texts
sequence | meta
dict | scores
sequence | avg_score
float64 0
0.25
| num_sents
int64 5
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Background\n==========\n\nWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are common amongst dental personnel, who work in a restricted field that makes high demands on vision, and requires them to sit in a static or awkward posture, use excessive force, as well as undertake precise repetitive hand and wrist movements \\[[@B1],[@B2]\\]. ",
"Many studies have investigated the prevalence of WMSD amongst dentists. ",
"A systematic review on this topic focusing mainly on the pain experience found that the prevalence of WMSD ranged as high as 64% and 93% \\[[@B3]\\]. ",
"According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the causes of WMSD are multifactorial including not only workplace conditions and workplace exposures but also organizational, psychosocial and sociocultural variables, amongst others \\[[@B4],[@B5]\\]. ",
"In our study the term WMSD refers to signs and symptoms arising due to series of micro traumas to bones, joints, ligaments, muscle tendons, blood vessels and nerves that accumulate and are intensified by work \\[[@B6]\\].",
"\n\nIt is important to highlight this issue as WMSD in dentistry might contribute considerably to sick leave, reduced productivity and future possibility of leaving the profession at an early age \\[[@B7]-[@B9]\\]. ",
"It was reported that dentists who suffer musculoskeletal symptoms are more susceptible to neuro-circulatory disease, including varicose vein, postural defects, and flat (foot) feet with subsequent effects on their general health and well being \\[[@B10]\\].",
"\n\nIt has been suggested that injuries caused by WMSD, or similar cumulative trauma disorders, can be reduced or prevented by applying ergonomics in dental equipment and instrument design \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"Good ergonomic practices can prevent a number of WMSD conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome. ",
"Adjusting the patient's chair when accessing different quadrants, placing instruments and materials within easy reach, working with elbows lower than shoulders have been advised to improve posture in a clinical environment thus minimizing fatigue and the risk of developing WMSD \\[[@B12]\\].",
"\n\nOn the other hand, some studies have shown that musculoskeletal pain was negatively correlated with years of experience \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ",
"It has been hypothesized that more experienced dentists learn to adjust their work posture to avoid such problems, or that those dentists with severe WMSD have left the profession \\[[@B7]\\]. ",
"Therefore, this suggests that even dental students can manifest early signs of WMSD during their years of training. ",
"These findings were supported by research that revealed that more than 70% of dental students experienced neck, shoulder and lower back pain as early as the third year of their dental training \\[[@B14],[@B15]\\].",
"\n\nPreviously much of the focus regarding WMSD has centered on dentists and dental hygienists, while WMSD prevalence amongst dental students has not been thoroughly addressed in the literature. ",
"An assessment of the WMSD amongst the dental students and the underlying factors associated with it, is required to more clearly elucidate the nature of this important issue for dental students \\[[@B16]\\].",
"\n\nTherefore, the main objective of the present study was to assess the point prevalence of WMSD among dental students in their clinical and non-clinical years. ",
"The secondary objective of the study was to correlate the prevalence of WMSD of clinical-year students with the work characteristics during their training years. ",
"In addition to this, students' understanding of ergonomics and their capability for self-application during dental practice were also assessed. ",
"The aim of the study was to obtain this information which may improve the understanding of contributing risk factors thereby preventing early manifestation of WMSD.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nStudy design\n------------\n\nThis study used a descriptive analytical cross-sectional design. ",
"It was conducted during the period July 2011 -- April 2012. ",
"The International Medical University Joint-Committee of the Research and the Ethics Committee (BDS I1/08(07)2011) approved this study.",
"\n\nStudy population\n----------------\n\nAll Malaysian dental schools (n = 11) were invited to participate in this study except two dental schools^a^ where the students had not started their clinical years. ",
"Prior to data collection a request letter, copy of consent form and an information sheet were sent to respective dental schools to obtain approval and to provide better understanding of the research project. ",
"Amongst the 9 dental schools approached, 5 dental schools^b^ agreed to participate in the study.",
"\n\nDental students' representatives were assigned by the Deans to facilitate the administration of the survey. ",
"Data was collected between July 2011 and January 2012. ",
"Informed consent forms were obtained from participating students and confidentiality and anonymity were assured.",
"\n\nAll dental students enrolled in the 5 participating dental schools were invited to participate in the survey. ",
"Students with previously diagnosed musculoskeletal disorders and students who were overly involved in sports or played musical instruments for more than 25 hours per week were excluded from the study. ",
"WMSD prevalence was assessed for all participating students. ",
"First and second year dental students were recruited into the study to act as a control group.",
"\n\nThe questionnaire administered was adapted from a validated self-administered questionnaire developed and used in University of Connecticut, USA \\[[@B17]\\]. ",
"The questionnaire was given to three dental lecturers for informal feedback and pilot tested in 2 phases. ",
"The first phase was a panel discussion with 4 dentists. ",
"The questionnaire was modified based on the panel comments and feedback. ",
"The second phase was piloting the questionnaire with a group of 15 students. ",
"Content validity and face validity of the questionnaires were determined and indicated that they could be used for the purposes of the study. ",
"The pilot study results were as follows; 9 students reported lower back discomfort, 7 students reported neck discomfort, and 6 students reported hand and fingers discomfort. ",
"Lower shoulder and forearms discomfort were reported by 3 and 4 students respectively, while elbow discomfort was reported by 1 student.",
"\n\nThe questionnaire comprised of four main sections: the first section addressed the demographics, the second section assessed the working environment and practicing characteristics, the third section addressed the taught ergonomics, while the fourth section assessed the prevalence of WMSD based on body regions. ",
"Outcomes were assessed with a series of questions adapted from the questionnaire. ",
"The primary outcome variable was the point prevalence of WMSDs.",
"\n\nData were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 18. ",
"Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to identify association between variables. ",
"Results with P-values of less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nA total of 575 dental students participated in this study yielding a response rate of 81%. ",
"Four hundred and ten clinical year students participated in the study, while there were 158 non-clinical year students. ",
"The demographics of students enrolled in this study showed the characteristics are shown in (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Thirteen students were excluded due to medical problems, recent surgical procedures or because they engaged in more than 20 hours of sports per week. ",
"Reported medical problems included scoliosis, ligamental injuries, back problems due to history of a fall, prolapsed discs, carpal tunnel syndrome and poly-arthritis. ",
"All the missing data were checked. ",
"None of the questions had more than 5% missing values. ",
"The majority of questions had 5 or fewer missing values. ",
