Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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[ "Hat sich die FPÖ wegen Schlepperei strafbar gemacht? ", "Das überprüft jetzt die Staatsanwaltschaft Wien. ", "Denn angeblich soll die Partei einen Wirtschaftsflüchtling aufgenommen haben, der eigentlich das Land längst verlassen hätte sollen.", "\n\nDer Flüchtling soll gestern Abend im Parlamentsklub der FPÖ um Asyl angesucht haben. ", "Davor legte er eine abenteuerliche Reise zurück, die ihn durch lebensfeindliche Orte wie das BZÖ und das Team Stronach führte. ", "In der FPÖ angekommen, zeigte sich der 46-jährige Robert L. erleichtert: „Ich hab es geschafft. ", "Hoffentlich kann ich bald auch meine Familie nachholen.“", "\n\nSolidarität\n\nIn einer ersten Einvernahme streitet Parteichef Heinz-Christian Strache unehrenhafte Motive ab: „Wenn ein Bedürftiger Hilfe braucht, kann ich nicht wegschauen. ", "Da muss man Solidarität zeigen und einen warmen Schlafplatz im Nationalrat mit 8756 Euro Monatsgehalt anbieten.“", "\n\nDoch Gerüchten zu Folge soll die FPÖ Robert L. nur deshalb aufgenommen haben, damit dieser dort minderwertige Tätigkeiten ausführt und in der Parteizentrale die braunen Flecken übermalt.", "\n\nIntegration\n\nNach der Ankunft in seiner neuen Heimat muss sich Robert L. integrieren. ", "Doch einem Sozialarbeiter zufolge sollte dies ohne Probleme möglich sein: „Er kommt aus einer Kultur, wo Frauen weniger wert sind als Männer und wo Extremisten das sagen haben. ", "Er wird sich bei der FPÖ also zweifellos wohlfühlen.“", "\n\nLassen Sie sich täglich über neue Artikel informieren. ", "Bitte dieses Feld leer lassen" ]

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[ "Trypanosome infections of marine fish in the southern Barents Sea and the invasive red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus.", "\nThe red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus was introduced to the Barents Sea from the North Pacific in the 1960s. ", "A previous study concluded that it may be indirectly responsible for increased transmission of Trypanosoma murmanense to cod Gadus morhua in the southern Barents Sea by promoting an increase in the population of the leech vector Johanssonia arctica. ", "Eleven species of fish, totalling 681 individuals, caught in October 2002 along the coast of Finnmark, were examined for trypanosome infections. ", "The aims were to investigate changes in levels of infection in cod since 1999-2001, and to extend the sampling to other fish species. ", "Relatively high infection levels were found in cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides, while other species were lightly infected or uninfected. ", "In cod, no significant geographical differences in levels of infection were found, but haddock were significantly more heavily infected in western Finnmark." ]

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[ "Teenage Daughters\n\n\"Teenage Daughters\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. ", " It is her first single for Republic Nashville. ", " It was released in March 2011 as the lead-off single from her album Eleven, which was released on October 11, 2011.", "\n\nHistory\nMcBride wrote the song with The Warren Brothers (Brad and Brett Warren). ", "She told Country Weekly magazine that they decided to write the song after talking with the Warrens about her older daughter, Delaney. ", "She said, \"I was just saying how one minute you are everything to them[…]and the next minute it's just a whole different thing.\" ", "After saying that, she decided that they should write about having a teenage daughter. ", "The song was released to the iTunes Store on March 29, 2011, the day that McBride's middle daughter, Emma turned 13.", "\n\nMcBride co-wrote \"Teenage Daughters\" and seven other songs on the album. ", "She said that after having a top five hit with \"Anyway\", the first single release that she ever co-wrote, she decided to co-write more frequently.", "\n\nCritical reception\nThe song was met with mixed reviews by critics. ", "Matt Bjorke of Roughstock rated it four stars out of five, calling it \"a song that any parent[…]can relate to\" and saying that it \"doesn’t fall into the dramatic melisma-filled type of song that was so often sent out to radio over the years.\" ", "Blake Boldt of Engine 145 gave the song a \"thumbs down.\" ", "His review praises the song's lyrics for being \"a witty and accurate portrayal of what it means to be a parent,\" but criticized the \"misplaced\" production and McBride's \"whiny, exaggerated\" singing.", "\n\nMusic video\nThe music video shows McBride as the mother of a teenage daughter in the 1950s, the 1970s, and the 1980s. ", "McBride's husband and daughters appear in the video. ", "It was directed by Roman White.", "\n\nChart performance\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2011 singles\nCategory:2011 songs\nCategory:Martina McBride songs\nCategory:Songs written by Martina McBride\nCategory:Songs written by The Warren Brothers\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore\nCategory:Music videos directed by Roman White\nCategory:Republic Records singles\nCategory:Republic Nashville singles" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n# Generated by the protocol buffer compiler. ", " DO NOT EDIT!", "\n# source: google/firestore/v1beta1/common.proto\n\nnamespace Google\\Cloud\\Firestore\\V1beta1;\n\nif (false) {\n /**\n * This class is deprecated. ", "Use Google\\Cloud\\Firestore\\V1beta1\\TransactionOptions\\ReadWrite instead.", "\n * @deprecated\n */\n class TransactionOptions_ReadWrite {}\n}\nclass_exists(TransactionOptions\\ReadWrite::class);\n@trigger_error('Google\\Cloud\\Firestore\\V1beta1\\TransactionOptions_ReadWrite is deprecated and will be removed in the next major release. ", "Use Google\\Cloud\\Firestore\\V1beta1\\TransactionOptions\\ReadWrite instead', E_USER_DEPRECATED);\n\n" ]

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[ "Latest Recruitment updates on Prasar Bharti Recruitment 2013 :\n\nThe Prasar Bharati (PB) is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act 1990. ", "It is India's largest broadcaster and comprises Doordarshan & All India Radio. ", "It wishes to recruit young and skilled personnel for manning the posts of Programme Executive, Transmission Executive and Production Assistant in offices spread all over the country Applications are invited from Indian Nationals who fulfill the prescribed qualifications and age etc. ", "for these posts.", "\n\nAll the eligible applicants can apply for these posts through online from SSC official website like http://ssconline2.gov.in. ", "Candidates can send their application form before the last date of 19th April 2013. ", "more details are available in below\n\nEligibility Creteria :\n\nAge Limit: Applicants aged should between 18 to 30 year as 01-01-2013. ", "Age relaxation for SC, ST, OBC as per govt rules.", "\n\nEducational Qualification : Applicants should have Degree or 2 year Diploma in Radio /Telecommunication /Electrical /Electronics / In formation Technology /Electronics and Communication Engineering OR Degree with Physics as a Subject in Graduation. ", "Proficiency in the language relevant to the vacancy. ", "More details available in recruitment advertisement link.", "\n\nApplication fees : Candidates must pay the application fee of Rs. ", "200/- (Rupees Two Hundred Only) through State Bank India (SBI) either in the form of Challan or Net Banking.", "\n\nSelection procedure : Applicants will eb selected through competitive written exam followed by interview.", "\n\nHow to apply : Candidates can apply online through SSC official website (http://ssconline2.gov.in ) from 23rd March 2013 to till end 19th April 2013. ", "Only online submission application are accepted. ", "After submission take printout of receipt for future." ]

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[ "//===--- PathMapping.cpp - apply path mappings to LSP messages -===//\n//\n// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.", "\n// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.", "\n// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception\n//\n//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//\n#include \"PathMapping.h\"\n#include \"Transport.h\"\n#include \"URI.h\"\n#include \"llvm/ADT/None.h\"\n#include \"llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h\"\n#include \"llvm/Support/Errno.h\"\n#include \"llvm/Support/Error.h\"\n#include \"llvm/Support/Path.h\"\n#include <algorithm>\n#include <tuple>\n\nnamespace clang {\nnamespace clangd {\nllvm::Optional<std::string> doPathMapping(llvm::StringRef S,\n PathMapping::Direction Dir,\n const PathMappings &Mappings) {\n // Return early to optimize for the common case, wherein S is not a file URI\n if (!", "S.startswith(\"file://\"))\n return llvm::None;\n auto Uri = URI::parse(S);\n if (!", "Uri) {\n llvm::consumeError(Uri.takeError());\n return llvm::None;\n }\n for (const auto &Mapping : Mappings) {\n const std::string &From = Dir == PathMapping::Direction::ClientToServer\n ? ", "Mapping.", "ClientPath\n : Mapping.", "ServerPath;\n const std::string &To = Dir == PathMapping::Direction::ClientToServer\n ? ", "Mapping.", "ServerPath\n : Mapping.", "ClientPath;\n llvm::StringRef Body = Uri->body();\n if (Body.consume_front(From) && (Body.empty() || Body.front() == '/')) {\n std::string MappedBody = (To + Body).str();\n return URI(Uri->scheme(), Uri->authority(), MappedBody.c_str())\n .toString();\n }\n }\n return llvm::None;\n}\n\nvoid applyPathMappings(llvm::json::Value &V, PathMapping::Direction Dir,\n const PathMappings &Mappings) {\n using Kind = llvm::json::Value::Kind;\n Kind K = V.kind();\n if (K == Kind::Object) {\n llvm::json::Object *Obj = V.getAsObject();\n llvm::json::Object MappedObj;\n // 1. ", "Map all the Keys\n for (auto &KV : *Obj) {\n if (llvm::Optional<std::string> MappedKey =\n doPathMapping(KV.first.str(), Dir, Mappings)) {\n MappedObj.try_emplace(std::move(*MappedKey), std::move(KV.second));\n } else {\n MappedObj.try_emplace(std::move(KV.first), std::move(KV.second));\n }\n }\n *Obj = std::move(MappedObj);\n // 2. ", "Map all the values\n for (auto &KV : *Obj)\n applyPathMappings(KV.second, Dir, Mappings);\n } else if (K == Kind::Array) {\n for (llvm::json::Value &Val : *V.getAsArray())\n applyPathMappings(Val, Dir, Mappings);\n } else if (K == Kind::String) {\n if (llvm::Optional<std::string> Mapped =\n doPathMapping(*V.getAsString(), Dir, Mappings))\n V = std::move(*Mapped);\n }\n}\n\nnamespace {\n\nclass PathMappingMessageHandler : public Transport::MessageHandler {\npublic:\n PathMappingMessageHandler(MessageHandler &Handler,\n const PathMappings &Mappings)\n : WrappedHandler(Handler), Mappings(Mappings) {}\n\n bool onNotify(llvm::StringRef Method, llvm::json::Value Params) override {\n applyPathMappings(Params, PathMapping::Direction::ClientToServer, Mappings);\n return WrappedHandler.onNotify(Method, std::move(Params));\n }\n\n bool onCall(llvm::StringRef Method, llvm::json::Value Params,\n llvm::json::Value ID) override {\n applyPathMappings(Params, PathMapping::Direction::ClientToServer, Mappings);\n return WrappedHandler.onCall(Method, std::move(Params), std::move(ID));\n }\n\n bool onReply(llvm::json::Value ID,\n llvm::Expected<llvm::json::Value> Result) override {\n if (Result)\n applyPathMappings(*Result, PathMapping::Direction::ClientToServer,\n Mappings);\n return WrappedHandler.onReply(std::move(ID), std::move(Result));\n }\n\nprivate:\n Transport::MessageHandler &WrappedHandler;\n const PathMappings &Mappings;\n};\n\n// Apply path mappings to all LSP messages by intercepting all params/results\n// and then delegating to the normal transport\nclass PathMappingTransport : public Transport {\npublic:\n PathMappingTransport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> Transp, PathMappings Mappings)\n : WrappedTransport(std::move(Transp)), Mappings(std::move(Mappings)) {}\n\n void notify(llvm::StringRef Method, llvm::json::Value Params) override {\n applyPathMappings(Params, PathMapping::Direction::ServerToClient, Mappings);\n WrappedTransport->notify(Method, std::move(Params));\n }\n\n void call(llvm::StringRef Method, llvm::json::Value Params,\n llvm::json::Value ID) override {\n applyPathMappings(Params, PathMapping::Direction::ServerToClient, Mappings);\n WrappedTransport->call(Method, std::move(Params), std::move(ID));\n }\n\n void reply(llvm::json::Value ID,\n llvm::Expected<llvm::json::Value> Result) override {\n if (Result)\n applyPathMappings(*Result, PathMapping::Direction::ServerToClient,\n Mappings);\n WrappedTransport->reply(std::move(ID), std::move(Result));\n }\n\n llvm::Error loop(MessageHandler &Handler) override {\n PathMappingMessageHandler WrappedHandler(Handler, Mappings);\n return WrappedTransport->loop(WrappedHandler);\n }\n\nprivate:\n std::unique_ptr<Transport> WrappedTransport;\n PathMappings Mappings;\n};\n\n// Converts a unix/windows path to the path portion of a file URI\n// e.g. \"C:\\foo\" -> \"/C:/foo\"\nllvm::Expected<std::string> parsePath(llvm::StringRef Path) {\n namespace path = llvm::sys::path;\n if (path::is_absolute(Path, path::Style::posix)) {\n return std::string(Path);\n } else if (path::is_absolute(Path, path::Style::windows)) {\n std::string Converted = path::convert_to_slash(Path, path::Style::windows);\n if (Converted.front() !", "= '/')\n Converted = \"/\" + Converted;\n return Converted;\n }\n return llvm::createStringError(llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode(),\n \"Path not absolute: \" + Path);\n}\n\n} // namespace\n\nllvm::raw_ostream &operator<<(llvm::raw_ostream &OS, const PathMapping &M) {\n return OS << M.ClientPath << \"=\" << M.ServerPath;\n}\n\nllvm::Expected<PathMappings>\nparsePathMappings(llvm::StringRef RawPathMappings) {\n llvm::StringRef ClientPath, ServerPath, PathPair, Rest = RawPathMappings;\n PathMappings ParsedMappings;\n while (!", "Rest.empty()) {\n std::tie(PathPair, Rest) = Rest.split(\",\");\n std::tie(ClientPath, ServerPath) = PathPair.split(\"=\");\n if (ClientPath.empty() || ServerPath.empty())\n return llvm::createStringError(llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode(),\n \"Not a valid path mapping pair: \" +\n PathPair);\n llvm::Expected<std::string> ParsedClientPath = parsePath(ClientPath);\n if (!", "ParsedClientPath)\n return ParsedClientPath.takeError();\n llvm::Expected<std::string> ParsedServerPath = parsePath(ServerPath);\n if (!", "ParsedServerPath)\n return ParsedServerPath.takeError();\n ParsedMappings.push_back(\n {std::move(*ParsedClientPath), std::move(*ParsedServerPath)});\n }\n return ParsedMappings;\n}\n\nstd::unique_ptr<Transport>\ncreatePathMappingTransport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> Transp,\n PathMappings Mappings) {\n return std::make_unique<PathMappingTransport>(std::move(Transp), Mappings);\n}\n\n} // namespace clangd\n} // namespace clang\n" ]

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[ "Marie Claire is supported by its audience. ", "When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy.", "\n\nThe sex selfie stick lets you see inside your vagina as you orgasm. ", "Why? ", "Just... WHY?", "\n\nIn this self(ie)-obsessed world it should come as no surprise that there is such a thing as a sex selfie stick. ", "But, still… really? ", "And it’s actually worse than it sounds.", "\n\nThe Svakom Gaga Camera Vibrator costs £120 and lets you see what your orgasm looks like from the inside. ", "Down to every last muscle spasm. ", "Lovely.", "\n\nAnd the features of this genital cam don’t stop there. ", "No. ", "You can also upload the footage from your nether regions to all kinds of devices, including your computer or smartphone, so you can watch it back later. ", "Popcorn at the ready.", "\n\nAnd, it has FaceTime capabilities so your vagina can even FaceTime with, hopefully, your partner.", "\n\nA spokesperson for Lovehoney, which is selling the device, said: ‘It allows users to get to know their body in its entirety thanks to the remarkably clear footage this camera captures.", "\n\n‘Thanks to its FaceTime compatibility, sharing the view with your lover couldn’t be easier – whether you’re sat right next to each other or miles apart.’", "\n\nAnd suddenly the world is a scarier place." ]

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[ "New BSP gov receptive to blockchain tech\n\nNewly-appointed Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Governor Benjamin Diokno had expressed in the past his intent to integrate blockchain technology with government processes. ", "This was when he was still serving as Department of Budget and Management (DBM) Secretary in the Duterte administration.", "\n\nIn an interview with GovInsider in November last year, then DBM Secretary Diokno bared plans to use blockchain technology in the government’s procurement process. ", "He said that by using the blockchain system, the government will have “a secure and less expensive (platform) compared to a big data system.”", "\n\nWhile Diokno acknowledged the merits of using this technology, he also recognized that actual implementation may be a steep climb. ", "Since blockchain technology essentially gets rid of external controls, traditional government processes might have major difficulties in adapting to such a radically different environment.", "\n\n“It affects the whole bureaucracy so it is risky,” Diokno said.", "\n\nDiokno, however, maintains plans to pursue blockchain technology integration. ", "He told GovInsider that after doing his own research, he sees it as the future for most processes including government operations. ", "He initially planned to use it for warehousing for his department before he was moved from his post.", "\n\nA career civil servant, Diokno served in various fiscal management positions including fiscal adviser to the Philippine Senate, senior adviser at the International Tax and Investment Center, and DBM Chair. ", "He was appointed BSP governor after the death of his predecessor, Nestor Espenilla, last February 24. ", "Whether Diokno will continue plans to utilize Blockchain technology with his new appointment remains to be seen." ]

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[ "Linux defenders urge patent pooling\n\n11th Dec 09:47\n\nOpen Invention Network has launched a program to get open-source developers to document information about their work so that it can be easily read and used by patent offices and lawyers.", "\n\nThe intellectual property company said the new Linux Defenders Program will provide funds to help developers pay to to upload documentation about their code to sites like IP.com, a patent database. ", "Keith Bergelt , CEO of OIN, called IP.com the main source of information for patent officials and others researching the viability of a proposed patent.", "\n\n\"You don't have to write a book [about your work],\" said Bergelt. \"", "You could put your ideas in bullet form or one very long blog-like sentence.\" ", "OIN will also aid developers going the potentially costlier and more lengthy process of submitting their own patent applications, he added.", "\n\nThe program, says Bergelt, will make it easier for patent holders and users to defend against claims by so-called 'patent trolls' as well as from Microsoft, which has claimed that Linux violates its patents. ", "To date, Microsoft has not attempted to legally prove that assertion.", "\n\n\"Our activities by their very nature are a deterrent to Microsoft or any other company to engage in hostile action or rhetoric,\" he said. \"", "We didn't acquire our existing patent portfolio by accident.\"", "\n\nOIN was created in 2005 by a consortium that includes open-source advocates like IBM, Red Hat, Novell, NEC, Philips, and Sony, and today owns more than 150 Linux-related patents. ", "Firms that license OIN's patents must agree in return not to use them against Linux vendors or users. ", "Licensees include Google, Oracle, and Alfresco Software.", "\n\nOIN first announced in August that it was creating a pool of Linux patents . ", "Bergelt this week said that the Linux Defenders program has several challenges, especially in convincing the many open-source developers who oppose the patent system in general, to participate.", "\n\nThe second major challenge is in helping developers figure out who deserves credit for inventions made in the communal process of developing open-source software. \"", "It is sometimes tricky, creating a discrete zone for what you and what others invented,\" he said.", "\n\nLinuxDefenders.org carries on some of the work promoted by the former Open Source Development Labs, which ran on online library of open-source patents that was also designed to allay concerns about patent lawsuits. ", "The patent library was apparently discontinued after the OSDL merged with the Free Standards Group in early 2007 to form the Linux Foundation.", "\n\nThe Linux Foundation and the the Software Freedom Law Center are co-sponsors of the Linux Defenders program.", "\n\nLinux Defenders will compete with and complement work underway at the Electronic Freedom Foundation, the SourceForge open-source hosting website, and the Groklaw site. ", "The latter site is active with messages and postings from open-source enthusiasts, many of whom have done extensive amateur research into cases like the ongoing SCO battle to prove that it owns Linux code.", "\n\nBergelt said said that even as OIN continues its primary mission of buying patents, it is also \"directing invention\" of Linux technologies by funding research at various universituies, including the University of Vermont.", "\n\nNo responsibility can be taken for the content of external Internet sites." ]

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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"iso-8859-1\"?", ">\n<!", "DOCTYPE html\n PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\">\n<!-- ", "qtsingleapplication.cpp -->\n<head>\n <title>Obsolete Members for QtSingleApplication</title>\n <link href=\"classic.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" />\n</head>\n<body>\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"32\"><img src=\"images/qt-logo.png\" align=\"left\" width=\"57\" height=\"67\" border=\"0\" /></td>\n<td width=\"1\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td class=\"postheader\" valign=\"center\"><a href=\"index.html\"><font color=\"#004faf\">Home</font></a></td>\n</tr></table><h1 class=\"title\">Obsolete Members for QtSingleApplication</h1>\n<p><b>The following class members are obsolete.</b> They are provided to keep old source code working. ", "We strongly advise against using them in new code.</p>\n<p><ul><li><a href=\"qtsingleapplication.html\">QtSingleApplication class reference</a></li></ul></p>\n<h2>Public Functions</h2>\n<table class=\"alignedsummary\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\n<tr><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">void </td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><b><a href=\"qtsingleapplication-obsolete.html#initialize\">initialize</a></b> ( bool <i>dummy</i> = true )&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt> (obsolete)</tt></td></tr>\n</table>\n<hr />\n<h2>Member Function Documentation</h2>\n<h3 class=\"fn\"><a name=\"initialize\"></a>void QtSingleApplication::initialize ( bool <i>dummy</i> = true )</h3>\n<p /><address><hr /><div align=\"center\">\n<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"0\"><tr class=\"address\">\n<td width=\"30%\" align=\"left\">Copyright &copy; 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies)</td>\n<td width=\"40%\" align=\"center\"><a href=\"http://qt.nokia.com/doc/trademarks.html\">Trademarks</a></td>\n<td width=\"30%\" align=\"right\"><div align=\"right\">Qt Solutions</div></td>\n</tr></table></div></address></body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "\n\nGoogle Puts +1 on Ads - rajeshvaya\nhttp://itechtalks.blogspot.com/2011/09/google-puts-1-on-ads.html\n\n======\nandrewcross\nI don't get this. ", "I have absolutely no desire to read/see ads, why would I\never want to +1 it?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nI'm not aroused by girl on girl porn. ", "I'm a guy." ]

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[ "Immune proteomics of Staphylococcus aureus.", "\nImmune proteomics is an increasingly powerful tool for the investigation of the adaptive immune response to natural encounters between micro-organisms and their hosts. ", "The versatile species Staphylococcus aureus serves to illustrate how these techniques can be employed to appreciate the complexity and diversity of the host-pathogen interactions in unprecedented detail and completeness. ", "Such knowledge is important for the development of effective vaccines as well as informative diagnostic and novel therapeutic tools. ", "From high-resolution immune proteome studies, general rules underlying the human adaptive immune response to S. aureus colonization and infection are beginning to emerge against a background of extreme diversity: S. aureus carriers develop immune memory for their colonizing strain, but even non-carriers are frequently exposed to S. aureus, resulting in specific antibodies. ", "During bacterial invasion, immune-competent individuals rapidly mount an antibody response to a large panel of S. aureus antigens. ", "However, every patient starts from a personal baseline antibody profile reflecting his or her history of encounters with S. aureus." ]

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[ "Evaluation of occupational ocular trauma: are we doing enough to promote eye safety in the workplace?", "\nThe aim of this study was to document the use of eye personal protective equipment (PPE) by patients who had sustained an eye injury in the workplace and to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of these patients. ", "Case-control study. ", "All adult patients who had sustained an eye injury in the workplace and presented to the urgent ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary care hospital from October 1, 2013, to November 30, 2014, were eligible for inclusion. ", "Medical records were reviewed to obtain occupational eye injury data, including etiology, type, and severity of injury as per the Ocular Trauma Score. ", "Use of eye PPE at the time of injury was recorded. ", "Outcome data, including disposition, duration of follow-up, and return to baseline best-corrected visual acuity, were also recorded. ", "One hundred sixty-nine patients were included in this study. ", "The median age of the cohort was 31 years (range, 17-68 years), and 92.9% were male. ", "Chemical exposure (31.4%), grinding (17.9%), and injuries sustained by a sharp-object, metal, or nail (13.1%) were overall the most common etiologies of injury. ", "Eye PPE was not worn by 66.9% of the cohort, with 33.1% of the cohort sustaining an occupational eye injury despite the use of eye PPE. ", "Use of eye PPE among workers who sustain an eye injury in the workplace remains low; yet, its use does not preclude a significant proportion of such workers from injury. ", "Increasingly advocating for both the use and appropriate selection of eye PPE in the workplace is an important public health initiative that should therefore be encouraged." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to resolve this (IMO) unexpected behaviour in NodeJS and MongoDB\n\nBasically I have this function in my categories model file:\nCategories.prototype.delSubcategory = function(categoryId, subcategory, callback) {\n\n var finalSub = \"subcategories.\" ", "+ subcategory;\n finalSub = '\"' + finalSub + '\"';\n\n this.getCollection(function(error, category_collection) {\n\n if(error) callback(error);\n\n else {\n\n category_collection.update(\n\n {_id: category_collection.db.bson_deserializer.", "ObjectID.createFromHexString(categoryId)},\n { $unset : { finalSub: \"\" } },\n function(error, subcategory) {\n\n if(error) callback(error);\n\n else callback(null, subcategory)\n\n }\n\n )\n\n }\n\n });\n\n};\n\nif I console.log(finalSub) I'll see \"subcategories.myvalue\" printed as expected. ", "So when I use this within my application the function should update the document as expected, however it doesn't. ", "neither does show any error. ", "If I replicate a similar behaviour in the shell, it'll work and the document will update accordingly.", "\nIf, instead of using { $unset : { finalSub: \"\" } } I use { $unset : { \"subcategories.myValue\": \"\" } }, hard-coding the value in the function it does work, so the problem seems to occur only when I pass a string in a variable and I can't understand why.", "\nAny ideas?", "\nPS: Please note that in this case, the aforementioned is meant to delete an object inside an object, hence the empt \"\".", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen you create this object literal:\n{ $unset : { finalSub: \"\" } }\n\nYou get:\n{ \"$unset\": { \"finalSub\": \"\" } }\n\nThis clearly isn't what you want. ", " However, unless you expect the $unset part to throw a ReferenceError, it is consistent. ", " You're going to have to build that object differently:\nupdateObj = { $unset: {} }\nupdateObj.$unset[finalSub] = \"\"\n\nThen you can use updateObj in place of the literal:\n updateObj = { $unset: {} }\n updateObj.$unset[finalSub] = \"\"\n category_collection.update(\n\n {_id: category_collection.db.bson_deserializer.", "ObjectID.createFromHexString(categoryId)},\n updateObj,\n function(error, subcategory) {\n\n if(error) callback(error);\n\n else callback(null, subcategory)\n\n }\n\n )\n\n" ]

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[ "Progressive myoclonus epilepsy is not accompanied by humoral immune response within the central nervous system.", "\nCSF and serum from five patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy taken on two occasions with about one month's interval were examined for intrathecal humoral immune response. ", "The CSF IgG and IgA index values were normal, and no oligoclonal bands were detectable by agarose electrophoresis or polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing (IEF). ", "Immunofixation of IEF separated IgG with four different viruses as possible antigens, and autoradiography did not reveal any intrathecal antibody production. ", "In contradiction to previous reports, no evidence was obtained for a local humoral immune response in progressive myoclonus epilepsy." ]

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[ "A computer network typically comprises a collection of interconnection nodes such as computer systems and switches. ", "These may in turn be connected through an irregular configuration of transmission lines, i.e., links. ", "The switches are specialized computers used to connect two or more links. ", "Data is exchanged among nodes of such an arbitrary topology network by passing packets and messages from switch to switch over the links. ", "Specifically, when a packet or message arrives on an incoming link, the switch decides onto which of the outgoing links that packet will be forwarded.", "\nIn a connection-oriented network, a virtual circuit (VC) is commonly established when exchanging packets between nodes of the network. ", "The virtual circuit is a temporary logical path connection that requires a set up procedure to open the virtual circuit prior to transferring the data packets, and a release procedure to close the circuit once the data transfer is complete. ", "This obviates the need for effecting routing decisions for each data packet that is transferred between the nodes once the circuit is opened. ", "For point-to-point communication, the set up procedure creates a virtual circuit by allocating certain switches and links in the network to establish the \"best\" route, according to conventional route configuration techniques, between a source node and a destination node. ", "However, opening and closing virtual circuits is a time and resource consuming task. ", "Further, there are limits as to how many virtual circuits can be opened and supported simultaneously.", "\nVirtual circuits can also perform point-to-multipoint connections, where one source node connects to several destination nodes. ", "This allows several techniques, including multicasting, which involves transmitting a single multicast packet from a source node and having it received by a group of destination nodes.", "\nOne use for multicasting is Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) applications. ", "An example of DIS is military training, although DIS technology can be used for training non-military personnel and to construct distributed virtual-reality games. ", "A simulation involving a multitude of actors or objects is set up and maintained in near-real time. ", "Typical objects are tanks, trucks, planes, helicopters, ships, and dismounted infantry (soldiers). ", "In a simulation, a computer is responsible for modeling some number (typically between 1 and 100) entities. ", "Each machine sends packets containing the current state of locally modeled entities, and receives packets containing the current state of remote entities within the region of interest of local entities.", "\nDIS can benefit from IP multicasting in that simulation packets are delivered to only those simulators that need them. ", "Typically, each entity transmits to one multicast group and joins a number of multicast groups. ", "One can imagine a grid in latitude and longitude and sending to a group corresponding to one's location and joining all nearby groups.", "\nOne technique for providing multicast is called bilevel multicast. ", "The central idea of bilevel multicast is the construction of a private virtual multicast network using an existing multipoint delivery service. ", "All bilevel multicast routers (BMRs) are peers connected to the multipoint delivery service. ", "More features of bilevel multicast will be discussed below.", "\nThere is a need to use more and more multicast groups for DIS and other applications to obtain finer-grained control over data delivery and deliver less unneeded data. ", "There are also constraints which prevent the use of as many multicast groups as are desired. ", "Routers cannot support a very large number of groups. ", "Multicast routing protocols that can handle a very large number of concurrent multicast groups have not yet been developed. ", "Some problems that must be addressed include routing traffic caused by transient joining of groups, the requirement of sufficient router memory to hold multicast routing tables.", "\nAnother constraint is the inability of hosts to support a large number of subscribed multicast groups efficiently. ", "There are two common problems: a shortage of hardware filtering slots, so that the network interface delivers all multicast packets to the operating system; and the lack of efficiency of networking code to deal with one hundred or more subscribed groups. ", "Accordingly, efficient delivery of packets to the proper destinations with a minimum of oversent data is very important. ", "Oversent data is data sent to more destinations than it is needed. ", "Further, the system must efficiently use bandwidth to deliver as many packets as possible, while observing packet requirements including priority levels. ", "Obtaining a proper balance of high packet throughput while guaranteeing high-priority packets are not delayed (often referred to as Quality of Service (QoS)) is extremely problematic.", "\nAccordingly, what is needed is a system and method for optimizing a network's virtual circuits (VCs), including minimizing oversent data, and utilizing VC bandwidth for optimum delivery while still maintaining quality of service. ", "Further, the optimizations should perform well with the transient nature of nodes joining and leaving multicast groups, and VCs opening and closing in response to the multicast membership changes." ]

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[ "In testimony published Thursday, Luís Zúñiga – a Cuban dissident who spent 19 years in political prison – detailed his experience seeing the use of “acoustic attacks” on political prisoners to damage their brains and ultimately kill them. ", "His testimony described a tool that resembled theories of how some U.S. diplomats may have been severely injured by sonic devices in Havana.", "\n\nIn a briefing Thursday, the U.S. State Department confirmed that at least 16 U.S. diplomats suffered a variety of physical symptoms doctors believe were prompted by a sophisticated “sonic” device. ", "Multiple news outlets have reported that the symptoms vary from headaches and vomiting to more severe issues like permanent hearing loss and brain damage.", "\n\nZúñiga testified to watching Cuban state police kill a man with sonic torture. ", "The Miami-based Cuban Democratic Directorate issued a statement regarding his testimony arguing that acoustic attacks were “not alien to the Castro agenda.” ", "They cited Zúñiga’s testimony, delivered on July 15 to Justice Cuba, as proof that others had witnessed such incidents on the island.", "\n\nAccording to Zúñiga, prison guards would place large speakers near the cells and broadcast “a sound that was like short-wave radio when it was not set on any particular station and would emit shrill sounds.”", "\n\n“The torture would go on all day and night and … ended when a prisoner, Rafael Del Pino Siero, died,” he noted. “", "Since we were in individual cells, nobody could know if he hung himself or he was hanged, but the truth is he died under torture.”", "\n\nThe former political prisoner detailed a variety of incidents of torture that he witnessed both in prisons like Combinado del Este, notorious as a torture ward for political dissidents, and “psychiatric facilities” like the institution informally known as “Mazorra,” where dissidents would receive electroshock torture.", "\n\n“I was a victim and witness to innumerable cases of torture, cruel and inhuman treatment, mutilations,” he told those convened, noting that some prisons were mixed gender and women could be heard receiving severe beatings from men in their cells.", "\n\n“They beat all political prisoners … systematically, because the goal was not just to punish you for rebelling or opposing the communist dictatorship, but to destroy your soul, subject your spirit, humble you, turn you into almost an animal,” he asserted.", "\n\n“That was the official, systematic policy of prisons.”", "\n\nDenuncia expreso político cubano Luís Zúñiga ante Justice Cuba: https://t.co/7BQ5WGDKZx via @YouTube — Directorio (@DirectorioCuba) August 24, 2017\n\nZúñiga testified to seeing a guard cut half of a prisoner’s hand off with a machete for complaining about the quality of the food and hearing of a man forced into electroshock torture at Mazorra for having relayed confidential information he heard guards discussing to outsiders. “", "He received 14 sessions of electroshock: five in the head and ten in the testicles,” Zúñiga declared.", "\n\nMazorra is the location currently holding Daniel Llorente, a Cuban dissident who was detained after daring to wave an American flag at a communist parade in May.\n\nZúñiga’s testimony serves as both a reminder of the Castro regime’s brutality and its history of using torture against its enemies. ", "The anecdotes about aural torture appear to give credence to the fact that the Cuban government possesses devices capable of using sonic technologies to hurt people.", "\n\nThe State Department confirmed on Thursday that “at least 16 U.S. Government employees, members of our embassy community, have experienced some kind of symptoms” as a result of “unprecedented” “incidents” in Havana. “", "We take this situation extremely seriously,” she noted. “", "We are trying to provide them the help, the medical care, the treatment, and the support that they need and the support that they deserve.”", "\n\nSpokeswoman Heather Nauert told reporters the “incidents are no longer occurring” but could not offer proof of an end to these attacks when asked to establish why the United States believed this to be so. ", "In particular, Nauert noted that American investigators had not been able to pinpoint the damage to “a piece of equipment” or a location.", "\n\nSome diplomats suffering symptoms are still in Cuba, Nauert confirmed.", "\n\nFollow Frances Martel on Facebook and Twitter." ]

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[ "I really appreciated your participation today...very substantive and\nconstructive. ", " I particularly liked the idea of a migration \"trigger\",\nwhich I included in the outline. ", " I personally think that the big ticket\nitems are rate level, rate freeze end and TRA allocation. ", " I wish we\ncould start facing that dance. ", " I'd play with (a) 25% immediate increase\nin commodity price (explicit, rather than residual); (b) rate freeze end\non October 2, 2000 (c) pre EOF TRA undercollections to utilities,\neverything after is allocated forward to procurement customers.", "\nThoughts?" ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nThe synapse, a specialized contact between neurons, is currently of fundamental importance for our understanding of learning, memory and other brain functions. ", "Assembly and function of neuronal synapses require the coordinated expression of a yet undetermined set of genes, which for simplicity will be called here \"synaptic genes\". ", "There is a broad consensus that only a fraction of the total number of synaptic genes have been identified so far \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "Due to the evolutionary conservation among synaptic genes, the knowledge obtained from studies in model organisms is very relevant for other species, including humans \\[[@CR2], [@CR3]\\].", "\n\nSince the biological roles of the vast majority of known amino acid sequences remain partly or completely unknown \\[[@CR4]\\], computational prediction of gene function is an open research problem of much relevance. ", "In recent years diverse methodologies have been assayed, with a strong prevalence of machine learning approaches. ", "The top-performing algorithms, architectures and training schemes are function-specific and context-dependent \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "In a previous study \\[[@CR6]\\], we implemented an ensemble machine learning model that assigned a probability of being a \"synaptic gene\" to each protein-coding gene of *Drosophila melanogaster.* ", "The features to infer the synaptic function were the whole-body transcription levels of all protein-coding genes at 24 developmental stages, published by the modENCODE project \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "As far as we know, this is the only study that predicts gene function relying exclusively on temporal transcriptions profiles obtained through NGS technologies. ", "After an exhaustive bibliographic review, a set of genes for which a function in synapse formation and/or maturation, and/or neurotransmission, and/or plasticity and/or maintenance had been experimentally demonstrated was selected as a positive example and included in the training set. ", "Genes fulfilling any of two biological criteria defined ad hoc were selected as negatives examples \\[[@CR6]\\] (See Methods and Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Our model intersected the results of three learning algorithms: k-nearest neighbours (kNN) \\[[@CR8]\\], Random Forest (RF) \\[[@CR9]\\], Support Vector Machines (SVM) \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "These algorithms had been chosen after obtaining similar results with these and other algorithms during an exploratory study and because they are widely used and among those with the best average performance when applied to biological data \\[[@CR11], [@CR12]\\]. ", "The classification threshold of the algorithms was set to meet the expected number of unknown synaptic genes (estimated a priori) at that time. ", "We obtained a catalogue that we postulated to be highly enriched in genes for which a synaptic function was yet to be discovered.", "\n\nFollowing the publication of that catalogue, scientists around the world have experimentally identified 79 new synaptic genes (NSG), giving us the opportunity to empirically evaluate the predictive power of the catalogue. ", "Thereafter we tested a new training scheme and evaluated it by measuring the enrichment in NSG of the resulting catalogues. ", "Briefly, the tested training scheme includes randomly sub-sampling the available labelled data to train a number of models and then ensemble those models in only one classifier (see Methods). ", "This new training scheme is meant to alleviate a probable bias of our model due to a relatively small training set \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "We found that the new training scheme resulted in a model producing a catalogue more enriched in NSG. ", "Finally, we added the 79 NSG to the training set and trained a new model with the new training scheme. ", "With this new model we obtained the new, enhanced catalogue of putative synaptic genes that we are publishing here. ", "The whole procedure is schematized in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A monthly updated version of this catalogue will be available online at: <http://synapticgenes.bnd.edu.uy>. ", "Fig. ", "1Scheme of the work-flow used to obtain the new catalogue of putative synaptic genes. ", "First, we trained two models with the original training set, one with the original training scheme and one with the new training scheme (Fig. [", "2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then we compared the enrichment in new synaptic genes (NSG, see Methods for definition of enrichment) of the catalogues resulting from each method. ", "After testing that the new training scheme improved the prediction (Fig. [", "3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), we incorporated the 79 NSG to the training set, trained a new model with the new training scheme and obtained a new catalogue of putative synaptic genes\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nEvaluation of the original catalogue {#Sec3}\n------------------------------------\n\nSince the publication of our original catalogue up to the preparation of this manuscript, we identified 79 *Drosophila* genes that had gathered enough experimental evidence to be considered a synaptic gene according to our previous criteria \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"} lists these genes along with the references supporting their synaptic functions. ", "Roughly a third of these NSG (28 genes) were present in our original catalogue. ", "A standard approach to evaluate the overrepresentation of certain feature (in this case, being a NSG) in a list of genes is to perform enrichment analysis (see Methods). ", "Using in-house scripts and the hypergeometric distribution we calculated the enrichment in NSG of our original catalogue and its associated *p*-value. ", "We found our original catalogue has an enrichment in NSG of 4.38 with a *p*-value \\< 10^− 10^ **(**Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}**)**. ", "Table 1Evaluation of our original prediction. ", "Comparison between the results of the original model, a model trained with the original training set but with the new training scheme and a model trained with the new training scheme and the updated training set. ", "The enrichment in NSG found in the catalogue obtained with the new training scheme is 38% higher than that found in the catalogue obtained with the original training scheme even though both models were trained with the same set of genes. ", "The training set for the new model includes the 79 NSG, thus the enrichment in NSG of the resulting catalogues cannot be defined\n\nImproved training scheme {#Sec4}\n------------------------\n\nThe changes to the training scheme of our model tested here are detailed in the Methods section and schematized in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Fig. ", "2Comparison between the original and the improved models. ", "Original model (above): with the whole training set we trained three algorithms: kNN, SVM and Random Forest. ", "The hyper parameters of each classifier were set by exhaustive grid search combined with 10-fold cross validation over the training set. ", "Finally, we increased the classification threshold of the classifiers and considered the intersection between the resulting catalogues. ", "Improved model (below): first, we sub-sampled five times the original training set, leaving out each time a different fifth of the positive and negative examples. ", "By this procedure we obtained five smaller, slightly different training sets. ", "Using the positive and negative examples left out in each iteration, we created five test sets, used to independently evaluate each classifier. ", "With each training set we trained three algorithms: kNN, SVM and Random Forest, thus obtaining 15 different classifiers. ", "The hyper parameters of each classifier were set by exhaustive grid search combined with 10-fold cross validation over the training set. ", "After training, we evaluated each classifier (accuracy, ROC and F1) using a different test set. ", "Finally, we increased the classification threshold of the classifiers and considered the intersection between the resulting catalogues\n\nTo test if these changes improved the predictive performance of our approach, we trained a model implementing these changes with the original training set and then compared the results with those of the original model. ", "As shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the changes resulted in a better predictive power measured as enrichment in NSG. ", "This improvement is also observed when we considered each classification algorithm separately (Fig. [", "3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a-c). ", "The performance of the intersection of the classifiers trained with the sub-samples of the training set was always better than that of the performance of the classifier trained with the full training set. ", "By intersection of the classifiers for a given threshold we mean the set of genes that were assigned with a probability above the threshold by the 3 classifiers simultaneously. ", "Fig. ", "3Comparison between the original and the improved model. ", "Enrichment in NSG for an increasing classification threshold. **", "a**: kNN, **b**: SVM, **c**: Random Forest, **d**: Intersection of the three algorithms. ", "For a definition of enrichment see Methods. ", "In each panel, the red line represents the results of the original model, the gray lines represent the results of the models obtained after training the corresponding algorithm with each sub-sample of the original training set and the black line shows the results of the intersection of these last models\n\nEvaluation of the new classifiers {#Sec5}\n---------------------------------\n\nAfter demonstrating that the proposed changes to the training scheme and ensemble rules would have resulted in a series of catalogues more enriched in NSG, we incorporated the 79 NSG to the training set and repeated the whole procedure described above, obtaining 15 new classifiers. ", "Each of these classifiers was evaluated with an independent test set, which was used to calculate the accuracy, the F1 score and the area under the ROC curve (Fig.[2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The obtained values were compared with those reported by other colleagues when training models to predict other biological functions \\[[@CR14]--[@CR16]\\]. ", "Table 2Evaluation of the 15 classifiers. ", "Fifteen classifiers were obtained by training three algorithms with five different training sets. ", "The performance of each classifier was evaluated using a test set conformed by genes that were not used during training. ", "The table shows the mean and standard deviation of the accuracy, the F1 score and the area under the ROC curve of the five classifiers trained with each algorithm. ", "The last three rows show the area under the ROC obtained by other colleagues when predicting other biological functions through machine learning\n\nA new catalogue of putative synaptic genes {#Sec6}\n------------------------------------------\n\nWe trained a new model incorporating the 79 NSG to the training set and the changes to the training scheme. ", "In our original work only those genes assigned with a probability of being synaptic of at least 0.9 by the three classifiers were included in the final catalogue. ", "This high classification threshold was set to obtain a catalogue of a given size. ", "Now the threshold was set at 0.95 because we aimed to obtain a smaller catalogue since there are fewer unknown synaptic genes. ", "The resulting catalogue had 601 genes.", "\n\nEnrichment of the new catalogue in synapse-related GO terms {#Sec7}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo evaluate the quality of the new catalogue, we determined its enrichment in synapse-related GO terms. ", "This could be done because we constructed our training set without taking into account Gene Ontology. ", "We found that 83 of the 601 genes to which our 15 classifiers assigned a probability above 0.95 had some synapse-related GO annotation. ", "To determine whether this is a significant enrichment, all the genes in our training set that have some synapse-related GO annotation must be removed from the background set. ", "This analysis was performed with Gorilla \\[[@CR17]\\] and the results are shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "After excluding from the catalogue these 83 genes a final catalogue of 518 putative synaptic genes was obtained (Additional file [3](#MOESM3){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Table 3Enrichment of the new catalogue in synapse-related GO terms. ", "First and second columns show the GO term identifier and its name. ", "Third and fourth columns show the p-value and its correction for false discovery rate associated with the enrichment found, which is shown in the last column\n\nRegularly updated on-line catalogue {#Sec8}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe model we are presenting here will be re-trained as new synaptic genes are identified. ", "This will result in an updated catalogue that will be available here: [http://synapticgenes.bnd.edu.uy](http://synapticgenes.bnd.edu.uy/). ", "The updated list of synaptic genes used to train the model will be available at the same site.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nAn underlying rationale for our approach was that the transcription of genes of importance for neuronal synapses will probably increment very much during times of massive synapse assembly and will go down when synapses are massively degraded. ", "A temporal correlation between changes in gene transcription and biological function has been reported for a variety of neuronal functions in *Drosophila* \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "A catalogue obtained by training an ensemble machine-learning model that assigned each *Drosophila* protein-coding gene a probability of having synaptic function was published four years ago \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Of note, the model was based exclusively on a whole-body temporal transcriptome. ", "It was hypothesized that the catalogue was enriched in genes of relevance for neuronal synapses which were still not recognized as such. ", "Since the publication of the catalogue, 79 NSG were experimentally identified by others with a variety of experimental methods. ", "This offered a great opportunity to test both the predictive power of our machine learning approach and to test changes to the training scheme that could improve the predictive power of our model. ", "Here we found that our previous catalogue \\[[@CR6]\\] was enriched in genes for which a synaptic function was experimentally identified by other colleagues between 2015 and 2019. ", "We believe that this represents a good experimental validation of the predictive power of our machine learning approach and we conclude that it is thus possible to predict gene function using machine learning based exclusively on temporal transcription data.", "\n\nOur original model assigned very low probabilities to some genes that were later proven to have synaptic functions. ", "A possible explanation could be that our model cannot capture the entire diversity in expression profiles among the hundreds of genes required for assembly and function of neuronal synapses. ", "It is suitable that any model exclusively trained with transcription profiles will fail to recognize some of the interesting genes, for several reasons and two of them will be considered in the following. ", "Many genes have more than one biological function and are expressed at different levels in different organs or tissues. ", "Hence, a machine learning approach applied to expression values obtained from total RNA samples from whole-organisms will probably fail to identify some of the genes of interest because of the composite nature of the sample. ", "Moreover, the coordinated expression of hundreds of genes, during the two massive waves of synapse formation taking place during *Drosophila* development \\[[@CR6], [@CR18]\\] probably includes genes that encode activators or repressors, which will result in very different transcription profiles.", "\n\nIt is also worth noting that none of the 79 NSG belongs to the list of \"non-synaptic genes\" which had been used to train the algorithms. ", "This provides unequivocal validation for the biological criteria used to select the negative examples of the training set and is consistent with our assumption that the genes of importance for neuronal communication are the same in both sexes.", "\n\nIt is important to note that even when the original model and its improved version were based on the same algorithms and were trained with the same set of genes, the enrichment in NSG found in the catalogue obtained with the improved model was 38% higher. ", "This is interpreted as a clear demonstration that the new training scheme really improved the predictive performance of our approach. ", "A possible explanation is that the tested training scheme alleviated a probable bias of our model due to a relatively small training set and increased its generalization capacity \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "Since there are hundreds of synaptic genes to be discovered this is an important feature.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec10}\n===========\n\nWe show here that a catalogue of *Drosophila* putative synaptic genes obtained by an ensemble machine learning model four years ago has a significant enrichment in genes whose synaptic function was discovered by others after its publication. ", "This confirms that it is possible to predict gene function based on a temporal data-set of transcription values and a machine learning approach of the type presented here.", "\n\nAfter testing the predictive power of our methods, we constructed a new catalogue of putative synaptic genes and make it available to the scientific community, firmly believing that this will facilitate the identification of genes important for the assembly and function of synapses, by means of gene silencing, mutant analysis, electrophysiology, neuroanatomy, behavioral assays and other traditional protocols, all of which will most likely lead to a better understanding of the function of the brain. ", "The catalogue is available at: [http://synapticgenes.bnd.edu.uy](http://synapticgenes.bnd.edu.uy/)\n\nMethods {#Sec11}\n=======\n\nData {#Sec12}\n----\n\nWe used the developmental transcriptome of *Drosophila melanogaster* published by the MODENCODE Project \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "In these data, each sample consisted of total polyAAA-RNA isolated from 30 whole bodies obtained at different time points along the organism life cycle. ", "Originally the data set consisted of the transcript levels of 15,398 genes expressed as fragments per kilo base of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM). ", "We excluded 1756 genes that showed transcript levels above zero only during adult life and normalized each gene's temporal series dividing it by its maximum value, thus obtaining for each gene a series of 24 values oscillating between 0 and 1. ", "More details in \\[[@CR6]\\].", "\n\nEvaluation of the predictive power of our original model {#Sec13}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nUsing the same ad hoc definition for \"synaptic gene\" that was adopted in our previous work, we performed a bibliographic revision and identified 79 new synaptic genes defined as such by other scientists since the publication of our first catalogue \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Then we analyzed the enrichment of our original catalogue in these NSG using in-house scripts assuming a hyper-geometric distribution. ", "If N is the number of genes in the background set, i.e. the set from which the analyzed list is extracted, B is the number of genes in the background set associated with the feature of interest, n is the number of genes in the analyzed list and b is the number of genes associated with the feature of interest in the analyzed list, the Enrichment is defined as ((b/n) / (B/N)).", "\n\nA new training scheme {#Sec14}\n---------------------\n\nTo obtain our original catalogue we had trained three learning algorithms (k-NN, RF and SVM) with an unbalanced training set, in which there were many more negative than positive examples. ", "A careful bibliographic revision was done to select genes for which the importance for neuronal synapses had been demonstrated with a variety of experimental approaches. ", "In this way, 92 genes were selected as positive examples (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "As negative examples, 397 genes were selected based on two biological criteria: genes that are not expressed at developmental stages when massive synapse formation takes place and genes with no expression during adult life in females or males, because available data indicate that the fundamental principles of structure and function of neuronal synapses are the same in both sexes.", "\n\nWith the aim of improving the predictive power of our model, here we propose a new training scheme, based on repetitive sub-sampling of the original training set to construct five smaller, slightly different training sets (**see** Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To construct each of these training sets, four fifths of the original positive examples and four fifths of the original negative examples were randomly picked out. ", "This procedure was repeated five times, leaving out a different fifth each time. ", "Using the positive and negative examples left out when constructing each training set we defined a test set, used to independently calculate the accuracy, the AUC of the ROC and the F1 score of each classifier.", "\n\nThe hyper parameters of each classifier were set by grid search combined with 10-fold cross validation and its performance was evaluated by an independent test set. ", "Each classifier assigned a different probability of being synaptic to each gene. ", "To obtain our catalogues we considered, for each classification threshold, the intersection of the 15 results and then we took the mean probability assigned to each gene in the intersection.", "\n\nAll calculations were performed using Jupyter Notebooks and Sklearn \\[[@CR20]\\].", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec15}\n\n**Additional file 1:** List of genes in the original training set (XLS 41 kb) **Additional file 2:** New synaptic genes & references (XLS 21 kb) **Additional file 3:** New catalogue of putative synaptic genes (XLS 39 kb)\n\n**Publisher's Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12864-019-6380-z.\n\nWe acknowledge the criticism of two anonymous reviewers, which greatly improved the original version of our manuscript.", "\n\nFPO conceived the study, performed the experiments and data analysis and wrote the manuscript. ", "PS discussed the experiments prepared the web site and corrected the manuscript. ", "MP discussed the experiments and corrected the manuscript. ", "GG supervised the project and corrected the manuscript. ", "PY supervised the project and corrected the manuscript. ", "RC conceived the study, supervised the project and corrected the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nFPO received financial assistance from PEDECIBA (Uruguay), a PhD Fellowship and a research grant (FSDA_1\\_2017_1\\_142427) from the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII, Uruguay). ", "FPO, RC and GG received funds from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (Uruguay). ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\nAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article \\[and its supplementary information files\\].", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n" ]

