_ARCNET_LINUX = 0x81\n\tDLT_ATM_CLIP = 0x13\n\tDLT_ATM_RFC1483 = 0xb\n\tDLT_AURORA = 0x7e\n\tDLT_AX25 = 0x3\n\tDLT_AX25_KISS = 0xca\n\tDLT_BACNET_MS_TP = 0xa5\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_BREDR_BB = 0xff\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_HCI_H4 = 0xbb\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_HCI_H4_WITH_PHDR = 0xc9\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_LE_LL = 0xfb\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_LE_LL_WITH_PHDR = 0x100\n\tDLT_BLUETOOTH_LINUX_MONITOR = 0xfe\n\tDLT_CAN20B = 0xbe\n\tDLT_CAN_SOCKETCAN = 0xe3\n\tDLT_CHAOS = 0x5\n\tDLT_CHDLC = 0x68\n\tDLT_CISCO_IOS = 0x76\n\tDLT_CLASS_NETBSD_RAWAF = 0x2240000\n\tDLT_C_HDLC = 0x68\n\tDLT_C_HDLC_WITH_DIR = 0xcd\n\tDLT_DBUS = 0xe7\n\tDLT_DECT = 0xdd\n\tDLT_DOCSIS = 0x8f\n\tDLT_DVB_CI = 0xeb\n\tDLT_ECONET = 0x73\n\tDLT_EN10MB = 0x1\n\tDLT_EN3MB = 0x2\n\tDLT_ENC = 0x6d\n\tDLT_EPON = 0x103\n\tDLT_ERF = 0xc5\n\tDLT_ERF_ETH = 0xaf\n\tDLT_ERF_POS = 0xb0\n\tDLT_FC_2 = 0xe0\n\tDLT_FC_2_WITH_FRAME_DELIMS = 0xe1\n\tDLT_FDDI = 0xa\n\tDLT_FLEXRAY = 0xd2\n\tDLT_FRELAY = 0x6b\n\tDLT_FRELAY_WITH_DIR = 0xce\n\tDLT_GCOM_SERIAL = 0xad\n\tDLT_GCOM_T1E1 = 0xac\n\tDLT_GPF_F = 0xab\n\tDLT_GPF_T = 0xaa\n\tDLT_GPRS_LLC = 0xa9\n\tDLT_GSMTAP_ABIS = 0xda\n\tDLT_GSMTAP_UM = 0xd9\n\tDLT_IBM_SN = 0x92\n\tDLT_IBM_SP = 0x91\n\tDLT_IEEE802 = 0x6\n\tDLT_IEEE802_11 = 0x69\n\tDLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO = 0x7f\n\tDLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO_AVS = 0xa3\n\tDLT_IEEE802_15_4 = 0xc3\n\tDLT_IEEE802_15_4_LINUX = 0xbf\n\tDLT_IEEE802_15_4_NOFCS = 0xe6\n\tDLT_IEEE802_15_4_NONASK_PHY = 0xd7\n\tDLT_IEEE802_16_MAC_CPS = 0xbc\n\tDLT_IEEE802_16_MAC_CPS_RADIO = 0xc1\n\tDLT_INFINIBAND = 0xf7\n\tDLT_IPFILTER = 0x74\n\tDLT_IPMB = 0xc7\n\tDLT_IPMB_LINUX = 0xd1\n\tDLT_IPMI_HPM_2 = 0x104\n\tDLT_IPNET = 0xe2\n\tDLT_IPOIB = 0xf2\n\tDLT_IPV4 = 0xe4\n\tDLT_IPV6 = 0xe5\n\tDLT_IP_OVER_FC = 0x7a\n\tDLT_ISO_14443 = 0x108\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ATM1 = 0x89\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ATM2 = 0x87\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ATM_CEMIC = 0xee\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_CHDLC = 0xb5\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ES = 0x84\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ETHER = 0xb2\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_FIBRECHANNEL = 0xea\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_FRELAY = 0xb4\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_GGSN = 0x85\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ISM = 0xc2\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_MFR = 0x86\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_MLFR = 0x83\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_MLPPP = 0x82\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_MONITOR = 0xa4\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_PIC_PEER = 0xae\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_PPP = 0xb3\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_PPPOE = 0xa7\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_PPPOE_ATM = 0xa8\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_SERVICES = 0x88\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_SRX_E2E = 0xe9\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_ST = 0xc8\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_VP = 0xb7\n\tDLT_JUNIPER_VS = 0xe8\n\tDLT_LAPB_WITH_DIR = 0xcf\n\tDLT_LAPD = 0xcb\n\tDLT_LIN = 0xd4\n\tDLT_LINUX_EVDEV = 0xd8\n\tDLT_LINUX_IRDA = 0x90\n\tDLT_LINUX_LAPD = 0xb1\n\tDLT_LINUX_PPP_WITHDIRECTION = 0xa6\n\tDLT_LINUX_SLL = 0x71\n\tDLT_LOOP = 0x6c\n\tDLT_LTALK = 0x72\n\tDLT_MATCHING_MAX = 0x109\n\tDLT_MATCHING_MIN = 0x68\n\tDLT_MFR = 0xb6\n\tDLT_MOST = 0xd3\n\tDLT_MPEG_2_TS = 0xf3\n\tDLT_MPLS = 0xdb\n\tDLT_MTP2 = 0x8c\n\tDLT_MTP2_WITH_PHDR = 0x8b\n\tDLT_MTP3 = 0x8d\n\tDLT_MUX27010 = 0xec\n\tDLT_NETANALYZER = 0xf0\n\tDLT_NETANALYZER_TRANSPARENT = 0xf1\n\tDLT_NETLINK = 0xfd\n\tDLT_NFC_LLCP = 0xf5\n\tDLT_NFLOG = 0xef\n\tDLT_NG40 = 0xf4\n\tDLT_NULL = 0x0\n\tDLT_PCI_EXP = 0x7d\n\tDLT_PFLOG = 0x75\n\tDLT_PFSYNC = 0x79\n\tDLT_PKTAP = 0x102\n\tDLT_PPI = 0xc0\n\tDLT_PPP = 0x9\n\tDLT_PPP_BSDOS = 0xe\n\tDLT_PPP_ETHER = 0x33\n\tDLT_PPP_PPPD = 0xa6\n\tDLT_PPP_SERIAL = 0x32\n\tDLT_PPP_WITH_DIR = 0xcc\n\tDLT_PPP_WITH_DIRECTION = 0xa6\n\tDLT_PRISM_HEADER = 0x77\n\tDLT_PROFIBUS_DL = 0x101\n\tDLT_PRONET = 0x4\n\tDLT_RAIF1 = 0xc6\n\tDLT_RAW = 0xc\n\tDLT_RDS = 0x109\n\tDLT_REDBACK_SMARTEDGE = 0x20\n\tDLT_RIO = 0x7c\n\tDLT_RTAC_SERIAL = 0xfa\n\tDLT_SCCP = 0x8e\n\tDLT_SCTP = 0xf8\n\tDLT_SITA = 0xc4\n\tDLT_SLIP = 0x8\n\tDLT_SLIP_BSDOS = 0xd\n\tDLT_STANAG_5066_D_PDU = 0xed\n\tDLT_SUNATM = 0x7b\n\tDLT_SYMANTEC_FIREWALL = 0x63\n\tDLT_TZSP = 0x80\n\tDLT_USB = 0xba\n\tDLT_USBPCAP = 0xf9\n\tDLT_USB_FREEBSD = 0xba\n\tDLT_USB_LINUX = 0xbd\n\tDLT_USB_LINUX_MMAPPED = 0xdc\n\tDLT_USER0 = 0x93\n\tDLT_USER1 = 0x94\n\tDLT_USER10 = 0x9d\n\tDLT_USER11 = 0x9e\n\tDLT_USER12 = 0x9f\n\tDLT_USER13 = 0xa0\n\tDLT_USER14 = 0xa1\n\tDLT_USER15 = 0xa2\n\tDLT_USER2 = 0x95\n\tDLT_USER3 = 0x96\n\tDLT_USER4 = 0x97\n\tDLT_USER5 = 0x98\n\tDLT_USER6 = 0x99\n\tDLT_USER7 = 0x9a\n\tDLT_USER8 = 0x9b\n\tDLT_USER9 = 0x9c\n\tDLT_WATTSTOPPER_DLM = 0x107\n\tDLT_WIHART = 0xdf\n\tDLT_WIRESHARK_UPPER_PDU = 0xfc\n\tDLT_X2E_SERIAL = 0xd5\n\tDLT_X2E_XORAYA = 0xd6\n\tDLT_ZWAVE_R1_R2 = 0x105\n\tDLT_ZWAVE_R3 = 0x106\n\tDT_BLK = 0x6\n\tDT_CHR = 0x2\n\tDT_DIR = 0x4\n\tDT_FIFO = 0x1\n\tDT_LNK = 0xa\n\tDT_REG = 0x8\n\tDT_SOCK = 0xc\n\tDT_UNKNOWN = 0x0\n\tDT_WHT = 0xe\n\tECHO = 0x8\n\tECHOCTL = 0x40\n\tECHOE = 0x2\n\tECHOK = 0x4\n\tECHOKE = 0x1\n\tECHONL = 0x10\n\tECHOPRT = 0x20\n\tEVFILT_AIO = -0x3\n\tEVFILT_FS = -0x9\n\tEVFILT_LIO = -0xa\n\tEVFILT_PROC = -0x5\n\tEVFILT_PROCDESC = -0x8\n\tEVFILT_READ = -0x1\n\tEVFILT_SENDFILE = -0xc\n\tEVFILT_SIGNAL = -0x6\n\tEVFILT_SYSCOUNT = 0xc\n\tEVFILT_TIMER = -0x7\n\tEVFILT_USER = -0xb\n\tEVFILT_VNODE = -0x4\n\tEVFILT_WRITE = -0x2\n\tEV_ADD = 0x1\n\tEV_CLEAR = 0x20\n\tEV_DELETE = 0x2\n\tEV_DISABLE = 0x8\n\tEV_DISPATCH = 0x80\n\tEV_DROP = 0x1000\n\tEV_ENABLE = 0x4\n\tEV_EOF = 0x8000\n\tEV_ERROR = 0x4000\n\tEV_FLAG1 = 0x2000\n\tEV_FLAG2 = 0x4000\n\tEV_FORCEONESHOT = 0x100\n\tEV_ONESHOT = 0x10\n\tEV_RECEIPT = 0x40\n\tEV_SYSFLAGS = 0xf000\n\tEXTA = 0x4b00\n\tEXTATTR_NAMESPACE_EMPTY = 0x0\n\tEXTATTR_NAMESPACE_SYSTEM = 0x2\n\tEXTATTR_NAMESPACE_USER = 0x1\n\tEXTB = 0x9600\n\tEXTPROC = 0x800\n\tFD_CLOEXEC = 0x1\n\tFD_SETSIZE = 0x400\n\tFLUSHO = 0x800000\n\tF_CANCEL = 0x5\n\tF_DUP2FD = 0xa\n\tF_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC = 0x12\n\tF_DUPFD = 0x0\n\tF_DUPFD_CLOEXEC = 0x11\n\tF_GETFD = 0x1\n\tF_GETFL = 0x3\n\tF_GETLK = 0xb\n\tF_GETOWN = 0x5\n\tF_OGETLK = 0x7\n\tF_OK = 0x0\n\tF_OSETLK = 0x8\n\tF_OSETLKW = 0x9\n\tF_RDAHEAD = 0x10\n\tF_RDLCK = 0x1\n\tF_READAHEAD = 0xf\n\tF_SETFD = 0x2\n\tF_SETFL = 0x4\n\tF_SETLK = 0xc\n\tF_SETLKW = 0xd\n\tF_SETLK_REMOTE = 0xe\n\tF_SETOWN = 0x6\n\tF_UNLCK = 0x2\n\tF_UNLCKSYS = 0x4\n\tF_WRLCK = 0x3\n\tHUPCL = 0x4000\n\tICANON = 0x100\n\tICMP6_FILTER = 0x12\n\tICRNL = 0x100\n\tIEXTEN = 0x400\n\tIFAN_ARRIVAL = 0x0\n\tIFAN_DEPARTURE = 0x1\n\tIFF_ALLMULTI = 0x200\n\tIFF_ALTPHYS = 0x4000\n\tIFF_BROADCAST = 0x2\n\tIFF_CANTCHANGE = 0x218f52\n\tIFF_CANTCONFIG = 0x10000\n\tIFF_DEBUG = 0x4\n\tIFF_DRV_OACTIVE = 0x400\n\tIFF_DRV_RUNNING = 0x40\n\tIFF_DYING = 0x200000\n\tIFF_LINK0 = 0x1000\n\tIFF_LINK1 = 0x2000\n\tIFF_LINK2 = 0x4000\n\tIFF_LOOPBACK = 0x8\n\tIFF_MONITOR = 0x40000\n\tIFF_MULTICAST = 0x8000\n\tIFF_NOARP = 0x80\n\tIFF_OACTIVE = 0x400\n\tIFF_POINTOPOINT = 0x10\n\tIFF_PPROMISC = 0x20000\n\tIFF_PROMISC = 0x100\n\tIFF_RENAMING = 0x400000\n\tIFF_RUNNING = 0x40\n\tIFF_SIMPLEX = 0x800\n\tIFF_STATICARP = 0x80000\n\tIFF_UP = 0x1\n\tIFNAMSIZ = 0x10\n\tIFT_BRIDGE = 0xd1\n\tIFT_CARP = 0xf8\n\tIFT_IEEE1394 = 0x90\n\tIFT_INFINIBAND = 0xc7\n\tIFT_L2VLAN = 0x87\n\tIFT_L3IPVLAN = 0x88\n\tIFT_PPP = 0x17\n\tIFT_PROPVIRTUAL = 0x35\n\tIGNBRK = 0x1\n\tIGNCR = 0x80\n\tIGNPAR = 0x4\n\tIMAXBEL = 0x2000\n\tINLCR = 0x40\n\tINPCK = 0x10\n\tIN_CLASSA_HOST = 0xffffff\n\tIN_CLASSA_MAX = 0x80\n\tIN_CLASSA_NET = 0xff000000\n\tIN_CLASSA_NSHIFT = 0x18\n\tIN_CLASSB_HOST = 0xffff\n\tIN_CLASSB_MAX = 0x10000\n\tIN_CLASSB_NET = 0xffff0000\n\tIN_CLASSB_NSHIFT = 0x10\n\tIN_CLASSC_HOST = 0xff\n\tIN_CLASSC_NET = 0xffffff00\n\tIN_CLASSC_NSHIFT = 0x8\n\tIN_CLASSD_HOST = 0xfffffff\n\tIN_CLASSD_NET = 0xf0000000\n\tIN_CLASSD_NSHIFT = 0x1c\n\tIN_LOOPBACKNET = 0x7f\n\tIN_RFC3021_MASK = 0xfffffffe\n\tIPPROTO_3PC = 0x22\n\tIPPROTO_ADFS = 0x44\n\tIPPROTO_AH = 0x33\n\tIPPROTO_AHIP = 0x3d\n\tIPPROTO_APES = 0x63\n\tIPPROTO_ARGUS = 0xd\n\tIPPROTO_AX25 = 0x5d\n\tIPPROTO_BHA = 0x31\n\tIPPROTO_BLT = 0x1e\n\tIPPROTO_BRSATMON = 0x4c\n\tIPPROTO_CARP = 0x70\n\tIPPROTO_CFTP = 0x3e\n\tIPPROTO_CHAOS = 0x10\n\tIPPROTO_CMTP = 0x26\n\tIPPROTO_CPHB = 0x49\n\tIPPROTO_CPNX = 0x48\n\tIPPROTO_DDP = 0x25\n\tIPPROTO_DGP = 0x56\n\tIPPROTO_DIVERT = 0x102\n\tIPPROTO_DONE = 0x101\n\tIPPROTO_DSTOPTS = 0x3c\n\tIPPROTO_EGP = 0x8\n\tIPPROTO_EMCON = 0xe\n\tIPPROTO_ENCAP = 0x62\n\tIPPROTO_EON = 0x50\n\tIPPROTO_ESP = 0x32\n\tIPPROTO_ETHERIP = 0x61\n\tIPPROTO_FRAGMENT = 0x2c\n\tIPPROTO_GGP = 0x3\n\tIPPROTO_GMTP = 0x64\n\tIPPROTO_GRE = 0x2f\n\tIPPROTO_HELLO = 0x3f\n\tIPPROTO_HIP = 0x8b\n\tIPPROTO_HMP = 0x14\n\tIPPROTO_HOPOPTS = 0x0\n\tIPPROTO_ICMP = 0x1\n\tIPPROTO_ICMPV6 = 0x3a\n\tIPPROTO_IDP = 0x16\n\tIPPROTO_IDPR = 0x23\n\tIPPROTO_IDRP = 0x2d\n\tIPPROTO_IGMP = 0x2\n\tIPPROTO_IGP = 0x55\n\tIPPROTO_IGRP = 0x58\n\tIPPROTO_IL = 0x28\n\tIPPROTO_INLSP = 0x34\n\tIPPROTO_INP = 0x20\n\tIPPROTO_IP = 0x0\n\tIPPROTO_IPCOMP = 0x6c\n\tIPPROTO_IPCV = 0x47\n\tIPPROTO_IPEIP = 0x5e\n\tIPPROTO_IPIP = 0x4\n\tIPPROTO_IPPC = 0x43\n\tIPPROTO_IPV4 = 0x4\n\tIPPROTO_IPV6 = 0x29\n\tIPPROTO_IRTP = 0x1c\n\tIPPROTO_KRYPTOLAN = 0x41\n\tIPPROTO_LARP = 0x5b\n\tIPPROTO_LEAF1 = 0x19\n\tIPPROTO_LEAF2 = 0x1a\n\tIPPROTO_MAX = 0x100\n\tIPPROTO_MEAS = 0x13\n\tIPPROTO_MH = 0x87\n\tIPPROTO_MHRP = 0x30\n\tIPPROTO_MICP = 0x5f\n\tIPPROTO_MOBILE = 0x37\n\tIPPROTO_MPLS = 0x89\n\tIPPROTO_MTP = 0x5c\n\tIPPROTO_MUX = 0x12\n\tIPPROTO_ND = 0x4d\n\tIPPROTO_NHRP = 0x36\n\tIPPROTO_NONE = 0x3b\n\tIPPROTO_NSP = 0x1f\n\tIPPROTO_NVPII = 0xb\n\tIPPROTO_OLD_DIVERT = 0xfe\n\tIPPROTO_OSPFIGP = 0x59\n\tIPPROTO_PFSYNC = 0xf0\n\tIPPROTO_PGM = 0x71\n\tIPPROTO_PIGP = 0x9\n\tIPPROTO_PIM = 0x67\n\tIPPROTO_PRM = 0x15\n\tIPPROTO_PUP = 0xc\n\tIPPROTO_PVP = 0x4b\n\tIPPROTO_RAW = 0xff\n\tIPPROTO_RCCMON = 0xa\n\tIPPROTO_RDP = 0x1b\n\tIPPROTO_RESERVED_253 = 0xfd\n\tIPPROTO_RESERVED_254 = 0xfe\n\tIPPROTO_ROUTING = 0x2b\n\tIPPROTO_RSVP = 0x2e\n\tIPPROTO_RVD = 0x42\n\tIPPROTO_SATEXPAK = 0x40\n\tIPPROTO_SATMON = 0x45\n\tIPPROTO_SCCSP = 0x60\n\tIPPROTO_SCTP = 0x84\n\tIPPROTO_SDRP = 0x2a\n\tIPPROTO_SEND = 0x103\n\tIPPROTO_SEP = 0x21\n\tIPPROTO_SHIM6 = 0x8c\n\tIPPROTO_SKIP = 0x39\n\tIPPROTO_SPACER = 0x7fff\n\tIPPROTO_SRPC = 0x5a\n\tIPPROTO_ST = 0x7\n\tIPPROTO_SVMTP = 0x52\n\tIPPROTO_SWIPE = 0x35\n\tIPPROTO_TCF = 0x57\n\tIPPROTO_TCP = 0x6\n\tIPPROTO_TLSP = 0x38\n\tIPPROTO_TP = 0x1d\n\tIPPROTO_TPXX = 0x27\n\tIPPROTO_TRUNK1 = 0x17\n\tIPPROTO_TRUNK2 = 0x18\n\tIPPROTO_TTP = 0x54\n\tIPPROTO_UDP = 0x11\n\tIPPROTO_UDPLITE = 0x88\n\tIPPROTO_VINES = 0x53\n\tIPPROTO_VISA = 0x46\n\tIPPROTO_VMTP = 0x51\n\tIPPROTO_WBEXPAK = 0x4f\n\tIPPROTO_WBMON = 0x4e\n\tIPPROTO_WSN = 0x4a\n\tIPPROTO_XNET = 0xf\n\tIPPROTO_XTP = 0x24\n\tIPV6_AUTOFLOWLABEL = 0x3b\n\tIPV6_BINDANY = 0x40\n\tIPV6_BINDMULTI = 0x41\n\tIPV6_BINDV6ONLY = 0x1b\n\tIPV6_CHECKSUM = 0x1a\n\tIPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_HOPS = 0x1\n\tIPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0x1\n\tIPV6_DEFHLIM = 0x40\n\tIPV6_DONTFRAG = 0x3e\n\tIPV6_DSTOPTS = 0x32\n\tIPV6_FLOWID = 0x43\n\tIPV6_FLOWINFO_MASK = 0xffffff0f\n\tIPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK = 0xffff0f00\n\tIPV6_FLOWTYPE = 0x44\n\tIPV6_FRAGTTL = 0x78\n\tIPV6_FW_ADD = 0x1e\n\tIPV6_FW_DEL = 0x1f\n\tIPV6_FW_FLUSH = 0x20\n\tIPV6_FW_GET = 0x22\n\tIPV6_FW_ZERO = 0x21\n\tIPV6_HLIMDEC = 0x1\n\tIPV6_HOPLIMIT = 0x2f\n\tIPV6_HOPOPTS = 0x31\n\tIPV6_IPSEC_POLICY = 0x1c\n\tIPV6_JOIN_GROUP = 0xc\n\tIPV6_LEAVE_GROUP = 0xd\n\tIPV6_MAXHLIM = 0xff\n\tIPV6_MAXOPTHDR = 0x800\n\tIPV6_MAXPACKET = 0xffff\n\tIPV6_MAX_GROUP_SRC_FILTER = 0x200\n\tIPV6_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS = 0xfff\n\tIPV6_MAX_SOCK_SRC_FILTER = 0x80\n\tIPV6_MIN_MEMBERSHIPS = 0x1f\n\tIPV6_MMTU = 0x500\n\tIPV6_MSFILTER = 0x4a\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS = 0xa\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_IF = 0x9\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0xb\n\tIPV6_NEXTHOP = 0x30\n\tIPV6_PATHMTU = 0x2c\n\tIPV6_PKTINFO = 0x2e\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE = 0xe\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT = 0x0\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH = 0x1\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW = 0x2\n\tIPV6_PREFER_TEMPADDR = 0x3f\n\tIPV6_RECVDSTOPTS = 0x28\n\tIPV6_RECVFLOWID = 0x46\n\tIPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT = 0x25\n\tIPV6_RECVHOPOPTS = 0x27\n\tIPV6_RECVPATHMTU = 0x2b\n\tIPV6_RECVPKTINFO = 0x24\n\tIPV6_RECVRSSBUCKETID = 0x47\n\tIPV6_RECVRTHDR = 0x26\n\tIPV6_RECVTCLASS = 0x39\n\tIPV6_RSSBUCKETID = 0x45\n\tIPV6_RSS_LISTEN_BUCKET = 0x42\n\tIPV6_RTHDR = 0x33\n\tIPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS = 0x23\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_LOOSE = 0x0\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_STRICT = 0x1\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0 = 0x0\n\tIPV6_SOCKOPT_RESERVED1 = 0x3\n\tIPV6_TCLASS = 0x3d\n\tIPV6_UNICAST_HOPS = 0x4\n\tIPV6_USE_MIN_MTU = 0x2a\n\tIPV6_V6ONLY = 0x1b\n\tIPV6_VERSION = 0x60\n\tIPV6_VERSION_MASK = 0xf0\n\tIP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP = 0xc\n\tIP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP = 0x46\n\tIP_BINDANY = 0x18\n\tIP_BINDMULTI = 0x19\n\tIP_BLOCK_SOURCE = 0x48\n\tIP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0x1\n\tIP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL = 0x1\n\tIP_DF = 0x4000\n\tIP_DONTFRAG = 0x43\n\tIP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP = 0xd\n\tIP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP = 0x47\n\tIP_DUMMYNET3 = 0x31\n\tIP_DUMMYNET_CONFIGURE = 0x3c\n\tIP_DUMMYNET_DEL = 0x3d\n\tIP_DUMMYNET_FLUSH = 0x3e\n\tIP_DUMMYNET_GET = 0x40\n\tIP_FLOWID = 0x5a\n\tIP_FLOWTYPE = 0x5b\n\tIP_FW3 = 0x30\n\tIP_FW_ADD = 0x32\n\tIP_FW_DEL = 0x33\n\tIP_FW_FLUSH = 0x34\n\tIP_FW_GET = 0x36\n\tIP_FW_NAT_CFG = 0x38\n\tIP_FW_NAT_DEL = 0x39\n\tIP_FW_NAT_GET_CONFIG = 0x3a\n\tIP_FW_NAT_GET_LOG = 0x3b\n\tIP_FW_RESETLOG = 0x37\n\tIP_FW_TABLE_ADD = 0x28\n\tIP_FW_TABLE_DEL = 0x29\n\tIP_FW_TABLE_FLUSH = 0x2a\n\tIP_FW_TABLE_GETSIZE = 0x2b\n\tIP_FW_TABLE_LIST = 0x2c\n\tIP_FW_ZERO = 0x35\n\tIP_HDRINCL = 0x2\n\tIP_IPSEC_POLICY = 0x15\n\tIP_MAXPACKET = 0xffff\n\tIP_MAX_GROUP_SRC_FILTER = 0x200\n\tIP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS = 0xfff\n\tIP_MAX_SOCK_MUTE_FILTER = 0x80\n\tIP_MAX_SOCK_SRC_FILTER = 0x80\n\tIP_MAX_SOURCE_FILTER = 0x400\n\tIP_MF = 0x2000\n\tIP_MINTTL = 0x42\n\tIP_MIN_MEMBERSHIPS = 0x1f\n\tIP_MSFILTER = 0x4a\n\tIP_MSS = 0x240\n\tIP_MULTICAST_IF = 0x9\n\tIP_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0xb\n\tIP_MULTICAST_TTL = 0xa\n\tIP_MULTICAST_VIF = 0xe\n\tIP_OFFMASK = 0x1fff\n\tIP_ONESBCAST = 0x17\n\tIP_OPTIONS = 0x1\n\tIP_PORTRANGE = 0x13\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT = 0x0\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_HIGH = 0x1\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_LOW = 0x2\n\tIP_RECVDSTADDR = 0x7\n\tIP_RECVFLOWID = 0x5d\n\tIP_RECVIF = 0x14\n\tIP_RECVOPTS = 0x5\n\tIP_RECVRETOPTS = 0x6\n\tIP_RECVRSSBUCKETID = 0x5e\n\tIP_RECVTOS = 0x44\n\tIP_RECVTTL = 0x41\n\tIP_RETOPTS = 0x8\n\tIP_RF = 0x8000\n\tIP_RSSBUCKETID = 0x5c\n\tIP_RSS_LISTEN_BUCKET = 0x1a\n\tIP_RSVP_OFF = 0x10\n\tIP_RSVP_ON = 0xf\n\tIP_RSVP_VIF_OFF = 0x12\n\tIP_RSVP_VIF_ON = 0x11\n\tIP_SENDSRCADDR = 0x7\n\tIP_TOS = 0x3\n\tIP_TTL = 0x4\n\tIP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE = 0x49\n\tISIG = 0x80\n\tISTRIP = 0x20\n\tIXANY = 0x800\n\tIXOFF = 0x400\n\tIXON = 0x200\n\tLOCK_EX = 0x2\n\tLOCK_NB = 0x4\n\tLOCK_SH = 0x1\n\tLOCK_UN = 0x8\n\tMADV_AUTOSYNC = 0x7\n\tMADV_CORE = 0x9\n\tMADV_DONTNEED = 0x4\n\tMADV_FREE = 0x5\n\tMADV_NOCORE = 0x8\n\tMADV_NORMAL = 0x0\n\tMADV_NOSYNC = 0x6\n\tMADV_PROTECT = 0xa\n\tMADV_RANDOM = 0x1\n\tMADV_SEQUENTIAL = 0x2\n\tMADV_WILLNEED = 0x3\n\tMAP_ALIGNED_SUPER = 0x1000000\n\tMAP_ALIGNMENT_MASK = -0x1000000\n\tMAP_ALIGNMENT_SHIFT = 0x18\n\tMAP_ANON = 0x1000\n\tMAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x1000\n\tMAP_COPY = 0x2\n\tMAP_EXCL = 0x4000\n\tMAP_FILE = 0x0\n\tMAP_FIXED = 0x10\n\tMAP_GUARD = 0x2000\n\tMAP_HASSEMAPHORE = 0x200\n\tMAP_NOCORE = 0x20000\n\tMAP_NOSYNC = 0x800\n\tMAP_PREFAULT_READ = 0x40000\n\tMAP_PRIVATE = 0x2\n\tMAP_RESERVED0020 = 0x20\n\tMAP_RESERVED0040 = 0x40\n\tMAP_RESERVED0080 = 0x80\n\tMAP_RESERVED0100 = 0x100\n\tMAP_SHARED = 0x1\n\tMAP_STACK = 0x400\n\tMCL_CURRENT = 0x1\n\tMCL_FUTURE = 0x2\n\tMNT_ACLS = 0x8000000\n\tMNT_ASYNC = 0x40\n\tMNT_AUTOMOUNTED = 0x200000000\n\tMNT_BYFSID = 0x8000000\n\tMNT_CMDFLAGS = 0xd0f0000\n\tMNT_DEFEXPORTED = 0x200\n\tMNT_DELEXPORT = 0x20000\n\tMNT_EXKERB = 0x800\n\tMNT_EXPORTANON = 0x400\n\tMNT_EXPORTED = 0x100\n\tMNT_EXPUBLIC = 0x20000000\n\tMNT_EXRDONLY = 0x80\n\tMNT_FORCE = 0x80000\n\tMNT_GJOURNAL = 0x2000000\n\tMNT_IGNORE = 0x800000\n\tMNT_LAZY = 0x3\n\tMNT_LOCAL = 0x1000\n\tMNT_MULTILABEL = 0x4000000\n\tMNT_NFS4ACLS = 0x10\n\tMNT_NOATIME = 0x10000000\n\tMNT_NOCLUSTERR = 0x40000000\n\tMNT_NOCLUSTERW = 0x80000000\n\tMNT_NOEXEC = 0x4\n\tMNT_NONBUSY = 0x4000000\n\tMNT_NOSUID = 0x8\n\tMNT_NOSYMFOLLOW = 0x400000\n\tMNT_NOWAIT = 0x2\n\tMNT_QUOTA = 0x2000\n\tMNT_RDONLY = 0x1\n\tMNT_RELOAD = 0x40000\n\tMNT_ROOTFS = 0x4000\n\tMNT_SNAPSHOT = 0x1000000\n\tMNT_SOFTDEP = 0x200000\n\tMNT_SUIDDIR = 0x100000\n\tMNT_SUJ = 0x100000000\n\tMNT_SUSPEND = 0x4\n\tMNT_SYNCHRONOUS = 0x2\n\tMNT_UNION = 0x20\n\tMNT_UPDATE = 0x10000\n\tMNT_UPDATEMASK = 0x2d8d0807e\n\tMNT_USER = 0x8000\n\tMNT_VISFLAGMASK = 0x3fef0ffff\n\tMNT_WAIT = 0x1\n\tMSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 0x40000\n\tMSG_COMPAT = 0x8000\n\tMSG_CTRUNC = 0x20\n\tMSG_DONTROUTE = 0x4\n\tMSG_DONTWAIT = 0x80\n\tMSG_EOF = 0x100\n\tMSG_EOR = 0x8\n\tMSG_NBIO = 0x4000\n\tMSG_NOSIGNAL = 0x20000\n\tMSG_NOTIFICATION = 0x2000\n\tMSG_OOB = 0x1\n\tMSG_PEEK = 0x2\n\tMSG_TRUNC = 0x10\n\tMSG_WAITALL = 0x40\n\tMSG_WAITFORONE = 0x80000\n\tMS_ASYNC = 0x1\n\tMS_INVALIDATE = 0x2\n\tMS_SYNC = 0x0\n\tNAME_MAX = 0xff\n\tNET_RT_DUMP = 0x1\n\tNET_RT_FLAGS = 0x2\n\tNET_RT_IFLIST = 0x3\n\tNET_RT_IFLISTL = 0x5\n\tNET_RT_IFMALIST = 0x4\n\tNOFLSH = 0x80000000\n\tNOKERNINFO = 0x2000000\n\tNOTE_ATTRIB = 0x8\n\tNOTE_CHILD = 0x4\n\tNOTE_CLOSE = 0x100\n\tNOTE_CLOSE_WRITE = 0x200\n\tNOTE_DELETE = 0x1\n\tNOTE_EXEC = 0x20000000\n\tNOTE_EXIT = 0x80000000\n\tNOTE_EXTEND = 0x4\n\tNOTE_FFAND = 0x40000000\n\tNOTE_FFCOPY = 0xc0000000\n\tNOTE_FFCTRLMASK = 0xc0000000\n\tNOTE_FFLAGSMASK = 0xffffff\n\tNOTE_FFNOP = 0x0\n\tNOTE_FFOR = 0x80000000\n\tNOTE_FILE_POLL = 0x2\n\tNOTE_FORK = 0x40000000\n\tNOTE_LINK = 0x10\n\tNOTE_LOWAT = 0x1\n\tNOTE_MSECONDS = 0x2\n\tNOTE_NSECONDS = 0x8\n\tNOTE_OPEN = 0x80\n\tNOTE_PCTRLMASK = 0xf0000000\n\tNOTE_PDATAMASK = 0xfffff\n\tNOTE_READ = 0x400\n\tNOTE_RENAME = 0x20\n\tNOTE_REVOKE = 0x40\n\tNOTE_SECONDS = 0x1\n\tNOTE_TRACK = 0x1\n\tNOTE_TRACKERR = 0x2\n\tNOTE_TRIGGER = 0x1000000\n\tNOTE_USECONDS = 0x4\n\tNOTE_WRITE = 0x2\n\tOCRNL = 0x10\n\tONLCR = 0x2\n\tONLRET = 0x40\n\tONOCR = 0x20\n\tONOEOT = 0x8\n\tOPOST = 0x1\n\tOXTABS = 0x4\n\tO_ACCMODE = 0x3\n\tO_APPEND = 0x8\n\tO_ASYNC = 0x40\n\tO_CLOEXEC = 0x100000\n\tO_CREAT = 0x200\n\tO_DIRECT = 0x10000\n\tO_DIRECTORY = 0x20000\n\tO_EXCL = 0x800\n\tO_EXEC = 0x40000\n\tO_EXLOCK = 0x20\n\tO_FSYNC = 0x80\n\tO_NDELAY = 0x4\n\tO_NOCTTY = 0x8000\n\tO_NOFOLLOW = 0x100\n\tO_NONBLOCK = 0x4\n\tO_RDONLY = 0x0\n\tO_RDWR = 0x2\n\tO_SHLOCK = 0x10\n\tO_SYNC = 0x80\n\tO_TRUNC = 0x400\n\tO_TTY_INIT = 0x80000\n\tO_VERIFY = 0x200000\n\tO_WRONLY = 0x1\n\tPARENB = 0x1000\n\tPARMRK = 0x8\n\tPARODD = 0x2000\n\tPENDIN = 0x20000000\n\tPRIO_PGRP = 0x1\n\tPRIO_PROCESS = 0x0\n\tPRIO_USER = 0x2\n\tPROT_EXEC = 0x4\n\tPROT_NONE = 0x0\n\tPROT_READ = 0x1\n\tPROT_WRITE = 0x2\n\tRLIMIT_AS = 0xa\n\tRLIMIT_CORE = 0x4\n\tRLIMIT_CPU = 0x0\n\tRLIMIT_DATA = 0x2\n\tRLIMIT_FSIZE = 0x1\n\tRLIMIT_MEMLOCK = 0x6\n\tRLIMIT_NOFILE = 0x8\n\tRLIMIT_NPROC = 0x7\n\tRLIMIT_RSS = 0x5\n\tRLIMIT_STACK = 0x3\n\tRLIM_INFINITY = 0x7fffffffffffffff\n\tRTAX_AUTHOR = 0x6\n\tRTAX_BRD = 0x7\n\tRTAX_DST = 0x0\n\tRTAX_GATEWAY = 0x1\n\tRTAX_GENMASK = 0x3\n\tRTAX_IFA = 0x5\n\tRTAX_IFP = 0x4\n\tRTAX_MAX = 0x8\n\tRTAX_NETMASK = 0x2\n\tRTA_AUTHOR = 0x40\n\tRTA_BRD = 0x80\n\tRTA_DST = 0x1\n\tRTA_GATEWAY = 0x2\n\tRTA_GENMASK = 0x8\n\tRTA_IFA = 0x20\n\tRTA_IFP = 0x10\n\tRTA_NETMASK = 0x4\n\tRTF_BLACKHOLE = 0x1000\n\tRTF_BROADCAST = 0x400000\n\tRTF_DONE = 0x40\n\tRTF_DYNAMIC = 0x10\n\tRTF_FIXEDMTU = 0x80000\n\tRTF_FMASK = 0x1004d808\n\tRTF_GATEWAY = 0x2\n\tRTF_GWFLAG_COMPAT = 0x80000000\n\tRTF_HOST = 0x4\n\tRTF_LLDATA = 0x400\n\tRTF_LLINFO = 0x400\n\tRTF_LOCAL = 0x200000\n\tRTF_MODIFIED = 0x20\n\tRTF_MULTICAST = 0x800000\n\tRTF_PINNED = 0x100000\n\tRTF_PROTO1 = 0x8000\n\tRTF_PROTO2 = 0x4000\n\tRTF_PROTO3 = 0x40000\n\tRTF_REJECT = 0x8\n\tRTF_RNH_LOCKED = 0x40000000\n\tRTF_STATIC = 0x800\n\tRTF_STICKY = 0x10000000\n\tRTF_UP = 0x1\n\tRTF_XRESOLVE = 0x200\n\tRTM_ADD = 0x1\n\tRTM_CHANGE = 0x3\n\tRTM_DELADDR = 0xd\n\tRTM_DELETE = 0x2\n\tRTM_DELMADDR = 0x10\n\tRTM_GET = 0x4\n\tRTM_IEEE80211 = 0x12\n\tRTM_IFANNOUNCE = 0x11\n\tRTM_IFINFO = 0xe\n\tRTM_LOCK = 0x8\n\tRTM_LOSING = 0x5\n\tRTM_MISS = 0x7\n\tRTM_NEWADDR = 0xc\n\tRTM_NEWMADDR = 0xf\n\tRTM_REDIRECT = 0x6\n\tRTM_RESOLVE = 0xb\n\tRTM_RTTUNIT = 0xf4240\n\tRTM_VERSION = 0x5\n\tRTV_EXPIRE = 0x4\n\tRTV_HOPCOUNT = 0x2\n\tRTV_MTU = 0x1\n\tRTV_RPIPE = 0x8\n\tRTV_RTT = 0x40\n\tRTV_RTTVAR = 0x80\n\tRTV_SPIPE = 0x10\n\tRTV_SSTHRESH = 0x20\n\tRTV_WEIGHT = 0x100\n\tRT_ALL_FIBS = -0x1\n\tRT_BLACKHOLE = 0x40\n\tRT_CACHING_CONTEXT = 0x1\n\tRT_DEFAULT_FIB = 0x0\n\tRT_HAS_GW = 0x80\n\tRT_HAS_HEADER = 0x10\n\tRT_HAS_HEADER_BIT = 0x4\n\tRT_L2_ME = 0x4\n\tRT_L2_ME_BIT = 0x2\n\tRT_LLE_CACHE = 0x100\n\tRT_MAY_LOOP = 0x8\n\tRT_MAY_LOOP_BIT = 0x3\n\tRT_NORTREF = 0x2\n\tRT_REJECT = 0x20\n\tRUSAGE_CHILDREN = -0x1\n\tRUSAGE_SELF = 0x0\n\tRUSAGE_THREAD = 0x1\n\tSCM_BINTIME = 0x4\n\tSCM_CREDS = 0x3\n\tSCM_RIGHTS = 0x1\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMP = 0x2\n\tSHUT_RD = 0x0\n\tSHUT_RDWR = 0x2\n\tSHUT_WR = 0x1\n\tSIOCADDMULTI = 0x80206931\n\tSIOCAIFADDR = 0x8040691a\n\tSIOCAIFGROUP = 0x80246987\n\tSIOCATMARK = 0x40047307\n\tSIOCDELMULTI = 0x80206932\n\tSIOCDIFADDR = 0x80206919\n\tSIOCDIFGROUP = 0x80246989\n\tSIOCDIFPHYADDR = 0x80206949\n\tSIOCGDRVSPEC = 0xc01c697b\n\tSIOCGETSGCNT = 0xc0147210\n\tSIOCGETVIFCNT = 0xc014720f\n\tSIOCGHIWAT = 0x40047301\n\tSIOCGHWADDR = 0xc020693e\n\tSIOCGI2C = 0xc020693d\n\tSIOCGIFADDR = 0xc0206921\n\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR = 0xc0206923\n\tSIOCGIFCAP = 0xc020691f\n\tSIOCGIFCONF = 0xc0086924\n\tSIOCGIFDESCR = 0xc020692a\n\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR = 0xc0206922\n\tSIOCGIFFIB = 0xc020695c\n\tSIOCGIFFLAGS = 0xc0206911\n\tSIOCGIFGENERIC = 0xc020693a\n\tSIOCGIFGMEMB = 0xc024698a\n\tSIOCGIFGROUP = 0xc0246988\n\tSIOCGIFINDEX = 0xc0206920\n\tSIOCGIFMAC = 0xc0206926\n\tSIOCGIFMEDIA = 0xc0286938\n\tSIOCGIFMETRIC = 0xc0206917\n\tSIOCGIFMTU = 0xc0206933\n\tSIOCGIFNETMASK = 0xc0206925\n\tSIOCGIFPDSTADDR = 0xc0206948\n\tSIOCGIFPHYS = 0xc0206935\n\tSIOCGIFPSRCADDR = 0xc0206947\n\tSIOCGIFSTATUS = 0xc331693b\n\tSIOCGIFXMEDIA = 0xc028698b\n\tSIOCGLOWAT = 0x40047303\n\tSIOCGPGRP = 0x40047309\n\tSIOCGPRIVATE_0 = 0xc0206950\n\tSIOCGPRIVATE_1 = 0xc0206951\n\tSIOCGTUNFIB = 0xc020695e\n\tSIOCIFCREATE = 0xc020697a\n\tSIOCIFCREATE2 = 0xc020697c\n\tSIOCIFDESTROY = 0x80206979\n\tSIOCIFGCLONERS = 0xc00c6978\n\tSIOCSDRVSPEC = 0x801c697b\n\tSIOCSHIWAT = 0x80047300\n\tSIOCSIFADDR = 0x8020690c\n\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR = 0x80206913\n\tSIOCSIFCAP = 0x8020691e\n\tSIOCSIFDESCR = 0x80206929\n\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR = 0x8020690e\n\tSIOCSIFFIB = 0x8020695d\n\tSIOCSIFFLAGS = 0x80206910\n\tSIOCSIFGENERIC = 0x80206939\n\tSIOCSIFLLADDR = 0x8020693c\n\tSIOCSIFMAC = 0x80206927\n\tSIOCSIFMEDIA = 0xc0206937\n\tSIOCSIFMETRIC = 0x80206918\n\tSIOCSIFMTU = 0x80206934\n\tSIOCSIFNAME = 0x80206928\n\tSIOCSIFNETMASK = 0x80206916\n\tSIOCSIFPHYADDR = 0x80406946\n\tSIOCSIFPHYS = 0x80206936\n\tSIOCSIFRVNET = 0xc020695b\n\tSIOCSIFVNET = 0xc020695a\n\tSIOCSLOWAT = 0x80047302\n\tSIOCSPGRP = 0x80047308\n\tSIOCSTUNFIB = 0x8020695f\n\tSOCK_CLOEXEC = 0x10000000\n\tSOCK_DGRAM = 0x2\n\tSOCK_MAXADDRLEN = 0xff\n\tSOCK_NONBLOCK = 0x20000000\n\tSOCK_RAW = 0x3\n\tSOCK_RDM = 0x4\n\tSOCK_SEQPACKET = 0x5\n\tSOCK_STREAM = 0x1\n\tSOL_SOCKET = 0xffff\n\tSOMAXCONN = 0x80\n\tSO_ACCEPTCONN = 0x2\n\tSO_ACCEPTFILTER = 0x1000\n\tSO_BINTIME = 0x2000\n\tSO_BROADCAST = 0x20\n\tSO_DEBUG = 0x1\n\tSO_DONTROUTE = 0x10\n\tSO_ERROR = 0x1007\n\tSO_KEEPALIVE = 0x8\n\tSO_LABEL = 0x1009\n\tSO_LINGER = 0x80\n\tSO_LISTENINCQLEN = 0x1013\n\tSO_LISTENQLEN = 0x1012\n\tSO_LISTENQLIMIT = 0x1011\n\tSO_NOSIGPIPE = 0x800\n\tSO_NO_DDP = 0x8000\n\tSO_NO_OFFLOAD = 0x4000\n\tSO_OOBINLINE = 0x100\n\tSO_PEERLABEL = 0x1010\n\tSO_PROTOCOL = 0x1016\n\tSO_PROTOTYPE = 0x1016\n\tSO_RCVBUF = 0x1002\n\tSO_RCVLOWAT = 0x1004\n\tSO_RCVTIMEO = 0x1006\n\tSO_REUSEADDR = 0x4\n\tSO_REUSEPORT = 0x200\n\tSO_SETFIB = 0x1014\n\tSO_SNDBUF = 0x1001\n\tSO_SNDLOWAT = 0x1003\n\tSO_SNDTIMEO = 0x1005\n\tSO_TIMESTAMP = 0x400\n\tSO_TYPE = 0x1008\n\tSO_USELOOPBACK = 0x40\n\tSO_USER_COOKIE = 0x1015\n\tSO_VENDOR = 0x80000000\n\tTAB0 = 0x0\n\tTAB3 = 0x4\n\tTABDLY = 0x4\n\tTCIFLUSH = 0x1\n\tTCIOFF = 0x3\n\tTCIOFLUSH = 0x3\n\tTCION = 0x4\n\tTCOFLUSH = 0x2\n\tTCOOFF = 0x1\n\tTCOON = 0x2\n\tTCP_CA_NAME_MAX = 0x10\n\tTCP_CCALGOOPT = 0x41\n\tTCP_CONGESTION = 0x40\n\tTCP_FASTOPEN = 0x401\n\tTCP_FUNCTION_BLK = 0x2000\n\tTCP_FUNCTION_NAME_LEN_MAX = 0x20\n\tTCP_INFO = 0x20\n\tTCP_KEEPCNT = 0x400\n\tTCP_KEEPIDLE = 0x100\n\tTCP_KEEPINIT = 0x80\n\tTCP_KEEPINTVL = 0x200\n\tTCP_MAXBURST = 0x4\n\tTCP_MAXHLEN = 0x3c\n\tTCP_MAXOLEN = 0x28\n\tTCP_MAXSEG = 0x2\n\tTCP_MAXWIN = 0xffff\n\tTCP_MAX_SACK = 0x4\n\tTCP_MAX_WINSHIFT = 0xe\n\tTCP_MD5SIG = 0x10\n\tTCP_MINMSS = 0xd8\n\tTCP_MSS = 0x218\n\tTCP_NODELAY = 0x1\n\tTCP_NOOPT = 0x8\n\tTCP_NOPUSH = 0x4\n\tTCP_PCAP_IN = 0x1000\n\tTCP_PCAP_OUT = 0x800\n\tTCP_VENDOR = 0x80000000\n\tTCSAFLUSH = 0x2\n\tTIOCCBRK = 0x2000747a\n\tTIOCCDTR = 0x20007478\n\tTIOCCONS = 0x80047462\n\tTIOCDRAIN = 0x2000745e\n\tTIOCEXCL = 0x2000740d\n\tTIOCEXT = 0x80047460\n\tTIOCFLUSH = 0x80047410\n\tTIOCGDRAINWAIT = 0x40047456\n\tTIOCGETA = 0x402c7413\n\tTIOCGETD = 0x4004741a\n\tTIOCGPGRP = 0x40047477\n\tTIOCGPTN = 0x4004740f\n\tTIOCGSID = 0x40047463\n\tTIOCGWINSZ = 0x40087468\n\tTIOCMBIC = 0x8004746b\n\tTIOCMBIS = 0x8004746c\n\tTIOCMGDTRWAIT = 0x4004745a\n\tTIOCMGET = 0x4004746a\n\tTIOCMSDTRWAIT = 0x8004745b\n\tTIOCMSET = 0x8004746d\n\tTIOCM_CAR = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_CD = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_CTS = 0x20\n\tTIOCM_DCD = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_DSR = 0x100\n\tTIOCM_DTR = 0x2\n\tTIOCM_LE = 0x1\n\tTIOCM_RI = 0x80\n\tTIOCM_RNG = 0x80\n\tTIOCM_RTS = 0x4\n\tTIOCM_SR = 0x10\n\tTIOCM_ST = 0x8\n\tTIOCNOTTY = 0x20007471\n\tTIOCNXCL = 0x2000740e\n\tTIOCOUTQ = 0x40047473\n\tTIOCPKT = 0x80047470\n\tTIOCPKT_DATA = 0x0\n\tTIOCPKT_DOSTOP = 0x20\n\tTIOCPKT_FLUSHREAD = 0x1\n\tTIOCPKT_FLUSHWRITE = 0x2\n\tTIOCPKT_IOCTL = 0x40\n\tTIOCPKT_NOSTOP = 0x10\n\tTIOCPKT_START = 0x8\n\tTIOCPKT_STOP = 0x4\n\tTIOCPTMASTER = 0x2000741c\n\tTIOCSBRK = 0x2000747b\n\tTIOCSCTTY = 0x20007461\n\tTIOCSDRAINWAIT = 0x80047457\n\tTIOCSDTR = 0x20007479\n\tTIOCSETA = 0x802c7414\n\tTIOCSETAF = 0x802c7416\n\tTIOCSETAW = 0x802c7415\n\tTIOCSETD = 0x8004741b\n\tTIOCSIG = 0x2004745f\n\tTIOCSPGRP = 0x80047476\n\tTIOCSTART = 0x2000746e\n\tTIOCSTAT = 0x20007465\n\tTIOCSTI = 0x80017472\n\tTIOCSTOP = 0x2000746f\n\tTIOCSWINSZ = 0x80087467\n\tTIOCTIMESTAMP = 0x40107459\n\tTIOCUCNTL = 0x80047466\n\tTOSTOP = 0x400000\n\tVDISCARD = 0xf\n\tVDSUSP = 0xb\n\tVEOF = 0x0\n\tVEOL = 0x1\n\tVEOL2 = 0x2\n\tVERASE = 0x3\n\tVERASE2 = 0x7\n\tVINTR = 0x8\n\tVKILL = 0x5\n\tVLNEXT = 0xe\n\tVMIN = 0x10\n\tVQUIT = 0x9\n\tVREPRINT = 0x6\n\tVSTART = 0xc\n\tVSTATUS = 0x12\n\tVSTOP = 0xd\n\tVSUSP = 0xa\n\tVTIME = 0x11\n\tVWERASE = 0x4\n\tWCONTINUED = 0x4\n\tWCOREFLAG = 0x80\n\tWEXITED = 0x10\n\tWLINUXCLONE = 0x80000000\n\tWNOHANG = 0x1\n\tWNOWAIT = 0x8\n\tWSTOPPED = 0x2\n\tWTRAPPED = 0x20\n\tWUNTRACED = 0x2\n)\n\n// Errors\nconst (\n\tE2BIG = syscall.", "Errno(0x7)\n\tEACCES = syscall.", "Errno(0xd)\n\tEADDRINUSE = syscall.", "Errno(0x30)\n\tEADDRNOTAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x31)\n\tEAFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2f)\n\tEAGAIN = syscall.", "Errno(0x23)\n\tEALREADY = syscall.", "Errno(0x25)\n\tEAUTH = syscall.", "Errno(0x50)\n\tEBADF = syscall.", "Errno(0x9)\n\tEBADMSG = syscall.", "Errno(0x59)\n\tEBADRPC = syscall.", "Errno(0x48)\n\tEBUSY = syscall.", "Errno(0x10)\n\tECANCELED = syscall.", "Errno(0x55)\n\tECAPMODE = syscall.", "Errno(0x5e)\n\tECHILD = syscall.", "Errno(0xa)\n\tECONNABORTED = syscall.", "Errno(0x35)\n\tECONNREFUSED = syscall.", "Errno(0x3d)\n\tECONNRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x36)\n\tEDEADLK = syscall.", "Errno(0xb)\n\tEDESTADDRREQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x27)\n\tEDOM = syscall.", "Errno(0x21)\n\tEDOOFUS = syscall.", "Errno(0x58)\n\tEDQUOT = syscall.", "Errno(0x45)\n\tEEXIST = syscall.", "Errno(0x11)\n\tEFAULT = syscall.", "Errno(0xe)\n\tEFBIG = syscall.", "Errno(0x1b)\n\tEFTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x4f)\n\tEHOSTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x40)\n\tEHOSTUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x41)\n\tEIDRM = syscall.", "Errno(0x52)\n\tEILSEQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x56)\n\tEINPROGRESS = syscall.", "Errno(0x24)\n\tEINTR = syscall.", "Errno(0x4)\n\tEINVAL = syscall.", "Errno(0x16)\n\tEIO = syscall.", "Errno(0x5)\n\tEISCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x38)\n\tEISDIR = syscall.", "Errno(0x15)\n\tELAST = syscall.", "Errno(0x60)\n\tELOOP = syscall.", "Errno(0x3e)\n\tEMFILE = syscall.", "Errno(0x18)\n\tEMLINK = syscall.", "Errno(0x1f)\n\tEMSGSIZE = syscall.", "Errno(0x28)\n\tEMULTIHOP = syscall.", "Errno(0x5a)\n\tENAMETOOLONG = syscall.", "Errno(0x3f)\n\tENEEDAUTH = syscall.", "Errno(0x51)\n\tENETDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x32)\n\tENETRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x34)\n\tENETUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x33)\n\tENFILE = syscall.", "Errno(0x17)\n\tENOATTR = syscall.", "Errno(0x57)\n\tENOBUFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x37)\n\tENODEV = syscall.", "Errno(0x13)\n\tENOENT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2)\n\tENOEXEC = syscall.", "Errno(0x8)\n\tENOLCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x4d)\n\tENOLINK = syscall.", "Errno(0x5b)\n\tENOMEM = syscall.", "Errno(0xc)\n\tENOMSG = syscall.", "Errno(0x53)\n\tENOPROTOOPT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2a)\n\tENOSPC = syscall.", "Errno(0x1c)\n\tENOSYS = syscall.", "Errno(0x4e)\n\tENOTBLK = syscall.", "Errno(0xf)\n\tENOTCAPABLE = syscall.", "Errno(0x5d)\n\tENOTCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x39)\n\tENOTDIR = syscall.", "Errno(0x14)\n\tENOTEMPTY = syscall.", "Errno(0x42)\n\tENOTRECOVERABLE = syscall.", "Errno(0x5f)\n\tENOTSOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x26)\n\tENOTSUP = syscall.", "Errno(0x2d)\n\tENOTTY = syscall.", "Errno(0x19)\n\tENXIO = syscall.", "Errno(0x6)\n\tEOPNOTSUPP = syscall.", "Errno(0x2d)\n\tEOVERFLOW = syscall.", "Errno(0x54)\n\tEOWNERDEAD = syscall.", "Errno(0x60)\n\tEPERM = syscall.", "Errno(0x1)\n\tEPFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2e)\n\tEPIPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x20)\n\tEPROCLIM = syscall.", "Errno(0x43)\n\tEPROCUNAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x4c)\n\tEPROGMISMATCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x4b)\n\tEPROGUNAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x4a)\n\tEPROTO = syscall.", "Errno(0x5c)\n\tEPROTONOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2b)\n\tEPROTOTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x29)\n\tERANGE = syscall.", "Errno(0x22)\n\tEREMOTE = syscall.", "Errno(0x47)\n\tEROFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x1e)\n\tERPCMISMATCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x49)\n\tESHUTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x3a)\n\tESOCKTNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2c)\n\tESPIPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x1d)\n\tESRCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x3)\n\tESTALE = syscall.", "Errno(0x46)\n\tETIMEDOUT = syscall.", "Errno(0x3c)\n\tETOOMANYREFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x3b)\n\tETXTBSY = syscall.", "Errno(0x1a)\n\tEUSERS = syscall.", "Errno(0x44)\n\tEWOULDBLOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x23)\n\tEXDEV = syscall.", "Errno(0x12)\n)\n\n// Signals\nconst (\n\tSIGABRT = syscall.", "Signal(0x6)\n\tSIGALRM = syscall.", "Signal(0xe)\n\tSIGBUS = syscall.", "Signal(0xa)\n\tSIGCHLD = syscall.", "Signal(0x14)\n\tSIGCONT = syscall.", "Signal(0x13)\n\tSIGEMT = syscall.", "Signal(0x7)\n\tSIGFPE = syscall.", "Signal(0x8)\n\tSIGHUP = syscall.", "Signal(0x1)\n\tSIGILL = syscall.", "Signal(0x4)\n\tSIGINFO = syscall.", "Signal(0x1d)\n\tSIGINT = syscall.", "Signal(0x2)\n\tSIGIO = syscall.", "Signal(0x17)\n\tSIGIOT = syscall.", "Signal(0x6)\n\tSIGKILL = syscall.", "Signal(0x9)\n\tSIGLIBRT = syscall.", "Signal(0x21)\n\tSIGLWP = syscall.", "Signal(0x20)\n\tSIGPIPE = syscall.", "Signal(0xd)\n\tSIGPROF = syscall.", "Signal(0x1b)\n\tSIGQUIT = syscall.", "Signal(0x3)\n\tSIGSEGV = syscall.", "Signal(0xb)\n\tSIGSTOP = syscall.", "Signal(0x11)\n\tSIGSYS = syscall.", "Signal(0xc)\n\tSIGTERM = syscall.", "Signal(0xf)\n\tSIGTHR = syscall.", "Signal(0x20)\n\tSIGTRAP = syscall.", "Signal(0x5)\n\tSIGTSTP = syscall.", "Signal(0x12)\n\tSIGTTIN = syscall.", "Signal(0x15)\n\tSIGTTOU = syscall.", "Signal(0x16)\n\tSIGURG = syscall.", "Signal(0x10)\n\tSIGUSR1 = syscall.", "Signal(0x1e)\n\tSIGUSR2 = syscall.", "Signal(0x1f)\n\tSIGVTALRM = syscall.", "Signal(0x1a)\n\tSIGWINCH = syscall.", "Signal(0x1c)\n\tSIGXCPU = syscall.", "Signal(0x18)\n\tSIGXFSZ = syscall.", "Signal(0x19)\n)\n\n// Error table\nvar errors = [...]string{\n\t1: \"operation not permitted\",\n\t2: \"no such file or directory\",\n\t3: \"no such process\",\n\t4: \"interrupted system call\",\n\t5: \"input/output error\",\n\t6: \"device not configured\",\n\t7: \"argument list too long\",\n\t8: \"exec format error\",\n\t9: \"bad file descriptor\",\n\t10: \"no child processes\",\n\t11: \"resource deadlock avoided\",\n\t12: \"cannot allocate memory\",\n\t13: \"permission denied\",\n\t14: \"bad address\",\n\t15: \"block device required\",\n\t16: \"device busy\",\n\t17: \"file exists\",\n\t18: \"cross-device link\",\n\t19: \"operation not supported by device\",\n\t20: \"not a directory\",\n\t21: \"is a directory\",\n\t22: \"invalid argument\",\n\t23: \"too many open files in system\",\n\t24: \"too many open files\",\n\t25: \"inappropriate ioctl for device\",\n\t26: \"text file busy\",\n\t27: \"file too large\",\n\t28: \"no space left on device\",\n\t29: \"illegal seek\",\n\t30: \"read-only file system\",\n\t31: \"too many links\",\n\t32: \"broken pipe\",\n\t33: \"numerical argument out of domain\",\n\t34: \"result too large\",\n\t35: \"resource temporarily unavailable\",\n\t36: \"operation now in progress\",\n\t37: \"operation already in progress\",\n\t38: \"socket operation on non-socket\",\n\t39: \"destination address required\",\n\t40: \"message too long\",\n\t41: \"protocol wrong type for socket\",\n\t42: \"protocol not available\",\n\t43: \"protocol not supported\",\n\t44: \"socket type not supported\",\n\t45: \"operation not supported\",\n\t46: \"protocol family not supported\",\n\t47: \"address family not supported by protocol family\",\n\t48: \"address already in use\",\n\t49: \"can't assign requested address\",\n\t50: \"network is down\",\n\t51: \"network is unreachable\",\n\t52: \"network dropped connection on reset\",\n\t53: \"software caused connection abort\",\n\t54: \"connection reset by peer\",\n\t55: \"no buffer space available\",\n\t56: \"socket is already connected\",\n\t57: \"socket is not connected\",\n\t58: \"can't send after socket shutdown\",\n\t59: \"too many references: can't splice\",\n\t60: \"operation timed out\",\n\t61: \"connection refused\",\n\t62: \"too many levels of symbolic links\",\n\t63: \"file name too long\",\n\t64: \"host is down\",\n\t65: \"no route to host\",\n\t66: \"directory not empty\",\n\t67: \"too many processes\",\n\t68: \"too many users\",\n\t69: \"disc quota exceeded\",\n\t70: \"stale NFS file handle\",\n\t71: \"too many levels of remote in path\",\n\t72: \"RPC struct is bad\",\n\t73: \"RPC version wrong\",\n\t74: \"RPC prog. ", "not avail\",\n\t75: \"program version wrong\",\n\t76: \"bad procedure for program\",\n\t77: \"no locks available\",\n\t78: \"function not implemented\",\n\t79: \"inappropriate file type or format\",\n\t80: \"authentication error\",\n\t81: \"need authenticator\",\n\t82: \"identifier removed\",\n\t83: \"no message of desired type\",\n\t84: \"value too large to be stored in data type\",\n\t85: \"operation canceled\",\n\t86: \"illegal byte sequence\",\n\t87: \"attribute not found\",\n\t88: \"programming error\",\n\t89: \"bad message\",\n\t90: \"multihop attempted\",\n\t91: \"link has been severed\",\n\t92: \"protocol error\",\n\t93: \"capabilities insufficient\",\n\t94: \"not permitted in capability mode\",\n\t95: \"state not recoverable\",\n\t96: \"previous owner died\",\n}\n\n// Signal table\nvar signals = [...]string{\n\t1: \"hangup\",\n\t2: \"interrupt\",\n\t3: \"quit\",\n\t4: \"illegal instruction\",\n\t5: \"trace/BPT trap\",\n\t6: \"abort trap\",\n\t7: \"EMT trap\",\n\t8: \"floating point exception\",\n\t9: \"killed\",\n\t10: \"bus error\",\n\t11: \"segmentation fault\",\n\t12: \"bad system call\",\n\t13: \"broken pipe\",\n\t14: \"alarm clock\",\n\t15: \"terminated\",\n\t16: \"urgent I/O condition\",\n\t17: \"suspended (signal)\",\n\t18: \"suspended\",\n\t19: \"continued\",\n\t20: \"child exited\",\n\t21: \"stopped (tty input)\",\n\t22: \"stopped (tty output)\",\n\t23: \"I/O possible\",\n\t24: \"cputime limit exceeded\",\n\t25: \"filesize limit exceeded\",\n\t26: \"virtual timer expired\",\n\t27: \"profiling timer expired\",\n\t28: \"window size changes\",\n\t29: \"information request\",\n\t30: \"user defined signal 1\",\n\t31: \"user defined signal 2\",\n\t32: \"unknown signal\",\n\t33: \"unknown signal\",\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Effect of diet on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).", "\nElevated concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)-D) were diagnosed in captive short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) from three different zoological facilities within Australia. ", "The mean serum 25(OH)-D concentration in the wild echidnas was 24.7 nmol/L and was significantly higher in captive echidnas from all three facilities: Facility 1, mean 335.5 nmol/L (P < 0.001); Facility 2, mean 187.2 nmol/L (P = 0.003); Facility 3, mean 194 nmol/L (P = 0.005). ", "Animals did not appear to have clinical manifestations of vitamin D toxicosis. ", "The increased serum 25(OH)-D concentration was attributed to excessive dietary intake and a reduction in the amount of vitamin D(3) in the diet of echidnas from Facility 1 resulted in a marked decrease in the serum 25(OH)-D concentrations (mean 33 nmol/L). ", "The reduction in serum 25(OH)-D concentration was statistically significant (P = 0.002) and the resulting concentrations were similar to those of wild echidnas (P = 0.212). ", "It is not known what effect an elevated serum 25(OH)-D concentration has on echidnas." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "# Daily Coding 2017-02-16\n\n## Async\n\n### each\n\n`col values`\n```\n[ '1c6398a0-8ba6-11e6-bd43-a710ab8a6164',\n '385bc900-90f7-11e6-876f-719554daeebf',\n '7c75b340-6d92-11e6-9f3b-212917332ccd' ]\n```\n\n```javascript\nasync.each(col, (item, cb) => {\n connection.query(QUERY.Channel.", "RegisterGroup, ['U', group_id, item], (err, result) => {\n cb(err, result);\n });\n}, (err, result) => {\n callback(err, result);\n });\n```\n\n* `col` 값은 위의 선언된 배열의 값이다.", "\n* `col` 에있는 배열의 값을 하나씩 꺼내와서 `item` 으로 넘긴다.", "\n* `cb(err, result)`는 아래의 `(err, result) =>{...}` 함수로 값을 보낸다\n* `callback(err, result)` 값에 에러가 하나라도 있으면 종료 callback이 호출 된다. ", "즉 에러를 만나면 바로 ㅃㅃ이다.", "\n\n**이작업은 어제의 작업의 개선 작업이다.**", "\n\n**원본 소스**\n```javascript\nfor (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n connection.query(QUERY.Channel.", "RegisterGroup, ['U', group_id, channel_id[i]], (err, result) => {\n if(err){\n callback(err, null);\n }\n });\n}\ncallback(null, null);\n```\n**개선점**\n* `callback` 이 보장받지 못하는 문제 해결\n* 만복문을 돌때마다 `if(err)` 검사를 진행하지 않고 `callback`으로 에러가발생했을 경우 즉시 종료\n* `callback`으로 result을 돌려주지 못한점 개선\n\n\n## AWS S3 Multiple Upload\n\n**개선전**\n```javascript\nconst len = files.length;\nlet i;\nfor (i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n params.", "Key = key + files[i].name;\n params.", "Body = require('fs').createReadStream(files[i].path);\n\n s3.upload(params, (err, result) => {\n if (err) {\n callback(err, null);\n }\n });\n}\ncallback(null, null);\n```\n\n**개선후**\n\n```javascript\nasync.each(files, (file, cb) => {\n\n params.", "Key = key + file.name;\n params.", "Body = require('fs').createReadStream(file.path);\n\n s3.upload(params, (err, result) => {\n cb(err, result);\n });\n}, (err, result) => {\n callback(err, result);\n});\n```\n**개선점**\n* `callback` 이 보장받지 못하는 문제 해결\n* 만복문을 돌때마다 `if(err)` 검사를 진행하지 않고 `callback`으로 에러가발생했을 경우 즉시 종료\n* `callback`으로 result을 돌려주지 못한점 개선\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUndeclared identifier in class implementation file\n\nPlorg.h: \n#include <string>\n #ifndef PLORG_H\n #define PLORG_H\n\nclass Plorg{\nprivate:\n string name;\n int CI;\n\npublic:\n Plorg();\n Plorg(const string & n,int x=50);\n ~Plorg();\n void ChangeID(int CIaux);\n void Report() const;\n}; \n#endif PLORG_H\n\nPlorg.cpp:\n#include <iostream>\n#include <string>\n#include \"Plorg.h\"\n\nusing namespace std;\nPlorg::Plorg(){\n name=\"Plorga\";\n CI=50;\n};\n\nPlorg::Plorg(const string & n,int CIaux=50){\n name=n;\n CI=CIaux;\n};\nvoid Plorg::ChangeID(int CIaux){\n CI=CIaux;\n};\n\nvoid Plorg::Report() const {\n cout << \"My name is \" << name << \"!\" ", "<<endl;\n cout << \"MY CI is\" << CI << \".\" ;", "\n};\n\nPlorg::~Plorg(){\n cout << \"Bye,human\" ;\n};\n\nI get this error,thoguh:\nError 11 error C2065: 'name' : undeclared identifier c:\\users\\work\\documents\\visual studio 2012\\projects\\book\\firstclass\\firstclass\\plorg.cpp 7 1 firstclass\nSo,what should I do?", "\n\nA:\n\nstring is really std::string:\nclass Plorg{\nprivate:\n std::string name;\n// ^^^\npublic:\n Plorg();\n Plorg(const std::string& n, int x=50);\n// ^^^\n\nAs an aside, you should favour the constructor initialization list, and don't put the default parameter value in the implementation:\nPlorg::Plorg(const std::string & n, int CIaux) : name(n), CI(CIAux) {}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.010574018126888218, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to installation of a device driver, such as a printer driver.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn recent years, printers have been widespread in offices of companies, allowing anyone to easily perform printing. ", "To allow a PC (personal computer) as an information processing apparatus to cause a printer to perform printing, a printer driver for generating a print data and controlling the printer is required to be installed in the PC.", "\nIn general, a printer driver is prepared for each of operating systems (OS) of the PCs and printers for printing, and provided via storing media, such as CD-ROM and FD, which are packed together with the printers.", "\nAn administrator typically acquires the latest printer driver through a public network from a website maintained by a printer manufacturer.", "\nFurthermore, operations are performed where the administrator arranges the acquired printer driver and setting information used for installation in a storage device shared on a network, and announces the arranged location to general users to thereby allow the users to use the printer. ", "Each general user installs the printer driver on a PC according to information acquired from the arranged location based on the announcement.", "\nIn the case of installing printers in an office, the printers to be used are typically different among users. ", "It is difficult for the administrator and the general users to install the printer drivers and to set ports, which are destinations of print jobs, with no error.", "\nA high-value-added printing system can be constructed by adding, to PCs, pieces of software related to the printing system (hereinafter, collectively called related software).", "\nIn some types of related software, a server setting is required to be reflected when a print environment of a client PC operated by a general user is constructed.", "\nIn the case of installing plural pieces of related software, the software should be installed in an appropriate order. ", "Thus, setting is further complicated.", "\nThe environment of the client PC is typically constructed by a general user. ", "It is difficult for the general user to install the printer driver and the related software and to perform setting with no error.", "\nConventionally, as a method of installing a printer driver, a technique has been proposed that acquires the printer driver from a server based on system information of a client and information specific to a printer, and transmits the driver and installation information to the client (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "2007-086969).", "\nAccording to the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "2007-086969, an information table is held in the server, the printer automatically searches for and acquires the printer driver and related software that match with criteria, based on the system information of the client and the information specific to the printer. ", "The printer causes the client to download the acquired printer driver and related software, printer driver information, and information on the related software, thereby allowing automatic installation.", "\nHowever, some pieces of related software should be installed in a proper order. ", "For instance, a port monitor is required to be installed before the printer driver is installed.", "\nThe method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "2007-086969 cannot control the order for installing the plural pieces of related software.", "\nFurthermore, some pieces of related software function in cooperation with a server. ", "On such pieces of related software, server setting, such as the IP address of the server used for installation, is required. ", "According to the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "2007-086969, arbitrary setting cannot be configured when installation is performed.", "\nThe above problems pertaining to installation of device drivers, such as conventional printer drivers, exist." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "This review focusses on the current knowledge on genetics, function, and detection of EHEC-hemolysin of STEC strains.", "\n\n1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-toxins-11-00502}\n===============\n\nIn early studies on the production of hemolysins in pathogenic *Escherichia coli* strains, Beutin et al. ", "described that enteropathogenic *E. coli* demonstrated only a weak hemolytic activity when compared with extraintestinal *E. coli* strains \\[[@B1-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "They could also show that the hemolysin-encoding genes of *E. coli* serotypes O114 and O126 strains were encoded on the chromosome, but those of O26 strains were encoded on a large plasmid \\[[@B1-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Later on, the authors found this weak hemolytic phenotype frequently in enteropathogenic *E. coli* (EPEC) strains isolated from infants with diarrhea. ", "Therefore, they introduced the term enterohemolysin \\[[@B2-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The authors characterized the enterohemolytic phenotype by the morphology of the zones of lysis on blood agar plates containing defibrinated sheep erythrocytes. ", "Whereas the typical clear α-hemolytic zone appeared after 3 h of growth at 37 °C, the \"enterohemolytic\" zones of enteropathogenic *E. coli* O26 strains appeared biphasic after overnight incubation. ", "This was characterized by a clear zone beneath and a small turbid zone around the colony, which looks like an incomplete hemolysis \\[[@B2-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "These studies were extended to Verotoxin-positive *E. coli* strains and Beutin and colleagues found a close association of enterohemolysin and Verotoxin (Shiga toxin)-production \\[[@B3-toxins-11-00502]\\]. [", "Figure 1](#toxins-11-00502-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the characteristic enterohemolytic phenotype of the enterohemorrhagic *E. coli* (EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL933 in comparison to the lysis zones of the α-hemolysin-producing UPEC strain U4-41, STEC O113:H21 strain TS18/08 as well as its deletion and complementation mutants, and laboratory strain DH5α which is not able to produce hemolysin.", "\n\nStroeher and Beutin later described enterohemolysin 1 (Ehly1) and Ehly2-DNA sequences which were located on temperate bacteriophages in Shiga toxin-negative *E. coli* O26:H^-^ strains. ", "By molecular techniques, it has been shown that the EHly-1 and Ehly-2 sequences were not present in all hemolytic *E. coli* strains, suggesting the presence of different hemolysins \\[[@B5-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The frequency of enterohemolytic/enterohemorrhagic *E. coli* strains and the fact that the enterohemolytic phenotype was lost in a plasmid-cured derivative of an *E. coli* O157:H7 strain were the reasons to investigate the nature of the enterohemolysin production in EHEC strains in more detail \\[[@B6-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In an early study, we could show that the enterohemolytic phenotype of *E. coli* O157:H7 strain EDL 933 was encoded on its large virulence plasmid pO157 and that it was not based on the presence of Ehly-1 and Ehly-2-sequences. ", "Moreover, the enterohemolytic phenotype could be transferred by transformation of plasmid pO157 to laboratory strain *E. coli* HB101. ", "DNA fragments of pO157 were subcloned, respectively, that carried the genetic information for EHEC hemolysin (EHEC-Hly) production \\[[@B6-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Subsequent studies were then carried out to uncover the genetics of EHEC-Hly production in enterohemolytic *E. coli* strains (see below).", "\n\n2. ", "Genetics of EHEC-Hemolysin {#sec2-toxins-11-00502}\n=============================\n\nTypical EHEC strains are able to express a number of virulence factors which are encoded on prophages, pathogenicity islands, or large plasmids. ", "Among these, the expression of Shiga toxins (Stx) and the pathogenicity island termed \"locus of enterocyte effacement\" (LEE) are regarded as the most important virulence factors and are associated with severe humane diseases. ", "Whereas the Shiga toxins, which belong to the class of AB~5~ toxins, exert a cytotoxic effect on Vero cells and HeLa cells \\[[@B7-toxins-11-00502]\\], the LEE pathogenicity island is essential for the formation of so called \"attaching and effacing\" (A/E) lesions in the intestinal mucosa. ", "These are characterized by the local loss of microvilli, and an intimate attachment of the bacteria to the enterocytes, together with the formation of pedestal-like structures on the apical membrane \\[[@B8-toxins-11-00502],[@B9-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In addition, the ability to produce EHEC-Hly is regarded as another potential factor contributing to bacterial virulence \\[[@B10-toxins-11-00502],[@B11-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nAs mentioned before, Schmidt et al. ", "have shown that EHEC-*hlyA* (syn. *", "ehxA*) of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 is located on the large virulence plasmid pO157 \\[[@B6-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Sequence analysis of pO157 demonstrated two open reading frames with about 60% homology to the *hlyC* and *hlyA* genes of the *E. coli* α-hemolysin (*α-hlyA*) operon \\[[@B12-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Therefore, they were termed EHEC *hlyA* and EHEC *hlyC* to show the relationship to the α-*hly* genes but also to distinguish them from. ", "Further *in silico* analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of EHEC-*hlyA* revealed 13 tandemly repeated sequences at the C-terminus as well as the presence of a hydrophobic domain in the amino N-terminal region, which was shown to be involved in pore formation of *E. coli* α-HlyA \\[[@B13-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Because of these similarities to the *E. coli* α-*hly* operon, the putative EHEC-Hly was also assigned to the RTX-family of pore-forming cytolysins \\[[@B12-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In a subsequent study, Schmidt and colleagues further analyzed the large plasmid pO157 by sequencing the DNA region downstream of the EHEC-*hlyC* and EHEC-*hlyA* genes \\[[@B14-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Similar to the *α-hly* operon in *E. coli*, two further genes were discovered and termed EHEC-*hlyB* and EHEC-*hlyD,* respectively. ", "Altogether the four genes are located on the EHEC-*hly* operon with the gene order CABD similar to that of other proteins of the RTX-family \\[[@B14-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "While EHEC-*hlyA* is encoding a 107-kDa protein, which functions as the structural gene for EHEC-Hly, the EHEC-*hlyC* gene product, is assumed to be involved in posttranslational modification of the toxin, similar to α-HlyC of *E. coli* \\[[@B12-toxins-11-00502],[@B15-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The genes encoding EHEC-HlyB and EHEC-HlyD, in turn, share high sequence similarities with other RTX transport proteins, such as *hlyB* and *hlyD* of *E. coli*, which are required for transport of the toxin out of the bacterial cell \\[[@B14-toxins-11-00502],[@B15-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIn a study of Boerlin et al. ", "\\[[@B16-toxins-11-00502]\\], the diversity of EHEC-*hlyA* in various Shiga toxin-producing *E. coli* (STEC) of different origins, as well as the relationship of EHEC-*hlyA* to the genomic background of STEC was examined. ", "The results obtained by sequencing and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that EHEC-*hlyA* is highly conserved among a wide range of STEC serotypes, with approximately less than 4% of nucleic acid substitutions at the maximum \\[[@B16-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of a subset containing 27 STEC isolates, one enteropathogenic *E. coli* isolate, and a K-12 reference isolate revealed that STEC isolates, positive for the LEE-marker gene *eae*, all evolved out of a single evolutionary lineage. ", "Moreover, the results showed that the large plasmid carrying EHEC-*hlyA* has developed within this lineage, independently of recent horizontal transfer. ", "In addition, two major groups of plasmids (type I and II) carrying the EHEC-*hly* genes were described that were supposed to differed considerably regarding the presence of other virulence-associated factors, as the LEE pathogenicity island seems to be present only in a single phylogenetic lineage harboring the type I plasmid \\[[@B16-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "These findings were later confirmed by studies of Cookson et al. ", "and Newton and colleagues \\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502],[@B18-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Using PCR and RFLP analysis, Cookson and colleagues performed phylogenetic analysis of EHEC-*hlyA* in *E. coli* strains from different sources (animal and human). ", "According to sequence similarities of the different EHEC-*hlyA* alleles identified, STEC strains could also be divided into two groups, containing *eae*-positive and *eae*-negative strains. ", "Additionally, a third group of *eae*-positive, *stx*-negative *E. coli* (atypical enteropathogenic *E. coli* strains) isolates were analyzed by Cookson et al. (", "a group which was not included in the previous study of Boerlin et al.), ", "but these strains could all be assigned to the *eae*-positive STEC strains according to their EHEC-*hlyA* sequences. ", "Furthermore, the authors were able to describe six genetically distinct EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes (A to F) \\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Newton et al. ", "investigated and compared the genetic background and relationship of the large plasmids pO113 of LEE-negative STEC strain O113:H21 and pO157 of LEE-positive STEC O175:H7 strain. ", "By allelic profiling of the EHEC-*hlyA* gene, it was demonstrated that the two plasmids belong to different evolutionary lineages, confirming the results obtained from Boerlin et al., ", "and Cookson et al. ", "mentioned above. ", "Moreover, the virulence plasmids of LEE-negative STEC strains were found to be highly related \\[[@B18-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Regulation of EHEC-*hlyA* Expression {#sec3-toxins-11-00502}\n=======================================\n\nIn *Escherichia coli* O157:H7 strain EDL933, transcription of the EHEC-*hly* operon is influenced by several regulators as it is included in the complex regulation circuit of the LEE pathogenicity island.", "\n\nThree regulators, Ler, GrlR, and GrlA are encoded within the LEE, whereas Ler acts as a global activator for expression of most of the LEE genes \\[[@B19-toxins-11-00502],[@B20-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In turn, the global regulator of LEE activator GrlA and the global regulator of LEE repressor GrlR are positive and negative regulators, controlling the transcription of the *ler* gene \\[[@B21-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "During a study with deletion mutants in EHEC O157:H7, Saitoh et al. ", "showed that *grlR* deletion significantly increased the lytic activity of EHEC-Hly on plates containing defibrinated sheep erythrocytes, whereas in a *ΔgrlAΔgrlR* double mutant no such effect was observed \\[[@B22-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the expression of EHEC-*hlyA* was considerably increased by overexpression of GrlA using a multicopy plasmid. ", "This effect could even be demonstrated even in a *ler* deletion mutant, and led the authors conclude that GrlA plays a crucial role in the upregulation of EHEC-*hlyA* genes. ", "Subsequent studies on the regulation of EHEC-*hlyA* gene expression by Iyoda and colleagues demonstrated, that the global LEE regulator Ler also acts as an activator for EHEC-*hlyA* expression in a GrlA-independent way and even more was shown to bind directly to the regulatory region of EHEC-*hlyC* in gel mobility shift assays \\[[@B23-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In the same study, the non-LEE encoded LysR-type regulator LrhA, which positively regulates the expression of LEE genes \\[[@B24-toxins-11-00502]\\], was shown to activate the EHEC-*hlyA* expression, even in a *ΔlerΔgrlA* double deletion mutant. ", "Moreover, it was demonstrated that LrhA also activates EHEC-*hlyC* gene expression by direct binding to the regulatory region. ", "See [Figure 2](#toxins-11-00502-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"} for a schematic overview of influences and effects among different regulators on EHEC-*hly* expression.", "\n\nDuring another study with EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, Li et al. ", "investigated the influence of the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein H-NS, the σ factor RpoS, and DsrA on EHEC-*hlyCABD* expression \\[[@B25-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The small regulatory RNA DsrA is known to inhibit H-NS function and to enhance RpoS synthesis \\[[@B26-toxins-11-00502],[@B27-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Thus, DsrA was shown to be involved in the regulation of many virulence factors, such as the expression of genes within the LEE \\[[@B28-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The results of Li et al. ", "indicated that DsrA influences transcription of the EHEC-*hly* operon in a positive manner by two different temperature dependent ways: During cultivation at 30 °C, overexpression of DsrA increased EHEC-*hlyA* transcription in the wild-type EHEC O157:H7 strain, but not in the *hns* deletion mutant. ", "In contrast, at 37 °C, DsrA overexpression stimulated EHEC-*hlyA* transcription in both the wildtype and the *hns* deletion mutant. ", "Therefore, the authors assumed that DsrA might influence transcription of the EHEC-*hlyCABD* operon by a H-NS-dependent way at 30 °C and in an H-NS-independent way at 37 °C. ", "The global transcription regulator H-NS was demonstrated to decrease EHEC-*hlyCABD* expression at 30 °C, whereas no significant influence was shown during growth at 37 °C, and was therefore supposed to be responsible for temperature dependent control of EHEC-*hlyA* expression. ", "The results of this study indicated further that the σ factor RpoS, a known mediator of the general stress response in *E. coli* \\[[@B29-toxins-11-00502]\\] plays a crucial and primary role in the regulation of EHEC-*hlyCABD* expression, as no levels of EHEC-*hlyA* mRNA could be detected in a *rpoS* deletion mutant, independent of growth temperature or DsrA overexpression. ", "As it was shown before that RpoS concentration was increased in an *hns* deletion mutant \\[[@B30-toxins-11-00502]\\], the authors assumed that H-NS might influence the expression of EHEC-*hlyCABD* either direct by binding to the upstream regulatory region or indirect by decreasing the expression of RpoS (for an overview see [Figure 2](#toxins-11-00502-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Interestingly, contrary results, regarding the global negative regulator H-NS, were obtained by a study of Rogers et al. ", "\\[[@B31-toxins-11-00502]\\], in which a deletion of the *hns* gene in STEC O91:H21 strain B2F1 led to a hyper-hemolytic phenotype. ", "Moreover, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, they could demonstrate that H-NS binds to an 88 bp upstream region of the EHEC-*hly* operon and thus functions as direct negative regulator of EHEC-*hlyCABD* transcription. ", "The authors assumed that the LEE-negative STEC strains used in the study might probably be the reason for the discrepancy to the study of Li et al., ", "who examined the influence of H-NS in a LEE-positive EHEC O157:H7 strain \\[[@B31-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "This assumption is further supported by the results obtained in our group, in which a deletion of *hns* in the *eae*-negative STEC O113:H21 strain TS18/08 (first described in \\[[@B32-toxins-11-00502]\\]) was constructed for the purpose of another research project concerning subtilase cytotoxin expression \\[[@B33-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The *hns* deletion mutant showed a hyper-hemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates, whereas the complementation of the mutant with a recombinant *hns* gene on a medium-copy plasmid restored the characteristic wild-type turbid lysis zones. [", "Figure 1](#toxins-11-00502-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the hemolytic phenotypes of different *E. coli* strains. ", "The hyper-hemolytic phenotype of strain TS18/08 *Δhns* can clearly be distinguished from the enterohemolytic phenotype of the wildtype strains. ", "The large clear zone of hemolysis indicates an upregulation of the EHEC-*hly* operon.", "\n\n4. ", "Function of EHEC-Hemolysin and Interaction with Host Cells {#sec4-toxins-11-00502}\n=============================================================\n\nSchmidt et al. ", "demonstrated earlier that EHEC-*hlyA* encodes a functional RTX-toxin with a similar pore-forming capacity as the α-Hly of *E. coli* \\[[@B34-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In experiments with lipid bilayer membranes, EHEC-Hly formed transient ion-permeable channels with a median diameter of 2.6 nm, which is similar to the channel-formation of *E. coli* α-Hly described by Bhakdi and colleagues \\[[@B35-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Through the insertion of the toxin into the eukaryotic membrane, a change in permeability is caused and resulting in the physical damage of the target cell. ", "Because of the sequence similarities between EHEC-Hly and α-Hly of *E. coli* and the comparable pore size it was suggested that both toxins might function in an identical way. ", "However, differences in the toxic effect on cultured human and bovine were determined. ", "As mentioned before, the studies from Schmidt et al. ", "showed that, EHEC