"An accuracy check of 20 randomly selected questionnaires, yielded no errors after data checking and cleaning procedures.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDemographic characteristics of dental students\n\n **Demographics** **N** **(%)**\n -------------------------- ------- ---------\n Gender \n Male 148 26\n Female 427 74\n Type of University \n Public University 394 69\n Private University 181 31\n Ethnicity \n Malay 298 52\n Chinese 255 44\n Indians 10 2\n Others 12 2\n Right or left handedness \n Right Handed 530 92\n Left Handed 45 8\n\nThe differences of discomfort due to WMSD between clinical and non clinical year students reported in various body regions was statistically significant at the level of (p \\< 0.05), (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### \n\nDiscomfort reported by clinical and non-clinical students in various regions of the body\n\n **Discomfort** **Non-clinical N (%)** **Clinical N (%)** **Chi square (\\<.001)**\n --------------------- ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------------\n Neck and Upper back 65 (41%) 336 (82%) 0.001\n Lower Back 45 (28%) 264 (64%) 0.001\n Hands and Fingers 13 (8%) 171 (42%) 0.001\n Lower Shoulder 8 (5%) 108 (26%) 0.001\n Forearms 4 (2%) 96 (23%) 0.001\n Elbows 2 (1%) 53 (13%) 0.001\n\nThe secondary objective of the study was to correlate the WMSD findings amongst the clinical-year dental students with work characteristics. ",
"The findings reported here onwards reflect only the responses of the dental students in the clinical years.",
"\n\nWithin the cohort of 410 clinical students 72% of female students reported symptoms of WMSD in one or more than one region of body while 20% of male students reported discomfort due to WMSD. ",
"Chi-square tests revealed a significant statistical difference between gender and reporting of WMSD as female students were more likely to have WMSD during their clinical years (p \\< 0.05).",
"\n\nWorking environment and its characteristics\n-------------------------------------------\n\nWork environment and its characteristics were represented by four domains: Sitting position, instrument handling, use or otherwise of dental loupes and frequency of working hours. ",
"Three items addressed the sitting position, the use of a comfortable stool, adjusting the work stool based on height and back position and using the back support during practice. ",
"Four items addressed the handling of instruments, (including); reaching for instruments without strenuous movements, use of forceful movement to perform clinical work, performing clinical work with arms above shoulder height in addition to bending and twisting of the neck. ",
"The use of dental loupes was addressed in one item. ",
"Two items in the questionnaire assessed the number of working hours in the clinic and the number of hours using vibrating instrument. ",
"Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were conducted in order to gain a better understanding of the relationships between reported symptoms in various regions of the body and the four common working characteristics in the clinic.",
"\n\n1\\. Sitting position\n\nIn relation to sitting position of the students as part of their working environment, three variables were assessed: the use of a comfortable work stool, adjusting the work stool based on height and back position as well as having back support on the stool. ",
"Three hundred and nineteen (78%) students indicated that the stool they used was comfortable. ",
"Adjusting the height of the chair was found to be a common practice among the students as a total of 353 (86%) students reported that they often adjusted the chair prior to their work. ",
"One hundred and forty (34%) and 38 (9%) students reported that they \"often\" and \"very often\" sat with their back supported while 176 (43%) reported \"seldom\" and 56 (14%) reported \"never\" to the question about adjusting the back support.",
"\n\nThere was a significant association between the presence of lower back pain and the sitting position using a comfortable work stool (p \\< 0.05) and having a back support (p \\< 0.05). ",
"This means that students who used a comfortable work stool with a back support were less likely to have lower back pain. ",
"However, there was no statistically significant association between lower back pain and adjusting the height of the chair.",
"\n\n2\\. Instrument handling:\n\nRegarding the handling of instruments, four working characteristics were assessed: whether four handed dentistry is facilitated at the school, whether instruments were within hand reach so avoiding the need for strenuous movements, work being done with arms above shoulder height and finally, using forceful movements to perform clinical work.",
"\n\nThree hundred and ninety nine (98%) students had four-handed dentistry facilities at their respective dental schools. ",
"Statistical analysis showed that students who practiced four-handed dentistry at their dental school were less likely to report symptoms in both elbow (p \\< 0.05) and forearm (p \\< 0.05). ",
"There was no association with symptoms in other body regions.",
"\n\nThe ability to reach the instrument without making strenuous movement was reported by 287 (70%) students. ",
"Statistical analysis revealed no association between approaching the instruments easily and WMSD symptoms in the lower shoulder, forearm and elbow.",
"\n\nWork done in clinics with arms above shoulder height and forceful movement of arms while working were found to be statistically associated with WMSD symptoms in the lower shoulder and forearm while no statistically significant association was detected between these two variables and WMSD symptoms in the elbow (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### \n\nWorking characteristics of clinical year students and its association with WMSD symptoms in lower shoulder, forearm and elbow\n\n **Very often N (%)** **Often N (%)** **Seldom N (%)** **Never N (%)** **\\* Lower shoulder** **\\*Forearm** **\\*Elbow**\n ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------- ----------------- ------------------ ----------------- ----------------------- --------------- -------------\n Work done in clinics with arms above shoulder height 26 (6%) 56 (14%) 174 (42%) 154 (38%) 0.002\\*\\* 0.001\\*\\* 0.057\n Forceful movements with arms 41 (10%) 92 (22%) 253 (62%) 23 (6%) 0.001\\*\\* 0.001\\*\\* 0.054\n\n\\* Association between WMSD symptoms in these regions and the working characteristics.",
"\n\n\\*\\*Significant at p-value \\< 0.05.",
"\n\nWith regard to bending and twisting of the neck, two hundred and three (50%) and 72 (18%) students reported that they \"often\" and \"very often\" bent or twisted their neck when treating patients. ",
"Discomfort at the neck and upper back region was reported by 336 students (82%). ",
"Statistical analysis revealed a significant association (p \\< 0.05) between neck and upper back discomfort and bending or twisting neck movements during clinical work.",
"\n\n3\\. Dental loupes:\n\nOut of 410 clinical students, 331 (81%) did not use dental loupes. ",
"No statistical significance was found between use of dental loupes and prevalence of discomfort in the neck and upper back.",
"\n\n4\\. Working hours:\n\nTwo variables in the form of continuous data were analyzed to identify any association between number of working hours in the clinic and frequency of using vibrating instruments and discomfort reported in body region. ",
"Prior to logistic regression, missing values for hours per week were replaced with the sample median. ",
"Different missing value strategies are likely to yield similar results when the total number of missing values is less than 5% of potential responses.",
"\n\nBinary logistic regression was used in this study where finger and hand discomfort was the dichotomous criterion variable and the predictor variables were the number of working hours and the number of hours using vibrating instruments.",
"\n\nCalibration of the logistic model was assessed using the Hosmer--Lemeshow goodness--of--fit test to evaluate the discrepancy between observed and expected results of hand and finger discomfort. ",
"The test showed that the model was well calibrated with P = .172 indicating that there is no large discrepancy between observed and expected results and indicating also that the data fit the model well when the clinical hours were used as a predictor for hand and finger discomfort.",
"\n\nLogistic regression analysis indicated that the number of clinical working hours per week were statistically significant risk factors for hand and finger discomfort, (Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Students with increased number of working hours per week were much more likely to report discomfort in hands and fingers (OR: 12.667, 95% CI: 1.17-221.8). ",
"Interestingly, the number of hours using vibrating instruments was not associated with the hand and finger discomfort (OR: 0.724, 95% CI: 0.301-1.506).",
"\n\n###### \n\nLogistic regression predicting likelihood of developing discomfort in body region\n\n **Correlate** **OR** **95% CI** **P-value**\n --------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------- ------------ -------------\n Hand and finger discomfort Number of clinic working hours 12.667 1.17-221.8 .000\n Number of hours using vibrating instruments 0.724 0.301-1.506 .01 \n\nThe fourth part of the questionnaire addressed the taught ergonomics and prevention of WMSD. ",