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[ "This all got started way back around 1987.", "\n\nI was a 6th grader who'd just moved from Fort Bridger, Wyoming to Bellevue, Washington. ", "A geographic move of only about 900 miles, but 100 times that in every other way. ", "Dropping me into the heart of the Cascade and Olympic ranges was how my dad helped us get comfortable in our new home state and come to love it. ", "His old issues of Backpacker and Outside as well as (and especially) the Chouinard Equipment and later Patagonia catalogs became my inspiration— a visual and aspirational foundation—that set the stage for what I do today in my capacity as a climber, illustrator, photographer, creative director, father, and husband." ]

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[ "\n840 So.2d 343 (2003)\nCITRUS COUNTY, Florida, Appellant,\nv.\nBruce Michael McQUILLIN, etc., ", "et al., ", "Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "5D02-297.", "\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.", "\nFebruary 21, 2003.", "\nRehearing Denied March 18, 2003.", "\n*344 Nicole E. Weiss and Alan S. Zimmet of Zimmet, Unice, Salzman & Feldman, P.A., Clearwater, for Appellant.", "\nJohn G. Crabtree of John G. Crabtree, P.A., Key Biscayne, and Edward L. Scott of Edward L. Scott, P.A., Ocala, for Appellees.", "\nSHARP, W., J.\nCitrus County appeals from the trial court's denial of its motion for a new trial or to set aside the verdict and final judgment in a wrongful death case. ", "The jury returned a verdict awarding Bruce McQuillin, personal representative of his late wife's (Deborah McQuillin) estate, a total of 5.56 million dollars, reduced by 80% due to its attribution of comparative negligence to Deborah. ", "Making up the total award were findings on net accumulations ($50,400), funeral expenses ($8,000), loss of service and support to the surviving spouse ($591,260), past and future pain and suffering for the surviving spouse ($516,000) and past and future loss of parental companionship and pain and suffering for Deborah's son, who was seven-years-old at the time of her death ($4,400,000). ", "We affirm in part and reverse in part.", "\nThis case arose out of a tragic one-car accident caused by the driver losing control of the car which was traveling at a high rate of speed on a county road. ", "The *345 car's wheels left the side of the road and when the driver \"jerked\" the car back onto the road, she lost control of the car. ", "The rear of the car skidded sideways across the road causing the car to roll over and hit several trees. ", "The damage to the car was described as \"horrific.\" ", "Two passengers were ejected from the car, but Deborah was killed instantly, having suffered massive head injuries.", "\nBased on the estate's expert testimony presented at trial, the jury concluded that the accident was partially caused by a drop off of some three to five inches from the surface of the pavement to the shoulder of the road. ", "The county had just re-paved that section of the road, and there were no warning signs or markers to delineate the drop off. ", "Experts testified that while the drop off did not contribute to the driver running off the road, it prevented her safe return to the surface of the road. ", "They testified the drop off on this newly paved county road was a clear hazard to cars, even ones traveling only thirty miles per hour, especially since the drop off was straight down at a ninety degree angle.", "\nOn appeal, Citrus County argues that the trial court erred in admitting a gruesome photograph of the decedent as her body was placed in a body bag at the scene of the accident. ", "Even if relevant, the County argues it was unduly inflammatory. § ", "90.403, Fla. Stat. ", "As we have said before, the admission of photographs is within the trial court's broad discretion and its rulings will not be overturned on appeal unless there is a clear abuse of discretion. ", "Waggoner v. State, 800 So.2d 684 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001). ", "See also Rutherford v. Moore, 774 So.2d 637 (Fla.2000). ", "The test for admissibility is relevance. ", "Waggoner.", "\nWe think the photograph was relevant to support McQuillan's version of the facts in this accident. ", "He was attempting to persuade the jury that Deborah was not the driver of the car, but rather that one of the two passengers was the driver. ", "The photograph tended to support an expert witness's theory that Deborah had been a back-seat passenger, due to the nature of her injuries (to the back of her head).", "\nIn spite of its relevance, whether the photo was so gruesome as to outweigh its relevance by inflaming the jury is a judgment call—primarily one for the trial judge. ", "As an appellate court we cannot say there was an abuse of discretion in this case. ", "The jury knew from the testimony this had been a violent and devastating accident and the decedent's body had to be cut out of the car. ", "The photo was not enlarged nor did it unduly exaggerate Deborah's obvious lethal injuries.", "\nSecond, Citrus County contends the verdict as to both liability and damages was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence and thus the trial court should have granted its motion for a new trial or to set aside the verdict. ", "That is a determination exclusively for the trial court.[1]\nAs the appellate court, we must address the question whether the trial court abused its discretion in making those rulings. ", "DeWitt v. Maruhachi Ceramics of America, Inc., 770 So.2d 709 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000); Clough v. Christopher, 711 So.2d 610 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998). ", "If reasonable persons could differ as to the propriety of the trial judge's determinations, there is no abuse of discretion. ", "Clough.", "\nWith regard to the jury's determination that Citrus County was twenty percent responsible for the accident in this case, we think there was adequate substantial *346 evidence to support the verdict. ", "Numerous witnesses testified the road was under construction and there was a drop off in elevation between the newly paved surface of the road and the shoulder. ", "The plaintiff's experts testified the drop off was three to five inches along the whole edge of the re-surfaced road. ", "One of the police investigators testified there was a three inch drop off at the point the vehicle came back onto the road; others testified it was larger.", "\nBuilding on that, the plaintiff's experts testified as to the hazardous nature of such a drop off for vehicles traveling at the speed limit. ", "According to these experts, the County's traffic manual provided the highway department should allow no drop offs greater than three inches and the state manual indicates there should be no drop offs from the pavement to the shoulder of a road. ", "This is adequate to support the jury's conclusion that accidents may be caused by drop offs, like the one established in this case, and thus are reasonably foreseeable.", "\nWith regard to the damage award, Citrus County argues there was no evidence to support the jury's award of $50,400 for net accumulations. \"", "Net accumulations\" are defined as follows:\n'Net accumulations' means the part of the decedent's expected net business or salary income, including pension benefits, that the decedent probably would have retained as savings and left as part of her or his estate if the decedent had lived her or his normal life expectancy. ", "`Net business or salary income' is the part of the decedent's probable gross income after taxes, excluding income from investments continuing beyond death, that remains after deducting the decedent's personal expenses and support of survivors, excluding contributions in kind.", "\n§ 768.18(5), Fla. Stat.", "\nThe purpose of allowing a personal representative to recover net accumulations is to award what would have been earned over a decedent's life time, and theoretically was lost by the decedent's untimely death. ", "Wilcox v. Leverock, 548 So.2d 1116 (Fla.1989). ", "Net accumulations are more than replacement salary. ", "They are supposed to represent what the decedent's estate would have been worth at death. ", "This sum is reduced to present value so it can be invested by the survivors with the intention that when the estimated natural death of the decedent occurs, the sum will equal what the decedent's estate would have been worth, had he or she not died. ", "Delta Airlines, Inc. v. Ageloff, 552 So.2d 1089 (Fla.1989).", "\nIn awarding net accumulations, the jury may consider the decedent's skills, age, health, earnings and propensity to save. ", "See Wilcox. ", "In this case, the testimony established the decedent was twenty-eight years old and worked as a cashier from thirty to forty hours a week, earning between $160.00 to $180.00 per week. ", "She had dropped out of high school in the eleventh grade but was working on obtaining her GED. ", "The decedent and her husband exhausted both of their paychecks to meet their living expenses and had no record of savings. ", "They were \"mostly trying to keep up with the kid and keeping everything paid,\" as McQuillin explained at trial.", "\nBecause the parties had no record of saving anything by the time of the accident and no evidence was presented that the decedent had any propensity to save in the future, or ability to do so, the award of net accumulations is speculative and based on insufficient or no evidence. ", "See Tobias v. *347 Osorio, 681 So.2d 905 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (award of $150,000 for net accumulations was an abuse of jurors' discretion; although there was evidence as to where the decedent worked, there was no evidence of the decedent's salary or how much the decedent might have saved throughout his normal life expectancy); Snyergy Gas Corp. v. Johnson, 627 So.2d 539 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993) (award of $400,000 in net accumulations to estate reversed; although economic expert testified that decedent had twenty-six years of working life expectancy and that he would have saved six percent of his income per year, there was no evidence of the decedent's propensity to save or whether he had saved anything at all at the time of his death).", "\nThird, Citrus County argues the trial court abused its discretion in failing to grant a new trial because the verdict was clearly excessive, primarily with regard to the pain and suffering and loss of parental companionship award made to the decedent's child. ", "As noted above, it totaled 4.4 million dollars, before reduction by 80% due to the decedent's comparative negligence. ", "We agree this award is very large.", "\nHowever, a large damage award by itself is not indicative of an excessive or improper verdict. ", "Tobias. ", "If the jury's award is so extravagant that it shocks the judicial conscience, or is manifestly unsupported by the evidence or indicates the jury was influenced by passion, prejudice or other matters outside the record, the court in its discretion may set aside the verdict. ", "Brown v. Estate of Stuckey, 749 So.2d 490 (Fla.1999); Tobias; Waddell v. Shoney's, Inc., 664 So.2d 1134 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995); Walt Disney World Co. v. Goode, 501 So.2d 622 (Fla. 5th DCA 1986), rev. ", "dismissed, 520 So.2d 270 (Fla.1988).", "\nIn refusing to overturn this verdict, the trial judge noted the child had testified at length at trial regarding his grief and pain caused by the loss of his mother's companionship, how close they were, and how her loss had affected his life. ", "Other witnesses also testified that this mother and child were unusually bonded and participated in numerous activities together. ", "The trial judge concluded: \"[A]s a young boy, he will now endure some of his childhood years without the instruction and guidance his mother used to provide him. ", "It is clear based upon the verdict that the jury placed a significant value on these damages.\"", "\nAfter reviewing the awards in other cases for loss of a child, parent or spouse, we conclude that this award, although on the outer limit in size, is not so excessive as to shock our composite judicial consciences.[2] And, we also conclude this *348 award is based on substantial and competent evidence. ", "Who can place a dollar value on a human life, measured by the loss and grief of a loved one? ", "That difficult decision is generally one for the jury or fact finder, not the appellate court. ", "Accordingly, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a new trial based on the excessiveness of the jury verdict. ", "See Florida Power & Light Co. v. Goldberg, 27 Fla. L. Weekly D1177, 2002 WL 1021388 (Fla. 3d DCA May 22, 2002) (jury award reduced to ten million dollars to both parents for loss of daughter was reasonable and not excessive); Pierard v. Aerospatiale Helicopter Corp., 689 So.2d 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (jury award of 6.7 million dollars for pain and suffering not excessive for damages to helicopter crash victim); Walt Disney World Co. (award of two million dollars to parents for loss of child not excessive as a matter of law).", "\nAccordingly, we affirm this case in all regards, with the exception of the award for net accumulations. ", "Since there was no competent substantial evidence to support that award, we reverse that portion of the verdict.", "\nAFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part.", "\nGRIFFIN and ORFINGER, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Brown v. Estate of Stuckey, 749 So.2d 490 (Fla.1999); E.R. Squibb and Sons, Inc. v. Farnes, 697 So.2d 825 (Fla.1997); Smith v. Brown, 525 So.2d 868 (Fla.1988).", "\n[2] Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba, 996 F.Supp. ", "1239 (S.D.Fla.1997) (over forty-nine million dollars awarded to families of three men killed when their plane was shot down by Cuban air force during a humanitarian mission; award included eight million dollars to the daughter of one of the victims for mental pain and suffering and loss of parental companionship and guidance); Lopez v. Three Rivers Electric Cooperative, Inc., 92 S.W.3d 165 (Mo.App. ", "E.D.2002) (damages awards of eleven million and ten million dollars for the death of flight engineer and pilot in a helicopter crash not excessive); Sanchez v. Mica Corp., ___ So.2d ___, 2002 WL 31753555 (Tx.", "Ct.", "App.2002) (award of five million dollars to decedent's two children for loss of parental companionship and pain and suffering not excessive); Lindsey v. Navistar Int'l Transp., ", "150 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir.1998) (award of five million dollars for intangible value of the life of the decedent was not clear error); West v. Maxwell, 2001 WL 789654 (Del.Super.", "Ct.2001) (jury award totaling almost 4.3 million dollars, including awards to spouse and child of over three million dollars, not excessive); Spohn Hospital v. Mayer, 72 S.W.3d 52 (Tx.", "Ct.", "App.2002) (decedent's two daughters awarded 3.2 million dollars for pain and mental anguish damages); Florida Emergency Physicians-Kang and Assoc., ", "M.D., P.A. v. Parker, 800 So.2d 631 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001) (affirming award of three million dollars to daughter for loss of parental companionship and pain and suffering).", "\n" ]

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[ "Search This Blog\n\nThe Perfect Selfie\n\nJaslyn started taking selfies when she was backpacking solo\nacross Europe during her student exchange in Amsterdam. ", "The permutations of\nfacial expressions were endless against the backgrounds of cathedrals, stunning\nlakes and quaint buildings. ", "She also developed the habit of scrolling through\nher photo album, staring into her face and figuring out what exactly she was\nthinking or feeling when she took that selfie. ", "Jaslyn became quite obsessed\nwith this activity, trying to figure herself out through those selfies. ", "Surely\nthose solo travels are a process of self-discovery, and the beautiful sights\ninspire a kind of beauty? ", "Yet the closer she stared at those selfies, the more\nstrange she felt to herself. ", "It was the same when she put her face close to the\nmirror till even the carefully concealed blemishes became apparent. ", "There was\nthis prickly discomfort the more she did so, and that made her try even harder\nto get that perfect selfie. ", "innisfree, Etude House, Majolica Majorca. ", "Jaslyn\ncould rattle off the makeup brands she had gone through in the search for the\nbest concealer, mascara, lipstick.", "\n\nIt was in Italy that Jaslyn learnt that majolica referred to the exquisite ceramics that were twice-fired\nto create that stunning iridescent effect. ", "No matter how she turned the hand-crafted\nplate around in her hands, it remained a flawless work of art. ", "Jaslyn was\nseized with the urge to know the potter behind this majolica. ", "Surely he who made the stunning piece must have a kind of\nbeauty too. ", "A selfie with him will be perfect. ", "Somehow she managed to extract\nthe information from the shopkeeper, and started the search with an address\nscrawled on her train ticket stub. ", "He was damn hard to find. ", "When Jaslyn was\nfinally on the right street, she paused. ", "Her heart was fluttering in\nanticipation. ", "As she neared the house, she could see the potter's wheel. ", "And\nthen, the potter.", "\n\nHow can the potter be described? ", "There was nothing in his\nappearance that should be desired. ", "But still, since she had come a long way,\nJaslyn approached the figure bending over the wheel. ", "The potter, sensing her\npresence, paused and let her watch the wheel spin to a gradual stop. \"", "I always\ntell tourists to take a picture of the earthen clay instead\", his soft\nvoice broke her trance. \"", "See, the blemishes on this bowl have to be\nsmoothened out before it can be fired the first time.\" ", "His deft fingers\nran across the clay. \"", "But it is only in the transformation from fragile\nclay to ceramic, ready to be turned into a work of art, that these blemishes\nfade into the background. ", "Refining fire. ", "Making these majolica has taught me much about beauty.\" ", "As Jaslyn looked\nfull into the potter's badly scarred face, her heart welled with the\nrecognition of deep beauty. \"", "Yes, that would be perfect.\"", "\n\nxxx\n\nI know this is not from me because the idea literally walked into my mind when I was on my Hallelujah playlist on the way home today. ", "Thank you, beautiful Potter." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStanford parser java error\n\nI am working on a research about NLP, i woul to use Stanford parser to extract noun phrases from text, the parser version i used is 3.4.1\nthis is the sample code i used\npackage stanfordparser;\n\nimport java.util.", "Collection;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.io.", "StringReader;\n\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.process.", "Tokenizer;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.process.", "TokenizerFactory;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.process.", "CoreLabelTokenFactory;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.process.", "DocumentPreprocessor;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.process.", "PTBTokenizer;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.ling.", "CoreLabel;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.ling.", "HasWord;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.ling.", "Sentence;\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.trees.*;", "\nimport edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.", "LexicalizedParser;\n\nclass ParserDemo {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n LexicalizedParser lp = LexicalizedParser.loadModel(\"edu/stanford/nlp/models/lexparser/englishPCFG.ser.gz\");\n if (args.length > 0) {\n demoDP(lp, args[0]);\n } else {\n demoAPI(lp);\n }\n }\n\n public static void demoDP(LexicalizedParser lp, String filename) {\n\n TreebankLanguagePack tlp = new PennTreebankLanguagePack();\n GrammaticalStructureFactory gsf = tlp.grammaticalStructureFactory();\n\n for (List<HasWord> sentence : new DocumentPreprocessor(filename)) {\n Tree parse = lp.apply(sentence);\n parse.pennPrint();\n System.out.println();\n\n GrammaticalStructure gs = gsf.newGrammaticalStructure(parse);\n Collection tdl = gs.typedDependenciesCCprocessed();\n System.out.println(tdl);\n System.out.println();\n }\n }\n\n public static void demoAPI(LexicalizedParser lp) {\n // This option shows parsing a list of correctly tokenized words\n String[] sent = { \"This\", \"is\", \"an\", \"easy\", \"sentence\", \".\" };", "\n List<CoreLabel> rawWords = Sentence.toCoreLabelList(sent);\n Tree parse = lp.apply(rawWords);\n parse.pennPrint();\n System.out.println();\n\n // This option shows loading and using an explicit tokenizer\n String sent2 = \"This is another sentence.\";", "\n TokenizerFactory<CoreLabel> tokenizerFactory =\n PTBTokenizer.factory(new CoreLabelTokenFactory(), \"\");\n Tokenizer<CoreLabel> tok =\n tokenizerFactory.getTokenizer(new StringReader(sent2));\n List<CoreLabel> rawWords2 = tok.tokenize();\n parse = lp.apply(rawWords2);\n\n TreebankLanguagePack tlp = new PennTreebankLanguagePack();\n GrammaticalStructureFactory gsf = tlp.grammaticalStructureFactory();\n GrammaticalStructure gs = gsf.newGrammaticalStructure(parse);\n List<TypedDependency> tdl = gs.typedDependenciesCCprocessed();\n System.out.println(tdl);\n System.out.println();\n\n // You can also use a TreePrint object to print trees and dependencies\n TreePrint tp = new TreePrint(\"penn,typedDependenciesCollapsed\");\n tp.printTree(parse);\n }\n\n private ParserDemo() {} // static methods only\n\n}\n\nbut when i run this code i get the following error\njava.io.", "IOException: Unable to resolve \"edu/stanford/nlp/models/lexparser/englishPCFG.ser.gz\" as either class path, filename or URL\n at edu.stanford.nlp.io.", "IOUtils.getInputStreamFromURLOrClasspathOrFileSystem(IOUtils.java:446)\n at edu.stanford.nlp.io.", "IOUtils.readStreamFromString(IOUtils.java:380)\n at edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.", "LexicalizedParser.getParserFromSerializedFile(LexicalizedParser.java:628)\n at edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.", "LexicalizedParser.getParserFromFile(LexicalizedParser.java:423)\n at edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.", "LexicalizedParser.loadModel(LexicalizedParser.java:182)\n at edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.", "LexicalizedParser.loadModel(LexicalizedParser.java:161)\n at stanfordparser.", "ParserDemo.main(ParserDemo.java:29)\n\nI think the problem in the loading of the model file,\nCould any one help me to solve the problem?", "\nThanks\nUPDATE:(1) I am already includes the cornlp model jar \nUPDATE:(2) I am using Netbeans\n\nA:\n\nYes, You do not have CoreNLP models Jar. ", "Either you can download them from here- http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/corenlp.shtml#Download\nor, you can do this:\n\nCreate a Maven project. ( ", "It is easy in eclipse)\nIn the pom.xml file, add this dependency.", "\n<dependency> \n <groupId>edu.stanford.nlp</groupId>\n <artifactId>stanford-corenlp</artifactId>\n <version>3.5.0</version>\n</dependency>\n<dependency>\n <groupId>edu.stanford.nlp</groupId>\n <artifactId>stanford-corenlp</artifactId>\n <version>3.5.0</version>\n <classifier>models</classifier>\n</dependency>\n\nDo maven clean, maven update and maven install. ", "The model files will be installed in your .m2 folder automatically.", "\n\nI hope you know maven. ", "If not, please post a comment / question. ", "We will answer.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Slashdot videos: Now with more Slashdot!", "\n\nView\n\nDiscuss\n\nShare\n\nWe've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. ", "No more walled garden! ", "It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).", "\n\nGroupon is going to find itself in serious trouble soon due to an unsustainable business model and will be folding within the next 12-18 months?", "\n\nI guess that's only if you find them to be disingenuous enough not to chase their adjusted revenues of US$312.9 million with an investment. ", "What the article seems to be ignoring is that Groupon is still turning a profit. ", "While it's not insane, it's still money. ", "Investors aren't stupid when it comes to money and they'll simply adjust their plans for the IPO. ", "I wager they'll cut the IPO planning in half and then a little extra for misleading people. ", "But come on, this is Wall Street! ", "Is anyone completely\n\nIf a net loss of over $100 million per quarter counts as \"profit\", then yes, Groupon is turning a profit.", "\n\nGroupon is losing money, facing growing competition, and has a questionable business model. ", "The restating of revenue is just icing on the cake. ", "They should have taken the billions Google offered them when they had the chance.", "\n\nIf that was all - here is their filing below.", "RESTATEMENT\nThe Company has restated its previously issued Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2009 and 2010 to correct for an error in its presentation of revenue.", "\nMost significantly, the Company restated its reporting of revenues from Groupons to be net of the amounts related to merchant fees. ", "Historically, the Company has reported the gross amounts billed to its subscribers as revenue. ", "All prior perio\n\nSo not only did they change their revenue recognition policies, they also had an \"error\" which is separate. ", "And then they had to restate revenues from their loyalty programs and credit card payments.", "\n\nNo, the \"error\" was just the presentation of revenue as gross rather than net of merchants' fees. ", "Presumably their auditors didn't think it incorrect at the time, and in fact it is normal accounting practice to show revenues as goss, and then show merchants or credit card fees as expenses.", "\n\nI guess that's only if you find them to be disingenuous enough not to chase their adjusted revenues of US$312.9 million with an investment. ", "What the article seems to be ignoring is that Groupon is still turning a profit.", "\n\nBut as an investor, why would you trust these guys to use your investment wisely?", "\n\n\"Groupon raised a total of $946 million in two funding rounds last winter. ", "It kept $136 million of it help run the money-losing company. ", "The remaining $810 million was paid out, via stock purchases, to CEO Andrew Mason and some of his backers, including Eric Lefkofsky, and, notably, the Samwer brothers, who sold their CityDeal company to Groupon in 2010.\"", "\n\nGroupon is going to find itself in serious trouble soon due to an unsustainable business model and will be folding within the next 12-18 months?", "\n\nIndeed. ", "Groupon is in the same position that its retailer-customers are in: hooked on a ponzi-esque cycle of always needing another round of groupon signups. ", "Businesses issue a groupon when they need the cash up front, and then later they get hit with the lossy customers, and need to do another groupon. ", "Groupon itself seems to be in a similar situation.", "\n\nIn fairnes to Groupon, it seems like financial markets haven't yet worked out the right way to do valuations of companies like Groupon. ", "Groupon is trying to explain that they have great potential that isn't quantifiable using GAAP. ", "Everybody is mocking them for it, but how are they supposed to look good according to rules that were drawn up for brick-and-mortar, inventory-and-shelving companies?", "\n\nActually the same problem is writ even larger on the whole financial world. ", "Because there is no GAAP way to express the value of customer loyalty, employee loyalty, brand loyalty, and so forth, MBAs come in and squander those precious things in order to increase items that GAAP does know how to express. \"", "Look, realized earnings are up 12% this quarter because we moved production to China and in two years our customers will all leave when they realize we make junk now, where's my bonus?\"", "\n\nBecause there is no GAAP way to express the value of customer loyalty,\n\nDude, I wish you the best of luck. ", "Loyalty is the hot ass you crave after wedding the invisible hand.", "\n\nCorporations bent on cultivating the next quarterly earnings report don't hold much enduring appeal to informed consumers wishing to build relationship equity with non-human entities. ", "Where does the loyalty come to rest in this system? ", "With suckers, if you can find them?", "\n\nBecause there is no GAAP way to express the value of customer loyalty,\n\nDude, I wish you the best of luck. ", "Loyalty is the hot ass you crave after wedding the invisible hand.", "\n\nCorporations bent on cultivating the next quarterly earnings report don't hold much enduring appeal to informed consumers wishing to build relationship equity with non-human entities. ", "Where does the loyalty come to rest in this system? ", "With suckers, if you can find them?", "\n\nI agree that loyalty between a human and a corporation is, as a rule, farcical. ", "And I am totally with you on the cynicism about the current socioeconomic patterns in the West.", "\n\nThere are exceptions, though. ", "Not all corporations have reached the point of behaving 100% sociopathically. ", "Some of them are still colored by the founders' personality. ", "That coloration can be trusted -- certainly not 100%, and not forever, but not 0% either.", "\n\nAlso, corporations are not monolithic homogenous entities. ", "I consider th\n\nThere are somewhat established ways to estimate the value of such intangibles under GAAP or IFRS. ", "The issue here is that Groupon seems to be a volatile startup and the inputs for determining these values are fscked.", "\n\nNow it's more an indicator on a company's balance sheet of how much it has overpaid for something, or overvalued something. ", "For example, if they have paid huge dot-com money for some new start up, but the financials of that start up are nowhere near the value the company paid for it, the difference must be put on the acquiring company's balance sheet as goodwill. ", "Because balance sheets always have to net out to 0, when you pay more for someth\n\nA balance sheet is just that. ", "It has to balance out. ", "Instead of 3 - 4= -1, a loss is shown above the line. ", "3 - 4 + 1 = 0 Accounting is for accounting for where the money went. ", "Goodwill is just a way of clarifying a loss.", "\n\nNow it's more an indicator on a company's balance sheet of how much it has overpaid for something, or overvalued something. ", "For example, if they have paid huge dot-com money for some new start up, but the financials of that start up are nowhere near the value the company paid for it, the difference must be put on the acquiring company's balance sheet as goodwill. ", "Because balance sheets always have to net out to 0, when you pay more for something than it's worth, they have to put something in there to balance it out. ", "Goodwill.", "\n\nSo, I've always looked at it as a negative.", "\n\nGoodwill arising from an actual purchase is different from goodwill you just make up out of thin air because you think your \"brand\" is worth x billion dollars and you want to try to bring future profit potential onto your balance sheet..\n\nIf you purchae a company for ten billion and acquire actual assets of two billion, you can either write the eight billion off as a loss (which would fuck up your current year's profits) or else call it goodwill and leave it on your balance sheet as an intangible fixed ass\n\nif they aren't valuable in a traditional sense, then how? ", "seems to me,\n\n1. ", "it's becoming generally known that businesses rarely make $ from their service.2. ", "there is no brand loyalty to groupon.3. ", "they can be easily duplicated / copied.", "\n\nand finally,\n\n4. ", "unreliable profit stream. ", "the businesses that seek their service do so because they need a quick cash influx. ", "unfortunately, those are the same type of businesses that are likely to default on their debts. ", "they are essentially in the business of making high-risk\n\nAlso -- Groupon's business model sucks, and it was obvious from Day 1; this is why competitors with business models that don't require the huge customer acquisition costs that Groupon does have sprung up, and why such competitors are, well, competitive -- we may not have the marketshare, but if we keep our costs down, we don't need Groupon's huge (expensive!) ", "marketshare to be profitable, either.", "\n\nIn fairnes to Groupon, it seems like financial markets haven't yet worked out the right way to do valuations of companies like Groupon. ", "Groupon is trying to explain that they have great potential that isn't quantifiable using GAAP. ", "Everybody is mocking them for it, but how are they supposed to look good according to rules that were drawn up for brick-and-mortar, inventory-and-shelving companies?", "\n\nThe only relevant GAAP issue would be if Groupon tried to introduce their \"potential\" and \"customer loyalty\" into their acccounts as non-purchased goodwill.", "\n\nMeanwhile, in the real world, you value companies on their future profits, and if Groupon can't deliver these, they will fail.", "\n\nWhen Facebook produce their annual accounts, they don't get to add in £100bn (or whatever the current valuation is) of future goodwill as profit. ", "Investors/the stock market may value their shares as they like, that do\n\nAfter the Groupon is USED, not sold. ", "The coupon will always be presented prior to being paid out. ", "And if accounts over the web are to be believed, sometimes Groupon does not pay out at all (i.e. they charge a 100% commission on some Groupons).", "\n\nWell, the Titanic sunk bow-first, so I think you meant \"stern is already high in the air.\" ", "For a car analogy, how about, \"the wheels are coming off\"? ", "Or, to coin a phrase, \"the auditors found the nitrous bottle and demanded it be taken out\".", "\n\nNah. ", "The government is gonna give them a $500 million 0% interest loan first. ", "They won't fold until all the money has been transferred to a few execs offshore accounts. ", "And that will take at least 2 years...;)\n\nIt may not have been too big a deal, they are basically reporting the same numbers as before, they just aren't using the clever trick where they treat a coupon they make appear from nowhere as something that had a cost to create.", "\n\nStill that is illegal and highly unethical to not follow GAAP accounting principles. ", "Yes they cleared it which would prevent legal action, but any accountant there with Groupon on their resume will have difficulty finding another job. ", "Accountants lose their CPA for that shit.", "\n\nRevenue and sales are very different. ", "I vew it as promising to pay vendors 60 days later so they can report and give the impression of double earnings and sales growth! ", "They counted money owed to customers which is not sales and now 2\n\nSo, it would be like Walmart reporting sales instead of profit? ", "Yeah, \"same numbers\" alright.", "\n\nNo, Groupon's profit stays the same. ", "Using made up numbers, if originally you had 450 million sales, 200 million direct costs and 400 million overheads, you had a 150 million loss. ", "Restated you have 325 million sales, 75 million direct costs and 400 million overheads, still leaving you a 150 million loss.", "\n\nYou haven't \"lost\" 125 million sales anywhere. ", "Logically, the value of the company shoul dbe unchanged, as profits haven't altered, it's just psychologically the company doesn't seem as big.", "\n\nAs I said about Zynga [slashdot.org], linked in and all of these other IPOs riding the FB's coattails (which didn't even go IPO yet), this is BS.", "\n\nThis is another bubble, it's because people want to buy FB stock, but they can't, so it's easy to just build any on-line services, have it lose a bunch of money, but have large revenues without any profits, and then just hope to take it to IPO based on revenue alone, without any real working business plan behind it. ", "It's just another Wall street scam.", "\n\nToday's deal is 50% off popular deal site GroupOn! ", "Ever wanted to own your own website that uses quirky ad copy to sell local services at 50% off of double the retail price? ", "Is owning a website that was the cat's pajamas 3 months ago up your alley, assuming alley cats wear 3-month-old pajamas? ", "If so, this deal is for you!", "\n\nThe basics are the underwriters pay the company floating for the stock and then they try and sell the stock for what they can get. ", "So it is obviously in the underwriter's interests to price the stock properly in the first place. ", "The problem I see for the underwriters is everyone knows what a dog this company is so how do you price it. ", "It appears most trading activity will be short selling - predicting the price will tank which seems like a reasonable guess. ", "I expect the underwriters would not want to fund t\n\nI've never used Groupon. ", "But I've used Gilt and a few of the other ones. ", "No judgement here, but I think it's sort of interesting that they get so much press. ", "Maybe I'm an outlier.", "\n\nAlso I'm sort of torn on this stuff... I've used these discount websites maybe 10 times over the last couple years. ", "75% of the time I feel like I got a good deal (though I bet the vendor doesn't) but the other 25% of the time services aren't really what was advertised and I leave sort of feeling like a sucker. ", "Not that I was ripped\n\nThing is, those websites (and Groupon in particular) are getting a bit of a reputation.", "\n\nLocal business gets approached by Groupon. ", "The deal is: make a fantastic offer (around 70% off); of the remaining 30% you charge, you keep half, Groupon keep half.", "\n\nIn theory, you turn the influx of customers (that you're heavily subsidising) into regulars. ", "In practise, lots of businesses have found the sort of customer who comes in on a Groupon deal is the sort of customer who never under any circumstances would even dream of coming back at full price.", "\n\nBeautifully said. ", "The businesses also get over-crowded with new (one-time) Groupon customers, and their regular customers suffer. ", "I've never seen a restaurant in Chicago offer a Groupon more than once.", "\n\n> In practise, lots of businesses have found the sort of customer who comes in on a Groupon deal is the sort of customer who never under any circumstances would even dream of coming back at full price.", "\n\nThat is the key problem, yes. ", "You can get customers used to discounts - and in fact Groupon has already achieved exactly that. ", "To be honest, the fact that a business offers the same service for 15% of the standard price is an admission if there ever was one that the standard price is way too high.", "\n\nIn theory, you turn the influx of customers (that you're heavily subsidising) into regulars. ", "In practise, lots of businesses have found the sort of customer who comes in on a Groupon deal is the sort of customer who never under any circumstances would even dream of coming back at full price.", "\n\nYou say that like it's somehow either the new customers' or Groupon's fault.", "\n\nIf you don't want an influx of customers paying less than your regulars, don't use Groupon.", "\n\nPlease. ", "This is a company co-founded by Eric Lefkovsky. ", "Some of us haven't forgotten Halo/Starbelly from the first dot-com bubble. ", "Apparently he's working his magic yet again. ", "The slight-of-hand doesn't even appear to be so very different from the 2001 state-of-the-art.", "\n\nWell, judging by the cheerleading tone and the \"Tour Groupon, The Funniest Startup We've Ever Been To (PHOTO TOUR)\" link at the bottom it looks like msnbc has some issues staying objective on Groupon, so I'd take that article with a grain of salt.", "\n\nI still can't believe this guy didn't sell out to google. ", "I hope he's managed to put every penny he's gotten so far into the bank, because he lost his only shot at ever being a billionaire. ", "Just as an anecdotal sidenote: two years ago every time my wife talked about getting some sort of deal it was groupon this, groupon that. ", "Now her and her friends have 5-10 different sites they peruse for group deals. ", "These guys have already lost the magic: they are no longer the \"facebook\" of group deals, and as such\n\nMy money is on Groupon's knowledge that Google's due diligence would uncover the rotten underbelly of their business and thus the deal would never have gone through and Groupon would be exposed. ", "Much safer to bilk investors with \"On The Internet\" fever.", "\n\nEric Lefkofsky is supposedly already a billionaire, though quite how much of that is based on his Groupon stock I don't know. ", "Even if Groupon went bankrupt tomorrow he's already pulled hundreds of millions from the company so he'll not exactly be poor. ", "You know all that investment Groupon got? ", "Best part of a billion bucks? ", "Yeah, that was mostly used to cash out the early investors, Lefkofsky included, at massively inflated stock prices.", "\n\nThe big point that everybody seems to be missing is: how could Groupon possible be losing money unless the founder is pocketing every last nickel? ", "Their revenues are *massive* (50% of every \"groupon\") sold, and their costs are... what? ", "A web site? ", "An office? ", "Groupon is a Bernie Madoff-sized scam. ", "Personally, I hope the IPO goes through, because I'm going to short the hell out of it about one day after it happens.", "\n\nTheir costs are advertising to local businesses in the cities they operate in. ", "These customer acquisition costs are greater than the revenues they receive from them, and after they have experienced their first groupon influx they tend not to go back for more.", "\n\nThe business owners I've spoken with have all spent numerous hours talking with Groupon representatives, sometimes in person. ", "There are lots of costs that aren't apparent to outsiders. ", "I wish there was a way to have a daily deal that didn't funnel so much money to a distant company, but I am not about to enter such an overhyped market now.", "\n\nhow could Groupon possible be losing money unless the founder is pocketing every last nickel?", "\n\nFunny you should say that... they had a round of outside investment and raised close to a billion dollars. ", "Of which, $100 million went to keep the business running, and ~$800 million went to the founders pockets as a phony stock buyback. ", "So to be fair, the founder and his friends are only pocketing 9 out of every 10 nickels." ]

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[ "L-Arginine transport in disease.", "\nThe importance of membrane transport in normal physiological cell function is unquestionable. ", "However, to what extent alterations in the transport of amino acids are the cause and/or consequence of pathological changes observed in disease states is a question not yet completely clarified. ", "Kinetic experiments with blood cells provide a simple and useful model for researching alterations in amino acid transport. ", "The cationic amino acid L-arginine is the precursor of nitric oxide (NO), a key second messenger involved in functions such as endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation, immune defence and platelet activation. ", "The transport of L-arginine, being rate-limiting for nitric oxide production, is extremely relevant to pathological conditions where NO synthesis and/or actions are affected. ", "The current review provides an overview of L-arginine transport in disease, specifically in uraemia, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, septic shock and sickle cell disease." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCalloc - Memory allocation\n\nDoes calloc allocate return contiguous memory location? ", "If yes, what would it do if it is not available?", "\n\nA:\n\nDoes calloc allocate returns contiguous memory location?", "\n\nYes.1\n\nwhat would it do if it is not available?", "\n\nReturn NULL.", "\nSee section 7.20.3.1 of the C99 standard.", "\n\n1. ", "So far as the C program is concerned. ", " In a virtual memory system, the underlying physical memory used may not be contiguous.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A thermographic study of heat distribution during ultra-speed cavity preparation.", "\nThermography was employed to determine the pattern of heat generation, distribution and dissipation during ultra-high speed cavity preparation. ", "Results indicate an increase in intrapulpal temperature during cutting procedures. ", "No significant differences in the cooling effectiveness between air-water spray and air alone were found. ", "Thermography appears to be an effective research tool for determining thermal changes." ]

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[ "Autolyzed yeast extract news, articles and information:\n\n3/21/2005 - When you're shopping for groceries, watch out for the phrase \"all natural\" as claimed on the front of various product packages. ", "It turns out that the phrase \"all natural\" can mean just about anything; it actually has no nutritional meaning whatsoever and isn't truly regulated by the FDA.", "\nThis came..." ]

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[ "Free Software for Education\n\nHere are two lists of high-quality free/libre software applications that can be used in schools and educational institutions of all levels. ", "The first one is a list of free/libre programs along with the popular proprietary applications they replace. ", "The second one contains free/libre programs that do not necessarily replace a proprietary counterpart but can be very useful to students and teachers.", "\n\nAll these programs are released under a license that is granted for zero price and does not expire. ", "While we are glad that schools can also save money with these programs, avoiding miseducation (teaching dependence on nonfree software) is a more important imperative: when we say these programs are free software, we are talking about freedom, not price. ", "It means that you are free to use them constructively, either alone or in a community, while respecting the freedom of others.", "\n\nEveryone should use free software, because only free software gives users the freedom to control their own computers. ", "However, there are specific ethical reasons that apply to education.", "\n\nIn addition to the wrong of nonfree software, the use of third-party network services in schools poses yet another problem: the collection of students (and teachers) personal data by companies.", "\n\nBut even if the school never used those services, it could not be sure that the machines are not sending data. ", "In fact, the source code of proprietary programs (with a few exceptions) is secret, so users don't know what the software is really doing.", "\n\nCategory Free/libre program Features Replacement for (Google) Replacement for (Microsoft) Operating systems Trisquel GNU/Linux Composed exclusively of software that respects your freedom. ", "ChromeOS, ChromiumOS Windows (any version) Web browsers Web, GNU IceCat These browsers do not track users. ", "Chrome, Chromium Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge Office LibreOffice Powerful office suite. ", "Documents are not uploaded to third-party servers. ---- ", "Microsoft Office, Office 365 Etherpad, EtherCalc Real-time collaborative text editor and spreadsheet that run in your browser. ", "Google Docs, Sheets ---- E-learning platforms Moodle Entirely self-hosted. ", "Manage classrooms and courses, give lessons and assignments, create groups, take tests, synchronize data and collaborate in forums, chats and wikis. ", "Google Classroom ---- File synchronization ownCloud Entirely self-hosted. ", "Allows collaborative document editing and bookmark synchronization as well. ", "Google Drive, Calendar, Contacts OneDrive, Outlook Media sharing GNU MediaGoblin Entirely self-hosted. ", "Can share all kinds of media in safety. ", "Youtube, Google Photos, Picasa ---- Email Kolab Entirely self-hosted. ", "Complete groupware solution which includes email, calendar, address books, file synching and tasks. ", "Clients are based on Roundcube (web interface) by default but any other email client can be used. ", "This way, only the school can read the students' mail, and nobody else. ", "Gmail, Google Calendar, Contacts, Google Drive Outlook, Live Chat (audio,video, text) Jitsi, Jitsi Meet (browser-based) Entirely self-hosted (Prosody is recommended as a XMPP server) and browser-based. ", "Students can chat across many platforms without their faces being scanned by facial recognition algorithms and their voice and text being recorded. ", "Google Hangouts Skype Games Minetest Build, explore and play in vast cube worlds, alone or with friends. ", "Create mods which aren't limited by proprietary restrictions. ---- ", "Minecraft\n\nHere's some additional free software useful for educational purposes:\n\nCategory Free/libre program Description Art, graphics and design Blender 3D suite which includes a video editor and a game engine that can be used without programming (via logic blocks.) ", "FreeCAD High-quality parametric 3D CAD modeler. ", "GIMP Graphics editor suitable for image retouching, editing and drawing (case study.) ", "Krita Fully featured, easy to use digital painting program, suitable for students and professionals alike. ", "Tux Paint Graphics editor aimed at young children (case study.) ", "Games and educational activities GCompris Educational software suite comprising of numerous activities for children aged 2 to 10 (case study.) ", "Maths GNU Octave High-level interpreted language similar to proprietary MATLAB, primarily intended for numerical computations. ", "Physics FisicaLab Solve physics problems creatively. ", "Focus in physics concepts while the program takes care of the mathematical details. ", "Music GNU Solfege Ear and music training program. ", "LMMS Professional-grade (but easy to use) music creation software and digital audio workstation. ", "MuseScore Fully featured scorewriter, with support for MIDI playback. ", "Programming GDevelop Codeless game development tool based on drag and drop. ", "Ideal to teach students programming concepts while having fun. ", "Racket Battery-included programming language and environment suitable for both students and Lisp/Scheme wizards. ", "Despite it being a fully-featured functional programming language, it was designed to be educational.", "\n\nThe lists above are a selection of free software applications suitable for the most common educational activities. ", "The Free Software Foundation keeps a comprehensive database of educational software at the Free Software Directory. ", "If you know about a free/libre program suited for schools and is not listed there, please contact us at <education@gnu.org> to let us know." ]

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[ "Driverless vehicles promise great benefits to consumers and the economy if their long slow implementation goes smoothly and gains critical mass. ", "But government will have to resist the temptation to regulate too much, too soon, some observers say. ", "Photo: 3D Perspectives.", "\n\nLike other states, Washington will be confronted with a big question in coming years: how its surface transportation infrastructure will be transformed by driverless cars, and what role government should play.", "\n\nExperts say that at scale, driverless vehicles can make better use of the current transportation infrastructure, reduce accidents and allow commuters to be productive while en route to work. ", "For major metro regions like Seattle, with costly traffic congestion, the appeal is clear.", "\n\nIn a piece for the Wall Street Journal, Jerry Kaplan wrote that driverless cars could lead to “speedier commutes and commercial shipping, with far less pollution and energy use.” ", "Kaplan is a fellow at the Center for Legal Informatics at Stanford University. ", "A 2014 MIT analysis estimates the financial benefit to the U.S. could amount to $3 trillion per year.", "\n\nHowever, others caution the benefits may not be seen for decades, until the technology is fully developed.", "\n\nFuture state and federal legislation could control the driverless technology available in vehicles sold to private individuals. ", "Laws could also shape how ridesharing companies provide driverless vehicle services, and whether a legally licensed driver is required to be in the vehicle while it is operating.", "\n\nSen. Fain: Legislative Restraint Key\n\nSources say Washington should steer the course lightly.", "\n\nState Sen. Joe Fain (R-47) called driverless vehicles “the most transformative technology of the 21st century.” ", "Fain is the budget vice chair of the Senate Transportation Committee.", "\n\nFain told Lens the state should encourage companies developing driverless vehicle technology to operate in Washington, but at the same time, lawmakers need to “make sure we’re not prematurely putting in a regulatory scheme.”", "\n\n“The last thing I want to do is put something on the books that will make it harder for development,” he said.", "\n\nPaul Guppy is the vice president for research at Washington Policy Center. ", "He told Lens that aside from ensuring public safety on the roads, government should resist the temptation to regulate the industry, said Guppy. “", "They (companies) have to figure out how to serve the customer,” he said. “", "When the government gets involved, it messes that up.”", "\n\nWho Would Pay If There Are Special Infrastructure Needs?", "\n\nGuppy added that if transportation infrastructure improvements are needed to accommodate driverless cars, the cost should be borne by those “who have chosen that new technology,” and not taxpayers.", "\n\nCentral Puget Sound proponents of self-driving cars include Bellevue real estate developer Kemper Freeman. ", "He sees self-driving Uber vehicles as a future and more cost-effective alternative to costly transit systems, and as a means to reduce traffic congestion.", "\n\nCurrently there are no driverless cars commercially available. ", "Google is working on a version with no pedals or steering wheel to be released to the public in 2020. ", "The company has conducted testing in Washington on its private campus in Kirkland.", "\n\nThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines autonomous vehicles in four levels from function-specific to full automation. ", "Cars with an autopilot feature like that of Tesla fall somewhere in between. ", "Tesla has stated their autopilot system is in a “public beta phase” and a licensed driver is still responsible for controlling the vehicle.", "\n\nFlorida Fatality Won’t ‘Slow Progress’\n\nAccording to Forbes, a late June fatality in in Florida of a passenger using autopilot in a Tesla, while tragic, won’t “slow progress toward vehicle automation,” barring major legal fallout. ", "It was the first Tesla autopilot crash after 130 million miles. ", "Federal investigators recently reported the vehicle was going 74 miles per hour in a 65 mph zone.", "\n\nIn his WSJ article, Kaplan warns problems could occur trying to integrate driverless and human-operated vehicles on the same road system. ", "He calls for separating them on the roads, and for upgraded traffic control systems to send and receive navigational information.", "\n\nMark Hallenbeck believes the initial impact of driverless vehicles on the road system when they appear in the next five to 10 years will be “invisible” because there will be so few of them. ", "Hallenbeck is the director of the Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) at the University of Washington.", "\n\nDevil Is In The Details\n\nHallenbeck told Lens he is skeptical about the idea of separating automated vehicles from human operated vehicles on roads to mitigate conflicts. ", "Kaplan recommends assigning driverless vehicles to high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. ", "However, Hallenbeck warns that this could result in massive congestion issues at the entry-exit points between HOV and general purpose lanes.", "\n\nIt might be even worse if the HOV lanes have more vehicles than usual due to the ability of driverless cars to make better use of existing road capacity. ", "Humans “can’t deal with that level of vehicle interaction,” he said.", "\n\n“You don’t get capacity improvements until the number of (driverless) cars” on the road “is enormous,” he said.", "\n\nDriverless cars can also have trouble making decisions in in situations where a crash is inevitable, and where interpreting the behavior of a human driver is critical.", "\n\nBecause of that, driverless vehicles will operate at first in designated areas with controlled environments, said Hallenbeck. ", "Guppy envisions a transitory phase as the technology progresses, in which more driverless options are made available in cars but a person is still legally responsible for reassuming control when needed.", "\n\nInsurance companies will be a big player, crafting policy for driverless vehicle liability coverage. ", "Those policies could restrict coverage or set it at such a high rate that only companies and the wealthy can afford to own them." ]