EDL 933 produced very small zones of hemolysis on blood agar plates and showed no hemolytic activity in culture supernatants, which is different to α-Hly of *E. coli* \\[[@B12-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "However, with functioning EHEC-*hlyBD* genes supplied in trans, the hemolysis zones were visible much clearer and a hemolytic activity could be measured in the culture supernatants. ", "Thus, it was assumed that the incomplete lysis might be due to a defective secretion machinery in EHEC strain EDL933. ", "Similar results were obtained by Bauer and Welch \\[[@B15-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In addition, their results indicated some target cell specificity of EHEC-Hly. ", "Although it did not show an significant lytic effect on two lymphoma cell lines of human origin, complete lysis was observed for BL-3 cells (cells from a bovine lymphoma cell line) and sheep and human erythrocytes \\[[@B15-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nTaneike et al. ", "demonstrated that nonpathogenic *E. coli* HB101 induced the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1 β) in human monocytes, after transformation of a recombinant plasmid carrying the EHEC-*hly* operon of an EHEC strain isolated from patient samples \\[[@B36-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Similar results were obtained in a study of Zhang et al. (", "2012), in which EHEC-Hly induced the production of IL-1β in human macrophages and was also shown to contribute to cytotoxicity of these cells \\[[@B37-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "As it is known that synthesis of the Stx-receptor Gb~3~ is increased by IL-1β \\[[@B38-toxins-11-00502]\\], it was speculated, that EHEC-Hly may contribute to bacterial virulence by enhancing the effect of Shiga toxin (Stx) \\[[@B36-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Additionally, cytotoxicity to human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) could be demonstrated for the EHEC-Hly of Stx-negative *E. coli* O26 strains isolated from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). ", "The authors therefore suggested, that EHEC-Hly might enhance the pathogenicity of Stx-negative *E. coli* O26 strains and may contribute to the development of HUS \\[[@B39-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIt has already been assumed, that EHEC-Hly remains associated mostly to the cell surface, for unclear reasons \\[[@B12-toxins-11-00502],[@B14-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Aldick and colleagues investigated the grade of EHEC-Hly secreted extracellularly, and found the toxin in two forms: A free, soluble one and one associated to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by EHEC during growth \\[[@B40-toxins-11-00502]\\], reviewed in \\[[@B41-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "As it is known that many Gram-negative bacteria produce OMVs, which function as vehicle for the transport of toxins and other molecules (reviewed in \\[[@B42-toxins-11-00502]\\]), Aldick et al. ", "investigated the role of OMVs during EHEC-Hly release. ", "The results of this study showed that EHEC-Hly is associated with OMVs in its biologically active form. ", "Though this association, the toxin was considerably more stable under physiological conditions and showed prolonged hemolytic activity, as compared to free EHEC-Hly. ", "Furthermore, immunogold staining of OMVs containing EHEC-Hly demonstrated that the toxin is located on the exterior surface. ", "For both free and OMV-associated EHEC-Hly, the hemolytic activity was shown to depend strongly on the presence of calcium, a condition which is identical to other members of the RTX toxin family \\[[@B43-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Additionally, it was demonstrated that the initial binding of OMVs to target erythrocytes is mediated by EHEC-Hly and that this binding step is also calcium-dependent \\[[@B40-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Since free and soluble EHEC-Hly is known to lyse human microvascular endothelial cells most probably through pore formation in the cell membranes \\[[@B34-toxins-11-00502],[@B39-toxins-11-00502]\\], the interaction of OMV-associated EHEC-Hly with human microvascular endothelial cells was examined in a subsequent study \\[[@B44-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "By using a model with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and Caco-2 cells, it was shown that OMV-associated EHEC-Hly did not lyse the target cells via pore formation but triggers apoptotic cell death. ", "The OMV-associated toxin was shown to be first internalized into the target cells via endocytosis and then translocated into endo-lysosomes. ", "Due to endosomal acidification, EHEC-Hly is separated from the OMV and then translocated to mitochondria, resulting in a decrease of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cytochrome c release. ", "Through the subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is triggered, which leads to death of the host cells \\[[@B44-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Interestingly, the internalization into host cells via OMVs, and subsequent triggering of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, was also shown for Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a) and the cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), two major virulence factors of EHEC O157. ", "This indicates the importance of the interactions of EHEC-Hly with OMVs for bacterial pathogenicity \\[[@B45-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Detection of EHEC-Hemolysin {#sec5-toxins-11-00502}\n==============================\n\nDuring an early study of Beutin et al. ", "\\[[@B3-toxins-11-00502]\\], various STEC strains isolated from human and animals were analyzed for the presence EHEC-Hly by molecular and microbiological methods. ", "Because of the close association of the production of EHEC-Hly and Stx, EHEC-Hly was proposed as a marker for the rapid detection of potential pathogenic *E. coli* strains \\[[@B3-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In a subsequent study, Beutin et al. ", "\\[[@B46-toxins-11-00502]\\] established a system for rapid identification and isolation of STEC from human stool by combining the EHEC-Hly test on blood agar plates with the \"reverse passive latex agglutination test for the detection of verocytotoxins (Stx) 1 and 2\" (VTEC-RPLA), as a rapid detection system for Stx and EHEC-Hly production. ", "Using this combination, pathogenic STEC strains could be isolated from stool and characterized for toxin production within 72 to 96 h \\[[@B46-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nTo improve the nonselective enterohemolysin agar described by Beutin et al. ", "\\[[@B3-toxins-11-00502]\\], Lehmacher and colleagues \\[[@B47-toxins-11-00502]\\] modified this medium by adding vancomycin, cefixime, and cefsulodin to the blood agar medium (BVCC). ", "Thus, the growth of non-*E. coli* bacteria present in fecal and food samples was inhibited and a competing hemolysis of *Enterobacteriaceae* and Gram-positive bacteria was prevented. ", "After a brief pre-enrichment in mTSB (modified tryptic soy broth) for 6 h and subsequent overnight culturing on BVCC agar, 92.6% of the 95 investigated STEC strains were shown to produce EHEC-Hly. ", "In contrast, only 80% of the same analyzed strains formed hemolysis zones on enterohemolysin agar. ", "Therefore, the authors recommended this method for a reliable isolation and identification of STEC strains from stool and food samples \\[[@B47-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIn a study of Schmidt and Karch \\[[@B10-toxins-11-00502]\\], a number of 36 STEC O111 strains, isolated from patients suffering from HUS or diarrhea, were characterized for the presence and production of EHEC-Hly. ", "Whereas the enterohemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates was observed in 88% of the samples from patients with HUS, this phenotype could be demonstrated only in 22.2% isolates from patients with diarrhea. ", "Furthermore, two strains showed a nonhemolytic phenotype, although the EHEC-*hlyA* gene was detected by DNA-based methods. ", "Therefore, a combination of Stx-determination and EHEC-Hly characterization was recommended for routine screening of STEC O111 and other non-O157 STEC strains, similar to the results shown by Beutin et al. ", "\\[[@B46-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The high incidence of EHEC-Hly in isolates from patients with HUS, in contrast to patients suffering from diarrhea, led the authors suggest that EHEC-Hly might increase the capability of the bacteria to cause extraintestinal complications in humans \\[[@B10-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nDifferent results were obtained in a study of Bai et al., ", "in which stool samples of patients with diarrhea HUS were tested for serogenotypes, *stx* subtypes as well as the presence of the intimin gene *eae* and EHEC *hlyA* \\[[@B48-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In total, 75 Stx-positive isolates were analyzed, of which 59 isolates carried the EHEC-*hlyA* gene and 35 harbored *eae*. ", "Interestingly, almost all of the *eae* positive isolates, except one, were also positive for EHEC-*hlyA*. ", "The presence of *eae* and EHEC-*hlyA* appeared to be associated with bloody diarrhea, whereas only one of the three HUS isolates carried the EHEC*\\_hlyA* gene and none of them was positive for *eae*. ", "These results indicate that the correlation of various STEC virulence factors and their involvement in causing clinical symptoms is very complex and remains to be elucidated. ", "Moreover, during analysis of more than 300 STEC strains isolated from patients in Denmark, it was demonstrated that approximately 77% carried EHEC*-hlyA*. ", "However, on the basis of multivariate analysis the EHEC-*hlyA* gene did not play a significant role for the development of severe disease like HUS or bloody diarrhea \\[[@B49-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nAlthough the role of EHEC-Hly in bacterial pathogenicity is still not completely understood, the toxin is meanwhile regarded as a potential virulence factor and commonly used marker for the characterization of STEC strains. ", "For example, EHEC-*hlyA* is one of the genetic markers tested in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration *Escherichia coli* Identification (FDA-ECID) microarray, which provides rapid characterizing of STEC isolates \\[[@B50-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "By using the FDA-ECID microarray, Shridhar et al. ", "\\[[@B51-toxins-11-00502]\\] analyzed six STEC O104:H7 strains isolated from cattle feces to determine their virulence profiles and to compare the profiles with that of human O104:H7 strains (clinical), the STEC strain O104:H4 (German outbreak strain), and STEC strain O104:H21 (milk-associated Montana outbreak strain). ", "Interestingly, all investigated strains, both bovine and human isolates, were negative for the LEE marker gene *eae*. ", "In contrast, EHEC-*hlyA* was present in four of the six bovine strains, in all human O104:H7 strains, with one exception, and in the Montana outbreak strain (O104:H21). ", "Because all bovine O104:H7 strains were positive for *stx1* and EHEC-*hlyA*, as well as genes coding for various adhesins, this serotype was regarded as a possible foodborne pathogen in humans \\[[@B51-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\n6. ", "Prevalence and Correlation with Other Virulence Factors {#sec6-toxins-11-00502}\n==========================================================\n\nAlthough EHEC-*hly* genes are found in many STEC serotypes that are associated with diarrheal disease and HUS, the precise role of the respective toxin in the pathogenesis of EHEC is still not completely understood. ", "For example, Gyles at al. ", "\\[[@B52-toxins-11-00502]\\] investigated the association of the EHEC-*hlyA* gene with different STEC serotypes and found, that EHEC-*hlyA* was more frequently detected in in serotypes which are commonly implicated in disease (89%) than in serotypes that are less frequently involved in disease (46%), indicating an association of EHEC-Hly and pathogenesis of STEC. ", "On the other hand, more than 1000 *E. coli* isolates from healthy cattle were analyzed, showing that the EHEC-*hlyA* gene was only present in 12 independent strains, out of which only 3 strains were also positive for *stx*. ", "Therefore, they concluded that the presence of EHEC-*hlyA* alone is not significant enough for the detection of pathogenic STEC in bovine feces, as the EHEC-*hlyA* gene is present in non-STEC isolates as well \\[[@B52-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In contrast, Sandhu et al. ", "\\[[@B53-toxins-11-00502]\\] showed in a subsequent study, using a total of 422 STEC samples isolated from cattle, that 153 samples (\\~36%) were positive for EHEC-*hlyA* and moreover, that the toxin was present in nearly all of the *eae*-positive isolates (98%) and only in 34% of *eae*-negative isolates. ", "Furthermore, EHEC-*hlyA* was highly associated with serotypes involved in human disease and thus was suggested as a marker for virulence of bovine STEC in humans. ", "However, the authors concluded that EHEC-*hlyA* should not be used to predict the potential virulence of an isolate, as it is also present in STEC which are not implicated in human disease \\[[@B53-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIn a study of Slanec et al. ", "\\[[@B32-toxins-11-00502]\\] the virulence profiles of various STEC strains, isolated from risk foods such as minced meat or raw milk products, were characterized. ", "The EHEC-*hlyA* gene was one of the most abundant virulence markers detected. ", "Interestingly, EHEC-*hlyA* was found in 30 out of 75 investigated strains (\\~40%), whereas only 4 strains (\\~5%) carried the LEE marker gene *eae* \\[[@B32-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "In addition, a number of STEC strains of serotype O113:H21 were isolated during this study, a serotype which is highly correlated with severe diseases in humans \\[[@B54-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "One of these STEC O113:H21 strains, TS18/08, was *eae*-negative, but carried *stx*~2~ and EHEC-*hlyA* as well as the two toxin-encoding genes *subAB* (subtilase cytotoxin) and *cdt-V* (cytolethal distending toxin V) and was therefore be considered as a potential human pathogen.", "\n\nSimilar results, regarding the prevalence of EHEC-*hlyA*, were obtained by Feng and Reddy by analyzing 132 STEC strains isolated from fresh produce \\[[@B55-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "While EHEC-*hlyA* was detected in 61% of the isolates, only about 9% of the isolates were found to harbour the *eae* gene. ", "Similar to the findings mentioned above, these results demonstrate once more that EHEC-*hlyA* is very common among STEC strains found in risk foods \\[[@B55-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "This fact was further confirmed by Boczek et al. ", "\\[[@B56-toxins-11-00502]\\], during the screening of effluent samples of municipal wastewater treatment plants for the presence of EHEC-*hlyA*. ", "In total, 338 *E. coli* isolates were found to harbor the EHEC-*hlyA* gene, while only 2 isolates were shown to express the *eae* gene. ", "Interestingly, neither *stx~1~*, nor *stx~2~* could be detected in any of the samples. ", "Subsequent serotyping of the isolates revealed serotypes, which were described previously to cause non-O157:H7 EHEC infections in humans, as well as serotypes which have never been reported in association with human infections. ", "These results showed that EHEC-*hlyA* is widely distributed among *E. coli* isolates in the environment but is not automatically an indication for the presence of EHEC \\[[@B56-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nAskari Badouei et al. ", "investigated the occurrence of EHEC-Hly in different diarrheagenic *E coli* strains isolated from cattle and evaluated the association with other virulence markers \\[[@B57-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Among the 54 EHEC-*hlyA*-positive isolates (\\~12%), 25 different virulence profiles were observed, reflecting a significant heterogeneity. ", "EHEC-*hlyA* was mostly found in EHEC (72%), but the toxin was also present in enteropathogenic *E. coli* (EPEC) with a percentage of 7.4%. ", "In addition, two potential hybrid EHEC-*hlyA*-positive pathotypes were found consisting of EPEC/ETEC or EHEC/ETEC. ", "Similar to the results described above, these findings indicate that *E. coli* strains isolated from cattle, which are EHEC-*hlyA*-positive, may be genetically considerably heterogenous and may also belong to different pathotypes.", "\n\nDuring a study with more than 400 STEC and non-STEC isolates from animal, food, environmental, and clinical sources, Lorenz et al. ", "\\[[@B11-toxins-11-00502]\\] investigated the prevalence and subtype patterns of EHEC-*hlyA*. ", "The results obtained by PCR and RFLP revealed 301 EHEC-*hlyA*-positive samples (\\~69%), as well as six closely related subtypes (A to F), whereby subtypes A and D were found in *eae*-negative STEC and subtypes B, C, E, and F in *eae*-positive STEC strains. ", "Furthermore, EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes differed significantly between isolates obtained from different sources: In animal isolates mostly subtypes A and C were found, in food isolates mainly subtype A was detected, and clinical isolates contained mainly subtype C. Interestingly, only four strains carrying subtype D and two strains carrying subtype E were identified within this study, which were exclusively found in food or clinical isolates, respectively. ", "In addition, this study revealed that certain O serogroups correlated with specific EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes: Subtype A with O104, O113, and O8; subtype B exclusively with O157; and subtype C with O26, O111, and O121 \\[[@B11-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIn a later study, Lorenz and colleagues further analyzed the plasmid containing the rare EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes D and E to elucidate the evolutionary relationship among different EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes and to examine their potential role in bacterial virulence \\[[@B58-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The results showed that the plasmid carrying subtype D was exceptionally large (\\>200 kbp) and harbored different virulence genes, associated with EHEC as well as with enterotoxigenic *E. coli* (ETEC), although this subtype was only detected in food isolates. ", "The authors therefore assumed that the plasmid carrying subtype D EHEC-*hlyA* represents a novel virulence plasmid, which has evolved from a different evolutionary lineage unlike the plasmids that carry other EHEC-*hlyA* subtypes. ", "In contrast, the subtype E plasmid was smaller in size (50 kbp) and carried only a few virulence determinants even though this subtype was isolated from clinical samples associated with HUS. ", "These findings led the authors suggest that the pathogenicity of this strains might be a result of chromosomally encoded virulence factors, particularly as subtype E isolates were all *eae*-positive STEC strains \\[[@B58-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\nIn a recent study, Fu et al. ", "\\[[@B59-toxins-11-00502]\\] investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of the EHEC-*hlyA* gene in more than 400 non-O157 STEC isolates obtained from human, animal, and food in China, collected in different geographical regions \\[[@B59-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "The results demonstrated that EHEC-*hlyA* was present in 31.8% of the non-O157 STEC strains, a percentage which was lower than that found, for example, in a comparable study of Cookson et al. ", "\\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502]\\] where EHEC-*hlyA* was found in 63.8% of *E. coli* isolates obtained from cattle and sheep and 96% of isolates from patients with diarrhea. ", "The authors therefore concluded that the prevalence of EHEC-*hlyA* might be different among various geographical locations and sources. [", "Table 1](#toxins-11-00502-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the prevalence of EHEC-*hlyA* in different samples origins. ", "Due to sequence analysis of the detected EHEC-*hlyA* genes, Fu et al. ", "\\[[@B59-toxins-11-00502]\\] determined three different phylogenetic groups which are corresponding to that reported previously by Cookson et al. ", "\\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502]\\]. ", "Fu and colleagues also demonstrated a clear relationship between EHEC-*hlyA* groups and their sources, similar to the findings of Lorenz et al. ", "\\[[@B11-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n\n7. ", "Conclusions {#sec7-toxins-11-00502}\n==============\n\nAlthough the precise role of EHEC-Hly in the pathogenesis of EHEC and other virulent *E. coli* strains is yet not fully understood, the toxin is recognized as a potential virulence factor and a commonly used virulence marker for the analysis of EHEC and STEC strains. ", "The EHEC-*hlyA* gene is found very frequently in STEC isolates which belong to serotypes associated with severe human diseases. ", "However, the clinical importance of this toxin alone is still unclear, as the association with either HC or HUS cannot be clearly assigned. ", "This indicates that the clinical effect of EHEC-Hly might be very complex and depends on the correlation with several other virulence factors. ", "Furthermore, EHEC-Hly is also present in environmental *E. coli* isolates, which are lacking Stx and thus should only be used in combination with other virulence factors for an estimation of the bacterial virulence potential. ", "Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of EHEC-Hly in combination with Stx and other virulence factors for the development of EHEC-associated diseases. ", "This could be achieved in several models using modern mutagenesis techniques such as CRISPR/Cas in combination with appropriate cell cultures and organoid models. ", "Although the mode of pore-formation has been elucidated, more in depth research should be conducted on the mode of action and target structures. ", "Moreover, the interaction with global regulators and their influence on EHEC-*hlyA* expression should be investigated further to elucidate the clinical importance of EHEC-Hly. ", "In addition, the characterization of different EHEC-*hlyA*-subtypes could be a method for surveillance and documentation of EHEC infections, as a clear association between different subtypes and sample origins, as well as O serotypes, was shown.", "\n\nM.S. conceived, designed and wrote the manuscript; L.H. conceived and carried out the phenotypical EHEC hemolysin experiment shown in [Figure 1](#toxins-11-00502-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, corrected and was included in proofreading the manuscript; H.S. was included in writing, correcting, and proofreading the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n![", "Different hemolysis zones on a blood agar plate containing defibrinated sheep erythrocytes. (**", "A**) *E. coli* Dh5α is non-hemolytic, (**B**) EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 shows the typical enterohemolytic phenotype, (**C**) strain U4-41 shows the typical α-hemolytic phenotype, (**D**) wildtype STEC O113:H21 strain TS18/08 demonstrates the typical enterohemolytic phenotype, (**E**) its isogenic *Δhns* mutant is hyper-hemolytic with large and clear zones of hemolysis, (**F**) and its complemented derivative TS18/08 *Δhns* + *hns* is enterohemolytic. ", "Production of blood agar plates, hemolytic phenotypes, and control strains have been previously described \\[[@B3-toxins-11-00502],[@B4-toxins-11-00502]\\].](toxins-11-00502-g001){#toxins-11-00502-f001}\n\n{#toxins-11-00502-f002}\n\ntoxins-11-00502-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nPrevalence of EHEC-*hlyA* obtained from different sources.", "\n\n Sample Origin Percentage of EHEC-*hlyA* Positive Samples Reference\n --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------\n *E. coli* isolates from normal cattle \\<1 \\[[@B52-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n STEC isolates from normal cattle 36% \\[[@B53-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n STEC isolates from risk foods 40% \\[[@B32-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n STEC isolates from fresh produce 61% \\[[@B55-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n *E. coli* isolates from effluent samples 338 positive samples \\* \\[[@B56-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n Diarrheagenic *E. coli* strains from cattle 12% \\[[@B57-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n STEC and non-STEC isolates from human, animal, and food 69% \\[[@B11-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n non-O157 STEC isolates from human, animal, and food 31.8% \\[[@B59-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n *E. coli* isolates obtained from cattle and sheep 63.8% \\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n STEC isolates from patients with diarrhea. ", " 96% \\[[@B17-toxins-11-00502]\\]\n\n\\* total no. ", "of samples was not described in \\[[@B56-toxins-11-00502]\\].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "// Copyright 2017 Frank Schroeder. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage properties\n\n// BUG(frank): Set() does not check for invalid unicode literals since this is currently handled by the lexer.", "\n// BUG(frank): Write() does not allow to configure the newline character. ", "Therefore, on Windows LF is used.", "\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"io\"\n\t\"log\"\n\t\"os\"\n\t\"regexp\"\n\t\"strconv\"\n\t\"strings\"\n\t\"time\"\n\t\"unicode/utf8\"\n)\n\n// ErrorHandlerFunc defines the type of function which handles failures\n// of the MustXXX() functions. ", "An error handler function must exit\n// the application after handling the error.", "\ntype ErrorHandlerFunc func(error)\n\n// ErrorHandler is the function which handles failures of the MustXXX()\n// functions. ", "The default is LogFatalHandler.", "\nvar ErrorHandler ErrorHandlerFunc = LogFatalHandler\n\n// LogHandlerFunc defines the function prototype for logging errors.", "\ntype LogHandlerFunc func(fmt string, args ...interface{})\n\n// LogPrintf defines a log handler which uses log.", "Printf.", "\nvar LogPrintf LogHandlerFunc = log.", "Printf\n\n// LogFatalHandler handles the error by logging a fatal error and exiting.", "\nfunc LogFatalHandler(err error) {\n\tlog.", "Fatal(err)\n}\n\n// PanicHandler handles the error by panicking.", "\nfunc PanicHandler(err error) {\n\tpanic(err)\n}\n\n// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// A Properties contains the key/value pairs from the properties input.", "\n// All values are stored in unexpanded form and are expanded at runtime\ntype Properties struct {\n\t// Pre-/Postfix for property expansion.", "\n\tPrefix string\n\tPostfix string\n\n\t// DisableExpansion controls the expansion of properties on Get()\n\t// and the check for circular references on Set(). ", "When set to\n\t// true Properties behaves like a simple key/value store and does\n\t// not check for circular references on Get() or on Set().", "\n\tDisableExpansion bool\n\n\t// Stores the key/value pairs\n\tm map[string]string\n\n\t// Stores the comments per key.", "\n\tc map[string][]string\n\n\t// Stores the keys in order of appearance.", "\n\tk []string\n}\n\n// NewProperties creates a new Properties struct with the default\n// configuration for \"${key}\" expressions.", "\nfunc NewProperties() *Properties {\n\treturn &Properties{\n\t\tPrefix: \"${\",\n\t\tPostfix: \"}\",\n\t\tm: map[string]string{},\n\t\tc: map[string][]string{},\n\t\tk: []string{},\n\t}\n}\n\n// Get returns the expanded value for the given key if exists.", "\n// Otherwise, ok is false.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Get(key string) (value string, ok bool) {\n\tv, ok := p.m[key]\n\tif p.DisableExpansion {\n\t\treturn v, ok\n\t}\n\tif !", "ok {\n\t\treturn \"\", false\n\t}\n\n\texpanded, err := p.expand(v)\n\n\t// we guarantee that the expanded value is free of\n\t// circular references and malformed expressions\n\t// so we panic if we still get an error here.", "\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(fmt.", "Errorf(\"%s in %q\", err, key+\" = \"+v))\n\t}\n\n\treturn expanded, true\n}\n\n// MustGet returns the expanded value for the given key if exists.", "\n// Otherwise, it panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGet(key string) string {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\treturn v\n\t}\n\tErrorHandler(invalidKeyError(key))\n\tpanic(\"ErrorHandler should exit\")\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// ClearComments removes the comments for all keys.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) ClearComments() {\n\tp.c = map[string][]string{}\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetComment returns the last comment before the given key or an empty string.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetComment(key string) string {\n\tcomments, ok := p.c[key]\n\tif !", "ok || len(comments) == 0 {\n\t\treturn \"\"\n\t}\n\treturn comments[len(comments)-1]\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetComments returns all comments that appeared before the given key or nil.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetComments(key string) []string {\n\tif comments, ok := p.c[key]; ok {\n\t\treturn comments\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// SetComment sets the comment for the key.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) SetComment(key, comment string) {\n\tp.c[key] = []string{comment}\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// SetComments sets the comments for the key. ", "If the comments are nil then\n// all comments for this key are deleted.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) SetComments(key string, comments []string) {\n\tif comments == nil {\n\t\tdelete(p.c, key)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tp.c[key] = comments\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetBool checks if the expanded value is one of '1', 'yes',\n// 'true' or 'on' if the key exists. ", "The comparison is case-insensitive.", "\n// If the key does not exist the default value is returned.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetBool(key string, def bool) bool {\n\tv, err := p.getBool(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// MustGetBool checks if the expanded value is one of '1', 'yes',\n// 'true' or 'on' if the key exists. ", "The comparison is case-insensitive.", "\n// If the key does not exist the function panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetBool(key string) bool {\n\tv, err := p.getBool(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc (p *Properties) getBool(key string) (value bool, err error) {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\treturn boolVal(v), nil\n\t}\n\treturn false, invalidKeyError(key)\n}\n\nfunc boolVal(v string) bool {\n\tv = strings.", "ToLower(v)\n\treturn v == \"1\" || v == \"true\" || v == \"yes\" || v == \"on\"\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetDuration parses the expanded value as an time.", "Duration (in ns) if the\n// key exists. ", "If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned. ", "In almost all cases you want to use GetParsedDuration().", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetDuration(key string, def time.", "Duration) time.", "Duration {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn time.", "Duration(v)\n}\n\n// MustGetDuration parses the expanded value as an time.", "Duration (in ns) if\n// the key exists. ", "If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the\n// function panics. ", "In almost all cases you want to use MustGetParsedDuration().", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetDuration(key string) time.", "Duration {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn time.", "Duration(v)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetParsedDuration parses the expanded value with time.", "ParseDuration() if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetParsedDuration(key string, def time.", "Duration) time.", "Duration {\n\ts, ok := p.Get(key)\n\tif !", "ok {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\tv, err := time.", "ParseDuration(s)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// MustGetParsedDuration parses the expanded value with time.", "ParseDuration() if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetParsedDuration(key string) time.", "Duration {\n\ts, ok := p.Get(key)\n\tif !", "ok {\n\t\tErrorHandler(invalidKeyError(key))\n\t}\n\tv, err := time.", "ParseDuration(s)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetFloat64 parses the expanded value as a float64 if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetFloat64(key string, def float64) float64 {\n\tv, err := p.getFloat64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// MustGetFloat64 parses the expanded value as a float64 if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetFloat64(key string) float64 {\n\tv, err := p.getFloat64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc (p *Properties) getFloat64(key string) (value float64, err error) {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\tvalue, err = strconv.", "ParseFloat(v, 64)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn 0, err\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn value, nil\n\t}\n\treturn 0, invalidKeyError(key)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetInt parses the expanded value as an int if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned. ", "If the value does not fit into an int the\n// function panics with an out of range error.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetInt(key string, def int) int {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn intRangeCheck(key, v)\n}\n\n// MustGetInt parses the expanded value as an int if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\n// If the value does not fit into an int the function panics with\n// an out of range error.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetInt(key string) int {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn intRangeCheck(key, v)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetInt64 parses the expanded value as an int64 if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetInt64(key string, def int64) int64 {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// MustGetInt64 parses the expanded value as an int if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetInt64(key string) int64 {\n\tv, err := p.getInt64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc (p *Properties) getInt64(key string) (value int64, err error) {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\tvalue, err = strconv.", "ParseInt(v, 10, 64)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn 0, err\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn value, nil\n\t}\n\treturn 0, invalidKeyError(key)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetUint parses the expanded value as an uint if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned. ", "If the value does not fit into an int the\n// function panics with an out of range error.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetUint(key string, def uint) uint {\n\tv, err := p.getUint64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn uintRangeCheck(key, v)\n}\n\n// MustGetUint parses the expanded value as an int if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\n// If the value does not fit into an int the function panics with\n// an out of range error.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetUint(key string) uint {\n\tv, err := p.getUint64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn uintRangeCheck(key, v)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetUint64 parses the expanded value as an uint64 if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the default\n// value is returned.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetUint64(key string, def uint64) uint64 {\n\tv, err := p.getUint64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn def\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\n// MustGetUint64 parses the expanded value as an int if the key exists.", "\n// If key does not exist or the value cannot be parsed the function panics.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetUint64(key string) uint64 {\n\tv, err := p.getUint64(key)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc (p *Properties) getUint64(key string) (value uint64, err error) {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\tvalue, err = strconv.", "ParseUint(v, 10, 64)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn 0, err\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn value, nil\n\t}\n\treturn 0, invalidKeyError(key)\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// GetString returns the expanded value for the given key if exists or\n// the default value otherwise.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) GetString(key, def string) string {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\treturn v\n\t}\n\treturn def\n}\n\n// MustGetString returns the expanded value for the given key if exists or\n// panics otherwise.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustGetString(key string) string {\n\tif v, ok := p.Get(key); ok {\n\t\treturn v\n\t}\n\tErrorHandler(invalidKeyError(key))\n\tpanic(\"ErrorHandler should exit\")\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// Filter returns a new properties object which contains all properties\n// for which the key matches the pattern.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Filter(pattern string) (*Properties, error) {\n\tre, err := regexp.", "Compile(pattern)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\n\treturn p.FilterRegexp(re), nil\n}\n\n// FilterRegexp returns a new properties object which contains all properties\n// for which the key matches the regular expression.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) FilterRegexp(re *regexp.", "Regexp) *Properties {\n\tpp := NewProperties()\n\tfor _, k := range p.k {\n\t\tif re.", "MatchString(k) {\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): we are ignoring the error which flags a circular reference.", "\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): since we are just copying a subset of keys this cannot happen (fingers crossed)\n\t\t\tpp.", "Set(k, p.m[k])\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn pp\n}\n\n// FilterPrefix returns a new properties object with a subset of all keys\n// with the given prefix.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) FilterPrefix(prefix string) *Properties {\n\tpp := NewProperties()\n\tfor _, k := range p.k {\n\t\tif strings.", "HasPrefix(k, prefix) {\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): we are ignoring the error which flags a circular reference.", "\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): since we are just copying a subset of keys this cannot happen (fingers crossed)\n\t\t\tpp.", "Set(k, p.m[k])\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn pp\n}\n\n// FilterStripPrefix returns a new properties object with a subset of all keys\n// with the given prefix and the prefix removed from the keys.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) FilterStripPrefix(prefix string) *Properties {\n\tpp := NewProperties()\n\tn := len(prefix)\n\tfor _, k := range p.k {\n\t\tif len(k) > len(prefix) && strings.", "HasPrefix(k, prefix) {\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): we are ignoring the error which flags a circular reference.", "\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): since we are modifying keys I am not entirely sure whether we can create a circular reference\n\t\t\t// TODO(fs): this function should probably return an error but the signature is fixed\n\t\t\tpp.", "Set(k[n:], p.m[k])\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn pp\n}\n\n// Len returns the number of keys.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Len() int {\n\treturn len(p.m)\n}\n\n// Keys returns all keys in the same order as in the input.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Keys() []string {\n\tkeys := make([]string, len(p.k))\n\tcopy(keys, p.k)\n\treturn keys\n}\n\n// Set sets the property key to the corresponding value.", "\n// If a value for key existed before then ok is true and prev\n// contains the previous value. ", "If the value contains a\n// circular reference or a malformed expression then\n// an error is returned.", "\n// An empty key is silently ignored.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Set(key, value string) (prev string, ok bool, err error) {\n\tif key == \"\" {\n\t\treturn \"\", false, nil\n\t}\n\n\t// if expansion is disabled we allow circular references\n\tif p.DisableExpansion {\n\t\tprev, ok = p.Get(key)\n\t\tp.m[key] = value\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\tp.k = append(p.k, key)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn prev, ok, nil\n\t}\n\n\t// to check for a circular reference we temporarily need\n\t// to set the new value. ", "If there is an error then revert\n\t// to the previous state. ", "Only if all tests are successful\n\t// then we add the key to the p.k list.", "\n\tprev, ok = p.Get(key)\n\tp.m[key] = value\n\n\t// now check for a circular reference\n\t_, err = p.expand(value)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\n\t\t// revert to the previous state\n\t\tif ok {\n\t\t\tp.m[key] = prev\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tdelete(p.m, key)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn \"\", false, err\n\t}\n\n\tif !", "ok {\n\t\tp.k = append(p.k, key)\n\t}\n\n\treturn prev, ok, nil\n}\n\n// SetValue sets property key to the default string value\n// as defined by fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\").", "\nfunc (p *Properties) SetValue(key string, value interface{}) error {\n\t_, _, err := p.Set(key, fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%v\", value))\n\treturn err\n}\n\n// MustSet sets the property key to the corresponding value.", "\n// If a value for key existed before then ok is true and prev\n// contains the previous value. ", "An empty key is silently ignored.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) MustSet(key, value string) (prev string, ok bool) {\n\tprev, ok, err := p.Set(key, value)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tErrorHandler(err)\n\t}\n\treturn prev, ok\n}\n\n// String returns a string of all expanded 'key = value' pairs.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) String() string {\n\tvar s string\n\tfor _, key := range p.k {\n\t\tvalue, _ := p.Get(key)\n\t\ts = fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s%s = %s\\n\", s, key, value)\n\t}\n\treturn s\n}\n\n// Write writes all unexpanded 'key = value' pairs to the given writer.", "\n// Write returns the number of bytes written and any write error encountered.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Write(w io.", "Writer, enc Encoding) (n int, err error) {\n\treturn p.WriteComment(w, \"\", enc)\n}\n\n// WriteComment writes all unexpanced 'key = value' pairs to the given writer.", "\n// If prefix is not empty then comments are written with a blank line and the\n// given prefix. ", "The prefix should be either \"# \" or \"! \" ", "to be compatible with\n// the properties file format. ", "Otherwise, the properties parser will not be\n// able to read the file back in. ", "It returns the number of bytes written and\n// any write error encountered.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) WriteComment(w io.", "Writer, prefix string, enc Encoding) (n int, err error) {\n\tvar x int\n\n\tfor _, key := range p.k {\n\t\tvalue := p.m[key]\n\n\t\tif prefix !", "= \"\" {\n\t\t\tif comments, ok := p.c[key]; ok {\n\t\t\t\t// don't print comments if they are all empty\n\t\t\t\tallEmpty := true\n\t\t\t\tfor _, c := range comments {\n\t\t\t\t\tif c !", "= \"\" {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tallEmpty = false\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tif !", "allEmpty {\n\t\t\t\t\t// add a blank line between entries but not at the top\n\t\t\t\t\tif len(comments) > 0 && n > 0 {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tx, err = fmt.", "Fprintln(w)\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\tn += x\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\tfor _, c := range comments {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tx, err = fmt.", "Fprintf(w, \"%s%s\\n\", prefix, encode(c, \"\", enc))\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\tn += x\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tx, err = fmt.", "Fprintf(w, \"%s = %s\\n\", encode(key, \" :\", enc), encode(value, \"\", enc))\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn\n\t\t}\n\t\tn += x\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// Map returns a copy of the properties as a map.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Map() map[string]string {\n\tm := make(map[string]string)\n\tfor k, v := range p.m {\n\t\tm[k] = v\n\t}\n\treturn m\n}\n\n// FilterFunc returns a copy of the properties which includes the values which passed all filters.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) FilterFunc(filters ...func(k, v string) bool) *Properties {\n\tpp := NewProperties()\nouter:\n\tfor k, v := range p.m {\n\t\tfor _, f := range filters {\n\t\t\tif !", "f(k, v) {\n\t\t\t\tcontinue outer\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tpp.", "Set(k, v)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn pp\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// Delete removes the key and its comments.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) Delete(key string) {\n\tdelete(p.m, key)\n\tdelete(p.c, key)\n\tnewKeys := []string{}\n\tfor _, k := range p.k {\n\t\tif k !", "= key {\n\t\t\tnewKeys = append(newKeys, k)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tp.k = newKeys\n}\n\n// Merge merges properties, comments and keys from other *Properties into p\nfunc (p *Properties) Merge(other *Properties) {\n\tfor k, v := range other.m {\n\t\tp.m[k] = v\n\t}\n\tfor k, v := range other.c {\n\t\tp.c[k] = v\n\t}\n\nouter:\n\tfor _, otherKey := range other.k {\n\t\tfor _, key := range p.k {\n\t\t\tif otherKey == key {\n\t\t\t\tcontinue outer\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tp.k = append(p.k, otherKey)\n\t}\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n// check expands all values and returns an error if a circular reference or\n// a malformed expression was found.", "\nfunc (p *Properties) check() error {\n\tfor _, value := range p.m {\n\t\tif _, err := p.expand(value); err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn err\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *Properties) expand(input string) (string, error) {\n\t// no pre/postfix -> nothing to expand\n\tif p.Prefix == \"\" && p.Postfix == \"\" {\n\t\treturn input, nil\n\t}\n\n\treturn expand(input, make(map[string]bool), p.Prefix, p.Postfix, p.m)\n}\n\n// expand recursively expands expressions of '(prefix)key(postfix)' to their corresponding values.", "\n// The function keeps track of the keys that were already expanded and stops if it\n// detects a circular reference or a malformed expression of the form '(prefix)key'.", "\nfunc expand(s string, keys map[string]bool, prefix, postfix string, values map[string]string) (string, error) {\n\tstart := strings.", "Index(s, prefix)\n\tif start == -1 {\n\t\treturn s, nil\n\t}\n\n\tkeyStart := start + len(prefix)\n\tkeyLen := strings.", "Index(s[keyStart:], postfix)\n\tif keyLen == -1 {\n\t\treturn \"\", fmt.", "Errorf(\"malformed expression\")\n\t}\n\n\tend := keyStart + keyLen + len(postfix) - 1\n\tkey := s[keyStart : keyStart+keyLen]\n\n\t// fmt.", "Printf(\"s:%q pp:%q start:%d end:%d keyStart:%d keyLen:%d key:%q\\n\", s, prefix + \"...\" + postfix, start, end, keyStart, keyLen, key)\n\n\tif _, ok := keys[key]; ok {\n\t\treturn \"\", fmt.", "Errorf(\"circular reference\")\n\t}\n\n\tval, ok := values[key]\n\tif !", "ok {\n\t\tval = os.", "Getenv(key)\n\t}\n\n\t// remember that we've seen the key\n\tkeys[key] = true\n\n\treturn expand(s[:start]+val+s[end+1:], keys, prefix, postfix, values)\n}\n\n// encode encodes a UTF-8 string to ISO-8859-1 and escapes some characters.", "\nfunc encode(s string, special string, enc Encoding) string {\n\tswitch enc {\n\tcase UTF8:\n\t\treturn encodeUtf8(s, special)\n\tcase ISO_8859_1:\n\t\treturn encodeIso(s, special)\n\tdefault:\n\t\tpanic(fmt.", "Sprintf(\"unsupported encoding %v\", enc))\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc encodeUtf8(s string, special string) string {\n\tv := \"\"\n\tfor pos := 0; pos < len(s); {\n\t\tr, w := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s[pos:])\n\t\tpos += w\n\t\tv += escape(r, special)\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc encodeIso(s string, special string) string {\n\tvar r rune\n\tvar w int\n\tvar v string\n\tfor pos := 0; pos < len(s); {\n\t\tswitch r, w = utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s[pos:]); {\n\t\tcase r < 1<<8: // single byte rune -> escape special chars only\n\t\t\tv += escape(r, special)\n\t\tcase r < 1<<16: // two byte rune -> unicode literal\n\t\t\tv += fmt.", "Sprintf(\"\\\\u%04x\", r)\n\t\tdefault: // more than two bytes per rune -> can't encode\n\t\t\tv += \"?\"", "\n\t\t}\n\t\tpos += w\n\t}\n\treturn v\n}\n\nfunc escape(r rune, special string) string {\n\tswitch r {\n\tcase '\\f':\n\t\treturn \"\\\\f\"\n\tcase '\\n':\n\t\treturn \"\\\\n\"\n\tcase '\\r':\n\t\treturn \"\\\\r\"\n\tcase '\\t':\n\t\treturn \"\\\\t\"\n\tdefault:\n\t\tif strings.", "ContainsRune(special, r) {\n\t\t\treturn \"\\\\\" + string(r)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn string(r)\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc invalidKeyError(key string) error {\n\treturn fmt.", "Errorf(\"unknown property: %s\", key)\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "\"They are giving me the ammunition that we need,\" Aresco said. \"", "And now it's coming to the point where they'll be a tipping point. ", "We're going to have to do some things and become aggressive because you can't just sit back. ", "It's not going to just happen by alchemy or magic, believe me.\"", "\n\nFrankly, I think the AAC becoming the sixth \"Power\" conference and getting TV deals and access to the ESPN tournament is more likely to happen than Tulane getting an invite to a P5. ", "It could be that the P5 become P4, 4 conferences of 16 Universities each. ", "The next 5-10 years are going to see a lot of change, and dust settling with a clear distinction between the haves and the have nots. ", "Right now we're on the outside looking in, with better choices in our conference and in other G5 conferences ahead of us.", "\n\n\"Tulane will get in because of our AAU status\" BS\n\"Tulane will get in because of our geographic location\" BS\n\"Tulane will get in because of our history\" BS\n\nTULANE WILL GET IN ONLY BY WINNING BETWEEN NOW AND WHEN THE BIG CUT COMES. ", "Without winning, we're left out. ", "A P5 that invited Tulane would get the same treatment the Big East got when we were invited to join. ", "WE NEED TO WIN.", "\n\nBut back to my hypothesis: There's a better chance of the AAC becoming the sixth power conference than Tulane getting that magical invite.", "\n\nSorry to be brutally honest, but let's not look at this through Olive Green and Sky Blue glasses.", "\n\n\" For every alum, no matter where they are...I want a football coach that's going to make Saturday something you anticipate and look forward to.\" ", "--Troy Dannen\n\nThank you all for your support as my son Zach continues to beat leukemia\n\nIt goes without saying that we'll need to win to get in if there's more movement. ", "Plus it won't be enough to just win but we'll have to win consistently against quality opposition. ", "We'll need to win some NY6 Bowls too. ", "Then throw in those other things to edge out others.", "\n\nThe AAC isn't getting anything close to P5 TV money in 2020, even if it goes undefeated in bowl games the next two years. ", "Our ratings don't justify P5 money. ", "We may get a significant bump, but nothing close to $25 - 35 million per University. ", "I hope the conference signs a bunch of short term deals and keeps knocking down doors.", "\n\nBut you do have to love Aresco for trying!", "\n\n\" For every alum, no matter where they are...I want a football coach that's going to make Saturday something you anticipate and look forward to.\" ", "--Troy Dannen\n\nThank you all for your support as my son Zach continues to beat leukemia\n\nGetting to the 8-12 range would be huge. ", "Also not getting locked into a long deal will be important. ", "We've long heard that Facebook/Amazon/Twitter/Netflix/ETC are coming to disrupt the sports market. ", "The way AAC becomes p6 is by figuring out what the winning horse looks like and jumping on early.", "\n\nThe other alternative is that college football isn't part of the winning horse at all and only the SEC/Big10 survive and esports/new sports kill off college football as we know it.", "\n\nIf the AAC gets more than $5M per team for TV money only, it would be surprising.", "\n\nThe primary issues facing the AAC at the negotiating table will be:\n1. ", "Viewership\n2. ", "Number of serious bidders and\n3. ", "Navy has a separate tv deal with CBS\n\nOddly enough, the biggest game in terms of viewership of the regular season for the AAC was the Army v. Navy game with 8.42M viewers, and no other regular season game came close. ", "The only truly big conference game was USF and UCF which had around half that amount of viewers.", "\n\nDirectly, winning has little to do with getting into the \"P Club\". ", "The primary requirement for an individual school getting into a P conference is it's ability to generate revenue--from filling at least 40,000 seats each weekend, to attracting hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of TV viewers. ", "It's the same for the AAC. ", "The AAC can't win it's way into P status, it has to attract fans like P conferences do. ", "If the AAC can do that, its stadiums will be filled like most P schools (excluding a few P parasite schools), and it will get P-like TV contracts--at that point it would the P6 conference. ", "I admire what Aresco is trying to do, but nobody is going to suddenly get up and make an official proclamation that the AAC is now a P conference, here's a big check--it will happen on its own, if the stadiums are consistently filled, and the TV audiences are consistently large. ", "Indirectly, winning does matter, as we all know you can't get the fans without the wins.", "\n\nDirectly, winning has little to do with getting into the \"P Club\". ", "The primary requirement for an individual school getting into a P conference is it's ability to generate revenue--from filling at least 40,000 seats each weekend, to attracting hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of TV viewers. ", "It's the same for the AAC. ", "The AAC can't win it's way into P status, it has to attract fans like P conferences do. ", "If the AAC can do that, its stadiums will be filled like most P schools (excluding a few P parasite schools), and it will get P-like TV contracts--at that point it would the P6 conference. ", "I admire what Aresco is trying to do, but nobody is going to suddenly get up and make an official proclamation that the AAC is now a P conference, here's a big check--it will happen on its own, if the stadiums are consistently filled, and the TV audiences are consistently large. ", "Indirectly, winning does matter, as we all know you can't get the fans without the wins.", "\n\nTotally agree. ", "Viewership drives money. ", "Enough people have to care about the games and watch. ", "While it's a big deal for AAC followers, how many people nationally really care about games between UCF-USF, UCF-Houston, Houston-Memphis? ", "Each P5 has 3-4 teams that are always in demand and always drive ratings. ", "The closest thing the AAC has to that is Navy and it's really because it's a Service Academy, not because it's a football power. ", "The AAC needs 2-3 programs that are always in the top 15 because games between top 15's always matter. ", "P5 top 15's are never going to schedule top 15 AAC teams so you have to generate the interest internally.", "\n\nDirectly, winning has little to do with getting into the \"P Club\". ", "The primary requirement for an individual school getting into a P conference is it's ability to generate revenue--from filling at least 40,000 seats each weekend, to attracting hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of TV viewers. ", "It's the same for the AAC. ", "The AAC can't win it's way into P status, it has to attract fans like P conferences do. ", "If the AAC can do that, its stadiums will be filled like most P schools (excluding a few P parasite schools), and it will get P-like TV contracts--at that point it would the P6 conference. ", "I admire what Aresco is trying to do, but nobody is going to suddenly get up and make an official proclamation that the AAC is now a P conference, here's a big check--it will happen on its own, if the stadiums are consistently filled, and the TV audiences are consistently large. ", "Indirectly, winning does matter, as we all know you can't get the fans without the wins.", "\n\nYou argue the same points I do. ", "Winning brings fans. ", "Winning gets people to care and watch. ", "Not winning, no interest, no fans, no support, no invite.", "\n\nAs far as conference viewership (is that a word?) ", "goes, here's some fun late season comparisons:\n\nDirectly, winning has little to do with getting into the \"P Club\". ", "The primary requirement for an individual school getting into a P conference is it's ability to generate revenue--from filling at least 40,000 seats each weekend, to attracting hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of TV viewers. ", "It's the same for the AAC. ", "The AAC can't win it's way into P status, it has to attract fans like P conferences do. ", "If the AAC can do that, its stadiums will be filled like most P schools (excluding a few P parasite schools), and it will get P-like TV contracts--at that point it would the P6 conference. ", "I admire what Aresco is trying to do, but nobody is going to suddenly get up and make an official proclamation that the AAC is now a P conference, here's a big check--it will happen on its own, if the stadiums are consistently filled, and the TV audiences are consistently large. ", "Indirectly, winning does matter, as we all know you can't get the fans without the wins.", "\n\nUmmm, the ONLY thing that has any possibility of generating revenue, getting butts in seats, and attracting more TV viewers is winning...\n\nDirectly, winning has little to do with getting into the \"P Club\". ", "The primary requirement for an individual school getting into a P conference is it's ability to generate revenue--from filling at least 40,000 seats each weekend, to attracting hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of TV viewers. ", "It's the same for the AAC. ", "The AAC can't win it's way into P status, it has to attract fans like P conferences do. ", "If the AAC can do that, its stadiums will be filled like most P schools (excluding a few P parasite schools), and it will get P-like TV contracts--at that point it would the P6 conference. ", "I admire what Aresco is trying to do, but nobody is going to suddenly get up and make an official proclamation that the AAC is now a P conference, here's a big check--it will happen on its own, if the stadiums are consistently filled, and the TV audiences are consistently large. ", "Indirectly, winning does matter, as we all know you can't get the fans without the wins.", "\n\nUmmm, the ONLY thing that has any possibility of generating revenue, getting butts in seats, and attracting more TV viewers is winning...\n\nThat's true, but there are ceilings in the G5. ", "If anyone wants to claim otherwise, one can simply point them to Boise State - a program that has been a consistent winner but could not hit 32k in average attendance (incl. ", "MWC championship game) in the 11th season since 2001 that it has finished in the final AP top 25. ", "In terms of winning, it does not appear to much else that Boise State could do in order to get more fans in the stadium.", "\n\nHouston experienced something similar in 2015 when Herman let the media know how upset he was that Houston was not selling out its stadium even though it was ranked.", "\n\nThe only issue that could be causing this result even though teams are winning is that maybe fans of the programs are not also fans of the schedules.", "\n\nThat's true, but there are ceilings in the G5. ", "If anyone wants to claim otherwise, one can simply point them to Boise State - a program that has been a consistent winner but could not hit 32k in average attendance (incl. ", "MWC championship game) in the 11th season since 2001 that it has finished in the final AP top 25. ", "In terms of winning, it does not appear to much else that Boise State could do in order to get more fans in the stadium.", "\n\nHouston experienced something similar in 2015 when Herman let the media know how upset he was that Houston was not selling out its stadium even though it was ranked.", "\n\nThe only issue that could be causing this result even though teams are winning is that maybe fans of the programs are not also fans of the schedules.", "\n\nI agree with your post, but also feel that there's more competition for the entertainment dollar, and more recreational activities available than ever. ", "Kids don't grow up glued to the tv set watching sports any more (they're glued to the computer, playing xbox, wii, etc!) ", "The fan base is shrinking and both college and pro sports teams are reacting. ", "LSU is wondering if they really needed that last expansion of their stadium. ", "Pro teams (with the exception of Dallas Cowboys) are building smaller stadiums than the ones they replace. ", "Boise faces a problem because of it's location. ", "Despite being the fastest growing state in the Nation, Idaho only has 1.7 million residents, and Boise has less than 300,000 residents.", "\n\nFrom the article mentioning LSU (despite being 7th in the nation in attendance) didn't sell out any home games last year:\n\nOverall, FBS attendance was down for the fourth straight season to just over 34 million, or 42,108 per game compared to 43,070 in 2016.", "\n\n\" For every alum, no matter where they are...I want a football coach that's going to make Saturday something you anticipate and look forward to.\" ", "--Troy Dannen\n\nThank you all for your support as my son Zach continues to beat leukemia\n\nThat's true, but there are ceilings in the G5. ", "If anyone wants to claim otherwise, one can simply point them to Boise State - a program that has been a consistent winner but could not hit 32k in average attendance (incl. ", "MWC championship game) in the 11th season since 2001 that it has finished in the final AP top 25. ", "In terms of winning, it does not appear to much else that Boise State could do in order to get more fans in the stadium.", "\n\nHouston experienced something similar in 2015 when Herman let the media know how upset he was that Houston was not selling out its stadium even though it was ranked.", "\n\nThe only issue that could be causing this result even though teams are winning is that maybe fans of the programs are not also fans of the schedules.", "\n\nI agree with your post, but also feel that there's more competition for the entertainment dollar, and more recreational activities available than ever. ", "Kids don't grow up glued to the tv set watching sports any more (they're glued to the computer, playing xbox, wii, etc!) ", "The fan base is shrinking and both college and pro sports teams are reacting. ", "LSU is wondering if they really needed that last expansion of their stadium. ", "Pro teams (with the exception of Dallas Cowboys) are building smaller stadiums than the ones they replace. ", "Boise faces a problem because of it's location. ", "Despite being the fastest growing state in the Nation, Idaho only has 1.7 million residents, and Boise has less than 300,000 residents.", "\n\nFrom the article mentioning LSU (despite being 7th in the nation in attendance) didn't sell out any home games last year:\n\nOverall, FBS attendance was down for the fourth straight season to just over 34 million, or 42,108 per game compared to 43,070 in 2016.", "\n\nAgree with both of you. ", "I definitely think what zombie said about the schedules is the biggest of all those issues. ", "Hopefully the conference teams continue to get better and some conference rivalries really develop. ", "Then improve the OOC's for all teams." ]