"Responses in relation to this part are shown in Table [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Ninety three percent of the students had never attended any hands-on training and/or workshop on preventing WMSD at their dental school and only 20% reported exercising following clinical work, which is the key factor for preventing the initiation of musculoskeletal disorder. ",
"Eighty percent of the students showed willingness to be evaluated for WMSD.",
"\n\n###### \n\nReporting of taught ergonomics and prevention by clinical students\n\n **Yes (n) %** **No (n) %**\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- --------------\n Is Ergonomics a taught subject at your Dental School 170 (42%) 240 (58%)\n Have you ever attended a workshop on preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) at your Dental school? ",
" 30 (7%) 380 (93%)\n Are you familiar with preventive techniques to decrease the possible risk of having MSD? ",
" 208 (51%) 202 (49%)\n Are you familiar with remedies/treatment options once you are subjected to an MSD problem? ",
" 94 (23%) 316 (77%)\n After finishing clinical practice, do you perform stretching exercise? ",
" 84 (20%) 326 (80%)\n Would you like to be evaluated for MSD symptoms at your Dental school? ",
" 82 (20%) 328 (80%)\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nWork-related musculoskeletal disorders are one of the main occupational health hazards affecting dental practitioners and dental students \\[[@B18]\\]. ",
"This study highlights and supports the established fact that WMSD is a major concern for dental students during their training years \\[[@B12],[@B19]\\].",
"\n\nThe results of the current study revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of discomfort and WMSD symptoms between dental students in their clinical and non-clinical years. ",
"This can be attributed to difference in the nature of work, practicing pattern and working hours between clinical and non-clinical years of dental education. ",
"This finding was in agreement with that of another study conducted to investigate the distribution and severity of musculoskeletal pain among dental students. ",
"The authors reported increase in pain prevalence with the number of years spent in the dental school and this was more related to students in clinical years acquiring clinical skills and providing routine dental procedures \\[[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nThe study identified three body regions with the highest prevalence of WMSD amongst students in clinical and non-clinical years. ",
"Neck, upper back and lower back regions showed the highest prevalence of discomfort in comparison to other body regions. ",
"Dajparatham, De Carvalho, Rising and colleagues reported that cervical and dorsal regions are common pain regions of WMSD manifestation and they are generally symptomatic injury prone areas \\[[@B14],[@B16],[@B19]\\]. ",
"In a study conducted to establish basic epidemiological data on chronic pain the prevalence of neck , upper back and lower back pain was reported to be the highest amongst all body regions \\[[@B20]\\]. ",
"These regions were considered injury prone areas as they are more mobile within the lumbar and cervical curves and can be affected more easily \\[[@B21]\\].",
"\n\nThe difference in pain reporting between clinical and non-clinical students with a higher incidence during the clinical years can be attributed to their practice time that is significantly more than the dental students in the non clinical years in addition to the nature of this clinical exposure \\[[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nGender is considered a potential risk factor for developing WMSD. ",
"Results of this study showed consistency with previous studies as female dental students showed a higher prevalence of WMSD symptoms than males. ",
"The literature attributed these results to the smaller body habitus and lower muscle tone of females in addition to higher stress levels and psychosocial factors affecting females \\[[@B22],[@B23]\\].",
"\n\nWorking environment and its characteristics were considered as major factors affecting the prevalence of WMSD \\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"This study identified 4 main areas related to working environment and assessed them in relation to the reporting of WMSD in different body regions. ",
"The areas identified were the sitting position, handling of dental instruments, use of dental loupes and working hours.",
"\n\nSitting position was identified as one of the major working factors that can contribute to WMSD. ",
"It was reported that dental practitioners spend a mean of 44 hours per week in their practice \\[[@B25]\\] and they spend about 78 percent of their working time seated \\[[@B26]\\]. ",
"In regards to the dental stool it is recommended to obtain a stool that offers neutral back, neck and shoulder support for optimal posture and possesses an adjustable height and tilt \\[[@B27],[@B28]\\].",
"\n\nSitting position is represented in this study by having a comfortable work stool, back support while sitting and adjusting the stool-height and back position. ",
"Results of this study found that having a comfortable dental chair with a back support are likely to decrease the prevalence of lower back discomfort. ",
"However, adjusting the chair height was found to have no effect on the prevalence of lower back discomfort.",
"\n\nReaching for instruments and instrument handling are normal procedures in dental practice. ",
"Awkward posture, repetitive movements, and inappropriate force contributes to the prevalence of WMSD \\[[@B29]\\]. ",
"Within instrument handling the questionnaire included 5 items; reachability of the instruments without strenuous movement, use of forceful movement with the arm, performing clinical work with the arm above the shoulder height, four-handed dentistry and bending and twisting the neck during clinical work.",
"\n\nForearm and lower shoulder discomfort were found to be significantly associated with working while arms were above the shoulder and with forceful arm movements. ",
"This finding was supported in the literature as working with arms above the shoulder was reported as a predisposing factor to trapezius myalgia and rotator cuff impingement; the first is associated with pain, tenderness and muscle spasms while the later is associated with pain in shoulder on overhead reaching or sustained arm elevation \\[[@B30]\\].",
"\n\nFour-handed dentistry is accepted as part of the current dental practice, and defined as an ergonomic chairside work arrangement performed by a well --trained dental team in an organized manner. ",
"The overall concept provides a synergistic approach to dental practice that provides more efficient delivery of dental care and increased productivity \\[[@B31]\\]. ",
"Results of this study revealed wide spread use of four --handed dentistry amongst the dental students in Malaysia as 98% of the students reported working with an assistant. ",
"This study supported the importance of four-handed dentistry in relation to elbow and forearm discomfort. ",
"As the use of four-handed dentistry was significantly associated with lower prevalence of both. ",
"This maybe attributed to the ease of handling and manipulating instruments in four-handed dentistry and less effort made by the dentist in reaching and handling instruments. ",
"In relation to other body regions four --handed dentistry showed no association with the discomfort encountered in these parts. ",
"However, another study suggested that it has contributed to an increase in prolonged static posture among operators \\[[@B30]\\].",
"\n\nOn the other hand, bending and twisting of the neck during clinical work was found to be highly associated with neck and upper-back discomfort and this finding was consistent in the literature as neck extension, flexion and rotation were identified as possible risk factors contributing to neck discomfort and pain \\[[@B32]\\]. ",
"A literature search revealed that forward head posture and neck position may predispose to tension neck syndrome with associated symptoms of pain, stiffness, and muscle spasm with referring pain between shoulder blades and these findings were in agreement with the findings of this study \\[[@B30]\\].",
"\n\nResults of this study showed that the use of dental loupes was not a common practice amongst students in Malaysian dental schools. ",
"Only 19% of the students reported using dental loupes during clinical work. ",
"The findings of this study were in contrast to those reported by James and colleagues as they stated that the use of dental loupes is becoming an accepted norm amongst undergraduate population \\[[@B33]\\]. ",
"The limited use of dental loupes can be attributed to their relative high cost within this region. ",