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[ "“I wish he could’ve been found, but that was not to be,” said Susan Ruden in front of her Oceanside home, accompanied by her three children. “", "Loren loved the ocean and he loved being on his boat. ", "Our children, our family we all love him very much and we’ll miss him. ", "Anyone who knew him will miss him as well.”", "\n\nMissing Fisherman’s Wife: ‘I Wish He Could’ve Been Found’\n\nThe wife of an Oceanside fisherman who went missing during an ill-fated boating trip made a tearful statement Thursday on the disappearance of her husband and the end of the extensive search for his body. (", "Published Thursday, Sept. 12, 2013)\n\nLoren Ruden, 53, has been missing at sea since Monday. ", "Officials say the avid boater launched from the Oceanside Marina around 11:30 a.m. three days ago, along with his dog, Sadie (pictured below).", "\n\nSadie was found later that day sitting on the beach just north of the Oceanside Pier. ", "A passerby called the phone number on Sadie’s dog tag, reaching Ruden’s wife and setting the search for the missing man in motion.", "\n\nMissing Fisherman's Wife Speaks Out\n\nSusan Ruden, the wife of missing Oceanside fisherman, Loren Ruden, spoke about the search for her husband, who went missing during an ill-fated boating trip on September 9, 2013. ", "His dog and boat were later found by officials, prompting an extensive search for Ruden. (", "Published Thursday, Sept. 12, 2013)\n\nOn Tuesday, Ruden’s 21-foot Striper, which he named “Lucky Dog,” was found 10 miles northwest of La Jolla traveling in circles at idle speed with no one aboard.", "\n\nHundreds Gather to Remember Missing Fisherman\n\nNo trace of Ruden was found near the boat.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, NBC 7 spoke with Ruden’s sister, Angie Richards, about the search. ", "Richards made an emotional plea to the San Diego community to help find her brother, begging boaters to get on the water and help search for Ruden.", "\n\nOn Thursday, Susan said she was overwhelmed by the support from officials and the local community in the search for her missing husband.", "\n\n“I want to express my gratitude to everyone for their extraordinary efforts and personal sacrifices in searching for Loren,” she said. “", "The commitment and dedication made by Oceanside Police, Harbor Police, Lifeguards, FBI and of course the Coast Guard were truly remarkable.\"", "\n\n“I also want to thank those who went out on their own boats to help in the search. ", "Lastly, I want to thank my family, friends, neighbors, co-workers and the communities of Oceanside and San Diego for all their love and support.”", "\n\nAs she spoke, Susan was comforted by her children: Maggie Ruden, 24; Sarah Ruden, 23; and son Anders Ruden, 21.", "\n\nTheir beloved family dog, Sadie – a 4-year-old Border Collie Labrador mix -- was also by their side, staying close to the family. ", "The dog – the last member of the family to see Ruden alive – was in good health.", "\n\nThe family confirmed Sadie jumped or fell overboard on Monday and then either swam or floated to the shore in Oceanside, where she was found by a passerby.", "\n\nSusan said a public memorial gathering for Ruden will be held at 10 a.m. Saturday at the north jetty at the Oceanside Harbor. ", "She said anyone is welcome to attend the event.", "\n\nNBC 7 also spoke with the family’s neighbor, Keith Stover, who said Ruden will be remembered as a great, down-to-earth man and dedicated father.", "\n\n“[Loren] was always very gentle and industrious – always working real hard. ", "He was always working on boats, cars – working in his yard every day. ", "He raised his kids – he’s a stay-at-home dad. ", "You couldn’t ask for a better neighbor,” said Stover. “", "He was always going out on his boat and had his dog with him continuously. ", "He was just a great guy.”", "\n\nStover said Ruden and his dog shared a close bond and seemed inseparable. ", "If either Ruden or Sadie ran into trouble aboard the boat on Monday, Stover believes they would’ve done anything to try to save each other in the water." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We consider the $\\mathrm{AdS}_3/\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ description of Reissner-Nordstr[ø]{}m black holes by studying their uplifted counterparts in five dimensions. ", "Assuming a natural size of the extra dimension, the near horizon geometries for the extremal limit are exactly $\\mathrm{AdS}_3 \\times \\mathrm{S}^2$. We compute the scattering amplitude of a scalar field, with a mode near threshold of frequency and extra dimensional momentum, by a near extremal uplifted black hole. ", "The absorption cross section agrees with the two point function of the CFT dual to the scalar field.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Chiang-Mei Chen'\n- 'Ying-Ming Huang'\n- 'Shou-Jyun Zou'\ntitle: |\n Holographic Duals of Near-extremal Reissner-Nordstr[ø]{}m\\\n Black Holes\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn the past years, there has been significant progress on elaborating the holographic principle [@'tHooft:1993gx; @Susskind:1994vu; @Maldacena:1997re; @Gubser:1998bc; @Witten:1998qj] for the circumstances that do not rely on any fundamental theory, such as strings, by following an approach analogous to that studied in [@Brown:1986nw]. ", "The main focus was on rotating black holes initiated from the Kerr/CFT correspondence [@Guica:2008mu]. ", "The near horizon geometry of the extremal Kerr black hole consists of a warped $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$ factor, and the left moving central charge of 2D CFT can be identified from the asymptotic symmetry group associated with appropriate boundary conditions. ", "The Cardy formula for CFT entropy exactly reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the Kerr black holes. ", "Soon after, similar calculations were applied to various different rotating black holes [@Hotta:2008xt; @Lu:2008jk; @Azeyanagi:2008kb; @Chow:2008dp; @Azeyanagi:2008dk; @Nakayama:2008kg; @Isono:2008kx; @Peng:2009ty; @Chen:2009xja; @Loran:2009cr; @Ghezelbash:2009gf; @Lu:2009gj; @Amsel:2009ev; @Compere:2009dp; @Krishnan:2009tj; @Hotta:2009bm; @Astefanesei:2009sh; @Wen:2009qc; @Azeyanagi:2009wf; @Wu:2009di; @Matsuo:2009sj; @Peng:2009wx] and all found the remarkable agreement of CFT and black hole entropies. ", "The essential further extension is to investigate the near extremal Kerr black holes in which right moving excitations of dual CFT are allowed. ", "The relevant investigations used two different approaches. ", "One way to probe the near extremal property is the process of near superradiant scattering of a scalar field (this could also be, more general, by the Dirac or gauge fields). ", "The absorption cross section agrees with the two point function of the dual CFT operator [@Bredberg:2009pv; @Hartman:2009nz; @Cvetic:2009jn]. ", "The other approach is the $\\mathrm{AdS}_2/\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ description [@Hartman:2008dq; @Alishahiha:2008tv; @Castro:2008ms] from the boundary stress tensor of the 2D effective action obtained by integrating out the angular coordinates [@Castro:2009jf]. ", "Indeed, an expected promising scheme for having a better understanding of dual CFT (2D or 1D) is by constructing the corresponding stress tensor [@Dias:2009ex; @Balasubramanian:2009bg; @Amsel:2009pu; @Castro:2009jf].", "\n\nIt is then natural to question what is the dual CFT corresponding to non-rotating black holes, in particular, the spherical symmetric charged Reissner-Nordstr[ø]{}m (RN) black holes. ", "It is well known that the near horizon geometry of a RN black hole is $\\mathrm{AdS}_2 \\times \\mathrm{S}^2$ [@Bertotti:1959pf; @Robinson:1959ev; @Maldacena:1998uz], therefore a holographic RN/CFT correspondence is expected. ", "It is straightforward to compute the right moving central charge of the dual CFT by following the approach in [@Castro:2009jf] for the near extremal Kerr case. ", "However, unlike the 2D CFT, the central charge of $\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ depends on an ambiguous choice of normalization factor. ", "A physically preferable choice for the normalization factor for RN/CFT was discussed in [@Chen:2009ht], which gives a desirable value for the central charge. ", "Moreover, the original method of deriving the left moving central charge for Kerr/CFT is essentially based on a fiberation expression of (warped) $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$ as $\\mathrm{AdS}_2 \\times \\mathrm{S}^1$. It turns out that the RN black hole can be consistently uplifted to one more higher dimension in a way that part of its U(1) gauge potential is transformed to the geometrical Kaluza-Klein (KK) vector field, which plays the role of the U(1) fiberation on the $\\mathrm{AdS}_2$ basis. ", "The uplifted counterpart was used to compute the left moving central charge in [@Hartman:2008pb; @Garousi:2009zx]. ", "Again, in this approach, there is a free parameter to be specified, namely the size of the extra dimension. ", "In this paper, we will reexamine this issue and propose a natural choice for the radius of the extra dimensional circle in the way that the near horizon geometry is exactly $\\mathrm{AdS}_3 \\times \\mathrm{S}^2$. This particular choice is compatible with the suggested normalization factor in the other approach [@Chen:2009ht], and the left and right moving central charges, as expected, are identical, $c_L = c_R = 6 q^2 / G_4$.\n\nThe main goal of the paper is to verify the RN/CFT duality for the near extremal region following the method in [@Bredberg:2009pv]. ", "We consider the scattering amplitude of a scalar field by a near extremal uplifted RN solution for a particular threshold limit that the frequency $\\omega$ and momentum in the extra dimension $k$ satisfy specific conditions: $\\omega - k$ is small but the corresponding right moving mode of CFT is finite. ", "As we shall see later, this peculiar mode can probe the near horizon region to reveal certain information above the CFT. ", "We found that the absorption cross section of the scattered scalar field really agrees with the two point function of the dual CFT operator. ", "This agreement provides a strong evidence supporting the $\\mathrm{AdS}_3/\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ description for a RN black hole.", "\n\nEvidently, the RN black holes can have both $\\mathrm{AdS}_3/\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ and $\\mathrm{AdS}_2/\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ descriptions. ", "From the gravity point of view, the relation between the two AdS spaces is a dimensional reduction. ", "In terms of field theory language, this relation indicates a light cone compatification between the two CFTs. ", "Thus, one substantial importance of the RN/CFT correspondence is to provide a simple example from which we can directly examine the relation of $\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ and $\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ [@Gupta:2008ki].", "\n\nThe outline of this paper is as follows. ", "In Section II, we construct the uplifted RN black holes, derive the near horizon geometry, explore the dictionary for the variables of gravity and the CFT. ", "The absorption cross section of a scalar wave in a near extremal uplifted RN black hole is computed in Section III and is compared with the CFT result in Section IV. ", "We discuss the corresponding 4D perspectives in Section V, and finally conclude our results in Section VI. ", "Moreover, the technique of dimensional reduction is briefly summarized in Appendix A.\n\nUplifted RN Black Hole\n======================\n\nThe 5D Einstein-Maxwell theory $$I_5 = \\frac1{16\\pi G_5} \\int d^5x \\sqrt{- \\hat g} \\left( \\hat R - \\frac1{12} \\hat F_{[3]}^2 \\right),$$ with the specific metric and form field assumptions (constant KK scalar field) $$ds_5^2 = (dy + \\mathcal{A}_\\mu dx^\\mu)^2 + ds_4^2, \\qquad \\hat A_{[2]} = \\hat A \\wedge dy,$$ reduces to the 4D effective action $$I_4 = \\frac1{16\\pi G_4} \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g} \\left( R - \\frac14 \\mathcal{F}^2 - \\frac14 \\hat F^2 \\right).$$ The extra dimension is supposed be a circle of radius $\\ell$, i.e. $\\hat y \\sim \\hat y + 2 \\pi \\ell$ and the two gravitational constants are related by $G_5 = 2 \\pi \\ell G_4$. The consistency of the constant KK scalar field assumption requires a relation between the two gauge potentials, i.e. $\\hat A = \\sqrt3 \\mathcal{A}$, and consequently the 4D Einstein-Maxwell can be recovered (the technical details are summarized in Appendix A) $$I_4 = \\frac1{16\\pi G_4} \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g} \\left( R - \\frac14 F^2 \\right),$$ with $$F^2 = \\mathcal{F}^2 + \\hat F^2 = 4 \\mathcal{F}^2, \\qquad \\mathrm{or} \\qquad \\mathcal{A} = \\frac12 A, \\quad \\hat A = \\frac{\\sqrt3}2 A.$$ According to the reduction procedure, the 4D RN solution $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{RN}\nds^2 &=& - f(r) dt^2 + \\frac{dr^2}{f(r)} + r^2 d\\Omega_2^2,\n\\nonumber\\\\\nA &=& - \\frac{2 q}{r} dt, \\qquad f(r) = 1 - \\frac{2m}{r} + \\frac{q^2}{r^2},\\end{aligned}$$ where $m, q$ are mass and charge parameters, can be consistently uplifted to 5D spacetime with the KK vector potential $\\mathcal{A} = - (q/r) dt$. The 5D counterpart solution, called the uplifted RN black hole, is $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{RN5metric}\nds^2 &=& - f(r) dt^2 + \\frac{dr^2}{f(r)} + r^2 d\\Omega_2^2 + \\left(dy - \\frac{q}{r} dt \\right)^2,\n\\nonumber\\\\\n\\hat A_{[2]} &=& - \\sqrt3 \\frac{q}{r} \\, dt \\wedge dy.\\end{aligned}$$ It is worth noting that this simple uplifting procedure cannot accommodate dyonic RN black holes because the appearance of the Chern-Simons correction will turn on a 3-form field strength in the 4D reduced action. ", "A new feature of the uplifted RN black hole is the emergence of the ergosphere at $- g_{tt} = 1 - 2 m /r = 0$ which seems to hint the existence of superradiant mode.", "\n\nThe near horizon geometry of the near extremal uplifted RN black hole can be obtained by introducing a new coordinate, $\\chi$, normalized with period of $2\\pi$: $$\\chi = \\frac1{\\ell} (y - t), \\quad \\mathrm{or} \\quad y = \\ell \\chi + t,$$ and taking the limit $$r \\to q + \\epsilon \\rho, \\qquad t \\to \\frac1{\\epsilon} q^2 \\tau, \\qquad m \\to q + \\epsilon^2 \\frac{\\rho_0^2}{2q},$$ which leads to the near horizon solution $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{NHRN5}\nds^2 &=& q^2 \\left[ - (\\rho^2 - \\rho_0^2) d\\tau^2 + \\frac{d\\rho^2}{\\rho^2 - \\rho_0^2} + d\\Omega_2^2 + \\frac{\\ell^2}{q^2} \\left(d\\chi + \\frac{q}{\\ell} \\rho d\\tau \\right)^2 \\right],\n\\nonumber\\\\\n\\hat A_{[2]} &=& \\sqrt3 q \\ell \\rho \\, d\\tau \\wedge d\\chi.\\end{aligned}$$ After taking the near horizon limit, the inner/outer horizon radius, Hawking temperature, and black hole entropy become $$\\begin{aligned}\nr_\\pm &=& q \\pm \\epsilon \\rho_0,\\nonumber\\\\\nT_H &=& \\frac1{4\\pi} \\frac{r_+ - r_-}{r_+^2} = \\epsilon \\frac{\\rho_0}{2 \\pi q^2},\\nonumber\\\\\nS_{BH} &=& \\frac{A_5}{4 G_5} = \\frac{A_4}{4 G_4}= \\frac{\\pi}{G_4} (q^2 + 2 \\epsilon q \\rho_0).\\end{aligned}$$ The size of the extra dimension $\\ell$ in principle is a free parameter. ", "However, from the near horizon metric (\\[NHRN5\\]), there is an obvious simple and natural choice of $\\ell = q$ and the near horizon geometry is then exactly $\\mathrm{AdS}_3 \\times \\mathrm{S}^2$. The $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$ space has two $SL(2,R)$ symmetries associated with the $\\tau$-translation (right sector) and $\\chi$-translation (left sector). ", "By the geometric relations of the coordinates ($t, y$) and ($\\tau, \\chi$), we can identify the left and right moving modes, $n_L$ and $n_R$, from the frequency $\\omega$ and $y$-direction momentum $k$ as $$- i \\omega t + i k y = - i n_R \\tau + i n_L \\chi \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad n_L = k q, \\quad n_R = \\frac{q^2(\\omega - k)}{\\epsilon}.$$ The right moving mode is finite only when $\\omega - k$ is small, of order $\\epsilon$ corresponding to a threshold bound which is capable of probing a certain nature of the dual CFT. ", "The next step of building up the gravity-CFT dictionary is to compare the Boltzmann factors. ", "On the gravity side, one needs a time-like Killing vector which is well-defined near the horizon. ", "It is clear that $\\partial_t$ is not the correct choice since it becomes space-like inside the ergosphere. ", "A suitable time-like Killing vector is $\\partial_t + \\Phi_e \\partial_y$ where $\\Phi_e$ is just the chemical potential of the 4D RN back holes $$\\Phi_e = \\frac{q}{r_+} = 1 - \\epsilon \\frac{\\rho_0}{q}.$$ Then the temperatures of the CFT can straightforwardly be read out from the Boltzmann factors: $$- \\frac{\\omega - \\Phi_e k}{T_H} = - \\frac{n_L}{T_L} - \\frac{n_R}{T_R} \\qquad \\Rightarrow \\qquad T_R = \\frac{\\rho_0}{2\\pi}, \\quad T_L = \\frac1{2\\pi}.$$\n\nMacroscopic Greybody Factor\n===========================\n\nConsider a scalar field of mass $\\mu$ propagating in the background of (\\[RN5metric\\]), the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation $$\\label{KG}\n\\nabla_\\alpha \\nabla^\\alpha \\Phi - \\mu^2 \\Phi = 0,\n$$ can be simplified by assuming the following form of the scalar field $$\\label{APhi5}\n\\Phi(t, r, \\theta, \\phi, y) = \\mathrm{e}^{-i \\omega t + i n \\phi + i k y} S(\\theta) R(r),$$ and reduces to two decoupled equations by separation of variables: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\partial_r (\\Delta \\partial_r R) + \\left[ \\frac{(\\omega r - k q)^2 r^2}{\\Delta} - (\\mu^2 + k^2) r^2 - \\lambda_l \\right] R &=& 0,\n\\label{EqRr} \\\\\n\\frac1{\\sin\\theta} \\partial_\\theta (\\sin\\theta \\partial_\\theta S_l) + \\left( \\lambda_l - \\frac{n^2}{\\sin^2\\theta} \\right) S_l &=& 0,\n\\label{EqS}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Delta = r^2 f = (r - r_+) (r - r_-)$, the separation constant takes the standard value $\\lambda_l = l (l + 1)$, and the solutions for $S_l$ are just the standard spherical harmonic functions.", "\n\nTo simplify the radial equation, we introduce a new dimensionless coordinate $$z = \\frac{r - r_+}{r_+}, \\qquad r = r_+ (z + 1),$$ consequently leading to the following relations: $$\\Delta = r_+^2 z (z + z_0), \\qquad z_0 = \\frac{r_+ - r_-}{r_+} = \\epsilon \\frac{2\\rho_0}{q}, \\qquad r_+ = \\frac{q}{\\sqrt{1 - z_0}}.$$ Finally, the radial equation can formally be written as $$\\label{EqRz}\n\\partial_z \\left[ z (z + z_0) \\partial_z R \\right] + V(z) R = 0,$$ where the potential is given by $$V = \\frac{q^2 (z + 1)^2}{1 - z_0} \\left[ \\frac{\\left[ \\omega (z + 1) - k \\sqrt{1 - z_0} \\right]^2}{z (z + z_0)} - \\mu^2 - k^2 \\right] - \\lambda_l.$$ However, it is not possible to obtain the general solution of equation (\\[EqRz\\]). ", "In order to retrieve the absorption cross section, we should solve this equation in the near region $z \\ll 1$ and at the far region $z \\gg z_0$ respectively. ", "For the near extremal limit, $z_0 \\to 0$, there is an overlap region, $z_0 \\ll z \\ll 1$, which allows to relate the integration constants in the solutions of two different regions.", "\n\nNear region\n-----------\n\nFor the near region, $z \\ll 1$, and for the near extremal limit, $z_0 \\to 0$, the potential truncates to $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_\\mathrm{near} &=& q^2 \\left[ \\frac{\\left[ (2 \\omega - k) z + \\omega - k + \\frac12 \\omega z_0 \\right]^2}{z (z + z_0)} + 2 \\omega (\\omega - k) - \\mu^2 - k^2 \\right] - \\lambda_l\n\\\\\n&\\simeq& q^2 \\left[ \\frac{k^2 z_0^2 }{4 z (z + z_0)} - \\mu^2 \\right] - \\lambda_l.", "\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Hereafter, the notation $\\simeq$ means after taking the threshold limit $\\omega - k = \\epsilon \\, n_R /q^2$. The radial equation then reduces to $$\\partial_z \\left[ z (z + z_0) \\partial_z R \\right] + V_\\mathrm{near} R = 0,$$ and two independent solutions corresponding to ingoing and outgoing waves are $$\\begin{aligned}\nR_\\mathrm{near}^\\mathrm{(in)}(z) \\!&\\!=\\!&\\! ", "C_0^\\mathrm{(in)} \\! ", "z^{-i b} \\left( 1 \\!+\\! ", "\\frac{z}{z_0} \\right)^{i (b - a)} \\! {}_", "2F_1\\!\\left( \\frac12 \\!+\\! ", "\\beta \\!-\\! ", "ia, \\frac12 \\!-\\! ", "\\beta \\!-\\! ", "ia; 1 \\!-\\! ", "i 2 b; -\\frac{z}{z_0} \\right),\n\\\\\nR_\\mathrm{near}^\\mathrm{(out)}(z) \\!&\\!=\\!& \\! ", "C_0^\\mathrm{(out)} \\! ", "z^{i b} \\left( 1 \\!+\\! ", "\\frac{z}{z_0} \\right)^{i (b - a)} \\! {}_", "2F_1\\!\\left( \\frac12 \\!-\\! ", "\\beta \\!+\\! ", "i(2b \\!-\\! ", "a), \\frac12 \\!+\\! ", "\\beta \\!+\\! ", "i(2b \\!-\\! ", "a); 1 \\!+\\! ", "i 2 b; \\!-\\! ", "\\frac{z}{z_0} \\right)\\!,\\end{aligned}$$ where the constants $a, b$ and $\\beta$ are are defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\na &=& q (2 \\omega - k) \\simeq q k,\n\\\\\nb &=& \\frac12 \\omega q + \\frac{q (\\omega - k)}{z_0} \\simeq \\frac12 q k + \\frac{n_R}{2 \\rho_0},\n\\\\\n\\beta &=& \\sqrt{\\frac14 + \\lambda_l + q^2 (\\mu^2 - 6 \\omega^2 + 6 \\omega k)} \\simeq \\sqrt{\\frac14 + \\lambda_l + q^2 \\mu^2}.", "\n\\label{defbeta}\\end{aligned}$$ These three parameters are principle elements for comparison with the dual CFT results. ", "The value of $\\beta$ is always real.", "\n\nWe are interested only in the ingoing wave. ", "At the limit near the horizon, $z \\to 0$, we have $$\\label{nearin}\nR_\\mathrm{near}^\\mathrm{(in)}(z) \\approx C_0^\\mathrm{(in)} \\, z^{-i b},$$ and at the limit close to the far region, namely $z \\gg 1$, it behaves like $$\\label{nearfar}\nR_\\mathrm{near}^\\mathrm{(in)} \\to A_0^\\mathrm{(in)} z^{-\\frac12 + \\beta} + B_0^\\mathrm{(in)} z^{-\\frac12 - \\beta},$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{ABC}\nA_0^\\mathrm{(in)} &=& C_0^\\mathrm{(in)} (z_0)^{\\frac12 - \\beta - ib} \\frac{\\Gamma(1 - i 2 b) \\Gamma(2 \\beta)}{\\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta - ia) \\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta - i (2b - a))},\n\\nonumber\\\\\nB_0^\\mathrm{(in)} &=& C_0^\\mathrm{(in)} (z_0)^{\\frac12 + \\beta - ib} \\frac{\\Gamma(1 - i 2 b) \\Gamma(-2 \\beta)}{\\Gamma(\\frac12 - \\beta - ia) \\Gamma(\\frac12 - \\beta - i (2b - a))}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFar region\n----------\n\nFor the far region, $z \\gg z_0$, the potential truncates to $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_\\mathrm{far} &=& q^2 (\\omega z + 2 \\omega - k)^2 + 2 q^2 \\omega (\\omega - k) - q^2 (\\mu^2 + k^2) (z + 1)^2 - \\lambda_l\n\\\\\n&\\simeq& q^2 k^2 (z + 1)^2 - q^2 (\\mu^2 + k^2) (z + 1)^2 - \\lambda_l,\\end{aligned}$$ and the radial equation reduces to $$\\partial_z (z^2 \\partial_z R) + V_\\mathrm{far} R = 0.$$ Two independent solutions can be obtained in terms of Kummer functions: $$\\begin{aligned}\nR_\\mathrm{far}^\\mathrm{(in)}(z) &=& C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(in)} \\, z^{- \\frac12 + \\beta} \\mathrm{e}^{i \\zeta z} \\; M\\left(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa; 1 + 2 \\beta; - i 2 \\zeta z \\right),\n\\\\\nR_\\mathrm{far}^\\mathrm{(out)}(z) &=& C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(out)} \\, z^{- \\frac12 + \\beta} \\mathrm{e}^{i \\zeta z} \\; U\\left(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa; 1 + 2 \\beta; - i 2 \\zeta z \\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\beta$ was given in (\\[defbeta\\]) and the other two parameters are defined as $$\\label{zeta}\n\\zeta = q \\sqrt{\\omega^2 - k^2 - \\mu^2}, \\qquad \\kappa = \\frac{q^2 (2 \\omega^2 - \\omega k - k^2 - \\mu^2)}{\\zeta}.$$ The ingoing and outgoing waves can be determined by using the asymptotic behavior of the Kummer functions [@AbSt64]. ", "In order to approach the threshold limit $\\omega - k \\to \\epsilon$ but still to ensure the propagating waves, i.e. $\\zeta$ be real, the scalar field should be massless, $\\mu = 0$. Nevertheless, the the scalar waves always have enormously long wavelength near the threshold limit. ", "Moreover, over the threshold limit, $\\omega < k$, the wave number $\\zeta$ becomes imaginary and wave solutions fade out.", "\n\nIn order to match with the near region result, we consider the limit $z \\to 0$ $$\\label{farnear}\nR_\\mathrm{far} \\approx C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(in)} \\, z^{- \\frac12 + \\beta} + C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(out)} \\frac{\\Gamma(2 \\beta)}{\\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa)} \\, (- i 2 \\zeta)^{-2\\beta} \\, z^{- \\frac12 - \\beta}.$$ For computing the absorption cross section, we need the asymptotic behavior of the propagating waves $$\\label{farasy}\nR_\\mathrm{far} \\to C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(in)} \\frac{\\Gamma(1 + 2 \\beta)}{\\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa)} (- i 2 \\zeta)^{- \\frac12 - \\beta + i \\kappa} \\, \\mathrm{e}^{- i \\zeta z} \\, z^{- 1 + i \\kappa} + C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(out)} (- i 2 \\zeta)^{-\\frac12 - \\beta - i \\kappa} \\, \\mathrm{e}^{i \\zeta z} \\, z^{- 1 - i \\kappa}.$$\n\nNear-far matching\n-----------------\n\nThe results (\\[nearfar\\]) and (\\[farnear\\]) should match at the overlap region, $z_0 \\ll z \\ll 1$, which gives the relations of the coefficients: $$\\label{match}\nC_\\infty^\\mathrm{(in)} = A_0^\\mathrm{(in)}, \\qquad C_\\infty^\\mathrm{(out)} = B_0^\\mathrm{(in)} (- i 2 \\zeta)^{2\\beta} \\frac{\\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa)}{\\Gamma(2 \\beta)}.$$ Moreover, the powers of $z$ in (\\[nearfar\\], \\[farnear\\]) add more “words” to the gravity-CFT dictionary, namely that the conformal dimensions of the associated CFT operators should be $$h_L = h_R = \\frac12 + \\beta.$$\n\nAbsorption cross section\n------------------------\n\nAccording to the flux expression of the scalar field $$\\mathfrak{F} = \\frac{2\\pi}{i} \\left( \\Phi^* \\Delta \\partial_r \\Phi - \\Phi \\Delta \\partial_r \\Phi^* \\right),$$ we can compute the flux absorbed by the black hole by considering (\\[nearin\\]), $$\\mathfrak{F}_\\mathrm{abs} = - \\left| C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_0 \\right|^2 \\; 4 \\pi b z_0 r_+,$$ and the incident flux from infinity by taking ingoing part of (\\[farasy\\]), $$\\mathfrak{F}_\\mathrm{in} = -\\left| C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_\\infty \\right|^2 \\frac{|\\Gamma(1 + 2\\beta)|^2}{|\\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa)|^2} \\, \\mathrm{e}^{\\kappa \\pi} (2 \\zeta)^{-\\frac12 - 2\\beta} \\, \\left( 4 \\pi \\zeta r_+ \\right).$$ Here the minus signs indicate the feature of ingoing flux. ", "The absorption cross rate of the radial flux is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{sigma}\n\\sigma_\\mathrm{abs} &=& \\frac{\\mathfrak{F}_\\mathrm{abs}}{\\mathfrak{F}_\\mathrm{in}} = \\frac{2 b z_0 \\, (2 \\zeta)^{-\\frac12 + 2\\beta} \\left| \\Gamma(\\frac12 + \\beta + i \\kappa) \\right|^2}{\\mathrm{e}^{\\kappa \\pi} \\left| \\Gamma(1 + 2 \\beta) \\right|^2} \\; \\frac{\\left| C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_0 \\right|^2}{\\left| C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_\\infty \\right|^2}\n\\\\\n&=& \\frac{(2 \\zeta)^{-\\frac12 + 2\\beta} z_0^{2\\beta} \\left| \\Gamma(\\frac12 \\!+\\! ", "\\beta \\!+\\! ", "i \\kappa) \\right|^2 \\sinh(2 \\pi b)}{\\pi \\mathrm{e}^{\\kappa \\pi} \\left| \\Gamma(1 + 2\\beta) \\right|^2 \\left|\\Gamma(2 \\beta) \\right|^2} \\left| \\Gamma\\left( \\frac12 \\!+\\! ", "\\beta \\!-\\! ", "i a \\right) \\right|^2 \\left|\\Gamma\\left( \\frac12 \\!+\\! ", "\\beta \\!-\\! ", "i (2b \\!-\\! ", "a) \\right) \\right|^2. ", "\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Here the ratio of $| C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_0 |^2 / | C^{(\\mathrm{in})}_\\infty |^2$ is determined by the matching (\\[match\\]) and also by the relation (\\[ABC\\]). ", "Moreover, the property of the Gamma function $|\\Gamma(1 - i2b)|^2 = 2 b \\pi/\\sinh(2b\\pi)$ has been used. ", "An important remark is that the superradiance occurs when the value of parameter $b$ is negative, i.e. $\\omega < k /(1 + \\frac12 z_0)$. The 4D description of this result will be given in the Section \\[4DP\\].", "\n\nMicroscopic Greybody Factor\n===========================\n\nThe two-point functions in 2D CFT are determined by conformal invariance. ", "The general expression for the absorption cross section with respect to an operator of (left, right) dimension ($h_L, h_R$), charge ($q_L, q_R$) and momenta ($\\omega_L, \\omega_R$) at temperature ($T_L, T_R$) and chemical potential ($\\mu_L, \\mu_R$) was derived in [@Bredberg:2009pv; @Hartman:2009nz]: $$\\label{CFTp}\nP_\\mathrm{abs} \\sim T_L^{2h_L - 1} T_R^{2h_R - 1} \\left( \\mathrm{e}^{\\pi (\\tilde\\omega_L + \\tilde\\omega_R)} \\pm \\mathrm{e}^{- \\pi (\\tilde\\omega_L + \\tilde\\omega_R)} \\right) \\left| \\Gamma(h_L + i \\tilde\\omega_L) \\right|^2 \\, \\left| \\Gamma(h_R + i \\tilde\\omega_R) \\right|^2,$$ where $$\\tilde\\omega_L = \\frac{\\omega_L - q_L \\mu_L}{2\\pi T_L}, \\qquad \\tilde\\omega_R = \\frac{\\omega_R - q_R \\mu_R}{2\\pi T_R}.$$ The CFT absorption cross section matches with the dual gravitational result (\\[sigma\\]) after identifying $$\\label{Iden}\n\\tilde\\omega_L = a, \\qquad \\tilde\\omega_R = 2 b - a,$$ and then the combination of the two exponential terms, with minus sign, produces the hyperbolic sine function. ", "Moreover, the contribution of $T_L$ in (\\[CFTp\\]) precisely reproduces the $z_0$ part in (\\[sigma\\]). ", "Unlike the Kerr/CFT, the dual operator corresponding to the scalar field in a near extremal RN black hole is much simpler with $q_L = q_R = 0$, $(\\omega_L, \\omega_R) = (n_L, n_R)$ and $\\mu_L = \\mu_R = 0$. One can easily check that the identifications (\\[Iden\\]) hold for the near threshold mode.", "\n\n4D Perspectives {#4DP}\n===============\n\nThe KG equation for a charged scalar field with mass $\\bar\\mu$ and charge $e$ $$\\Phi(t, r, \\theta, \\phi) = \\mathrm{e}^{-i \\omega t + i n \\phi} S(\\theta) R(r),$$ in the background of a 4D RN black hole decouples to two equations: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\partial_r (\\Delta \\partial_r R) + \\left[ \\frac{(\\omega r - 2 e q)^2 r^2}{\\Delta} - \\bar\\mu^2 r^2 - \\lambda_l \\right] R &=& 0,\n\\\\\n\\frac1{\\sin\\theta} \\partial_\\theta (\\sin\\theta \\partial_\\theta S_l) + \\left( \\lambda_l - \\frac{n^2}{\\sin^2\\theta} \\right) S_l &=& 0.", "\n$$ The angular equation is exactly same as (\\[EqS\\]). ", "Moreover, the radial equation is also identical with (\\[EqRr\\]) when the parameters are related by $$e = \\frac12 k, \\qquad \\bar\\mu^2 = \\mu^2 + k^2.$$ Therefore, the 5D momentum mode $k$ corresponds to the charge of the 4D scalar. ", "The factor half is due to the $k$-momentum coupling only with the KK vector portion, namely half of the original 4D RN background charge. ", "Moreover, the excitation of the extra momentum also enlarges the mass of the 4D scalar field. ", "Regarding the near threshold mode with $\\mu = 0$, from the 4D point of view, it implies a special limit of $\\bar\\mu = 2 e$ and $\\omega - \\bar\\mu \\to 0$.\n\nThe superradiance condition for a charged scalar field in RN black hole is $\\omega < e q / r_+$ [@Nakamura:1976nc]. ", "For the near extremal limit, $z_0 \\to 0$, it reduces to $\\omega < k \\sqrt{1 - z_0}$, which agrees with the condition of negative $b$. Moreover, for 4D effective scalar field, the mass is always greater than $k$ (i.e. charge). ", "This is the reason why the wave number in the solution of radial part of the scalar field, equivalently the $\\zeta$ in (\\[zeta\\]), turns into imaginary over the threshold limit when $\\omega < k$.\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn this paper, we investigated the $\\mathrm{AdS}_3/\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ description for the near extremal RN black holes by considering their uplifted counterparts. ", "Unlike the Kerr spacetimes, although an ergosphere is formed in uplifted RN black holes, yet the backgrounds, in the near extremal limit, do not allow superradiant modes for scalar fields because the wave number turns out to be imaginary. ", "Nevertheless, for an exceptional threshold limit the scalar waves can be used to probe of the near horizon region and can reveal convincing properties which extend the confirmation of RN/CFT correspondence to the near extremal limit.", "\n\nOne promising feature of the RN/CFT is that the uplifted RN black holes can provide simpler backgrounds for investigating the holographic correspondence. ", "The near horizon geometry contains an exact $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$ space instead of warped $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$, and accordingly the dual CFT operators are much simpler compared with Kerr/CFT. ", "The factor $\\beta$ in the conformal weight of the dual operator is always real. ", "It is very interesting to study the connection between the $\\mathrm{AdS}_3/\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ and $\\mathrm{AdS}_2/\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ descriptions by considering the RN black holes. ", "From the gravity side, the relation of $\\mathrm{AdS}_3$ and $\\mathrm{AdS}_2$ is more clear as a dimensional reduction. ", "We expect that this relation can reveal the connection of $\\mathrm{CFT}_2$ and $\\mathrm{CFT}_1$ via holographical duality.", "\n\nDimensional Reduction\n=====================\n\nIn this Appendix, we briefly summarize the KK reduction technique [@Stelle:1998xg]. ", "The special class of solutions in the ($D+1$) dimensional gravitational theory coupled to a scalar field and a $n$-form field, $$\\hat I = \\int d^{D+1}x \\sqrt{-\\hat g} \\left[ \\hat R - \\frac12 (\\hat\\nabla \\phi)^2 - \\frac1{2 \\cdot n!} ", "\\mathrm{e}^{\\hat a \\phi} \\hat F_{[n]}^2 \\right],$$ with a space-like Killing vector, $\\partial_y$, is effectively equivalent to a $D$ dimensional effective action derived by imposing the following ansatz for the metric and form-field $$ds_{D+1}^2 = \\mathrm{e}^{2 \\alpha \\varphi} ds_D^2 + \\mathrm{e}^{2 \\beta \\varphi} (dy + \\mathcal{A}_\\mu dx^\\mu)^2, \\qquad \\hat A_{[n-1]} = A_{[n-1]} + A_{[n-2]} \\wedge dy.$$ The coefficients $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are fixed by (i) $\\beta = - (D - 2) \\alpha$ to ensure that the reduced action is in the Einstein frame, and (ii) $\\alpha^{-2} = 2 (D - 1)(D - 2)$ for a conventionally normalized kinetic term of $\\varphi$. Then the KK reduced action is $$\\begin{aligned}\nI &=& \\int d^Dx \\sqrt{- g} \\left[ R - \\frac12 (\\nabla \\phi)^2 - \\frac12 (\\nabla \\varphi)^2 - \\frac14 \\mathrm{e}^{-2 (D-1) \\alpha \\varphi} \\mathcal{F}_{[2]}^2 \\right.", "\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&& \\qquad \\left. - ", "\\frac1{2 \\cdot n!} ", "\\mathrm{e}^{-2 (n-1) \\alpha \\varphi + \\hat a \\phi} \\hat F_{[n]}^{\\prime2} - \\frac1{2 \\cdot (n-1)!} ", "\\mathrm{e}^{2 (D-n) \\alpha \\varphi + \\hat a \\phi} \\hat F_{[n-1]}^2 \\right],\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\hat F'_{[n]} = \\hat F_{[n]} - \\hat F_{[n-1]} \\wedge \\mathcal{A}$, including a Chern-Simons correction.", "\n\nFor the purpose of the uplifted 4D Einstein-Maxwell solution we focus on the case $\\hat a = 0, \\phi = 0, D = 4$ corresponding to $\\alpha^{-1} = 2\\sqrt3$. There are two possible ways to get a 4D U(1) gauge field, namely either $n = 2$ or $n = 3$. The first possibility is $n = 2$ and the $\\varphi = 0$ truncation requires $\\hat F_{[1]} = 0$ and $\\hat F_{[2]}^{\\prime2} = \\hat F_{[2]}^2 = - 3 \\mathcal{F}_{[2]}^2$. However, the 2-form field $\\mathcal{F}_{[2]}$ has an opposite sign of its square, so only its Hodge dual can give the desirable sign. ", "The other possible solution is $n = 3$ and the vanishing KK scalar condition requires $\\hat F_{[3]} = 0$ and $\\hat F_{[2]}^2 = 3 \\mathcal{F}_{[2]}^2$. Thus the 4D action is $$I = \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g} \\left( R - \\frac14 \\mathcal{F}_{[2]}^2 - \\frac14 \\hat F_{[2]}^2 \\right) = \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g} \\left( R - \\mathcal{F}_{[2]}^2 \\right),$$ consistently truncated to 4D Einstein-Maxwell theory by assuming $\\mathcal{A} = \\frac12 A, \\hat A = \\frac{\\sqrt3}2 A$.", "\n\nAcknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe would like to thank A. Ishibashi, H. Kodama, H. Lu, J. M. Nester, J. R. Sun and especially W. Song for very valuable discussions. ", "CMC is grateful to the KEK for its hospitality in the revising stage of this paper. ", "This work was supported by the National Science Council of the R.O.C. under the grant NSC 96-2112-M-008-006-MY3 and in part by the National Center of Theoretical Sciences (NCTS).", "\n\nG. ’t Hooft, “Dimensional reduction in quantum gravity,” arXiv:gr-qc/9310026. ", "L. Susskind, “The world as a hologram,” J. Math.", " Phys.", "  [**36**]{}, 6377 (1995) \\[arXiv:hep-th/9409089\\]. ", "J. M. Maldacena, “The large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity,” Adv.", " Theor.", " Math.", " Phys.", "  [**2**]{}, 231 (1998) \\[Int.", " J. Theor.", " Phys.", "  [**38**]{}, 1113 (1999)\\] \\[arXiv:hep-th/9711200\\]. ", "S. S. Gubser, I. R. Klebanov and A. M. Polyakov, “Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory,” Phys.", " Lett.", "  B [**428**]{}, 105 (1998) \\[arXiv:hep-th/9802109\\]. 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[ "Q:\n\nSignature for function taking boost::bind as an argument (boost::asio timer callback)?", "\n\nI'm trying to write a wrapper method set_timer() that takes a time and callback (expressed using boost::bind) and sets up a deadline_timer to run that callback.", "\nThe callback is real simple at the moment:\nvoid foo::callback(const boost::system::error_code& error) {\n std::cout << \"callback\" << std::endl;\n}\n\nFor set_timer() I have:\nvoid foo::set_timer(boost::posix_time::ptime time,\n boost::function<void(const boost::system::error_code&)> handler) {\n pimpl->t.expires_at(time);\n pimpl->t.async_wait(handler);\n}\n\nAnd I'm trying to call it from within the foo object for now:\nset_timer(boost::posix_time::seconds(1), boost::bind (&foo::callback, this));\n\nError message when compiling is:\nfoo.cpp: In member function ‘void foo::run()’:\nfoo.cpp:50: error: no matching function for call to ‘foo::set_timer(boost::posix_time::seconds, boost::_bi::bind_t<void (&)(const boost::system::error_code&), boost::_mfi::dm<void(const boost::system::error_code&), foo>, boost::_bi::list1<boost::_bi::value<foo*> > >)’\nsrc/foo_sdr.cpp:43: note: candidates are: void foo::set_timer(boost::posix_time::ptime, boost::function<void(const boost::system::error_code&)>)\n\nLooks like the signature is either much more complex or much simpler than I'm thinking.", "\nI'd like to replace the callback signature with something like:\ntypedef std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code&)> timer_callback_t;\n\nI'm on CentOS 6.6 with gcc 4.4.7 and -std=gnu++0x, so no access to auto.", "\nNo luck working off How do you pass boost::bind objects to a function? ", "or What is the return type of boost::bind?, ", "and I don't understand what's different about my situation.", "\n\nA:\n\nIndeed the return type of boost::bind is an expression template, and much more complicated than a function type. ", "It is, after all, not a function but a function object (complete with bound attribute values) of an on-the-fly synthesized type.", "\nThis type is implementation defined and you don't need to know it as long as you make sure the resulting signature is congruent with the one you are trying to assign to. ", "Indeed, the handler requires a single unbound argument of type error_code, so add the placeholder as suggested in the comment:\nboost::bind (&foo::callback, this, ai::placeholders::error)\n\nA few general fixes, and a few more steps to make it self contained:\n\ntime_duration is not convertible to ptime. ", "Perhaps you wanted to say expires_from_now instead of expires_at. ", "But in case you did want the latter, specify an absolute deadline:\nposix_time::microsec_clock::universal_time() + posix_time::seconds(1)\n\nLive On Coliru\n#include <boost/asio.hpp>\n#include <boost/function.hpp>\n#include <boost/bind.hpp>\n#include <iostream>\n\nnamespace ai = boost::asio;\n\nstruct foo {\n\n ai::io_service svc;\n ai::deadline_timer t{svc};\n\n void callback(const boost::system::error_code& error) {\n std::cout << \"callback: \" << error.message() << std::endl;\n }\n\n void set_timer(boost::posix_time::ptime time, boost::function<void(const boost::system::error_code&)> handler) {\n t.expires_at(time);\n t.async_wait(handler);\n }\n\n void fornow() {\n set_timer(\n boost::posix_time::microsec_clock::universal_time() + boost::posix_time::seconds(1),\n boost::bind (&foo::callback, this, ai::placeholders::error)\n );\n\n svc.run();\n }\n};\n\nint main() {\n foo o;\n o.fornow();\n}\n\nPrints after 1 second:\ncallback: Success\n\n" ]