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[ "Disaster recovery systems are critical to healthcare data. ", "Daily, or more frequent, backups help maintain the integrity of the healthcare data. ", "Unfortunately, various circumstances cause a number of daily backups to fail. ", "In a healthcare setting, the number of client servers subject to daily backups is often in the thousands. ", "Accordingly, the number of failures may be troubling high. ", "In an effort to combat these failures, data protection teams proactively monitor and resolve any daily backup failures. ", "To do so, requires manually tracking the backups in a spreadsheet. ", "If a spreadsheet is shared among several people, data inconsistencies can result if updates to the data are not committed at regular intervals. ", "Additionally, reporting monthly or quarterly statistics to the leadership requires a significant amount of manual effort to consolidate multiple spreadsheets. ", "Moreover, the work that is required lacks visibility at the leadership level and the overall efforts and contributions made by the data protection team to protect client data." ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nMedial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee as well as for the correction of lower extremity malalignment \\[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\\]. ", "With favorable clinical outcomes and improved surgical techniques, MOWHTO has become increasingly popular \\[[@CR4]--[@CR6]\\].", "\n\nAlthough numerous advantages of MOWHTO have been addressed, it has been reported that MOWHTO would adversely affect the patellofemoral joint. ", "Several studies state that MOWHTO leads to patella baja, subsequently causing increased patellofemoral contact pressure \\[[@CR7]--[@CR9]\\]. ", "Varus-valgus alignment was also reported to affect the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis in a compartment-specific manner \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Recently, several studies investigating the effect of MOWHTO on the patellofemoral joint using an arthroscopic assessment also reported overall deterioration of the articular cartilage of the patellofemoral joint over time as a result of MOWHTO \\[[@CR11]--[@CR14]\\].", "\n\nHowever, it is difficult to conclude that MOWHTO definitely contributes to the deterioration of the articular cartilage of the patellofemoral joint. ", "There are various factors that could affect the progression of the patellofemoral osteoarthritis \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "In particular, the possibility of the normal progression of preexisting cartilage lesions could not be ruled out. ", "Focal cartilage lesions of the joints are known to cause stress concentration in the rim of the defect, acting as a leading factor of arthritis \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Due to the nature of the study design of the abovementioned studies \\[[@CR11]--[@CR14]\\], which assessed articular cartilage status arthroscopically, could not provide details according to the presence or absence of preexisting articular cartilage lesions. ", "To determine the contribution of MOWHTO to the progression of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis, the effect of preexisting cartilage lesions should be investigated. ", "To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous study examined the outcome of MOWHTO according to the preexisting cartilage status of the patellofemoral joint.", "\n\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MOWHTO on the patellofemoral joint with regard to the objective and subjective aspects according to the preexisting cartilage status. ", "The hypothesis was as follows: (1) MOWHTO would contribute to progression of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis regardless of the presence of preexisting cartilage lesions in the objective perspective and (2) clinical outcome of MOWHTO in patients with preexisting cartilage lesion of patellofemoral joint would not be inferior compared to those with normal patellofemoral joint cartilage in the subjective perspective.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nThis study was approved by the institutional review board prior to the study, which waived the requirement for informed consent from patients owing to the retrospective nature of the study. ", "Data of 178 consecutive patients, who underwent biplane MOWHTO by a single orthopedic surgeon in a single institution between January 2010 and February 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. ", "Of those, patients who underwent second-look arthroscopic assessment were eligible to be included in this study. ", "The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) history of previous surgical treatment of the knee, (2) surgical site infection, (3) additional surgical procedure of the same knee during the follow-up period, and (4) the same subsequent surgical procedure of the opposite knee during the follow-up period. ", "In addition, the patients with a time more than 3 years from MOWHTO to second-look operation, and the patients who underwent marrow stimulation procedure on the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade 4 cartilage lesion in patellofemoral joint at initial operation were excluded to increase comparability. ", "As a result, a total of 92 cases who met abovementioned conditions were included in this study and divided into 2 groups according to the preexisting cartilage status of the patellofemoral joint. ", "The distribution of patients was as follows: (1) group 1, 59 patients with patellofemoral joint cartilage lesion greater than ICRS grade 2 and (2) group 2, 33 patients with cartilage lesion of ICRS grade 0 or 1 (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For the cartilage lesions in both the patella and trochlea, higher grade lesions were used as a reference. ", "Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The mean time from MOWHTO to the second-look operation was 21.7 ± 6.2 and 21.2 ± 5.3 months for group 1 and 2, respectively. ", "In addition, subgroup analysis of group 1, revealed that there were no statistically significant within-group differences (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Fig. ", "1Flowchart of patient inclusion in the study Table 1Comparison of baseline characteristicsVariableGroup 1\\\n(*n* = 59)Group 2\\\n(*n* = 33)*P* valueAge ^a^ (year)54.3 ± 5.255.5 ± 4.40.261Gender ^b^0.745 Male16 (27.1%)10 (30.3%) Female43 (72.9%)23 (69.7%)BMI ^a^ (kg/m2)26.2 ± 5.925.6 ± 5.20.613Load-bearing axis deviation ^a^ (%)19.0 ± 11.719.3 ± 10.50.905Hip-Knee-Ankle angle ^a^ (varus,°)7.9 ± 2.97.7 ± 2.70.762Medial proximal tibial angle ^a^ (°)84.0 ± 2.284.1 ± 1.90.843Joint line convergence angle ^a^ (°)3.2 ± 1.72.9 ± 1.70.437Posterior tibial slope (°)5.7 ± 3.26.2 ± 4.00.590Blackburne-Peel ratio ^a^0.9 ± 0.20.9 ± 0.20.186Caton-Deschamps ratio ^a^1.0 ± 0.21.1 ± 0.20.132Lateral patellofemoral angle ^a^ (°)13.9 ± 4.512.3 ± 4.30.098Trochlear dysplasia grade according to the Dejour classification^b^0.547 No56 (94.9%)32 (97.0%) Type A3 (5.1%)1 (25.0%)Kellgren--Lawrence grade^b^0.637 Grade 10 (0.0%)1 (3.0%) Grade 212 (20.3%)7 (21.2%) Grade 337 (62.7%)21 (63.6%) Grade 410 (16.9%)4 (12.1%)Patellofemoral osteoarthritis stage according to Iwano's classification^b^0.096 Stage 010 (16.9%)12 (36.4%) Stage 127 (45.8%)13 (39.4%) Stage 222 (37.3%)8 (24.2%)Correction angle ^a^ (°)11.0 ± 2.111.3 ± 2.60.585Time to hardware removal (months) ^a^21.7 ± 6.221.2 ± 5.30.664Preoperative VAS score ^a^68.4 ± 17.763.4 ± 19.80.223Preoperative IKDC subjective score ^a^33.8 ± 11.836.7 ± 14.80.308Preoperative Kujala score ^a^38.3 ± 14.737.5 ± 16.90.812*BMI* body mass index, *VAS* Visual analogue scale, *IKDC* International Knee Documentation Committee^a^ The values are given as the mean and standard deviation^b^ The values are given as the number of patients, with the percentage in parenthesis\n\nSurgical indications and procedure {#Sec3}\n----------------------------------\n\nSurgical indications for MOWHTO were as follows: (1) patients younger than 65 years who had medial compartment osteoarthritis with varus malalignment, (2) activity-related medial-sided knee pain, (3) good range of motion (arc of motion \\> 100° and flexion contracture \\< 15°) and without joint instability. ", "MOWHTO was not indicated for the patients who complained of anterior knee pain associated with activities, such as squatting and stair climbing or descending. ", "Moreover, patients with more than stage 3 of patellofemoral osteoarthritis according to Iwano's osteoarthritis classification system were excluded regardless of symptoms \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "All patients were recommended to perform hardware removal if bony consolidation was confirmed, due to the possible postoperative pain owing to local irritation of the plate. ", "If the plate removal was planned, second-look arthroscopic assessment was recommended to be performed at the same time.", "\n\nIn all patients, preoperative surgical planning for obtaining appropriate alignment of the lower limb was performed according to the Miniaci method \\[[@CR18]\\], realigning the mechanical axis to be located at the Fujisawa point \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "Prior to the osteotomy procedure, diagnostic arthroscopy was performed, and the status of articular cartilage was evaluated thoroughly. ", "Cartilage procedure such as debridement and chondroplasty was not performed on the cartilage lesion of patellofemoral joint. ", "After the arthroscopic assessment, biplane MOWHTO was performed. ", "To expose the medial proximal tibia, an approximately 6--8-cm oblique skin incision was made from 1 cm below the joint line to the pes anserinus tendons between the tibial tuberosity and the inner border of the tibia. ", "Then, the distal superficial medial collateral ligament was released and underlying periosteum was removed. ", "Two starting guide wires for transverse osteotomy were inserted parallel from the upper border of the pes anserinus tendons toward the upper portion of the fibular head. ", "Prior to transverse osteotomy, the separate oblique vertical osteotomy in the coronal plane was made 1 cm behind the tibial tuberosity. ", "Transverse osteotomy was initiated subsequently with an oscillating saw along the two guide wires leaving the lateral most at 1 cm of proximal tibia as a hinge. ", "Osteotomy site was opened gradually using several chisels and a spreader device. ", "After the desired correction was achieved, TomoFix plate (Synthes, West Chester, PA) was applied and fixed to the medial proximal tibia over the osteotomy site.", "\n\nPostoperatively, patients were instructed to begin crutch-assisted progressive weight-bearing ambulation as tolerated. ", "After restricting the knee range motion for 2 weeks with splint immobilization, exercise for knee range motion was initiated with hinged knee brace. ", "Six weeks after the surgery, all patients were encouraged to remove both crutch and hinged knee brace.", "\n\nEvaluation {#Sec4}\n----------\n\nComparative analysis of clinical outcomes, radiographic factors, and arthroscopic measurements were performed. ", "Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at the time of second-look operation using various patient-reported knee rating scales, including the visual analog scale (VAS) \\[[@CR20]\\], International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score \\[[@CR21]\\], and Kujala scale (anterior knee pain scale) \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "The degree of osteoarthritis was radiographically assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system for the tibiofemoral joint and the Iwano classification system for the patellofemoral joint \\[[@CR17], [@CR23]\\]. ", "Various radiographic parameters possibly associated with the preexisting condition of the patellofemoral joint, including load-bearing axis deviation \\[[@CR24]\\], hip-knee-ankle angle \\[[@CR24]\\], medial proximal tibial angle \\[[@CR25]\\], joint line convergence angle \\[[@CR25]\\], posterior tibial slope \\[[@CR26]\\], and the presence of trochlear dysplasia \\[[@CR27]\\] were evaluated. ", "In addition, the Caton-Deschamps index and Blackburne-Peel ratio were used to assess patellar height and the lateral patellofemoral angle was used to measure patella tilt \\[[@CR28]--[@CR30]\\]. ", "Two orthopedic surgeons who were not involved in the surgery measured all radiographic parameters with an interval of 6 weeks and were blinded to each other's measurements. ", "Arthroscopic assessment was performed at the time of the initial operation and at the time of removal of the fixed plate. ", "The total size of the cartilage lesion for each compartment of the knee was measured using 5-mm hook portion of an arthroscopic probe, and the severity of cartilage lesion was evaluated according to ICRS grading system \\[[@CR31]\\] (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, b). ", "All arthroscopic measurements were recorded immediately after the surgery by the orthopedic surgeon who performed the MOWHTO, and the assessments related to arthroscopic findings used in this study were based on this record. ", "Fig. ", "2Comparison of an arthroscopic assessment at initial operation and at the time of second-look operation. **", "a** Patient of group 1 showed preexisting cartilage lesions on patellofemoral joint (patella; ICRS grade III cartilage lesions with about 15x15mm size, trochlea; ICRS grade III cartilage lesions with about 5x20mm size), **b** which were observed to be progressed at second-look operation (patella; ICRS grade III cartilage lesions with about 15x15mm size, trochlea; ICRS grade III cartilage lesions with about 20x25mm size). **", "c** Patient of group 2 without any preexisting cartilage lesions on patellofemoral joint **d** showed development of cartilage lesions at second-look operation (trochlea; ICRS grade III cartilage lesions with about 3x15mm size). *", "ICRS* International Cartilage Repair Society\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec5}\n--------------------\n\nAll statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Released 2015, Armonk, NY, USA). ", "A non-inferiority test was performed by examining whether the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of Kujala score assessed at the time of second-look operation between the two groups was less than the non-inferiority margin. ", "The Kujala scale was set as a basis of comparison regarding clinical outcomes, since it is known as a valid and reliable scale for discriminating the differences in the severity of anterior knee pain \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "The non-inferiority margin was set as 14, which is the reported value of minimal detectable change of the Kujala score \\[[@CR32]\\]. ", "In addition, the sample size was calculated on the basis of the abovementioned non-inferiority test. ", "The reference value of the standard deviation (15.1) was adopted from a previous study \\[[@CR33]\\]. ", "By setting the significance level (alpha) at 5% and power (1-beta) at 90%, a minimum of 20 patients in each group turned out to be adequate to detect the difference between the two groups.", "\n\nBivariate analysis was performed to compare the baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes, and radiographic outcomes between the groups. ", "Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for continuous variables, while Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were performed to evaluate categorical variables. ", "To investigate the difference of change over time in the size of cartilage lesions between the two groups, repeated measures analysis of variance test was used. ", "Wilcoxon-signed rank test was performed to compare the osteoarthritis grade of the patellofemoral joint and the grade of cartilage lesions at two separate time points. ", "The kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability for the evaluation of radiographic osteoarthritis grade \\[[@CR34]\\], which revealed that inter-rater agreement regarding the radiographic osteoarthritis grade of the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint were 0.813 and 0.735 at preoperative time, respectively, and 0.781 and 0.761 at the time of second-look operation, respectively. ", "A *P* value \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant*.*", "\n\nResults {#Sec6}\n=======\n\nClinical results assessed using VAS, IKDC subjective, and Kujala scores showed overall improvement from baseline to the time of second-look operation, with no significant difference between the two groups at each time point (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The 95% CI of the difference of Kujala score assessed at the time of second-look operation ranged from − 7.88 to 7.56, which did not exceed the non-inferiority margin of 14 points. ", "Accordingly, clinical outcomes regarding anterior knee pain of group 1 was not statistically inferior to that of group 2. ", "Fig. ", "3Comparison of clinical scores at preoperatively and at the time of second-look operation. *", "VAS* Visual analogue scale, *IKDC* International Knee Documentation Committee, *Preop* preoperative\n\nThere were no significant differences between the two groups regarding radiographic factors assessed at the preoperative time as well as at the time of second-look operation (Tables [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}, [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Comparing the osteoarthritis grade of the patellofemoral joint at second-look operation with the initial operation, both groups showed a tendency to progress, but without statistical significance (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 2Comparison of radiographic parameters at the time of second-look operationVariableGroup 1\\\n(*n* = 59)Group 2\\\n(*n* = 33)*P* valueLoad-bearing axis deviation ^a^ (%)64.3 ± 9.264.2 ± 6.40.983Hip-Knee-Ankle angle ^a^ (valgus, °)4.3 ± 2.64.0 ± 1.70.542Medial proximal tibial angle ^a^ (°)93.7 ± 3.093.5 ± 2.40.807Joint line convergence angle ^a^ (°)1.8 ± 2.21.7 ± 2.00.846Posterior tibial slope (°)6.8 ± 4.67.7 ± 4.00.346Blackburne-Peel ratio ^a^0.7 ± 0.10.8 ± 0.20.146Caton-Deschamps ratio ^a^0.8 ± 0.20.9 ± 0.20.107Lateral patellofemoral angle ^a^ (°)13.5 ± 4.212.3 ± 5.60.258Kellgren--Lawrence grade^b^0.441 Grade 10 (0.0%)1 (3.0%) Grade 28 (13.6%)7 (21.2%) Grade 343 (72.9%)21 (63.6%) Grade 48 (13.6%)4 (12.1%)Patellofemoral osteoarthritis stage according to Iwano's classification^b^0.124 Stage 08 (13.6%)10 (30.3%) Stage 125 (42.4%)13 (39.4%) Stage 226 (44.1%)10 (30.3%)^a^ The values are given as the mean and standard deviation^b^ The values are given as the number of patients, with the percentage in parenthesis Table 3Assessment of radiographic osteoarthritis grade of patellofemoral joint according to Iwano's classification system at second-look operation compared with the initial operationGroup 1\\\n(*n* = 59)Group 2\\\n(*n* = 33)*P* value ^b^Preoperative ^a^0.096 Stage 010 (16.9%)12 (36.4%) Stage 127 (45.8%)13 (39.4%) Stage 222 (37.3%)8 (24.2%)Postoperative (Second-Look) ^a^0.124 Stage 08 (13.6%)10 (30.3%) Stage 125 (42.4%)13 (39.4%) Stage 226 (44.1%)10 (30.3%)*P* value ^c^0.1090.157^a^ The values are given as the number of patients, with the percentage in parenthesis^b^ Statistical significance was evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test^c^ Statistical significance was evaluated compared with the preoperative measurement values using Wilcoxon signed rank test\n\nComparison of the size and grade of cartilage lesions between the initial and second-look operations was analyzed. ", "The size of cartilage lesion of the patellofemoral joint increased with time in both groups (*P* = 0.003). ", "However, group-by-time interaction between the two groups was not statistically significant, indicating that the degree of change did not differ between the two groups (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "Consistently, there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of progression of the cartilage lesion grade between the two groups (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Comparison of the cartilage lesion grade between two time points showed a tendency to deteriorate in both groups, but that of group 1 was not statistically significant whereas that of group 2 was statistically significant (*P* = 0.071 for group 1 and *P* = 0.007 for group 2) (Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In the medial compartment of the knee, the size of the cartilage lesions in both groups decreased over time (*P* = 0.000), whereas group-by-time interaction was not statistically significant (Fig. [", "4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "The macroscopic regeneration staging system of Koshino et al. ", "was used to compare the grade of medial compartment cartilage lesion \\[[@CR35]\\], which revealed that the frequency of cartilage regeneration was not statistically different between the two groups (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Fig. ", "4Change of the cartilage lesion size over time in each compartment of the knee. **", "a** the patellofemoral joint, **b** the medial compartment. ", "^a^ Group-by-time interaction determined using repeated measures analysis of variance Table 4Assessment of the cartilage lesion grade at second-look operation compared with the initial operationGroup 1\\\n(*n* = 59)Group 2\\\n(*n* = 33)*P* value ^c^Medial compartment ^a^0.732 Stage A (No regeneration)18 (30.5%)8 (24.2%) Stage B (Partial coverage)32 (54.2%)18 (54.5%) Stage C (Total coverage)9 (15.3%)7 (21.2%)Patellofemoral compartment ^b^0.136 Not progressed49 (83.1%)23 (69.7%)  Progressed10 (16.9%)10 (30.3%)^a^ Based on macroscopic staging system of cartilage regeneration according to Koshino et al.^b^ Based on International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grading system^c^ Statistical significance was evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test Table 5Assessment of cartilage lesion grade of patellofemoral joint according to ICRS grade system at second-look operation compared with the initial operationGroup 1\\\n(*n* = 59)Group 2\\\n(*n* = 33)*P* value ^b^Preoperative ^a^0.000 CRS grade 00 (0.0%)20 (60.6%) ICRS grade 10 (0.0%)13 (39.4%) ICRS grade 212 (20.3%)0 (0.0%) ICRS grade 347 (79.7%)0 (0.0%)Postoperative (Second-Look) ^a^0.000 ICRS grade 00 (0.0%)16 (48.5%) ICRS grade 11 (1.7%)7 (21.2%) ICRS grade 25 (8.5%)5 (15.2%) ICRS grade 351 (86.4%)5 (15.2%) ICRS grade 42 (3.4%)0 (0.0%)*P* value ^c^0.0710.007*ICRS* International Cartilage Repair Society^a^ The values are given as the number of patients, with the percentage in parenthesis^b^ Statistical significance was evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test^c^ Statistical significance was evaluated compared with the preoperative measurement values using Wilcoxon signed rank test\n\nDiscussion {#Sec7}\n==========\n\nThe principal finding of the current study was that MOWHTO contributes to the progression of osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint regardless of the preexisting cartilage status, but this was not considered to be directly associated with clinical outcome. ", "In addition, the clinical outcome of MOWHTO in patients with preexisting cartilage lesions of the patellofemoral joint was not inferior to those with normal cartilage. ", "This study could suggest that the preexisting focal cartilage lesions on the patellofemoral joint, less than ICRS grade 4, would not be a hindrance to perform MOWHTO.", "\n\nMOWHTO has been known to negatively affect the patellofemoral joint as a result in the change of patellar position. ", "Decreased patellar height and an altered patellofemoral alignment increases patellofemoral contact pressure \\[[@CR7]--[@CR9]\\], subsequently increasing the risk of osteoarthritis progression \\[[@CR36]\\]. ", "There are several preceding studies that performed an arthroscopic assessment of the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis resulting from MOWHTO \\[[@CR11]--[@CR14], [@CR37]\\]. ", "However, it is difficult to conclude that MOWHTO definitely contributes to the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. ", "Although increased contact pressure of the patellofemoral joint may theoretically lead to progression of osteoarthritis in the affected joint, there are many variables to be considered. ", "The progression of cartilage degeneration might be attributable to the normal age-dependent joint degeneration, as noted in preceding studies \\[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\\]. ", "Moreover, preexisting cartilage lesions on the patellofemoral joint, which were frequently encountered during surgery, should be taken into account. ", "Focal articular cartilage defects have been known to be a predisposing factor of osteoarthritis \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "To determine whether MOWHTO affects the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis, the effect of articular cartilage status of the patellofemoral joint at the time of initial operation on the surgical outcomes should be clarified first.", "\n\nThus, the authors compared the surgical outcome of the two groups according to the cartilage status of the patellofemoral joint observed in the arthroscopic assessment performed during the initial operation. ", "Although the two groups were classified according to the preexisting cartilage status, the proportion of the degree of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis was not different between the two groups. ", "This was observed not only in preoperative comparison but also at the time of second-look operation. ", "However, osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint showed a tendency to progress in both groups, which was consistent with the arthroscopic assessment results. ", "The size of cartilage lesions increased after MOWHTO in both groups, whereas the degree of change over time between the two groups was not different. ", "The severity of cartilage lesions according to the ICRS grading system also seemed to deteriorate in both groups, but, interestingly, it was not statistically significant in the patients with preexisting cartilage lesion. ", "It can be assumed that there was little room for arthritis progression in group 1, compared to group 2. ", "Taking into consideration the above-mentioned findings, MOWHTO could be considered to have an adverse effect on the patellofemoral joint regardless of the preexisting cartilage status.", "\n\nHowever, apart from the results of the radiographic and arthroscopic measurements, clinical outcomes in both groups showed overall improvement. ", "Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two groups in clinical outcomes with respect to anterior knee pain, which demonstrates that preexisting cartilage lesions of the patellofemoral joint would not be crucial factors affecting the surgical outcomes. ", "Various reasons may explain the discrepancy between the objective assessments and clinical outcomes in the current study. ", "First, we had already excluded patients with symptomatic anterior knee pain and those with radiographic evidence of severe osteoarthritis on the patellofemoral joint prior to surgery. ", "Second, the severity of preexisting cartilage lesions observed in the current study might be subtle. ", "Although the stage of arthritis according to the Iwano classification showed a tendency to progress in both groups, severe osteoarthritis (Iwano classification stage 3 and 4) was not observed at the time of second-look operation. ", "In addition, the source of anterior knee pain could be multifactorial including patella maltracking, malalignment of lower limb, and muscle imbalance \\[[@CR38]\\]. ", "Although osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint may contribute to anterior knee pain, it may not be the only factor. ", "Therefore, the clinical outcome could not be explained by the preexisting cartilage lesion alone.", "\n\nThere were recent studies to investigate relevant factors that influence the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis after MOWHTO. ", "Yoon et al. ", "addressed that overcorrection, a postoperative weight-bearing line ratio \\> 66.3%, would lead to further progression of patellofemoral joint degeneration after MOWHTO \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Similarly, Tanaka et al. ", "reported that cartilage lesions in the patellofemoral joint tended to progress after MOWHTO in patients with medial opening gap ≥13 mm or change in medial proximal tibial angle ≥9 degrees \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "Due to the methodological differences, there are limitations in applying and interpreting the results of previous studies in the present study. ", "However, considering the mean value of the postoperative load-bearing axis in this study, the cohorts of the present study could be considered to be at risk for further progression of the patellofemoral osteoarthritis. ", "Nevertheless, these variables did not differ between the two groups in this study. ", "Considering that there were no significant differences in the progression of the patellofemoral osteoarthritis between the two groups despite being at the even condition at risk of the progress of patellofemoral degeneration, preexisting cartilage lesions on the patellofemoral joint would not be a major risk factor to lead to further progression of the patellofemoral osteoarthritis. ", "Although the present study did not examine the factors that influence the progression of patellofemoral joint degeneration after MOWHTO, it could be suggested that preexisting cartilage lesions, which were considered a risk factor performing MOWHTO, would not be a hindrance to perform MOWHTO.", "\n\nLimitations {#Sec8}\n-----------\n\nThe current study has several limitations. ", "First, this study was based on a retrospective review, which could be associated with the risk of bias in evaluation. ", "Second, the sample size is relatively small. ", "However, sample size calculation indicated that the number of patients in each group was sufficient for comparison. ", "Third, since this study was based on short-term results, it is too soon to generalize the results. ", "Considering the increasing pattern of the cartilage lesion size of the patellofemoral joints with arthroscopic measurement in both groups, the mean follow-up period of the current study would not be sufficient to reflect the radiographic and clinical outcomes. ", "Also, the possibility of normal age-dependent joint degeneration could not be completely excluded, since patients who did not undergo MOWHTO were not included as another control group in the current study, which was practically impossible. ", "Fourth, data of the arthroscopic assessments were based on the medical records documented immediately after surgery, indicating that the intraoperative measurements could be associated with the risk of bias. ", "However, since the evaluation with arthroscopic photos and movies are limited in measuring the cartilage lesion size as well as cartilage lesion depth, it would be appropriate to base it on consistently documented records which have been conducted blinded to this study. ", "Fifth, inaccuracy in measuring the size of cartilage lesion under arthroscopic assessment should be taken into account. ", "Although measuring the size of cartilage lesions was performed as precisely as possible, the accuracy of the measurement would still be limited since the articular surface did not have a flat contour and the border of the cartilage lesion was not clear in most of the cases. ", "In addition, cartilage lesions of the patella and trochlea were not described separately. ", "However, since the patellofemoral joint is a highly complicated structure consisting of a patella and femoral trochlea interacting with each other \\[[@CR39]\\], the cartilage lesions of each compartment should not be evaluated individually. ", "Therefore, the authors determined to present the result of the current study comprehensively combining both patella and trochlea lesions rather than describing them separately.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec9}\n===========\n\nMOWHTO would contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint regardless of the preexisting cartilage status, without an association with clinical outcomes in short-term follow-up. ", "Consequently, based on the comparative analysis results of the subjective and objective measures, it can be suggested that preexisting cartilage lesions on the patellofemoral joint are not crucial factors affecting the surgical outcomes.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec10}\n\n**Additional file 1.** ", "Subgroup analysis of preoperative variables within group 1.", "\n\nCI\n\n: Confidence interval\n\nICRS\n\n: International Cartilage Repair Society\n\nIKDC\n\n: International Knee Documentation Committee\n\nMOWHTO\n\n: Medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy\n\nVAS\n\n: Visual analog scale\n\n**Publisher's Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12891-019-2989-y.\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nThe project was coordinated by HS Moon and SH Kim. ", "HS Moon drafted the manuscript, together with CH Choi, M Jung, SH Park, JK Shin. ", "HS Moon and SH Kim generated the concept of the study. ", "The design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data were all done jointly by all authors. ", "DY Lee and SH Kim revised the final draft critically for important intellectual content and approved the version to be submitted. ", "All of authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.", "\n\nEach author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. ", "There were no external sources of funding and none of the authors had any conflicts of interest.", "\n\nThe datasets used and/or analyzed in this study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nThis study was ethically approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gangnam severance hospital (ID Number:3--2018-0304).", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n" ]