"The literature supports the use of dental loupes as they can enhance visualization of fine details and maintenance of good ergonomic posture \\[[@B34]\\].",
"\n\nResults of this study found that students who work for longer hours in clinic were 12 times more likely to report discomfort in one or more body region. ",
"Additionally, discomfort in hands and fingers only showed a weak correlation with the number of hours using vibrating instruments. ",
"Nevertheless, handling of vibrating instruments was found to be associated with nerve trapping, early arthrosis and Reynolds's syndrome resulting in subsequent hand and finger pain. ",
"\\[[@B35]\\] Therefore, considerations such as taking micro-breaks of 50 seconds in between treating patients, lessening the hours using vibrating instruments and even finger exercise would be useful in reducing the muscle strain and optimizing the strength capacity of the operator \\[[@B36]\\].",
"\n\nErgonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment and workplaces to fit workers. ",
"Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability \\[[@B37]\\]. ",
"In this study, 58% of the students indicated that ergonomics had not been a taught subject in their curriculum while 93% of students had never attended a workshop on preventing MSD at their dental school. ",
"This coincides with the findings of two other studies where the first study indicated that most of the dental students had not attended courses on WMSD or ergonomics in the course of their dental education, \\[[@B38]\\] and the other (later) concluded that knowledge of ergonomics, postural requirement and their clinical application was not satisfactory among the dental students surveyed \\[[@B39]\\].",
"\n\nIn regards to the prevention and management aspect of WMSD, as many as 77% of students were not familiar with remedies or treatment options should they be subjected to an MSD problem. ",
"While fifty one percent of the students claimed that they were familiar with the prevention of WMSD only 20% of them reported exercising following clinical work. ",
"This finding implies that there might be a gap between theory and practice when it comes to WMSD prevention. ",
"Therefore, more emphasis should be put on the acquisition of ergonomics knowledge during the early years of dental programs in order to allow students to apply their theoretical ergonomics knowledge to their clinical practice and help preventing deleterious habit formation \\[[@B40]\\].",
"\n\nThe last item of the questionnaire addressed whether the students' would like to be evaluated for WMSD symptoms or not and it was found that 80% of the students would like to be evaluated. ",
"This finding indicates that dental students are concerned about the WMSD symptoms.",
"\n\nThe main limitation of the study is that the cross sectional design used was not able to establish a temporal relationship between prevalence of discomfort (WMSD) and work characteristics. ",
"Self-reporting by the dental students is another relationship which may affect the factors -including inability to record all incidents of WMSDs, in addition to over or under estimation of the pain and the related injuries. ",
"However the use of well-structured questionnaires as a study tool was useful for identifying the prevalence of WMSD amongst the dental students.",
"\n\nConclusion and recommendations\n==============================\n\nOverall, the study demonstrates that WMSD may represent a significant burden for dental students in Malaysia. ",
"The reporting of musculoskeletal symptoms by dental students as early as the first year of the dental program suggests that ergonomics should be covered and taught as part of the dental curriculum to reduce risks of WMSD in the future. ",
"Therefore, ergonomics improvements, health promotion and institutional interventions are needed for reducing the risks for WMSD.",
"\n\nTo reduce discomfort in the neck and upper back it is highly recommended that working distance should be maintained for optimal posture, with shoulders relaxed and elbows closed to the sides. ",
"It is important that 20 degree or less flexion of neck is maintained- this will avoid the operator to hunch over the patient. ",
"Dental loupes with magnification of 2x are sufficient to visualize the working field details. ",
"Before starting any clinical work, the operator must adjust the arm rest which will improve elbow support and decrease neck and shoulder fatigue. ",
"Discomfort in the lower back can be prevented by using a saddle type operator stool with lumbar support. ",
"This is to maintain the natural lower back curvature which also allows to the operator to stay closer to the patient. ",
"The lumbar support should always stay in contact with the operator's back.",
"\n\nIt is recommended to conduct more research through observational studies, physical examination and assessment. ",
"It is equally important to develop intervention programs to address the students' knowledge and practice of ergonomics.",
"\n\nEndnotes\n========\n\n^a^Manipal College of Dental Science and MAHSA University College.",
"\n\n^b^Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), International Medical University (IMU), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Malaya (UM) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM).",
"\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nConflict of interest: none, Professor Tim Morse has provided the questionnaire and has given the permission to authors use for this study.",
"\n\nAuthors' contributions\n======================\n\nSAK initiated the study and prepared the proposal. ",
"KYC was responsible for data collection and data entry. ",
"Both authors did the data analysis, interpretation and write up of discussion. ",
"Both authors read and approved the manuscript.",
"\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/118/prepub>\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe authors would like to acknowledge Professor T Morse for providing them with the original Work related musculoskeletal disorder questionnaire. ",
"We are grateful to all the participating Dental schools and students in this study.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.006024096385542169,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0.012461059190031152,
0.0045662100456621,
0.014218009478672985,
0.00392156862745098,
0.010050251256281407,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0.014184397163120567,
0.005235602094240838,
0,
0.009478672985781991,
0.0051813471502590676,
0.00975609756097561,
0.00625,
0,
0,
0.006097560975609756,
0,
0,
0.014925373134328358,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012578616352201259,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0031847133757961785,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0.01020408163265306,
0.009900990099009901,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0011248593925759281,
0,
0.0051813471502590676,
0.010582010582010581,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00425531914893617,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011235955056179775,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0064516129032258064,
0.006622516556291391,
0.0015220700152207,
0,
0,
0.013333333333333334,
0.0016835016835016834,
0.008264462809917356,
0.0072992700729927005,
0,
0,
0.00423728813559322,
0.019867549668874173,
0,
0,
0,
0.004273504273504274,
0,
0,
0.023148148148148147,
0.004975124378109453,
0.006493506493506494,
0.0032258064516129032,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0.008064516129032258,
0.006756756756756757,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0.011235955056179775,
0.009950248756218905,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008849557522123894,
0,
0.006134969325153374,
0.0028653295128939827,
0,
0.006134969325153374,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007874015748031496,
0.00303951367781155,
0.0033444816053511705,
0,
0,
0.00975609756097561,
0,
0.006578947368421052,
0,
0,
0.005494505494505495,
0.00684931506849315,
0,
0.006535947712418301,
0,
0.007518796992481203,
0.010752688172043012,
0.006172839506172839,
0,
0.0035087719298245615,
0,
0.012195121951219513,
0,
0.004464285714285714,
0,
0.005714285714285714,
0,
0.015625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022988505747126436,
0.03977272727272727,
0.0055248618784530384,
0.01,
0.017857142857142856,
0,
0,
0.002824858757062147,
0,
0
] | 0.003426 | 5 |
[
"The present application relates to firmware and in particular describes systems and techniques relating to supporting legacy operating system booting in a legacy-free system.",
"\nTraditional firmware is machine instructions stored in non-volatile memory, which is typically read only memory (ROM) or flash memory. ",
"Thus, traditional firmware is a combination of software and hardware, although the term “firmware” is also used to refer to the software itself that is written with the intention of storing it in non-volatile memory. ",