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[ "The January Declaration – a better deal for the North East two years on\n\nNorth East England is a paradox. ", "Almost 10 years after voters overwhelmingly rejected plans for a regional assembly, the main city – Newcastle upon Tyne – has a cultural and retail buzz. ", "New hotels are springing up everywhere – ditto, restaurants – to serve a growing tourist economy geared to the city’s new status as a favourite short-break destination.", "\n\nA new musical called simply the Tyne, written by Michael Chaplin – music by Sting (aka former local teacher, Gordon Sumner) – premiered at the small and beautiful Live Theatre (which gave the world the Pitman Painters and much else) – has completed a second run at the large Theatre Royal, in the magnificent classical splendour of the city’s Grey Street.", "\n\nThe play not only evokes a proud past, based around the Tyne – now England’s best salmon river! ", "– but also points to a sound future built on offshore engineering, to serve North Sea oil and gas, and renewable energy.", "\n\nThe North East, in short, should have much to celebrate. ", "But away from the fine buildings and the dramatic location of Newcastle and Gateshead astride the Tyne gorge and its seven bridges, deep-seated problems remain. ", "Unemployment is the highest in Britain. ", "Health is among the poorest in the UK. ", "– ironically in an area with some of Britain’s best medical facilities. ", "Educational attainment is similarly poor in a small area with four universities.", " New business start-ups are low. ", " Yet the spirit of social enterprise is strong; certainly something to build on here!", "\n\nBut spending cuts, which will take a third out of local council budgets during the lifetime of this government, are hitting urban areas particularly hard; in the next three years, Newcastle alone will be forced to axe a further ÂŁ108m from its budget. ", "All the city’s 20 Sure Start centres, vital to address child poverty and give all children an equal start in life, are up for review. ", "It’s a depressing picture of social regression.", "\n\nViewing the social and economic landscape over two years’ ago, seven of us around Tyneside – including Webb Memorial Trust secretary Mike Parker, and its key adviser, Barry Knight – decided to do something to address poverty, both of circumstance and of aspiration. ", "We launched a ‘January Declaration’ in the local morning newspaper, The Journal.", " Almost 300 signed-up to our unofficial manifesto to deliver equity, address poverty pay and – where possible, but frankly much more difficult – clamp down on excessive pay levels in big business.", " We held a series of ‘themed sessions’, attended by one of our signatories, Justin Welby, now Archbishop of Canterbury, but then Bishop of (nearby) Durhan. ", "And at the end of January, with the help of the Webb Memorial Trust and the organisational might of Barry Knight and his team, we pulled everything together with a final meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne, attended by over 100 from all walks of life – charities, business, academia, faith groups, tenants organisations, council officials, housing associations, for instance – with one aim: citizens action.", "\n\nWe enlisted the support of (North Shields born) Neil Jameson, head of Citizens UK, who originally launched London Citizens – instrumental in the national campaign for a ‘living wage’.   And so, as The Journal reported, we laid the foundations for a potential north east citizens network, to campaign on specific social issues – perhaps addressing how alternative forces can get people into jobs, or examining how so many bright young people under-achieve at school.", " Just two ideas for starters.", "\n\nOn a show of hands, scores of attendees voted overwhelmingly to support the concept of a new organisation, after a rallying call from Jameson of Citizens UK, a London-based umbrella group which is backed enthusiastically by the Archbishop of Canterbury.", "\n\nJameson’s theme was based on civil society mobilising to tackle growing injustices. ", "Warning that half a million people were now dependent on food banks, and that homelessness was up by 34 per cent since 2010, he added. ", "“Never has this country been as unequal as it is now…there is something we can do.”\n\nHe said in the battle to alleviate poverty 500 employers around the country, including 20 councils such as Newcastle – 19 of them Labour and one Tory – had agreed to pay the living wage of ÂŁ7.65 an hour, which is ÂŁ1.34 above the minimum wage. ", "But he said other key social issues needed addressing.", "\n\nThe Journal generously added that the idea of a citizens network emerged from our group of seven, including former Tyne and Wear Development Corporation chairman Alastair Balls and former director general of Nexus (Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive) , Mike Parker.", "\n\nBarry Knight told the conference that new initiatives were needed to fill the gap in social provision left by the government reducing the welfare state to a bare rump.", "\n\nEd Cox, director of the IPPR North ‘think tank’, who chaired part of the conference, offered support to a citizens network after warning that too many ordinary people felt powerless amidst rising poverty and inequality. ", "He said London was now growing jobs at 10 times the rate as other parts of the country.", "\n\nIn a briefing note for the event, the conference organisers suggested a range of issues which might be addressed by a citizens network – from addressing the “scourge of long-term unemployment” to examining under-achievement in schools and considering whether social enterprises might “fill a vacuum left by the government’s steady contraction of the welfare state.”\n\nThe organisers said they believed a citizens groups could play a significant role in championing specific causes – although they stressed they were not in the business of directly challenging the conventional political process.", "\n\nFinally, in case we needed reminding, we left the event with the words of Justin Welby – a strong supporter of Citizens UK – close to our hearts. ", "Comparing his former home (near Durham) with his new abode (Lambeth Palace), he told a London conference last autumn: “We moved here in February (2013). ", "It was like moving to another country and we’re both Londoners. ", "It is so different in terms of wealth than when we went away, so different to many parts of the UK..places like the North East (where) there are huge numbers of people who have energy and ideas, and the system is simply not giving them the chance.”\n\nSo if our initiative can make a small difference in this area at least we will have achieved something. ", "It’s just a pity about that referendum result almost 10 years’ ago.", " Just think what a powerful advocate for change a modest North East Assembly might have been?", "\n\nPeter Hetherington, one of the ‘group of seven’, is a former Regional Affairs Editor of The Guardian. ", "He is vice-chairman of the Town and Country Planning Association\n\nRelated Posts\n\nGeorgia Smith, Communications Officer at Webb Memorial Trust, highlights the accomplishments of sociologist and social reformer Beatrice Webb and her influence on a forthcoming book, Rethinking Poverty International Women’s... Read More\n\nIn October 2016 the New Statesman will publish its annual Webb Memorial Trust supplement. ", "This year we explore the theme of agency; who has the understanding, responsibility, and power to bring about... Read More" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nNocturnal Leg Cramps (NLC) are painful, involuntary contractions of muscles^[@CR1]--[@CR3]^. NLC is a specific entity of idiopathic cramps occurring at rest in the lower limb during the night^[@CR4]--[@CR7]^. NLC are associated with a reduced quality of sleep^[@CR6]^ and reduced physical component scores on the SF36 quality of life questionnaire^[@CR8]^. Among patients over 60 years old the cramp prevalence varies from 46% to 56%^[@CR4],[@CR9]^. Nonetheless, patients rarely report NLC to their general practitioners^[@CR4],[@CR10],[@CR11]^. One of the reasons may be the known lack of both effective and safe treatments^[@CR9],[@CR11]--[@CR13]^.\n\nSpecific medical conditions and drug treatments have been identified to be associated with muscle cramps^[@CR10],[@CR14]^. Recently, we also showed a strong association with the global consumption of alcoholic beverages^[@CR15]^. Still, most cramps are considered idiopathic^[@CR16]^ and their physiological mechanism remains unclear^[@CR10],[@CR14]^. Some authors suggest that neuromuscular structures located in muscle, tendons and nerve fibres seem to be involved in the trigger of muscle cramps^[@CR4]--[@CR6]^. Congruently with this assumption, musculoskeletal conditions associated with sedentary lifestyle^[@CR17]^ as well as work postures^[@CR18]--[@CR20]^, prolonged standing^[@CR21]^ and western habit of sitting instead of squatting^[@CR22]^ have been suspected of causing cramps and specifically NLC. ", "We hypothesize that there may be an association between sedentary lifestyle and NLC. ", "To the best of our knowledge, no study confirmed such a link, our aim was therefore to assess the association between a sedentary lifestyle and Nocturnal Leg Cramps in elderly patients.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nStudy design {#Sec3}\n------------\n\nThe study was conducted within 67 general practices of the Strasbourg General Medicine Department practice-based research network (GMD PBRN), spread across the Alsace region in France. ", "It was part of a larger study exploring the association between lifestyle and NLC^[@CR11],[@CR15]^.\n\nWe undertook a case-control study in 2013. ", "The study consisted of a six months' recruitment phase followed by an 11-month data collection phase. ", "Its protocol was approved on 2^nd^ February 2014 by the Ethics Committee of the Mulhouse Hospital. ", "All the methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.", "\n\nThe STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement was used to guide the reporting of the study. ", "Detailed methods are available in a previous paper^[@CR15]^.\n\nStudy population and case control matching {#Sec4}\n------------------------------------------\n\nPatients were required to be 60 years old or older, autonomous in going about their daily life and consulting their general practitioner (GP) spontaneously for any reason. ", "The age limit of 60 was fixed based on the increased prevalence demonstrated in this age group^[@CR10]^. We generated the pools of cases and controls during the consultation time. ", "The recruitment was prospectively made by GPs using a systematic step of 1 in 4 attending patients aged 60 years or older. ", "GPs were trained to differentiate between nocturnal leg cramps and other frequent sleep related disorders (restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease) during that time.", "\n\nWe defined the cases as individuals currently suffering from NLC while the controls were free from NLC. ", "We matched one case with one control based on the following criteria: same gender, same age group (age-difference below 5 years), with at least one of the following elements in common: one medication (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) or one medical condition (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}) susceptible of triggering cramps^[@CR7],[@CR10],[@CR14],[@CR16]^.Table 1Medications inducing cramps recorded in the study.**Anti-hypertensive**ThiazidesAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors/Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)/Direct Renin inhibitor (DRI)Βeta-blockersCalcium Channel BlockersLoop diureticsPotassium Spare DiureticsCentral-acting agentsDirect renin inhibitor**Lipid-lowering**StatinEzetrol**Inhaled medication**Beta-mimeticsAnti-leukotriene**Other drugs**BisphosphonatesAnti-epileptic drugNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Proton pump inhibitorAlpha-BlockerMelatoninProgestogenSelective oestrogen receptor modulatorGnRH analogueOthersTable 2Medical conditions associated with cramps recorded in the study.**Metabolic diseases**DiabetesHypothyroidism/hyperthyroidismCirrhosisHypoparathyroidism/HyperparathyroidismPrimary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)Primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)**Severe renal insufficiency and haemodialysisNeurologic and psychiatric diseases**Peripheral NeuropathyAmyotrophic lateral sclerosisMultiple sclerosisParkinson's diseaseRestless leg SyndromeAlcohol addiction**Cancer non in remissionCardiovascular diseases**HypertensionSevere ArteriopathySevere Venous insufficiency\n\nDuring the recruitment, the study and its protocol were explained orally to all the recruited patients and they were given a leaflet with the information. ", "All the participants gave an informed consent when entering the study.", "\n\nData collection {#Sec5}\n---------------\n\nWe collected data at two different times (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "First during the consultation time, anonymized clinical data were recorded into a database: sex, age, medical history, medications. ", "For the cases the characteristics, the starting date and the frequency of muscular cramps were registered.", "Figure 1Flow chart of cases and controls pooling and matching This figure describes the selection of the study population and the matching.", "\n\nSecond, after case/control matching, participants were contacted to set an appointment with the investigators to explain and complete the physical activity questionnaire.", "\n\nWhen participants (cases or controls) wanted to leave the study, they were registered as lost to follow-up and a new matching was done when possible.", "\n\nMeasuring instruments/Outcome measures {#Sec6}\n--------------------------------------\n\nWe performed a literature review^[@CR14],[@CR22]--[@CR27]^ to build a cramp screening questionnaire. ", "The questions were focused on demographics, cramp presence and main features, medical history, and treatments. ", "In this questionnaire, we explicitly defined the cramps as painful involuntary muscle contraction when resting, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes^[@CR1]--[@CR3],[@CR10],[@CR14],[@CR22]--[@CR25]^.\n\nLevel of physical activity was assessed using the Dijon Physical Activity Score (DPAS) developed and validated in French for measuring PA among a general population of elderly individuals^[@CR28]^. This score ranges from 0 to 30. ", "Each of the 9 items provide 3 or 4 categorizations of PA according to levels of intensity -- with level 4 representing the highest intensity^[@CR28]^. The DPAS explores patients' self-assessment of PA (1 item), their daily activities (2 items), their sport and leisure activities (5 items), and their periods of rest and inactivity (1 item)^[@CR28]^. The DPAS was specifically created in French to assess the global PA of geriatric populations^[@CR29]^.\n\nAccording to their DPAS, participants were distributed into three groups: (i) the \"sedentary\" group for a score between 0 and 10, (ii) the \"moderately active\" group between 11 and 20 and (iii) the \"active to very active\" group between 21 and 30.", "\n\nIn a previous study, we identified an association between NLC and alcohol consumption among patients over 60 years old attending general practices^[@CR15]^. In this study, we also used the E3N food frequency questionnaire to identify the consumption of alcoholic beverages^[@CR30],[@CR31]^ and distributed the participants into groups of consumers and non-consumers of alcoholic beverage (self-reported use in the past year).", "\n\nSample size calculation {#Sec7}\n-----------------------\n\nIn the absence of reliable data on the difference between cases and controls, with regard to the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle, our aim was to detect a clinically meaningful difference in a family medicine setting. ", "Thus, we calculated the sample size based on the assumption of a minimum difference of 10% in sedentary lifestyle proportion between cases and controls with 80% power at a 5% level of significance. ", "Given the fact that we carried out a case-control study with one case for each control, ignoring the clustering effect, we estimated that 161 subjects would be required in each group.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec8}\n--------------------\n\nIn order to explore the association between sedentary lifestyle and cramps, we compared (i) the \"sedentary\" group and the \"very active\" group, (ii) the \"sedentary\" group and the \"moderately active\" group and (iii) the \"sedentary\" group and the sum of both active groups with Bayesian univariate conditional logistic and hierarchic linear regressions to take into account the matching. ", "Considering the strong association between the global alcoholic beverage consumption and nocturnal leg cramps^[@CR15]^, we included the consumption of alcoholic beverage in a multivariate model. ", "We then performed a conditional logistic regression to take the matching into account.", "\n\nIn the absence of an informative prior distribution based on the clinic, we used a normal distribution of the odds-ratios of the association between the physical activity and the presence of cramps. ", "We used a mean equal to 0 and a variance equal to 10 for conditional logistic regression and equal to 100 for linear regression. ", "In order to confirm the robustness of the models, we performed sensitivity analyses with all the data, by modifying the prior means and prior odds ratios and by creating hierarchical logistic models. ", "For each model, 100,000 iterations were used after a burning of 10,000 iterations. ", "Indeed, in Bayesian analysis, to estimate the parameters, we need to use Markov chains only when the distribution is stationary. ", "So, the initial and often non-stationary portion of the chain is removed from the analysis. ", "This portion is named burning^[@CR32]^. The thinning used was 1. ", "Convergence and auto-correlation were checked after each model.", "\n\nWe computed credibility intervals and posterior probabilities. ", "In a Bayesian approach a posterior probability (PP) below 95% means that no difference has been identified with sufficient probability.", "\n\nBayesian inference was chosen because this statistical method enables inclusion of prior information. ", "The parameter estimates are issued with \"credibility intervals\", providing a more intuitive interpretation than the one given by the use of the (frequentist) confidence interval. ", "This approach is better adapted to studies where the amount of data is limited. ", "The conclusions are formulated in terms of probability, taking into account the given data^[@CR33]--[@CR35]^.\n\nAll the analyses were performed with R 3.3.3 and WinBUGS software version 1.4.3 (The BUGS Project, MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge)^[@CR36]^.\n\nResults {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nStudy population characteristics {#Sec10}\n--------------------------------\n\nBetween January and June 2013, we approached 849 patients and 492 volunteered to be screened and included in the database for further contact. ", "Two hundred and ninety-nine finally agreed to be included in the study. ", "We were able to meet 136 matched pairs of participants to collect the DPAS. ", "Among them, 70 pairs provided both DPAS and the consumption of alcoholic beverage. (", "Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAmidst the 136 pairs, 70 were men (52%). ", "Participants were between 60 and 89 years old. ", "Case and controls were similar according to age group, medications and medical conditions (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Baseline characteristics in cases and controls.", "CaseControl*P* value\\***Age group**60--6448510.8165--6937310.4870--7421240.7575--7921211 \\> 80991**MedicationNo medication**1380.26**Anti-hypertensive drugs**1691590.54Thiazides9100.82Calcium Channel Blockers24250.89Βeta-blockers38340.63Loop diuretics771ACE/ARBs44380.50Potassium Spare Diuretics870.80Central-acting agents740.35Association ACE/ARBs + thiazides25270.78Association ACE/ARBs + CCBs740.35Association beta-blockers + thiazides030.25**Lipid lowering drugs**55590.70Statin52540.841Ezetrol350.73Beta-mimetics850.40Anti-leukotriene310.63Bisphosphonates350.73Anti-epileptic drug140.38NSAIDs221Proton pump inhibitor26250.89Alpha-Blocker510.22Progestogen211GnRH analogue011Others1881960.64**Medical conditions**Hypertension98880.09Severe Arteriopathy420.68Severe Venous insufficiency950.27Diabetes23170.30Hypothyroidy1690.14Hypoparathyroidy011Severe renal insufficiency560.76Peripheral Neuropathy300.25Restless leg Syndrome101Alcohol addiction030.25Cancer non in remission431Others1071150.21\\**P* value were calculated using a Chi2 test.", "\n\nSedentary lifestyle and cramps {#Sec11}\n------------------------------\n\nOf 272 analysed participants, the DPAS score was spread out between 3 and 29. ", "Thirty participants were in the \"sedentary\" group. ", "The mean score (SD) of the entire cohort was 20.15 (5.85).", "\n\nTable [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"} illustrates the group distribution according to the physical activity score and shows the results of both uni- and multivariate analyses.", "Table 4Levels of physical activity and alcohol consumption in cases and controls, and crude and adjusted associations between sedentary lifestyle and the presence of Nocturnal Leg Cramps.", "Dijon Physical Activity Score (n=/tot)\\\nSelf-reported alcohol consumption\\\nin the past year (n=/tot) ^+^Cases n (% tot)Controls n (% tot)OR\\\n\\[95 CI\\]PP%OR adj\\\n\\[95CI\\]PP%0 to 10 (sedentary) (n=30/272)20 (15)10 (7)Ref.", "Ref.", "  Alcohol consumption (n=12/116)10 (14.29)2 (2.86)  No Alcohol consumption (n=2/24)2 (2.86)0 (0.00)11 to 20 (moderately active) (n=77/272)38 (28)39 (29)2.11\\*6.33\\*  Alcohol consumption (n=33/116)19 (27.14)14 (20.00)\\[0.89;5.28\\]95.36\\[1.55;71.43\\]99.70  No Alcohol consumption (n=6/24)1 (1.29)5 (7.14)21 to 30 (active to very active) (n=165/272)78 (57)87 (64)2.38\\*9.34\\*  Alcohol consumption (n= 71/116)34 (48.57)37 (52.86)\\[1.04;5.85\\]95.36\\[1.85;71.52\\]99.64  No Alcohol consumption (n=16/24)4 (5.71)12 (17.14)Sum of both active groups (n=242/272)116 (85)126 (93)2.30\\*9.84\\*  Alcohol consumption (n=104/116)53 (75.71)51 (72.86)\\[1.01;5.52\\]97.73\\[1.74;101.9\\]97.73  No Alcohol consumption (n=22/24)5 (7.14)17 (24.29)\\*Compared to the sedentary group.^+^n do not add-up to total N due to missing alcohol consumption data.\\[95CI\\]: confidence interval of 95%, PP: posterior probability.", "\n\nAdjusting for alcohol consumption, when we compared the \"very active group\" with the \"sedentary\" group, the cases have 9.34 times more of a risk of being in the \"sedentary\" group than of being in the \"very active group\", compared to controls (95% credibility interval \\[1.85; 71.52\\], posterior probability 99.70%). ", "The crude OR were 2.38 (95% credibility interval \\[1.04; 5.85\\], posterior probability 95.36%). ", "Adjusting for alcohol consumption when we compared the \"moderately active group\" with the \"sedentary\" group, the cases have 6.33 times more of a risk of being in the \"sedentary\" group than of being in the \"very active group\", compared to controls, (95% credibility interval \\[1.55; 71.43\\], posterior probability 99.64%).The crude OR were 2.11 (95% credibility interval \\[0.89; 5.28\\], posterior probability 95.36%). ", "Adjusting for alcohol consumption, when we compared the sum of both active groups with the \"sedentary\" group, the cases have 9.84 times more of a risk of being in the \"sedentary\" group than of being in the sum of both active groups compared to controls (95% credibility interval \\[1.74; 101.9\\]; posterior probability 99.68%). ", "The crude OR were 2.30 (95% credibility interval \\[1.01; 5.52\\], posterior probability 97.73%).", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec12}\n==========\n\nMain results {#Sec13}\n------------\n\nWe observed a strong association between a sedentary lifestyle and Nocturnal Leg Cramps. ", "To our knowledge, this study is the first highlighting such an association.", "\n\nPossible explanation for the association between sedentary behaviour and nocturnal leg cramps {#Sec14}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOur results support Hawke's recommendation to explore the impact of muscle strength training on nocturnal leg cramping in an elderly population^[@CR26]^. In this case-control study, muscle weakness in the lower limbs of cases was associated with night-time cramps^[@CR8]^. At a histological level, Hawke *et al*. ", "suggest that age-related modifications in the type II muscular fibres (responsible of a fast and strong contraction that do not last) may expose to higher risk of NLC. ", "Cases may present a modification of the ratio between type I and type II fibres with a higher level of type II fibres, making them more susceptible to modifications and therefore to cramps^[@CR26]^. The authors did not observe a link with reported physical activity. ", "But the results were based on self-reported hours of physical activity per week and the authors recommended to verify this using a validated tool.", "\n\nSome specific positions are risk factors for lower limb cramps^[@CR16],[@CR18],[@CR21]^. According to the 'squatting theory'^[@CR22]^, muscle and tendon shortening are suspected of increasing the risk of occurrence of Nocturnal Leg Cramps. ", "Several studies have shown the potential benefits of stretching methods to prevent cramps^[@CR37]--[@CR40]^. However, contradictory results, limitations and biases of these studies prevent the interpretation of the results and their clinical application^[@CR41]^. In 2012, a Cochrane review reported that undertaking convincing clinical trials to estimate the impact of non-drug therapies on muscular cramps was highly necessary^[@CR13]^. Our study suggests focusing on specific trainings designed especially for an elderly population.", "\n\nStrengths and limitations {#Sec15}\n-------------------------\n\nOur population is only representative of patients attending consultations, as patients seen only at home or in nursing homes were excluded. ", "This affects the representativeness of our population for the patients over 80 years old. ", "Nevertheless, we obtained the same distribution as in the study that evaluated the DPAS^[@CR28]^. The fact that our population of patients was similar to the original population enhances the validity of our results. ", "Besides the case/control design of our study, which prevents from computing prevalence, our results contribute insights about the physical activity of French patients over 60 years old. ", "We should have considered the global alcoholic beverage consumption in the matching criteria, but we were unaware of this association when we designed the study and we therefore adjusted for this variable in the analyses. ", "Due to missing alcohol consumption data, the results of the adjusted analyses need to be interpreted with some caution. ", "Patients were considered cases when they responded \"yes\" at the question \"do you \\[currently\\] suffer from night cramps\", regardless of the number of NLC per month. ", "Participants may have been identified as cases, while they were not experiencing cramps at the time of the study. ", "Nevertheless, when we asked them about the frequency of NLC, 94% of cases were \"current\" sufferers, as they were experiencing cramps more than once a month.", "\n\nThe social desirability bias may have led some patients to over-estimate their level of physical activity, but with an equal risk in both groups. ", "Also, the answers may have been different according to the season when the interview was conducted^[@CR42]^.\n\nImplications for research and/or practice {#Sec16}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nPhysical activity is known to have multiple beneficial effects^[@CR43],[@CR44]^. Our results suggest that the promotion of physical activity could also prevent nocturnal leg cramps. ", "The longitudinal follow-up of a cohort is necessary to establish a causal link between a sedentary lifestyle and cramps. ", "Another research avenue could be to investigate the effectiveness of promoting physical activity with stretching exercises on clinically relevant endpoints such as cramp frequency, cramp-associated pain and impact of sleep-related quality of life^[@CR6],[@CR8],[@CR11],[@CR13]^.\n\n**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nThese authors contributed equally: Juliette Chambe, Claire Bodot, Elodie Bigerel, Laetitia Epifani and Céline Granda.", "\n\nThe authors thank the members of the Strasbourg general medicine department practiced based research network for their collaboration in the data collection, Jennifer Hasselgard-Rowe, University of Geneva, Jean-Pascal Fournier, MD, University of Nantes for assisting in the manuscript preparation and the medical service of the regional health insurance.", "\n\nH.M. and J.C. designed the research. ", "C.D., E.B., C.B., L.E. and C.G. performed the research. ", "F.L., C.D., D.H. and H.M. analysed and interpreted the data. ", "C.D., D.H. and H.M. wrote the paper, and all authors reviewed the manuscript.", "\n\nThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

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[ "Measurement and analyzing devices such as oscilloscopes are known in the state of the art in order to measure a time varying signal and visualize the signal as an acquired waveform on a display of the device. ", "The acquired waveform may be visualized on an analog or a digital oscilloscope having a display wherein the analog and digital oscilloscopes have different characteristics, in particular regarding the trigger functions which may be applied to the acquired waveform.", "\nGenerally, the oscilloscopes have at least one trigger function for capturing interesting parts of the acquired waveform for clear signal characterization since the trigger is the determining point in the acquired waveform. ", "Thus, the trigger function makes a repetitive waveform look static. ", "Thus, the different trigger functions are used to visualize the different waveforms in the desired manner for analyzing purposes.", "\nFurther, it is known in the state of the art that certain measurements on the acquired waveform or rather the signal to be analyzed may be conducted for obtaining measurement values that can also be displayed. ", "These measurement values may be displayed as a curve which is also called track. ", "Thus, the track is based on measurement values which have been obtained by performing measurements on the acquired waveform(s).", "\nUsually, the user of the measurement and analyzing device has to check the track by visual inspection in order to detect a special behavior and/or anomalies. ", "However, the user may miss an anomaly unintentionally. ", "Thus, there is a need to simplify and improve the analysis." ]

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", "Select this item at checkout when you have completed your application.", "\n\nThe following goods and services are also available at checkout.", "\n\n• Printed Certificate of Incorporation\n\n£6.00\n\n• Printed share Certificate\n\n£5.00\n\n• Printed Memorandum and Articles of Association\n\n£4.00\n\n• Same day guaranteed formation service available prior to 2.15 p.m\n\n£20.00\n\n• Company seal\n\n£18.00\n\n• Corporate Hijack Protection\n\n£1.50\n\n• Apostille service -charged per document\n\n£74.00\n\n• Certificate of Good Standing\n\n£40.00\n\n• Free Referral to Accountants and bookkeepers\n\n• Free referral to web designers\n\nThis is our introductory price to first time customers. ", "Your limited by guarantee charity (LBG) will be formed and ready to trade within 3 working hours, subject to Companies House work load. ", "The pack contains the\nfollowing items:\n\n• Ready to trade company limited by guarantee\n\n• Digital Certificate of Incorporation\n\n• Digital Certificate stating the level of guarantee\n\n• Digital Memorandum and Articles of Association –stating that the company has charitable objects.", "\n\n• digital (PDF) minutes of first meeting of directors\n\n• Web Authentication code, to enable you to make future changes to your company\n\n• Companies House Filing fee of £13 paid by us\n\n• Online administration portal with FREE lifetime support\n\n• For Non-UK Residents: We now have a FREE referral to Euro Pacific Bank. ", "Select this item at checkout when you have completed your application.", "\n\nThe following goods and services are also available at checkout.", "\n\n• Printed Certificate of Incorporation\n\n£6.00\n\n• Printed share Certificate\n\n£5.00\n\n• Printed Memorandum and Articles of Association\n\n£4.00\n\n• Same day guaranteed formation service available prior to 2.15 p.m\n\n£20.00\n\n• Company seal\n\n£18.00\n\n• Corporate Hijack Protection\n\n£1.50\n\n• Apostille service -charged per document\n\n£74.00\n\n• Certificate of Good Standing\n\n£40.00\n\n• Free Referral to Accountants and bookkeepers\n\n• Free referral to web designers\n\nLimited companies are the most common form of incorporation at Companies House. ", "We guess they account for over 90% of all business started in the UK. ", "They are suitable for Medium, Small and Micro businesses. ", "Your limited company (Ltd) will be formed and ready to trade within 3 working hours, subject to Companies House work load. ", "The pack contains the following items:\n\n• Ready to trade company limited by shares\n\n• Digital Certificate of Incorporation\n\n• Digital Share Certificate\n\n• Digital Memorandum and Articles of Association\n\n• digital (PDF) minutes of first meeting of directors\n\n• Web Authentication code,to enable to make future changes to your company\n\n• Companies House Filing fee of £13\n\n• Online administration portal with FREE lifetime support\n\nA choice of bank accounts for your new company\n\n• Lloyds Bank with free business banking and up to £55 cash back\n\n• RBS Bank with free business banking and up to £55 cash back\n\n• CardOne non-status business banking.", "\n\n• A merchant account with WorldPay and up to £55 cash back.", "\n\nThe following goods and services are also available at checkout.", "\n\n• Printed Certificate of Incorporation\n\n£6.00\n\n• Printed share Certificate\n\n£5.00\n\n• Printed Memorandum and Articles of Association\n\n£4.00\n\n• Same day guaranteed formation service available prior to 2.15 p.m\n\n£20.00\n\n• Company seal\n\n£18.00\n\n• Corporate Hijack Protection\n\n£1.50\n\n• Apostille service -charged per document\n\n£74.00\n\n• Certificate of Good Standing\n\n£40.00\n\n• Community Interest Company (CIC) conversion pack\n\n£21.00\n\n• Free Referral to Accountants and bookkeepers\n\n• Free referral to web designers\n\nA full set of certificates printed on formal stationery.", "\nNote 1: This service is only available for posting within the UK.Certificates will not be sent to destinations outside the UK.", "\nNote 2: If you only need a printed Certificate of Incorporation, you can buy this at check out for £6.", "\n\n• Certificate of Incorporation .", "\nDisplays the name, date of registration and companies house registration number.", "\n\n• Share certificates .", "\nDisplays the number of shares held in the company and the date acquired.", "\n\nPrinted Certificate of Incorporation.", "\nNote : This service is only available for posting within the UK. ", "Certificates will not be sent to destinations outside the UK.", "\n\nA full set of certificates printed on formal stationery.", "\nNote 1: This service is only available for posting within the UK.Certificates will not be sent to destinations outside the UK.", "\nNote 2: If you only need a printed Certificate of Incorporation, you can buy this at check out for £6.", "\n\n• Certificate of Incorporation .", "\nDisplays the name, date of registration and companies house registration number.", "\n\n• Share certificates .", "\nDisplays the number of shares held in the company and the date acquired.", "\n\nA full set of certificates printed on formal stationery.", "\nNote 1: This service is only available for posting within the UK.Certificates will not be sent to destinations outside the UK.", "\nNote 2: If you only need a printed Certificate of Incorporation, you can buy this at check out for £6.", "\n\n• Certificate of Incorporation .", "\nDisplays the name, date of registration and companies house registration number.", "\n\n• Share certificates .", "\nDisplays the number of shares held in the company and the date acquired.", "\n\nFlat Management Companies are formed to own the freehold interest in a block of flats. ", "They are also used for the management and maintenance of residential blocks of flats.", "\n\nIdeal for contractors, B2B (business to business) companies and takeovers or incorporation of existing\nbusinesses.", "\n\n• On line VAT registration service.", "\n\n• FRS (Fixed rate scheme) option.", "\nWe will advise HMRC that you wish to operate the VAT FRS (fixed rate scheme), if you wish.", "\n\nIdeal for contractors, B2B (business to business) companies and takeovers or incorporation of existing\nbusinesses.", "\n\n• On line VAT registration service.", "\n\n• FRS (Fixed rate scheme) option.", "\nWe will advise HMRC that you wish to operate the VAT FRS (fixed rate scheme), if you wish.", "\n\n• On line PAYE registration.", "\n\nIdeal for contractors, B2B (business to business) companies and takeovers or incorporation of existing\nbusinesses.", "\n\n• On line VAT registration service.", "\n\n• FRS (Fixed rate scheme) option.", "\nWe will advise HMRC that you wish to operate the VAT FRS (fixed rate scheme), if you wish.", "\n\n• On line PAYE registration.", "\n\nIdeal for contractors, B2B (business to business) companies and takeovers or incorporation of existing\nbusinesses.", "\n\n• On line VAT registration service.", "\n\n• FRS (Fixed rate scheme) option.", "\nWe will advise HMRC that you wish to operate the VAT FRS (fixed rate scheme), if you wish.", "\n\n• On line PAYE registration.", "\n\nForm a company to protect the name, but remain anonymous. ", "We will maintain the company and comply with all statutory obligations. ", "When you wish to start trading, the company will be transferred to you for an additional fee of £5+vat. ", "Please note this service may take one or more working days.", "\n\nThe Annual renewal fee is £46.99+vat. ", "The charge covers the cost of maintaining the registered office, filing annual returns and dormant company accounts. ", "1st Choice Business Solutions Limited will hold the issued shares and provide a director. ", "Notify us once you are ready to start trading, and we will transfer the shares and directorships to you.", "\n\nThis service is for:\n\n1-Those who want to register a company name now but are not ready to start trading yet, and\n\n2-Sole traders or partnerships who wish to protect their trading name\n\nYour Registered Office and director's service address will be 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. ", "Your personal address will not be on display at Companies House.", "\n\nPackage includes:\n\nRegistered Office for 1 year\n\nFree Directors service address for all directors for 1 year\n\nFree delivery of post via our unique scanned post service. ", "We scan your official Post which is uploaded to ShareFile hosted by Citrix. ", "Notification of post received is sent to you by text and email. ", "This service is ideal for overseas clients and those who travel. ", "Official post comprises letters from HMRC, Companies House and the Courts.", "\n\nFree maintenance of Statutory Records-We will host your Statutory Records in your ShareFile account. ", "Notify us of any changes, and we will update your records.", "Your records will be up to date and comply with your legal obligations.", "\n\nFixed annual renewal fee of £35+vat per yearDirectors service address is always free to users of our registered office service. ", "The annual renewal fee is frozen at £35+vat per year until the third year. ", "After the third year prices may increase in line with inflation.", "\n\nUpgrades available:\n\nConfidential processing of official post:Opt for our confidential service and have your official post forwarded to you free of any additional charges, instead of having it scanned. ", "This service is not available for overseas customers.", "\n\nUpgrade your Registered Office facility to a virtual address-We scan all your post (letters from suppliers, customers, banks and so on) and upload it to ShareFile FREE of charge.", "\n\nUpgrade you Registered Office facility to a confidential virtual addressAll your post will be forwarded to you by Royal Mail. ", "This service is not available for overseas customers.", "\n\nOur Charges for Upgrades:\n\nConfidential processing of official post: £9+vat per year\n\nVirtual address (with scanned post) - £10+vat per quarter\n\nVirtual address with confidential service- £18+vat per quarter. ", "We will also charge a handling fee of 17p per item plus postage.", "\n\nThis service allows professionals to supply their own Memorandum and Articles of Association. ", "Contact us by using the link at the top of this page. ", "You will need to email us the documents you wish to use. ", "We will set up an account for you with your bespoke document, which will be available to use for all future company formations.", "\n\nThis is a shareholders’ agreement template together with guidance notes. ", "Although there is no legal requirement to have a shareholders agreement, they can be useful.", "\nIf you need a formal agreement, return the completed draft to us. ", "We will send you a printed copy for each shareholder to sign and retain.", "\nMatters typically dealt with in a shareholders’ agreement are; Dividend policy, non-competition clause, shareholders pre-emption rights, directors’ remuneration, who gets what in a sale or dissolution.", "\nEach agreement varies and can deal with many issues.", "\n\nThis is a partnership agreement template together with guidance notes and a checklist.", "\nIf you need a formal agreement, return the draft to us, and we will send you a printed copy for each partner to sign and retain.", "\nNote: We have made this available because Companies House do not require an agreement in order to form an LLP.", "\nMatters typically dealt with in partnership agreements are; Profit shares, each partner's drawings, length of the agreement, capital to be contributed by each partner, what happens in the event of a partner's death or incapacity.", "\nEach agreement varies and can deal with many issues.", "\n\nThese are the resolutions and documents that will change your newly created limited by Guarantee Company into a registered CIC. ", "Once your company is formed we will ask you for the additional\ninformation required by the CIC Regulator. ", "We will then complete the documentation and send this to you for checking, signing and dating. ", "Send the completed documents to the Regulator with a cheque of £25 and the CIC registration will be complete.", "\n\nThis option is for professionals. ", "It allows the use of bespoke Memorandum and Articles of Association and the use of multiple share classes.", "\n\nTotal privacy for less than 75 pence per week!.", "\n\nThis service gives you our Central London office as your company’s Registered Office. ", "For total privacy, you and your co-directors are given our address as your official Director’s Service Address. ", "UK residents are given the option to have official mail posted to them, or scanned and placed in a cloud hosted post box with email and SMS notifications.", "Uk based clients will be asked to elect which service they prefer.", "Scanning and posting are free.", "The renewal fee payable at the end of each year is £35+vat.", "\n\nWe offer a Charity Tax Registration service. ", "Charities that are recognised by HMRC are exempted from tax on most forms of income and capital gains. ", "We will register you with HMRC. ", "If we establish that your Charity does not meet HMRC’s criteria, you will receive a full refund for this service. ", "Please note this service can take 2-4 weeks to complete.", "\n\nWe will register your Charity with the Charity Commission if you meet their criteria. ", "We will give you a choice of company structure. ", "You can select either, a Limited by guarantee company (LBG) with Charity Commission registration or a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO). ", "If we establish that your Charity does not meet the Charity Commission’s criteria, you will receive a full refund for this service. ", "Please note this service can take 6 weeks to complete.", "\n\nSpecial offer! ", "Pay £1.99 extra and get a \".co.uk\" domain name for two years. ", "The renewal fee will be £4.04 every two years. ", "This optional extra is available when you complete your application." ]

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[ "Developmental regulation of the alpha 1B-adrenoceptor in the sheep kidney.", "\nThe expression of renal alpha 1B-adrenoceptor (alpha 1B-AR) mRNA was studied and contrasted with the expression of renal renin mRNA in fetal and newborn sheep. ", "Fetal sheep between 90 and 91, 116 and 118, and 139 and 141 d gestation (term is 145 d gestation) as well as newborn lambs between 1 and 2 d old and 8 and 10 d old were studied (n = 3 for each age range). ", "The role of the renal nerves in regulating changes in alpha 1B-AR gene expression was also investigated by measuring renal cortical alpha 1B-AR mRNA levels and receptor kd and maximum number of binding sites in 24-h-old lambs that were either denervated (n = 6) or sham-operated (n = 5) 3 d before birth. ", "During development, renal alpha 1B-AR mRNA levels show a marked increase in term fetuses; this increase persists into the first 2 d of life and is distinct from the developmental pattern seen for renal renin mRNA levels. ", "Denervation of term fetuses does not alter the expression of renal alpha 1B-AR mRNA in newborn lambs when compared with sham-operated controls but decreases significantly the expression of the renin gene (p < 0.05). ", "These results suggest that the alpha 1B-AR gene is developmentally regulated in the kidney in a pattern distinct from that seen for renin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy is my quicksort performance worse than my mergesort?", "\n\nAm I missing something? ", "The source is short, ready to run and commented for better understanding. ", "I need to know what I'm doing wrong.", "\npackage com.company;\n\nimport java.io.", "BufferedReader;\nimport java.io.", "FileReader;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.util.*;", "\n\npublic class Main {\n\n public static ArrayList<Integer> randomArrayList(int n)\n {\n ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();\n Random random = new Random();\n\n for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)\n {\n list.add(random.nextInt(n));\n }\n return list;\n }\n\n public static List<Integer> MergeSort(List<Integer> A) throws Exception{\n\n if (A.size()==1)\n return A;\n\n int mid = A.size()/2;\n\n List<Integer> left = A.subList(0,mid);\n List<Integer> right = A.subList(mid,A.size());\n\n left = MergeSort(left);\n right = MergeSort(right);\n A = Merge(left,right);\n\n return A;\n }\n\n public static List<Integer> Merge(List<Integer> L,List<Integer> R) throws Exception{\n\n List<Integer> output = new ArrayList<Integer>(Collections.nCopies(L.size() + R.size(), 0));\n\n int i = 0; int j = 0; int k = 0;\n while (i < L.size() && j < R.size()) {\n if (L.get(i) < R.get(j)) {\n output.set(k, L.get(i));\n i=i+1;\n }\n else {\n output.set(k, R.get(j));\n j=j+1;\n }\n k++;\n }\n while (i < L.size()) {\n output.set(k, L.get(i));\n i=i+1;\n k++;\n }\n while (j < R.size()) {\n output.set(k, R.get(j));\n j=j+1;\n k++;\n }\n\n return output;\n }\n\n public static List<Integer> QuickSort(List<Integer> A) throws Exception{\n\n if (A.size()==1 || A.size()==0)\n return A;\n\n //The pivot is a random element of the array A\n int randomIndex = new Random().nextInt(A.size());\n Integer P = A.get(randomIndex);\n\n //Swap first element of A with selected pivot\n Integer tmp;\n A.set(randomIndex,A.get(0));\n A.set(0, P);\n\n //Initiate i and l (partition analysis progress counters)\n int l = 0, i = l + 1, r = A.size();\n\n for (int j = l + 1; j < r; j++ ){\n if (A.get(j)< P ){\n //Swap A[j] and A[i]\n tmp = A.get(j);\n A.set(j,A.get(i));\n A.set(i,tmp);\n //Increase i by 1 (counting the pos of already partitioned)\n i = i + 1;\n }\n }\n\n //Swap A[l] (Pivot) and A[i-1] most left element bigger than pivot\n tmp = A.get(l);\n A.set(l,A.get(i-1));\n A.set(i - 1, tmp);\n\n QuickSort(A.subList(0,i-1));\n QuickSort(A.subList(i,A.size()));\n\n return A;\n }\n\nIn the main function I run 20 times both methods to compare. ", "You can copy the two sections of the code and run it\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{\n\n long startTime, endTime, duration;\n\n //Compare 20 times QuickSort vs MergeSort\n for (int i=0;i<20;i++){\n\n List<Integer> arreglo = randomArrayList(100000);\n\n startTime = System.nanoTime();\n QuickSort(arreglo);\n endTime = System.nanoTime();\n\n duration = (endTime - startTime)/1000000;\n System.out.println(\"Quicksort: \" + Long.toString(duration));\n\n startTime = System.nanoTime();\n MergeSort(arreglo);\n endTime = System.nanoTime();\n\n duration = (endTime - startTime)/1000000;\n System.out.println(\"MergeSort: \"+Long.toString(duration));\n\n //System.out.println(Arrays.toString(QuickSort(arreglo).toArray()));\n //System.out.println(Arrays.toString(MergeSort(arreglo).toArray()));\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nHere's my comment as an answer: You are sorting the same list twice, so the second sort is always sorting an already-sorted list (which is almost always not the same list as was fed to the first sort).", "\nTry this variant of your main code:\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{\n\n long startTime, endTime, duration;\n\n //Compare 20 times QuickSort vs MergeSort\n for (int i=0;i<20;i++){\n\n List<Integer> arreglo = randomArrayList(100000);\n List<Integer> arreglo2 = new ArrayList<>(arreglo); // Make a copy\n\n startTime = System.nanoTime();\n QuickSort(arreglo); // Sort the original\n endTime = System.nanoTime();\n\n duration = (endTime - startTime)/1000000;\n System.out.println(\"Quicksort: \" + Long.toString(duration));\n\n startTime = System.nanoTime();\n MergeSort(arreglo2); // Sort the copy\n endTime = System.nanoTime();\n\n duration = (endTime - startTime)/1000000;\n System.out.println(\"MergeSort: \"+Long.toString(duration));\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Donald Trump ousted Veterans Affairs Secretary David Shulkin on Wednesday in response to heavy criticism and nominated his personal physician, Rear Admiral Ronny Jackson, to replace him in the latest turnover among Trump’s team.", "\n\nWhite House officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Shulkin had become a distraction due to a constant wave of speculation about his future and said he would be leaving in the next day or two. ", "They said an undersecretary at the Department of Defense, Robert Wilkie, will be the acting secretary.", "\n\nShulkin had drawn fire for a damning report from the inspector general of the Department of Veterans Affairs. ", "It found that during a trip to London and Denmark he improperly accepted tickets to the Wimbledon tennis tournament and his chief of staff made false statements so Shulkin’s wife could travel at government expense.", "\n\nOne official said the criticism of Shulkin was “making it harder for him to carry out the duties of secretary of the VA, which is something the president has made clear is a big priority for him.”", "\n\nJackson, a rear admiral of the U.S. Navy, has been working as a presidential physician since the George W. Bush administration, and has been the lead doctor monitoring Trump’s health since Trump became president.", "\n\nJackson gave Trump a clean bill of health early this year after giving the president a physical. ", "He put him on a diet to lose some weight and directed him to get some exercise. ", "Aides said Trump has been eating more fish and fewer cheeseburgers lately.", "\n\nA Texas native who has been on active duty since 1995, Jackson served during the U.S.-led war in Iraq as an emergency medicine physician in Taqaddum, Iraq.", "\n\n“Admiral Jackson is highly trained and qualified and as a service member himself, he has seen firsthand the tremendous sacrifice our veterans make and has a deep appreciation for the debt our great country owes them,” Trump said.", "\n\nA White House official said Trump warmed to Jackson and had been aware that Shulkin had sought to make Jackson the VA undersecretary last year.", "\n\n“The president wants somebody who gives him the best possible care to go over and give that same care to the veterans. ", "That’s how strongly he feels about getting them represented properly,” the official said.", "\n\nTrump said he appreciated Shulkin’s work, including passage of the VA Accountability Act.", "”He has been a great supporter of veterans across the country and I am grateful for his service,” Trump said in a statement.", "\n\nU.S. Representative Phil Roe, a Republican who chairs the House Committee on Veterans Affairs, said he hated to see Shulkin go but respected Trump’s decision.", "\n\n“At the end of the day, cabinet secretaries serve at the pleasure of the president,” he said.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 5 images )\n\nWill Fischer, director of government relations for the VoteVets lobby group, said his group hopes Jackson will oppose any attempt to privatize the VA or its health services, a concept that Republicans talk about occasionally.", "\n\n“If Dr. Jackson can do that, immediately, he will do a lot to help his chances at confirmation,” Fischer said.", "\n\nThe VA oversees healthcare and benefits going to roughly 20 million U.S. military veterans. ", "The Veterans Health Administration, the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States, provides care at more than 1,200 facilities, including 170 VA Medical Centers, to more than 9 million veterans.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 5 images )\n\nTrump praised Shulkin as “fantastic” when he chose him to head the VA in January 2017. ", "Trump, who promised improved veterans’ care during his presidential campaign, last year said the department had made “tremendous progress” under Shulkin.", "\n\nBut support for him at the White House eroded quickly in recent weeks as Trump grew weary of the drumbeat of negative headlines about him.", "\n\nShulkin said after the release of the inspector general’s report that he would comply with its recommendations, including reimbursing the government for his wife’s $4,312 airfare and paying his friend for the Wimbledon tickets. ", "The department announced two days after the report was issued that Shulkin’s chief of staff, Vivieca Wright Simpson, would retire.", "\n\nShulkin joins a long list of senior officials who have either resigned or been fired since Trump took office in January 2017. ", "Others include Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price, FBI chief James Comey and FBI No. ", "2 Andrew McCabe, Trump’s chief strategist Steve Bannon, national security advisers H.R. McMaster and Michael Flynn, White House chief of staff Reince Priebus, communications directors Hope Hicks and Anthony Scaramucci, and economic adviser Gary Cohn." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I force Django to save decimals to a float database column\n\nI'm trying to make my own field for some money calculations in a single currency, and I am unable to use a decimal datatype in my database, this is what i have so far. ", "I'm really only just learning about custom field types and am not sure what I'm doing wrong. ", "\nclass MoneyField(models.", "DecimalField):\n \"\"\"\n \"\"\"\n\n __metaclass__ = models.", "SubfieldBase\n\n def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, seperator=',', dp='.', ", "pos='', neg='-', trailneg='', **kwargs):\n models.", "DecimalField.__init__(self, verbose_name, name, decimal_places=2, max_digits=10, **kwargs)\n\n def get_internal_type(self):\n return models.", "DecimalField.__name__\n\n def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):\n value = getattr(model_instance, self.attname)\n if self.decimal_places > 0:\n dp_modifier = Decimal(1 / Decimal(pow(10, self.decimal_places)))\n else:\n dp_modifier = Decimal(1)\n if value !", "= None:\n value = Decimal(str(value))\n\n print value\n print type(value.quantize(Decimal(dp_modifier)))\n return value.quantize(Decimal(dp_modifier))\n\n def to_python(self, value):\n try:\n if self.decimal_places > 0:\n dp_modifier = Decimal(1 / Decimal(pow(10, self.decimal_places)))\n else:\n dp_modifier = Decimal(1)\n if value !", "= None:\n value = Decimal(str(value))\n return super(MoneyField, self).to_python(value).quantize(Decimal(dp_modifier))\n except AttributeError:\n return None\n\n def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):\n return float(value)\n\n def get_prep_value(self, value):\n return float(value)\n\nException:\nEnvironment:\n\nRequest Method: GET\nRequest URL: http://127.0.0.1:8001/appdata/joinery/costing/cost-boughtin-by-item/glass/1A346B0F-0705-11E2-9E84-7071BCB8D2AB/\n\nDjango Version: 1.3.1\nPython Version: 2.6.2\nInstalled Applications:\n['django.contrib.auth',\n 'django.contrib.contenttypes',\n 'django.contrib.sessions',\n 'django.contrib.sites',\n 'django.contrib.admin',\n 'appdata.generic',\n 'appdata.contacts',\n 'appdata.dashboard',\n 'appdata.scheduler',\n 'appdata.financial',\n 'appdata.work',\n 'appdata.boughtin',\n 'appdata.bespoke',\n 'appdata.joinery',\n 'appdata.home',\n 'appdata.globaltags',\n 'appdata.importdata',\n 'appdata.database',\n 'appdata.ads',\n 'appdata.workshop',\n 'appdata.transfer',\n 'appdata.setup',\n 'appdata.languages',\n 'appdata.machine_output',\n 'appdata.machine_output.modules',\n 'appdata.printing',\n 'django_cpserver',\n 'appdata.djangologdb',\n 'raven.contrib.django']\nInstalled Middleware:\n('django.middleware.common.", "CommonMiddleware',\n 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.", "SessionMiddleware',\n 'django.middleware.locale.", "LocaleMiddleware',\n 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.", "AuthenticationMiddleware',\n 'appdata.middleware.", "UserAgent',\n 'appdata.middleware.", "SiteLogin',\n 'appdata.middleware.", "RequestIdent',\n 'appdata.middleware.", "ProfilerMiddleware',\n 'django.middleware.transaction.", "TransactionMiddleware',\n 'djangologdb.middleware.", "LoggingMiddleware',\n 'raven.contrib.django.middleware.", "Sentry404CatchMiddleware')\n\nTraceback:\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\handlers\\base.py\" in get_response\n 111. ", " response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\appdata\\joinery\\costing.py\" in cost_boughtin\n 202. ", " net_cost, charge_out, xml = calc_model.objects.cost_by_item(item,get_xml=True)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\appdata\\joinery\\models.py\" in cost_by_item\n 719. ", " return self._cost_component_list(item_list, costbook, get_xml, item=item)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\appdata\\joinery\\models.py\" in _cost_component_list\n 699. ", " calc_data = self._cost_components(calc_item_list, costbook)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\appdata\\joinery\\models.py\" in _cost_components\n 688. ", " calc_item.apply_cost(cost_item, item_cache)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\appdata\\joinery\\models.py\" in apply_cost\n 1024. ", " calc_component.save()\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\base.py\" in save\n 460. ", " self.save_base(using=using, force_insert=force_insert, force_update=force_update)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\base.py\" in save_base\n 526. ", " rows = manager.using(using).filter(pk=pk_val)._update(values)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\query.py\" in _update\n 491. ", " return query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(None)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\sql\\compiler.py\" in execute_sql\n 869. ", " cursor = super(SQLUpdateCompiler, self).execute_sql(result_type)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\sql\\compiler.py\" in execute_sql\n 725. ", " sql, params = self.as_sql()\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\sql\\compiler.py\" in as_sql\n 834. ", " val = field.get_db_prep_save(val, connection=self.connection)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\fields\\subclassing.py\" in inner\n 28. ", " return func(*args, **kwargs)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\fields\\__init__.py\" in get_db_prep_save\n 786. ", " return connection.ops.value_to_db_decimal(self.to_python(value),\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\models\\fields\\__init__.py\" in to_python\n 761. ", " return decimal.", "Decimal(value)\nFile \"C:\\JoinerySoft\\Development\\working folder\\lib\\decimal.py\" in __new__\n 653. ", " \"First convert the float to a string\")\n\nException Type: TypeError at /appdata/joinery/costing/cost-boughtin-by-item/glass/1A346B0F-0705-11E2-9E84-7071BCB8D2AB/\nException Value: Cannot convert float to Decimal. ", " First convert the float to a string\n\nA:\n\nI think you might be approaching the problem from wrong direction. ", "Instead of trying to save Decimal field in db as float, you should be trying to get Decimal values from float field.", "\nTry something in this nature:\nclass MoneyField(models.", "FloatField):\n __metaclass__ = models.", "SubfieldBase\n\n def to_python(self, value):\n t_value = type(value)\n\n if t_value is Decimal:\n return value\n\n elif t_value is float:\n return Decimal.from_float(value)\n\n elif t_value in (str, unicode,):\n return Decimal(value)\n\n else:\n raise TypeError('Unsupported value type: %s' % str(t_value))\n\n def get_prep_value(self, value):\n return float(value)\n\nSo what this does is it works same as float field hence is compatible with float fields in db. ", "However whenever the value is retrieved, it makes sure to return a decimal version of the float number. ", "And when trying to save the field, it converts it to float.", "\nHaven't tested so not sure if 100% correct but I think this should get you in the right direction. ", "On top of this, you can enforce all of the money things...\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "This article introduces you to Git, including how to install the necessary software to access Git servers where your software project will be stored.", "\n\nVersion control concepts\n\nTo understand Git and the concept of version control, looking at version control from an historical perspective is helpful. ", "There have been three generations of version control software.", "\n\nThe first generation\n\nThe first generation was very simple. ", "Developers worked on the same physical system and “checked out” one file at a time.", "\n\nThis generation of version control software made use of a technique called file locking. ", "When a developer checked out a file, it was locked so no other developer could edit the file. ", "Figure 1 illustrates the concept of this type of version control.", "\n\nExamples of first-generation version control software include Revision Control System (RCS) and Source Code Control System (SCCS).", "\n\nThe second generation\n\nThe problems with the first generation included the following:\n\nOnly one developer can work on a file at a time. ", "This results in a bottleneck in the development process.", "\n\nDevelopers have to log in directly to the system that contains the version control software.", "\n\nThese problems were solved in the second generation of version control software. ", "In the second generation, files are stored on a centralized server in a repository. ", "Developers can check out separate copies of a file. ", "When the developer completes work on a file, the file is checked in to the repository. ", "Figure 2 illustrates the concept of this type of version control.", "\n\nIf two developers check out the same version of a file, then the potential for issues exists. ", "This is handled by a process called a merge.", "\n\nWhat is a merge? ", "Suppose two developers, Bob and Sue, check out version 5 of a file named abc.txt. ", "After Bob completes his work, he checks the file back in. ", "Typically, this results in a new version of the file, version 6.", "\n\nSometime later, Sue checks in her file. ", "This new file must incorporate her changes and Bob’s changes. ", "This is accomplished through the process of a merge.", "\n\nDepending on the version control software that you use, there could be different ways to handle this merge. ", "In some cases, such as when Bob and Sue have worked on completely different parts of the file, the merge process is very simple. ", "However, in cases in which Sue and Bob worked on the same lines of code in the file, the merge process can be more complex. ", "In those cases, Sue will have to make decisions, such as whether Bob’s code or her code will be in the new version of the file.", "\n\nAfter the merge process completes, the process of committing the file to the repository takes place. ", "To commit a file essentially means to create a new version in the repository; in this case, version 7 of the file.", "\n\nExamples of second-generation version control software include Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and Subversion.", "\n\nThe third generation\n\nThe third generation is referred to as distributed version control systems (DVCSs). ", "As with the second generation, a central repository server contains all the files for the project. ", "However, developers don’t check out individual files from the repository. ", "Instead, the entire project is checked out, allowing the developer to work on the complete set of files rather than just individual files. ", "Figure 3 illustrates the concept of this type of version control.", "\n\nAnother (very big) difference between the second and third generation of version control software has to do with how the merge and commit process works. ", "As previously mentioned, the steps in the second generation are to perform a merge and then commit the new version to the repository.", "\n\nWith third-generation version control software, files are checked in and then they are merged. ", "To understand the difference between these two techniques, see Figure 4.", "\n\nIn phase 1 of Figure 4, two developers check out a file that is based on the third version. ", "In phase 2, one developer checks that file in, resulting in a version 4 of the file.", "\n\nIn phase 3, the second developer must first merge the changes from his checked-out copy with the changes of version 4 (and, potentially, other versions). ", "After the merge is complete, the new version can be committed to the repository as version 5.", "\n\nIf you focus on what is in the repository (the center part of each phase), you see that there is a very straight line of development (ver1, ver2, ver3, ver4, ver5, and so on). ", "This simple approach to software development poses some potential problems:\n\nRequiring a developer to merge before committing often results in developers’ not wanting to commit their changes on a regular basis. ", "The merge process can be a pain and developers might decide to just wait until later and do one merge rather than a bunch of regular merges. ", "This has a negative impact on software development as suddenly huge chunks of code are added to a file. ", "Additionally, you want to encourage developers to commit changes to the repository, just like you want to encourage someone who is writing a document to save on a regular basis.", "\n\nVery important: Version 5 in this example is not necessarily the work that the developer originally completed. ", "During the merging process, the developer might discard some of his work to complete the merge process. ", "This isn’t ideal because it results in the loss of potentially good code.", "\n\nA better, although arguably more complex, technique can be used. ", "It is called directed acyclic graph (DAG), and you can see an example of how it works in Figure 5.", "\n\nPhases 1 and 2 are the same as shown in Figure 4. ", "However, note that in phase 3 the second checkin process results in a version 5 file that is not based on version 4, but rather independent of version 4. ", "In phase 4 of the process, versions 4 and 5 of the file have been merged to create a version 6.", "\n\nAlthough this process is more complex (and, potentially, much more complex if you have a large number of developers), it does provide some advantages over a single line of development:\n\nDevelopers can commit their changes on a regular basis and not have to worry about merging until a later time.", "\n\nThe merging process could be delegated to a specific developer who has a better idea of the entire project or code than the other developers have.", "\n\nAt any time, the project manager can go back and see exactly what work each individual developer created.", "\n\nCertainly an argument exists for both methods. ", "However, keep in mind that this article focuses on Git, which uses the directed acyclic graph method of third-generation version control systems.", "\n\nInstalling Git\n\nYou might already have Git on your system because it is sometimes installed by default (or another administrator might have installed it). ", "If you have access to the system as a regular user, you can execute the following command to determine whether you have Git installed:\n\nocs@ubuntu:~$ which git\n/usr/bin/git\n\nIf Git is installed, then the path to the git command is provided, as shown in the preceding command. ", "If it isn’t installed, then you either get no output or an error like the following:\n\n[ocs@centos ~]# which git\n/usr/bin/which: no git in (/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/\nbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/root/bin)\n\nAs an administrator on a Debian-based system, you can use the dpkg command to determine whether the Git package has been installed:\n\nAs an administrator on a Red Hat–based system, you could use the rpm command to determine whether the git package has been installed:\n\n[root@centos ~]# rpm -q git\ngit-1.8.3.1-6.el7_2.1.x86_64\n\nIf Git isn’t installed on your system, you must either log in as the root user or use sudo or su to install the software. ", "If you are logged in as the root user on a Debian-based system, you can use the following command to install Git:\n\napt-get install git\n\nIf you are logged in as the root user on a Red Hat–based system, you can use the following command to install Git:\n\nyum install git\n\nGet more than Git\n\nConsider installing the software package git-all. ", "This package includes some additional dependency packages that add more power to Git. ", "Although you might not use these features in the beginning, having them available when you are ready to perform more advanced Git functions will be good.", "\n\nGit concepts and features\n\nOne of the challenges to using Git is just understanding the concepts behind it. ", "If you don’t understand the concepts, then all the commands just seem like some sort of black magic. ", "This section focuses on the critical Git concepts as well as introduces you to some of the basic commands.", "\n\nGit stages\n\nIt is very important to remember that you check out an entire project and that most of the work you do will be local to the system that you are working on. ", "The files that you check out will be placed in a directory under your home directory.", "\n\nTo get a copy of a project from a Git repository, you use a process called cloning. ", "Cloning doesn’t just create a copy of all the files from the repository; it actually performs three primary functions:\n\nCreates a local repository of the project under the project_name/.git directory in your home directory. ", "The files of the project in this location are considered to be checked out from the central repository.", "\n\nCreates a directory where you can directly see the files. ", "This is called the working area. ", "Changes made in the working area are not immediately version controlled.", "\n\nCreates a staging area. ", "The staging area is designed to store changes to files before you commit them to the local repository.", "\n\nThis means that if you were to clone a project called Jacumba, the entire project would be stored in the Jacumba/.git directory under your home directory. ", "You should not try to modify these directly. ", "Instead, look directly in the ~/Jacumba directory tol see the files from the project. ", "These are the files that you should change.", "\n\nSuppose you made a change to a file, but you have to work on some other files before you were ready to commit changes to the local repository. ", "In that case, you would stage the file that you have finished working on. ", "This would prepare it to be committed to the local repository.", "\n\nAfter you make all changes and stage all files, then you commit them to the local repository. ", "See Figure 6 for a visual demonstration of this process.", "\n\nRealize that committing the staged files only sends them to the local repository. ", "This means that only you have access to the changes that have been made. ", "The process of checking in the new versions to the central repository is called a push.", "\n\nChoosing your Git repository host\n\nFirst, the good news: Many organizations provide Git hosting—at the time of this writing, there are more than two dozen choices. ", "This means you have many options to choose from. ", "That’s the good news … and the bad news.", "\n\nIt is only bad news because it means you really need to spend some time researching the pros and cons of the hosting organizations. ", "For example, most don’t charge for basic hosting but do charge for large-scale projects. ", "Some only provide public repositories (anyone can see your repository) whereas others let you create private repositories. ", "There are many other features to consider.", "\n\nOne feature that might be high on your list is a web interface. ", "Although you can do just about all repository operations locally on your system, being able to perform some operations via a web interface can be very useful. ", "Explore the interface that is provided before making your choice.", "\n\nNote that I chose Gitlab.com for the examples in the book. ", "Any of the hosts in the preceding list would have been just fine for the book; I chose Gitlab.com simply because it happened to be the one I used on my last Git project.", "\n\nConfiguring Git\n\nNow that you have gotten through all the theory, it is time to actually do something with Git. ", "This next section assumes the following:\n\nYou have installed the git or git-all software package on your system.", "\n\nYou have created an account on a Git hosting service.", "\n\nThe first thing you want to do is perform some basic setup. ", "Whenever you perform a commit operation, your name and email address will be included in the metadata. ", "To set this information, execute the following commands:\n\nObviously you will replace \"Bo Rothwell\" with your name and \"bo@OneCourseSource.com\" with your email address. ", "The next step is to clone your project from the Git hosting service. ", "Note that before cloning, only one file is in the user's home directory:\n\nAfter successful execution, notice a new directory in the user’s home directory:\n\nocs@ubuntu:~$ ls\nfirst.sh ocs\n\nIf you switch to the new directory, you can see what was cloned from the repository (only one file so far exists in the repository):\n\nocs@ubuntu:~$ cd ocs\nocs@ubuntu:~/ocs$ ls\nREADME.md\n\nNext, create a new file in the repository directory. ", "You can either create one from scratch or copy a file from another location:\n\nocs@ubuntu:~/ocs$ cp ../first.sh\n\nRemember, anything placed in this directory is not version controlled because this is the working directory. ", "To put it in the local repository, you first have to add it to the staging area and then you need to commit it to the repository:\n\nThe git add command places the file in the staging area. ", "The git commit command takes all the new files in the staging area and commits them to the local repository. ", "You use the -m option to add a message; in this case the reason for the commit was given.", "\n\nIt is important to highlight that no changes have been made to the repository on the server. ", "The git commit command only updates the local repository. ", "You can see that the server repository has not been modified by looking at Figure 7, which shows a screenshot of the web-based interface of the current project. ", "Notice that the original file, README.md, was pushed to the server several days ago, but the new file, first.sh, does not have an entry.", "\n\nMost likely you would make additional changes to your local project and then check in (push) the changes to the server’s repository:\n\nCopyright 2019 IDG Communications. ", "ABN 14 001 592 650. ", "All rights reserved. ", "Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission of IDG Communications is prohibited." ]