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[ "I’ve had this conversation. ", "You’ve had this conversation. ", "We’ve all had this conversation. ", "And it’s the same conversation whether you are talking to a man or a woman.", "\n\nYou’re talking to someone and they think they are literally solving the universe’s problems with the amazing wisdom that is spewing out of their face hole, but to you it sounds like strangled goat noises.", "\n\nAnd you can’t help but think to yourself. “", "You were Barely able to get a GED… You aren’t solving anything, ever”\n\nGood times, good times. ", "My ex in-laws were interesting." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nSeptember 8, 2010\n\n(and still breastfeeding, too)\n\nOne week from right now, she will be two. ", "My baby, my youngest, will be two years old.", "\n\nI am farther away from baby in my belly, from childbirth, from new-born life, and am holding heavy in the toddler/child/tween stage now.", "\n\nI say Ivy has completely skipped age 2 and moved straight to 3. ", "We have conversations. ", "She has opinions and can express them.", "\n\nThe other morning she got up in my face (that's her way) and made sure our eyes were looking at each other, and she said, \"oatmeal, Mommy?\" ", "and so I made her some oatmeal (just plain oats cooked in water with a sprinkling of cinnamon) and when I started to put it in a regular white bowl, she said, \"No, mama. ", "A dipprent bowl.\" (", "her f's sound like p's)\n\nShe wanted a different bowl, her yellow bowl.", "\n\nShe asks for \"NahNip\" or \"NaaaNap\"- if I'm caught sitting down anytime anywhere she mistakenly sees that as an open invitation to come feed. ", "She would totally nurse all day long if I let her.", "\n\nI don't really think about it, not in the way that I think \"look at me, I'm so awesome, I am still nursing my baby/child.\" ", "But I do feel happy about it; I don't desire to stop nursing any time soon.", "\n\nI have had horrible allergy issues lately and was advised not to take certain medications because they could cause my milk to dry up. ", "And some would see this is a perfect opportunity to finish and be done with it. ", "And I'll be honest the thought did cross my mind for a nanosecond. ", "But I know she is not ready to wean, and (although I am looking forward to having my body back all to myself completely), I am in this season with both feet and all my body. ", "And heart and mind. (", "And sometimes really worn out breasts.)", "\n\nAs sure as I look out my window and see autumn smiling back at me, I know well how the seasons visit and depart all too soon. ", "However, if you really stop and get to know them and breathe deep in... they can be such polite guests- arriving on time, and, always knowing when to leave.", "\n\nWhat a lovely post! ", "I have a 20-month old (today is her birthday!) ", "and we are still nursing (actually wrote about it the other day). ", "I have thought about weaning for nanoseconds too, but think it's such a lovely bonding experience for us two. ", "Best to you and your lovely daughter!", "\n\nAwww this is a sweet post Steph, I wish I would still be nursing our little one at 2 but I always get preggo when they are 10 months old and by the time they are 15 months they self wean (because my milk changes)\n\nThe last paragraph is beautiful! ", "My sweet John-John is only a about a month than Ivy. ", "He still loves to snuggle in his ergo or a sling which I love but he stopped nursing at about 21 months. ", "It was bittersweet.", "\n\nI absolutely loved nursing. ", "The longest I nursed was 26 mos - that was my middle child. ", "Ironically it was my last that I nursed the least. ", "I weaned her at 15 mos due to some medical tests I needed to take, and I was just done.", "\n\nI treasure every season of parenting (except, perhaps, potty training) and while I am always sad to see one season go, I find that I usually like the next one just as much. :-)", "\n\ni just passed a year, can you believe how fast it goes? ", "sometimes i do wish for my body back but i try to remember that in ten years i'd probably sell everything i own for one more peaceful nursing session. ", "it's a treasure.", "\n\nI so needed to read this today. ", "I'm having a trying time with Tommy and nursing. ", "He's still such a baby that I can't imagine him weaning, but he is so rough and demanding that it's just not fun right now. ", "He scratches at my mouth and face, he tugs down my shirt, he BITES, and I just keep thinking that maybe I should just quit, but you're right. ", "This is a season and I'm not quite ready for it to pass yet.", "\n\nYou said it better than I could. ", "It's hard because you want to sit but OH, THERE THEY ARE, these nuzzling-almost-two-year-olds looking for some face-to-boob time. ", "And as much as I desire to have my body back, the idea of it totally and completely ending? ", "Done? ", "Over? ", "Finished? ", "I can't bear it and to say goodbye to all of that. ", "And how grateful I am that Baby Dude isn't ready to, either.", "\n\nMy allergies have been out of control this fall... it's not fun :( I feel for you. ", "She is so sweet. ", "This age is incredible, and maybe it's the girl thing - the conversations and opinions and whatnot. ", "Fynn wasn't talking much at this age, but Paige sounds so much like Ivy.", "\n\n\"She asks for \"NahNip\" or \"NaaaNap\"- if I'm caught sitting down anytime anywhere she mistakenly sees that as an open invitation to come feed. ", "She would totally nurse all day long if I let her.\"", "\n\nThis part really hit home to me! ", "My 19 month old is the exact same way. ", "Especially since I work out of the home and when I come home to her she immediately sits on my lap, starts to pull up my shirt and looks at me with a HUGE grin on her face and her \"huh?\" ", "questioning sound. ", "I ask her to say please, she replies with \"pwease?\" ", "and a kiss and then nurses happily.", "\n\nThe only times I think about weaning are at night when she will.not.stop.nursing or when she bites. ", "Hopefully when we move her to her own bed here soon, the nursing all night long will change!", "\n\nWow, it feels like yesterday that you were doing that week long Ivy-palooza full of posts for her 1st bday. ", "Where did the time go? ", "She's so pretty. ", "So glad you are still nursing.", "\n\nFor the allergy thing, my herbalist has helped us SO much the past few months, you can talk to her over the phone (60 bucks for initial consult). ", "Wade and I both died of allergies after moving to AZ, she got rid of them. ", "She figured out Thatcher was allergic to Vinyl, and that's why he cried in the car, and she got rid of his allergy. ", "She helped heal Capri of her gluten allergy, and so yeah, we pretty much love her. ", "Let me know if you want her information (hope you feel better soon!)", "\n\nIt pains my heart to have given up nursing my baby at 19 months, it was very hard for both of us. ", "I had to do it to start fertility drugs and be able to (eventually) give him a new brother or sister. ", "We are in the middle of this now, getting an embryo transfer next week. ", "Your writing is so beautiful, you inspire me everyday. ", "God bless you and your family.", "\n\nI'm pregnant with my 4th child, but I haven't been successful with breastfeeding with any of my other 3. ", "I would *love* to have that, but despite every single thing we tried(my husband is a pediatrician, my mom is nurse and one of my best friends is a LC...we tried *everything*), it wasn't meant to be.", "\n\nAfter I finally gave up with my 3rd child, I said that I wouldn't even try again when I had another baby. ", "But I can't *not* try. ", "Reading things like this confirm my decision to push on against the odds. ", "Who knows? ", "Maybe, just maybe I'll get my chance this last go 'round.", "\n\nYou encourage me to keep on nursing my son well beyond the age of one, despite his squirminess and the teeth that sometimes get in the way. ", "There are moments I wish to be done nursing, but then, in one sweet moment, he cuddles up next to me and closes his eyes with contentment while he gently nurses and I realize I will miss these moments.", "\n\nYou encourage me to keep on nursing my son well beyond the age of one, despite his squirminess and the teeth that sometimes get in the way. ", "There are moments I wish to be done nursing, but then, in one sweet moment, he cuddles up next to me and closes his eyes with contentment while he gently nurses and I realize I will miss these moments.", "\n\nI still regret giving up nursing Giggles when everyone else told me it was time to stop. ", "It was rough and I couldn't leave her, but she just wasn't ready and neither was I. I don't have those same regrets about The Chicken. ", "She weaned herself and nurses less than her sister, but she was ready.", "\n\nSo do it as long as it feels right and when it is time you will know. (", "Not that I need to tell you that)\n\nI cannot believe Ivy is almost 2! ", "I'm shocked. ", "And I love that she asked for a different bowl...Henry does that, too. ", "I guess oatmeal just doesn't taste as yummy as it can be in certain bowls.", "\n\nThis was such an incredibly beautiful post. ", "I'm so glad you wrote it, because I'm going to print it off and keep it forever. ", "To remind myself why extended nursing is so worth every second. ", "It makes it even MORE special when they have opinions and can express them, that they choose to have that closeness, that comfort - still.", "\n\nIt's a testament to the love between the two of you. ", "And I know I've said it a million times, but I really think you are the most amazing mother, woman, friend, writer....you are loved by so many.", "\n\nSuch a sweet post, Steph. ", "Axel isn't far behind Ivy (2 more months) and these babies with a pile of older sibs certainly do seem to skip right ahead, don't they? ", "The talking, the conversations, the opinions and preferences, all of it. ", "I'm so glad we're still nursing and breaking out the mei tai. ", "I hope to keep it up through winter's cold and flu season, but then I think we'll be done come spring. ", "It's crazy to think about. ", "I've been pregnant or nursing for almost 8 years straight, and it will be strange to have this season come to a close. *", "sniff*\n\nLove this post and the last. ", "It is so good to soak in these babywearing/babynursing moments, especially with these little tots who think they're big kids most of the day.", "\n\nI totally understand how the 4th child is so much more grown up at a younger age. ", "People always think Ivory is older than she is but she tells people she is in 1st grade too. ", "She is so believable just really small :)\n\nThat last paragraph left me speechless in it's eloquence. ", "Beautifully said!", "\n\nMy son is 7 months and knowing he is my last, I'm clinging tightly to every second of our breastfeeding relationship. ", "I know from my daughter just how quickly the time passes and it's hard not to think ahead and mourn the end of breastfeeding, long before that time comes." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We have measured the temperature- and frequency dependence of the microwave and millimeter wave conductivity $\\sigma_1(T,\\omega)$ along both the ladder ($c$-axis) and the leg ($a$-axis) directions in Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$. Below a temperature $T^*$($\\sim$170 K), we observed a stronger frequency dependence in $\\sigma_1^c(T,\\omega)$ than that in $\\sigma_1^a(T,\\omega)$, forming a small resonance peak developed between 30 GHz and 100 GHz. ", "We also observed nonlinear dc conduction along the $c$-axis at rather low electric fields below $T^*$. These results suggest some collective excitation contributes to the $c$-axis charge dynamics of the slightly hole-doped ladders of Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ below $T^*$.'\nauthor:\n- |\n H. Kitano, R. Inoue, T. Hanaguri, A. Maeda, N. Motoyama,\\\n M. Takaba, K. Kojima, H. Eisaki\n- 'S. Uchida'\ntitle: ' Microwave and millimeter wave spectroscopy in the slightly hole-doped ladders of Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ '\n---\n\nFollowing a theoretical prediction [@Dagotto92] and the experimental discovery[@Uehara96] of superconductivity in the two-leg ladder systems, the study of Sr$_{14-x}$Ca$_x$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ compounds [@Dagotto99] with both Cu$_2$O$_3$ ladders and CuO$_2$ chains has attracted the attention of many physicists. ", "Self-doped holes already exist in this compound, since the average valence of Cu is +2.25. ", "An early optical measurement revealed that the isovalent substitution of Ca for Sr made the self-doped holes redistribute from the CuO$_2$ chains to the Cu$_2$O$_3$ ladders, which effectively enables the hole doping on the two-leg ladders [@Osafune97]. ", "They also suggested that the low-energy charge excitation ($\\lesssim$1 eV) was mainly dominated by holes on the Cu$_2$O$_3$ ladders rather than on the CuO$_2$ chains, because the Cu3$d$-O2$p$ transfer integral of the ladders was larger than that of the chains due to the difference of the angle of the Cu-O-Cu bonds. ", "Thus, systematic study of the low-energy charge dynamics of Sr$_{14-x}$Ca$_x$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ compounds is expected to reveal rich physics from the holes on the two-leg ladders, which may also provide useful information for understanding high-$T_c$ superconductivity in cuprates.", "\n\nIt is particularly important to study the charge dynamics of the parent material Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ (estimated to have 0.07 holes per ladder Cu site [@Osafune97]), because it provides a starting point to consider strong correlations of holes doped on the two-leg ladders. ", "This compound shows semiconductor-like behavior in the dc resistivity $\\rho_{\\rm dc}$ below room temperature [@Carter96]. ", "Although it was already established that a charge-ordered state exists as a dimerization between two Cu$^{2+}$ ions in the chain layers below room temperature [@Matsuda96; @Takigawa98; @Cox98], some studies on the low-energy charge dynamics of this compound [@Carter96; @Takigawa98] have suggested the possibility of a charge ordering in the ladder layers below a temperature lower than room temperature. ", "In particular, an NMR/NQR measurement [@Takigawa98] has suggested that the charge dynamics of holes on the ladders which was manifested in the quadrupole relaxation at ladder Cu sites below 150 K can be explained not by a hopping process of localized holes but by a different type of hole motion. ", "Thus, in such a possible charge-ordered state of the slightly hole-doped ladders, some collective charge excitation related to the strong correlated nature of the holes is expected.", "\n\nIn this paper, we describe the charge dynamics along both the ladder ($c$-axis) and leg ($a$-axis) directions of Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ in the microwave and millimeter wave regions [@preliminary]. ", "We observed that a small and narrow conductivity peak developed between 30 GHz and 100 GHz below a temperature $T^*$($\\sim$170 K) in the $c$-axis conductivity $\\sigma_1^c(T,\\omega)$, while we did not observe any sign of it in the $a$-axis conductivity $\\sigma_1^a(T,\\omega)$. The resonance-like conductivity peak in the low-energy region around 50 GHz ($\\sim$0.2 meV) was observed up to moderately high temperatures ($\\lesssim T^*$$\\sim$10 meV). ", "Thus, it is difficult to explain this conductivity structure in terms of any single particle excitations. ", "Rather it is reminiscent of a pinned [*collective*]{} mode in the density wave systems such as charge-density waves (CDW) and spin-density waves (SDW), or that in the Wigner crystals. ", "We also measured the $c$-axis dc conductivity $\\sigma_{\\rm dc}^c$ as a function of electric field, and found a clear nonlinearity even at low electric fields below $T^*$, which is also similar to observations in the sliding CDW and SDW states, or that in the Wigner crystals. ", "These results suggest that some collective excitation contributes to the peak feature in $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ and the nonlinear conduction in $\\sigma_1^c(E)$ below $T^*$.\n\nMeasurements were made on 9 pieces of Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ single crystals in 3 batches. ", "They were grown by the traveling-solvent-floating-zone (TSFZ) method. ", "Typical transport and magnetic properties of these crystals are described elsewhere [@Motoyama97]. ", "All samples were cut into rectangular shapes with various dimensions [@SampleSize] and microwave and millimeter wave responses were measured by the standard cavity perturbation technique [@KleinDresselGruner93]. ", "To study the frequency dependence of $\\sigma_1$, we measured the responses at 6 frequencies between 30 GHz and 100 GHz with several Cu (OFC) cylindrical cavity resonators operated in the TE$_{011}$ or TE$_{013}$ modes. ", "For measurements of the $c$($a$)-axis microwave properties, using a sapphire plate fixed on the endplate of the cavity resonator, the crystal with the longer dimension along the $c$($a$)-axis was placed at a position into the cavity, so that the $\\theta$ component of the microwave electric field $E_\\theta$ was parallel to the $c$($a$)-axis of the crystal [@Position]. ", "To avoid too large a perturbation by the insertion of the crystal into the cavity resonator, smaller crystals were used at higher frequencies, so that a filling factor $\\gamma$, which was proportional to the volume ratio of the sample to the cavity, was less than 1$\\times$10$^{-4}$. In addition, we confirmed that the experimental results were almost independent of sample size within experimental error, by measuring two or three crystals with different dimensions at each frequency (described below). ", "As is well known, in the depolarization regime (DPR), the real and imaginary parts of the complex frequency shift \\[$\\Delta f/f - i\\Delta(1/2Q)$\\], (the difference between the presence and absence of a crystal in the cavity), are directly related to the complex dielectric constant $\\epsilon_1+i\\epsilon_2$, as [@KleinDresselGruner93]\n\n$$\\label{eq1}\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\displaystyle\\frac{\\Delta f}{f}\n=\\displaystyle\\frac{\\gamma}{n^2}\n \\frac{\\left(\\epsilon_1-1+\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{n}\\right)}\n {\\left(\\epsilon_1-1+\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{n}\\right)^2\n +\\epsilon_2^2}\n+C, \\\\\n\n\\Delta\\left(\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{2Q}\\right)\n=\\displaystyle\\frac{\\gamma}{n^2}\n \\frac{\\epsilon_2}\n {\\left(\\epsilon_1-1+\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{n}\\right)^2\n +\\epsilon_2^2}, \\\\\n\\end{array}$$\n\nwhere $n$ is the depolarization factor of the sample which can be estimated by an ellipsoidal approximation (typically $\\sim$0.1 for the measured samples)[@Osborn45], and $C$ is an offset of $\\Delta f/f$ which should be determined experimentally.", "\n\nTo obtain the conductivity spectra, $\\sigma_1(\\omega)$, from cavity perturbation measurements at several frequencies, it is important to estimate carefully the error involved in the geometrical factor $\\gamma/n^2$ of Eq.", " (\\[eq1\\]). ", "Our method was as follows. ", "The main source of the error is in the estimation of $n$. In the DPR, $C$ is given by $-\\gamma/n+\\Delta z$, where $\\Delta z$ is a change related to the mechanical reproducibility in opening and closing the cavity for inserting the crystal. ", "We found that $|\\Delta z|$ could be smaller than 1$\\times$10$^{-4}$ in our cavity resonators by improving the mechanical reproducibility. ", "On the other hand, the constant $C$ could be determined by equating $\\Delta f/f-C$ and $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ at the so-called “depolarization peak (DP)\" in the DPR, since $\\epsilon_2=\\epsilon_1-1+1/n$ at the DP [@KleinDresselGruner93]. ", "The determined values of $|C|$ (typically $\\sim 1\\times$10$^{-3}$) were found to be much larger than $|\\Delta z|$. Thus, it was suggested that $C$ was dominated by $-\\gamma/n$ not by $\\Delta z$. This enables us to estimate $n$ from $C$. ", "We estimated $n$ by this procedure, and confirmed that it showed a good agreement with the value estimated by an ellipsoidal approximation within the error range of $\\pm20\\%$, which corresponded to an error range of $\\pm40\\%$ for estimation of a geometrical factor $\\gamma/n^2$ in $\\Delta (1/2Q)$. By measuring two or three crystals with different sizes at each frequency, we also found that the magnitude of the DP in $\\Delta (1/2Q)$ was almost proportional to $\\gamma/n^2$ within the error range of $\\pm50\\%$. Thus, we concluded that the errors involved in $\\gamma/n^2$ were less than $\\pm50\\%$ in our measurements.", "\n\nThe conductivity as a function of electric field was measured not only by the usual four-probe dc method but also by the pulse method using a boxcar averager and a digital oscilloscope, in order to check the Joule-heating effect. ", "By using rectangular-shaped pulses with a width of 100 $\\mu$sec and a repetition period of 10 msec, we confirmed that the Joule-heating in the pulse measurement was negligibly small below 300 K. Figure 1 shows the typical temperature dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the complex frequency shift \\[$\\Delta f/f$ (dashed lines) and $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ (solid lines), respectively\\] along the $c$-axis (upper panels) and the $a$-axis (lower panels) at several frequencies. ", "All of the data were normalized by $\\gamma/n^2$. At all frequencies and along both directions, we observed the DPs in $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ at around 200 K [@Zhai99]. ", "By measuring other compounds such as the undoped compound La$_{6}$Ca$_{8}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ and the Ca substituted compounds Sr$_{14-x}$Ca$_x$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ ($x$=1,3,12) at 50 GHz, we found that the DPs in $\\Delta (1/2Q)$ were observed only for the compounds with the slightly hole-doped ladders ($x$=0,1,3), and that the peak position was systematically shifted from $\\sim$200 K to $\\sim$40 K with increasing $x$ from 0 to 3. ", "These results suggested that the behavior of $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ was strongly dependent on the hole concentration on the ladders.", "\n\nIn addition, as shown in Fig.", " 1, we found two features related to the behavior of $\\sigma_1^c$ and $\\epsilon_1^c$. One feature is that the magnitude of $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ for $E_\\omega\\parallel c$ at 50 GHz below $\\sim$150 K was much larger than at other frequencies, suggesting that the behavior of $\\sigma_1^c$ was strongly dependent on frequency at around 50 GHz below $\\sim$150 K, as shown in Fig.", " 2. ", "We emphasize that the frequency-dependent $\\sigma_1^c$ is intrinsic based on the following reasons. (", "1) The measurements for $E_\\omega\\parallel c$ on the same crystal showed an anomaly only at $\\sim$50 GHz, and this anomaly was independent of the crystal batch. (", "2) $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ for $E_\\omega\\parallel a$ did not show any anomaly at $\\sim$50 GHz, suggesting that this anomaly was not attributed to the specific property of the 50 GHz cavity resonator. (", "3) This anomaly at $\\sim$50 GHz along the $c$-axis was common to the compounds with the slightly hole-doped ladders ($x$=0,1,3).", "\n\nThe other feature is that $\\Delta f/f$ for $E_\\omega\\parallel c$ slightly decreased with decreasing temperature below $\\sim$150 K at all frequencies, while for $E_\\omega\\parallel a$ it did not show any decrease with decreasing temperature. ", "We found that this behavior was related to an anomalous increase of $\\epsilon_1^c$ below $\\sim$150 K, as will be shown in Fig.", " 3.", "\n\nFigures 2 and 3 show the temperature dependence of $\\sigma_1(T)$ and $\\epsilon_1(T)$ along both directions at several frequencies. ", "They were obtained from $\\Delta(1/2Q)$ and $\\Delta f/f$ by solving Eq.", " (\\[eq1\\]) inversely for $\\epsilon_1$ and $\\epsilon_2(=4\\pi\\sigma_1/\\omega)$. Because Eq.", " (\\[eq1\\]) is valid only for the DPR, it is important to know the region where the concept of the DPR can be applied [@Note]. ", "In fact, if we apply Eq.", " (\\[eq1\\]) to the regions above 200 K (the higher temperature regions above the DP), $\\sigma_1^c$ above 200 K is found to show apparent metallic temperature dependence which is definitely different from that of $\\sigma_{\\rm dc}^c$. We found that this disagreement was due to a breakdown of the application of Eq.", " (\\[eq1\\]). ", "Therefore, we only discuss the behavior of $\\sigma_1(T)$ and $\\epsilon_1(T)$ up to 200 K below.", "\n\nAs shown in Fig.", " 2, we found that the temperature dependence of $\\sigma_1^c(T)$ was strongly frequency-dependent below a temperature $T^*(\\sim$170 K), while the frequency dependence of $\\sigma_1^c(T)$ above $T^*$ and $\\sigma_1^a(T)$ below 200 K was negligibly small within the experimental errors. ", "In particular, the magnitude of $\\sigma_1^c$ at 50 and 60 GHz was larger than those of $\\sigma_1^c$ at 35 and 98 GHz by one order of magnitude at the lowest temperature. ", "This is well above the possible error in the estimation of $\\gamma/n^2$. Thus, as was already discussed, it appears that the strongly frequency-dependent $\\sigma_1^c(T)$ was [*intrinsic*]{} in the $c$-axis charge dynamics below $T^*$, and its frequency dependence implies a resonance-like conductivity peak developed below $T^*$.\n\nThe peculiar feature in the $c$-axis charge dynamics below $T^*$ was also observed in the temperature dependence of $\\epsilon_1^c(T)$, as shown in Fig.", " 3. ", "As shown in the inset of Fig.", " 3, $\\epsilon_1^a(T)$ continued to decrease with decreasing temperature. ", "On the other hand, $\\epsilon_1^c(T)$ showed a minimum at $\\sim$150 K and increased with further decreasing temperature at all frequencies. ", "Comparing with a recent optical study [@Takaba], this increase in $\\epsilon_1^c(T)$ suggests some softening of a phonon mode which was manifested in the far infrared reflectivity as a sharp edge near 38 cm$^{-1}$ below $T^*$. On the other hand, the frequency dependence of $\\epsilon_1^c(\\omega)$ appeared to be considerably smaller than that of $\\epsilon_1^a(\\omega)$ both above and below $\\sim$150 K within the experimental errors. ", "This is apparently inconsistent with the strongly frequency dependent $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$. However, since the contribution of the observed peak of $\\sigma_1^c$ to $\\epsilon_1^c$ was expected to be very small (roughly $\\sim\\pm$10), this behavior does not contradict the observed $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$. In order to compare $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ and $\\epsilon_1^c(\\omega)$ quantitatively, improvement in the measurement resolution is needed.", "\n\nThe existence of a resonance-like peak in $\\sigma_1^c$ was illustrated more clearly in the conductivity spectra at 10 K, as shown in Fig.", " 4. ", "It is evident that a relatively small and narrow conductivity peak was developed in $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ between 30 GHz and 100 GHz, while the spectrum of $\\sigma_1^a(\\omega)$ was almost flat. ", "We found that the spectra of $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ could be approximately fit to a usual Lorentzian lineshape, although the peak frequency and the width of the conductivity peak were slightly dependent on the batch of crystals. ", "It is quite important to note that this conductivity peak could be observed in the very low energy region ($\\sim$0.2 meV) up to moderately high temperatures ($\\lesssim T^*$$\\sim$10 meV). ", "If this feature of $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ in Fig.", " 4 was attributed to some gap feature in the single particle excitation spectrum, it will be completely broadened and will be no longer observed at 10 K ($\\lesssim$1 meV) due to thermal fluctuations. ", "In addition, although the inhomogeneity in the crystals may account for the presence of any structures in $\\sigma_1(\\omega)$ in this region, it seems to be quite difficult that such an effect accounts for the difference betweeen $\\sigma_1^c(\\omega)$ and $\\sigma_1^a(\\omega)$. Thus, the most possible candidate may be a [*collective*]{} excitation similar to a pinned phason mode in the CDW and SDW states for quasi-one dimensional materials [@Gruner88; @Gruner94], or that in the Wigner crystal observed for the two dimensional hole system of GaAs/Al$_{1-x}$Ga$_x$As heterojunction [@Li97]. ", "Furthermore, the possibility of the collective excitation in $\\sigma_1^c$ below $T^*$ is also supported by a nonlinear conduction in the electric field dependence of $\\sigma_{\\rm dc}^c$, as shown in the inset of Fig.", " 4. ", "We observed a clear nonlinear conduction at rather low fields below $T^*$. This is also similar to observations in sliding CDW and SDW states [@Gruner88; @Gruner94], or in the Wigner crystal state [@Li97]. ", "The detailed study of the nonlinear conduction in Sr$_{14-x}$Ca$_x$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ compounds will be discussed in a different paper [@Inoue].", "\n\nUnfortunately, however, we can not specify the origin of the possible collective excitation at present. ", "We only speculate that such collective mode corresponds to the dynamics of a possible charge-ordered state on the ladders. ", "For the density wave systems, it is well known that the pinning frequency $\\omega_0$ of the pinned collective mode is related to the electric threshold field for the onset of the nonlinear conduction, $E_0$, by $$\\label{eq2}\neE_0\\approx m^*\\omega_0^2\\lambda,$$ where, $m^*$ is the effective mass. ", "$\\lambda$ is the distance necessary to induce translational motion of the collective mode by the electric field. ", "For the present collective mode, our results in Fig.", " 4 suggested that $\\omega_0/2\\pi\\sim$50 GHz, and the detailed study of the nonlinear conduction [@Inoue] suggested that $E_0$ was presumably between 0.1 and 1 V/cm. ", "Thus, if $\\lambda$ is assumed to be similar to the Cu-Cu distance along the $c$-axis on the ladders ($\\sim$3.95 Å), we can estimate that $m^*\\approx m_e$ ($m_e$ is a free electron mass) from Eq.", " (\\[eq2\\]), suggesting a possible charge-ordered state without a lattice distortion or with a negligibly small lattice distortion. ", "Since no enhancement in $m^*$ strongly suggests the importance of the electron-electron interaction, it is speculated that the strongly correlated nature of doped-holes on the ladders is essential.", "\n\nOn the other hand, we found that the spectral weight (SW) of the observed conductivity peak was significantly small. ", "In fact, by using $n_h\\sim$0.07 as the hole density per ladder-Cu site [@Osafune97], the SW determined by a fit to a usual Lorentzian (solid curves in Fig.", " 4) was found to be smaller by at least six orders of magnitude than the SW expected for the above effective mass ($m^*\\approx m_e$). ", "A similar reduced SW of the collective mode was also reported in the pinned SDW mode in the Bechgaard salts [@Gruner94], which remains a serious puzzle. ", "Since the electronic correlation is extremely important both in the SDW systems and the present ladder systems, the reduced SW may be a common important issue for the motion of the collective mode in strongly correlated systems.", "\n\nIn conclusion, by detailed investigation of $\\sigma_1(T,\\omega)$ and $\\epsilon_1(T,\\omega)$ along both the $c$- and $a$-axes, we concluded that some collective excitation probably contributed to the $c$-axis charge dynamics in the slightly hole-doped ladders of Sr$_{14}$Cu$_{24}$O$_{41}$ below $\\sim$170 K. Although we cannot specify the origin of the collective mode at present, we speculate that it is closely related to a possible charge-ordered state of the very small amount of holes doped on ladders, and may be characteristic of strongly correlated materials.", "\n\nWe thank T. Giamarchi for helpful discussions, and D. G. Steel for a critical reading of the manuscript. ", "This work was partly supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.", "\n\n[0]{}\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\nFor a review, see .", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n; .", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\nThe preliminary results of this work have been published elsewhere. ; .", "\n\n.", "\n\nTypical dimensions of crystals were 0.6$\\times$0.3$\\times$0.2 mm$^3$ for larger crystals and 0.3$\\times$0.2$\\times$0.1 mm$^3$ for smaller crystals.", "\n\n; ; .", "\n\nWe have carefully selected the position ($r\\sim R/2$, $z=L/2$, where $R$, $L$ are the radius and height of the cavity, respectively) in order to exclude the contribution of the $r$ component of the microwave magnetic field $H_r$.\n\n.", "\n\nRecently, similar peaks were observed in the same material by (.). ", "However, the peaks they observed seem to have a different origin from ours. ", "Note that we measured the responses at $E_\\omega\\parallel c$(or $a$) while measured the response at $H_\\omega\\parallel c$.\n\nNote that both $\\epsilon_1$ and $\\epsilon_2$ contribute to the estimation of the skin depths in the present case.", "\n\nunpublished.", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n; .", "\n\nin preparation.", "\n" ]