"For example, on the Intel Architecture for Personal Computers (IA-PC), system firmware is commonly referred to as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which is software alone.",
"\nA typical use for firmware is to provide machine instructions that control a data processing system when it is powered up from a shut down state, before volatile memory has been tested and configured. ",
"Firmware is also commonly used to reinitialize or reconfigure a data processing system after defined hardware events and/or to handle certain system level events like system interrupts.",
"\nThe process of bringing a data processing system to its operating state from a powered down state is commonly known as bootstrapping, booting up, or the boot process. ",
"Bootstrapping typically begins with one or more processors in a data processing system. ",
"Each processor tests its internal components and interfaces. ",
"After the initial processor testing, initialization of system level resources commences. ",
"In multiprocessor systems, a single bootstrap processor (BSP) may be selected to handle initializing remaining processors and to handle the system level initialization. ",
"System level initialization typically includes procedures for checking memory integrity, identifying and initializing other resources in the data processing system, and loading an operating system (OS) into memory.",
"\nLoading an OS typically begins with loading a first stage OS loader from a specified location on a boot media. ",
"This first stage OS loader can then use basic hardware abstractions provided by the system firmware to load a more complex second stage OS loader. ",
"This process is continued until the OS is loaded and takes complete control of the data processing system.",
"\nThe boot process is governed by an interface between the OS and the firmware, and firmware is typically closely tied to the processor architecture of the system for which the firmware is designed. ",
"Traditionally, the underlying processor architecture has been reflected in system level resources, which are initiated, configured and services by the firmware. ",
"A large number of resources (e.g., mass storage media controllers, peripheral devices) have been designed under this traditional paradigm and are thus dependent upon a legacy boot process. ",
"Because of these sunk costs, it may be desirable to have new legacy-free computing environments support such legacy boot processes.",
"\nDetails of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. ",
"Other features and advantages may be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.005681818181818182,
0,
0.005405405405405406,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005917159763313609,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00081 | 5 |
[
"You Can Refresh Your Moment at Any Moment\n\nYou know, as a member of the human race, The God Class, you are blessed with some truly awesome mental capabilities, but like most people you probably take them for granted. ",
"Your imagination and the multifaceted intelligences within you for example…where would you be without them?Most of them time we live our lives on “autopilot”. ",
"Our minds seem to have a will of their own. ",
"Thoughts come and go, and it seems as though we don’t have much say in what thoughts turn up in our head. ",
"If each of us were to stand back and observe our own mind, we would notice how easily our thoughts skip from one unfinished idea to the next, constantly interrupting each other and overlapping in a constant stream of pictures, ideas, memories and desires.",
"\n\nYou learn to “take a step back” and observe all this mental activity and all the feelings and impulses that it causes, and you begin to separate yourself from their influence. ",
"You must imagine my excitement when I realized that I had the power to control what thoughts took precedence in my mind. ",
"Once I INNER-stood this, I began to sculpt my own realities. ",
"I began to construct my own life experiences. ",
"It opened the gateway to take dominion over every moment I found myself. ",
"The moments didn’t control me, I controlled me in them, which in essence, controlled them. ",
"My friend, you have to INNER-stand that our subconscious mind has a truly amazing amount of power – more than we realize. ",
"It doesn’t demand to be heard and acknowledged, yet it will be, regardless of our belief in it’s functionality or not. ",
"It has the power to assist us in our manifestation and creation efforts and also to stop our efforts just as quickly. ",
"It is the door that can open and close the flow of abundance for us. ",
"It can literally block our creation efforts in more than one way. ",
"And because the subconscious is so powerful in nature, it is essential that we include it in our thoughts, actions and choices as much as possible on a regular basis.",
"\n\nPeople who didn’t understand would call the experience, “a shutdown.” ",
"They would say, “you just shutdown on us.” ",
"They viewed it as a problem. ",
"I INNER-stood it was necessary to keep it from being a problem. ",
"That would be me making a persona decision to purposefully step away from the moment and observe how I was feeling at that and why I was feeling that way. ",
"It permitted me to take a birds eye view at the entire situation while it was happening and determine if I was wrong, hypersensitive, overlooking something being discussed, or responding to something someone else said in my past that sounds a little like what I just heard. ",
"Right, sometimes we are not responding to the person who made the statement in the moment, we are responding to something and/or someone stored in our memory bank called the “mind”.",
"\n\nFinally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things.",
"Philippians 4:8 KJV\n\nThe writer here suggests that it is our personal decision to choose what to think on. ",
"God is not going to choose our positive thoughts or eradicate a negative one. ",
"That is our responsibility. ",
"Your thinking creates your reality, so it goes without saying that a mental transformation can shift even the worst of situations at any moment you make the conscious decision to do so. ",
"If you regularly feel anger, sadness or other ill feelings, you will be setting yourself up to experience more of these negative feelings in your life. ",
"On the flip side, focusing on only that which lifts you up can create a more positive well-being for you and the people around you. ",
"The function of your subconscious mind is to store and retrieve data.",
"Its job is to ensure that you respond exactly the way you are programmed. ",
"Your subconscious mind makes everything you say and do, then sculpts a pattern consistent with your self-concept.",
"\n\nOne of the best ways to begin developing a positive moment at any moment is to practice awareness. ",
"With the emergence of information all over the internet, I knows that’s a blanket term. ",
"Awareness in this case refers to awareness of yourself, your emotions, your feelings and your reactions to your everyday life. ",
"The best way to begin developing this practice is to look at your current feelings. ",
"Figure out what you are feeling and see if you can determine the root cause. ",
"Try to catch yourself whenever you react to a situation, whether it’s a positive or negative reaction, and examine those feelings. ",
"Once you get into the habit of doing this, it will become a subconscious practice, and you can then begin to move on from there."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"The San Francisco 49ers have their entire tight end depth chart returning in 2015, but that will not stop the team from considering some younger options. ",
"The 49ers met with Clive Walford at the Senior Bowl and then had a formal sitdown with him at the NFL Combine. ",
"Earlier this month, they added another tight end into the mix. ",
"According to Charean Williams, the 49ers met with Texas A&M tight end Cameron Clear at his Pro Day.",
"\n\nMaxx Williams is the big tight end name in this year's NFL Draft, with Walford looking like the second tight end to come off the board next month. ",
"Our own Nick Chiamardas ranked Walford as the No. ",
"2 tight end, and ESPN and CBS have done likewise. ",
"Clear on the other hand, is barely on the radar. ",
"CBS did not include him, while ESPN had him in UDFA territory. ",
"NFL.com went so far as to say there were some rumors NFL teams might consider turning the 6'5, 277 pound tight end into a tackle.",
"\n\nClear is not a guy who would be viewed as a big time option, but could end up a camp invite. ",
"Walford joins Williams as one of a short list of potential candidates for a serious opportunity. ",