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[ "Accelerate Innovation & Productivity with Rapid Prototyping and Development: Model New Ideas, Land More Business, and Control Costs\n\nAccelerate Innovation & Productivity with Rapid Prototyping and Development: Model New Ideas, Land More Business, and Control Costs\n\nDevelopment teams typically need hundreds of person hours to develop an application or to fully integrate a new platform. ", "Prototypes and Proofs of Concept (PoC) also take many weeks (or even months) to develop. ", "If you could significantly reduce these timeframes, you would accelerate time to market and expedite PoCs and rollouts. ", "This advantage saves money and reduces the risk of missing features, late deliveries or inadequate testing.", "\n\nNot only is development an expensive undertaking, but the amount of time invested also limits the amount of innovation. ", "With shorter development cycles, you gain the time and flexibility to experiment, to model new ideas, to consider adding new customer-requested features that weren’t in the original plan, and to continuously improve your applications through rapid prototyping.", "\n\nThis paper discusses how a new generation of platforms in the application stack is designed to both deliver a specific layer of functionality and enable rapid prototyping, allowing development teams to focus their efforts on the value they add and gain time for more innovation.", "\n\nThis phone number format is not recognized. ", "Please check the country and number.", "\n\nYou have exceeded the maximum character limit.", "\n\nBy submitting my Email address I confirm that I have read and accepted the Terms of Use and Declaration of Consent.", "\n\nBy submitting your personal information, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant products and special offers from TechTarget and its partners. ", "You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.", "\n\nGoogle is the latest of the tech giants hiring Wall Street hotshots. ", "The CIO lesson? ", "Partner with your CFO if you want to get ahead. ", "Also in Searchlight: Facebook turns Messenger into an ecosystem; Twitter faces a gender bias lawsuit.", "\n\nThe PCI Security Standards Council has confirmed that PCI DSS 3.1 will be released in just a few weeks. ", "According to a Gartner analyst, the surprise new release could cause major problems for merchants.", "\n\nNews roundup: The ban of \"booth babes\" at RSA Conference 2015 has been met with praise; does it equal an increase of women in infosec? ", "Plus: Cyberthreat data-sharing bill advances; Flash flaw exploited days after patching; new twist on Google Play app vetting.", "\n\nSocial engineering techniques have become increasingly sophisticated as more personal and corporate data is shared on the Internet, and traditional training techniques may not be enough to keep enterprises safe." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a plasma processing apparatus.", "\nA plasma processing apparatus having an upper electrode and a lower electrode provided to face opposite each other within an airtight processing chamber is widely employed in semiconductor device manufacturing processes in the related art. ", "Such a plasma processing apparatus adopts a structure that enables a specific type of plasma processing to be executed on a substrate with plasma generated from a process gas supplied into the processing chamber by applying high-frequency power to the upper electrode after placing the substrate on the lower electrode.", "\nIn addition, an evacuation ring is mounted around the periphery of the lower electrode between the side surface of the lower electrode and the inner wall surface of a processing container, and this evacuation ring divides the space within the processing container into a processing space where the substrate is placed and an evacuation path which communicates with an evacuating mechanism. ", "A plurality of through holes are formed at the evacuation ring, and the processing space and the evacuation path are made to communicate with each other through these through holes. ", "Thus, since the gas within the processing space is guided into the evacuation path via the through holes during the process, the conductance within the processing space and the evacuation path is sustained in a specific state, thereby enabling stable evacuation of the processing space. ", "The plasma is trapped inside the processing space, and a ground area is assured by the inner wall surface of the processing container and the evacuation ring, whose potentials are held at the ground potential level.", "\nHowever, the evacuation ring, which is constituted of a metal such as an aluminum alloy so as to sustain its potential at the ground potential level, is bound to be damaged by the plasma generated within the processing container. ", "In addition, if a sufficiently large ground area is not assured, an abnormal discharge tends to occur due to an uneven distribution of the plasma inside the processing container or the like. ", "The stability in the electrical discharge is disrupted by such an abnormal discharge and, furthermore, the abnormal discharge causes damage to the substrate, resulting in lowered yield. ", "Moreover, the abnormal discharge damages the inner wall of the processing chamber and the evacuation ring as well.", "\nAn object of the present invention, which has been completed by addressing the problems discussed above, is to provide a plasma processing apparatus having an evacuation ring with high plasma resistance and capable of minimizing occurrence of abnormal discharge." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Made in Cape Breton\n\nMade in Cape Breton is the first of three albums by the Celtic band The Cottars. ", "Recorded at Lakewind Sound Studios in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and released in 2002 by Warner Music.", "\n\nTrack listing\n Sùilean Dubh (trad.)– ", "2:45\n The Captain Campbell Medley – 4:07\n Captain Campbell (trad.)", "\n Calum Breugach (trad.)", "\n Wedding Reel #1 (trad.)", "\n Cui's a Christ Mhóir Mi (Wedding Reel #3) (trad.)", "\n The High Road to Linton (trad.)", "\n I Know Who Is Sick (trad.) – ", "1:50\n The Boy's Lament Medley – 5:10\n The Boy's Lament For His Dragon (trad.)", "\n Jessie Smith (trad.)", "\n A Taste Of Gaelic (trad.)", "\n Brenda Stubbert's Reel (Jerry Holand/Fiddlestick Music)\n Ballinderry (trad.) – ", "5:33\n The Two Brothers Medley – 5:26\n Two Brothers (Irving Gordon/Welbeck Music Corp.)\n O'Keefe's Slide (trad.)", "\n The Tenpenny Bit (trad.)", "\n Scarlet Ribbons (Segal-Levine/EMI Mills Music) – 3:49 - With special guest John McDermott\n Ciarán's Piano Medley – 5:40\n My Lodging's On The Cold Ground/Endearing Young Charms (trad.)", "\n The Lass O' The Corrie Mill (trad.)", "\n The Growling Old Man And Old Woman (trad.)", "\n The Golden Wedding Reel (trad.)", "\n The Coulin / Hornpipes Medley – 4:52\n The Coulin (trad.) / ", "The Green Castle (trad.)", "\n The Harvest Home (trad.)", "\n The Briar & The Rose (Tom Waits/Jalma Music Inc.) – 5:09 First Single\n The Pleasure of Home Medley – 3:28\n The Pleasures Of Home Fackler\n I Have A Wife Of Me Ain (trad.)", "\n Gabrielle's Jig (John Morris Rankin/Ole Sound Productions)\n Here's To Song (Allister MacGillivray/Cabot Trail Music, Socan) – 4:38 - With special guest John McDermott\n Kitchen Racket – 1:49\n\nMusical contributions\n The Cottars\n Ciarán MacGillivray (age 13): piano, tin whistle, bodhrán, vocals, step-dancing\n Fiona MacGillivray (age 12): tin whistle, bodhrán, lead vocals, step-dancing\n Jimmy MacKenzie (age 14): guitar, bodhrán\n Roseanne MacKenzie (age 11): fiddle, harmony vocals, step-dancing\n Additional Musicians\n John McDermott\n Brigham Phillips\n Gordie Sampson\n Al Bennett\n Allister MacGillivray\n Beverly MacGillivray\n Patrick Kilbride\n Deborah Quigley\n Wendy Rose\n Anne Lindsay\n Claudio Bena\n Audrey King\n\nAwards earned\n\n East Coast Music Award, 2003\n M.I.A.N.S Award, 2003\n\nAdditional information\n Executive Producer: John McDermott\n Arranger/Musical Director: Allister MacGillivray\n String Arrangements: Brigham Phillips\n Producers: Allister MacGillivray & Brigham Phillips\n Recording and Mixing Engineer: Gary Gray\n Assistant Engineers: Mike \"Sheppy\" \"Shepherd and Nathan Handy\n Recording Studios: Lakewind Sound and Manta DSP\n Mastering: Charles Gray, Saluki Music\n Photography, Design & Layout: Carol Kennedy\nAll traditional songs and tunes were adapted and arranged by Allister MacGillivray and The Cottars.", "\n\nExternal links\nCottars\nThe Cottars\n\nCategory:2002 debut albums\nCategory:The Cottars albums" ]

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[ "The National Cycling Centre Hamilton seeks a part-time administrator to work at the centre and support cycling programs including Sprockids and the development and elite level coaching. ", "One of the goals of the centre is to produce national team athletes. ", "There is a possibility of the position expanding to full-time as the centre develops in future years.", "\n\nThe main responsibilities of this position include:\n\n·Administrative support of coaching programs, development programs, and events·Basic accounting·Responding to general information requests·Marketing and sponsorship development and support·Liaison with our partners: the City of Hamilton; McMaster University; Ontario Cycling Association, Canadian Cycling Association, and the Canadian Sport Centre Ontario\n\nQualifications:\n\nThe successful applicant will have a degree from a post-secondary institution or equivalent experience in an administrative role, preferably within a sports environment. ", "Excellent oral and written communication skills are important. ", "The successful candidate should be self-motivated and be able to work with little supervision. ", "The position requires strong organizational skills, enthusiasm, attention to detail and the ability to meet strict deadlines. ", "Proficiency and demonstrated training in Windows; Microsoft Office; Internet, e-mail and desktop publishing are other pre-requisites. ", "A background in cycling would be considered an asset, but is not a requirement.", "\n\nThis is a part time position requiring approximately 20 hrs/wk. ", "Based in Hamilton, Ontario. ", "For more information on the centre, please visit: www.ontariocycling.org\n\nAll candidates are asked to email their resume with salary expectations in Word format to the attention of Steve Merker. ", "Please reference the \"National Cycling Centre Hamilton\".smerker@ontariocycling.org. ", "Deadline for submission is December 22nd, 2005. ", "Please add comment on why you desire part time work." ]

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[ "Interview | Andrew McAfee: \"Will we create taxes that are easier to evade?\"", "\n\nShould we fear technological unemployment linked to robotics? ", "Are our societies prepared for the economic transformations that are being spoken of? ", "Are universal social wages and taxes on robotic production measures to be adopted in the short term? ", "These are the questions we asked Andrew McAfee, director of the MIT Digital Economy Initiative.", "\n\nA graduate of Harvard in engineering and economics, Andrew McAfee is currently directing the prestigious MIT Digital Economy Initiative. ", "their research has led him to reflect on the transformations of companies as a result of digitization and new technologies. ", "He believes that we have entered the second age of machines, that of robotics and artificial intelligence. ", "For this author, thinker and professor, it is none other than a period already announced as transcendent as the first age of machines, which began with bringing steam under control.", "\n\nWe interviewed him on the occasion of the cycle of conferences: Unexpected Sources of Inspiration, which brought together for two days designers, political scientists, scientists, engineers and economists to present their perception of the future and solve the challenges of the present. ", "At a time when there is much talk about robotization and artificial intelligence and its consequences in the economy, we wanted to talk to him about these problems and perhaps outline solutions.", "\n\nDo you talk about the second age of machines? ", "Could you define it and describe what the first one was?", "\n\nWe have been living the first age of machines for the past 240 years. ", "It was the age when we got over the limitations of our muscles, first of all with the steam engine, then with electricity and many other technologies. ", "Now, we infinitely multiply the power of our muscles. ", "I think that this has been the greatest advance of humanity.", "\n\nIf I speak now of a second age of machines, it is because I believe that we are overcoming the limits of our spirits. ", "Of our mental powers, just as spectacularly as we did with our muscles. ", "And I think that such a thing will be as incredible in the history of mankind as the first age of machines.", "\n\nDo you consider that our societies are prepared to face this era that mixes robots and artificial intelligence?", "\n\nIn general, technological advance is very fast. ", "And the other elements of our society do not change as rapidly as technology. ", "The business models of companies do not change as fast, the education system does not change as fast, the way to govern does not change as fast. ", "The global point of view does not change as fast as technology.", "\n\nHaving said that, I think it would be a bad idea to slow down technological advance. ", "Our aim is rather to advance the rest of society quicker to adapt to technological change.", "\n\nWhat should we do?", "\n\nIt is very difficult, particularly because people are happy with what they have and do not want to accelerate or change. ", "Overcoming this inertia is a very complex process. ", "In that sense, the first thing is to change are discourses, which would allow things to move forward more quickly. ", "It is amazing to what extent mood modification can make things change.", "\n\nIf someone had told me ten years ago that gay marriage and marijuana would be legal in the United States, I would have thought that this person had an absurd discourse. ", "At that time, they were ideas far removed from our present! ", "But as the mood has changed, we have made changes in our laws and in our way of governing.", "\n\nDo you think that a society outside of society such as Google sounds could come true?", "\n\nA company like Google has a lot of money and very radical ideas. ", "So, yes, they can create artificial cities to test their autonomous vehicles. ", "Which for me means that it is not so different from BMW building a huge circuit to test their vehicles: they are spaces dedicated to the research and development of the companies that own them.", "\n\nI do not think we are in a time when companies have become so powerful that we have to treat them differently. ", "We have always had powerful companies and we have known how to regulate them, how to create laws and rules to frame their activities. ", "I am not very disturbed about this.", "\n\nDo you think that the universal social wage that has been rejected in Switzerland as being one of the solutions to the problem of the replacement of human labour by robots?", "\n\nNot in the short or medium term. ", "The reason why I say this is that it was already announced by a Frenchman. ", "Voltaire said that work saved us from three great evils: boredom, vice and necessity. ", "On this basis, the universal social wage only saves us from necessity.", "\n\nThere is much research done on what happens to individuals, families and communities when work does not exist. ", "And it is never been good news.", "\n\nBut people will lose their jobs precisely because of robotics...\n\nPeople lost their jobs because of technology 2,000 years ago.", "\n\nBut is not this phenomenon more widespread now?", "\n\nThat is far from being obvious. ", "I think it will be more widespread at some point in the future. ", "But instead of assuming that we have arrived at this point and that the robots are going to make us unemployed tomorrow, we need to realise that this is happening at the very moment. ", "France, like the United States, creates jobs every month.", "\n\nThere is no proof that we have reached a stage of massive technological unemployment. ", "When this becomes the case, we will all ensure that we create the necessary political frameworks to control it rather than imagine an eventual future that has a lot of science fiction.", "\n\nCurrently, if your main interest is to create employment, you cannot consider Uber's activity to be positive. ", "It provides uneducated young people the opportunity to work and earn money only with a car and a mobile phone.", "\n\nDo you think we will need to create taxes on the production of robots?", "\n\nWe tax companies. ", "We tax their profits and in many countries, we also tax the added value. ", "I am in favour of extending these taxes, and make a greater effort to force companies to pay their taxes.", "\n\nOn the contrary, what I do not want is that you get to say: \"Okay, it is a robot and we must tax it as such and this one is a human we must tax it differently. ", "From the moment we start to do this, we will see societies that will say, \"Look, here we have some humans, why don’t we tax them as if they were robots\"? ", "It is a game which I would not like to get into. ", "We know how to create taxes that are much simpler to defraud. ", "Let's continue to make taxes harder to avoid.", "\n\nThe problem is that collecting taxes from companies today is very difficult, because they say that they have no offices in France or the United States, and that they are located on a small duty-free island. ", "Let's solve that problem first. ", "And why not go further: why has a human got to be less advantageous to a company than a robot? ", "Let's tax humans less rather than taxing robots. ", "A hired employee has a cost higher than their salary, unlike a robot. ", "This may add to the difficulties of licensing in certain countries. ", "However, it is a most rudimentary economic lesson: when a company pays many of its employees’ costs, and cannot licence them will end up recruiting less.", "\n\nSo, it is more about a global society problem than about a problem with robotics...\n\nI think that if what we want are more opportunities for people, so we must lift the barriers that prevent us from creating opportunities. ", "There are so many things we can do and robots are only a part. ", "When we are in crisis or undergoing profound changes, the best solution is not to add inflexibility and more barriers, rather quite the opposite.", "\n\nReturning to what I said earlier. ", "How do you think we can change the status of people? ", "What can be done for society and individuals that comprise it not to be afraid?", "\n\nThat’s is a very good question. ", "There are two forces that redesign the economy in today's world: globalisation and technology. ", "And these two phenomena frighten the same people: the middle class workers in the richer countries, very anxious about this matter. ", "Therefore, the idea may be to emphasise the benefits of globalisation and technological progress.", "\n\nDonald Trump is so popular because he says that globalisation has been terrible for the United States, because of China, Mexico... He is completely wrong - it’s totally false. ", "Because of the American mentality, he has been given the opportunity to speak, and what he says is bad. ", "What we must do is flaunt the benefits of these phenomena, identifying the challenges and the problems they entail. ", "Only then can we find solutions.", "\n\nInstead of starting with \"Oh my God, robots are going to steal my job,\" let's start by looking at the world that technology has allowed us to create. ", "It is fantastic, but it comes with its lot of problems. ", "It is up to us to solve them." ]

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[ "Minimally invasive right heart operations: techniques for bicaval occlusion and cardioplegia.", "\nPeripheral cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegia has facilitated minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve replacement. ", "The cardiopulmonary bypass system was modified to allow bicaval occlusion for right heart operations. ", "In 4 canine studies, three variants of bicaval cannulation techniques were successfully used for atrial septal defect repair via a right minithoracotomy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\"Where are you?\" \"", "I dont wanna do piIon, Then dont do it\" \"If you dont want then why are you doing?\" \"", "PiIon\" \"We should discuss it more\" \"You are very hot\" \"I dont wanna do piIon but...\" \"Sure?\" \"", "You dont wanna do piIon?\" \"", "I wanna do piIon?\" \"", "Let me think\" \"I'm having that kinda feeling.\" \"", "Like something will happen\" \"Who saw me?\" \"", "Who saw me?\" \"", "Nobody\" \"black coffee without sugar\" \"You wanna impress girls?\" \"", "You are not looking like impressed from me\" \"people will never understand\" \"They will marry then they will cry\" \"control him dude\" \"Open your eyes guys\" \"So you dont believe in marriage?\" \"", "Are you thinking to marry me then wanna be a mother of my childrens?\" \"", "Are you thinking me your friend?\" \"", "No chance\" \"I'm trying to golden gate since last 3 years\" \"Lets see what will happen\" \"Same like Meera\" \"She wanna go back to India and then wanna paint old walls\" \"She does Fresco Do you know disco?\" \"", "No I only know disco\" \"See nobody knows what you do?\" \"", "Did you Iike it?\" \"", "Yes\" \"You are watching Fresco or doing disco?\" \"", "Are you my girlfriend?\" \"", "Ok I'm going from left\" \"There will be lots of traffic near stadium\" \"Ok I take tube\" \"How are you feeling?\" \"", "If you dont wanna listen then why are you asking?\" \"", "There is no dress better than this\" \"immediately buy this before anyone can see\" \"Length is low\" \"And today dont do anything fast\" \"You dont have to go anywhere in the evening?\" \"", "There is nothing to rush\" \"Yes and you?\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "What happened Jay?\" \"", "First I wanna clear that this is very hard for me\" \"I dont know why we are standing here?\" \"", "I hope you will not think like this\" \"I hope you'II be happy\" \"Is it possible?\" \"", "You what I think about you\" \"I dont speak a Iot\" \"I think its totally fair\" \"This bloody traffic\" \"Its in my blood.\" \"", "Where I park the car?\" \"", "Park in my pocket?\" \"", "Did you notice that local lover name always comes first what a rubbish\" \"The Heer Ranjha, LaiIa majnu and all people like this\" \"They are only in stories\" \"They live separate in other world\" \"And then they find each other in this world\" \"What the hell is this?\" \"", "These things always confuse normal people\" \"We are regular people\" \"We are regular people\" \"Jay you know I was thinking that....\" \"That all couples think that they are different\" \"Like others\" \"I'm going.\" \"", "With in one week?\" \"", "With in 10 days\" \"For forever?\" \"", "You will work there?\" \"", "There are lots of monequins in India\" \"You wanna settle in India\" \"Jay you will go golden Gate\" \"Do you remeber what happened with Madhvi?\" \"", "I cant be run\" \"We have to be practical\" \"We will chat on net, write letters to each other\" \"Then one day you will not reply my mails, then all that\" \"You are not with me\" \"The good part is not with me\" \"But all the problems are still with me\" \"I dont wanna be stress\" \"specially it was good between us\" \"You know what I mean?\" \"", "We should...\" \"We should break up\" \"I also think this\" \"I was tensed.\" \"", "I thought you will not...\" \"Did you decide this earlier?\" \"", "What matters?\" \"", "I were very nice\" \"I'm gonna miss you a Iot\" \"What is our current status?\" \"", "We are still committed or single now?\" \"", "You always speaks true\" \"Lets invite all\" \"Its strange\" \"Lets do it.\" \"", "We will not have a break up in old boring style\" \"We will start a new life\" \"So tell whether we have to be happy or sad?\" \"", "What kinda dress I wear?\" \"", "White dress or colorful dress?\" \"", "Or how will I wish them?\" \"", "Like congrats or I'm feeling very bad to hear this\" \"How many peoples will come?\" \"", "Our 2 friends are going to break up so we have to but a gift\" \"Do you have any gift like break up special?\" \"", "This is for your new life\" \"AII the best always works\" \"This is your gift\" \"There is no fear now.\" \"", "You are a wild animal now\" \"Hey are you single now?\" \"", "Can I try on him now?\" \"", "What is your upcoming plan?\" \"", "So what's the plan?\" \"", "May I show you?\" \"", "The thing you will show me, I will like it or not?\" \"", "Depend on your taste\" \"Can my friends also see that?\" \"", "We will meet when you will come to London\" \"We will be in touch\" \"Take anything you want\" \"Our place is kitche\" \"Is everything fine?\" \"", "You have a break up\" \"why?\" \"", "its my personal matter why are you asking?\" \"", "the girl was good, i dont know why you dont like her?\" \"", "when i tell you that i dont like her?\" \"", "then what?\" \"", "then why you left her?\" \"", "is your family is against you?\" \"", "there is no problem with my family why you wanna know?\" \"", "Nothing just tell me dont mind come and sit here cool down now tell me what happened?\" \"", "there were some things between us we are going to different countries you were made excuses infront of that girl did you hear that?\" \"", "that was true?\" \"", "its a practical era this is your life what can I do?\" \"", "ofcourse you cant do anything\" \"so she is going tomorrow?\" \"", "yes are you going to aiport to drop her?\" \"", "why?\" \"", "because she said no and you wanna know why she said no?\" \"", "its very important for you because she know i will not have car tomorrow because my sister will have exam tomorrow you can also go by taxi or train all the roads are repairing there will be lots of traffic even i will not get the taxi dont worry we will go in my car\" \"my cafe opens in afternoon you are taking me to airport?\" \"", "why?\" \"", "what is your angle?\" \"", "i like you very much no i was same like you are now and i tell you that i was very handsome when i was young whenever i see you i remeber you young age\" \"i will take you you have to go there\" \"but she dont wants that i come to see off her are you crazy?\" \"", "she wants you to see off her\" \"i knew it i knew you will come sorry its very hard to give surprise after 2 years\" \"You come here\" \"Mother M I late or not?\" \"", "Its not possible\" \"Jay Vardhan with flowers?\" \"", "I'm very lucky\" \"I'm senti now first time and now thanks. ", "i was waiting for you if you wont come then i will restless whole way\" \"why it is necessary to meet last time before going?\" \"", "now i will go comfortable\" \"what happened?\" \"", "who?\" \"", "whose film is running in your mind\" \"tell me its my personal matter now its your turn and i will not leave you\" \"i wont be leave you are giving me money to shut my mouth\" \"HarIeen\" \"Your tyre is again punctured the road is totally damaged what can i do?\" \"", "wait a minute I'm doing my work\" \"What happened?\" \"", "leave him he is in a hurry mind your business\" \"why are you in hurry?\" \"", "where you wanna go?\" \"", "let him do\" \"i was same like you\" \"little bit different than you that was the different time that was different world\" \"black one. ", "which english men drink boil the water and put sugar and milk are you an english man?\" \"", "drink milk, you will have energy?\" \"", "punjab lost here if you want energy then drink milk, what's in the tea?\" \"", "give me 250gms turmeric\" \"Take this black tea...!\" \"", "I dont like all this..\" \"What?\" \"", "To following and all this...\" \"I'm no like that...\" \"This might be a game for you but It will be trouble for me..\" \"Just forgive me..\" \"Or I'II be dishonored everywhere..\" \"I'II not let you dishonored...\" \"Never... weather whatever happens..\" \"hence her honor is my honor..\" \"obviously..\" \"So aIIright..\" \"I'II not follow her rikshaw by my bicycle...\" \"But this heart is not a cycle...\" \"It will go on...\" \"After her..\" \"She's my Iife..\" \"She's my world...\" \"She's my pray....\" \"There's no one like here...\" \"Its good...\" \"Ohh..\" \"lord..\" \"My true lord..\" \"I promise...\" \"That In this life...\" \"and in every life..\" \"She'II be my love... no one other...\" \"she's my desire...\" \"What's so funny?\" \"", "still ve'nt meet her..\" \"and you made the wedding plan.?\" \"", "And even in every life..\" \"Whatever her name will be in next birth....so?\" \"", "So dont you think that you did amazing..\" \"Because Its called love..\" \"And your whole generation could'nt understand this..\" \"Because you ve'nt heart..\" \"all God gave you brain..\" \"Its the story of you all..\" \"see yourself you're big example..\" \"Why did you let her go...\" \"Ifd have heart so would've let her go?\" \"", "I dont understand you...\" \"and you dont me...\" \"Why we understand each other?\" \"", "by the way is there less things to understand?\" \"", "So many things in your life...\" \"Science has developed enough...\" \"therefore it made your life busy..\" \"We had one dish in our menu card..\" \"Today there is so many kinds for things..\" \"So what's the problem?\" \"", "its good that we have options..\" \"May be we were not habitual of options..\" \"In our time there was only a destitute..\" \"I had'nt any option that I do love with her or not..\" \"should I stop her or let her go..\" \"Is she held or gone.?\" \"", "She gone..\" \"Where?\" \"", "caIcutta..\" \"forever by leaving delhi..\" \"Her family had been shift..\" \"I couId'nt do anything..\" \"I just could sat with my friends..\" \"And suddenly I felt that I'II never able to see her again..\" \"She's going..\" \"very far..\" \"Forever..\" \"I just want to see her...\" \"last time..\" \"Why meeting is important before leaving...\" \"Why it happens..?\" \"", "After this we've to talk with each other at international rates.\" \"", "before i board on we talk at cheap rates..\" \"So where you reached?\" \"", "heading to parking lot..\" \"Listen important thing..\" \"Everybody laughs at your red shoes...\" \"please thorow it out..\" \"Dont keep moustache ever..\" \"you looks shaddy...\" \"Are you gone mad..\" \"I looks very cool In moustache..\" \"untill I was your girl friend...\" \"I couId'nt say it all ..\" \"Now I can say it all..\" \"first profit of break up..\" \"tell me more.. remember when you dont tries you looks more hot.\" \"", "I been traped like this..\" \"you looks idiot when you tries..\" \"But I couId'nt understand how can I use this trick..\" \"How Can I dont use on anyone..\" \"How can I dont try...\" \"walk with covering...\" \"by hiding..\" \"have you every came to know that I was also trying..\" \"For you..\" \"You keeps everything inside..\" \"and other one feels insecure..\" \"I'II try to change myself..\" \"When you talks ...\" \"you becomes very direct.\" \"", "some peoples cant handle it..\" \"you've worse choice in music..\" \"I hate your every music of i pod...\" \"I dont knew it..\" \"even you dont knew it..\" \"That I hate your sister..\" \"You sees enough yourself in mirror..\" \"girls dont likes that..\" \"you'II loose your chance.\" \"", "And you...\" \"dont ever wear nose ring..\" \"And dont ever do drinking with strangers..\" \"I've took advantage of you a Iot..\" \"I always knew what're you gonna do!\" \"", "I was'nt drank...\" \"I was just acting..so that you do something.\" \"", "What..you should'd tell me...\" \"I'd not deny you...\" \"Do you what I took advantage..\" \"Dont accept your mistake so soon.\" \"", "Tomorrow is meeting..\" \"I hope I'd have enter in his group.\" \"", "You'II be enter...\" \"no one can stop you..\" \"You're too smart and ready for facing the situation...\" \"I got back some friends from my college...\" \"She's my x-room mate.\" \"", "you'II like her..she's your type.\" \"", "What is my type..\" \"I thought you're my type..\" \"I'm gone from your inside..\" \"You know I feels that..\" \"but that day in cd's store..\" \"There was a my type a girl..\" \"she's was giving me a card.\" \"", "I was driving..\" \"When I went close..\" \"so she smiled..\" \"I also smiled but I turned back and gone out...\" \"I thought Its a joke..\" \"try It she's be happy..and I'II be free..\" \"And what's your story..\" \"have i been out or still on crease.?\" \"", "Jay I want to talk with you..\" \"That is my boss vikram..\" \"I used to read his papers in london..\" \"He did artrestiration in all over the world..\" \"now that vikram was saying that I with him...\" \"Just a moment..\" \"someone is knoking..\" \"He's a good man...\" \"that's not a problem..\" \"So look at him..\" \"go to dinner..\" \"should I go with him?\" \"", "Why not?\" \"", "By the way I sticks with him whole day..\" \"So that's the matter if you do dinner with him..\" \"I think he likes me..\" \"I think you likes him too..\" \"But not that way..\" \"you'II like him that way..\" \"If you give him chance so!\" \"", "actually we works together...\" \"we'II be mess up.\" \"", "So you're saying I should try.\" \"", "but you'II guide me.\" \"", "whatever mistakes I made with you dont want to do with you.\" \"", "I've to go further beacuse she's going with anyone else.\" \"", "It passed months...\" \"what am i doing.\" \"", "I should attack.\" \"", "are you all right.\" \"", "I noticed that...\" \"I cant be sad so more..\" \"I'm defected piece..\" \"I'II be okay soon.\" \"", "What'd you done when she gone.\" \"", "I was sad ..\" \"I was restless for months..\" \"Then I decided..\" \"I got implement in my salary..\" \"Say its not true..\" \"You must have found out someone else..?\" \"", "What are you..\" \"how could you have survived till now.?\" \"", "How you made all this..\" \"its because of her..\" \"First of all I was wandering...\" \"With my friends..\" \"Then I gotjob..\" \"because I wanted to earn money.\" \"", "I wanted to marry with her..\" \"so I became mature in life..\" \"And you're so serious in life that you broken up with meera..\" \"Because you can do your work.\" \"", "You spent togheter 1 year...\" \"till you did'nt do anything...\" \"The thing you're talking..\" \"was not exist in our era..\" \"We were not Iike animal... there was manners..\" \"and ways..\" \"First fall in love..\" \"then betrayal...\" \"Then wedding..\" \"And then it happens ...\" \"whichever you're talking about.\" \"", "Not like today...\" \"it happens before the marriage..\" \"Thank god I'm from this generation.. because I ve'nt heart and pain.nor I want it.\" \"", "I dont want put my self in the examination..\" \"And dont want to go miles away to see a girls face..\" \"I can let her go...\" \"Because Life will be change..\" \"And definetly she'II meet with someone..and he'II...\" \"It happens..\" \"Life always takes changes..\" \"We have to walk with it.\" \"", "I'd have to tell you first of all infact its very important for me.\" \"", "I'm going out finally..\" \"I had decided that I'II never ask you again for dinner..\" \"Therefore I asked to you..\" \"You did very good...\" \"I've invited you...\" \"I'm your boss..\" \"If you likes to spend money..\" \"so you just take me out tomorrow.\" \"", "Your smile is very nice..\" \"I know it..\" \"I smiled him..\" \"you said true..\" \"Vikram is ready to take me to the disco..\" \"whole gang Is accepting jo on your surrogate.\" \"", "And she's enough friendship with my sister..\" \"We went to see the old castle...\" \"I enjoyed a Iot...but my family enjoyed more than me..\" \"Now jo Is my girl friend ...\" \"And Vikram Is my boy friend..\" \"You're outjay..\" \"you're out too meera..\" \"The things that you have to take are not in your baggage\" \"I was about to take that in mu hand baggage\" \"Did you tell her?\" \"", "I will tell her\" \"Dont tell her, give her a surprise\" \"Enjoy somethings from your past\" \"One day you see that your past is infront of you\" \"Dont you have a heart attack?\" \"", "A sensitive person like you\" \"What happenned?\" \"", "Its too hot here\" \"I work in a factory\" \"Its impossible that you will get tonight's flight\" \"call the airline and shift the flight to tomorrow\" \"Or may be to day after tomorrow\" \"you again come back to impress me?\" \"", "if my girlfriend know that kill you\" \"She will not know she is mot Meera\" \"By the way how do you this girl?\" \"", "she is beautiful you have seen me with Meera.\" \"", "I also had a girlfriend before Meera\" \"If God wants then I will get more in future\" \"A person love only one time.\" \"", "I Iove minimum 15 times\" \"You never love\" \"There is one thing what happened?\" \"", "You will be late.\" \"", "She always takes time why girls take much time in bathroom?\" \"", "what they do inside?\" \"", "What a fresco\" \"I only knew disco till now what is happening here?\" \"", "is that you?\" \"", "In hotel\" \"I wanna see her\" \"I think we should all 4 meet do you have any plan for today?\" \"", "i wanna let you meet Vikram\" \"I call him you talk to him\" \"but honestly I'm not interested to meet him meet my boyfriend your girlfriend is very special\" \"you got a very nice life partner its for our friendship a social bullshit\" \"yes i call you yes everything is fine\" \"i have heard all your love talk it was a taxi driver he was asking for a address\" \"i know madam tonight?\" \"", "actually I'm going for a dinner with Kashish and gang ok i will call you later\" \"now I have to do the same with Joe\" \"I never made excuse like this\" \"Then why now?\" \"", "when nothing is happening\" \"do this thinking work when i leave this place remove this mechanic clothes since i left from your life, you forget the sense of fashion\" \"Come on you are Meera\" \"You know we always you always speak truth\" \"I'm holding your hand\" \"Other persons will not understand Other persons will not see\" \"this is the same feeling which one?\" \"", "this one\" \"I feel the same in the past we never realized but we like each other very much\" \"more than Joe?\" \"", "More than Vikram\" \"We know each other very well\" \"Now we dont have to impress each other\" \"Dont have to maintain relationship dont have to go for shopping dont have to come on time just 3 days, we meet each other without telling anybody\" \"and lets see your delhi\" \"wait here I'm coming\" \"i will go if you go in anybody's house\" \"I'm also drunk\" \"Anybody can avail the benefit thats why you are coming with me to my house\" \"If anybody has to avail benefit then I will avail it\" \"how are you?\" \"", "I'm fine\" \"Yes dude where are you taking her?\" \"", "may be to some good place all the good places will be booked tonight then i will take her to some bad place she will kill you if i was in place of her then i would kill you what are you doing?\" \"", "private party also write our name there are you mad?\" \"", "we will not meet each other by the way only we both know each other?\" \"", "i know you wanna see Joe whether she is more beautiful than you or not?\" \"", "when we were together we never had so much fun if we knew this then we had a break up earlier\" \"I'm much beautiful than them\" \"only you think this you also think this and dont forget i have my smile\" \"well she also has a smile ok show me\" \"take is Meera, he is bringing AIchohoI drink be careful\" \"come behing the wall\" \"Vikram proposed me for marriage.\" \"", "I'm engaged when?\" \"", "tomorrow because of this they took me here for marriage.\" \"", "nothing can happen now forget everything then what's the problem?\" \"", "thats good.\" \"", "are you happy?\" \"", "you are looking cute first time I'm looking you Iike this\" \"dont be tensed he just asked you for marriage\" \"you think and then decide to meet you secrectIy then hold your hand then I decide?\" \"", "then how you have to decide?\" \"", "you have to go far from me i'm too far from you.\" \"", "we cant meet like this we cant meet like this that same feelings and habits there is no place for these in our life now\" \"there cant be any contact between us dont be so boring why dont you understand?\" \"", "i want you to Ieave.i need a space i'm thinking about marriage then what we do you tell me?\" \"", "go from here why you come here?\" \"", "are you serious?\" \"", "yes.\" \"", "is it neccessary that we will not be in touch?\" \"", "how many times we break up?\" \"", "we will never meet?\" \"", "I dont know\" \"I wanna marry her\" \"now laugh i know i made a big mistake she was going may be meet again or not\" \"how can I change all the situation?\" \"", "I can understand\" \"Mr.inteIIigent are you in love?\" \"", "dont worry about it it needs a heart and my heart factory is closed are you becoming Veer Singh?\" \"", "these days there are no Veer Singh manufactred\" \"Look this can be a marriage ceremony scoId him she dont want that I go to her marriage\" \"so finally you have decided\" \"dont make easy for him down your head\" \"Meera wants to meet Jay alone we take her to dressing room, you bring jay after 10 mins to that room\" \"i will sort out it\" \"today is your marriage and i know you were looking at me thatjay is fine?\" \"", "is there any disturbance in his system?\" \"", "if it is true then?\" \"", "that only once in a life time happens\" \"2 peoples who are made for each other cant live without each other\" \"looking for each other and rubbish that Veer Singh do in his coffee shop\" \"believe me i'm fine i was nervous, you were looking at me and i was looking at you\" \"you dont know you are looking very beautiful\" \"Meera you are a bride you wanna marry\" \"if you wanna marry me then you had to insist me take me to ice cream and for shopping and if you also say me for this that you have to marry me, then... i'm fine Meera\" \"what is your status now?\" \"", "Are you married or single?\" \"", "it was about to happen\" \"i'm trying to say that i cant bring the time back\" \"we have to go there\" \"i have made a mistake\" \"this is not good this cant be good\" \"Jay is making me same like him\" \"I said no to him.\" \"", "It was easy\" \"But Jay...\" \"what i do for him?\" \"", "I wanna meet him\" \"I wanna meet him\" \"I wanna talk to him\" \"I wanna clear all things\" \"That where M I?\" \"", "here or there?\" \"", "it can be run i cant act more\" \"i cant live on 2 places now you are thinking to decide?\" \"", "2 years ago you had a break up then 1 year we live together then we marry each other and the next day you are again talking about Jay\" \"it cant be good there is something wrong that i have to correct there is something between me and Jay\" \"there is something that still not went if after talking it will not go then?\" \"", "by talking if it becomes more stronger than?\" \"", "then how can i live with you?\" \"", "then i have to leave\" \"What is this Meera?\" \"", "why are you doing this?\" \"", "I know i'm doing wrong with you.\" \"", "I will say sorry to you but i cant control myself now but i will be bad even for you too its necessary\" \"i have to go\" \"first I have to tell Meera she can understand what is happenning with me?\" \"", "and you call her\" \"you were always sure Meera\" \"I was thinking that if Meera is saying than there is some chance\" \"Meera if you were not then I give up on that night i thought what I'm doing?\" \"", "what is happenning?\" \"", "break up..and again in India and then your marriage and next day this appoinmen letter comes\" \"And in one second I got all the answers now i know the plan there is a god somewhere\" \"who can all things that are best\" \"because its very common\" \"lots of professionals come from US to discuss this problem i daily see 5 cases in a day so it means you a treatment for this disease\" \"my mind is not in my control how to work?\" \"", "thats why they send me here\" \"sometimes i see that i'm talking to myself\" \"why this happenning?\" \"", "it was my dream\" \"i was about to be very happy\" \"Jay you told me everything\" \"there is lots of positive energy near you when you feel positive form inside then you can avail all the energy\" \"then they will make your day more bright throw away the darkness from your life\" \"do you have medical insurance?\" \"", "is it you?\" \"", "are you doing this?\" \"", "are you my problem?\" \"", "what is happenning?\" \"", "it cant be happen in thiis life and this is happenning with me?\" \"", "i always laugh at you are you ok?\" \"", "no i'm not fine i tried alot but she is Meera\" \"what is she doing?\" \"", "since last so many years, she is going away or coming near to me?\" \"", "i haven't seen her since one year and now she came inside me\" \"and now i dont have any option i wanna meet her\" \"i wanna meet her\" \"Jay try to understand its too late now\" \"what will you do by meeting her?\" \"", "i dont know when she will come infront of me then I will know what I have to do\" \"its too late now its too late now but life is not end yet think then take decison\" \"did you think?\" \"", "may be i'm doing a mistake we have only one life its her marriage today i have only one chance\" \"go son god will help you\" \"we have to do in 2 days i'm dieing from credits i have to pay lots of credits i'm going mad i thinking to beg so that your father in law will be happy why are you shouting on me?\" \"", "i'm not running with him\" \"i will kill him if i see him then its my promise\" \"i will kill him its decided. ", "have you decided?\" \"", "yes. ", "then cool down\" \"you think if i get her number than i will destroy her life ofcourse you have her number\" \"but your daughter will only be happy with me you know this.\" \"", "its a very tough time but trust me it will pass away soon everything will be fine\" \"you just put your hands on our heads\" \"is Meera inside?\" \"", "Who is there?\" \"", "no.\" \"", "where is she gone?\" \"", "come inside i wanna meet her i wanna talk to her its very important\" \"if she is inside then please call her i know you are Meera's husband i didn't wanna meet you i didn't think that this will happen\" \"we think a Iot then we ttook the decision\" \"we have the mistake we did not understand we cant live like this\" \"because you think you will never forget her\" \"so you come back again\" \"do you know where is old temple?\" \"", "Jay is going to America\" \"I dont know what will happen in future i dont think that i will forget him\" \"the things that i have done with you, i cant correct them but i dont wanna do more bad with you\" \"i cant live with you Vikram\" \"I'm getting late drive fast\" \"how to put the luggage?\" \"", "why dont you tell him?\" \"", "because i know him if i tell him then he will leave all the things and come here\" \"then after few days he will realize that he has done a mistake\" \"Jay still not know the truth he is still unaware of this\" \"when he knows, if he knows then he will come\" \"these old lovers only exists in stories you and me are ordinary people the mango people\" \"we dont wanna die we wanna live together in this life what do you say?\" \"", "angle is new i think we have to discuss this some more you always speak the truth darling\" \"so can I come down?\" \"", "You only see me?\" \"", "I'm afraid that i will not be drown\" \"you all do your work\"" ]