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[ "RELATED:\n\ncnxps.cmd.push(function () { cnxps({ playerId: '36af7c51-0caf-4741-9824-2c941fc6c17b' }).render('4c4d856e0e6f4e3d808bbc1715e132f6'); });\n\nIf the dream of tasting pork – that most forbidden of forbidden foods – has always been yours, then dream no longer. ", "And if you thought the idea of a rabbinically approved slice of swine was less likely than a flying pig, then think again.", "Because kosher “pork” is coming to a butcher near you – that is to say, organic goose meat reared in Spain, which according to three non-Jewish chefs, tastes exactly like pork.", "This culinary and religious revolution was announced by Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Yona Metzger this week at a conference on hospital food at the Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot, where he said that he would be approving the import of the geese.", "Metzger noted that although eating pork is forbidden according to Jewish law, there is no prohibition against eating goose, regardless of how it tastes – so it is now okay to completely pig out.", "He cited a passage from the Babylonian Talmud tractate of Hulin, which states that for every item the Torah forbids, God created a pure alternative with the same taste.", "Metzger’s spokesman Avi Blumenthal stated that imports could begin as soon as the geese reached slaughtering weight, and that the chief rabbi was keen to ensure that the meat received approval from kashrut authorities." ]

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[ "Analysis of Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Bioactive Compounds Content in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Berries.", "\nThe aim of this study was to determine selected phytochemicals in berries of eight sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides subsp. ", "mongolica) cultivars, including lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. ", "In the experiment chromatographic analyses, GC (phytosterols and fatty acids), UPLC-PDA-FL, LC-MS (polyphenols), and HPLC (L-ascorbic acid), as well spectrophotometric method (total carotenoids) were used. ", "The lipid fraction isolated from whole fruit contained 14 phytosterols (major compounds β-sitosterol > 24-methylenecykloartanol > squalene) and 11 fatty acids in the order MUFAs > SFAs > PUFAs. ", "Carotenoids occurred in concentrations between 6.19 and 23.91 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (p < 0.05). ", "The major polyphenol group identified in berries was flavonols (mean content of 311.55 mg/100 g fw), with the structures of isorhamnetin (six compounds), quercetin (four compounds), and kaempferol (one compound) glycosides. ", "Examined sea buckthorn cultivars were characterized also by a high content of L-ascorbic acid in a range from 52.86 to 130.97 mg/100 g fw (p < 0.05)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// CodeContracts\n// \n// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation\n// \n// All rights reserved. ", "\n// \n// MIT License\n// \n// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n// \n// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n// \n// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED *AS IS*, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n\n// File System.Windows.MediaScriptCommandRoutedEventArgs.cs\n// Automatically generated contract file.", "\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "IO;\nusing System.", "Text;\nusing System.", "Diagnostics.", "Contracts;\nusing System;\n\n// Disable the \"this variable is not used\" warning as every field would imply it.", "\n#pragma warning disable 0414\n// Disable the \"this variable is never assigned to\".", "\n#pragma warning disable 0067\n// Disable the \"this event is never assigned to\".", "\n#pragma warning disable 0649\n// Disable the \"this variable is never used\".", "\n#pragma warning disable 0169\n// Disable the \"new keyword not required\" warning.", "\n#pragma warning disable 0109\n// Disable the \"extern without DllImport\" warning.", "\n#pragma warning disable 0626\n// Disable the \"could hide other member\" warning, can happen on certain properties.", "\n#pragma warning disable 0108\n\n\nnamespace System.", "Windows\n{\n sealed public partial class MediaScriptCommandRoutedEventArgs : RoutedEventArgs\n {\n #region Methods and constructors\n internal MediaScriptCommandRoutedEventArgs()\n {\n }\n #endregion\n\n #region Properties and indexers\n public string ParameterType\n {\n get\n {\n return default(string);\n }\n }\n\n public string ParameterValue\n {\n get\n {\n return default(string);\n }\n }\n #endregion\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Association between butyrylcholinesterase and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease patients.", "\nThe deficit of cholinergic activity is one of the main findings in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is related to the synthesis of acetylcholine, and the hydrolysing enzymes, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). ", "Together with the Apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele (ApoE-ε4), the BuChE-K variant has been proposed to increase AD risk in certain populations. ", "In addition, this polymorphism has been associated with a lower capacity to attenuate β-amyloid aggregation. ", "In the present study we explored the interaction of the BuChE-K variant with its activity in CSF, conventional AD biomarkers and ApoE genotype. ", "217 AD patients and 200 age-matched controls were genotyped for the ApoE and the BuChE-K variant. ", "BuChE activity in CSF, as well as the levels of the CSF-AD biomarkers amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), total and hyperphosphorylated tau (t-tau and p-tau) were determined in 88 of these patients. ", "The results showed no significant differences in the BuChE-K variant distribution between patients and controls. ", "No influence of the BuChE-K variant was seen neither in CSF BuChE activity, nor in the levels of Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau in AD patients. ", "ApoE genotype also did not seem to influence CSF BuChE activity. ", "Interestingly, in AD patients, an association between high CSF BuChE activity and increased levels of CSF Aβ42 was shown, particularly in ApoE-ε4 allele carriers. ", "In our population, the BuChE-K variant does not seem to confer risk for AD or to influence the activity of the enzyme in CSF. ", "However, we demonstrated an association between BuChE activity, ApoE-ε4 genotype and CSF Aβ42 levels, highlighting the importance of assessing BuChE activity as a possible modulator of Aβ load in the brain." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Force Poke by PinteezyThe emperor was getting on in years, and he had lost... ...shup mayhem begin with this Force Poke t-shirt by Pinteezy , it brings new meaning to the phrase gotta catch... ...w meaning to the phrase gotta catch 'em all.", "Visit Pinteezy 's Facebook page, Twi...\n\nRespect Mah Wizardrah by PinteezyWhen young Eric plays shoot-em-up games he always play... ...syland with this Respect Mah Wizardrah t-shirt by Pinteezy and show your love of video games and loudmouth k... ...dmouth kids from that park to the south.", "Check out Pinteezy 's offic...\n\nIt's Grrray! ", "by Pinteezy Funny and geeky T-shirts? ", "NeatoShop artist... ...Funny and geeky T-shirts? ", "NeatoShop artist Pinteezy has the power! ", "Check out his official Facebook pa... ...t his official Facebook page then head on over to Pinteezy 's NeatoShop for more fabu..." ]