"The 49ers might be bringing back all their tight ends, but that does not mean there are no questions. ",
"Vernon Davis is coming off his worst year as a pro, Vance McDonald has a serious back injury that cost him much of the season. ",
"Garrett Celek had his own back issues, and Derek Carrier ended up on IR.",
"\n\nMcDonald is the most concerning. ",
"He has struggled to get going in his NFL career, and a back injury is always a scary injury. ",
"In his recent chat, Matt Maiocco briefly mentioned McDonald. ",
"He was asked if Ahmad Brooks or Vernon Davis might end up being released or traded. ",
"In addressing Davis, MM said, \"The 49ers really don't have a No. ",
"2 tight end with concerns over Vance McDonald's future due to how his back will hold out.\"",
"\n\nThe 49ers begin their offseason workout program next week, with two weeks of strength and conditioning work, as well as rehab for injured players. ",
"After that, the team gets into football school, and we get a better handle on who is available. ",
"Things advance to padded and contact work as we move into OTAs and then training camp. ",
"Barring the unforeseen, that is when we'll get a better handle on Vance McDonald's back. ",
"Ideally he recovers fine and is ready to take a step forward this fall. ",
"Of course, we know \"ideally\" has been hard to come by at times this offseason."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.018018018018018018,
0,
0.020202020202020204,
0.020134228187919462,
0.02,
0.04,
0,
0.031746031746031744,
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0.015748031496062992,
0.041666666666666664,
0.02857142857142857,
0.010752688172043012,
0.03278688524590164,
0.023809523809523808,
0.03076923076923077,
0.011111111111111112,
0,
0,
0,
0.011235955056179775,
0,
0
] | 0.013875 | 5 |
[
"Antibiotic resistance genes from the environment: a perspective through newly identified antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the clinical setting.",
"\nSoil bacteria may contain antibiotic resistance genes responsible for different mechanisms that permit them to overcome the natural antibiotics present in the environment. ",
"This gene pool has been recently named the 'resistome', and its components can be mobilized into the microbial community affecting humans because of the participation of genetic platforms that efficiently facilitate the mobilization and maintenance of these resistance genes. ",
"Evidence for this transference has been suggested or demonstrated with newly identified widespread genes in multidrug-resistant bacteria. ",
"These resistance genes include those responsible for ribosomal methylases affecting aminoglycosides (armA, rtmB), methyltransferases affecting linezolid (cfr) or plasmid-mediated efflux pumps conferring low-level fluoroquinolone resistance (qepA), all of which are associated with antibiotic-producing bacteria. ",
"In addition, resistance genes whose ancestors have been identified in environmental isolates that are not recognized as antibiotic producers have also been recently detected. ",
"These include the qnr and the bla(CTX) genes compromising the activity of fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, respectively. ",
"The application of metagenomic tools and phylogenetic analysis will facilitate future identification of other new resistance genes and their corresponding ancestors in environmental bacteria, and will enable further exploration of the concept of the resistome as being a unique reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and genetic elements participating in resistance gene transfer."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006993006993006993,
0
] | 0.000874 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nis ${(a+b)! ",
"\\over (a+b)(c!)}-1$= prime number if a,b and c are primes? ",
"if 2a=b+c and b>ac\n\n${(a+b)! ",
"\\over (a+b)(c!)}-1$ firstly $a,b$ and $c$ need to be prime numbers then the sum of $b+c = 2a$ or double a secondly $b>c$ for example if $a=5, b=7, c=3$ then that gives me $6652799$ which is a prime. ",
"However I'm asking if you can prove or disprove that for every $a,b$ and $c$ that make the requirement make a prime number.",
"\n\nA:\n\nNo, take $a=11,b=19,c=3$. You get\n$$1473626998956616992423935999999=127*4637*47947*33012437*1580912118659$$\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Ali Bey (disambiguation)\n\nAli Bey usually refers to Ali Bey al-Kabir (1728–1773), a Mamluk leader of Egypt.",
"\n\nAli Bey or Ali Beg may also refer to:\n\nPeople \n Mihaloğlu Ali Bey (1425–1507), Ottoman military commander and sanjakbey of Smederevo\n Ali Bey Evrenosoglu, or simply Ali Bey, fifteenth-century Ottoman military commander\n Ali Bey, Prince of Dulkadir (fl. ",
"1515), governor of Dulkadir\n Wojciech Bobowski (1610–1675), also known as Ali Bey, Polish musician and translator of the Bible into Turkish\n Ali Bey of Tunis (d. 1682), a Muradid\n Ali Bey al-Abbasi (1766–1818), pseudonym of Domènec Badia i Leblich, Spanish explorer and spy\n Ali Bey (officer), Mehmet Ali Bey (1874–?), ",
"Ottoman and Turkish officer\n Ali Çetinkaya, \"Kel\" Ali Bey (1878–1949), Ottoman-Turkish officer and politician\n Ali Kemal Bey (1867–1922), Ottoman journalist, newspaper editor and poet\n Ali Kılıç, Kılıç Ali Bey (1890–1971), Ottoman-Turkish officer and politician\n Nawab Muhammad Ali Beg (born 1852), Indian Army officer\n\nOther uses\n Ali Bey, an 1818 book by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp\n\nSee also\n Geli Ali Beg Waterfall, Iraqi Kurdistan\n Awakening, or Ali Bey’s Experiences, an 1874 novel by Namık Kemal"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.037383177570093455,
0.023529411764705882,
0.018808777429467086,
0.028282828282828285
] | 0.027001 | 5 |
[
"Cellular localization of neprilysin in mouse bone tissue and putative role in hydrolysis of osteogenic peptides.",
"\nThe regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast metabolism is mediated by both hormones and local bone peptide factors. ",
"Peptides and hormones are under control of membrane peptidases such as Neprilysin (NEP). ",
"NEP is a widely distributed cell-surface zinc-metallopeptidase that is involved in the regulation of several important physiological processes by controlling the half-life of bioactive peptides. ",
"Although NEP is known to be present in skeletal tissues, neither its cellular localization nor its function have been established. ",
"To address this question, we examined NEP distribution in bones of postnatal mouse. ",
"In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry showed that NEP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein are associated with bone-forming cells including presumptive osteoblast precursors, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. ",
"NEP levels in newborn and adult mice bones also were compared by immunoblotting. ",
"Higher amounts of NEP immunoreactivity were observed in newborn as compared with adult bones, suggesting a relationship between NEP expression and bone growth. ",
"To further explore this hypothesis, we monitored in vitro NEP proteolytic activity using a series of synthetic osteogenic peptides such as parathyroid hormone-related peptide 1-43 (PTHrP1-34), osteostatin (PTHrP107-139), osteogenic growth peptide (OGP), calcitonin, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP), and PTH1-34. ",
"Except for PTH1-34, all peptides were found to be NEP substrates."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0.011235955056179775,
0.005128205128205128,
0.007633587786259542,
0.011904761904761904,
0.008658008658008658,
0.012345679012345678,
0.0125,
0.00906344410876133,
0.015384615384615385
] | 0.008532 | 5 |
[
"Chemical composition and bioactive properties of Cichorium spinosum L. in relation to nitrate/ammonium nitrogen ratio.",
"\nNitrogenous fertilizers may affect the yield and quality of leafy vegetables via the application rate and nitrogen form. ",
"In the present study, the effect of the nitrate:ammonium nitrogen ratio in the nutrient solution on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of Cichorium spinosum leaves was evaluated. ",
"For this purpose, C. spinosum plants were fertigated with nutrient solution containing different ratios of nitrate: ammonium nitrogen: (i) 100:0 NO3 -N:NH4 -N; (ii) 75:25 NO3 -N:NH4 -N; (iii) 50:50 NO3 -N:NH4 -N; (iv) 25:75 NO3 -N:NH4 -N; and (v) 0:100 NO3 -N:NH4 -N of total nitrogen; as well as (vi) 100% ureic nitrogen. ",
"The only detected tocopherol isoforms were α- and δ-tocopherol, which were positively affected by nitrate nitrogen (100:0 NO3 -N:NH4 -N). ",
"Similar results were observed for individual and total organic acids. ",
"The main detected sugars were fructose, glucose and sucrose, with a varied effect of nutrient solution composition on their content, whereas total sugar concentration was positively affected by a balanced or a slightly increased proportion of NH4 -N (50:50 and 25:75 NO3 -N:NH4 -N). ",