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[ "package com.baeldung.config;\n\nimport org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication;\nimport org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.", "SpringBootApplication;\nimport org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.support.", "SpringBootServletInitializer;\n\n@SpringBootApplication\npublic class ResourceServerApplication extends SpringBootServletInitializer {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SpringApplication.run(ResourceServerApplication.class, args);\n }\n\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from branchial cleft cyst.", "\nSquamous cell carcinoma throughout the epithelium of a lateral cervical cyst is considered extremely rare. ", "This report describes an additional case of this very rare clinical condition. ", "A 70-year-old man presented with a well-defined, immobile, painless mass in the left neck that was excised with a diagnosis of branchial cyst. ", "Histologic findings of the excised specimen were lateral branchial cyst with high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma of the squamous epithelial lining. ", "The patient was followed for more than 2 years 10 months and no evidence of recurrence or other cancer has been found." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Lagos tramway\n\nLagos steam tramway was a passenger and sanitary tramway that carried cargo and passengers within Lagos Colony. ", "The tram was an important public transit system connecting travelers and merchandise from Ibadan and Abeokuta via the railway terminus at Iddo, mainland Lagos to Port of Lagos. ", "The system ran from 1902 to 1933, it carried passengers and goods for twelve years from 1902 to 1914 and nightsoil from 1906 to 1933.", "\n\nSteam tramway\n\nPassenger and goods line\nBetween 1901 and 1902, public sanitation and mosquito eradication palliatives resulted in the construction of an iron bridge over Five Cowrie Creek and swamp land reclamation projects at Kokomaiko. ", "When the colonial government completed the Lagos to Ibadan rail track, the terminal on the Lagos side ended on Lagos mainland and a system had to be devised to link Iddo with the Port of Lagos and other areas on the Island. ", "In 1901, construction commenced of a single track over Carter Bridge. ", "The tram was open to the public in 1902, the passenger cars ran northwards from Kokomaiko in the Marina side of Lagos passing customs wharf then turning left into Balogun St to Iddo train terminus via Ereko, Ebute Ero, Idumota and Carter Bridge. ", "The passenger line was one of the earliest public transport system built within Lagos, it carried travelers, traders and workers from the train station at Iddo going to Lagos Island.", "\n\nThe line was a single track tramway with a 2 ft 6 in gauge and 7 passing loops on the track. ", "There was a run-in at Iddo terminus with sidings to the goods warehouse. ", "The journey from Marina through Carter bridge was with an average speed of .", "\n\nSanitary line\nIn 1906, the sanitary tramway, also called Kokomaiko began operations, it ran from Agarawu through Massey Street and Cow Lane via George V road, Onikan crossing over Five Cowrie Bridge to end at Dejection Jetty. ", "The tram carried nightsoil.", "\n\nRolling stock\n\nLocomotives \nThe steam tram Lagos had five 0-4-4 locomotives Nos. ", "101 to 105, which were manufactured by Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds. ", "The locomotives No. ", "101-103 were built in 1910 with the factory numbers 751-753, and No. ", "104-105 were built in 1910 with the factory numbers 1016-1017. ", "They had outside cylinders with a bore x stroke of 6¼ inches x 8 inches (159 x 203 mm) and a wheel diameter of 1 foot 6½ in (470 mm).", "\n\nThe fecal sheet had two 0-4-0 saddle tank locomotives from W. G. Bagnall Ltd. of Stafford. ", "They had outside cylinders of 7 inches by 12 inches (178 x 305 mm) and a wheel diameter of 1 foot 9½ inches (521 mm). ", "The locomotive 1906 built locomotive with the factory number 1779 was called Kokomaiko, which describes the sound of the locomotive. ", "The other locomotive was built in 1911 with the factory number 1944. ", "It had no name tag but was colloquially called New Sanitary.", "\n\nCarriages and wagons \nThe cars were built by Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Company Ltd and consisted of 10 passenger trailer units and 20 goods units.", "\n\nSee also \n Transportation in Lagos\n Lagos Rail Mass Transit\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rail transport in Lagos\nCategory:History of Lagos\nCategory:Tram transport" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The Truth about Trade\n\nDean is Chairman Emeritus of 'Truth About Trade & Technology, a nonprofit advocacy group led by a volunteer board of American farmers.", "\n\nEditor's Note:We are saddened to hear of Dean Kleckner’s passing and extend our sympathies to his family and friends. ", "The AgWeb staff is grateful to have had the chance to work with him.", "\n\nStanding Up to the True Mission of the “Just Label It” Crowd\n\nDec 13, 2012\n\nBy Ted Sheely: Lemoore, California\n\nAnti-biotech activists are like zombies in a horror movie: No matter how many times you defeat them, they keep snapping back to life, determined to wreak brand-new havoc.", "\n\nSo a month after suffering a bad loss in California on Election Day, they’re shifting their misconceived movement to Connecticut, Oregon, Vermont, and elsewhere. ", "The next engagement is already well underway in the state of Washington, where the frightening extremism of what they really hope to achieve is also on full display.", "\n\nTheir outrageous goal is nothing less than a complete ban of crops enhanced by biotechnology--and they must be stopped.", "\n\nLast month, 53 percent of Californians said \"No!\" ", "on Proposition 37, a fatally flawed ballot initiative that would have mandated warning labels for safe food products that may contain ingredients derived from genetically modified crops.", "\n\nProp 37 was a bad idea from the start. ", "It would have driven up grocery-store bills without aiding consumers at all. ", "Farmers, doctors, scientists, and just about every daily newspaper editorial page in the state opposed it. ", "In the end, so did most voters.", "\n\nYet anti-biotech activists are preparing to strike again. ", "In Washington, they’re gathering signatures now for a ballot initiative modeled on Prop 37. ", "They even have an official name for it: Initiative 522, or I-522. ", "And they’ve raised almost $200,000 in its behalf, according to Linda Thomas of KIRO\n\nOrganizers are well on their way to meeting a goal of collecting 320,000 signatures by December 31. ", "They believe this will give them more than enough to guarantee the 242,000 valid names they will need for certification by the secretary of state. ", "If that happens, their proposal will move to the state legislature. ", "As soon as January, lawmakers could approve the measure or allow I-522 to go on the ballot in November 2013.", "\n\nOdds are the legislature will defer to voters. ", "That’s what happened earlier this year with I-502, an effort to legalize and regulate marijuana. ", "Supporters had gathered signatures, and lawmakers let it appear on the ballot. ", "Last month, 55 percent of voters approved it.", "\n\nIt remains to be seen how I-502 will affect drug use, as selling or possessing pot remains illegal under federal law. ", "But consider the irony: Shortly after Washington voters decided to relax drug laws, anti-GM activists are asking them to impose a crackdown on one of the safest and common technologies in agriculture.", "\n\nReasonable people can disagree on the decriminalization of pot. ", "Yet the idea that voters would take a laissez-faire approach to marijuana and then almost immediately impose draconian restrictions on mainstream food ingredients is just plain bizarre.", "\n\nThe opponents of biotechnology try to present a reasonable face to the public, but their real agenda is radical--and it’s already on full view in the state of Washington.", "\n\nOn Election Day, as Californians were casting their ballots against Prop 37, voters in Washington’s San Juan County considered an even more dangerous measure: a total ban on the growing of GM crops.", "\n\nSan Juan County, home to less than 16,000 people, is tiny compared to California and its population of almost 37 million. ", "So its drastic initiative didn’t generate much attention during the campaign season--and neither did the result, in which 61 percent of the county’s voters decided to outlaw the kinds of plants that farmers in much of the rest of the country take for granted.", "\n\nThis is the true mission of the anti-biotech movement: the utter elimination of genetically modified crops from the United States.", "\n\nIf the \"Just Label It\" crowd wanted to stop at labeling, its leaders would have condemned the vote in San Juan County. ", "But they did no such thing. ", "For people who love to spew out press releases and shout on blogs, their silence was curious--and also revealing.", "\n\nThe rest of us must speak out against both the effort to push new food-label laws and the even more harmful agenda that lies behind it. ", "We know the truth about modern food and agriculture, and it’s our job once again to make sure voters hear about it as well.", "\n\nTed Sheely raises lettuce, cotton, tomatoes, wheat, pistachios, wine grapes and garlic on a family farm in the CaliforniaSan JoaquinValley. ", "He volunteers as a board member for Truth About Trade &Technology (www.truthabouttrade.org).", "\n\nComments\n\nLeave a Comment\n\nRate this\nBlog Post:\n\nName *\n\nEmail *\n\nCity *\n\nState *\n\nComment *\n\nPlease enter text you see below:\n\nAnonymous12/18/2012 04:30 AM\n\nThe Talking Point Lead of this Article says: “This is the true mission of the anti-biotech movement: the utter elimination of genetically modified crops from the United States. ", "If the “Just Label It” crowd wanted to stop at labeling, its leaders would have condemned the vote in San Juan County. ", "But they did no such thing. ", "For people who love to spew out press releases and shout on blogs, their silence was curious–and also revealing. ", "The rest of us must speak out against both the effort to push new food-label laws and the even more harmful agenda that lies behind it. ", "We know the truth about modern food and agriculture, and it’s our job once again to make sure voters hear about it as well.”", "\nFirst of all, anyone with the willingness to do the necessary research, KNOWS the current roster of Biotech Patents and Products are based on Science and Tech 30 years old-which is ancient within the confines of Science. ", "It evolves, yet the companies with these products have merely updated their failing product lines by stacking new resistance traits. ", "Hopefully, Monsanto’s Strategic Partnerships with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, S Dak U and CSIRO in Australia signal a possible shift in Market Strategies to develop the next generation of Biotech, sans the operational issues of the current ones. ", "In addition to new Biotech, Monsanto needs to work with Farmers to analyze and do what’s needed to repair and optimize the soil-even the USDA recently announced that such an initiative was needed-who better to do it? ", "Also, regardless of the new Biotech Developments, they can only be as good as the basic seed identity. ", "The interim dedicated to new development should be used to focus on new Hybrid and Seed Identity Research as the soil is brought back to maximum fertility. ", "I’m often considered an “enemy of Biotech”, but though I’m a tough critic, I want to see it step into the 21st century. ", "1980's Science and Tech won’t cut it anymore, nor will lazy research standards. ", "I want to see American Farmers the undisputed leaders in Technological Agriculture-we MUST do BETTER!", "\nOn Labeling, I have to point this out: 61 evidently more Politically transparent Countries,(like China, Russia, Cuba, etc. ", "LOL)have GM Labeling, which has not raised prices or banned the Market from GM Food Sources. ", "In many cases, the products sell because they cost as little as half of what non-GM costs. ", "Requesting knowledge of what it is I’m buying should be a given, NOT a “Political Hot Potato.” ", "Besides, if you read my commentary above, you’ll know the brouhaha is over antiquated science. ", "I consider the whole silly issue an outgrowth of the “dumbing down of America.” ", "If we had truly Competitive and Creative people manning the research, rather than the current spate of drones, yes men and intellectual zombies, who knows what wonders we’d see come into being. ", "We are Americans-we CAN do this!" ]

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[ "Bruce Barton (canoeist)\n\nBruce Barton (born May 30, 1957) is an American sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1970s. ", "At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he was eliminated in the semifinals of K-2 1000 m event and the repechages of the K-4 1000 m event.", "\n\nBarton's brother, Greg, won four Summer Olympic medals in canoe sprint between 1984 and 1992, including two golds in 1988.", "\n\nReferences\nSports-reference.com profile\n\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:American male canoeists\nCategory:Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Olympic canoeists of the United States" ]

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[ "Tegaserod (HTF 919) stimulates gut motility in normal horses.", "\nIt has been shown that the selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist tegaserod induces an increase in frequency and amplitude of contractions in isolated muscle preparations of equine ileum and pelvic flexure. ", "To investigate the effects of tegaserod on gut motility and transit of spheres in normal horses. ", "Six mature Freiberger horses were kept under standardised conditions. ", "Effects of tegaserod (0.02 mg/kg bwt i.v. ", "b.i.d. ", "for 2 days) or vehicle on intestinal transit of barium-filled spheres, defaecation and gut sounds were studied in a cross-over design. ", "Spheres were given via stomach tube prior to the first dosing of tegaserod or vehicle. ", "Faeces were collected every 3 h and spheres eliminated were identified radiologically in the faeces. ", "Tegaserod significantly accelerated the gastrointestinal (GI) transit time of spheres and increased the frequency of defaecation and scores of gut sounds compared to vehicle. ", "The compound was well tolerated; no effects on behaviour, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and clinical laboratory data were observed. ", "Tegaserod efficaciously stimulated motility and accelerate GI transit in healthy horses. ", "Tegaserod may offer therapeutic potential in horses suffering from impaction or paralytic ileus." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOracle Installation In HP-UX\n\nI wanna install Oracle 10g in HP UX 11.3(RISC Machine). ", "As per the Oracle installation pre-requisites, it requires HP C/aC++ Compiler to be installed along with the requisite patches for the same. ", "The problem is the HP C/aC++ compiler is available in the form of Developer's Bundle which has to be purchased from HP. ", "MY Question Is: are there any alternate freeware C/C++ compiler available which can run in the HP UX and whether is it a mandatory requirement to have a C/C++ Compiler for Installing Oracle? ", "\n\nA:\n\nI think you can try GCC. ", "http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/site/dspp/menuitem.863c3e4cbcdc3f3515b49c108973a801?ciid=2a08725cc2f02110725cc2f02110275d6e10RCRD\n\n" ]

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[ "Property Buying & Selling Articles & Posts\n\nMain menu\n\nPost navigation\n\nHow To Use Open House Signs Effectively\n\nOpen house signs are a key tool in the real estate agent’s arsenal. ", "Agents have been using open house signs almost as long as they have been selling houses. ", "Just because everyone uses open house signs, however, does not mean they are using them as effectively as possible.", "\n\nPut Them in Visible Places\n\nOpen house signs do little good when would-be buyers cannot see them. ", "Always double check to make sure your signs are visible from every direction. ", "If it is blocked by a trash can, bush, or sign post, it is not reaching everyone it should.", "\n\nRemember, your signs should be visible to pedestrians on the sidewalk, cyclists, and cars. ", "Anyone is a potential buyer. ", "You never know who might be looking.", "\n\nGive Warning Before Turns\n\nWhen I was in the market for a house, I always had my eyes out for open house signs, particularly on weekends. ", "However, if a sign was right on the corner, I might pass by without having enough time to turn.", "\n\nGive drivers a little warning when placing signs, particularly on busy streets. ", "The purpose of an open house is to bring in any potential buyer, not just ones who need extra directions on the way there.", "\n\nI suggest placing signs about ten yards before the turn so drivers can make the turn safely and place another sign at the turn. ", "If it’s a busy street with fast moving traffic, try placing signs at intervals of 10-20 ft to attract attention way before the turn.", "\n\nCover All Neighborhood Entrances\n\nOpen house signs are traditionally placed all all major entrances to the neighborhood. ", "You will also want to place open house signs next to all of the stop signs in that neighborhood. ", "Your sign will get more attention if it’s near a stop sign or on one of the corners of that intersection. ", "Got to look both ways before proceeding. ", "You should also determine the route from each stop sign to your open house and place a sign at each turn needed to reach your open house. ", "This will help you maximize capturing drive-by visitors who would be entering the neighborhood anyway.", "\n\nSometimes all this signage means you will get some curious neighbors stopping in, but you never know who might be looking to buy or who knows someone who’s looking to buy. ", "Maybe a friend or relative is coming for a visit and likes the neighborhood so much they want to move there!", "\n\nAlways make it as easy as possible for people to find your signs, and find their way to the house.", "\n\nFollow HOA Rules\n\nPlenty of neighborhoods have no homeowner’s association at all, but those with an HOA can create open house rules. ", "Not knowing them is not an excuse, and your client could be fined or reprimanded for noncompliance with HOA regulations if you place signs where they are prohibited. ", "Unfortunately, some HOAs may even prohibit public access which puts an end to your open house idea.", "\n\nAs a selling agent, you should be familiar with HOA guidelines anyway. ", "Make sure you follow the rules when placing signs in the area.", "\n\nCode enforcement rules in your city may also pose a problem. ", "It’s always best to check with your city’s code enforcement before proceeding, or prepare for signs to be removed without notice.", "\n\nFor best practices, and not to annoy your neighbors, it’s best to post the signs no earlier than one hour before your open house and promptly remove them after the open house. ", "Do this everyday, even if you’re going to have an open house multiple days in a row.", "\n\nGet Creative\n\nThink outside the box. ", "Just because signs have traditionally sat at the edge of the neighborhood does not mean you are limited to that. ", "Think about other creative ways to get the word out.", "\n\nConcert promoters put up posters in coffee shops and cafes telling locals about upcoming shows. ", "Why not use the same for an open house? ", "Take advantage of online listing sites like Zillow and Craigslist to get the word out to digital shoppers. ", "There are no limits beyond what you can come up with.", "\n\nStay On Top of Best Practices\n\nBest practices for open house signs and everything else in real estate can change at any time without notice. ", "Don’t miss out on the next big news, sign up with AgentHarvest today!", "\n\nIf you are buying or selling a house and are looking to hire a successful real estate agent to help you through the process, take a look at AgentHarvest's list of top-ranking local Realtors in your area. ", "We found these agents by examining their sales track records, awards, rankings, client testimonials and by conducting personal interviews." ]

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[ "Safety profile of IBD therapeutics: infectious risks.", "\nOver the last decade, the medical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been revolutionized, with increasing use of both immunomodulatory and biologic medications. ", "Corticosteroids have increasingly been associated with an elevated risk of serious and opportunistic infections, both independently and in combination with immunomodulator and biologic agents. ", "There are limited data on the infectious risk of immunomodulators. ", "It is unclear if anti-tumor necrosis factor agents increase overall infectious risk in patients with IBD, but the available literature has demonstrated an increased risk of opportunistic infections, particularly in terms of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis. ", "Combination therapy likely increases the risk of opportunistic infections in patients with IBD but this has not yet been conclusively proved." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is opposite of strrchr function?", "\n\nI want to remove all characters after last specific string.", "\nFor this function I need opposite of strrchr function.", "\nFor example, I want to remove all characters after last \".\" ", "from \"Hello.World.pdf\". ", " But with strrchr function I can only remove \"Hello.", "World\" before \".\"!", "\nI want something like this code:\n<?", "php\necho strrchr(\"Hello.", "World.pdf\" , \".\" , ", "true);\n?", ">\n\nBut this code isn't working!", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you are dealing with file names that can have various extensions and you would like to remove the extension, you can get the extension using pathinfo() and then use str_replace() to get rid of it:\n$filename = 'Hello.World.pdf';\n$extension = pathinfo($filename, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);\n$filename = str_replace('.' . ", "$extension, '', $filename);\necho $filename; //Hello.", "World\n\nMore info on pathinfo and str_replace\n\n" ]

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[ "The authorities in Antigua have been approached by the CBI requesting them to provide some information about the whereabouts of fugitive jeweler Mehul Choksi m who is one of the primary accused in the Rs 13000 crore fraud at the Punjab National Bank, according to media reports quoting government sources.", "\n\nThe move of the CBI comes after there were reports that Choksi had fled to the Caribbean country in July and had also managed to acquire a local passport. ", "A diffusion notice that had bene issued by the Interpol against the fugitive businessman was cited by the CBI in its written communique to the Antiguan authorities. ", "The CBI is seeking information about the details of movement and the present location of the accused Choksi, sources said.", "\n\nAccording to a local newspaper Antigua Observer, citizenship of Antigua was taken by Choksi in November 2017, and he had taken the oath of allegiance on January 15 this year. ", "A questionnaire to Citizenship by Investment unit of Antigua asking about Choksi was sent by the newspaper, following reports and quotations from Indian news outlets.", "\n\nThe news paper was told that the authorities had approved Choksi’s application after “robust due diligence” and “international investigation” by “reputable agencies”, which included the International Criminal Police Organization and the CARICOM Implementing Agency for Crime and Security (IMPACS), the paper said in a report.", "\n\nIt is evident from Choksi’s actions that advance planning had been made by him for his escape from India and subsequent life because he was well aware that the scam would come out in the public after PNB employee Gokulnath Shetty retired. ", "Sources said that Chiksi had been helped in the process of renewals of Letter of Undertakings by Shetty.", "\n\nSources further said that Choksi took the oath of allegiance in Antigua on January 15 after having fled from the country in the first week of that very month.", "\n\nOn January 16, the Brady House branch of the Punjab National Bank was approached by his firm looking to get Letters of Undertaking renewed and issued, which was denied because cash guarantee was sought by the concerned bank officer for issuing these notes, alleges the CBI FIR in the case. ", "It further says that the executives of Choksi’s firm told the concerned bank official that they had been given the letters during the last several years and there had been no demand for cash guarantee made by the bank.", "\n\nNo instruction for such LoUs in the bank’s system was found by the officer which sparked off the detailed scrutiny that resulted in the scam coming to the surface.", "\n\nIt has been alleged that Rs 7080.86 crore had been swindled off by Choksi which formed the largest ever bank scam in the country." ]

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[ "North East Regional Committee\n\nMartin and Teresa have worked together for more than 20 years in a variety of settings and have collaborated on many projects and resources in the area of sexual health, sexuality and mental health promotion.", "\n\nPresenter Bio: Martin operates a private psychotherapy practice in Cork where he works with young people, adults, couples and families. ", "Martin has particular expertise in the area of couple’s therapy having trained with Bob and Betty Resnick. ", "He also works with clients around psychological sexual dysfunction, sexual identity and other issues of sexuality. ", "In addition, he is an experienced trainer and facilitator in the area of sexual health promotion, sexuality and mental well- being. ", "He has worked in the health services and in the community in a variety of settings including, men’s health, youth health and social inclusion. ", "He has contributed to local and national sexual health initiatives and policy development. ", "Martin is co-author of a range of sexual health training resources and training programmes, including educational resources currently used in Irish schools. ", "He is also the co- author of the book Sex and You – A Modern Irish Perspective published in 2016.", "\n\nPresenter Bio: Teresa works in private practice in Cork providing counselling for adults on a range of issues including sexuality and supporting positive sexual relationships. ", "She is an experienced trainer and facilitator and has had a central role in the development of local and national sexual health and mental health resources and programmes for young people, parents, health and community professionals, as well as the education setting. ", "She has been involved in the development of local and national sexual health policies to guide effective sexual health promotion locally and nationally. ", "She is currently working in the area of mental health and well-being and has a particular interest in positive psychology and its benefit to overall wellbeing and relationships.", "\n\nWorkshop Outline:\n\nThe workshop will be an opportunity to explore:\n\n• The meaning of intimacy, beginnings and building.• Your intimate self. • ", "Visibility and vulnerability in the relationship.• Knowing me, knowing you – the couple dynamic.• The language of intimacy and sex.• Sexual intimacy – more than just sex?• Let’s about sex – the why, the when, the how.", "\n\nThe workshop is interactive, building knowledge, awareness and giving an opportunity to explore your own perceptions of sex and intimacy. ", "Workshop notes will be provided by email to all participants after the worksho\n\nCPD certificates will be emailed to participants after attendance at the Workshop." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRegex for combinational word matching using Python\n\nTrying to find multiple word match in given text.", "For example : \ntext = \"oracle sql\"\nregex = \"(oracle\\\\ sql|sql)\"\nre.findall(regex,text,re.", "I)\n\nOutput actual\n\noracle sql\n\nExpected output\n\noracle sql,sql\n\nCan anyone tell me, where is problem with regex expression ?", "\nUpdated:\n@jim it won't work ,if multiple overlapping comes, for example :\nre.findall(\"(?=(spark|spark sql|sql))\",\"spark sql\",re.", "I)\n\nActual Output\n\n['spark','sql']\n\nExpected Output :\n\n['spark','sql','spark sql']]\n\nNote : In the above case if both are matched then it won't match combination of words. ", "\nUpdated : \nCheck link : repl.it/repls/NewFaithfulMath \n\nA:\n\nYou don't need to escape whitespace.", "\nimport re\ntext = \"oracle sql\"\nregex = \"(oracle sql|sql)\"\nprint re.findall(regex, text, re.", "I)\n\nFrom the documentation:\n\nReturn all non-overlapping matches of pattern in string, as a list of\n strings.", "\n\nThis counts as an overlapping match.", "\nReturning overlapping matches\nYou can use a lookahead to capture the string you're looking for, but because it's technically matching on the lookahead they are not overlapping.", "\nimport re\ntext = \"oracle sql\"\nregex = \"(?", "=(oracle sql|sql))\"\nprint re.findall(regex, text, re.", "I)\n\nOutput:\n['oracle sql', 'sql']\n\nSee it in action.", "\nThe downside of this implementation is that it will only find 1 match for each word at a particular position in a string. ", "This is due to overlapping matches.", "\nFor example (my test|my|test) will only find ['my test', 'test'].", "\nYou could always use a regex replacement that will find overlapping matches too, such as regex, but this will still only find ['my test', 'test'] with the pattern (my test|my|test):\nimport regex as re\ntext = \"oracle sql\"\nregex = \"(oracle sql|sql)\"\nprint re.findall(regex, text, re.", "I, overlapped=True)\n\nRecursion\nRegex will only find one match per character. ", "It has already found the match for the first character based on \"oracle sql\" so you can't get a match on just oracle. ", "You can't find every single one.", "\nHowever... You could use a recursive function to try to match the same string with all of the items - what has already been matched.", "\nI am not sure how performant this code will be as you could execute a lot of regex searches.", "\nimport re\n\ndef find_all_matches(text, items):\n regex_items = '|'.join(items)\n regex = \"(?", "=({}))\".format(regex_items)\n matches = re.findall(regex, text, re.", "I)\n new_items = [i for i in items if i not in matches]\n if new_items:\n new_matches = find_all_matches(text, new_items)\n return matches + new_matches\n return matches\nprint find_all_matches(\"oracle sql\", ['oracle sql', 'oracle', 'sql'])\n\nOutput:\n['oracle sql', 'sql', 'oracle']\n\nNo regex\nLastly you could implement this without regex. ", "Again I haven't looked at the performance of this.", "\ndef find_all_matches(text, items):\n return [i for i in items if i in text]\n\nprint find_all_matches(\"oracle sql\", ['oracle sql', 'oracle', 'sql'])\n\nOutput:\n['oracle sql', 'oracle', 'sql']\n\n" ]

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[ "Once discovered by backpackers some 30 years ago, Thailands\nthird largest island, Koh Samui, has still preserved its\noriginal tropical charm and relaxation and enjoyable holidays\nalready starts at the airport with its bamboo hut romantic and\ntropical surrounding. ", "Samui has everything to offer to make your\nvacation an unforgettable one - white sand beaches, beautiful\nnature, delicious wining & dining and accommodation with the\ntropical flair you have dreamed of. ", "You can rejuvenate your body\nand soul in one of the spas, join some of the fun activities and\nexplore the attractions around the island. ", "After dark bars, pubs\nand dance clubs invite for a drink or two and the roads are\nlined with all kind of shopping opportunities. ", "Daily flights\nfrom Bangkok and other destinations make Samui easy accessible,\neven for a short weekend trip.", "\n\nChaweng Beach6\nkm of white sandy beach, tropical hotels, a hopping\nnightlife, numerous restaurants and shopping opportunities\nmakes Chaweng the most popular beach on the island's east\ncoast. ", "During the day one can relax on the beach, enjoy some\nwater sports or other activities while at nighttime Chaweng\ntransfers to a bustling entertainment area with live music,\ncabaret shows, dance clubs and dining opportunities not to\nbe missed.", "\n\nLamai Beachis the\nsecond popular beach after Chaweng. ", "The sea gets quickly\ndeeper making it perfect for swimming and water sports. ", "At\nthe southern end of the beach the famous Grandfather &\nGrandmother rock formations, stretch their bizarre shapes in\nthe sky. ", "Restaurants, spas, bars and shopping opportunities\nare plentiful and the nightlife is just second to Chaweng\nhowever generally, Lamai is perfect for families and\ncouples.", "\n\nBophut Beach\nLocated in the North of Samui, between Maenam and Chaweng,\nBophut consists of the Fisherman's Village and the beach\nwest of it. ", "The beach at the village is small and not too\nsuitable for swimming as there are many tour and diving\nboats going from here to other islands. ", "It still conveys the\natmosphere of a small fishing village however it recently\nturned as well into a dining Mecca, with plenty of excellent\nrestaurants not to be missed.", "\n\nMaenam Beachis\nlocated in the North of Samui with smooth sand and good\nswimming preferences, perfect for families with small\nchildren as the water is shallow and there is no noise from\nnightlife or traffic. ", "Shopping opportunities as well as\nrestaurants are located in the area, most within walking\ndistance. ", "It is just a 15 minutes drive to the action in\nChaweng and 10 minutes to Bophut's Fisherman Village for\nsome fine wining and dining.", "\n\nBig Buddha Beach\nis located in the northeast of Samui and has smooth sand,\ngood swimming preferences and is safe for children. ", "From\nhere you have fantastic views over the 12 meter high golden\nBig Buddha. ", "Big Buddha Beach has everything to offer like\nrestaurants, bars and shopping opportunities and all kind of\naccommodations from simple beach huts to tropical resorts\ncatering to all budgets.", "\n\nThe biggest attraction\nof Koh Samui are, of course, the pristine, palm fringed\nbeaches with powdery white sand. ", "But there is more on\nSamui to see. ", "Apart from the colorful temples one can\nenjoy breathtaking views over the beaches and\nneighboring islands, take a refreshing dip in one of the\nwaterfalls or get enchanted at the Magic Buddha Garden\nin the heart of the island.", "\n\nSamui and the surrounding\nislands are renowned worldwide for their monthly moon\nparties, vibrant pub & club scene and live music\nperformances with national and international artists.", "\nNightspots offerings here vary from a lounge in the bar\nto disco dancing. ", "You can't expect Pattaya or Bangkok\nhere, but you will certainly not miss excitement if\nthat's what you are looking for.", "\n\nWatersports like\ndiving, sailing or kite boarding are naturally the most\npopular activities on Samui. ", "But for the more landbound\nvisitor there are plenty of other activities to choose\nfrom - be it tennis, golf or Thai boxing for the active\nones or activities the whole family can enjoy together -\nthere is plenty to do to keep yourself fit and have fun.", "\n\nBe it at colorful markets,\nroad side stalls or air-conditioned shopping palaces:\nYou will find what you are looking for - from the little\nsouvenirs for the loved ones at home to brand name\nproducts and from handicrafts from all over Thailand to\nhigh tech gadgets. ", "The avid shopper can fullfill his\ndreams right here. ", "And what is more fun than having some\nsmall change left for a cold sip on the beach after a\nhard day of bargaining.", "\n\nOne of the\ngreatest joys of Thailand, and especially Samui, is the\nsuperb cuisine, abundant and combined with a growing\nnumber of European & international restaurants; the\nchoice is immense. ", "It is easy to eat sumptuously for\nlittle more than 200 Baht per person. ", "From street side\nstalls to 5 star luxury dining - there is a place to\nplease every budget and taste. ", "And, beeing an island,\nseafood is the most popular choice of food on Koh Samui\nand should not be missed.", "\n\nThailand excels in\nthe quality and diversity of its spa offerings. ", "Thai\nspas really do have it all - variety and value framed in\na perfect blend of Western leisure concepts and\ntraditional Asian wellbeing therapies." ]

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[ "French National Centre for Scientific Research\n\nThe French National Center for Scientific Research (, CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. ", "\n\nIn 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 engineers and technical staff, and 7,085 contractual workers. ", "It is headquartered in Paris and has administrative offices in Brussels, Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore, Washington, D.C., Bonn, Moscow, Tunis, Johannesburg, Santiago de Chile, Israel, and New Delhi.", "\n\nCNRS was ranked #3 in 2015 and #4 in 2017 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.", "\n\nOrganization \n\nCNRS operates on the basis of research units, which are of two kinds: \"proper units\" (UPRs) are operated solely by the CNRS, and \"joint units\" (UMRs - ) are run in association with other institutions, such as universities or INSERM. ", "Members of joint research units may either be CNRS researchers or university employees (maîtres de conférences or professeurs). ", "Each research unit has a numeric code attached and is typically headed by a university professor or a CNRS research director. ", "A research unit may be subdivided into research groups (\"équipes\"). ", "CNRS also has support units which may for instance supply administrative, computing, library, or engineering services.", "\n\nIn 2016, CNRS counted 952 joint research units, 32 proper research units, 135 service units, as well as 36 international units.", "\n\nThe CNRS is divided into 10 national institutes:\n Institute of Chemistry (INC)\n Institute of Ecology and Environment (INEE)\n Institute of Physics (INP)\n Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3)\n Institute of Biological Sciences (INSB)\n Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (INSHS)\n Institute for Computer Sciences (INS2I)\n Institute for Engineering and Systems Sciences (INSIS)\n Institute for Mathematical Sciences (INSMI)\n Institute for Earth Sciences and Astronomy (INSU)\n\nThe National Committee for Scientific Research, which is in charge of the recruitment and evaluation of researchers, is divided into 47 sections (e.g. section 41 is mathematics, section 7 is computer science and control, and so on). ", "Research groups are affiliated with one primary institute and an optional secondary institute; the researchers themselves belong to one section. ", "For administrative purposes, the CNRS is divided into 18 regional divisions (including four for the Paris region).", "\n\nEmployment \nResearchers who are permanent employees of the CNRS are classified in two categories, each subdivided into two or three classes, and finally each class is divided into several pay grades.", "\n\nIn principle, research directors tend to head research groups, but this is not a general rule (a research scientist can head a group or even a laboratory and some research directors do not head a group).", "\n\nEmployees for support activities include research engineers, studies engineers, assistant engineers and technicians. ", "Contrary to what the name would seem to imply, these can have administrative duties (e.g. a secretary can be \"technician\", an administrative manager of a laboratory an \"assistant engineer\").", "\n\nAll permanent support employees are recruited through annual nationwide competitive campaigns. ", "Following a 1983 reform, the candidates selected have the status of civil servants and are part of the public service.", "\n\nHistory \nThe CNRS was created on 19 October 1939 by decree of President Albert Lebrun. ", "Since 1954, the centre has annually awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals to French scientists and junior researchers. ", "In 1966, the organisation underwent structural changes, which resulted in the creation of two specialised institutes: the National Astronomy and Geophysics Institute in 1967 (which became the National Institute of Sciences of the Universe in 1985) and the Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules (IN2P3; English: National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics) in 1971.", "\n\nControversies \nThe performance of the CNRS has been questioned, with calls for wide-ranging reforms. ", "In particular, the effectiveness of the recruitment, compensation, career management, and evaluation procedures have been under scrutiny. ", "Governmental projects include the transformation of the CNRS into an organ allocating support to research projects on an ad hoc basis and the reallocation of CNRS researchers to the universities. ", "Another controversial plan advanced by the government involves breaking up the CNRS into six separate institutes.", "\n\nLeadership\n\nPast presidents\n Claude Fréjacques (1981-1989)\n René Pellat (1989–1992)\n Édouard Brézin (1992–2000)\n Gérard Mégie (2000–2004)\n Bernard Meunier (2004–2006)\n Catherine Bréchignac (2006–2010)\n\nPast directors general\n Jean Coulomb (1957–1962)\n Pierre Jacquinot (1962-1969)\n Hubert Curien (1969–1973)\n Robert Chabbal (1976–1980)\n Pierre Papon (1982–1986)\n François Kourilsky (1988–1994)\n Guy Aubert (1994–1997)\n Catherine Bréchignac (1997–2000)\n Geneviève Berger (2000–2003)\n Bernard Larrouturou (2003–2006)\n Arnold Migus (2006–2010)\n\nPast and current president director general (CEO) \n\nAlain Fuchs was appointed president on 20 January 2010. ", "His position combined the previous positions of president and director general.", "\n\n 2010-2017: Alain Fuchs\n From 24 October 2017 to 24 January 2018 (interim): Anne Peyroche\n Since 24 January 2018: Antoine Petit\n\nSome selected CNRS laboratories\n APC laboratory\n Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy\n Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements\n Centre européen de calcul atomique et moléculaire\n Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur l'Océanie\n Institut de l'information scientifique et technique\n Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires\n Institut d'astrophysique de Paris\n Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire\n Institut Jean Nicod\n Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie\n Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier\n Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems\n Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6\n Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur\n Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer\n SOLEIL\n Mistrals\n\nSee also\n CNRS Gold medal\n Centre pour la communication scientifique directe\n Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish counterpart to the CNRS\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Review for the history of CNRS\n CNRS Editions\n \"The founding of CNRS\" (1939), online and analyzed on BibNum [click 'à télécharger' for English version].", "\n\nCategory:1939 establishments in France\n*\nCategory:Publishing companies of France" ]

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[ "Anzeige\n\nEs ist ein kilometerlanger Stau aus hupenden Kleinlastern, Autos und motorisierten Dreirädern mit Anhänger. ", "Alle wollen möglichst schnell den Checkpoint am Ortseingang von Manbidsch passieren. ", "Am Mittwochmorgen scheint die ganze Welt auf den wöchentlichen Markt der nordsyrischen Stadt kommen zu wollen. ", "Sie ist das neue Handelszentrum der Region, seit der Islamische Staat (IS) nach zweieinhalbjähriger Schreckensherrschaft im August vertrieben wurde.", "\n\n„Unserer Stadt geht es wirtschaftlich so gut wie noch nie“, sagt Mahmud Abu Brahim, der in Manbidsch ein Geschäft für Herde und Waschmaschinen besitzt. ", "Auch politisch sei er mehr als zufrieden, sagt der 42-Jährige: „Wir haben unter dem syrischen Regime gelebt, mit der Revolution dann unter der Freien Syrischen Armee, danach kam der IS.“ ", "Eine Katastrophe habe die andere abgelöst. ", "Jeder habe gestohlen, gefoltert und gemordet. „", "Jetzt herrschen Recht und Ordnung, wir haben eine Demokratie.“", "\n\nDie funktioniert in Manbidsch allerdings in Form eines basisdemokratischen Rätesystems. ", "Für einen von überwiegend arabischen Muslimen bewohnten Ort in Syrien ist das verblüffend. ", "Gewöhnlich bestimmen in Gebieten, die nicht unter Regierungskontrolle stehen, die Scharia und ein Schura-Rat der Rechtsgelehrten. ", "Aber in Manbidsch wird bewusst ein anderer Weg eingeschlagen. ", "Religion und Politik sind getrennt. ", "Das Experiment einer säkularen Basisdemokratie, in diesem Ort mit über 50.000 Einwohnern, ist für Syrien und die gesamte Region revolutionär.", "\n\nAnzeige\n\nIn Manbidsch hatte bereits 15 Tage nach der Befreiung ein sogenannter Zivilrat mit dem Wiederaufbau der Stadtverwaltung begonnen. ", "Einer der zwei Vorsitzenden war Scheich Faruk al-Meshi, der sich damals ziemlich skeptisch zeigte. ", "Davon ist heute nichts mehr zu spüren. „", "Wir haben in Manbidsch mittlerweile einen Exekutivrat mit 84 Mitgliedern, der insgesamt 27 Institutionen geschaffen hat“, erzählt der Scheich stolz in einem Büro der Stadtverwaltung. „", "Diese Institutionen sind für ein funktionierendes Gesundheitswesen, für Erziehung, Elektrizität und Wasser bis hin zu Frauenangelegenheiten und Ökonomie verantwortlich.“ ", "Alle arbeiteten unabhängig.", "\n\nAl-Meshi hält einen der insgesamt 132 Sitze im neu gegründeten Stadtparlament. ", "Darin säßen 71 Araber, 43 Kurden, neun Turkmenen, sieben Tscherkessen, ein Armenier und ein Tschetschene: „Alle ethnischen Gruppen sind gemäß ihrem Bevölkerungsanteil vertreten.“ ", "Manbidsch sei ein kleiner Staat für sich, natürlich säkular, was bei unterschiedlichen Religionen gar nicht anders möglich sei. „", "Selbstverständlich ist das ein Modell für ganz Syrien. ", "Denn nur, wenn sich alle Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft wirklich repräsentiert fühlen, kann es Frieden geben.“", "\n\nFür den Aufbau eines Justizwesens wurde in Manbidsch ein sogenannter Sozialer Rat für Gerechtigkeit eingerichtet. ", "Er entwirft neue Gesetze. „", "Zurzeit basieren Urteile auf drei Rechtsarten“, erläutert der Scheich. „", "Es werden das traditionelle Recht der Stämme angewandt, normale Gesetze, wie etwa in Europa, und auch die Scharia.“ ", "Das islamische Recht werde jedoch nur partiell verwendet, da der überwiegende Teil nicht mehr zeitgemäß sei, wie er fast abschätzig bemerkt. „", "Jeder Bürger kann die Rechtsprechung wählen, die er für sich für angemessen hält“, erläutert al-Meshi. ", "Schließlich wolle ein Christ nicht von einem Scharia-Gericht abgeurteilt werden. ", "Noch aber fehlt dem Manbidsch-Modell die letzte und entscheidende Legitimität, denn alle Räte wurden bisher ohne echte Wahlen ernannt. „", "Daran arbeiten wir natürlich“, sagt al-Meshi und fügt voller Überzeugung hinzu: „Innerhalb eines Jahres werden Wahlen stattfinden.“", "\n\nAnzeige\n\nIn einem Hinterhof, mit Betonbarrikaden geschützt, liegt das Hauptquartier des Manbidsch-Militärrats (MMC). ", "Abu Amdschad ist der Oberkommandeur von 4000 Mann. „", "In der Stadt gibt es außer unseren Soldaten keine anderen Bewaffneten“, sagt er entschieden. „", "Wir allein haben alles unter Kontrolle.“ ", "Außerhalb des Orts sei das etwas anderes. ", "Dort gebe es Truppen der Syrischen Demokratischen Kräfte, zu denen der Manbidsch-Militärrat ja auch gehöre. ", "Denn im Norden und im Westen drohten die Rebellen der Freien Syrischen Armee (FSA), die Manbidsch unbedingt erobern wollten. „", "Sie werden von Ankara bezahlt, aber die Türkei hat gerade ihre Intervention in Syrien für beendet erklärt“, sagt Abu Amdschad. „", "Und mit der FSA allein werden wir leicht fertig.“ ", "Der Kommandeur hat früher selbst bei der FSA gekämpft. „", "Das ist lange vorbei, denn ich wollte etwas Positives schaffen und nicht immer nur zerstören.“ ", "Vor drei Jahren hat er der FSA den Rücken gekehrt und beschützt jetzt seine Heimatstadt. „", "Wir werden uns hier das freie Leben nicht nehmen lassen.“", "\n\nUm die Mittagszeit ist der Verkehr im Zentrum von Manbidsch fast zum Erliegen gekommen. ", "Der Lärm der unzähligen Motoren ergibt zusammen mit dem der Generatoren, die vor jedem Geschäft laufen, eine ohrenbetäubende Beschallung. ", "Den 22-jährigen Basel, der direkt an einer Kreuzung frischen Espresso und Cappuccino verkauft, stört das wenig. ", "Im Gegenteil, er lächelt zufrieden. „", "Sie hätten das unter dem IS sehen sollen, da war nichts los“, erzählt er. „", "Vor Angst blieben alle in ihren Häusern, wenn sie nicht gleich abgehauen sind.“", "\n\nEr selbst hatte sein kleines, improvisiertes Ladencafé während der Besatzung des Islamischen Staats (IS) geschlossen und war in das Dorf seiner Eltern gezogen. ", "Aber er kannte noch den deutschen IS-Kämpfer, etwas 50 Jahre alt, der Abu Mohammed al-Almani genannt wurde. „", "Den kannte hier jeder, da er für die Elektrizität verantwortlich war und sogar Moscheen baute“, sagt Basel. ", "Er wisse nicht, ob der noch lebe. „", "Was soll’s, der IS ist weg, und das Leben ist endlich zurückgekehrt“, sagt Basel. „", "Die Geschäfte gehen gut, alle haben Arbeit.“ ", "Auch ihm gefällt die Politik seit Langem wieder. „", "Der neue Zivilrat hält die Stadt am Laufen, der Militärrat sorgt für Sicherheit.“ ", "Das sei keine Übertreibung, versichert er. „", "Glauben Sie mir, so gut hatten wir es noch nie.“" ]

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[ "In Kansas, one man, Nathaniel Grisby, had his dying wish, to warn future generations about the Democratic Party, fulfilled. ", "129 years ago, this warning was etched on his gravestone in accordance with his final wishes.", "\n\nA bit of background on Lt. ", "Nathaniel Grisby:\n\nSon of Reuben Davis GRIGSBY Sr. & ", "Nancy BARKER. ", "Born 11 October 1811 in Nelson Co., KY. ", "Died 16 April 1890 in Attica, Harper Co., KS. ", "Buried in Attica, Harper Co., KS. ", "He was a Civil War veteran, a 2nd Lieut., ", "of Company G, 10th Indiana Cavalry. ", "He was a farmer.", "\n\nNathaniel was a dear friend of Abraham Lincoln.", "\n\nAfter Lincoln moved to Illinois in 1830, Nathaniel moved with his father to Carroll Co., MO in 1855.", "\n\nIn 1860, he was living in Norborne. ", "He wrote to Lincoln and received an appointment as Republican Precinct Committee Man. ", "He placed Lincoln’s name on the 1860 ballot. ", "All of Natty’s neighbors were Southern sympathizers. ", "He had been talking about electing Lincoln for president in town. ", "One morning at about 2 or 3 a.m. a neighbor rode up and told Natty not to light any lights. ", "The neighbor wanted to warn him that his neighbors were planning to murder him and if he wanted to live he should be on his way.", "\n\nAfter the warning, Natty moved back to Spencer Co., IN where he and four of his five sons enlisted in Company C 10th IN Cavalry (Richmond Davis did not enlist). ", "Natty was named 2nd Lieutenant.", "\n\nThe family apparently returned to Carroll Co., MO but in 1885 they moved to Harper Co., KS and settled on a farm in the extreme northwest corner of the county. ", "In 1890, they moved to Attica, KS. ", "Nathaniel was buried in Attica.", "\n\nAfter Nathaniel died, this inscription was added to his grave, fulfilling his last request:\n\n“Through this inscription I wish to enter my dying protest against what is called the Democratic party I have watched it closely since the days of Jackson and know that all the misfortunes of our nation has come to it through this so called party therefore beware of this party of treason.", "\n\nPut on in fulfillment of promise to Deceased. ", "Reprinted as posted on one side of the monument of N. Grigsby.”", "\n\nSnopes confirms that this is real, and not a photoshop.", "\n\nRELATED: John Boehner To Fully Fund Obama's Amnesty; Betrays Voters\n\nDo you think Nathaniel’s 129 year old “warning” about Democrats is still spot-on?" ]

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[ "MR imaging methods for assessing fetal brain development.", "\nFetal magnetic resonance imaging provides an ideal tool for investigating growth and development of the brain in vivo. ", "Current imaging methods have been hampered by fetal motion but recent advances in image acquisition can produce high signal to noise, high resolution 3-dimensional datasets suitable for objective quantification by state of the art post acquisition computer programs. ", "Continuing development of imaging techniques will allow a unique insight into the developing brain, more specifically process of cell migration, axonal pathway formation, and cortical maturation. ", "Accurate quantification of these developmental processes in the normal fetus will allow us to identify subtle deviations from normal during the second and third trimester of pregnancy either in the compromised fetus or in infants born prematurely." ]

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[ "Thanks for visiting Us!Welcome to FPS24/7FPS24/7 is a free gaming community for fans of First Person Shooter's and anyone who likes to jib-jab ! ", "If you find anything useful here please consider registering to see more content and get involved with our great community of users, it takes less than 30 seconds! ", "Everybody is welcome here. ", "This Notice will disappear once Registered!", "\n\nMembers\n\nAbout us\n\nFPS24/7 formerly CoD24/7 is the #1 hangout place for fans of First Person Shooters. ", "With over 1 MILLION posts, FPS24/7 is a great place for all FPS fans to come and discuss their favourite shooters.", "\nWe have the latest news and reviews for today's First Person Shooters and the Shooters of yester-year we grew up loving. ", "We have a strong community that love to jib-jab, so if you're an FPS player then this is the place for you! ", "All are welcomed after all this is a community." ]

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[ "# Change Log - @uifabricshared/foundation-composable\n\nThis log was last generated on Wed, 23 Sep 2020 18:31:48 GMT and should not be manually modified.", "\n\n<!-- ", "Start content -->\n\n## 0.6.74\n\nWed, 23 Sep 2020 18:31:48 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- start publishing src to fix customer source maps (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.73\n\nThu, 20 Aug 2020 00:14:01 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- update code to use split out merge-props package (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.72\n\nMon, 17 Aug 2020 22:08:34 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- fix dependency errors (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.69\n\nFri, 07 Aug 2020 21:50:55 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- Remove unnecessary calls to slot data factories (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.67\n\nSat, 04 Jul 2020 06:24:16 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- make all style merging use caching, get rid of unused finalizer (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.57\n\nWed, 17 Jun 2020 05:00:56 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- add memo-cache package and consume it in the core framework (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.39\n\nTue, 09 Jun 2020 17:39:01 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- switch dependencies to use greater than semver until we reach 1.0.0 (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.3\n\nFri, 24 Apr 2020 19:41:08 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- more package version updates (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.1\n\nTue, 21 Apr 2020 00:41:10 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- update beachball hook to use new prepublish strategy (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.6.0\n\nFri, 17 Apr 2020 22:36:03 GMT\n\n### Minor changes\n\n- yarn.lock (warleu@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.5.15\n\nThu, 16 Apr 2020 23:57:38 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- publish with correct main/module references (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n\n## 0.5.13\nThu, 09 Apr 2020 18:39:15 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- merge conflicts (ppatboyd@outlook.com)\n## 0.5.11\nFri, 03 Apr 2020 20:40:51 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- switch the bin name from just-script to fluent-scripts to disambiguate names (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.10\nTue, 31 Mar 2020 18:01:09 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- Merge branch 'sammy/checkboxV1' of https://github.com/samuelfreiberg/fluentui-react-native into sammy/checkboxV1 (safreibe@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.9\nMon, 30 Mar 2020 16:27:00 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- Update main attribute to specify TypeScript index file. (", "kinhln@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.7\nTue, 24 Mar 2020 21:40:11 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- 🐛 Fix children crashing the test app (email not defined)\n## 0.5.5\nFri, 28 Feb 2020 00:04:18 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- split hooks into dedicated files (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.4\nThu, 20 Feb 2020 01:36:35 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- restructure directories in project (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.3\nFri, 07 Feb 2020 00:29:25 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- clean up just tasks and remove unnecessary webpack configs (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.2\nThu, 06 Feb 2020 01:00:13 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- Get RNTester test app launch for uifabric package. (", "kinhln@microsoft.com)\n- clean up just tasks and remove unnecessary webpack configs (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.5.1\nThu, 05 Dec 2019 23:11:01 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- fix typing for slots when type is a forward ref (jasonmo360@gmail.com)\n## 0.5.0\nWed, 20 Nov 2019 19:51:16 GMT\n\n### Minor changes\n\n- ease typing of slots when no filters are present (jasonmo360@gmail.com)\n## 0.4.0\nWed, 20 Nov 2019 19:37:06 GMT\n\n### Minor changes\n\n- 📦 fix package entrypoints to distinguish CJS/ES6 (adrum@microsoft.com)\n## 0.3.0\nTue, 19 Nov 2019 22:37:36 GMT\n\n### Minor changes\n\n- add token support to settings, change to type objects (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.2.3\nTue, 05 Nov 2019 22:51:54 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- fix bug in tree compression for composable (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.2.2\nFri, 01 Nov 2019 16:51:54 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- fix version references for packages (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.2.1\nTue, 15 Oct 2019 02:11:41 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- api-extractor setup (taamireh@microsoft.com)\n## 0.2.0\nWed, 25 Sep 2019 23:15:41 GMT\n\n### Minor changes\n\n- Get new compose infrastructure working (jasonmo@microsoft.com)\n## 0.1.4\nThu, 19 Sep 2019 23:21:48 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- force publish (taamireh@microsoft.com)\n## 0.1.3\nThu, 19 Sep 2019 00:21:30 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- change scope names (taamireh@microsoft.com)\n## 0.1.2\nSat, 14 Sep 2019 01:56:36 GMT\n\n### Patches\n\n- Begin turning on some linting rules (taamireh@microsoft.com)\n" ]

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[ "Bioreactors are important for growing cells, tissues, and organs, as they can enable reproducible and controlled changes to be made in specific environments. ", "Although certain bioreactors for growing cells, tissues, and organs are known, improvements in bioreactor design and/or control would be beneficial." ]