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[ "\n\nLOL-At-Once Reiterating - darkxanthos\nhttp://lolatonce.herokuapp.com\n\n======\ndarkxanthos\nThe last time I submitted this I got a lot of good feedback and saw some great\nLOLs created. ", "This time we've made it much easier for people to join each\nothers games by default. ", "We have a bunch of analytics set up as well so it\nwill be interesting to see how the changes will affect our numbers.", "\n\nThanks for trying it out!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Mannitol improves cerebral oxygen content and postoperative recovery after prolonged retroperitoneal laparoscopy.", "\nProlonged pneumoperitoneum has cerebral adverse effects that may delay recovery and cause postoperative cognitive changes. ", "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mannitol infusion after pneumoperitoneum initiation on cerebral oxygen balance and quality of postoperative recovery in patients undergoing prolonged retroperitoneal laparoscopy. ", "Forty patients scheduled for retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical excision of prostatic carcinoma were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20, each) to receive either 0.5 g/kg of 20% mannitol 150 min after the initiation of pneumoperitoneum or an equal volume of 0.9% normal saline. ", "After surgery, time to extubation and recovery time were recorded. ", "The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale was used to assess the quality of recovery. ", "The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was given to test cognitive function preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 h after extubation. ", "Blood samples from the jugular bulb and the radial artery were collected for blood gas analysis before CO2 insufflation and at 10, 60, and 180 min after insufflation. ", "In the control group (without mannitol), the difference between arterial and venous oxygen content (CaO2-CvO2) before insufflation (6.21 ± 2.58 mL/dL) was significantly greater than it was 3 h after insufflation (2.63 ± 1.29 mL/dL; p < 0.05). ", "Furthermore, 3 h after insufflation, the CaO2-CvO2 also was higher in the group that had been administered mannitol (5.93 ± 1.98 mL/dL) than it was in the control group at that time (p < 0.05). ", "Lactic acid in both arterial and jugular venous blood of the control group at 3 h postinsufflation (2.39 ± 0.89 and 2.51 ± 0.72 mg/dL, respectively) had increased significantly from the preinsufflation values (1.18 ± 0.82 and 1.1 ± 0.85 mg/dL). ", "In the group that received mannitol, the lactic acid levels 3 h postinsufflation were essentially the same as the preinsufflation values. ", "The recovery and extubation times in those receiving mannitol (12.19 ± 2.12 and 20.14 ± 3.62 min, respectively) were significantly shorter than in the control group (21.25 ± 3.61 and 28.79 ± 4.73 min; p < 0.05). ", "The OAAS scores of the mannitol group at the time of extubation and 10 min afterward was significantly higher than these scores in the control group (p < 0.05). ", "One hour and 2 h after extubation, the cognitive function score of the mannitol group was significantly higher than for the control group (p < 0.05). ", "After prolonged retroperitoneal laparoscopy, there is an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. ", "A small dose of mannitol can effectively improve cerebral oxygen metabolism, recovery, and cognitive function after the operation." ]

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[ "JoomlaDay Events in April and May 2013\n\nThere’s not much time left until the start of the JoomlaDay™ events for the month of March, 2013 so I hope you have your tickets booked for: JoomlaDay Gabon (March 07), JoomlaDay Boston (March 16), and Joomladay France (March 22). ", "You won't regret it! ", "There are many more events for April and May 2013.", "\n\nThe photo above was taken at the first JoomlaDay event in Guatemala\n\nLooking ahead at JoomlaDay events in April and May 2013\n\nJoomlaDay New England 2013\n\nJoomlaDay New England will be held on Saturday, April 13, 2013 at Marlboro College Graduate School in Brattleboro, VT this year. ", "Their speaker line-up includes those who have travelled around the world speaking on Joomla, and others with great local experience.", "\n\nJoomlaDay Netherlands 2013\n\nThis will be the 8th edition of the Dutch JoomlaDays, and they are working on an interesting program for Joomla beginners and advanced users. ", "Of course it is a great chance to meet other Joomla users so we will have a big social event on Saturday night.", "\n\nThe event will take place on the 20th and 21st of April, 2013, at the Woudschoten Hotel & Conferentiecentrum in Utrecht.", "\n\nJoomlaDay Guatemala 2013\n\nThis is the second year that the JoomlaDay Guatemala event takes place in Guatemala City. ", "Last year it was demonstrated that it is a place to learn and share knowledge among friends and potential business partners.", "\n\nI specialize in building and supporting web sites on the Joomla! ", "CMS. ", "I'm the owner of New Web Consulting, and the Co-Lead Editor on the Joomla! ", "Community Magazine. ", "I previously served on the board of Open Source Matters. ", "I also am co-organizer of the Joomla! ", "User Group - Cape Town (JUGCT) and JoomlaDay South Africa." ]

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[ "Solar power in Michigan\n\nSolar power in Michigan has been growing in recent years due to new technological improvements and a variety of regulatory actions and financial incentives, particularly a 30% federal tax credit, available for any size project. ", "Although among the lowest U.S. states for solar irradiance, Michigan mostly lies farther south than Germany where solar power is heavily deployed. ", "Michigan is expected to use 120 TWh per year in 2030. ", "To reach a 100% solar electrical grid would require 2.4% of Michigan's land area to host 108 GW of installed capacity.", "\n\nMichigan had over 176 MW of solar capacity in 2019. ", "Solar provided only about 0.25% of all electricity. ", "According to the Michigan Public Service Commission, the state had an estimated 27 MW of solar capacity as of the end of 2014, counting utility and distributed generation.", "\n\nSolar farms and arrays\nIn July 2012, Michigan's largest rooftop array, 977.6 kW, was installed in Canton on the IKEA store. ", "Ford Motor Company and DTE Energy built the largest solar plant in the state, a 1.04 MW solar car port at Ford's world headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan in 2015. ", "In 2015, DTE built a 1.1 MW solar farm at Domino's Farms near Ann Arbor, slightly larger than the Ford carport. ", "The IKEA store announced an expansion of its existing array in 2015 to bring it to 1.2 MW. ", "A 1.95 MW solar farm at DTE's Greenwood Energy Center near St. Clair came online in January 2016. ", "Indiana Michigan Power, in November 2016, opened a 4.6 MW solar farm near Watervliet. ", "In May 2017, DTE brought online two solar farms in Lapeer County: a 28.4 MW farm and a 19.6 MW solar farm. ", "These are the first large utility-scale solar farms in the state, with the larger covering 200 acres of land and the smaller one covering 100 acres. ", "In July 2017, DTE completed a 2MW solar farm built in a closed city park in Detroit.", "\n\nThe 24 MW Delta solar farm opened in two phases in 2018, supplying power for the Lansing Board of Water and Light. ", "Michigan State University built the largest solar car port project in North America, that covers 5000 parking spaces and has a total of 15 MW(DC) of power, completed in December 2017.", "\n\nA 1.3 MW solar farm was built by American Municipal Power at a brownfield site in Coldwater and came online in February 2018. ", "Flushing Schools built a 0.96 MW system spread over the roofs of seven school buildings, completed in 2019.", "\n\nFort Custer began construction in May 2015 of a 0.25 MW solar farm with plans for a second 0.3 MW farm later. ", "This is part of the U.S. military's renewable energy goals of 25% renewables by 2025. ", "In 2017, a project was announced for Fort Custer that would be a microgrid consisting of a 1.375 MW diesel system, 0.720 MW solar PV array, and a 0.400 MW energy storage system. ", "Camp Grayling has a small 0.02 MW installation on one building roof while Selfridge Air National Guard Base had no solar power by 2014.", "\n\nSolar with battery storage\n\"Circuit West\" is a thirteen-block microgrid test in Grand Rapids. ", "It contains a 0.65MW array of 1,800 panels on the roofs of three buildings and a 500kW-hr battery.", "\n\nCommunity solar\nIn 2015, several community solar projects were proposed. ", "Consumers Power built a 3 MW solar farm at Grand Valley State University, completed April 2016, which became the largest solar farm in Michigan. ", "Consumers Power also built a 1 MW community solar project at Western Michigan University, completed in August 2016. ", "\nSpartan Solar, a 1.2 MW installation in Cadillac, was built by Wolverine Power Cooperative in fall 2016, the largest solar plant in Northern Michigan. ", "A 0.3 MW community solar farm in East Lansing opened in January 2019 for Lansing Board of Water and Light. ", "Escanaba approved a 1MW partly community solar installation near Delta County Airport to be online in 2018\n\nProposed and under construction\nThe 239MW Assembly Solar Project will be the largest in the state. ", "Located in Shiawassee County, it began construction in 2019 and may be online in 2020.", "\n\nA proposed 125 MW solar farm near Muskegon would be among the largest in the state. ", "Ranger Power’s 149MW River Fork solar farm would be built in Sheridan Township, Calhoun County solar farm by mid-2021 and has an agreement with Consumers Energy. ", "In 2019, Ann Arbor proposed a 20 MW solar farm on a closed landfill site. ", "In February 2020, Michigan State University's board approved a proposal to seek a 20 MW solar farm on 100 acres.", "\n\nDistributed solar \nDistributed solar is not widely used in Michigan with 2,289 installations totally 17,000 kW, providing 0.02% of the state's electricity, as of 2015.", "\n\nLarge-scale solar plans\nDespite having only reached 100 megawatts of installation statewide by 2018, thousands of megawatts have been proposed or included in planning documents. ", "In response to DTE Energy filing a proposal for 2023 which included a 1.1GW natural gas plant with almost no new solar installations, renewable energy advocates proposed a plan with 1,100 megawatts of new solar capacity, 1,100 megawatts of wind, and 253 megawatts of demand response which they claimed would satisfy criteria at a lower cost. ", "The state panel backed the DTE proposal in April 2018. ", "\n\nIn 2017, Cypress Creek Renewables announced plans to build 2,600MW of solar plants in Michigan but has received no contracts from the 2 major power companies. ", "Cypress Creek has filed complaints, in 2018, against DTE and Consumers Power for failing to comply with the PURPA law. ", "In August 2019, Consumers Power proposed to allow 584 MW to connect to the grid by September 2023. ", "The is almost four times the entire state total for solar power at the time of the proposal. ", "They also propose accepting as much as 3000 MW to be connected to the grid at a lower purchase price per kilowatt hour over a longer timeframe. ", "The proposal would need approval from the state electrical rate board. ", "In September 2019, the Michigan Public Service Commission approved the settlement.", "\n\nIn June 2018, Consumers Power announced a plan detailing changes from now until 2040 that would see it close all coal plants, use only natural gas for 10% of current needs and have the majority of its power supplied by solar. ", "This would require building 6,200MW of solar as well as using 450MW of battery storage. ", "In 2020, Consumer Power expanded on this plan by announcing it would become carbon neutral. ", "\n\nIn September 2019, DTE Energy announced it was seeking bids for 25 to 200 megawatts of electricity from solar projects to be online between 2021 and 2023.", "\n\nSolar industry\nMichigan was ranked 14th among U.S. states for solar jobs in 2013.", "\n\nIn 2002, Stanford R. Ovshinsky built a factory in Auburn Hills, Michigan to build low cost Uni-Solar panels using amorphous semiconductors that generate power in diffuse light. ", "Uni-Solar became the second largest manufacturer of thin film solar cells, after First Solar, and a developer of solar shingles before going bankrupt in 2012.", "\n\nSuniva opened a solar panel factory in Saginaw, Michigan in 2014, capable of producing 200MW of panels per year. ", "Suniva closed its Michigan plant in March 2017 and later filed for bankruptcy.", "\n\nGovernment policy\nThe Government of Michigan has taken a variety of actions in order to encourage solar energy use within the state. ", "In 2018, a bill passed the state house to give solar installations a property tax exemption. ", "On Nov 20, 2019 Governor Whitmer signed legislation exempting rooftop solar & alternative energy systems up to 150 Kw from property tax assessment. ", "https://www.energycentral.com/c/ec/gov-whitmer-signs-solar-energy-legislation-michigan-eibc-gala-east-lansing\n\nNet metering\nThe state had a net metering program that allows installations of up to 20 kW of on-site electrical generation to continuously roll over any excess generation to the next month. ", "Participation is limited to 0.75% of utilities peak demand the prior year. ", "Peak demand for the state for 2011 was 21,477 MW.", "\n\nIn 2018, the net metering program was ended (with those already enrolled getting a 10-year grandfather term). ", "The new inflow/outflow system will require new customers to pay full price for all electricity going in and receiving a credit based on avoided cost to the utility for electricity going out to the grid. ", "Each utility will have to set this price in its rate case which must be approved by the Michigan Public Service Commission. ", "Bills were introduced into the state house within weeks to alter this system as favoring large utilities over solar owners. ", "Co-op electrical providers are not covered by the same rules but some moved to alter their rates after the state board's ruling. ", "A package of energy bills has been introduced to return net-metering & allow microgrids: https://energynews.us/2019/10/22/midwest/bipartisan-energy-freedom-bills-resurface-in-michigan-one-at-a-time/\n\nRenewable portfolio standard\nThe state adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) in 2008 which required that 10% of Michigan's electricity come from renewable resources by 2015. ", "This standard was met mostly by wind power. ", "A program to add 2 MW of distributed solar by Consumers Energy customers was reached in two weeks, and the state directed the company to offer another 2 MW at a cost not to exceed $20 million.", "\n\nIn December 2016, a new energy policy was adopted which calls for 12.5% renewable power by 2019 and 15% by 2021. ", "It further calls for power suppliers to \"obtain at least 35% of the State’s electric needs through energy waste reduction and renewable energy by 2025.\"", "\n\nBefore the 2018 election, a referendum calling for \"30% by 2030\" was circulating. ", "In response, DTE and Consumers Power promised at least 50% consisting of 25% actual renewables and 25% efficiency and demand reduction. ", "The referendum's backers including Tom Steyer then stopped its campaign.", "\n\nInstalled capacity\n\nLargest systems\nSystems of 0.5 MW and larger\n\nSee also\nList of power stations in Michigan\nSolar power in the United States\nRenewable energy in the United States\nWind power in Michigan\n\nReferences\n\nPackage of Energy bills introduced: \n\nhttps://energynews.us/2019/10/22/midwest/bipartisan-energy-freedom-bills-resurface-in-michigan-one-at-a-time/\n\nExternal links\n Incentives and policies\n Solar Ypsi\n\nMichigan\nCategory:Economy of Michigan\nCategory:Energy in Michigan" ]