"The fatty acids profile was beneficially affected by the highest NH4 -N ratio (0:100 NO3 -N:NH4 -N), whereas higher amounts of NO3 - than NH4 + nitrogen (75:25 NO3 -N:NH4 -N) resulted in a higher content of total phenolic compounds. ",
"Finally, no cytotoxic effects were observed against non-tumor (PLP2, HeLa) and tumor (HepG2, MCF-7, NCI-H460) cell lines for any of the studied nutrient solutions. ",
"The modulation of NO3 -N:NH4 -N ratio in the nutrient solution supplied to C. spinosum may enhance the content of desirable health-promoting compounds and reduce the content of antinutrients, thus increasing the overall quality of the final product without compromising yield. ",
"© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.00847457627118644,
0,
0.005154639175257732,
0,
0,
0,
0.0035335689045936395,
0,
0.006097560975609756,
0,
0.027777777777777776
] | 0.00464 | 5 |
[
"---\nabstract: 'The current state of knowledge of genus $g$ orientable crossing numbers of complete graphs through $K_{11}$ is reviewed. ",
"It is shown that $cr_3(K_{10})=3,$ $cr_3(K_{11})\\leq14,$ and $cr_4(K_{11})=4.$ It is established with the aid of an algorithm that there are precisely two non-isomorphic embeddings of $K_9$ with a hexagon with all its vertices distinct on a surface of genus 3.'",
"\nbibliography:\n- 'SampleBib.bib'\n---\n\n[**On Genus $g$ Orientable Crossing Numbers of Small Complete Graphs**]{}\\\n\n**Yoonah Lee**\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nGiven a surface $S$ and a graph $G$, a *drawing* of $G$ has edges with two distinct vertices as endpoints and no vertices that share three edges [@szekely]. ",
"The *crossing number of $G$ on $S$*, denoted $cr_S(G)$, is the minimum number of crossings in any drawing of $G$ on $S$. *Good drawings* are considered to have three conditions: no arc connecting two nodes intersects itself, two arcs have at most one point of intersection, and two arcs with the same node have no other intersecting points. *",
"Optimal drawings* have the minimum number of crossings of $G$ on $S$ [@guy1971]. ",
"It can be shown that optimal drawings are good drawings.",
"\n\nThe crossing numbers of complete graphs $K_n$ on orientable surfaces $S_g$ of positive genus has been an object of interest since Heawood’s map-coloring conjecture in 1890 [@heawood]. ",
"Despite significant progress, the values of the crossing number for even rather small complete graphs on these surfaces has been unclear. ",
"But when $K_{n-1}$ can be embedded in $S_g,$ adding a vertex to the embedding and connecting it to each of the $n-1$ vertices can in some cases produce a drawing with the lowest possible number of crossings, and in other cases a different method is required. ",
"For example, one can obtain a drawing of $K_5$ with one crossing on the sphere after embedding $K_4,$ whereas a four-crossing drawing of $K_8$ on a torus cannot be obtained by embedding $K_7.$ A four-crossing drawing of $K_9$ on $S_2$ was given by Riskin [@riskin], and this drawing can be obtained from an embedding of $K_8$ by placing the ninth vertex in a quadrilateral face. ",
"In this paper, I show that $K_9$ can be embedded on $S_3$ with a hexagon with all vertices distinct, and the other three vertices in faces adjacent to the hexagon. ",
"Thus, there is a drawing of $K_{10}$ on $S_3$ with three crossings, and since it was shown by Kainen [@kainen] that no smaller number of crossings is possible, I have $cr_3(K_{10})=3$.\n\nThe Heawood Conjecture {#the-heawood-conjecture .unnumbered}\n======================\n\nGiven a graph $G,$ the *chromatic number* of $G$, denoted $\\chi(G)$, is the minimum number of colors needed to color the vertices so that no two neighboring vertices have the same color. ",
"In 1890, Percy John Heawood posed a question that would soon spark broad interest in embedding graphs in surfaces: given a surface $S$, consider all graphs $G$ that can be embedded in $S.$ What is the highest chromatic number $\\chi(G)$ of all of them? ",
"The four color map problem, which asks the same question of the sphere $S_0,$ had been widely known since 1852. ",
"Heawood proved that $\\chi(G)\\leq\\lfloor\\frac{7+\\sqrt{1+48g})}{2}\\rfloor$ for all graphs $G$ that can be embedded on a surface of genus $g$, and claimed that for any surface of genus $g$, there is a graph $G$ achieving this upper bound [@heawood]. ",
"He also showed that the chromatic number of a torus is seven, proving his claim for $g=1$. In 1891, Lothar Heffter described how to embed $K_7$, $K_8$, $K_9$, $K_{10}$, $K_{11}$, and $K_{12}$ in a surface of minimum genus, proving Heawood’s claim for $g\\leq6$ [@heffter]. ",
"Gerhard Ringel proved the case $g=7$ by embedding $K_{13}$ in 1952, and he started to consider $K_n$ for the twelve cases of of $n$ modulo $12$. Finally, in 1968, Gerhard Ringel and J. W. T. Youngs proved the Heawood map-coloring theorem by finding embeddings for all residues modulo 12, with the help of Jean Mayer and others for a finite number of cases not covered by their proof [@mayer]. ",
"Thus Heawood’s conjecture was proved for all orientable surfaces. ",
"It is also true for non-orientable surfaces except for the Klein bottle. ",
"In the course of their work, Ringel and Youngs established a relationship between the genus of a complete graph and chromatic number of a surface. ",
"Given $n$, if $p$ is the largest integer such that $\\gamma(K_p)\\geq n$, then $\\frac{(p-3)(p-4)}{12}\\geq n\\geq\\frac{(p-3)(p-2)}{12}$. This inequality is equivalent to $p^{2}-7p+12\\geq 12n\\geq p^{2}-5p+6$. Solving for $p$, it can be seen that if $\\gamma(K_n)=\\lceil\\frac{(n-3)(n-4)}{12}\\rceil$, then $\\chi(S_g)=\\lfloor\\frac{7+\\sqrt{1+48g})}{2}\\rfloor$ [@harary][@ringel].",
"\n\nKnown Results {#known-results .unnumbered}\n=============\n\nA similar question arose: what is the minimum crossing number of graphs? ",
"In 1960, Guy conjectured the minimum crossing number of complete graphs on a genus $0$ surface: $Z(n) = \\frac{1}{4}\\lfloor\\frac{n}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-1}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-2}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-3}{2}\\rfloor$ [@originalguy] [@guy]. ",
"The conjecture has been proven for $n\\leq12$ [@pan], but the crossing number for $n\\geq13$ remains unconfirmed. ",
"In 1968, Richard K. Guy, Tom Jenkyns, and Jonathan Schaer proved the lower and upper bounds of the toroidal crossing number of the complete graph as $\\frac{23}{210} \\binom{n}{4}$ and $\\frac{59}{216} \\binom{n-1}{4}$ when $n \\geq 10$ [@guyjenkyns]. ",
"Paul C. Kainen proved a lower bound for the crossing numbers of complete graphs, bipartite graphs, and cubical graphs in 1972: $cr_g (K_n)\\geq\\binom{n}{2}-3n+3(2-2g)$. Kainen conjectured that $cr_g (K_n)$ is equal to this lower bound whenever $g$ is one less than the genus of $K_n$ and $K_n$ does not provide a triangulation of $S_{g+1}$ [@kainen]. ",
"However, Adrian Riskin disproved Kainen’s conjecture by showing the genus $2$ crossing number of $K_9$ graph is $4$, not $3$ as Kainen’s conjecture suggests [@riskin]. ",
"In 1995, Farhad Shahrokhi, László A. Székely, Ondrej Sýkora, and Imrich Vrt’o proved a theorem that gives a lower bound for the crossing number. ",
"Given a graph $G$, when $\\frac{n^2}{e}\\geq g$, the crossing number is at least $\\frac{ce^3}{n^2}$. When $\\frac{n^2}{e}\\leq g\\leq\\frac{3}{64}$, the crossing number is at least $\\frac{ce^2}{g+1}$ [@10.1007/3-540-57899-4_68].",
"\n\n $n\\pmod{12}$ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11\n -------------- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ----\n $f(n)$ 0 3 5 0 0 5 3 0 2 3 3 2\n\n : $f(n)$ gives the number of edges that would need to be added to an embedding of $K_n$ on a surface of its minimum genus to obtain a triangulation[]{data-label=\"table:1\"}\n\nThe Genus 3 Case: Program {#the-genus-3-case-program .unnumbered}\n=========================\n\nThus any embedding of $K_9$ on $S_3$ has either three quadrilateral faces, a quadrilateral and a pentagon, or a hexagon. ",
"Table \\[table:1\\] shows the number of edges that would need to be added to obtain a triangulation of the surface for each complete graph $K_n$.\n\nGiven an embedding of a graph G with vertices labelled $1,\\dots,n$ on the orientable surface $S_g,$ a *rotation sequence* for this embedding consists of $n$ rows, where each row $r_i$ is the sequence of vertices met opposite vertex $i$ along each edge incident to vertex $i$ in clockwise order, starting from a given edge. ",
"The Heffter-Edmonds Rotation Principle states that every rotation sequence has a unique orientable graph embedding.",
"\n\nI built an algorithm constructing all rotation sequences for $K_9$ on $S_3$. I determined that there exists an embedding of $K_9$ on $S_3$ that contains a hexagon with $6$ distinct vertices. ",