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[ "ALLEN PARK, Mich. -- Steve Gregory walks down the hall on the second floor of the Detroit Lions' practice facility and sees one of his colleagues coming toward him. ", "Hank Fraley is a former NFL offensive lineman. ", "He's about twice the size of Gregory, a former safety, and probably big enough at age 41 to still play.", "\n\nGregory doesn't care. ", "Five years removed from the NFL, the occasional urge remains. ", "He'll throw a quick stutter-step and try to blow past Fraley with a pass-rush move. ", "Usually, Fraley does nothing, but every once in a while ...\n\n\"Hank pinned me up one day. ", "He hit me,\" Gregory said. \"", "I was like, 'God damn, Hank, you're pretty strong.' ", "He's still got it a little bit.\"", "\n\nFor the two of them, who have made the transition from NFL veteran to low-level pro assistant coach, it's reliving their past while creating camaraderie in the present. ", "Players retire. ", "Roles change. ", "Intensity turns into half-speed reenactments. ", "But instincts don't die.", "\n\nOnce at the top of their profession, having their needs attended to in order to get them ready to play, they are now those attendants -- working their way up from the bottom again to try to reach the top of the coaching profession.", "\n\nGotta Start Somewhere NFL Nation reporters went down memory lane with each of the league's 32 head coaches, with recollections (and old pictures) from each coach's first football coaching job. ", "Read more\n\nFour of the Lions' entry-level assistant coaches, ranging in age from their late 30s to early 40s, are former NFL veterans. ", "Billy Yates played offensive line for eight seasons with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots and Cleveland Browns. ", "Leon Washington was a running back/return specialist for nine seasons with the New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, Patriots and Tennessee Titans. ", "Gregory played eight years for the San Diego Chargers and Patriots, and Fraley put in 11 years as an offensive lineman for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, Browns and St. Louis Rams.", "\n\nThe in-season hours are long. ", "The schedule is intense. ", "The responsibilities range from running a position room to making photocopies of playbooks on whatever type of stock paper each position coach prefers.", "\n\nIn Detroit, they are tabbed \"offensive assistant\" or \"defensive assistant.\" ", "In other places, they are known as \"quality control coaches.\" ", "Occasionally, as with Fraley, there is a singular position attached: assistant offensive line coach.", "\n\nNo matter the title, the job reality is essentially the same: Help wherever possible while learning how to make the transition from player to coach.", "\n\n\"You go from a player, and I wouldn't say you're pampered, but you're a different status than when you're a bottom of the totem pole, doing the grunt work,\" said Jordan Kovacs, a defensive quality control coach in Cincinnati who spent parts of four seasons in the league. \"", "I would just say it's very humbling, and as a player, you take those quality control coaches or those graduate assistant coaches for granted.", "\n\n\"There's a lot of work that goes in behind the scenes that, for no better words, is probably underappreciated.\"", "\n\nIn this job, there is a lot of staring at a screen. ", "Watching film? ", "Computer. ", "Cutting up highlights? ", "Computer. ", "Drawing up plays? ", "That’s done in an XOS or Visio program. ", "Excel spreadsheets have become a coach's new friend, an easier way to consolidate, disseminate and digest information.", "\n\nThe tech has been streamlined, but the gig is essentially the same as it was a generation ago.", "\n\nHow much time is spent in the office depends on the time of year. ", "During offseason workouts, a day could look normal to most, with somewhere between eight and 10 hours of work. ", "In-season, the coaches could work close to 100 hours per week. ", "That often means a consistent flow of energy drinks and caffeine. ", "Fraley's drink of choice vacillates between Tim Horton's and Dunkin' coffee, either black or with creamer, depending on how he's feeling.", "\n\nAn NFL offensive lineman for eight seasons, Billy Yates often finds himself arriving at the Lions' facility before the sun rises. ", "Detroit Lions\n\nThe consistently packed days start early and end late. ", "Yates woke up at 3:30 a.m. most days last season and arrived at his Allen Park office by 4:30 a.m. Depending on the day -- and how much he might need to finish from the day before -- he either played catch-up, tried to get ahead or headed to the weight room for an early workout.", "\n\nPost-workout, he was at his desk preparing. ", "The job is both so close and so far from his previous life as an NFL player.", "\n\n\"It's a lot of the game-plan stuff that you have to make sure that everything is tightened up,\" Yates said. \"", "So that way, when it's presented, that it's correct.\"", "\n\nBy 7:30 a.m., the rookies arrived. ", "Yates was responsible for the defensive linemen, including Da'Shawn Hand. ", "They met on their own, then attended position and team meetings. ", "Practice. ", "Post-practice film session. ", "More meetings. ", "Title aside, the assistants were on the field instructing and explaining, walking players through drills.", "\n\nThere were times during practice when Gregory and the team's secondary coach, Brian Stewart, split corners and safeties. ", "By dividing the work and players, they could instruct faster while drilling home the message. ", "In meetings, Gregory used his experience in the NFL -- and in head coach Matt Patricia's defense -- to explain concepts and techniques to current Lions players.", "\n\nWhen the players left, the job returned to the scouting and preparation tasks every team needs. ", "In Detroit, the assistants were given specific assignments in situational football. ", "Yates studied opposing screens and draws along with offensive tendencies. ", "Gregory looked at red zone and an opponent's play-action plan. ", "Fraley, in part because of his prior experience with offensive line coach Jeff Davidson, did a little bit of everything. ", "This will be Washington's first season.", "\n\nWith the scouting complete, they began preparing presentations, stuffing folders, drawing out play cards and printing them. ", "They also formed their own game-plan opinions -- in Detroit, all potential strategies are welcome.", "\n\nGregory, Yates and Fraley often bounced ideas off each other while trying to learn each other's positions. ", "As players, they might have wanted to know. ", "Now, they have to know for opponent prep and career advancement. ", "Yates will often yell to the next office to ask Gregory a question or have him look something over.", "\n\n\"I'm always inquisitive,\" Yates said. \"", "I'm like, 'Hey, what do you think about this? ", "Does this sound right?' ", "If I type something up, I'm like, 'Read this, and tell me what you think as a player -- as a player, not a coach, but as a player.'", "\n\n\"Really, at the end of the day, we're trying to communicate to players, and everybody's on different levels, so you don't want to miss someone.\"", "\n\nThey remember what life was like -- getting ready for a game, competing to win and keep a job and a paycheck. ", "They know what worked and what didn't. ", "That knowledge blends into what they are learning every day from watching and participating themselves.", "\n\nFraley's time as a coach has been as circuitous as his playing days -- college to the NFL, back to college, then to the pros again. ", "Twice, Fraley had his own offensive line room in college at San Jose State and UCLA. ", "Twice, he left for low-level assistant jobs in the NFL to work with Davidson, first in Minnesota and now in Detroit.", "\n\nHis is a coaching career that started in 2012, less than a year after he decided he was finished playing. ", "He received a call with an offer to be the offensive line coach at non-scholarship FCS University of San Diego. ", "He left his wife and children in New Jersey, packed up a 30-foot Fleetwood Class A RV and drove to San Diego with his dad and a friend. ", "He parked at Campland on the Bay and lived in the RV for a year.", "\n\n\"Had to do all the recruiting, everything, and really I learned how to game plan,\" Fraley said. \"", "That's the biggest thing in coaching. ", "You're reading all the CliffsNotes as a player. ", "You're getting everything handed to you. ", "As a coach, I had to learn truly how to game plan it and how to install to guys and how should it go.", "\n\n\"My first year coaching, I had to learn.\"", "\n\nHank Fraley has been a coaching nomad since his playing career ended in 2010, and the Lions are his fourth stop. ", "Detroit Lions\n\nAfter one year, Fraley was hired at San Jose State. ", "The RV made the trip north, and the family came, too, which meant townhouse living and selling the motor home. ", "One year later, in 2014, the Vikings hired Fraley. ", "The Fraleys sold their New Jersey home and have been nomads since: Minnesota for three seasons, Los Angeles for one, now Detroit for two. ", "Fraley's NFL pay allowed him to make decisions in coaching that he believed were right for him.", "\n\nHe still considers leaving San Jose State for the Vikings his best move. ", "It got him to the NFL, the place many coaches -- especially ones who played in the league -- want to be, even if it means worse pay, menial tasks and longer hours.", "\n\nFor his colleagues, the transition was similar. ", "Gregory worked at Syracuse in 2015 as a special-teams quality control coach before landing with the Lions last year. ", "Yates was a strength-and-conditioning coach at Texas A&M, Texas Tech and Bowling Green from 2013 to 2017 before moving to a coaching spot in Detroit. ", "Washington had internships in Atlanta and Jacksonville -- shorter stints designed to give former players a chance to see if they really want to coach -- and a short-term job coaching his son's middle school team in North Carolina before landing his gig this year.", "\n\nThey also know there's a path out. ", "They can look at coaches across the league young and old, including Buffalo Bills receivers coach Chad Hall. ", "He spent two years as an offensive assistant in Buffalo after a four-year NFL career and then was promoted to receivers coach in Buffalo in 2019.", "\n\n\"Most people, even ex-players, have to find a way to start in college, and usually it's not even Division I. They have to find a way, unless they are some star, and find a way to get there,\" Hall said. \"", "Every coach is trying to find a way to get to the NFL, so I was super grateful, and all I knew is that I needed my foot in the door, and then I knew I was going to outwork everybody, just like I have in my whole previous part of my life.", "\n\n\"I knew if I got my foot in the door, I would learn as much as I could and just start rolling. ... ", "I was so grateful to have the opportunity to start in the NFL. ", "Talking to other coaches, it's the hardest league to get into.\"", "\n\nThey all knew that at some point they wanted to coach. ", "They wanted to stay involved in football and find an outlet to present all the knowledge they accumulated throughout their careers.", "\n\nBut they had to start at the bottom -- as in most professions -- to accomplish it.", "\n\n\"It can be the grunt work, which is good. ", "I think that's what good coaches have to do and do all that grinding,\" Fraley said. \"", "I kind of say it's the equivalent, a little bit, of being a GA in college, if you've talked to those guys. ", "On the other hand, no job is too small or too big to get your hand in there to help out.", "\n\n\"You just jump up, whatever's available or needs to be done for the team's sake.\"", "\n\nYounger Lions players know Leon Washington from his kick-return prowess in Madden. ", "Detroit Lions\n\nWashington is closer to his playing days than the other coaches. ", "The 36-year-old retired in 2014 and still has recognition from some players for his on-field work -- mostly his 99 rating as a returner in Madden. ", "He's still transitioning from player to coach and can be spotted during individual running back drills at the back of the line, going through steps behind Kerryon Johnson and Zach Zenner like he used to as a player. ", "He also fields questions from younger players about their diets and keeping their bodies in shape.", "\n\nThe former-player tag offers these coaches instant credibility in NFL locker rooms. ", "They lived it. ", "They understand what's expected from a ground level.", "\n\n\"It's an advancement of the game,\" Gregory said. \"", "It's one thing to understand the X's and O's of the game. ", "It's another thing to understand the X's and O's and actually have been an X or O, if that makes sense.\"", "\n\nHis history gives him a breadth of knowledge to pull from if a current player has a question. ", "He can recall something from running Patricia's scheme or from his days as a player.", "\n\nNFL experience helped Gregory last season, his first working an NFL sideline, as he adjusted. ", "He almost busted his lip on a player's face mask last season while giving a pregame chest bump, similar to what was his routine as a player.", "\n\n\"I just got a little jacked up,\" Gregory said. \"", "One of the guys, I'm like, 'C'mon baby, let's go, let's win this thing.' ", "Then I almost busted my lip up on his face mask. ", "I'm like, 'Oh yeah, I don't have a helmet on.'\"", "\n\nHe still has the energy; it's channeled into coaching now. ", "He felt it for the first time in Week 3 last season, when the defensive coaches made a late-game adjustment to seal a win against New England. ", "On the fly in the game, they added a package they hadn't installed during the week. ", "On the sideline, he had to explain what they were doing. ", "Gregory said they hadn't worked on the package in training camp either because it was a combination of concepts.", "\n\nThe defense worked. ", "The players understood. ", "The Lions, for the first time under Patricia, won -- beating his old team to boot. ", "That's when Gregory felt the adrenaline jolt he used to get as a player. ", "It's a different type of thinking, a more strategic way of looking at the game.", "\n\nEven as a coach just coming up, with a range of responsibilities, he has begun to understand his role. ", "In many ways, the point of the job is to learn and transition. ", "It's to gain an appreciation for a job most players don't realize exists and likely won't understand unless they end up doing it themselves.", "\n\n\"When you did think about it, it was, 'Who in the hell has to do all this crap?'\" ", "Kovacs said of the player's perspective. \"", "But yeah, you definitely, having done it, you have much better appreciation for those guys. ... ", "and it is just about being organized and having a system and being as detailed as you can, and everyone is on the same page.", "\n\n\"Once you do that, it's nothing. ", "You just have to be disciplined and stay on top of things. ", "As a player, I never really thought about how somebody had to go in, and it might just be one guy typing in all those things.\"", "\n\nHe -- and the rest of those like him in the league -- know all about this job now. ", "Because they are the ones doing it." ]

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[ "\n160 Ariz. 530 (1989)\n774 P.2d 834\nRonald FISCHER, Plaintiff-Appellant,\nv.\nLinda SOMMER, Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "1 CA-CV 88-154.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Arizona, Division 1, Department D.\nMay 23, 1989.", "\n*531 Joseph C. Butner, III, Scottsdale, for plaintiff-appellant.", "\nAllen, Kimerer & LaVelle by Gary E. Davidson, Sarah McGiffert, Phoenix, for defendant-appellee.", "\nOPINION\nKLEINSCHMIDT, Presiding Judge.", "\nThis appeal raises the question of whether a person may bring a separate action seeking to require a divorced spouse to contribute to the payment of a community debt that was not allocated in the property settlement agreement and decree of dissolution. ", "We hold that such an action is permissible and that it is not necessary for the party seeking contribution to move to reopen the decree of dissolution.", "\nFor purposes of the motion for summary judgment, the parties agreed to the following facts. ", "Ronald Fischer and Linda Sommer were divorced in 1981. ", "In 1983, Fischer entered into a settlement agreement with the Internal Revenue Service for tax deficiencies accrued during the parties' marriage, requiring him to pay approximately $45,000 plus interest and penalties. ", "Neither Fischer nor Sommer was aware of this liability at the time of the divorce, and the dissolution decree, which otherwise divided the community assets and debts, did not mention it. ", "The parties agree that the deficiency is a community liability. ", "After Fischer paid part of the deficiency, he filed a complaint against Sommer, alleging that she owed him 50% of the amount paid and still owed to the IRS. ", "The complaint was designated a contract action, and requested attorney's fees pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(C).", "\nSommer moved for summary judgment on the basis that the only contract upon which the complaint could be based was the marital contract, and that the proper way to seek contribution would have been to file a motion to reopen the decree of dissolution pursuant to Rule 60(c), Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure. ", "The trial court granted Sommer's motion without explanation. ", "This appeal followed.", "\nCommunity debts not allocated by a divorce decree remain the joint obligations of the parties. ", "Jankowski v. Jankowski, 114 Ariz. 406, 407, 561 P.2d 327, 328 (App. ", "1977); Ellsworth v. Ellsworth, 5 Ariz. App. ", "89, 93, 423 P.2d 364, 368 (1967). ", "They should be apportioned equally between the former spouses. ", "Ellsworth, 5 Ariz. App. ", "at 93, 423 P.2d at 368; see also Wine v. Wine, 14 Ariz. App. ", "103, 106, 480 P.2d 1020, 1023 (1971). ", "When one spouse pays the obligation, he or she has a right of contribution against the other spouse for one-half the amount paid. ", "Brown v. Brown, 58 Ariz. *532 333, 336, 119 P.2d 938, 940 (1941); Jankowski, 114 Ariz. at 407, 561 P.2d at 328.", "\nThe question is by what method a former spouse may seek contribution. ", "Sommer contends that the only way this can be done is to file a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60(c), Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure. ", "She suggests that the failure to consider the tax obligation could be considered a mutual mistake of fact, thus bringing it within Rule 60(c). ", "See e.g., Pettibone v. Pettibone, 22 Ariz. App. ", "570, 571-72, 529 P.2d 724, 725-26 (1974). ", "She relies on DeGryse v. DeGryse, 135 Ariz. 335, 661 P.2d 185 (1983), for the proposition that a property disposition cannot be revoked or modified unless conditions exist which would justify reopening the judgment. ", "Nowhere in that decision, however, did the court state or imply that Rule 60(c) is the sole method by which a spouse can seek post-decree contribution for an unallocated community debt.", "\nFischer's attempt to obtain contribution, according to Sommer, is an attempt to \"destroy\" the parties' dissolution decree by means of a separate action. ", "A recent Division Two case held that the sole method of reforming or rescinding a separation agreement incorporated into a dissolution decree, on the basis of mutual mistake, fraud and lack of capacity to contract, is to file a motion to modify the agreement under A.R.S. § 25-327(A). ", "Acquanetta v. Ross, 152 Ariz. 383, 732 P.2d 1121 (App. ", "1986). ", "The court of appeals agreed with the trial court's finding that the settlement agreement was \"`not subject to attack in a separate proceeding.'\" ", "Id. at 383, 732 P.2d at 1121. ", "See also Berman v. Thomas, 41 Ariz. 457, 463, 19 P.2d 685, 687 (1933) (a separate or independent action to set aside the property disposition of a dissolution decree would be a forbidden collateral attack on the decree).", "\nFischer, on the other hand, contends that Rule 60(c) is but one of several available methods of enforcing a community obligation of the type that arose here. ", "He insists, and we agree, that he is not seeking to set aside or modify the dissolution decree as were the moving parties in DeGryse and Acquanetta. ", "Instead, he is attempting to enforce his equitable right to contribution for an obligation that was inchoate at the time of the decree and arose thereafter. ", "Because his complaint does not seek to modify or rescind the decree, he is not bound by A.R.S. § 25-327(A) or the case law that holds that modifications must be accomplished by motion. ", "There is authority which supports this conclusion. ", "First, the very last sentence of Rule 60(c) reads as follows: \"The procedure for obtaining any relief from judgment shall be by motion as prescribed in these rules or by an independent action.\" (", "Emphasis added.) ", "If that were not enough, in Srock v. Srock, 11 Ariz. App. ", "483, 466 P.2d 34 (1970), Division Two of this court held that the wife could obtain a money judgment for a community debt she paid, even though the decree ordered the husband to pay it, by means of an order to show cause hearing, supplemental to the divorce decree. ", "In response to the husband's contention that the court lacked jurisdiction to consider a division of property after a decree is entered, the court stated:\nWe agree with counsel that the property division in a divorce is final and cannot be altered except as generally provided by the law to alter judgments. ", "27B C.J.S. Division § 300(4). ", "However, we point out that those aspects of a divorce decree which merely fix the rights and legal relationship of the parties take on the character of a declaratory judgment. ", "And, under our declaratory judgment statutes, A.R.S. § 12-1838 provides that supplemental relief such as in the instant case can be sought.", "\nWe realize that this same result could have been reached in at least two other ways. ", "The divorce decree itself could have made the husband liable for the community debts and in the case of his failure to so pay, granted the wife a money judgment in an appropriate amount. ", "Or the wife, with the actual decree here, could have commenced an independent action for a money judgment based on the decree. ", "The fact that neither of these routes was taken does *533 not, we believe, invalidate the action here taken.", "\nSrock, 11 Ariz. App. ", "at 485, 466 P.2d at 36 (emphasis added).", "\nEven more to the point, in Ellsworth, the court allowed the former husband to seek contribution from the wife on a community obligation through a third-party complaint he filed against her when he was sued by a community creditor. ", "Ellsworth, 5 Ariz. App. ", "at 91-93, 423 P.2d at 366-68. ", "In that case, as here, the decree had failed to allocate a community obligation existing at the time of the decree.", "\nSommer's counsel raised two additional considerations in oral argument. ", "He asserted that reopening the decree of dissolution was preferable to a separate action for contribution because the judge who entered the original decree, had he known of the tax claim, might have divided the marital property differently. ", "This ignores the proposition that a division of property from which no appeal was taken is a conclusive determination that the distribution was fair and equitable. ", "Id. at 92, 423 P.2d at 367; see also Wine, 14 Ariz. App. ", "at 105, 480 P.2d at 1022.", "\nThe second point counsel raised at oral argument is that if a separate action for contribution is permitted, parties in the throes of divorce will be encouraged to conceal community obligations. ", "As a practical matter we believe this would not happen. ", "What benefit would there be in it? ", "Indeed, one who engaged in such conduct and then sought contribution would find his equities severely compromised.", "\nWe know of no authority which prohibits the use of a separate action to obtain contribution of a community obligation. ", "We therefore conclude that the trial court erred in granting Sommer's motion for summary judgment. ", "Because Sommer admitted liability for purposes of her motion for summary judgment only, and in fact denied the same in her response to Fischer's cross-motion for summary judgment, questions of fact remain. ", "This matter must therefore be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.", "\nOne last point warrants discussion. ", "Sommer contends that summary judgment was proper because Fischer's complaint was styled as a contract action, and the only contract upon which his complaint could have been based was the marital contract, which no longer exists. ", "The heading designates the complaint a contract action, and Fischer requests attorney's fees pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(C). ", "The remainder of the complaint, however, clearly seeks equitable contribution based upon common law principles. ", "We do not believe Fischer's mislabeling of his complaint or improper request for attorney's fees should defeat his claim.", "\nThis matter is reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\nGRANT, C.J., and FIDEL, J., concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "ARB_query_buffer_object is now in place inside Mesa Git following the patches David Airlie published a few days ago on the mailing list. ", "This was the last OpenGL 4.4 extension incomplete for R600g in hitting OpenGL 4.4.", "\n\nBut OpenGL 4.4 isn't exposed right now for R600g since it has yet to successfully complete the OpenGL Conformance Test Suite (CTS). ", "There likely will various driver fixes needed before it's passing the OpenGL 4.4 CTS requirements, but unofficially, all of the major work is now complete.", "\n\nThe R600g driver is also effectively at OpenGL 4.5. ", "KHR_robustness is still listed as incomplete for R600g in the OpenGL 4.5 criteria, but that work is more or less done. ", "Again though is the OpenGL CTS for 4.5 that needs to be completed too.", "\n\nAs a reminder, this OpenGL 4.4~4.5 support for R600g at the moment is limited to just the Radeon HD 5800/6900 series. ", "Other Radeon HD 5000/6000 series (and prior) hardware is only at OpenGL 3.3 right now due to lacking native FP64 capabilities. ", "There is the ongoing work for \"soft\" FP64 support but it's unclear if/when that code will be ready for merging.", "\n\nOpenGL 4.5 is the end of the road for these pre-GCN graphics cards due to no Vulkan support and thus unable to meet all the requirements (i.e. SPIR-V) around OpenGL 4.6.", "\n\nThis R600g work and likely other improvements to come will be part of Mesa 18.1 that will officially debut in May~June.", "\n\nMichael Larabel is the principal author of Phoronix.com and founded the site in 2004 with a focus on enriching the Linux hardware experience. ", "Michael has written more than 10,000 articles covering the state of Linux hardware support, Linux performance, graphics drivers, and other topics. ", "Michael is also the lead developer of the Phoronix Test Suite, Phoromatic, and OpenBenchmarking.org automated benchmarking software. ", "He can be followed via Twitter or contacted via MichaelLarabel.com.", "\n\nThe mission at Phoronix since 2004 has centered around enriching the Linux hardware experience. ", "In addition to supporting our site through advertisements, you can help by subscribing to Phoronix Premium. ", "You can also contribute to Phoronix through a PayPal tip." ]

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[ "El círculo dE viEna: una nota Histórica El círculo de Viena. ", "Una nota histórica DaviD villena SalDaña En su manifiesto del año 1929, la hasta entonces llamada Asociación Ernst Mach adquiere el nombre de Círculo de Viena, presentando públicamente, y de modo explícito, las dos características determinantes de su \"concepción científica del mundo\" (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung). ", "En primer lugar, se menciona su empirismo y positivismo, el mismo que, siguiendo a estas tradiciones filosóficas, postula que sólo hay conocimiento en virtud de la experiencia. ", "Y, en segundo, yendo más allá del canon empirista y positivista clásico, el Círculo de Viena declara que se caracteriza por la aplicación de un método en particular, a saber, el del análisis lógico1. ", "Estamos, pues, frente a una especie de empirismo y positivismo que, al evadir, por ejemplo, las estrategias psicologistas de un Hume, o el inductivismo poco plausible de John Stuart Mill, se distingue de los históricamente anteriores por el empleo de la lógica de Frege y Russell. ", "Por tal razón, a sugerencia de Herbert Feigl2, se le ha venido a denominar 'empirismo lógico' o 'positivismo lógico.' ", "El origen del Círculo de Viena puede rastrearse hasta 1907, en las reuniones privadas que, influidos por el positivismo de Mach y su desdén de la metafísica, sostuvieron todos los martes por la noche Philipp Frank, Otto Neurath y Hans Hahn con el objeto de discutir problemas epistemológicos y añadir las ideas de Henri Poincaré y Pierre Duhem a la filosofía machiana3. ", "Estos encuentros terminaron en 1912, cuando Frank abandonó Viena para asumir la cátedra de Física Teórica que Albert Einstein había dejado vacante en la Universidad Alemana de Praga. ", "Tiempo después, a causa del estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Hahn huye de la ciudad, y no retornaría sino hasta 19214. ", "En 1922, Moritz Schlick, conocido ya por su Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre de 1918, y a la sazón ocupado como docente en Kiel tras una estancia 1 Cf. ", "O. Neurath, H. Hahn y R. Carnap, \"Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. ", "Der Wiener Kreis\" en Rudolf Haller y Heiner Rutte (eds.) ", "Otto Neurath Gesammelte philosophische und methodologische Schriften, Vol. ", "1, Viena, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1981, pp. ", "299317; p. 307. ", "2 Cf. ", "H. Feigl y A. E. Blumberg, \"Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy\" en The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. ", "28, N° 11, 21 de mayo de 1931, pp. ", "281296; p. 281s. ", "3 Cf. ", "P. Frank, Modern Science and Its Philosophy, Nueva York, George Braziller, 1955; p. 1ss. ", "4 Cf. ", "T. Uebel, \"On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism\" en P. Parrini, W. C. Salmon y M. H. Salmon (eds.), ", "Logical Empiricism. ", "Historical and contemporary Perspectives, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003, pp. ", "67-93; p. 70ss. [", "Analítica, Año 8, N.° 8, Lima, 2014; pp. ", "123-130] 124 david villEna saldaña de diez años en Rostock, es invitado por parte de la Universidad de Viena a ocupar la cátedra de Filosofía de las Ciencias Inductivas. ", "Esta cátedra se había fundado en 1895 especialmente para que Mach se ocupe de ella, dejando de lado su cargo de profesor de Física Teórica en Praga, que luego vendría a ser de Einstein y, más tarde, en 1912, de Philipp Frank. ", "En 1901, luego de seis años de magisterio, Mach se vio obligado a abandonar la Universidad de Viena a causa de un infarto, cediendo su cátedra al no menos famoso físico Ludwig Boltzmann, quien, debido a diferencias de principio con la doctrina de Mach, cambió el nombre de la cátedra a Física Teórica y Filosofía Natural, rótulo bajo el cual continuaría impartiéndose aún después de su retiro y posterior asunción por Adolf Stöhr5. ", "Hahn y Frank, antiguos discípulos de Boltzmann en Viena, fueron quienes auspiciaron la llegada de Schlick para que asuma la cátedra que alguna vez fue de su maestro y se restablezca el nombre que éste despóticamente cambió. ", "Con Schlick, de pensamiento tan afín a Mach, como lo notaron Frank y Hahn, nuevamente se instituyó la cátedra de Filosofía de las Ciencias Inductivas en la Universidad de Viena, y, como consecuencia de ello, el movimiento que alguna vez se conocería como positivismo lógico se hizo posible. ", "No debe extrañar que Schlick también haya tenido formación de físico. ", "Bajo la tutela de Max Planck en la Universidad de Berlín, redactó su tesis doctoral durante 1906, teniendo como tema la reflexión de la luz en un medio no homogéneo, y en 1915 llegaba a publicar un texto sobre el tiempo y el espacio en la física contemporánea, que fue objeto de elogiosas críticas por Einstein. ", "Pero las preocupaciones intelectuales de Schlick trascendían la esfera de la ciencia física, inscribiéndose, sobre todo, en la filosofía, en sus muchas y variadas formas, tanto en la teórica como en la práctica. ", "Prueba de ello es que el primer libro de su autoría, Lebensweisheit: Versuch einer Glückseligkeitslehre, publicado en 1908, abordara de lleno el problema de cómo obtener la sabiduría para vivir bien y alcanzar la felicidad6. ", "Así, pues, con la dirección de un hombre de tan vasta cultura y sensatez como Schlick, las reuniones que a inicios de siglo había instaurado el pequeño círculo de Frank, Hahn y Neurath volvieron a tener lugar a partir de 1922, ahora fuera de los bares y cafés de la ciudad de Viena, y de modo académicamente institucionalizado, con la participación de un número mayor de personas dispuestas a debatir. ", "En el año de 1925, se uniría a este grupo de discusión Rudolf Carnap, quien, a la postre, resultó ser el miembro más representativo e influyente. ", "Carnap, al igual que Schlick, había tenido formación de físico, pero, a diferencia de éste, su doctorado fue en filosofía. ", "La disertación, titulada 5 Cf. ", "Neurath, Hahn y Carnap, p. 302s. ", "6 Cf. ", "A. J. Ayer, La filosofía del siglo XX, Barcelona, Crítica, 1983; p. 145. ", "125 El círculo dE viEna: una nota Histórica Der Raum, que presentó en 1921 en la Universidad de Jena para obtener el grado de doctor, abordaba problemas vinculados a los fundamentos de la geometría, e intentaba mostrar que la contradicción entre las explicaciones de la naturaleza del espacio que defendían matemáticos, filósofos y físicos, se debía a que todos estos hablaban sobre cuestiones por completo diferentes, utilizando, no obstante, el mismo término: 'espacio.' ", "Carnap, para disipar estas presuntas contradicciones, introdujo la distinción entre espacio formal, espacio intuitivo y espacio físico7. ", "El abordaje semántico manifiesto en la tesis estaba claramente influido por las enseñanzas de Gottlob Frege, de quien Carnap fue alumno en Jena entre 1910 y 1914, en los cursos de Conceptografía I, Conceptografía II y de Lógica en Matemática. ", "Interesado en la nueva lógica y su potencial uso en el desarrollo de una filosofía científica, Carnap colabora en la organización de una pequeña conferencia al respecto celebrada en Erlangen, al norte de Núremberg, durante el mes de marzo de 1923, en donde llega a conocer, entre otros, a Hans Reichenbach, Heinrich Behmann, Paul Hertz y Kurt Lewin. ", "El primero de ellos, Reichenbach, entonces profesor de física en el Instituto Tecnológico de Stuttgart, con quien Carnap ya había tenido contacto epistolar, se convierte en su principal interlocutor, y, un año después, en el verano de 1924, le presenta a Schlick, quien impactado por sus aptitudes, lo invita a Viena en 1925 a dictar una serie de conferencias frente a su círculo filosófico-científico de discusión. ", "Luego de esto, en 1926, a instancias de Hahn, quien, al entrar en conocimiento de su proyecto reduccionista y su virtual realización en los manuscritos de Der logische Aufbau der Welt, creyó ver realizadas las esperanzas de Russell y Mach, Carnap fue nombrado instructor de filosofía en la Universidad de Viena, función que habría de desempeñar durante cinco años consecutivos, hasta el verano de 19318. ", "En las reuniones de Schlick y compañía la actitud antimetafísica se mostraba desde el inicio a cualquier visitante, configurada ya en el lenguaje del cual se hacía uso a lo largo de sus discusiones, en donde escaseaban los términos de la filosofía tradicional y académica, y, en cambio, abundaban los de la lógica, la matemática y la ciencia empírica, e, inclusive, algunos del lenguaje ordinario, pues estos, a diferencia de los metafísicos, podían ser, a juicio de los neopositivistas, traducidos al discurso de la ciencia. ", "Así, Schlick afirma: \"si alguien quiere calificar como positivista a toda opinión que niegue la posibilidad de la metafísica, como una mera definición no tiene nada de objetable y en ese sentido 7 Cf. ", "R. Carnap, \"Intellectual Autobiography\" en P. A. Schillp (ed.) ", "The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, The Library of Living Philosophers, Vol. ", "XI, La Salle, Illinois, Open Court, 1963, pp. ", "1-84; p. 11s. ", "8 Cf. ", "Ibid., ", "p. 30. ", "126 david villEna saldaña yo me designaría a mí mismo un estricto positivista\"9. ", "Tal espíritu era común al grupo, y, aunque el líder oficial haya sido Schlick, Neurath era quien sobresalía por su efusividad, vehemencia y compromiso tanto a nivel interno como de cara al público. ", "Neurath había estudiado filosofía, economía y sociología en Viena, y, a causa de su formación en ciencias sociales, tendía a recalcar las condiciones históricas y políticas en donde surgían los pensamientos y doctrinas. ", "Fiel a esta metodología, impartió clases privadas de marxismo a los miembros más jóvenes del grupo10. ", "Además, gracias a la experiencia administrativa y estratégica que adquirió luego de la Primera Guerra Mundial como funcionario público en los gobiernos socialdemócrata y espartaquista, Neurath fue pieza clave del círculo de Schlick en la organización de conferencias, difusión de ideas y captación de adeptos, tanto que – no sin razón – se ha venido a decir que, aparte de crear un movimiento filosófico internacional, su deseo era dar forma e impulso a un partido de izquierda11. ", "Bajo este enfoque funcional y organizativo, en 1928 el grupo adquiere formalmente existencia política con el nombre de Asociación Ernst Mach, cuya presidencia, como no podía ser de otra manera, recayó en la persona de Schlick. ", "Hahn fue nombrado vicepresidente, mientras que Neurath y Carnap, la así llamada ala izquierda del neopositivismo, son quienes asumen la secretaría. ", "Sin embargo, poco tiempo después, la Asociación corre el riesgo de desintegrarse a causa de la tentadora oferta que Schlick recibe de la Universidad de Bonn, pero que, finalmente, se resiste a aceptar, debido al promisorio futuro del grupo de Viena. ", "En agradecimiento a un gesto tan generoso como éste, en 1929, durante la breve estancia de Schlick en la Universidad de Stanford, Hahn, Carnap y Neurath cambian el nombre de la Asociación Ernst Mach a Círculo de Viena y publican \"Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. ", "Der Wiener Kreis,\" un manifiesto dedicado a Schlick. ", "Este documento fue presentado en la Primera Conferencia de Epistemología de las Ciencias Exactas que organizaron durante los días 15 y 16 de setiembre en conjunción con la Sociedad para la Filosofía Empírica que Reichenbach dirigía en la Universidad de Berlín, donde enseñaba desde 1928. ", "La Conferencia, además, era parte del Quinto Congreso de Físicos y Matemáticos Alemanes celebrado en Praga bajo la organización de Frank12. ", "El manifiesto consigna como miembros del Círculo de Viena a Gustav Bergmann, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Philipp Frank, Kurt Gödel, Hans 9 Moritz Schlick, \"Positivismo y realismo\" en A. J. Ayer (comp.) ", "El positivismo lógico, México D. F., F. C. E., 1978, pp. ", "88-114; p. 89. (", "Este artículo data de 1932). ", "10 Carnap, uno de sus oyentes habituales en estas sesiones, observa: \"His expositions and the subsequent discussions were very illuminating for all of us.\" ", "Op. ", "Cit, p. 24. ", "11 Cf. ", "Ayer, p. 146. ", "12 Cf. ", "Neurath, Hahn y Carnap, p. 300. ", "127 El círculo dE viEna: una nota Histórica Hahn, Victor Kraft, Karl Menger, Marcel Natkin, Otto Neurath, Olga HahnNeurath (hermana de Hans Hahn y segunda esposa de Otto Neurath), Theodor Radakovic, Moritz Schlick y Friedrich Waismann. ", "Los autores simpatizantes listados son Dubislav, J. Frank, Grelling, Härlen, Kaila, Loewy, Ramsey, Reichenbach, Reidemeister y Zilsel, y los que consideran como primeros representantes de la concepción científica del mundo son Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell y Ludwig Wittgenstein. ", "También es importante señalar que el manifiesto ofrece una enumeración exhaustiva de quienes habrían sido los predecesores filosóficos y científicos del Círculo de Viena. ", "Tales serían, en el caso de su positivismo y empirismo, Hume, la Ilustración, Comte, Mill, Rich, Avenarius y Mach; en el caso de su filosofía de la ciencia, Helmhotz, Riemann, Mach, Poincaré, Enriques, Duhem, Boltzmann y Einstein; en el caso de su lógica, Leibniz, Peano, Frege, Schröder, Russell, Whitehead y Wittgenstein; en el caso de su método axiomático, Pasch, nuevamente Peano, Vailati, Pieri y Hilbert; en el caso de su eudemonismo y sociología positivista, Epicuro, nuevamente Hume, Bentham, nuevamente Mill, nuevamente Comte, Feuerbach, Spencer, Müller-Lyer, Popper-Lynkeus, Carl Menger (padre) y Karl Marx13. ", "En su manifiesto, el Círculo de Viena pone de relieve el rechazo de la metafísica como sinsentido, a la filosofía como sistema de actos consistente en reducir oraciones a hechos u oraciones observacionales, y no como ciencia o cuerpo de conocimiento, y el carácter tautológico de las oraciones verdaderas de la lógica y la matemática. ", "De los errores lógicos que supone toda metafísica, culpan a la incapacidad de detectar las ambigüedades del lenguaje natural, al hecho de que, por ejemplo, en la plática cotidiana se utilice el sustantivo para designar cosas, cualidades y procesos, lo que, como consecuencia, da lugar a la penosa reificación14. ", "El Círculo de Viena, partiendo del supuesto de que una descripción científica sólo contiene la estructura y no la esencia de los objetos, consideraba que el significado de toda afirmación debía comprobarse mediante una reducción a afirmaciones sobre lo dado en la experiencia inmediata. ", "Pero la refutación de la metafísica no respondía sólo a motivaciones cognoscitivas y de orden lógico, sino también a factores políticos, sociales y económicos. ", "La metafísica, junto con la teología, sería un peligroso remanente de las formas premodernas y feudales de producción e intercambio, por lo cual, el Círculo de Viena propone que quienes se colocan a la vanguardia de los tiempos rechacen estas concepciones a favor de las ciencias empíricas. ", "El propósito, pues, antes que puramente teórico, consistía en facilitar la penetración de la concepción científica del mundo en la vida pública y privada, en la educación, la crianza, la arquitectura, la planificación y la vida social15. ", "13 Cf. ", "Ibid., ", "p. 303. ", "14 Cf. ", "Ibid., ", "p. 306. ", "15 Cf. ", "Ibid., ", "p. 314s. ", "128 david villEna saldaña El aparato propagandístico que se pondría en acto para la consecución de tales fines no se haría esperar. ", "En 1930, los neopositivistas se hicieron cargo de los Annalen der Philosophie, publicación a la cual, bajo la dirección de Carnap y Reichenbach, convertirían en su principal órgano de difusión periódica con el nuevo nombre de Erkenntnis. ", "Se continuó con la edición de monografías iniciada en 1928 como parte de la colección Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung a cargo de Schlick y Frank, entre cuyas entregas aparecería en 1934 la Logik der Forschung de Karl R. Popper. ", "Además, en 1933 pondrían en marcha la serie Einheitswissenschaft (Ciencia Unificada), con el objeto expreso de enlazar y armonizar los logros de investigaciones encuadradas en diversas disciplinas científicas, desde la física a la sociología, para, así, poder construir un sistema en donde cada enunciado legítimo se reduzca a conceptos de más bajo nivel referidos a la experiencia inmediata. ", "En 1938, con el Círculo prácticamente disuelto, Neurath, empecinado por llevar a término la obra filosófica que se había propuesto junto a sus camaradas de Viena, gestiona desde el exilio la publicación de la International Encyclopedia of Unified Science junto con Niels Bohr, John Dewey, Charles Morris, Russell y Carnap. (", "En 1962, como número dos del segundo volumen de la Enciclopedia, aparece The Structure of Scientific Revolutions de Thomas S. Kuhn.) ", "La influencia de Wittgenstein fue considerable, \"pero no es correcto decir que la filosofía del Círculo de Viena era tan sólo la filosofía de Wittgenstein\"16. ", "En efecto, en su Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre de 1918, tres años antes de la publicación del Logischphilosophische Abhandlung (Tractatus logico-philosophicus, nombre de la traducción inglesa de 1922) en el último número de los Annalen der Naturphilosophie, Schlick ya había rechazado la existencia de verdades sintéticas a priori, señalando que todas las oraciones a priori, como las de la lógica y la matemática, eran analíticas. ", "Es cierto, sin embargo, que \"bajo la influencia de Wittgenstein, esta concepción se fortaleció e hizo más definida y radical\"17, como bien señala Carnap. ", "Además, en el Tractatus logico-philosophicus ('TLP' en lo sucesivo) se otorgaba, de algún modo, sentido a la posibilidad de que existan verdades de orden místico de las cuales el lenguaje impide dar cuenta. ", "De hecho, Wittgenstein es enfático al respecto: \"Hay ciertamente, lo inexpresable, lo que se muestra a sí mismo; esto es lo místico.\" (", "6.522). ", "Tales afirmaciones van, desde luego, en contra del decidido espíritu antimetafísico del Círculo, y si Wittgenstein termina su obra aconsejando que \"de lo que no se puede hablar, mejor es callar\" (7), Neurath replica diciendo que \"cuando se trata de la metafísica ciertamente hay que guardar silencio, pero no sobre cosa alguna\"18. ", "16 Carnap, p. 24. ", "17 Ibid., ", "p. 25. ", "18 Citado por A. J. Ayer, \"El círculo de Viena\" en G. Ryle, La revolución en filosofía, Ma129 El círculo dE viEna: una nota Histórica No obstante esto, un hecho histórico innegable es que Wittgenstein influyó sobre la agenda de discusión del Círculo de Viena no sólo a través del TLP, sino también a causa de las numerosas reuniones privadas que, en el lapso de 1927 a 1929, sostuvo con varios de sus miembros. ", "En realidad, ya desde 1922 el TLP había captado la atención del grupo de Schlick, cuando el matemático Reidemeister ofreció una charla sobre el libro en el seminario que dirigía Hahn. ", "La afinidad de ideas fue inmediata. ", "Pero el intercambio directo parecía imposible, pues Wittgenstein, creyendo haber disuelto definitivamente los problemas filosóficos, repartió su patrimonio entre parientes cercanos y se alejó de la comunidad académica para trabajar como maestro de escuela en la Austria rural, primero en Trattenbach, luego en Hassbach y después en Puchberg. ", "En esta última localidad es donde, a lo largo de 1924, recibe la visita de F. P. Ramsey, con quien discute el significado de gran parte de los aforismos del TLP, volviendo, de esta manera, a la práctica filosófica. ", "Enterado de ello, el 25 de diciembre del mismo año Schlick le escribe con la esperanza de que también le conceda una cita, pero, para entonces, Wittgenstein ya había sido transferido a Otterthal, una villa cercana a Trattenbach. ", "En abril de 1926, una vez más Schlick intenta visitarlo, pero, al igual que la anterior, su deseo no resulta fructífero, pues Wittgenstein había abandonado el lugar y renunciado definitivamente a la enseñanza escolar, tras el proceso que se abrió en su contra por maltrato físico a los estudiantes. ", "Las esperanzas de Schlick recién se concretan en febrero de 1927, gracias a un arreglo de Margarethe Stonborough, la hermana de Wittgenstein. ", "Después de varios encuentros, y de negarse a asistir en persona a las discusiones del Círculo, Wittgenstein aceptó reunirse con Waismann, Carnap, Feigl y Marie Kaspar-Feigl, además de Schlick. ", "Estas reuniones colectivas terminaron al final de 1928, pues, a partir de 1929, Wittgenstein, por motivos estrictamente personales, sólo quiso reunirse con Schlick y Waismann19. ", "Meses más tarde, Wittgenstein viaja a instalarse en la Universidad de Cambridge, y, en sus ulteriores visitas ocasionales a Viena, se reúne con Waismann para examinar cómo marchaba el libro Logik, Sprache, Philosophie: Kritirk der Philosophie durch die Logik que éste escribía en base a las discusiones del periodo 19271929. \"", "Finalmente, después de que Waismann había escrito y rescrito el libro por un largo periodo de años, Wittgenstein de repente declaró que no quería ver sus pensamientos representados en forma \"popular\"\"20. ", "drid, Revista de Occidente, 1958, pp. ", "87-106; p. 93. ", "Neurath admite que \"los escritos de Wittgenstein han sidoextraordinariamente estimulantes, tanto por lo que se ha tomado de ellos como por lo que se ha rechazado.\" ", "Neurath, \"Proposiciones protocolares,\" en A. J. Ayer (comp.) ", "El positivismo lógico, pp. ", "205-214; p. 214. ", "19 Cf. ", "Op. ", "Cit, p. 27. ", "20 Ibid., ", "p. 28. ", "Waismann, sin embargo, tras la muerte de Wittgenstein, publicó las conversaciones que durante este periodo sostuvieron con él Schlick y otros. ", "Cf. ", "Friedrich 130 david villEna saldaña La disolución del Círculo de Viena fue progresiva. ", "Carnap viaja a Praga en 1931, Hahn muere en 1934, y con el ascenso del nazismo en Alemania y Austria muchos se deciden a emigrar, pues comenzaron a ser objeto de una censura y persecución política mayores de las sufridas con los gobiernos clericales de Dolfuss y Schussnigg. ", "Así, Neurath se refugia en Holanda, Feigl, Menger y Gödel en los Estados Unidos, y Waismann en el Reino Unido. ", "Schlick, por su parte, decidió permanecer en Viena y fue asesinado el lunes 22 de junio de 1936, cuando, al subir por las escaleras de la Universidad para ir a dictar clase, Johann Nelböck, uno de sus antiguos discípulos, le disparó cuatro veces con un arma de fuego. ", "Hecho que fue tan celebrado como bien recibido por la prensa alemana y los nazis austriacos, encomiando la \"lucha anti-judía,\" a pesar de que Schlick, el occiso, era un \"ario puro\"21. ", "Se dijo en titulares \"esto es lo que saca la enseñanza del positivismo lógico\"22, y en un artículo escrito por Johan Sauter, bajo el seudónimo de 'Prof. Dr. Austriacus,' el materialismo ateo de Schlick fue culpado de corromper a Austria como nación cristiana, acusándolo de hedonista y licencioso, que, como todo judío, es \"antimetafísico\" y \"logicista\" \"de nacimiento\"23. ", "A Nelböck, poco después, aunque hallado culpable de asesinato, se le dio libertad bajo palabra, llegándose a declarar miembro del partido nazi tras la anexión de Austria a Alemania en 1938. ", "Ese mismo año, en el Cuarto Congreso de Filosofía Científica celebrado en Cambridge, se pudo afirmar que el Círculo de Viena había dejado de existir. ", "El Círculo de Viena, es cierto, desapareció, pero su influencia continuaría arraigándose alrededor del mundo en las décadas siguientes, contribuyendo a conferir rigor en el ejercicio de la práctica filosófica, así como sentido de responsabilidad entre quienes cultivan esta disciplina, que, a pesar de no ser ciencia, puede ser honrada como la \"Reina de las Ciencias\"24. ", "En mayor medida, sus integrantes se asentaron en los Estados Unidos, cambiando por completo el panorama filosófico de ese país, y dando origen a la moderna filosofía analítica estadounidense. ", "Cosa parecida sucedió en América Latina en virtud de sus enseñanzas. ", "En el caso de nuestro país, el Perú, Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias y Augusto Salazar Bondy introdujeron su método, profesionalidad y doctrina del humanismo científico. ", "Waismann, Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Oxford, Blackwell, 2005. ", "21 Cf. ", "Dietrich v. Hildebrand, \"Professor Schlick\" en Der Christliche Ständestaat,28. ", "6, 19 de julio 1936. (", "Esta nota fúnebre es una defensa de la figura e integridad de Schlick.) ", "22 Citado por Ayer \"El círculo de Viena,\" p. 89. ", "23 Cf. ", "Johan Sauter (Prof. Dr. Austriacus), \"Der Fall des Wiener Professors Schlick eine Mahnung zur Gewissenserforschung\" en Das Neue Reich, Viena, XI, 12. ", "7, 9 de agosto de 1936, pp. ", "1-2; p. 2. (", "Este texto fue publicado originalmente en Schönere Zukunft pocos días después de la muerte de Schlick.) ", "24 Moritz Schlick, \"Die Wende der Philosophie\" en Erkenntnis, Vol. ", "I, 1930-1, pp. ", "4-11; p. 8." ]

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[ "LOS ANGELES (Hollywood Reporter) - If it wasn’t for the egregious amount of shoe-gazing vampires flooding pop culture these days -- a combination of brooding sex, mopey teen displacement and lame attempts to be fang-tastic -- the world might groan at the notion that zombies are back in vogue.", "\n\nBut AMC, which launched the five-part series “The Walking Dead” on Halloween, has found in producer-director-writer Frank Darabont (“The Shawshank Redemption”) the perfect person to flesh out the popular graphic novels of Robert Kirkman.", "\n\nDuring the 90-minute premiere, Darabont manages to push all of the familiar zombie-genre buttons even while expanding the visual references to classic Westerns -- the main character is a lawman, and the title sequences feature him riding a lone horse into Atlanta while the outbound traffic is all burned husks of cars and buses -- and dystopian films of isolation and panic. ", "He also adds a complicated love story and an even more ambitious notion: that what we’re capable of doing to one another is far worse than having a zombie eat our guts.", "\n\nIt’s the kind of scope only a TV series can achieve -- not having to truncate the see-zombie, kill-zombie-while-running-for-your-life game into two hours. ", "That’s not to say “Dead” isn’t wonderful popcorn fare. ", "If all you want are superb costume and makeup moments of shuffling zombies with their faces falling off and their incessant need to eat, you can find that here. ", "And because it’s on cable, it’s a veritable exploding-head carnival thanks to everything from high-powered rifles to baseball bats and pick axes to arrows.", "\n\nYet people who hate horror and gore should still give “Dead” a chance to unfold its boldly different story. ", "Darabont, Kirkman and fellow writer Tony Moore have seized on the deeper motivations in Kirkman’s source work, asking what man is really capable of when pushed. ", "Does the moral fabric tear when your world is turned into a nightmare? ", "Is there room for compassion when nothing makes sense and terror rules the day (and night)? ", "Does it take extreme situations for us to realize who we are and what we want? ", "This is familiar territory for Darabont, whose films sometimes pull the heartstrings a little too tight. ", "But here, empathy and sentimentalism effectively disarm any rote zombie tropes the genre might subconsciously trigger in the viewer.", "\n\nAndrew Lincoln stars as police officer Rick Grimes. ", "He’s a good cop with a wife, Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies), and young son, Carl (Chandler Riggs), who seems to be enduring the familiar strains of any marriage. ", "A shooting rampage by criminals before the zombie invasion leaves Grimes in the hospital. ", "He wakes up weeks later to what seems to be a disorienting, postapocalyptic nightmare: a world abandoned, pieces of dead bodies everywhere. ", "Plus zombies. ", "Darabont leaves the how-did-this-happen answer until later so as to keep the confusion alive in Grimes. ", "He roams the hospital, still weak and wounded, then ventures into town, searching for his family.", "\n\nFrom here, Dead sets itself apart. ", "Grimes meets a man (wonderfully played by Lennie James) in town trying to protect his young son. ", "He nurses Grimes back to health while enduring the nightly roaming of his own dead wife, who repeatedly returns to the house, turning the knob, trying to get back in. ", "This interaction naturally tears his young son apart. ", "James infuses the series with empathy in one beautiful scene in which he’s got his zombie wife in the scope of his rifle but can’t pull the trigger, tears filling his eyes.", "\n\nOne drawback in “Dead” is that Lincoln plays his emotion a little too close to his deputy’s badge. ", "We’re told -- by him -- that all he wants to do is find his wife and kid. ", "His belief that they still are alive is the emotional drive of the story, but there’s not enough deep pain that seeps up to coat the dialogue Lincoln delivers. ", "Nothing’s going to stop him, he says, but after witnessing the work of James and the moral struggle to shoot your own wife for the betterment of your child, well, that’s how it’s played.", "\n\nCool and aloof works well for the notion of payback, however, and watching Lincoln turn Grimes into a dead-on gunslinger dispatching zombies has its satisfaction. “", "Dead” does a lot right with the aesthetic look: There are far more scenes in the bright daylight than there are in a typical zombie movie. ", "Sure, they come out at night, especially if they hear loud noises. ", "But having them roam the streets and the parks in broad daylight -- without the hazy-gray filter of smoke, darkening clouds or charred buildings -- makes Grimes’ wake-up call all the more believable. ", "This is particularly true when he watches an oozing, struggling female zombie slither with just torso and arms across a sunny park. ", "Grimes watches her crawl and struggle, looking for food, and apologizes to her for the fate she’s suffering. (", "Then shoots her in the head, of course.)", "\n\nWould a zombie series that goes on for 13 episodes and five seasons keep anyone’s interest? ", "Debatable. ", "Unlike vampires, there’s not much mythology to work with. ", "These are just dead people walking, normally slowly, in search of food. ", "You shoot them in the head, end of story. ", "But Darabont and Kirkman have at least pushed the genre into a territory that could be explored further. ", "Empathy is not a big player in the zombie genre. ", "Neither is introspection. ", "Films of this type are quick to devolve into video-game shoot-em-ups with brains splattering everywhere. ", "Here, Darabont uses the TV-series format to break convention not only by defying the predictabilities of the horror genre (boo!) ", "but also by infusing the recipe with more storytelling elan. ", "In “Dead,” the survivors grapple with the notion of not losing their humanity when surrounded by the living, not just the dead." ]