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[ "Evaluation and optimization of the Sysmex UF1000i system for the screening of urinary tract infection in primary health care elderly patients.", "\nUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem in the elderly population. ", "Urine culture is still considered the \"gold standard\" to diagnose infection in this population. ", "However, urine cultures are laborious and costly, and most samples will yield no growth. ", "An evaluation was made of the Sysmex UF-1000i flow cytometer as a screening tool for UTI in an elderly population older than 65 years who lived in the community, using 346 urine samples submitted for culture. ", "The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed a significant difference (P<0.01) between 0.98 bacteria area under the curve value and 0.82 of white blood cells (WBC). ", "The combination of both counts for screening did not show any improvement in specificity or sensitivity. ", "According to our data, the use of a single cut-off point of 200bacteria/μL is suggested, in which the sensitivity and specificity were 99.11% and 91.59%, respectively, with a NPV of 99.49%. ", "Moreover, this cut-off value could avoid 60.24% of the samples to be cultured, with a minimal false negative results rate of 0.87%. ", "The stratification of age groups stratification helps in selecting a more adjusted Sysmex UF1000i cut-off limit, leading to an improvement in the screening parameters that would imply a better management of these infections, as well as a high reduction in the workload and cost savings." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage modconv\n\nimport (\n\t\"strings\"\n\n\t\"cmd/go/internal/modfile\"\n\t\"cmd/go/internal/module\"\n)\n\nfunc ParseGlideLock(file string, data []byte) (*modfile.", "File, error) {\n\tmf := new(modfile.", "File)\n\timports := false\n\tname := \"\"\n\tfor _, line := range strings.", "Split(string(data), \"\\n\") {\n\t\tif line == \"\" {\n\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t}\n\t\tif strings.", "HasPrefix(line, \"imports:\") {\n\t\t\timports = true\n\t\t} else if line[0] !", "= '-' && line[0] !", "= ' ' && line[0] !", "= '\\t' {\n\t\t\timports = false\n\t\t}\n\t\tif !", "imports {\n\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t}\n\t\tif strings.", "HasPrefix(line, \"- name:\") {\n\t\t\tname = strings.", "TrimSpace(line[len(\"- name:\"):])\n\t\t}\n\t\tif strings.", "HasPrefix(line, \" version:\") {\n\t\t\tversion := strings.", "TrimSpace(line[len(\" version:\"):])\n\t\t\tif name !", "= \"\" && version !", "= \"\" {\n\t\t\t\tmf.", "Require = append(mf.", "Require, &modfile.", "Require{Mod: module.", "Version{Path: name, Version: version}})\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn mf, nil\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Thanks for clicking through to our site. ", "It ain’t pretty, but it’s ours. ", "Wren Sports is a new company focused on making your ride a lot more fun. ", "Having worked for Shimano, Cannondale, Bell and others, we have learned from the best. ", "We also know which factories build quality products and which don’t. ", "So… we’re talking about starting our own company and where we should begin. ", "Fatbikes seemed like a natural fit. ", "They’re cool, fun to ride and the big guys weren’t paying much attention yet. ", "We visited the factories we wanted to work with and told them our plans and they said let’s go! ", "The products you see here are the result of that collaboration. ", "Most are for Fatbikes, some you’ve seen before, but now they are a whole lot better, and some are truly innovative. ", "And more is coming. ", "We hope you will take the time to look around. ", "Also, please stay in touch. ", "We are always on the lookout for good stories, pics and new places to ride. ", "Finally, to thank you for your time, please use the code FATBIKE15 at checkout, should you decide to buy, and take 15% off your order. ", "Remember to check back as we will be adding more new Fatbike items over the next few months. ", "Ride hard. ", "Be safe. ", "Have fun!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a shock wave sterilizer for sterilizing fluid or liquid food including various juices, cooling beverage, milk, yogurt, and so forth.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nA thermal sterilization method and a high pressure sterilization method are known as means for sterilizing these kinds of food. ", "In the thermal sterilization method, food is heated at a predetermined temperature through a thermal conduct so that the food can be sterilized. ", "In the high pressure sterilization method, food is subjected to a high pressure, typically hundreds to thousands times atmospheric pressure to be sterilized.", "\nHowever, the thermal sterilization method, results in degeneration of protein in food because of heating. ", "In addition, thermally sterilized food sometimes emits a smell unique to thermal sterilization. ", "On the other hand, a conventional apparatus for the high pressure sterilization method is large, and its sterilizing ability is poor since the apparatus is incapable of performing successive sterilization." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Sakura Blossom Japanese Lantern\n\nCustom-design and print exclusive to Lanternshop. ", "Beautiful Japanese style vinyl lantern with sakura flower print. (", "sakura print on front and back of lantern)\n\nAvailable in a vivid red or white vinyl fabric with black design and trims. ", "Small ring at bottom of each lantern so you can hang another lantern directly underneath!", "\n\nLarge lanterns - suitable for indoor or outdoor events! ", "Made from durable vinyl fabric (suitable for any weather conditions). ", "For festivals, restaurants, parties. ", "Illuminate with our warm white globe light - use our clear hanging line to hang the light down lower into the lantern." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "JS VIDEO The Rundown 061713\n\nSouth Side has a new baseball coach, Brandon Shields looks at changes for Humboldt football in 2013, and Josh Lemons reviews the first half of the season for the Jackson Generals. ", "CRAIG THOMAS/The Jackson Sun\n\nhttp://archive.jacksonsun.com/VideoNetwork/2484644488001/JS-VIDEO-The-Rundown-061713rtmp://cp81369.edgefcs.net/ondemand/&mp4:brightcove/44862796001/44862796001_2484659654001_JS-VIDEO-The-Rundown-061713.mp4http://archive.jacksonsun.com/VideoNetwork/2484644488001/JS-VIDEO-The-Rundown-061713http://bcdownload.gannett.edgesuite.net/jacksontn/44862796001/44862796001_2484659657001_th-51bf7e16e4b0ff0e1c2f2968-1592194020001.jpgJS VIDEO The Rundown 061713South Side has a new baseball coach, Brandon Shields looks at changes for Humboldt football in 2013, and Josh Lemons reviews the first half of the season for the Jackson Generals. ", "CRAIG THOMAS/The Jackson Sun13generalsrundownJSUNhumboldtNewssouthside03:02" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\n39 So.3d 427 (2010)\nRonald JACKSON, Appellant,\nv.\nSTATE of Florida, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "1D09-3735.", "\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.", "\nJune 25, 2010.", "\nNancy A. Daniels, Public Defender; and M.J. Lord, Assistant Public Defender, Tallahassee, for Appellant.", "\nBill McCollum, Attorney General; and Jennifer J. Moore, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, for Appellee.", "\nPER CURIAM.", "\nRonald Jackson appeals a conviction and sentence for armed robbery while actually possessing a firearm. ", "We affirm without *428 comment the trial court's rulings made during the guilt phase of the trial. ", "We vacate the 25-year prison sentence, however, because the trial court's remarks immediately before pronouncing the sentence are reasonably construed as affirmatively punishing Jackson for failing to show any remorse or regret for any of his actions, thereby denying due process and fundamentally erring.", "\nAt sentencing, the trial court made several remarks, including the following:\nMr. Jackson, you've been convicted by a jury of your peers, since you show no remorse or regret for any of your actions I'm going to sentence you to 25 years Florida State Prison....\nThe evidence in this case, although sufficient to support a conviction, was not overwhelming, relying largely upon a photo lineup identification. ", "Appellant made no admission of complicity in the crime charged. ", "The statement made by the trial court can reasonably be read only as conditioning the sentence, at least in part, upon appellant's claim of innocence, in violation of established law. ", "See Nawaz v. State, 28 So.3d 122, 124-25 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (finding fundamental error where trial court based sentence partly on an impermissible ground); Whitmore v. State, 27 So.3d 168, 169-72 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (concluding that trial court's reliance upon defendant's continued protestation of innocence at sentencing, which the judge viewed as a lack of remorse and denial of responsibility, was an impermissible basis for imposing the maximum sentence, denied due process, and constituted fundamental error); Jiles v. State, 18 So.3d 1216 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009) (reversing sentence and remanding for resentencing before a different judge because original judge improperly based sentence upon defendant's denying his involvement and failing to accept responsibility); Hannum v. State, 13 So.3d 132, 134-36 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (concluding that trial court's improper consideration of defendant's maintaining his innocence at trial and at sentencing denied due process and constituted fundamental error, compelling reversal of sentence and remand for resentencing, even though the original prison sentence fell within the scoresheet range); Bracero v. State, 10 So.3d 664, 665-66 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (concluding the trial court's consideration of defendant's continuing protestations of innocence as a factor in determining the length of his sentences violated due process, constituted fundamental error, and compelled reversal of sentences and remand for resentencing); Ritter v. State, 885 So.2d 413, 414-15 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (concluding that appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to raise due-process challenge to trial court's considering defendant's denial of guilt and assertion of innocence as grounds for imposing a prison sentence in excess of State's recommendation but within the guidelines scoresheet range); A.S. v. State, 667 So.2d 994, 995-96 & n. 4 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (reversing and remanding final order committing subject to a juvenile facility, where the trial court impermissibly based its disposition of the case partly on the juvenile's continuing to maintain his innocence and showing no remorse throughout the proceeding). ", "Jackson is entitled to resentencing before a different judge. ", "See Whitmore, 27 So.3d at 172.", "\nWe AFFIRM the conviction, VACATE the sentence, and REMAND with instructions to resentence Jackson before a different judge.", "\nKAHN, ROWE, and MARSTILLER, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a case with fulminant course after ACTH.", "\nWe report a 24-month-old male who developed rapidly progressive subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 17 months after measles infection. ", "This patient had a history of measles infection at the age of 7 months and manifested acute encephalitis 1 month later. ", "Developmental delay observed after encephalitis began to improve after a few months. ", "His control electroencephalogram was normal at the age of 14 months. ", "He was admitted to the hospital with flexor spasms and sudden head drops at the age of 24 months. ", "His electroencephalogram revealed slow waves in the posterior regions of the brain. ", "Vigabatrin was begun; his seizures increased with vigabatrin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone was added to the therapy. ", "After five doses of adrenocorticotropic hormone, his clinical findings deteriorated rapidly. ", "His second electroencephalogram revealed periodic discharges synchronized with myoclonias. ", "He was diagnosed as having subacute sclerosing panencephalitis on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. ", "He lapsed into a vegetative state within a week and died at the age of 25 months. ", "We report this rapidly progressive case to emphasize the importance of recognition of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis before applying steroids in children with myoclonic seizures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/******************************************************************************\n* Copyright (c) 2020 Xilinx, Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT\n******************************************************************************/\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* The file is a wrapper that calls APIs declared in xscudma.h This wrapper is\n* added for Versal as there is no CSU DMA in Versal and hence the Versal\n* libraries should have no reference to CSU DMA. ", "This is a security requirement.", "\n*\n* The PMC_DMA is present inside PMC (Platform Management Controller) module.", "\n* PMC_DMA allows the PMC to move data efficiently between the memory (128 bit\n* AXI interface) and the PMC stream peripherals (SHA, AES and SBI) via Secure\n* Stream Switch (SSS).", "\n*\n* The PMC_DMA is a 2 channel simple DMA, allowing separate control of the SRC\n* (read) channel and DST (write) channel. ", "The DMA is effectively able to\n* transfer data:\n*\t- From PMC to the SSS-side (SRC DMA only)\n*\t- From SSS-side to the PMC (DST DMA only)\n*\t- Simultaneous PMC to SSS_side and SSS-side to PMC\n*\n* Initialization & Configuration\n*\n* The device driver enables higher layer software (e.g., an application) to\n* communicate to the PMC_DMA core. ", "The device driver internally calls CSU DMA\n* APIs.", "\n*\n* XPmcDma_CfgInitialize() API is used to initialize the PMC_DMA core.", "\n* The user needs to first call the XPmcDma_LookupConfig() API which returns\n* the Configuration structure pointer which is passed as a parameter to the\n* XPmcDma_CfgInitialize() API.", "\n*\n* Reset\n* This driver will not support handling of CRP PDMA Reset in case of PMC_DMA\n* inorder to support multiple level of handoff's. ", "User needs to call\n* the XPmcDma_Reset() API before performing any driver operation to make\n* sure PMC_DMA is in proper state.", "\n*\n* Interrupts\n* This driver will not support handling of interrupts user should write handler\n* to handle the interrupts.", "\n*\n* Virtual Memory\n*\n* This driver supports Virtual Memory. ", "The RTOS is responsible for calculating\n* the correct device base address in Virtual Memory space.", "\n*\n* Threads\n*\n* This driver is not thread safe. ", "Any needs for threads or thread mutual\n* exclusion must be satisfied by the layer above this driver.", "\n*\n* Asserts\n*\n* Asserts are used within all Xilinx drivers to enforce constraints on argument\n* values. ", "Asserts can be turned off on a system-wide basis by defining, at\n* compile time, the NDEBUG identifier. ", "By default, asserts are turned on and it\n* is recommended that users leave asserts on during development.", "\n*\n* Building the driver\n*\n* The XPmcDma driver is composed of several source files. ", "This allows the user\n* to build and link only those parts of the driver that are necessary.", "\n*\n* This header file contains identifiers and register-level driver functions (or\n* macros), range macros, structure typedefs that can be used to access the\n* Xilinx PMC_DMA core instance.", "\n*\n* The functionality wise ZU+ CSU_DMA and Versal PMC_DMA are similar, so all ZU+\n* code is reused by wrapping in this file\n*\n* MODIFICATION HISTORY:\n*\n* Ver Who Date Changes\n* ----- ------ -------- -----------------------------------------------------\n* 1.0 mmd 01/04/20 First release\n*\n******************************************************************************/\n\n#ifndef XPMCDMA_H_\n#define XPMCDMA_H_\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n\n/***************************** Include Files *********************************/\n#include \"xcsudma.h\"\n#if defined (versal)\n\n/************************** Constant Definitions *****************************/\n/** Ranges of Size */\n\n#define PMCDMA_0_DEVICE_ID XPAR_XCSUDMA_0_DEVICE_ID /* PMCDMA device Id */\n#define PMCDMA_1_DEVICE_ID XPAR_XCSUDMA_1_DEVICE_ID /* PMCDMA device Id */\n#define PMCDMA_LOOPBACK_CFG (0x0000000FU) /* LOOP BACK configuration */\n\n#define XPMCDMA_SIZE_MAX \tXCSUDMA_SIZE_MAX /* Maximum allowed no of words */\n#define XPMCDMA_ADDR_LSB_MASK\tXCSUDMA_ADDR_LSB_MASK\n\n#define XPMCDMA_DMATYPEIS_DMA0\tXCSUDMA_DMATYPEIS_PMCDMA0\n#define XPMCDMA_DMATYPEIS_DMA1\tXCSUDMA_DMATYPEIS_PMCDMA1\n\n#define XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\tXCSUDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n#define XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\tXCSUDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n\n#define XPMCDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY\tXCSUDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY\n#define XPMCDMA_PAUSE_STREAM\tXCSUDMA_PAUSE_STREAM\n\n/** Interrupt Enable/Disable/Mask/Status registers bit masks */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_FIFO_OVERFLOW_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_FIFO_OVERFLOW_MASK\n\t/**< FIFO overflow mask, it is valid only to Destination Channel */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_INVALID_APB_MASK \t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_INVALID_APB_MASK\n\t/**< Invalid APB access mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_FIFO_THRESHHIT_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_FIFO_THRESHHIT_MASK\n\t/**< FIFO threshold hit indicator mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_TIMEOUT_MEM_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_TIMEOUT_MEM_MASK\n\t/**< Time out counter expired to access memory mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_TIMEOUT_STRM_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_TIMEOUT_STRM_MASK\n\t/**< Time out counter expired to access stream mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_AXI_WRERR_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_AXI_WRERR_MASK\n\t/**< AXI Read/Write error mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_DONE_MASK\t\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_DONE_MASK\n\t/**< Done mask */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_MEM_DONE_MASK\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_MEM_DONE_MASK\n\t/**< Memory done mask, it is valid only for source channel*/\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_SRC_MASK\t\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_SRC_MASK\n\t/**< All interrupt mask for source */\n#define XPMCDMA_IXR_DST_MASK\t\t\tXCSUDMA_IXR_DST_MASK\n\t/**< All interrupt mask for destination */\n\n/**************************** Type Definitions *******************************/\n/**\n * This typedef contains PMC_DMA Channel Types.", "\n * Note that the enum values are mapped with #define above as\n * \tXPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL = XCSUDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n *\tXPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL = XCSUDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n */\ntypedef XCsuDma_Channel\t\tXPmcDma_Channel;\n\n/**\n * This typedef contains PMC_DMA Pause Types.", "\n * Note that the enum values are mapped with #define above as\n *\tXPMCDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY = XCSUDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY\n *\tXPMCDMA_PAUSE_STREAM = XCSUDMA_PAUSE_STREAM\n */\ntypedef XCsuDma_PauseType\tXPmcDma_PauseType;\n/**\n* This typedef contains configuration information for a PMC_DMA core.", "\n* Each PMC_DMA core should have a configuration structure associated.", "\n*/\ntypedef XCsuDma_Config \tXPmcDma_Config;\n\n/******************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* The XPmcDma driver instance data structure. ", "A pointer to an instance data\n* structure is passed around by functions to refer to a specific driver\n* instance.", "\n*/\ntypedef XCsuDma XPmcDma;\n\n/******************************************************************************/\n/**\n* This typedef contains all the configuration fields which needs to be set\n* before the start of the data transfer. ", "All these feilds of PMC_DMA can be\n* configured by using XPmcDma_SetConfig API.", "\n*/\ntypedef XCsuDma_Configure XPmcDma_Configure;\n\n/***************** Macros (Inline Functions) Definitions *********************/\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function resets the PMC_DMA core.", "\n*\n* @param\tDmaType is the type of DMA\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_DMATYPEIS_DMA0 or XPMCDMA_DMATYPEIS_DMA1).", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_Reset(u32 DmaType)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_PmcReset(DmaType);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n* This function will wait for DMA operation to complete\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tThis function should be called after XPmcDma_Transfer in polled\n*\t\tmode to wait until the data gets transfered completely.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE int XPmcDma_WaitForDone(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_WaitForDone(InstancePtr, Channel);\n\treturn XST_SUCCESS;\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the number of completed SRC/DST DMA transfers that\n* have not been acknowledged by software based on the channel selection.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tCount is number of completed DMA transfers but not acknowledged\n*\t\t(Range is 0 to 7).", "\n*\t\t- 000 - All finished transfers have been acknowledged.", "\n*\t\t- Count - Count number of finished transfers are still\n*\t\toutstanding.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetDoneCount(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetDoneCount(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the current SRC/DST FIFO level in 32 bit words of the\n* selected channel\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tFIFO level. (", "Range is 0 to 128)\n*\t\t- 0 Indicates empty\n*\t\t- Any number 1 to 128 indicates the number of entries in FIFO.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetFIFOLevel(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetFIFOLevel(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the current number of read(src)/write(dst) outstanding\n* commands based on the type of channel selected.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tCount of outstanding commands. (", "Range is 0 to 9).", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetWROutstandCount(XPmcDma *InstancePtr,\n\tXPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetWROutstandCount(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the status of Channel either it is busy or not.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tReturns the current status of the core.", "\n*\t\t- TRUE represents core is currently busy.", "\n*\t\t- FALSE represents core is not involved in any transfers.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_IsBusy(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_IsBusy(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* XPmcDma_LookupConfig returns a reference to an XPmcDma_Config structure\n* based on the unique device id, <i>DeviceId</i>. ", "The return value will refer\n* to an entry in the device configuration table defined in the xcsudma_g.c\n* file.", "\n*\n* @param\tDeviceId is the unique device ID of the device for the lookup\n*\t\toperation.", "\n*\n* @return\tCfgPtr is a reference to a config record in the configuration\n*\t\ttable (in xcsudma_g.c) corresponding to <i>DeviceId</i>, or\n*\t\tNULL if no match is found.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE XPmcDma_Config * XPmcDma_LookupConfig(u16 DeviceId)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_LookupConfig(DeviceId);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function initializes an PMC_DMA core. ", "This function must be called\n* prior to using an PMC_DMA core. ", "Initialization of an PMC_DMA includes setting\n* up the instance data and ensuring the hardware is in a quiescent state.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to the XPmcDma instance.", "\n* @param\tCfgPtr is a reference to a structure containing information\n*\t\tabout a specific XPmcDma instance.", "\n* @param\tEffectiveAddr is the device base address in the virtual memory\n*\t\taddress space. ", "The caller is responsible for keeping the\n*\t\taddress mapping from EffectiveAddr to the device physical\n*\t\tbase address unchanged once this function is invoked.", "\n*\t\tUnexpected errors may occur if the address mapping changes\n*\t\tafter this function is called. ", "If address translation is not\n*\t\tused, pass in the physical address instead.", "\n*\n* @return\n*\t\t- XST_SUCCESS if initialization was successful.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE s32 XPmcDma_CfgInitialize(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Config *CfgPtr,\n\tu32 EffectiveAddr)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_CfgInitialize(InstancePtr, CfgPtr, EffectiveAddr);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function sets the starting address and amount(size) of the data to be\n* transfered from/to the memory through the AXI interface.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tAddr is a 64 bit variable which holds the starting address of\n* \t\tdata which needs to write into the memory(DST) (or read\tfrom\n* \t\tthe memory(SRC)).", "\n* @param\tSize is a 32 bit variable which represents the number of 4 byte\n* \t\twords needs to be transfered from starting address.", "\n* @param\tEnDataLast is to trigger an end of message. ", "It will enable or\n* \t\tdisable data_inp_last signal to stream interface when current\n* \t\tcommand is completed. ", "It is applicable only to source channel\n* \t\tand neglected for destination channel.", "\n* \t\t-\t1 - Asserts data_inp_last signal.", "\n* \t\t-\t0 - data_inp_last will not be asserted.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tData_inp_last signal is asserted simultaneously with the\n* \t\tdata_inp_valid signal associated with the final 32-bit word\n*\t\ttransfer.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_Transfer(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tUINTPTR Addr, u32 Size, u8 EnDataLast)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_Transfer(InstancePtr, Channel, Addr, Size, EnDataLast);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function sets the starting address and amount(size) of the data to be\n* transfered from/to the memory through the AXI interface.", "\n* This function is useful for pmu processor when it wishes to do\n* a 64-bit DMA transfer.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tAddrLow is a 32 bit variable which holds the starting lower\n* \t\taddress of data which needs to write into the memory(DST)\n* \t\t(or read from the memory(SRC)).", "\n* @param\tAddrHigh is a 32 bit variable which holds the higher address of data\n* \t\twhich needs to write into the memory(DST) (or read from\n* \t\tthe memroy(SRC)).", "\n* @param\tSize is a 32 bit variable which represents the number of 4 byte\n* \t\twords needs to be transfered from starting address.", "\n* @param\tEnDataLast is to trigger an end of message. ", "It will enable or\n* \t\tdisable data_inp_last signal to stream interface when current\n* \t\tcommand is completed. ", "It is applicable only to source channel\n* \t\tand neglected for destination channel.", "\n* \t\t-\t1 - Asserts data_inp_last signal.", "\n* \t\t-\t0 - data_inp_last will not be asserted.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tData_inp_last signal is asserted simultaneously with the\n* \t\tdata_inp_valid signal associated with the final 32-bit word\n*\t\ttransfer\n*\t\tThis API won't do flush/invalidation for the DMA buffer.", "\n*\t\tIt is recommened to call this API only through PMU processor.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_64BitTransfer(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tu32 AddrLow, u32 AddrHigh, u32 Size, u8 EnDataLast)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_64BitTransfer(InstancePtr, Channel, AddrLow, AddrHigh,\n\t\tSize, EnDataLast);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the current address location of the memory, from where\n* it has to read the data(SRC) or the location where it has to write the data\n* (DST) based on the channel selection.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tAddress is a 64 bit variable which holds the current address.", "\n*\t\t- From this location data has to be read(SRC)\n*\t\t- At this location data has to be written(DST)\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u64 XPmcDma_GetAddr(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetAddr(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the size of the data yet to be transfered from memory\n* to PMC_DMA or PMC_DMA to memory based on the channel selection.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tSize is amount of data yet to be transfered.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetSize(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetSize(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function pause the Channel data tranfer to/from memory or to/from stream\n* based on pause type.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tType is type of the pause to be enabled.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY(0) - Pause memory\n*\t\t\t- SRC Stops issuing of new read commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Stops issuing of new write commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_STREAM(1) - Pause stream\n*\t\t\t- SRC Stops transfer of data from FIFO to Stream.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Stops transfer of data from stream to FIFO.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_Pause(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tXPmcDma_PauseType Type)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_Pause(InstancePtr, Channel,Type);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This functions checks whether Channel's memory or stream is paused or not\n* based on the given pause type.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tType is type of the pause which needs to be checked.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY(0) - Pause memory\n*\t\t\t- SRC Stops issuing of new read commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Stops issuing of new write commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_STREAM(1) - Pause stream\n*\t\t\t- SRC Stops transfer of data from FIFO to Stream.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Stops transfer of data from stream to FIFO.", "\n*\n* @return\tReturns the pause status.", "\n*\t\t- TRUE if it is in paused state.", "\n*\t\t- FALSE if it is not in pause state.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE s32 XPmcDma_IsPaused(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tXPmcDma_PauseType Type)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_IsPaused(InstancePtr, Channel, Type);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function resumes the channel if it is in paused state and continues\n* where it has left or no effect if it is not in paused state, based on the\n* type of pause.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tType is type of the pause to be Resume if it is in pause\n*\t\tstate.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_MEMORY(0) - Resume memory\n*\t\t\t- SRC Resumes issuing of new read commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Resumes issuing of new write commands to memory.", "\n*\t\t- XPMCDMA_PAUSE_STREAM(1) - Resules stream\n*\t\t\t- SRC Resumes transfer of data from FIFO to Stream.", "\n*\t\t\t- DST Resumes transfer of data from stream to FIFO.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_Resume(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tXPmcDma_PauseType Type)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_Resume(InstancePtr, Channel, Type);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the sum of all the data read from AXI memory. ", "It is\n* valid only one we use PMC_DMA source channel.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n*\n* @return\tReturns the sum of all the data read from memory.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tBefore start of the transfer need to clear this register to get\n*\t\tcorrect sum otherwise it adds to previous value which results\n*\t\tto wrong output.", "\n*\t\tValid only for source channel\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetCheckSum(XPmcDma *InstancePtr)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetCheckSum(InstancePtr);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function clears the check sum of the data read from AXI memory. ", "It is\n* valid only for PMC_DMA source channel.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n*\n* @return\tReturns the sum of all the data read from memory.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tBefore start of the transfer need to clear this register to get\n*\t\tcorrect sum otherwise it adds to previous value which results\n*\t\tto wrong output.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_ClearCheckSum(XPmcDma *InstancePtr)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_ClearCheckSum(InstancePtr);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n* This function cofigures all the values of PMC_DMA's Channels with the values\n* of updated XPmcDma_Configure structure.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tConfigurValues is a pointer to the structure XPmcDma_Configure\n*\t\twhose values are used to configure PMC_DMA core.", "\n*\t\t- SssFifoThesh When the DST FIFO level >= this value,\n*\t\t the SSS interface signal, \"data_out_fifo_level_hit\" will be\n*\t\t asserted. ", "This mechanism can be used by the SSS to flow\n*\t\t control data that is being looped back from the SRC DMA.", "\n*\t\t\t- Range is (0x10 to 0x7A) threshold is 17 to 123\n*\t\t\tentries.", "\n*\t\t\t- It is valid only for DST PMC_DMA IP.", "\n*\t\t- ApbErr When accessed to invalid APB the resulting\n*\t\t pslerr will be\n*\t\t\t- 0 - 1'b0\n*\t\t\t- 1 - 1'b1\n*\t\t- EndianType Type of endianness\n*\t\t\t- 0 doesn't change order\n*\t\t\t- 1 will flip the order.", "\n*\t\t- AxiBurstType....Type of the burst\n*\t\t\t- 0 will issue INCR type burst\n*\t\t\t- 1 will issue FIXED type burst\n*\t\t- TimeoutValue Time out value for timers\n*\t\t\t- 0x000 to 0xFFE are valid inputs\n*\t\t\t- 0xFFF clears both timers\n*\t\t- FifoThresh......Programmed watermark value\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x00 to 0x80 (0 to 128 entries).", "\n*\t\t- Acache Sets the AXI CACHE bits on the AXI Write/Read\n*\t\tchannel.", "\n*\t\t\t- Cacheable ARCACHE[1] for SRC Channel and AWCACHE[1]\n*\t\t\t for DST channel are always 1, we need to configure\n*\t\t\t remaining 3 signal support\n*\t\t\t (Bufferable, Read allocate and Write allocate).", "\n*\t\t\tValid inputs are:\n*\t\t\t- 0x000 - Cacheable, but do not allocate\n*\t\t\t- 0x001 - Cacheable and bufferable, but do not allocate\n*\t\t\t- 0x010 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on reads\n*\t\t\t\t only\n*\t\t\t- 0x011 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on reads only\n*\t\t\t- 0x100 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on writes\n*\t\t\t\t only\n*\t\t\t- 0x101 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on writes only\n*\t\t\t- 0x110 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on both\n*\t\t\t\t reads and writes\n*\t\t\t- 0x111 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on both reads\n*\t\t\t\t and writes\n*\t\t- RouteBit To select route\n*\t\t\t- 0 : Command will be routed normally\n*\t\t\t- 1 : Command will be routed to APU's cache controller\n*\t\t- TimeoutEn To enable or disable time out counters\n*\t\t\t- 0 : The 2 Timeout counters are disabled\n*\t\t\t- 1 : The 2 Timeout counters are enabled\n*\t\t- TimeoutPre Set the prescaler value for the timeout in\n*\t\tclk (~1.6 ns) cycles\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x000(Prescaler enables timer every cycles)\n*\t\t\t to 0xFFF(Prescaler enables timer every 4096 cycles)\n*\t\t- MaxOutCmds Controls the maximumum number of outstanding\n*\t\tAXI read commands issued.", "\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x0(Up to 1 Outstanding Read command\n*\t\t\t allowed) to 0x8 (Up to 9 Outstanding Read\n*\t\t\t command allowed)\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n* @note\t\tTo use timers timeout value Timeout enable field should be\n*\t\tenabled.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_SetConfig(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tXPmcDma_Configure *ConfigurValues)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_SetConfig(InstancePtr, Channel, ConfigurValues);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function updates XPmcDma_Configure structure members with the cofigured\n* values of PMC_DMA's Channel.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n* \t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tConfigurValues is a pointer to the structure XPmcDma_Configure\n*\t\twhose members are updated with configurations of PMC_DMA core.", "\n*\t\t- SssFifoThesh When the DST FIFO level >= this value,\n*\t\t the SSS interface signal, \"data_out_fifo_level_hit\" will be\n*\t\t asserted. ", "This mechanism can be used by the SSS to flow\n*\t\t control data that is being looped back from the SRC DMA.", "\n*\t\t\t- Range is (0x10 to 0x7A) threshold is 17 to 123\n*\t\t\tentries.", "\n*\t\t\t- It is valid only for DST PMC_DMA IP.", "\n*\t\t- ApbErr When accessed to invalid APB the resulting\n*\t\t pslerr will be\n*\t\t\t- 0 - 1'b0\n*\t\t\t- 1 - 1'b1\n*\t\t- EndianType Type of endianness\n*\t\t\t- 0 doesn't change order\n*\t\t\t- 1 will flip the order.", "\n*\t\t- AxiBurstType....Type of the burst\n*\t\t\t- 0 will issue INCR type burst\n*\t\t\t- 1 will issue FIXED type burst\n*\t\t- TimeoutValue Time out value for timers\n*\t\t\t- 0x000 to 0xFFE are valid inputs\n*\t\t\t- 0xFFF clears both timers\n*\t\t- FifoThresh......Programmed watermark value\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x00 to 0x80 (0 to 128 entries).", "\n*\t\t- Acache Sets the AXI CACHE bits on the AXI Write/Read\n*\t\tchannel.", "\n*\t\t\t- Cacheable ARCACHE[1] for SRC Channel and AWCACHE[1]\n*\t\t\t for DST channel are always 1, we need to configure\n*\t\t\t remaining 3 signal support\n*\t\t\t (Bufferable, Read allocate and Write allocate).", "\n*\t\t\tValid inputs are:\n*\t\t\t- 0x000 - Cacheable, but do not allocate\n*\t\t\t- 0x001 - Cacheable and bufferable, but do not allocate\n*\t\t\t- 0x010 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on reads\n*\t\t\t\t only\n*\t\t\t- 0x011 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on reads only\n*\t\t\t- 0x100 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on writes\n*\t\t\t\t only\n*\t\t\t- 0x101 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on writes only\n*\t\t\t- 0x110 - Cacheable write-through, allocate on both\n*\t\t\t\t reads and writes\n*\t\t\t- 0x111 - Cacheable write-back, allocate on both reads\n*\t\t\t\t and writes\n*\t\t- RouteBit To select route\n*\t\t\t- 0 : Command will be routed based normally\n*\t\t\t- 1 : Command will be routed to APU's cache controller\n*\t\t- TimeoutEn To enable or disable time out counters\n*\t\t\t- 0 : The 2 Timeout counters are disabled\n*\t\t\t- 1 : The 2 Timeout counters are enabled\n*\t\t- TimeoutPre Set the prescaler value for the timeout in\n*\t\tclk (~1.6 ns) cycles\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x000(Prescaler enables timer every cycles)\n*\t\t\t to 0xFFF(Prescaler enables timer every 4096 cycles)\n*\t\t- MaxOutCmds Controls the maximumum number of outstanding\n*\t\tAXI read commands issued.", "\n*\t\t\t- Range is 0x0(Up to 1 Outstanding Read command\n*\t\t\tallowed) to 0x8 (Up to 9 Outstanding Read command\n*\t\t\tallowed)\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_GetConfig(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tXPmcDma_Configure *ConfigurValues)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_GetConfig(InstancePtr, Channel,ConfigurValues);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n* This function will poll for completion of data transfer periodically until\n* DMA done bit set or till the timeout occurs.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tXST_SUCCESS - Incase of Success\n*\t\tXST_FAILURE - Incase of Timeout.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_WaitForDoneTimeout(XPmcDma *InstancePtr,\n\tXPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_WaitForDoneTimeout(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/* Interrupt related APIs */\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns interrupt status read from Interrupt Status Register.", "\n* Use the XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK constants defined in xpmcdma.h to interpret the\n* returned value.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tThe pending interrupts of the PMC_DMA. ", "Use th following masks\n*\t\tto interpret the returned value.", "\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_SRC_MASK - For Source channel\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_DST_MASK - For Destination channel\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_IntrGetStatus(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_IntrGetStatus(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns interrupt status read from Interrupt Status Register.", "\n* Use the XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK constants defined in xpmcdma.h to interpret the\n* returned value.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tThe pending interrupts of the PMC_DMA. ", "Use th following masks\n*\t\tto interpret the returned value.", "\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_SRC_MASK - For Source channel\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_DST_MASK - For Destination channel\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_IntrClear(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tu32 Mask)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_IntrClear(InstancePtr, Channel, Mask);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function enables the interrupt(s). ", "Use the XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK constants\n* defined in xpmcdma.h to create the bit-mask to enable interrupts.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tMask contains interrupts to be enabled.", "\n*\t\t- Bit positions of 1 will be enabled.", "\n*\t\tThis mask is formed by OR'ing XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK bits defined\n*\t\tin xpmcdma.h.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_EnableIntr(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tu32 Mask)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_EnableIntr(InstancePtr, Channel, Mask);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function disables the interrupt(s). ", "Use the XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK constants\n* defined in xpmcdma.h to create the bit-mask to disable interrupts.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n* @param\tMask contains interrupts to be disabled.", "\n*\t\t- Bit positions of 1 will be disabled.", "\n*\t\tThis mask is formed by OR'ing XPMCDMA_IXR_*_MASK bits defined\n*\t\tin xpmcdma.h.", "\n*\n* @return\tNone.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE void XPmcDma_DisableIntr(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel,\n\tu32 Mask)\n{\n\tXCsuDma_DisableIntr(InstancePtr, Channel, Mask);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function returns the interrupt mask to know which interrupts are\n* enabled and which of them were disaled.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to XPmcDma instance to be worked on.", "\n* @param\tChannel represents the type of channel either it is Source or\n*\t\tDestination.", "\n*\t\tSource channel - XPMCDMA_SRC_CHANNEL\n*\t\tDestination Channel - XPMCDMA_DST_CHANNEL\n*\n* @return\tThe current interrupt mask. ", "The mask indicates which interrupts\n*\t\tare enabled/disabled.", "\n*\t\t0 bit represents .....corresponding interrupt is enabled.", "\n*\t\t1 bit represents .....Corresponding interrupt is disabled.", "\n*\t\tTo interpret returned mask use\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_SRC_MASK........For source channel\n*\t\tXPMCDMA_IXR_DST_MASK........For destination channel\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE u32 XPmcDma_GetIntrMask(XPmcDma *InstancePtr, XPmcDma_Channel Channel)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_GetIntrMask(InstancePtr, Channel);\n}\n\n/*****************************************************************************/\n/**\n*\n* This function runs a self-test on the driver and hardware device. ", "Performs\n* reset of both source and destination channels and checks if reset is working\n* properly or not.", "\n*\n* @param\tInstancePtr is a pointer to the XPmcDma instance.", "\n*\n* @return\n*\t\t- XST_SUCCESS if the self-test passed.", "\n* \t\t- XST_FAILURE otherwise.", "\n*\n******************************************************************************/\nstatic INLINE s32 XPmcDma_SelfTest(XPmcDma *InstancePtr)\n{\n\treturn XCsuDma_SelfTest(InstancePtr);\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************/\n\n#endif\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid \"Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.\" ", "error in Fragment\n\nI've got this simple timer in my app which is runs in every 3 seconds.", "\nIt works perfectly if it's not in a fragment class.", "\nBut here in fragment I always got the error: Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.", "\ntimer = new Timer();\n\ntimer.schedule(new TimerTask() {\n\n @Override\n public void run() {\n String timeStamp = new SimpleDateFormat(\n \"yyyy.MM.dd HH:mm:ss\").format(Calendar\n .getInstance().getTime());\n System.out.println(\"TimeStamp: \" + timeStamp);\n // Read And Write Register Sample\n port = Integer.parseInt(gConstants.port);\n String refe = \"0\";// HEX Address\n ref = Integer.parseInt(refe, 16);// Hex to int\n count = 10; // the number Address to read\n SlaveAddr = 1;\n astr = gConstants.ip; // Modbus Device\n\n InetAddress addr;\n try {\n addr = InetAddress.getByName(astr);\n con = new TCPMasterConnection(addr); // the\n // connection\n } catch (UnknownHostException e2) {\n e2.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n // 1.Prepare the request\n /************************************/\n Rreq = new ReadMultipleRegistersRequest(ref, count);\n Rres = new ReadMultipleRegistersResponse();\n\n Rreq.setUnitID(SlaveAddr); // set Slave Address\n Rres.setUnitID(SlaveAddr); // set Slave Address\n\n // 2. ", "Open the connection\n con.setPort(port);\n try {\n con.connect();\n System.out.println(\"Kapcsolódva!\");", "\n } catch (Exception e1) {\n e1.printStackTrace();\n }\n con.setTimeout(2500);\n // 3. ", "Start Transaction\n trans = new ModbusTCPTransaction(con);\n trans.setRetries(5);\n trans.setReconnecting(true);\n trans.setRequest(Rreq);\n\n try {\n trans.execute();\n } catch (ModbusIOException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (ModbusSlaveException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (ModbusException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n /* Print Response */\n Rres = (ReadMultipleRegistersResponse) trans\n .getResponse();\n\n System.out.println(\"Connected to= \" + astr\n + con.isConnected() + \" / Start Register \"\n + Integer.toHexString(ref));\n\n count = 10;\n for (int k = 0; k < count; k++) {\n System.out.println(\"The value READ: \"\n + Rres.getRegisterValue(k) + \" \"\n + Rres.getUnitID());\n ki_adat = ki_adat + Rres.getRegisterValue(k) + \"\\n\";\n\n // Adatbázisba írás\n ContentValues modbusData = new ContentValues();\n modbusData.put(\"Value\", Rres.getRegisterValue(k)); // tábla\n // +\n // érték\n modbusData.put(\"timeStamp\", timeStamp);\n try {\n gConstants.db.beginTransaction();\n gConstants.db\n .insert(\"Modbus\", null, modbusData);\n gConstants.db.setTransactionSuccessful();\n } finally {\n gConstants.db.endTransaction();\n }\n\n }\n kiir.setText(ki_adat);\n ki_adat = \"\";\n }//run vége\n\n}, 0, 3000);\n\nA:\n\nThis error occurs when trying to access UI elements from any thread that is not the UI thread.", "\nTo access/modify elements from a non-UI-thread, use runOnUIThread.", "\nHowever as you need to change a UI element from within a fragment, runOnUIThread should be invoked onto the fragments owning activity. ", "You can do this through getActivity().runOnUIThread().", "\nEG:\ntimer.schedule(new TimerTask() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n // Your logic here...\n\n // When you need to modify a UI element, do so on the UI thread. ", "\n // 'getActivity()' is required as this is being ran from a Fragment.", "\n getActivity().runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n // This code will always run on the UI thread, therefore is safe to modify UI elements.", "\n myTextBox.setText(\"my text\");\n }\n });\n }\n}, 0, 3000); // End of your timer code.", "\n\nFor further information see the following documentation:\n\nAndroid Fragments (specifically, getActivity()).", "\nTimerTask.", "\nInvoking a Runnable on the UI thread.", "\n\nA:\n\nyou need to use the runOnUIThread() function I have an example somwhere that I will post when I find it. ", "\nyou need to give your timer an instance of MainActivity alternatively see this question I asked Android image timing issues with what sounds like a similar thing to what you were trying to do \npublic static void updateText(Activity act, resID)\n{\n\n loadingText = (TextView) activity.findViewById(R.id.loadingScreenTextView);\n act.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() \n {\n public void run() \n {\n loadingText.setText(resID);\n\n }\n\n });\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou are doing UI operation from another thread. ", "I suggest you to use following. ", "\nrunOnUiThread(new Runnable() { \n @Override\n public void run() {\n\n kiir.setText(ki_adat);\n } \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Sonographic appearances of adrenal schwannomas.", "\nTo evaluate the sonographic ultrasound (US) appearances of adrenal gland schwannomas. ", "This was a retrospective analysis of 15 cases of schwannomas involving the adrenal gland. ", "The following US features were assessed: size, border, echogenicity, homogeneity, intralesional cystic necrosis, presence of septa, intralesional calcification, posterior acoustic enhancement and blood supply. ", "Of the 15 tumors, seven (46.7%) were located on the left side, and the remaining eight (53.3%) on the right side. ", "The most frequent US appearance of adrenal schwannoma was a single, well-defined and isoechoic mass. ", "The internal echotexture was homogeneous in 2 cases, and heterogeneous in 13 cases, with intralesional cystic areas (n = 11), septa (n = 10) or calcifications (n = 6). ", "Posterior acoustic enhancement was seen in 12 of the 15 cases (80%). ", "On color Doppler US, 86.7% (13/15) of the lesions did not show any vascularity. ", "Adrenal schwannomas usually present on US as well-defined isoechoic masses often with posterior acoustic enhancement, cystic necrosis with septa and poor blood supply. ", "These appearances should suggest the diagnosis of adrenal schwannomas. ", "Nevertheless, additional information from laboratory tests and CT or MR imaging may be required to avoid unnecessary surgery." ]

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[ "Influence of ligand binding kinetics on functional inhibition of human recombinant serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.", "\nMonoamine reuptake inhibitors treat a wide range of CNS disorders, including depression, obesity, and pain. ", "The in vitro pharmacological properties of these inhibitors are determined routinely using radioligand binding and/or neurotransmitter uptake assays. ", "Measurements from such studies can be influenced by assay design and ligand-specific characteristics, both of which may contribute to discrepancies in literature reports. ", "We modified traditional methodologies to identify and account for factors that can confound in vitro potency determinations. ", "Apparent equilibrium binding affinities (pK(i) values) were determined in either HEK293 cells stably-transfected with human recombinant serotonin (SERT) or norepinephrine (NET) transporters, or membranes prepared from these cell lines. ", "Care was taken to ensure that apparent affinities were measured under conditions that minimized ligand depletion and established equilibrium for both the radioligand and the compound of interest. ", "An unlabelled ligand kinetic method was used to approximate inhibitor binding kinetic constants and corresponding dissociation half lives. ", "To measure inhibitory effects on substrate uptake, both radiolabeled neurotransmitter ([(3)H]-5-HT or [(3)H]-NE) and fluorescence-based assays were used. ", "The time-dependent nature of functional inhibition was examined using a fluorescent substrate uptake assay which provided real-time measurements of NET and SERT function. ", "SERT and NET inhibitors displayed a range of affinities, potencies, and inhibition modes by binding and functional uptake assays. ", "Binding kinetic profiles for this panel of inhibitors were diverse, and affected in vitro measures using the former techniques. ", "In the present study we describe key features of in vitro assay methodology that can influence the apparent pharmacological profiles of standard SERT and/or NET inhibitors. ", "Such information can serve as a foundation for understanding the in vitro profiles of monoamine reuptake inhibitors in the context of their clinical efficacy and tolerability." ]

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[ "<!--", "\n#\n# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n# contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed with\n# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n# (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n# the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n#\n-->\n\n# Deploying OpenWhisk on Kubernetes in Docker for Mac\n\n## Overview\n\nIf you are using a Mac as your development machine, the simplest way\nto get a Kubernetes cluster for local development is to use the\nbuilt-in support for running a single node Kubernetes cluster that is\navailable in Docker 18.06 and later. ", " This will let you use Helm to\ndeploy Apache OpenWhisk to Kubernetes on your laptop without needing\nany additional virtualization software installed.", "\n\n## Initial setup\n\n### Creating the Kubernetes Cluster\n\nStep-by-step instructions on enabling Kubernetes in Docker are\navailable as part of the\n[Getting started](https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-mac/#Kubernetes)\ndocumentation from Docker.", "\n\nIn a nutshell, open the Docker preferences window, switch to the\n`Advanced` panel and make sure you have at least 4GB of Memory\nallocated to Docker. ", "Then switch to the Kubernetes panel, and check\nthe box to enable Kubernetes. ", "It is recommended that you use the\n`kubectl` cli that is installed by Docker in `/usr/local/bin`, so\nplease make sure it is appears in your path before any `kubectl` you\nmight also have installed on your machine. ", " Finally, pick the\n`docker-for-desktop` config for `kubectl` by executing the command\n`kubectl config use-context docker-for-desktop`.", "\n\n### Configuring OpenWhisk\n\nYou will be using a NodePort ingress to access OpenWhisk. ", "Assuming\n`kubectl describe nodes | grep InternalIP` returns 192.168.65.3 and\nport 31001 is available to be used on your host machine, a\nmycluster.yaml for a standard deployment of OpenWhisk would be:\n```yaml\nwhisk:\n ingress:\n type: NodePort\n apiHostName: 192.168.65.3\n apiHostPort: 31001\n\nnginx:\n httpsNodePort: 31001\n```\n\n## Hints and Tips\n\nOne nice feature of using Kubernetes in Docker, is that the\ncontainers being run in Kubernetes are also directly\nvisible/accessible via the usual Docker commands. ", "Furthermore, it is\nstraightforward to deploy local images by adding a stanza to your\nmycluster.yaml. ", "For example, to use a locally built controller image,\njust add the stanza below to your `mycluster.yaml` to override the default\nbehavior of pulling a stable `openwhisk/controller` image from Docker Hub.", "\n```yaml\ncontroller:\n imageName: \"whisk/controller\"\n imageTag: \"latest\"\n```\n\n## Limitations\n\nUsing Kubernetes in Docker for Mac is only appropriate for development\nand testing purposes. ", " It is not recommended for production\ndeployments of OpenWhisk.", "\n\nTLS termination will be handled by OpenWhisk's `nginx` service and\nwill use self-signed certificates. ", " You will need to invoke `wsk` with\nthe `-i` command line argument to bypass certificate checking.", "\n\nThe docker network is not exposed to the host on MacOS. ", "However, the\nexposed ports for NodePort services are forwarded from localhost.", "\nTherefore you must use different host names to connect to OpenWhisk\nfrom outside the cluster (with the `wsk` cli) and from inside the\ncluster (in `mycluster.yaml`). ", " Continuing the example from above,\nwhen setting the `--apihost` for the `wsk` cli, you would use\n`localhost:31001`. ", " This networking difference also shows up when\nlisting apis via `wsk -i api list`. ", "The listed URLs will show the\ncluster-internal apihost,\ne.g. `https://192.168.65.3:31001/api/<UID>/<PATH>`, to invoke the api\nfrom outside the cluster you should use `localhost:31001` instead, e.g.\n`https://localhost:31001/api/<UID>/<PATH>`.", "\n" ]