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[ "\n268 P.3d 506 (2012)\nCITY OF PRAIRIE VILLAGE\nv.\nHOOVER.", "\nNo. ", "106032.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Kansas.", "\nFebruary 3, 2012.", "\n\nDecision Without Published Opinion\nReversed and remanded with directions.", "\n" ]

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[ "Sensorimotor cerebral activation during optokinetic nystagmus. ", "A functional MRI study.", "\nSelf-motion or object motion can elicit optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), which is an integral part of dynamic spatial orientation. ", "We used functional MR imaging during horizontal OKN to study cerebral activation patterns in sensory and ocular motor areas in 10 subjects. ", "We found activation bilaterally in the primary visual cortex, the motion-sensitive areas in the occipitotemporal cortex (the middle temporal and medial superior temporal areas), and in areas known to control several types of saccades such as the precentral and posterior median frontal gyrus, the posterior parietal cortex, and the medial part of the superior frontal gyrus (frontal, parietal, and supplementary eye fields). ", "Additionally, we observed cortical activation in the anterior and posterior parts of the insula and in the prefrontal cortex. ", "Bilateral activation of subcortical structures such as the putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and the thalamus traced the efferent pathways of OKN down to the brainstem. ", "Functional MRI during OKN revealed a complex cerebral network of sensorimotor cortical and subcortical activation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to call a function with parameter in Shell\n\nI have defined a function that takes a parameter\nfunction expandSession()\n{\n line=$1;\n....\n}\n\nHow can I call this function with a parameter?", "\nI tried:\nexpandSession $line;\n\nGiving error as \nexpandSession: command not found\n\nFull code:\nif [ ! ", "-z \"$HOMESERVER\" ] ; then\n....\n while [[ \"$START_DATE\" -le \"$END_DATE\" ]];\n do\n zgrep ...; do\n expandSession $line; <------\n done\n grep -e ...; do\n expandSession $line; <------\n done\n let START_DATE+=86400;\n done\nfi\nexpandSession ()\n{\n line=$1;\n\n}\n\nA:\n\n@BlueMoon is on the right track: the function is not in scope. ", "A common error is to ignore the evaluation sequence, and place a function definition after the call to it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "This month, we asked our followers on Facebook and Twitter to vote for the friendliest city they’ve visited. ", "Here are the top 15 they chose.", "\n\n15. ", "Atlanta, Georgia, USA\n\nFirst up is Atlanta, Georgia, with a population of more than 440,000 apparently lovely people.", "\n\n14. ", "Wellington, New Zealand\n\nOn Twitter, Ben Les Hoole was one of many who voted for Wellington, New Zealand’s capital. ", "Described as an “urban jewel” in The Rough Guide to New Zealand, it’s one of the few cities travellers make an effort to visit in the country – perhaps that has something to do with its rather friendly residents.", "\n\n13. ", "Vientiane, Laos\n\nA quiet but beautiful capital city, situated on a wide bend in the Mekong River, Vientiane got votes on Facebook from readers including Tamara Bollen and Adam Mason.", "\n\n12. ", "Cape Town, South Africa\n\nMore than just penguins on a beach, Cape Town got our readers’ vote as one of the friendliest cities in the world. ", "It’s South Africa’s most visited city, and with Table Mountain as a stunning scenic backdrop, there’s little wonder why.", "\n\n11. ", "Budapest, Hungary\n\nBudapest, Hungary‘s rather grand capital, sits on the banks of the Danube and has a number of thermal springs supplying baths across the city – perfect for a friendly, relaxing weekend away.", "\n\n10. ", "Melbourne, Australia\n\nAn unsurprising entry at number ten after being voted most liveable city in the world four times in a row: Melbourne, Australia was voted for by many as the friendliest city in the world.", "\n\n9. ", "Manchester, England\n\nAt number nine it’s Manchester, one of the highlights of the north of England. ", "Once described as “the belly and guts of the nation” by George Orwell, our readers think it’s one of the friendliest cities in the world.", "\n\n8. ", "Dubai, UAE\n\nThis fast-growing city is the hub of the United Arab Emirates and got a vote from one of our Facebook followers because “everyone is polite and friendly”.", "\n\n7. ", "Copenhagen, Denmark\n\nA compact and easy to navigate city, Copenhagen makes number seven in the world’s friendliest cities vote thanks to a thumbs up from readers including Rob on Twitter, and Natalia Rangel on Facebook.", "\n\n6. ", "Vancouver, Canada\n\nCanada makes an appearance at number six with the coastal city of Vancouver, in British Columbia. ", "Twitter follower Sascha Neth said: “We hosted the friendliest winter Olympics!”", "\n\n5. ", "Tokyo, Japan\n\nTokyo was voted as the fifth friendliest city in the world. ", "LukmanAul says on Twitter, “despite being very hectic, Tokyo is the friendliest city and is very safe.” ", "After getting lost at 3am, he said an office worker directed him back to his hotel using her smartphone, even though there was a language barrier.", "\n\n4. ", "Liverpool, England\n\nAnother northern English city, Liverpool was one of our top cities to visit 2014 and is also one of the friendliest in the world according to you.", "\n\n3. ", "Montréal, Canada\n\nIn third place is Montréal, Canada’s second largest city. ", "On Twitter, Paul Chibeba said: “my #friendlycity pick is #Montréal: colourful, engaging and welcoming in French and English!”.", "\n\n© Richard Cavalleri/Shutterstock\n\n2. ", "Dublin, Ireland\n\nWith a the bulk of votes on Facebook, Ireland’s capital Dublin makes second friendliest city in the world. ", "Spend a weekend enjoying the Georgian townhouses, squares and historic churches among some of the friendliest people in the world.", "\n\n1. ", "Glasgow, Scotland\n\nOur readers voted Glasgow the world’s friendliest city. ", "Check out our insider’s guide for tips on what to see and do.", "\n\n© CappaPhoto/Shutterstock" ]

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[ "#!", "/usr/bin/python\n# Copyright 2020 Northern.tech AS\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n\nimport pytest\n\nfrom common import *\n\n\n@pytest.mark.usefixtures(\"setup_board\", \"bitbake_path\")\nclass TestSnapshot:\n @pytest.mark.min_mender_version(\"2.2.0\")\n @pytest.mark.only_with_image(\"uefiimg\", \"sdimg\", \"biosimg\", \"gptimg\")\n @pytest.mark.parametrize(\"compression\", [(\"\", \">\"), (\"-C gzip\", \"| gunzip -c >\")])\n def test_basic_snapshot(self, compression, bitbake_variables, connection):\n try:\n (active, passive) = determine_active_passive_part(\n bitbake_variables, connection\n )\n\n # Wipe the inactive partition first.", "\n connection.run(\"dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=1M count=100\" % passive)\n\n # Dump what we currently have to the inactive partition.", "\n connection.run(\n \"mender snapshot dump %s %s %s\"\n % (compression[0], compression[1], passive)\n )\n\n # Make sure this looks like a sane filesystem.", "\n connection.run(\"fsck.ext4 -p %s\" % passive)\n\n # And that it can be mounted with actual content.", "\n connection.run(\"mount %s /mnt\" % passive)\n connection.run(\"test -f /mnt/etc/passwd\")\n\n finally:\n connection.run(\"umount /mnt || true\")\n\n @pytest.mark.min_mender_version(\"2.2.0\")\n @pytest.mark.only_with_image(\"uefiimg\", \"sdimg\", \"biosimg\", \"gptimg\")\n def test_snapshot_device_file(self, bitbake_variables, connection):\n try:\n (active, passive) = determine_active_passive_part(\n bitbake_variables, connection\n )\n\n # Wipe the inactive partition first.", "\n connection.run(\"dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=1M count=100\" % passive)\n\n # Dump what we currently have to the inactive partition, using\n # device file reference.", "\n connection.run(\"mender snapshot dump --source %s > %s\" % (active, passive))\n\n # Make sure this looks like a sane filesystem.", "\n connection.run(\"fsck.ext4 -p %s\" % passive)\n\n # And that it can be mounted with actual content.", "\n connection.run(\"mount %s /mnt\" % passive)\n connection.run(\"test -f /mnt/etc/passwd\")\n\n finally:\n connection.run(\"umount /mnt || true\")\n\n @pytest.mark.min_mender_version(\"2.2.0\")\n @pytest.mark.only_with_image(\"uefiimg\", \"sdimg\", \"biosimg\", \"gptimg\")\n def test_snapshot_inactive(self, bitbake_variables, connection):\n try:\n (active, passive) = determine_active_passive_part(\n bitbake_variables, connection\n )\n\n test_str = \"TeSt StrIng!#\"", "\n\n # Seed the initial part of the inactive partition with a test string\n connection.run(\"echo '%s' | dd of=%s\" % (test_str, passive))\n\n # Try to snapshot inactive partition, keeping the initial part, and\n # dumping the rest.", "\n connection.run(\n \"mender snapshot dump --source %s | ( dd of=/data/snapshot-test bs=%d count=1; cat > /dev/null )\"\n % (passive, len(test_str))\n )\n\n output = connection.run(\"cat /data/snapshot-test\").stdout.strip()\n\n assert output == test_str\n\n finally:\n connection.run(\"rm -f /data/snapshot-test\")\n\n @pytest.mark.min_mender_version(\"2.2.0\")\n @pytest.mark.only_with_image(\"uefiimg\", \"sdimg\", \"biosimg\", \"gptimg\")\n def test_snapshot_avoid_deadlock(self, connection):\n loop = None\n try:\n # We need to create a temporary writable filesystem, because the\n # rootfs filesystem is by default tested with a read-only rootfs,\n # and we need to write a file to the filesystem we dump.", "\n connection.run(\n \"dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/tmp-file-system count=%d\"\n % (50 * 2048) # 50 * 2048 * 512 = 50 MiB\n )\n connection.run(\"mkfs.ext4 /data/tmp-file-system\")\n loop = connection.run(\n \"losetup --show -f /data/tmp-file-system\"\n ).stdout.strip()\n connection.run(\"mkdir /data/mnt\")\n connection.run(\"mount %s /data/mnt -t ext4\" % loop)\n # Fill with some garbage so that we get a bad compression rate and\n # enough data to trigger buffering.", "\n connection.run(\n \"dd if=/dev/urandom of=/data/mnt/random-data count=%d\" % (10 * 2048)\n )\n\n # Try to snapshot to same partition we are freezing.", "\n result = connection.run(\n \"mender snapshot dump --source /data/mnt > /data/mnt/snapshot-test\",\n warn=True,\n )\n assert result.return_code !", "= 0\n assert \"Freeze timer expired\" in result.stderr\n\n # Do it again, but this time indirectly.", "\n result = connection.run(\n \"bash -c 'set -o pipefail; mender snapshot dump --source /data/mnt | gzip -c > /data/mnt/snapshot-test'\",\n warn=True,\n )\n assert result.return_code !", "= 0\n assert \"Freeze timer expired\" in result.stderr\n\n finally:\n connection.run(\"umount /data/mnt || true\")\n connection.run(\"rmdir /data/mnt || true\")\n if loop is not None:\n connection.run(\"losetup -d %s\" % loop)\n connection.run(\"rm -f /data/tmp-file-system\")\n\n @pytest.mark.min_mender_version(\"2.2.0\")\n @pytest.mark.only_with_image(\"uefiimg\", \"sdimg\", \"biosimg\", \"gptimg\")\n # Make sure we run both with and without terminal. ", "Many signal bugs lurk in\n # different corners of the console code.", "\n @pytest.mark.parametrize(\n \"terminal\", [\"\", \"screen -D -m -L -Logfile screen.log.tmp\"]\n )\n def test_snapshot_using_mender_artifact(\n self, terminal, bitbake_path, bitbake_variables, connection\n ):\n try:\n (active, passive) = determine_active_passive_part(\n bitbake_variables, connection\n )\n\n common_args = get_ssh_common_args()\n # mender-artifact prefixes each ssh argument with \"-S\"\n common_args = common_args.replace(\" \", \" -S \")\n\n try:\n subprocess.check_call(\n \"%s mender-artifact write rootfs-image -S %s -n test -t test -o test_snapshot_using_mender_artifact.mender -f ssh://%s@%s:%s\"\n % (\n terminal,\n common_args,\n connection.user,\n connection.host,\n connection.port,\n ),\n shell=True,\n )\n finally:\n subprocess.call(\"cat screen.log.tmp ; rm -f screen.log.tmp\", shell=True)\n\n output = subprocess.check_output(\n \"mender-artifact read test_snapshot_using_mender_artifact.mender\",\n shell=True,\n ).decode()\n\n partsize = connection.run(\"blockdev --getsize64 %s\" % active).stdout.strip()\n\n # Ensure that the payload size of the produced artifact matches the\n # partition.", "\n assert re.search(\"size: *%s\" % partsize, output) is not None\n\n finally:\n try:\n os.remove(\"test_snapshot_using_mender_artifact.mender\")\n except:\n pass\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to change the spacing between items in a Column or Row\n\nI am aligning Items using Column and Row types in QML. ", "Is there any way to give different spacing to each Item. ", "Something along the line of the following:\nlike:\nitem1\nspacing:10\nitem2\nspacing:20\nitem3\nspacing:40\nitem4\nhere is my code:\nApplicationWindow {\n visible: true\n width: 640\n height: 480\n title: qsTr(\"Hello World\")\n\n Rectangle{\n id: rect\n anchors.fill: parent\n\n Column{\n id: column\n anchors.centerIn: parent\n spacing: 10\n\n Row{\n id: row1\n anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter\n Rectangle{\n width: 300\n height: 100\n color: \"lightgreen\"\n }\n }\n Row{\n id: row2\n anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter\n Rectangle{\n width: 100\n height: 50\n color: \"lightblue\"\n }\n }\n Row{\n id: row3\n anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter\n Rectangle{\n width: 50\n height: 50\n color: \"green\"\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe hacky version with spacer Items\nSometimes I prefer this over ColumnLayout since in some situations I just can't use ColumnLayout (can't explain exactly why though at the moment).", "\nI get it working as follows\nColumn {\n Rectangle {\n // ...\n }\n\n Item {\n width: 1 // dummy value !", "= 0\n height: 10\n }\n\n Rectangle {\n // ...\n }\n\n Item {\n width: 1 // dummy value !", "= 0\n height: 20\n }\n\n Rectangle {\n // ...\n }\n}\n\nAn Item of width 0 won't work. ", "I suggest putting a Spacer_Col.qml (and Spacer_Row analog) into you Toolbox, looking something like\nimport QtQuick 2.8\nItem {\n id: root\n property alias spacing: root.height\n width: 1 // dummy value different from 0\n}\n\nUsing ColumnLayout\nColumnLayout {\n Rectangle{\n // ...\n }\n\n Rectangle{\n Layout.topMargin: 10\n // ...\n }\n\n Rectangle{\n Layout.topMargin: 20\n // ...\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Digital World Influencer marketing Article: Importance of micro-influencer and How to become a successful micro-influencer on Instagram to make money?", "\n\nSocial Influencer marketing is more accessible than ever to brands. ", "As one of the most effective forms of promoting a business, it’s increasingly used as a means of increasing brand awareness, gaining more traffic and more engagement, and boosting overall sales.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith social media, though, social influencers can be very diverse—not necessarily in terms of their niches, but rather in terms of the size of their audience and their popularity . ", "Most brands tend to go for the big names in their respective industries—after all, they’re very well-known and respected, and they could possibly have hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of followers just on social media.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nIf you are interested in Influencer marketing and want to make money by doing influencer marketing then this article is for you.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nTo know about Influencer marketing click here.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat is Micro-Influencer?", "\n\n\n\n\n\nMicro-Influencer is someone who has an audience within the follower range of 10K followers to 50K followers on a particular social media platform like Instagram. ", "A micro-influencer who usually comprised of a focussed passion, topic, or niche market.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWhy Micro-influencers are better?", "\n\nMicro-influencers are social influencers that have an audience of about 10k to 50k followers. ", "They have a loyal following, although smaller, it doesn’t affect the influence they hold. ", "In fact, as they have some followers, this also normally means that they are much more involved with them on a daily, compared to some of the hugely influential people with hundreds of thousands of followers who couldn’t possibly have the opportunity to engage with their followers at a high rate. ", "Another thing that happens when an influencer's popularity rises and they start getting more and more followers is that their audiences increase exponentially. ", "Micro-influencers, on the other hand, have a much more thick, targeted audience , which is much more useful when you’re actually selling something. ", "How to become a successful micro-influencer on Instagram?", "\n\nTo become a successful micro-influencer here's my ultimate guide:\n\n\n\nNiche:\n\nBefore starting your journey as Influencer first and the important thing is to identify a niche. ", "It is very crucial to pick a niche that aligns with your personality.", "\n\nThe best way to select your niche is to evaluate your strengths and weakness. ", "Select a niche that allows you to showcase your strengths and sharpen your skills further.", "\n\nDeciding a particular niche you can target your audience according to their interests and the audiences will help you to increase your network.", "\n\nThere are some best niche which is going very speedy Travel\n\nHealth and fitness\n\nLifestyle\n\nFood\n\nFashion\n\nEntertainment You don't have a limit to use one niche only, you can combine two or more of these niches according to your audience interest. ", "But make sure these niches align with one other. ", "It totally depends on you, which niches you will combine may be a combination of lifestyle and fashion, etc.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPick your Platform:\n\n\n\nAs an INfluencer, you need to have a powerful presence on the internet. ", "But it doesn't mean you should use every platform for influencing marketing. ", "Depends on your niche, certain platforms might be better for your content.", "\n\nFor example, if you are a fashion blogger then Instagram is the best platform for influencer marketing. ", "In fact, 93% of social media influencer choose Instagram as a platform.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nContent:\n\nContent is the answer to the question \"How to become a successful Influencer?\" ", "t is very important to publish very unique and attractive content on your Instagram profile.", "\n\nIn fact, content is the only way to keep your audience hooked to your content. ", "But the content must be very meaningful and valuable.", "\n\nIt is crucial to add your signature voice to every piece of content you create. ", "That is what will distinguish you from other people who are also trying to figure out how to be an influencer.", "\n\nIt is extremely important that you find the unique quirk or trait that distinguishes you from other influencers in your niche. ", "Once you have identified this unique selling proposition (USP), incorporate it into your content as much as possible.", "\n\nIn addition to helping your content stand out, this will also establish your image as an influencer. ", "It is advisable that you integrate this USP into your sponsored content as well.", "\n\nListen to your audience:\n\nThe audience plays a crucial role to make you a successful Influencer. ", "Always try to create content that the audience wants. ", "And try to make the content very attractive that attracts your audiences.", "\n\nIf you want to know, what your audience wants? ", "then start taking survey and feedback from your audiences, or try to get more response from them and start work on responses received from your audiences.", "\n\nYour content only becomes valuable and meaningful when it reaches the right audience. ", "A powerful way of giving increased visibility to your content is by adding relevant hashtags to your Instagram posts. ", "This is especially useful for people who are just starting out as influencers and need to grow their viewers.", "\n\nIdentify the most suitable and trending hashtags in your niche. ", "Then use them in your posts to get your content seen by a completely new audience that may have been unaware of your existence.", "\n\nWhen using hashtags, you should be careful not to overflow your posts with unnecessary ones. ", "Only use hashtags that align with your image as an influencer.", "\n\nHashtags:\n\nYour content only becomes valuable and meaningful when it reaches the right audience. ", "A powerful way of giving increased visibility to your content is by adding relevant hashtags to your Instagram posts. ", "This is especially useful for people who are just starting out as influencers and need to grow their viewers.", "\n\nIdentify the most suitable and trending hashtags in your niche. ", "Then use them in your posts to get your content seen by a completely new audience that may have been unaware of your existence.", "\n\nWhen using hashtags, you should be careful not to overflow your posts with unnecessary ones. ", "Only use hashtags that align with your image as an influencer.", "\n\n\n\nFor Example:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nConsistency:\n\n\n\nIf you are running out of good quality content, you can use the Stories feature on Instagram. ", "You can upload simple pictures to give your audience a sneak peek into your workspace or living room.", "\n\nThis can help keep your audience involved and help you stay correlated with them without wasting hours perfecting a video.", "\n\nPublishing high-quality content on a daily basis is one of the most efficient ways to engage your audience’s attention. ", "When you produce good content on a regular basis, it creates a sense of trust among your audience.", "\n\nThat, in turn, increases audience engagement and increases your reach. ", "It is advisable that you create a timeline for all of the content you plan on publishing in the next few months. ", "You can also create a weekly or monthly series to keep your audience pinned.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nCollaboration:\n\nIf you just started influencing and don't know how to get attraction then collaboration with Influencer who is famous in your niche can be a great help. ", "It gives you access to their fanbase to allows you to attract them to your Instagram profile.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to load all images in folder by its name using python?", "\n\nI have a folder with 50000 images named as ILSVRC2012_val_00000001.JPEG until ILSVRC2012_val_00050000.JPEG.", "\nI want to load each image and then used them to something. ", "Here, that's the code I'm using (load just first 14 images):\nfor m in range(0,15):\n\n count = m + 1\n\n im = caffe.io.load_image(IMAGE_PATH_FOLDER + 'ILSVRC2012_val_000' + str(count).zfill(5) + '.JPEG')\n\nThe error is\nNo such file or directory: ILSVRC2012_val_00000010.JPEG\n\nAny idea how to solve it?", "\n\nA:\n\nI'd use glob.glob.", "\nfrom glob import glob\n\nfor path in sorted(glob(IMAGE_PATH_FOLDER + \"ILSVRC2012_val_*.JPEG\")):\n im = caffe.io.load_image(path)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel View Composer \"Use of undefined constant\"\n\nbeen looking all evening and it all seems so easy and simple but just won't work!", "\nJust starting out and trying to get a variable into a view.", "\nWhatever i do, i can't seem to read it.", "\nroutes.php:\nRoute::get('/', function()\n{\n return View::make('dashboard');\n});\n\nView::composer('dashboard', function($view) {\n $view->with('links', \"something\");\n});\n\ndashboard.blade.php:\n@extends('base_view')\n\n@section('content')\n All the stuff!", "\n {{links}}\n@stop\n\nbase_view.blade.php\n<!", "doctype html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <title>Laravel PHP Framework</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n <div>TeamPro</div>\n <div>@yield('content')</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nPlease tell me i'm just doing something stupid!", "\n\nA:\n\nUse $links, not links:\n@section('content')\n All the stuff!", "\n {{ $links }}\n@stop\n\nEvery variable in PHP should be preceded by a $ sign. ", "If there's no $, PHP treats it as a constant.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's just a simple syntax issue, everything you send to a view is a php variable so still needs to be referenced with the $\nIn your view, you are referencing links without the dollar sign.", "\nIf you update it to: \n{{ $links }}\n\nYou'll be A-OK\n\n" ]

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[ "Genetic variability among Schistosoma japonicum isolates from the Philippines, Japan and China revealed by sequence analysis of three mitochondrial genes.", "\nThe present study examined sequence variability in the mitochondrial (mt) protein-coding genes cytochrome b (cytb), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 2 and 6 (nad2 and nad6) among 24 isolates of Schistosoma japonicum from different endemic regions in the Philippines, Japan and China. ", "The complete cytb, nad2 and nad6 genes were amplified and sequenced separately from individual schistosome. ", "Sequence variations for isolates from the Philippines were 0-0.5% for cytb, 0-0.6% for nad2, and 0-0.9% for nad6. ", "Variation was 0-0.5%, 0.1-0.8%, 0-0.7% for corresponding genes for schistosome samples from mainland China. ", "For worms in Japan, genetic variations were 0-0.2%, 0.1-0.2% and 0 for the three genes, respectively. ", "Sequence variations were 0-1.0%, 0-1.8% and 0-1.1% for cytb, nad2 and nad6, respectively, among schistosome isolates from different geographical strains in the Philippines, Japan and China. ", "Of the three countries, lowest sequence variations were found between isolates from mainland China and the Philippines and highest were detected between Japan and the Philippines in three mtDNA genes. ", "Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of cytb, nad2 and nad6 revealed that all isolates in the Philippines clustered together sistered to samples from Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces in China, while isolates from Yamanashi in Japan were in a solitary clade. ", "These results demonstrated the usefulness of the combined three mtDNA sequences for studying genetic diversity and population structure among S. japonicum isolates from the Philippines, China and Japan." ]

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[ "Motorcycle Test\n\nThe Alternate Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (Alternate MOST) There you are standing in the blazing sunlight among a dozen other riders as you stare at a group of orange cones positioned at crazy angles. ", "Three months ago you got your learner’s permit and bought your bike which you’ve been riding every weekend. ", "Slowly a knot …\n\nAffiliate Disclosure\n\nWe’ve joined selected affiliate programs which will allow us to place advertisements for select motorcycle and motorcycle-related product retailers on the site.", "\n\nThis will help us generate some revenue and to make it easier for you to purchase products while helping to support webBikeWorld. ", "Note that advertisements for the affiliates may be placed on the product review pages." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsession management in vb.net\n\nI am looking for session management on my windows based application using vb.net. ", "I google it, and found the similar result everywhere, and i got same error.", "\nSession Management in VB.NET\nSession Management\nThis is what i was trying to do\nSession(\"UserId\") = admin\n\nHere admin is the variable, \nBut, i got error in the above line, says Session is not declare. ", "Need Help \nThanks in advance !!", "\n\nA:\n\nSession is a mechanism to store information about an user only when you are in asp.net.", "\nUsually is used to store some global information/preferences that you need about the user is browsing, for example, the language that web pages should be presented to user.", "\nEach user will have his own session values.", "\nThere are other mechanisms to achieve that as viewstate or cookies. ", "\nFrom the tags in your question seems you have a winform application. ", "You cannot use session on windows forms. ", "Usually windows forms applications are intended for one specific user. ", "If you want to store global information/preferences in winforms you can use an static preferences class.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Prevention of central nervous system relapses in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: which patients and how?", "\nThis review analyzes most recent data on the risk of central nervous system (CNS) dissemination and the efficacy of current strategies for CNS prophylaxis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). ", "CNS dissemination still remains a rare but usually fatal complication of DLBCL. ", "Although risk models for CNS involvement in DLBCL have been postulated on the basis of clinical findings such as more than one extranodal site, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status greater than 1, lactate dehydrogenase elevation in serum, B-symptoms, high international prognostic index score and involvement of specific sites their predictive value is relatively low. ", "The choice of drugs and time-point for prophylaxis still remain to be defined; however, there is some evidence supporting the role of systemic CNS-penetrating chemotherapy, in particular high-dose methotrexate (>1 g/m) in the early course of disease. ", "A role for systemic rituximab has been postulated, however, with ambiguous results among studies. ", "Better identification of risk factors and disease variables associated with CNS involvement in DLBCL including biological and molecular parameters is urgently needed to reduce CNS recurrences through a well designed prophylaxis regimen and to avoid unnecessary intensive and toxic treatments." ]

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[ "Double\n\nDouble may refer to:\n\n Look-alike, a person who closely resembles another person\n Body double, someone who substitutes for the credited actor of a character\n Doppelgänger, ghostly double of a living person\n Polish Enigma doubles, replicating the function of Nazi Germany's cipher machines\n Double, a bet which combines two selections; see Glossary of bets offered by UK bookmakers#Double\n Double, a former fraction of the Guernsey pound\n Double, a former rank of liturgical feast in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church\n Double-flowered form of plants\n\nPeople \n Baron Emile Double (1869–1938), vigneron who established the vineyard at the Château de Beaupré in Saint-Cannat in 1890\n François-Joseph Double (1776–1842), French physician\n Marie-Louise Double de Saint-Lambert (1891–1974), French philanthropist later known as Countess Lily Pastré\n Steve Double (born 1966), British Conservative Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for St Austell and Newquay since 2015\n\nMathematics and computing \n Multiplication by 2\n Double precision, a floating-point representation of numbers that is typically 64 bits in length\n A split-complex number of the form , where \n A 2-tuple, or ordered list of two elements, commonly called an ordered pair, denoted \n Double (manifold)\n\nFood and drink \n Doubles (food), a sandwich that is a common street food in Trinidad and Tobago\n Doppio, a double shot of espresso\n Dubbel, a strong Belgian Trappist beer or, more generally, a strong brown ale\n A drink order of two shots of hard liquor in one glass\n A \"double decker\", a hamburger with two patties in a single bun\n\nSports \n Double (association football), the act of a winning a division and primary cup competition in the same season\n Double (baseball), a two-base hit in baseball\n The Double (Seattle Mariners), a specific instance of the above that occurred during the 1995 Major League Baseball season\n Double, a snooker shot where the player tries to pot a ball via one cushion\n Double (cricket), the feat of scoring a thousand first-class runs and taking a hundred first-class wickets in a single season\n Double (volleyball)\n Double (basketball)\n The Double (Gaelic games), the act of winning the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in the same year\n The Double (rugby league), in the UK, winning the Super League and Challenge Cup in one season\n Double Duty (auto racing), in auto racing, the act of a driver attempting to race in two races on the same day during the United States Memorial Day weekend\n\nFilm and television \n The Double (1934 film), a German crime comedy film\n The Double (1971 film), an Italian film\n The Double (2011 film), a spy thriller film\n The Double (2013 film), a film based on the Dostoevsky novella\n Kamen Rider Double (character), the protagonist in a Japanese television series of the same name\n Kamen Rider Double, a 2009-2010 Japanese television series\n\nGames \n Double, action in games whereby a competitor raises the stakes. ", "For use \n , in contract bridge\n Doubling cube, in backgammon\n Double, villain in the video game Mega Man X4\n A kart racing game Mario Kart: Double Dash‼\n An arcade action game Double Dragon\n A football manager game\n\nMusic \n Double album, audio album spanning two units of the primary medium in which it is sold, typically records and CDs\n Doubling (voicing), a kind of musical voicing\n Double variation, a variation form in music\n Pasodoble, a traditional couple's dance from Spain\n Double (singer) (born 1975), Japanese R&B singer\n Double (band), Swiss pop duo that had their biggest hit in 1986 with \"Captain of Her Heart\"\n Double (Roch Voisine album), a 1990 album by Roch Voisine \n Double (Zhao Wei album), a 2005 album by Zhao Wei\n \"Double\" (BoA song), 2003\n \"The Double\", an instrumental by Clint Mansell from the Black Swan soundtrack (2010)\n The Double Violin Concerto (Bach) in D minor, BWV 1043, commonly referred to as \"The Double\" among violinists\n\nLiterature \n The Double (Dostoevsky novel), an 1846 novella by Fyodor Dostoevsky\n The Double (Saramago novel), a 2002 novel by José Saramago\n The Doubles, a novella by E. T. A. Hoffmann\n\nPlaces \n Double (lunar crater), in Mare Tranquillitatis\n Double Lake, a lake in Minnesota, US\n\nSee also \n Binary (disambiguation)\n Doubles (disambiguation)\n Doubling (disambiguation)\n Duplication (disambiguation)\n Double letter\n Single (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "Grandview Crystal Screen Co.Ltd. is a global leading projection screen manufacturer,offering a complete line of internationally recognized screens.", "In 1999,Grandview originated and was established as a Sino-Canadian joint venture in Guangzhou City,China.", "With the dedication of quality,consistency and social responsibility,Grandview® has awarded numerous titles and certificates internationally,like Chinese Well-Known Trade Mark,Guangdong Well-Known Trade Mark,Guangdong Well-Known Product.etc.", "Grandview participated in setting up Chinese industrial standards of projection screen and has acquired over 40 titles of intellectual property patents both domestically and internationally,Grandview® Projection screens are well used in applications in over 80 countries worldwide,such as Olympic Games,World Expo,Asian Games,World's famous hotel chain like Shanri-La Hotel,Starwood Hotel,Intercontinental Hotel,Marriott Hotel,Best Western Hotel,Hilton-Hotel,and numerous administrative & educational institutions.", "\n\nDevelopment History\n\nAn elegant and well-designed international projection screen production base stands at No. ", "43 South of Guomao Avenue, Hualong Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou. ", "After several years of hard work, the new plant of Grandview has been put into use, and its production capacity has tripled. ", "In the future, the new image of “Excellent Interpretation and Beauty of Images” will be displayed to the world with a brand-new attitude.", "\n\nGrandview Notebook\n\n1998\n\n1999\n\nGrandview was a trading company that sells projection equipment in Canada. ", "After accumulating many years of industry experience, coupled with the love of the projection screen, we began our journey in projection screen manufacturing industry and registered as Guangzhou Grandview Crystal Screen Co., Ltd.\n\nIn 1999, the factory was established in Guangzhou to produce screens, and the Grandview trademark was registered in China. ", "At the beginning of its establishment, the factory covers an area of 2,400 square meters, with 50 employees and only 4 products lines.", "\n\n2000\n\n2003\n\nAbsorbing the experience of imported screen production, working with the international tubular motor giant, using the French SOMFY motor to produce electric screen, and implementing strict quality control. ", "Focus on establishing domestic sales channels, breaking the monopoly of high-end fields of screen products by a few foreign screen merchants.", "\n\nDebuted at the Shanghai INFOCOMM International Exhibition, the products attracted many domestic and foreign customers. ", "Products began to be exported to Japan, Thailand, Singapore, France, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries and regions. ", "Passed ISO9001: 2000 international standardization quality management system certification.", "\n\n2004\n\n2005\n\nWith the expansion of market share, the production demand has increased, the new factory has increased to 10,000 square meters, the number of employees has increased to 300, the annual output has climbed to a new height, and the production capacity has entered a new era, and five patents have been obtained.", "\n\nFirst time exhibiting at the INFOCOMM Las Vegas, our new products were favored by many foreign customers. ", "Started to independently develop personalized products, Cyber series, portable pull-up series, HD home theater screens were developed one after another, and obtained 13 technical patents, among which the manual screen safety deceleration positioning lock mechanism were patented in China, Germany, Japan and Japan.", "\n\n2006\n\n2007\n\nOne of the first to pass the EU RoHS environmental protection directive in the industry, actively participated in industry exhibitions, strengthened brand building, and won the “Famous Trademark of Guangzhou award. ", "Increased research and development efforts- developed two of the world's first products – tripod screens with “Pressure Suspension” mechanism and portable motorized floor up screens.", "\n\nGrandview was selected as the “Famous Trademark of Guangdong Province”, and one of the first companies to receive “Import and Export Intellectual Property Advantage Enterprises” in Guangzhou. ", "Grandview was selected as the central direct agency and the provincial and municipal government procurement agreement; all newly built five-star hotels such as Shangri-La hotels in China adopted Grandview products. ", "Grandview has obtained 25 patented technologies, launched 10 new product lines, and introduced automatic painting lines while complying with exhaust gas, wastewater discharge and other environmental standards.", "\n\n2009\n\n2010\n\nMarks the tenth anniversary of Grandview. ", "Products covering more than 80 countries and regions around the world, product application range spans to education, IT, film, business, home and other fields. ", "Grandview’s products were applied to the Ministry of Commerce's foreign aid projects and National Games, World Expo, the country Key projects of the conference center. ", "It has obtained 37 domestic and foreign patents and has become national standard for projection screens.", "\n\nEstablished a new factory specializing in the production of film screens; Grandview HS series high-gain movie screens were introduced, and the company introduced a perforated equipment for producing acoustically transparent screens with a diameter of 0.5mm, up to 3 meters in width. ", "The screen printing machine with a width of 3 meters was introduced. ", "Production of optical screens; research and development of peripheral equipment, and production of projector mounts and flat-panel TV hangers, mobile racks.", "\n\n2015\n\n2017\n\nAn elegant and well-designed international projection screen production base stands at No. ", "43 South of Guomao Avenue, Hualong Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou. ", "After several years of hard work, the new plant of Grandview has been put into use, and its production capacity has tripled. ", "In the future, the new image of “Excellent Interpretation and Beauty of Images” will be displayed to the world with a brand-new attitude.", "\n\nExhibiting at INFOCOMM Orlando 2017 and the 2017 Netherlands ISE International Audio-Visual System Integration Exhibition once again proved the strength of Grandview.", "\n\n2018\n\nAfter 18 years of cold and heat, screens at first belongs to AV industry, assimilates into IT, integrates into INTEGRATION and then moves to COLLABORATION. ", "The projection equipment audience is increasingly young and fashionable. ", "We followed the pace of the society, and the logo changed with the trend. ", "In 2018, Grandview takes on a new attitude and sets sail again." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAzure mobile services offline synchronisation\n\nI'm trying to do some offline synchronisation from a Xamarin.iOS app. ", "When I'm calling PullAsync on the IMobileServiceSyncTable the call never returns.", "\nI've tried with a regular IMobileServiceTable, which seems to be working fine. ", "The sync table seems to be the thing here that doesn't work for me\nCode that doesn't work:\nvar client = new MobileServiceClient(ApiUrl);\n\nvar store = new MobileServiceSQLiteStore(\"syncstore.db\");\nstore.", "DefineTable<Entity>();\n\nawait client.", "SyncContext.", "InitializeAsync(store);\ntable = client.", "GetSyncTable<Entity>();\ntry\n{\n await table.", "PullAsync(\"all\", table.", "CreateQuery());\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n Debug.", "WriteLine(e.", "StackTrace);\n}\n\nreturn await table.", "ToListAsync();\n\nCode that works:\nvar client = new MobileServiceClient(configuration.", "BaseApiUrl);\nreturn await table.", "ToListAsync();\n\nCan anyone point out something that seems to be wrong? ", "I do not get any exception or nothing that points me in any direction - it just never completes.", "\nUPDATE 1:\nSeen some other SO questions where people had a similar issue because they somewhere in their call stack didn't await, but instead did a Task.", "Result or Task.", "Wait(). ", "However, I do await this call throughout my whole chain. ", "Here's e.g. a unit test I've written which has the exact same behaviour as described above. ", "Hangs, and never returns.", "\n[Fact]\npublic async Task GetAllAsync_ReturnsData()\n{\n var result = await sut.", "GetAllAsync();\n Assert.", "NotNull(result);\n}\n\nUPDATE 2:\nI've been sniffing on the request send by the unit test. ", "It seems that it hangs, because it keeps on doing the http-request over and over several hundereds of times and never quits that operation.", "\n\nA:\n\nFinally! ", "I've found the issue.", "\nThe problem was that the server returned an IEnumerable in the GetAll operation. ", "Instead it should've been an IQueryable\nThe answer in this question pointed me in the right direction\nIMobileServiceClient.", "PullAsync deadlock when trying to sync with Azure Mobile Services\n\n" ]

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[ "But in recent tests, researchers identified some DEET-insensitive Aedes aegypti mosquitoes—a species that carries the diseases dengue and yellow fever—by observing which insects bit DEET-treated human arms. ", "The team then discovered that a gene alteration stopped a sensory cell on the bugs' antennae from detecting the chemical. (", "Read about DEET-free insect repellents in the Green Guide.)", "\n\nAnd when the team bred these mutated females with males of unknown sensitivity, the proportion of DEET-oblivious mosquitoes rose from 13 to 50 percent in one generation, the team reported May 3 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.", "\n\nLittle Risk of Superbugs\n\nBut the risk of a race of invincible superbugs isn't that great, Logan cautioned.", "\n\nThat's because there will still be enough regular mosquitoes to crossbreed with those that can't sense DEET.", "\n\n\"You'd have to have every single person [in the world] using DEET all the time\" for the resistant bugs to spread, he added." ]

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[ "Steve & Cathy - Vancouver, Washington, USA\n\n\"We ate, we drank, we laughed and at the end of the week... we cried! ... ", "This has been the most AMAZING way to celebrate our marriage!!\"", "\n\nClick to enlarge full letter\n\nWe ate, we drank, we laughed and at the end of the week... we cried!", "\nThis has been the most AMAZING way to celebrate our marriage!!", "\nI'm at a loss for words... you have a special place in our hearts!", "\nSteve & Cathy - Vancouver, Washington, USA" ]

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[ "In December 2013, just days after a data breach exposed 40 million customer debit and credit card accounts, Target Corp. hired security experts at Verizon to probe its networks for weaknesses. ", "The results of that confidential investigation — until now never publicly revealed — confirm what pundits have long suspected: Once inside Target’s network, there was nothing to stop attackers from gaining direct and complete access to every single cash register in every Target store.", "\n\nAccording to an internal corporate report obtained by KrebsOnSecurity, Target commissioned the study “in anticipation of litigation” from banks that might join together to sue the retailer in a bid to recoup the costs of reissuing cards to their customers. ", "Last week, a federal judge cleared those claims to go forward in a class action suit.", "\n\nThe Verizon assessment, conducted between December 21, 2013 to March 1, 2014, notably found “no controls limiting their access to any system, including devices within stores such as point of sale (POS) registers and servers.”", "\n\nThe report noted that Verizon consultants were able to directly communicate with point-of-sale registers and servers from the core network. ", "In one instance, they were able to communicate directly with cash registers in checkout lanes after compromising a deli meat scale located in a different store.", "\n\nVerizon’s findings lend credence to the working theory about how hackers initially broke into Target. ", "In February 2014, KrebsOnSecurity was the first to report that investigators had zeroed in on the source of the breach: Fazio Mechanical, a small heating and air conditioning firm in Pennsylvania that worked with Target and had suffered its own breach via malware delivered in an email. ", "In that intrusion, the thieves managed to steal the virtual private network credentials that Fazio’s technicians used to remotely connect to Target’s network.", "\n\nVerizon’s report offers a likely playbook for how the Target hackers used that initial foothold provided by Fazio’s hack to push malicious software down to all of the cash registers at more than 1,800 stores nationwide.", "\n\nTarget spokesperson Molly Snyder would neither confirm nor deny the authenticity of the documents referenced in this report, but she maintained that Target has made great strides and is now an industry leader on cybersecurity.", "\n\n“We’ve brought in new leaders, built teams, and opened a state-of-the-art cyber fusion center,” Snyder said. “", "We are proud of where we stand as a company and will be absolutely committed to being a leader on cybersecurity going forward.”", "\n\nSnyder said Target believes “that sharing accurate and actionable information – with consumers, policy makers, and even other companies and industries – will help make all of us safer and stronger,” she said in an emailed statement. “", "Sometimes that means providing information directly to consumers, other times that means sharing information about possible industry threats with other companies or through our participation in the Financial Services and Retail Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs), and sometimes that means working with law enforcement. ", "What we don’t think it means is continuing to rehash a narrative that is nearly two years old.”", "\n\nTHE ROLE OF DEFAULT AND WEAK PASSWORDS\n\nThe report notes that “while Target has a password policy, the Verizon security consultants discovered that it was not being followed. ", "The Verizon consultants discovered a file containing valid network credentials being stored on several servers. ", "The Verizon consultants also discovered systems and services utilizing either weak or default passwords. ", "Utilizing these weak passwords the consultants were able to instantly gain access to the affected systems.”", "\n\nDefault passwords in key internal systems and servers also allowed the Verizon consultants to assume the role of a system administrator with complete freedom to move about Target’s sprawling internal network.", "\n\n“The Verizon security consultants identified several systems that were using misconfigured services, such as several Microsoft SQL servers that had a weak administrator password, and Apache Tomcat servers using the default administrator password,” the report observes. “", "Through these weaknesses, the Verizon consultants were able to gain initial access to the corporate network and to eventually gain domain administrator access.”", "\n\nWithin one week, the security consultants reported that they were able to crack 472,308 of Target’s 547,470 passwords (86 percent) that allowed access to various internal networks, including; target.com, corp.target.com; email.target.com; stores.target.com; hq.target.com; labs.target.com; and olk.target.com.", "\n\nBelow are some statistics that Verizon generated, including the “Top 10” rankings of passwords, lengths, base words, and character set complexities.", "\n\nPATCHY PATCHING\n\nAccording to the report, the penetration testers also identified many services and systems that were either outdated or missing critical security patches.", "\n\n“For example, the Verizon consultants found systems missing critical Microsoft patches, or running outdated [web server] software such as Apache, IBM WebSphere, and PHP. ", "These services were hosted on web servers, databases, and other critical infrastructure,” the report notes. “", "These services have many known vulnerabilities associated with them. ", "In several of these instances where Verizon discovered these outdated services or unpatched systems, they were able to gain access to the affected systems without needing to know any authentication credentials.”", "\n\nThe report continues:\n\n“Verizon and the Target Red Team exploited several vulnerabilities on the internal network, from an unauthenticated standpoint. ", "The consultants were able to use this initial access to compromise additional systems. ", "Information on these additional systems eventually led to Verizon gaining full access to the network — and all sensitive data stored at on network shares — through a domain administrator account.”", "\n\nTURNING THE SHIP AROUND?", "\n\nIn the follow-up external penetration test conducted in February 2014, Verizon noted many proactive measures that Target was taking to protect its infrastructure. ", "Among them were:\n\n“Verizon found that Target had a comprehensive vulnerability scanning program in place, using Tenable Security Center,” the report notes. “", "However, the Verizon consultants discovered that remediation procedures did not address findings discovered by the vulnerability scanning program in a timely fashion, if at all.", "\n\nLikewise, Target made major improvements to vulnerability remediation procedures, the testers found. ", "Due to these changes, many of the most critical findings were fixed within a day or two of being disclosed.", "\n\nTarget also commissioned from Verizon an external penetration test, essentially to see how skilled attackers might fare trying to break into the company’s networks from the Internet. ", "That test, conducted between Feb. 3, 2014 and Feb. 14, 2014, showed that Target was fairly robust at detecting and blocking external attacks.", "\n\n“In this test, the Verizon consultants were unable to gain interactive access to any of the tested systems’ underlying operating systems,” the report’s executive summary notes. “", "Although Verizon did find vulnerabilities in some services, these weaknesses did not allow the Verizon security consultants to gain access to any of the systems.”", "\n\nANALYSIS\n\nTarget has never talked publicly about lessons learned from the breach, no doubt because the company fears whatever it says will be used against it in class-action lawsuits. ", "However, the company has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in additional security personnel and in building out a “cyber fusion center” to better respond to daily threats that confront its various stores and networks.", "\n\nAt the Defcon security conference in Las Vegas this year I met the team leader of Target’s “red team,” a group of security professionals who get paid to constantly test the security of the company’s network and employees. ", "From what I heard in off-the-record conversations, Target has a good story to tell in how it’s handling security threats these days. ", "Unfortunately, the company has declined my request for the access needed to let me tell that story.", "\n\nWhile Target hasn’t directly shared its lessons learned from the breach, the penetration test reports from Verizon include some useful — if somewhat obvious — findings that should be instructive for all retailers and larger companies.", "\n\nFor starters, segment your network, and limit the number of people who have access to more sensitive areas of the network. “", "Target should limit the access to portions of the network containing business critical systems to only the employees who directly manage those systems,” the report reads. “", "Where possible, Verizon recommends restricting employee network access based on job function.”", "\n\nAlso, establish a system for finding and fixing vulnerabilities on a regular basis, and follow-up to verify the gaps have been closed.", "\n\n“Verizon recommends continuing to improve the vulnerability remediation program,” the internal penetration test report notes. “", "Target can significantly increase the security posture of the environment by leveraging the vulnerability scanning program that is currently in place. ", "Vulnerability findings should be communicated to remediation teams and/or device owners using a risk-based approach. ", "Remediation of vulnerabilities should be tracked over time to ensure that issues are being resolved in a timely fashion. ", "Additionally, vulnerabilities should be retested after remediation to ensure that the solutions are complete. ", "A comprehensive vulnerability management program will help the organization to better understand its security posture, while minimizing risk where possible.”", "\n\nFinally, attack your own network regularly to find holes in your security posture — preferably before the bad guys find and exploit the same flaws.", "\n\n“Verizon recommends performing routine vulnerability assessments of both internal and external systems, applications, and infrastructure,” the report concludes. “", "Routine assessments will help to identify vulnerabilities, missing patches, and configuration issues, thereby reducing the amount of time weaknesses exist in the environment.”", "\n\nTags: Fazio Mechanical, Molly Snyder, target breach, Verizon" ]

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[ "New TeachersThe Playbook for Early Career Teacher Success to empower anyone who is coaching new teachers across the district. ", "The Playbook offers clear guidance on the Gateway Skills that early career teachers should focus on first, and a clear outline of DPS’ Coaching Steps and Coaching Moves to help teachers make quick, measurable improvement toward our expectations for effective teaching and student learning.", "\n\nStudent Perception Survey\n\nThe Student Perception Survey (SPS) provides teachers and school leaders with a unique perspective on teachers’ educational practice as experienced by students. ", "Teachers and school leaders can use SPS data to better understand students’ experiences, and then reflect on strengths and growth areas aligned to the SPS constructs, LEAP framework, and professionalism framework to improve practice and help every child succeed.", "\n\nStudent Perception Survey Overview: This document can be shared with your students prior to the SPS administration window. ", "The document provides a brief overview of the SPS, including what type of information is included in the SPS and what students can expect when they take the survey.", "\n\nSPS Video: A 5-minute overview of the SPS for your students, including the purpose of the SPS and why it is important. ", "You can show this video to your students prior to the SPS administration window.", "\n\nReflecting on SPS Results with your Students: This resource outlines an activity you can use to share and reflect on SPS results with your students. ", "Includes all the information needed to conduct the activity.", "\n\nReflecting on SPS PowerPoint Template for Teachers to Share SPS Results with Students: This powerpoint template can be downloaded and to share and reflect on your SPS results with your students. ", "Simply download the powerpoint presentation, personalize with your SPS results, and then walk through it with your students!" ]

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[ "# /* **************************************************************************\n# * *\n# * (C) Copyright Paul Mensonides 2003.", "\n# * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\n# * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n# * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n# * *\n# ************************************************************************** */\n#\n# /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */", "\n#\n# ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_FACILITIES_IS_1_HPP\n# define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_FACILITIES_IS_1_HPP\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/facilities/is_empty.hpp>\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_IS_1 */\n#\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_1(x) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY(BOOST_PP_CAT(BOOST_PP_IS_1_HELPER_, x))\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_1_HELPER_1\n#\n# endif\n" ]

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[ "BULUAN, MAGUINDANAO— Many leaders in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) are complaining that Western countries continue to meddle in their affairs, according to President Duterte.", "\n\n“That’s the problem with Western countries, the sons of bitches think they’re better than we are. ", "But they know we are more [intelligent] than they are,” the President said.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nHe said Western countries were trying to “destroy us” when “they teach us what to do.”", "\n\nAmong those who have complained about the interference are Indonesian President Joko Widodo and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, he said.", "\n\n“And Cambodia, they’re pressuring it. ", "Actually in Asean, I’d be frank with you, except maybe Thailand, they cannot get anybody from there,” Mr. Duterte said on the eve of his departure for Singapore.", "\n\nHe said he did not mind being criticized by Filipinos, but not by foreigners. —", "ALLAN NAWAL AND JEOFFREY MAITEM\n\nRead Next\n\nEDITORS' PICK\n\nMOST READ" ]

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