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[ "Edward Knightly\n\nEdward W. Knightly is an American professor and the department chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, Texas. ", "He joined the Rice University faculty in 1996. ", "He heads the Rice Networks Group.", "\n\nEducation\nKnightly received his PhD and MS from the University of California at Berkeley and his BS from Auburn University, in 1996, 1992 and 1991, respectively. ", "He is the Sheafor-Lindsay Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University.", "\n\nResearch\nKnightly's research revolves around networked systems, mobile wireless networks, and security. ", "He focuses on protocol design, performance evaluation and urban-scale testbeds. ", "His research group, the Rice Networks group, was the first to create a multi-user beam-forming WLAN system demonstrating multi-user MIMO in the wireless networking standard IEEE 802.11ac. ", "Current research involves unused Ultra High-Frequency TV spectrum bands to deliver high-speed internet to rural areas, and millimeter wave bands to deliver high-speed WLAN access.", "\n\nTechnology For All\nThe Rice Networks Group has deployed, operates, and manages a large-scale urban wireless network in a Houston under-resourced community. ", "This network, Technology For All (TFA) Wireless, is serving over 4,000 users in several square kilometers and employs custom-built programmable and observable access points. ", "Knightly sits on the Advisory Board of this organization. ", "In 2011, they installed the first residential deployment of Super Wi-Fi, which uses longer wavelengths to penetrate typical wireless barriers. ", "The network is the first to provide residential access in frequencies spanning from unused UHF TV bands to legacy WiFi bands (500 MHz to 5 GHz).", "\n\nIn 2016, a video of Knightly’s work was featured during the White House’s announcement of a new $400 million Wireless Initiative, intended to maintain United States leadership in the development of wireless technology.", "\n\nAwards and honors\nKnightly is a 2001 Sloan Fellow, a 2009 IEEE Fellow and the recipient of an NSF Career Award. ", "He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2017. ", "He has chaired several conferences in his field, including the ACM Sigmobile International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc), the IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication and Networking (SECON) and ACM MobiSys: The Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services. ", "In 2017, he received the award for Research on New Opportunities for Dynamic Spectrum Access by the Dynamic Spectrum Alliance. ", "He serves as an at-large editor for IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Rice Networks Group\n\nCategory:Auburn University alumni\nCategory:Rice University faculty\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:University of California, Berkeley alumni\nCategory:American electrical engineers\nCategory:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "My next and more important question is if the distortion performance is superior or inferior to normal cone drivers, for me they are only interesting if they have equal or superior performance, preferably superior. ", "I mean, why buy an expensive driver if a cheap woofer with lots of cheap tweeters does the job better?", "\n\nAnd lastly, anyone how is the dispersion pattern is backwards? ", "I would use it in an open or no baffle speaker, so identical forwards and backwards dispersion would be ideal but somehow I doubt it would be that nice .", "\n\nHi,\n\nThe reason d'aitre of a BMR is its bandwith and dispersion, distortion can be worse.", "\n\nIcentical response and dispersion front and back is highly unlikely, like most drivers.", "\n\nrgds, sreten.", "\n\n__________________There is nothing more practical than a really good theory - Ludwig BoltzmannWhen your only tool is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail - Abraham Maslow\n\nI have been testing a BMR and had some good results with on wall and free standing designs. ", "I am using a similar version to the CSS driver.", "\nBasically mine has a flat front ie the rubber surround is internal.", "\nI have pics but the files are too big.....I will try and shrink them down and post.", "\n\nSorry previous pic was from 4 years ago, an old on wall GRP cabinet...\nThe attached are the correct photos!", "\nI have now cut off the base and mounted the array on the wall...very cool indeed, I will need to take some pics of them on the wall.", "\n\nAre there any BMR driver available? ", "No response from CSS. ", "I bought one HiWave BMR12 Compact 2\" Full-Range Square Speaker 12W 8 Ohm and measured it. ", "Not very even frequency response (highs)and distortion (lows). ", "Sounds like it too.", "\n\nThanks Jman!", "\nI think the BMR 's are still only available to OEM's in MOQ of 100 units.", "\nI dont think CSS will release any drivers to the DIY market until some good commercial speakers have been reviewed. ", "CSS really want to establish their BMR as a high end unit. ", "It should be even better than the older version I have.", "\nI had 20 left over from a commercial job I did back in 2008. ", "They are really good if used within their limitations, and they were made under licience by a major Chinese company.", "\nMy design goals with this speaker were to have an on wall home cinema speaker that looks cool and could be crossed over to subs at 100Hz.", "\nHaving no crossover above 100Hz is really great. ", "The speakers do have a very natural full bodied sound with no \"missing bits\" or fragmented sound that most crossovers display to my ears.", "\nI use a DEQX DSP crossover with a bit of Eq and room correction but this is overkill ( with a small o !) ", "and really a Mini DSP or Behringer type budget DSP would do fine for home cinema.", "\nEven the DSP / Eq built into good AV amps will work really well with these speakers.", "\nThe speakers are capable of high SPL's with wide even frequency / power band spread ( very good off axis as well as on axis) and have high efficiency ( 98 dB / 1 watt, but 2.5 Ohm load the way I have wired this pair...) as most home cinema recievers are fairly weak despite thier claimed specs on paper. ", "I use my own power amps that are happy driving 2 Ohm loads...Hypex NCore would be great here.", "\nAll in all I am very happy with them and they really can sing on two channel music as well as fill the room with great movie sound tracks.", "\nI think I am going to build some more variations in the summer, building this line array has given me some ideas how to take the BMR to the next level, maybe even up to Manger quality...!", "\n\nSome pics of the 8 driver array on wall.", "\nCamera phone shots so not great quality but it gives you an idea of the asthetics in typical UK lounge.", "\nEach speaker only weighs 12 Kg so they are easily hung on 1 screw with a raw plug." ]

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[ "[p53 antioncogene abnormal in osteosarcoma].", "\nImmunohistochemical evaluation of 24 osteosarcoma using an anti-p53 protein monoclonal antibody (Moab p53-12) showed strong positive reaction in the nuclei of tumor cells in 14 osteosarcoma (58.3%). ", "Many studies have proved that this overexpression of p53 protein in tumor cells is associated with mutation of the p53 gene. ", "Contrast study with DNA flow cytometry made on osteosarcoma showed that most of the p53 strongly positive tumors have higher DNA Index value than negative or slightly positive ones, though no statistically difference existed between two groups. ", "Southern blot hybridization of p53 gene was also made in osteosarcomas. ", "5 of 20 cases (20%) had the structural changes of p53 gene. ", "3 of them were part or whole deletion of the gene. ", "2 of them had the extra-band, indicating the rearrangement of the gene." ]

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[ "Mojtaba Ensafi\n\nMojtaba Ensafi (, June 6, 1982) is an Iranian football defender, who plays for Sang Ahan.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Mojtaba Ensafi at Persian League\n \n\nCategory:Iranian footballers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Esteghlal F.C. players\nCategory:Bargh Shiraz players\nCategory:Shirin Faraz Kermanshah players\nCategory:Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players\nCategory:F.C. Aboomoslem players\nCategory:Malavan players\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Association football defenders" ]

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[ "Caprina\n\nCaprina is a genus of rudists, a group of marine heterodont bivalves belonging to the family Caprinidae.", "\n\nThese stationary intermediate-level epifaunal suspension feeders lived in the Cretaceous period, from 140.2 to 70.6 Ma. ", "The rudists became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, apparently as a result of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.", "\n\nFossils of this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, Japan, Cuba, Mexico and the United States.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cretaceous bivalves\nCategory:Hippuritida\nCategory:Prehistoric bivalve genera\nCategory:Early Cretaceous genus first appearances\nCategory:Albian genera\nCategory:Cenomanian genera\nCategory:Late Cretaceous genus extinctions" ]

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[ "Q:\n\npopulate multiple sub documents\n\nI'm having a user with a group reference. ", "i'm wondering how i populate the game, users and ranks within the group? ", "so what i basically want is to populate these 3 values in the user.group in the code\nuser mode\nvar userSchema = new Schema({\n fb: {\n type: SchemaTypes.", "Long,\n required: true,\n unique: true\n },\n name: String,\n birthday: Date,\n country: String,\n image: String,\n group: { type: Schema.", "Types.", "ObjectId, ref: 'Group'}\n\n});\n\ngroup model\nvar groupSchema = new Schema({\n users: [{\n type: mongoose.", "Schema.", "Types.", "ObjectId,\n ref: 'User'\n }],\n game: { type: Schema.", "Types.", "ObjectId, ref: 'Game' },\n ranks: [{\n type: Schema.", "Types.", "ObjectId, ref: 'Ladder'\n }]\n\n});\n\ncode\n User.findByIdAndUpdate(params.id, {$set:{group:object._id}}, {new: true}, function(err, user){\n if(err){\n res.send(err);\n } else {\n res.send(user);\n }\n })\n\nA:\n\nMongoose 4 supports populate over multiple levels. ", "Populate Docs If your schema is:\nvar userSchema = new Schema({\n name: String,\n friends: [{ type: ObjectId, ref: 'User' }]\n});\n\nThen you can use:\nUser.", "\n findOne({ name: 'Val' }).", "\n populate({\n path: 'friends',\n // Get friends of friends - populate the 'friends' array for every friend\n populate: { path: 'friends' }\n });\n\nSo in your case it should be something like:\nUser.findById(params.id)\n.populate({\n path: 'group',\n populate: {\n path: 'users game ranks'\n }\n})\n.exec( function(err, user){\n if(err){\n res.send(err);\n } else {\n res.send(user);\n }\n })\n\nSimilar question here\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Version macros.", "\n *\n * This file is part of FFmpeg.", "\n *\n * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n */\n\n#ifndef AVFORMAT_VERSION_H\n#define AVFORMAT_VERSION_H\n\n/**\n * @file\n * @ingroup libavf\n * Libavformat version macros\n */\n\n#include \"libavutil/avutil.h\"\n\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR 54\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MINOR 3\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MICRO 100\n\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_INT AV_VERSION_INT(LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR, \\\n LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MINOR, \\\n LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MICRO)\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION AV_VERSION(LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR, \\\n LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MINOR, \\\n LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MICRO)\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_INT\n\n#define LIBAVFORMAT_IDENT \"Lavf\" AV_STRINGIFY(LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION)\n\n/**\n * Those FF_API_* defines are not part of public API.", "\n * They may change, break or disappear at any time.", "\n */\n#ifndef FF_API_OLD_AVIO\n#define FF_API_OLD_AVIO (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_PKT_DUMP\n#define FF_API_PKT_DUMP (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 54)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_ALLOC_OUTPUT_CONTEXT\n#define FF_API_ALLOC_OUTPUT_CONTEXT (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_FORMAT_PARAMETERS\n#define FF_API_FORMAT_PARAMETERS (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_NEW_STREAM\n#define FF_API_NEW_STREAM (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_SET_PTS_INFO\n#define FF_API_SET_PTS_INFO (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_CLOSE_INPUT_FILE\n#define FF_API_CLOSE_INPUT_FILE (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_APPLEHTTP_PROTO\n#define FF_API_APPLEHTTP_PROTO (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_READ_PACKET\n#define FF_API_READ_PACKET (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n#ifndef FF_API_INTERLEAVE_PACKET\n#define FF_API_INTERLEAVE_PACKET (LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR < 55)\n#endif\n\n#endif /* AVFORMAT_VERSION_H */\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to sum in SQL with conditions?", "\n\nIt's more than likely this question has already been asked before and that I could just not find it now knowing for what to search. ", "\nAssuming I have a simple table with two columns, one column holding one of two values, e.g. \"positive\" and \"negative\", and the other holding an integer. ", "\nIs there a way using standard SQL to calculate a sum of all the numbers in the second column whereby the number is added if the field in the first column reads \"positive\" and vice-versa subtracted for \"negative\" numbers?", "\nAlso, it would be interesting to understand how to do the same with MS Access if it is different from standard SQL. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou case use sum(case):\nselect sum(case when col1 = '+' then value\n when col2 = '-' then - value\n end) as overall\nfrom t;\n\nIn MS Access, you would use switch or iff\nselect sum(switch(col1 = '+', value, col2 = '-', - value, 0)\n ) as overall\nfrom t;\n\n" ]

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[ "Consistency hasn’t been Renault’s strong suit in 2019. ", "But after back-to-back double scores for the squad in Mexico and the USA, Daniel Ricciardo was revelling in his team’s improved performance. ", "Ricciardo finished a fighting sixth at the Circuit of The Americas – having taken P8 in Mexico last weekend – the Australian just managing to make a one-stop work to head off two-stopping race-long rival Lando Norris by 0.398s at the chequered flag. ", "READ MORE: Hamilton crowned F1 world champion for sixth time as Bottas wins in Austin Crucially, it was the first time they managed consecutive double-points-scoring weekends this season as Nico Hulkenberg ended up ninth in the USA.", "\n\nNorris opting for a two-stop made me a little nervous trying to stay out there on a one Daniel Ricciardo\n\n“It was fun,” Ricciardo said. “", "Good for the team, double points. ", "That’s now back-to-back finally, two good weekends, so we have a successive result, which is nice. “", "The start was pretty good,” he added. “", "We initially got both McLarens and then the Ferraris were fighting in front. ", "I maybe got a little bit boxed in, but then Lando had a good run on the outside of 13 and got me back.", "\n\nUS GP: Norris passes Ricciardo and Vettel in epic opening lap\n\n“So then we settled into a pace with him and then a few laps later I got him back, and we kind of went back and forth for the whole race. ", "Then he opted for a two-stop. ", "Made me a little nervous trying to stay out there on a one. ", "The last corner, he got pretty close but held off so happy with sixth.” ", "READ MORE: ‘No explanations’ for ‘most difficult race of the season’, says Leclerc Hulkenberg endured a miserable first stint of the race, losing out on Lap 1 and sinking down the order after starting on the hard tyres, before making a strong recovery – including an enjoyable battle with Alfa Romeo’s Kimi Raikkonen – to finish ninth, in what was a bittersweet result, according to the German…\n\nUS GP: Hulkenberg and Raikkonen in multi-corner duel\n\n“Two contrasts in the race,” he said. “", "First half was really bad – it wasn’t looking very bright. ", "And then in the end, the second half was much more enjoyable, much more fun, had some good pace there, couple of good fights and coming through cars, so happy to get at least two points in the end. ", "READ MORE: How the world reacted to Lewis Hamilton’s sixth world championship “I think there was more on the table, but I was just a bit unlucky in Lap 1. ", "Outside of Turn 2, a Red Bull and somebody else came across the track and pushed me wide and then I lost two or three positions with that, and that put me really on the back foot on Lap 1 and from there it was hard to recover.” ", "The bad news for Renault in Austin was that, with McLaren matching the team’s score of 10 from the race, Renault weren’t able to make in-roads into their rivals’ fourth place in the constructors’ standings, with McLaren seemingly nailed on to claim their best finish in the standings since 2012." ]

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[ "Court denies child's visitation request\n\nAssociated PressPublished: June 23, 2014 4:00AM\n\nTOLEDO -- A girl whose divorced parents took on her on trips around the world to hide her from one another didn't have a right to sit at the table during a visitation hearing, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled.", "\n\nThe case involves a custody dispute between the girl's Russian mother and her American father.", "\n\nThe state's high court ruled this past week that a juvenile court in Ottawa County was within its boundaries when it denied the girl, now 18, a seat alongside her attorney during the hearings.", "\n\nThe parents of Amelia Garmyn, identified only as A.G. in court documents, divorced in 2001 when she was 5.", "\n\nBoth her parents took her out of the country at various times to avoid court orders. ", "Her Russian mother took her to Moscow and her American father took her to several states along with Costa Rica.", "\n\nAfter the divorce was finalized, her mother took the girl back to Moscow where she said her daughter was abducted from her grandmother's home and taken from Russia to be reunited with her father.", "\n\nPatrick Garmyn denied accusations that he instructed three men to take the girl.", "\n\nAn agreement reached in a Henry County court in 2002 gave Lolita Garmyn custody of her daughter as long as she remained in the United States and allowed Patrick Garmyn supervised visitation rights.", "\n\nHer father in 2009 asked a court to approve unsupervised visitation at his North Carolina home. ", "But the girl asked the court to end visitation and wanted to be at the table during those discussions.", "\n\nThe court denied the girl's requests and granted unsupervised visitation to the father.", "\n\n\"Members of this court can debate whether the trial court's ultimate decision to exclude A.G., then 13 years old, was eminently reasonable or a close call,\" said Ohio Supreme Court Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor. \"", "But we cannot honestly debate whether the juvenile court abused its discretion in ordering A.G. out of the courtroom.\"", "\n\nThe girl's attorney, Howard Whitcomb, said the ruling won't affect Amelia Garmyn because she is now 18 but could impact others in the future.", "\n\n\"It's about choice,\" Whitcomb told The Blade newspaper in Toledo. \"", "Do you have the right of choice? ", "If a child wants to participate.and chooses to do that, we believe the Constitution protects that choice.\"" ]

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[ "Onondaga County plants seeds for green solution to lake pollution\n\nAngela Madonia / The Post-Standard Amy Samuels (left), the natural resources team coordinator at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Onondaga County, works on a rain garden Friday in Skaneateles with John Hosford (second from left), and Keith MacBain, volunteers from Skaneateles, and Christine Moskell, natural resources educator at Cooperative Extension. ", "Similar rain gardens would be planted in Syracuse's Near West Side to keep storm water out of city sewers.", "\n\nThe first steps toward creating a green solution to Onondaga Lake's sewage issues are being taken on parallel paths in downtown Syracuse committee rooms and on the city's Near West Side.", "\n\nA half-dozen committees are meeting to explore ways to implement Onondaga County Executive Joanie Mahoney's decision to scrap plans for a downtown sewage treatment plant and instead use trees, gardens and similar means to keep storm water from flushing sewage into the lake.", "\n\nThe first fruit of their labors was recently unveiled to the county Legislature -- a proposal to use $75,000 in state funds, $46,600 in county cash and nearly $49,000 in materials and services to reforest and plant rain gardens in the Near West Side. ", "The neighborhood sits in the zone that would have been served by the Clinton Street sewage treatment facility.", "\n\nThe state grant through the Department of Environmental Conservation is the first of many that county officials hope to tap into over the next few years, said Jean Smiley, the county's physical services administrator.", "\n\n\"We're hoping to utilize those funds to plant green infrastructure and also measure it and study it, so we have a good idea of how much of it can be placed, where, to reduce the storm water runoff issues,\" Smiley said.", "\n\nThe application for a state Urban and Community Forestry Grant calls for planting 400 trees. ", "Some would eventually shade Near West Side streets. ", "Others, more thickly planted, would turn vacant city-owned lots into miniature forests, said Brian Liberti, Syracuse's city arborist and one of many collaborators working on the project.", "\n\nThe application also proposes planting two demonstration rain gardens on public land in the neighborhood.", "\n\nOne garden would be designed using storm water management guidelines put out by DEC. ", "The other would be planted using a \"how-to\" manual for homeowners from the University of Wisconsin.", "\n\nBoth gardens would serve three roles, the application says: absorb excess storm water; recycle that water to grow the garden; and serve as a classroom where residents can learn how to install their own rain gardens.", "\n\n\"Outreach and education are very, very important,\" said Sue Miller, deputy director of the Lake Improvement Project, as she presented the application to the Legislature's Environmental Protection Committee. \"", "There is no sense in planting a bunch of trees or rain gardens that aren't getting supported.\"", "\n\n\"I think this is a great idea,\" Legislator James Rhinehart, R-Skaneateles, told Miller. ", "Yawning gaps between trees become apparent driving through the city, he said. \"", "We should be constantly planting trees.\"", "\n\nTrees take in carbon dioxide, exhale oxygen and save energy by shading homes, Liberti said. ", "More significantly for the Onondaga Lake cleanup, they suck up rainwater.", "\n\nDiverting runoff from curbsides to street trees, and creating forested lots that will absorb rainfall, are two strategies to reduce the volume of water entering the storm sewer system.", "\n\nIn the past, severe storms have overwhelmed the system, resulting in raw sewage pouring into Onondaga Creek and Onondaga Lake. ", "If more storm water can be kept out of the system, the reasoning goes, smaller and fewer facilities will be required to treat the combined storm water and sewage.", "\n\nMiller, Liberti and Amy Samuels, natural resource team coordinator for Cornell Cooperative Extension of Onondaga County, developed the forestry grant application after county officials approached city counterparts with the idea, Liberti said.", "\n\n\"For our purposes it serves almost the entire Near West Side,\" Liberti said. ", "The tree stock would range from young bare-root and containerized trees that volunteers and neighbors can plant, to more mature specimens with burlap-wrapped root balls that require professional planting. ", "Liberti has drawn up a list of 30 varieties he said is diverse enough to prevent the entire planting from being wiped out by a tree disease.", "\n\nGetting the public to buy into green sewage-treatment technologies is deemed so important that Education and Outreach is the name and task of one of the committees working on the green initiative.", "\n\nThe others include Green Infrastructure, exploring ways of keeping runoff out of the sewage stream; Gray Infrastructure, looking at industrial methods of dealing with remaining combined sewage; Finance; and Legal.", "\n\nArching over all is a Policy Committee, comprising representatives of the county, DEC and Atlantic States Legal Foundation, all parties in the Amended Consent Judgment that ordered the county to stop sewage from fouling Onondaga Lake. ", "Onondaga Nation representatives also have seats.", "\n\nThe committees are working on processes and procedures for implementing green alternatives to industrial-type \"gray\" sewage treatment technologies, said Samuel Sage, president of Atlantic States and chairman of the Green Infrastructure group.", "\n\nAlso participating besides the judgment parties and the nation are the city of Syracuse, Syracuse University, Cornell Cooperative Extension and the State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry.", "\n\nCoordination is one of the goals, Smiley said.", "\n\nCommittees will be working with the Near Westside Initiative, a nonprofit economic development partnership led by SU, and city officials to identify planting sites. ", "They also will mesh with another SU project, the Connective Corridor, that would link the campus with downtown, Smiley said.", "\n\nPlanners also have to take into account Syracuse's master plan to ensure the city and county both benefit from proposed changes, she said.", "\n\nTiming is essential. ", "The judgment parties must return to federal court in October with a new long-term plan to control sewage flow into the lake, Sage said.", "\n\nMeanwhile, state and federal agencies that can provide money to pay for implementing green plans have deadlines of their own. ", "So while the committees pursue the planning path, Sage said, they also must go up the financing trail.", "\n\n\"You can't just do things in a vacuum,\" Sage said.", "\n\nNext month, DEC is expected to seek proposals for spending $35 million in new grant funds and Smiley said she expects to apply.", "\n\n\"We're really looking at trying to figure out exactly what areas and what types of green infrastructure that we can place so that we're ready when those grant opportunities come out to apply for them,\" she said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nopen pdf with a url\n\nnew to coding - getting there - please bear with me.", "\nI have links to PDF's but would like to have a pdf opened directly when visiting a url for example :\nhow can I get http://www.example.com/startlist to automatically open a designated pdf ?", "\nrather than the current http://www.example.com/document.pdf\nI have searched but all answers seem to revolve around opening within windows or option to download file.", "\nThanks in advance\nJames\n\nA:\n\nYou could embed the PDF document within a <object> tag in HTML\n<object data=\"/document.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\">\n<p><b>Example fallback content</b>: This browser does not support PDFs. ", "Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"http://www.example.com/document.pdf\">Download PDF</a>.</p>\n\nOr you could use the <embed> approach\n<embed src=\"/pdf/sample-3pp.pdf#page=2\" type=\"application/pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\">\n\nmaybe in a iframe\n<iframe src=\"/document.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\">\nThis browser does not support PDFs. ", "Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"/document.pdf\">Download PDF</a>\n</iframe>\n\nYou will need to place any of these tags within the <Body> tags of your HTML page.", "\n<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<TITLE>Example PDF Page</TITLE>\n</HEAD>\n<BODY>\n<!- ", "This is a HTML comment, replace me with your embedding choice ->\n</BODY>\n</HTML>\n\nA preferred choice to reach the most users would be using a object with a iframe fallback\n<object data=\"/document.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\">\n <iframe src=\"/document.pdf\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" style=\"border: none;\">This browser does not support PDFs. ", "Please download the PDF to view it: <a href=\"/document.pdf\">Download PDF</a>\n </iframe>\n</object>\n\nFor a live demonstration and credit you can see it in action at PDFObject\n\n" ]

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[ "Neurophysiological markers of central and peripheral involvement of the nervous system in HIV-infection.", "\nPeroneal motor and sural sensory conduction velocities (MNCVs/SNCVs), somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation (MN-SEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial stimulation were examined in 138 HIV-infected patients (in the different stages of the disease), 20 seronegative intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs), and 20 healthy subjects. ", "Findings of peroneal MNCV slowing in patients ranged from 16% (asymptomatic HIV patients) to 63% (AIDS) and of sural SNCV slowing from 13% to 40%. ", "Altered MN-SEPs ranged from 10% to 30%, and MEPs ranged from 44% to 72%, mostly due to a prolongation of the central motor conduction time (CMCT). ", "All seronegative IVDAs showed patterns within the normal range. ", "Electrophysiological techniques were helpful in demonstrating early and subclinical alterations in HIV patients." ]

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[ "Topics\n\nJohn Tortorella, 50-year-old Boston native, replaces fired New York Ranger coach, Tom Renney. ", "Tortorella is know as \"The Torch\" who guided the Tampa Bay Lightning to the 2004 Stanley Cup championship and left some scorched earth along the way.", "\n\nRelated \"John Tortorella\" Articles\n\nThe disparity in parity between the Eastern and Western conferences was on full display in Round 2 of the NHL playoffs. ", "The Western Conference gave us two great series while the Eastern Conference matchups were like watching a baby seal ...\n\nIn predicted order of finish\nPacific Division\n1. ", "KINGS\n2013-14: 46-28-8 (100 points), 3rd.", "\nCoach Darryl Sutter wants more from the kids, and wingers Tyler Toffoli and Tanner Pearson look ready to deliver. ", "Sutter also will have a full season of..." ]

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[ "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\nfrom hangulize import *\n\n\nclass Hungarian(Language):\n \"\"\"For transcribing Hungarian.\"\"\"", "\n\n __iso639__ = {1: 'hu', 2: 'hun', 3: 'hun'}\n __tmp__ = ',;'\n\n vowels = 'aAeioOuU'\n cs = 'bcCdDfghklmnpqrsStvwxzZ'\n vl = 'cCfhkpsSt'\n notation = Notation([\n (u'á', 'A'),\n (u'ö', 'O'),\n (u'ü', 'U'),\n ('j', 'y'),\n ('cc', 'c'),\n ('cs', 'C'),\n ('ch', 'C'), # archaic spelling\n ('cz', 'c'), # archaic spelling\n ('dd', 'd'),\n ('dy', 'D'), # affrication\n ('dzs', 'D'),\n ('gg', 'g'),\n ('gy', 'D'),\n ('ny{@}', 'nJ'),\n ('ny', 'ni'),\n ('qq', 'q'),\n ('q{@}', 'kv'),\n ('q', 'k'),\n ('xx', 'x'),\n ('x', 'kS'),\n ('ss', 's'),\n ('sz', 'S'),\n ('tt', 't'),\n ('th', 't'), # archaic spelling\n ('ts', 'C'), # archaic spelling\n ('ty', 'C'),\n ('tz', 'c'), # archaic spelling\n ('zz', 'z'),\n ('zs', 'Z'),\n ('ll', 'l'),\n ('ly{@}', 'J'),\n ('ly', 'i'),\n ('^y{@}', 'J'),\n ('{@}y{@}', 'J'),\n ('y', 'i'),\n ('^Je', 'Ye'),\n ('{@|s|S}Je', 'Ye'),\n ('Je', 'e'),\n ('Y', 'J'),\n ('aa', 'a'),\n ('bb', 'b'),\n ('ee', 'e'),\n ('eO', 'O'), # archaic spelling\n ('ew', 'O'), # archaic spelling\n ('ff', 'f'),\n ('hh', 'h'),\n ('ii', 'i'),\n ('kk', 'k'),\n ('{@}mm{@}', 'm,m'),\n ('mm', 'm'),\n ('{@}nn{@|J}', 'n,n'),\n ('nn', 'n'),\n ('oo', 'o'),\n ('OO', 'O'),\n ('pp', 'p'),\n ('rr', 'r'),\n ('s{@}', 'SJ'),\n ('s$', 'Si'),\n ('s', 'SJu'),\n ('uu', 'u'),\n ('UU', 'U'),\n ('w', 'v'),\n ('vv', 'v'),\n ('C{<cs>}', 'Ci'),\n ('C$', 'Ci'),\n ('D{<cs>}', 'Di'),\n ('D$', 'Di'),\n ('Z{<cs>}', 'Zu'),\n ('Z$', 'Zu'),\n ('^l', 'l;'),\n ('^m', 'm;'),\n ('^n', 'n;'),\n ('l$', 'l,'),\n ('m$', 'm,'),\n ('n$', 'n,'),\n ('l{@|m,|n,}', 'l;'),\n ('{,}l', 'l;'),\n ('m{@}', 'm;'),\n ('n{@|J}', 'n;'),\n ('l', 'l,'),\n ('m', 'm,'),\n ('n', 'n,'),\n (',,', ','),\n (',;', None),\n (',l,', 'l,'),\n (',m,', 'm,'),\n (',n,', 'n,'),\n ('l{m;|n;}', 'l,'),\n (';', None), \n ('{@}k{<vl>}', 'k,'),\n ('{@}p{<vl>}', 'p,'),\n ('b', Choseong(B)),\n ('c', Choseong(C)),\n ('C', Choseong(C)),\n ('d', Choseong(D)),\n ('D', Choseong(J)),\n ('f', Choseong(P)),\n ('g', Choseong(G)),\n ('h', Choseong(H)),\n ('k,', Jongseong(G)),\n ('k', Choseong(K)),\n ('^l', Choseong(L)),\n ('{,}l', Choseong(L)),\n ('l,', Jongseong(L)),\n ('l', Jongseong(L), Choseong(L)),\n ('m,', Jongseong(M)),\n ('m', Choseong(M)),\n ('n,', Jongseong(N)),\n ('n', Choseong(N)),\n ('p,', Jongseong(B)),\n ('p', Choseong(P)),\n ('r', Choseong(L)),\n ('S', Choseong(S)),\n ('t', Choseong(T)),\n ('v', Choseong(B)),\n ('z', Choseong(J)),\n ('Z', Choseong(J)),\n ('Ja', Jungseong(YEO)),\n ('JA', Jungseong(YA)),\n ('Je', Jungseong(YE)),\n ('Ji', Jungseong(I)),\n ('Jo', Jungseong(YO)),\n ('JO', Jungseong(OE)),\n ('Ju', Jungseong(YU)),\n ('JU', Jungseong(WI)),\n ('a', Jungseong(EO)),\n ('A', Jungseong(A)),\n ('e', Jungseong(E)),\n ('i', Jungseong(I)),\n ('o', Jungseong(O)),\n ('O', Jungseong(OE)),\n ('u', Jungseong(U)),\n ('U', Jungseong(WI)),\n ])\n\n def normalize(self, string):\n return normalize_roman(string, {\n u'Á': u'á', u'Ö': u'ö', u'Ő': u'ö', u'ő': u'ö', u'Ü': u'ü',\n u'Ű': u'ü', u'ű': u'ü'\n })\n\n\n__lang__ = Hungarian\n" ]

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[ "Acute stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy.", "\nAcute stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy has a dramatic clinical presentation, mimicking an acute myocardial infarction and is triggered by intense emotional or physical stress. ", "In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of the mechanistic physiology underlying the left ventricular ballooning. ", "The pathophysiology of the recovery from this acute heart failure syndrome is presented. ", "The short-term and long-term outlook puts this new syndrome on a different perspective compared with recently held views. ", "Current knowledge on susceptibility and predisposition already define distinctive characteristics of patients with takotsubo compared with myocardial infarction. ", "Gaps in knowledge and future directions of research are identified in order to best direct efforts for identifying specific therapies for this condition, in the acute setting, to mitigate postacute symptoms or to prevent recurrences, none of which exist." ]

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[ "The detection of palladium particles in proton exchange membrane fuel-cell water by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).", "\nLaser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) using conditional data analysis was applied to aqueous suspensions of palladium particles in the reformate water of palladium-based proton exchange membrane fuel cells. ", "A significant amount of palladium was found in the water, indicating degradation of the fuel-cell cathode catalytic layers. ", "The palladium particle-size detection limit was found to be about 400 nm. ", "Calibration procedures to quantify the palladium concentration are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A Note From the Editor: Despite All of the Bad News, Many Things Are Actually Getting Better\n\nWhen we decided to put a story about police-involved killings on the cover of our July print edition, we had no idea that the month would be dominated by news about police-involved killings—and the killings of police.", "\n\nYet that’s exactly what happened. ", "The deaths of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, La., and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minn., sparked yet more outrage about the excessive use of force by law-enforcement officers. ", "The country watched in horror as Micah Johnson mowed down police officers who were watching over a peaceful Black Lives Matter protest in Dallas, killing five officers and injuring nine other officers and two bystanders. ", "Then came the murder of three law enforcement officers, and the wounding of three others, again in Baton Rouge, La., by Gavin Long.", "\n\nThese terrible deaths prove, yet again, that our country has some deep and serious problems. ", "Way, way too many people are dying at the hands of law enforcement. ", "On the flip side, while the vast majority of police officers in this country are fantastic, some troubled souls view all cops as being bad. ", "And, of course, systemic racism is alive and well.", "\n\nNone of these problems will be solved overnight—especially considering the fact that one of this country’s two major parties is pushing an agenda that marginalizes LGBT Americans, Mexican immigrants, Muslims and many others. ", "Sadly, more blood will be spilled before things get better.", "\n\nIt’s also important to note that violent-crime rates are much, much lower today—about two-thirds lower, in fact—than they were in the early 1990s. ", "So even though it may not seem like it at times, our society today is way safer than it used to be." ]

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[ "Two videos posted online in the past week appear to show an arch and a hoodoo being blown up in a slickrock desert — and the video titles claim they are in Utah.", "\n\nBut an eagle-eyed hiker recognized that the background scenery in both videos may be the view from a popular overlook at Arches National Park — an image on which the exploding rock formations appear to be superimposed.", "\n\nMeanwhile, multiple experts on southern Utah’s wild lands said they don’t recognize the formations themselves. ", "Officials with the state and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management said they are trying to learn if the sites are actually in Utah. ", "And special-effects professionals who reviewed the videos say they were “very convincing,” but they could be digitally manipulated.", "\n\nThe biggest sign of a hoax appears to be the background scenery, which hiker Jamal Green recognized from his many long-distance treks across southern Utah as the view from the Petrified Dunes Viewpoint, just off the main park road at Arches.", "\n\n“I’m fairly certain that elements of the background are shot from [the viewpoint],” Green said, providing a photo of the scenic view along with stills from the two videos:\n\n(Photo courtesy of Jamal Green) A view from a popular overlook at Arches National Park appears to have been the backdrop for what likely are hoax videos purporting to show Utah rock formations being blown up.", "\n\nThe color is lighter and the image grainier on the video background — and there are elements to the video’s background scenery not in Green’s image from Petrified Dunes. ", "But the silhouette of a landmass in each of the videos closely matches the view at Arches.", "\n\nA 360-degree video shot from the spot shows neither the arch nor the hoodoos that appear to explode in the videos.", "\n\nThe seemingly-mismatched background scenery is not the only clue that the footage was altered, said Clark Schaffer, who owns Schaffer Studios in Spanish Fork and has worked for major studios in Hollywood, developing special effects for such blockbusters as the “Iron Man\" and “Star Trek” movies.", "\n\nIn the hoodoo video, the camera jostles dramatically at the moment of explosion — too dramatically to be a natural reaction since the person holding the camera appears to know the explosion is coming, Schaffer said. ", "That could “hide something in the blur of the motion,” he said.", "\n\nIn the video of the arch, a person's head inexplicably pops into the frame, sideways.", "\n\n\"If I were making an effects shot, I'd include something like that just to make the audience think it's real,\" Schaffer said.", "\n\nChristian Madsen, an animation expert who has produced videos for Real Salt Lake and the Utah Jazz, noted the head’s strange path around the frame. ", "He said he suspected the head was a still image “added in [post-production] with poor keyframing in the animation.”", "\n\nMoments later, the camera bobbles, and the distant background moves a bit too “tightly in sync” with the foreground of the landscape, Schaffer added.", "\n\n\"I just would believe we'd see a little separation from the background mountain to the foreground mountain,\" Schaffer said.", "\n\n\"Fakers will shoot static on a tripod for easy compositing” — that is, layering video clips into a single image — “and then add camera wiggle in [post-production] to add realism,\" Madsen agreed.", "\n\nAt the moment of explosion, which appears to involve three charges, the middle charge \"is just blasting straight through,\" Schaffer said.", "\n\n\"That almost seems like it'd need primer cord wrapped around it,\" he said. \"", "The point of explosion is questionable to me.\"", "\n\nThe sound of the explosion also is “suspect,” Madsen said. “", "The report from the explosion is heard at the same time as the rock breaks, and the rubble seems oddly quiet,” he said.", "\n\nImmediately after the explosion, a puff of smoke at the top of the arch disappears like vapor. ", "And right before the explosion, the lower edge of the arch is “wiggling,” as if the image is affected by heat, while no other part of the landscape is, Schaffer said. ", "Those quirks, he said, could be chalked up to poor image quality.", "\n\nBut that poor quality is itself suspicious, he said.", "\n\n\"It looks like old video,\" Schaffer said. \"", "With everybody's camera shooting 4K now, I would think this would be a higher quality video. ", "They could be hiding stuff in the poor quality of the video.\"", "\n\nThat said, Schaffer acknowledged, \"If it's fake, it's incredibly done.\" ", "The attention to the rockfall in both videos appears very natural, he said. ", "The rocks interact with the surrounding landscape, moving shrubs and rolling at different speeds down the various slopes.", "\n\n“The physics of the explosions and the falling rubble are extremely good,” Madsen agreed. “", "There is software for simulating rock destruction that’s widely available and fairly easy to use.”", "\n\n\"All that said,\" Madsen concluded, \"I'd wager the videos have a 60 percent chance of turning out to be fake, a 30 percent chance of having been filmed overseas and real, and a 10 percent chance of being on the Colorado Plateau and being real.\"", "\n\nBoth Schaffer and Madsen said there was an even bigger reason than the characteristics of the videos to be dubious: As of Monday night, it appeared no one had credibly identified either rock formation or their general locations in Utah.", "\n\nThe Salt Lake Tribune forwarded the video to rangers at multiple southern Utah BLM offices, and none could immediately recognize the arch or hoodoos. ", "BLM spokeswoman Kim Finch later said that land managers are seeking input from rangers to try to confirm or rule out Utah’s BLM land as home to the pictured formations.", "\n\nAs the videos circulated online, longtime explorers in the area urgently scanned through desert images, trying to confirm whether Utah's beloved landscape had been marred.", "\n\nA group of about a dozen photographers, hikers and scientists with extensive travel experience in southern Utah reviewed the footage and could not identify either location. ", "That's surprising, said Austrian photographer Martin Pi, who has captured scores of Utah's desert rock formations over many years of visits.", "\n\n“The arch does look like it should be more popular ... and with the hoodoo [video], the spire in the background should be quite easy to identify — but it isn’t,” Pi said.", "\n\nVideos that purport to show the destruction of the arch on the left and the hoodoos on the right recently appeared online.", "\n\nAs so many people with a passion for southern Utah’s desert landscape tried and failed to identify the formations, some doubted the video titles' claim that they were filmed in Utah.", "\n\n\"Someone here would instantly know [the locations],\" said Dan Bjugstad, an administrator for the 16,000-strong \"Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and Adjacent\" Facebook group. \"", "We spend entire days hiking to every obscure feature we can find. ", "Someone should know it, if it is down there, and if we don't know it, how the heck did some destructive schmuck get there?\"", "\n\nThe origin of the videos also is in question. ", "The arch video was posted Dec. 7 and the hoodoo video on Dec. 9, both on YouTube and on the website LiveLeak.com — and both by accounts that have posted no other videos. ", "On YouTube, a poster under the name “Tobias Muir” claimed there are three videos in total, and that “sensitive information” is forthcoming. ", "On LiveLeaks, a poster under the name desdu23419 wrote four days ago that “this was sent to a big news network this morning and leaked.”", "\n\nNeither account has reported any updates.", "\n\nThe Utah Department of Natural Resources and Division of Parks and Recreation told FOX 13 that they were also trying to determine the authenticity of the videos, and noted that destroying natural rock formations on public land is a crime." ]

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[ "Lady Crusaders fourth at Relays\n\nWARRENTON, Mo. — The Helias Lady Crusaders finished fourth Friday in the Warrenton Relays with 61 team points in the 16-team event.", "\n\nHolt swept the team titles with the girls racking up 122.5 points, while the boys scored 108.5.", "\n\nRead additional details in our newspaper or e-Edition. ", "Newspaper subscribers: Click on an e-Edition article and log in using your current account information at no extra charge. ", "For e-edition help, e-mail circ@newstribune.com. ", "Click here to purchase the full version of archived articles." ]

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