"Furthermore, I know that three vertices are in triangular faces adjacent to this hexagon.",
"\n\nTo enumerate all embeddings of $K_9$ on $S_3,$ I generated arbitrary permutations of vertices as rows of candidate rotation sequences and checked:\n\n1\\. orientability: if an edge shows up in two rows, it is in opposite order;\n\n2\\. if the number of triangular faces mentioned is less than or equal to $22$;\n\n3\\. if each edge is in at most two faces;\n\n4\\. if the faces containing a given vertex make a cycle of length 8.",
"\n\nHeffter already showed an embedding of $K_9$ on $S_3$ with $22$ triangles and one hexagon that contains a vertex mentioned twice. ",
"If there is a hexagon with distinct vertices and the other three vertices in faces adjacent to that hexagon, a tenth point inside the hexagon will be able to connect to all six vertices of the hexagon and to the other three vertices with only three crossings. ",
"Thus, if I find such an embedding, then the genus 3 crossing number of $K_{10}$ is 3.",
"\n\nAlgorithm \\[algorithm:1\\] generates all possible rotation sequences of the hexagon and eliminates the impossible drawings. ",
"A hexagon with an outer edge showing up in the same order of vertices means that the drawing is not orientable. ",
"Sequences with more than $22$ triangular faces or with edges contained in more than two faces can be rejected. ",
"Thus, in the end, the program will only print rotation sequences that produce an orientable surface of genus $3$.\n\nUsing rotation sequences, I labeled the vertices from $1$ to $9$, giving each vertex a row of different vertices it is connected to in order. ",
"In row 1, I may assume that vertices 7, 8, and 9 appear in that order, meaning that there are $\\frac{6!}{3!}=120$ permutations to check. ",
"In each of the rows 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the first vertex after the hexagon must be the same as the last vertex before the hexagon in the previous row. ",
"Thus there are $5!=120$ permutations to check for each admissible permutation of the previous row.",
"\n\nThis program first generates an array of vertices connected to vertex $1$ excluding those with $3$ as the last element. (",
"Excluding 3 cuts down slightly but is not technically necessary; thus this step is omitted from Algorithm 1.) ",
"Then it generates another array of vertices connected to vertex $2$ only if the last element is not $4$ and all outer edges are mentioned in the opposite order compared to those in row $1$. The same procedure is repeated until vertex $4$, when I now check that the number of triangular faces is less than $22$, because Heffter already proved that the number of faces in $K_9$ on $S_3$. For vertex $5$, I check that each edge is mentioned in at most two faces. ",
"The same is repeated for vertex $6$. This makes sure that the program does not have to go through generating all sequences but only fully process sequences that have potential to be an embedding. ",
"Lastly, I check if the cycle lengths of faces going around vertices 7, 8, and 9 are 8. ",
"If so, the program prints the sequences so that I can reproduce them into drawings.",
"\n\nThere are two non-isomorphic embeddings of $K_9$ on $S_3$ with a hexagon with all six vertices distinct.",
"\n\nAlgorithm \\[algorithm:1\\] generated a total of eight rotation sequences with six distinct vertices. ",
"Four of them were permutations of the rotation sequence given in Table \\[table:6\\], and four were permutations of the rotation sequence given in Table \\[table:7\\]. ",
"In Case 2, three faces adjacent to the hexagon had non-hexagon vertices and were adjacent to a triangle with another non-hexagon vertex. ",
"This is not true of Case 1.",
"\n\n[ | c | c c c c c c c c | ]{} 1&6&3&7&8&5&4&9&2\\\n2&1&9&6&4&8&7&5&3\\\n3&2&5&9&7&1&6&8&4\\\n4&3&8&2&6&7&9&1&5\\\n5&4&1&8&9&3&2&7&6\\\n6&5&7&4&2&9&8&3&1\\\n\n[ | c | c c c c c c c c | ]{} 1&6&3&7&8&5&4&9&2\\\n2&1&9&8&6&4&7&5&3\\\n3&2&5&9&7&1&6&8&4\\\n4&3&8&7&2&6&9&1&5\\\n5&4&1&8&9&3&2&7&6\\\n6&5&7&9&4&2&8&3&1\\\n\n\\[algorithm:1\\]\n\ncheck\\_perms\\_of\\_row$(i)$:\\\nLet $r_{i,1}=i-1$ and $r_{i,8}=i+1$\\\n\n[ | l | r | l]{} Check & Number of Cases\\\nRow 4: Check if edges opposite & 969598\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq22$ & 261359\\\nRow 5: Check if edges opposite & 1169027\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq22$ & 3307\\\nCheck if each edge is in at most $2$ faces & 110\\\nRow 6: Check if edges opposite & 100\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq22$ & 38\\\nCheck if each edge is in at most $2$ faces & 38\\\nSee if all $8$ edges connecting to $7, 8, 9$ make a cycle & 8\\\n\nThe genus $3$ crossing number of $K_{10}$ is $3$.\n\nKainen’s inequality $cr_g (K_n)\\geq\\binom{n}{2}-3n+3(2-2g)$ gives the lower bound of the crossing number of $K_{10}$ on a genus $3$ surface. ",
"With Algorithm \\[algorithm:1\\], I found rotation sequences including a hexagon with 6 distinct vertices and the other three vertices in faces adjacent to the hexagon. ",
"An additional vertex in the hexagon will be able to connect with the six vertices of the hexagon and cross an edge each for vertices 7, 8, and 9. ",
"The drawing is shown in Figure \\[figure:4\\].",
"\n\nThe Genus 4 Case: Program {#the-genus-4-case-program .unnumbered}\n=========================\n\nAlthough the foundations of the algorithm for $K_{10}$ are similar to those of $K_9$, Algorithm \\[algorithm:2\\] is different with one more vertex present. ",
"There is, of course, one more place in each row. ",
"Most importantly, there are a total of 210 possibilities in the first row, because I may assume vertices 7, 8, 9, and 10 appear in that order and the middle seven elements have to be arranged so that $\\frac{7!}{4!}$. Other rows have 720 possibilities, because three elements are known.",
"\n\nThe fact that this algorithm works so plainly for $K_9$ is in part dependent on the fact that no sequences giving fewer than 22 faces among the first six rows turn out to exist. ",
"But for $K_{10}$, the analogous algorithm outputs that it is possible to have 26, 27, or 28 faces among the first six rows. ",
"I thus divide the algorithm into three cases: when there are 26 faces, 27 faces, and 28 faces. ",
"In the case of 28 faces, the algorithm is similar to the algorithm for $K_9$ in that I simply check if the cycle length of each vertex is 9. ",
"No configurations existed with this property. ",
"For the case of 27 faces, I iterate over triangles consisting only of vertices 7, 8, 9, and 10, adding each to the collection of faces and checking whether it completes an embedding of $K_{10}$. 8 configurations were found to be completable. ",
"In the case of 26 faces, I do the same but with pairs of triangles instead of triangles. ",
"11 configurations were found to be completable.",
"\n\nThe genus $4$ crossing number of $K_{11}$ is $4$.\n\nKainen’s inequality $cr_g (K_n)\\geq\\binom{n}{2}-3n+3(2-2g)$ gives a lower bound of 4 for the crossing number of $K_{11}$ on a genus $4$ surface. ",
"With Algorithm \\[algorithm:2\\], I found rotation sequences including a hexagon with 6 distinct vertices and the other four vertices in faces adjacent to the hexagon. ",
"An additional vertex in the hexagon will be able to connect with the six vertices of the hexagon and cross an edge each for vertices 7, 8, 9, and 10.",
"\n\nOne of the rotation sequences is given in Table \\[table:8\\]. ",
"The sequence does not mention two faces: faces consisting of vertices 7, 8, and 10 and of vertices 7, 9, and 10. ",
"The corresponding embedding is shown in Figure \\[figure:6\\].",
"\n\n[ | c | c c c c c c c c c | ]{} 1&6 & 3 &7 &8 &4& 9& 5& 10& 2\\\n2&1& 10& 6& 7& 4& 8& 5& 9& 3\\\n3&2 &9 &8& 10& 5& 7& 1& 6& 4\\\n4&3 &6 &10& 9& 1& 8& 2& 7& 5\\\n5&4 &7 &3 &10& 1& 9& 2& 8& 6\\\n6&5 &8 &9 &7& 2& 10& 4& 3& 1\\\n\n\\[algorithm:2\\]\n\ncheck\\_perms\\_of\\_row$(i)$:\\\nLet $r_{i,1}=i-1$ and $r_{i,8}=i+1$\\\n\n[ | l | r | l]{} Check & Number of Cases\\\nRow 4: Check if edges opposite & 868209541\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq28$ & 79975\\\nRow 5: Check if edges opposite & 4290114\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq28$ & 3588229\\\nCheck if each edge is in at most $2$ faces & 8860\\\nRow 6: Check if edges opposite & 187765\\\nCheck if number of faces $\\leq28$ & 30226\\\nCheck if each edge is in at most $2$ faces & 747\\\nSee if cycle length around $7, 8, 9, 10$ is 9 & 0\\\n27 faces see if completable & 8\\\n26 faces see if completable & 11\\\n\nSummary {#summary .unnumbered}\n=======\n\n[ | l | c | c | c | c | ]{} $g$/$n$ & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11\\\n0 & 18 & 36 & 60 & 100\\\n1 & 4 & 9 & 23 & \\[37, 42\\]\\\n2 & 0 & 4 & \\[9, 12\\] & \\[16, 27\\]\\\n3 & - & 0 & 3 & \\[10, 14\\]\\\n4 & - & - & 0 & 4\\\n5 & - & - & - & 0\\\n\nThe following figures show the drawings of complete graphs on different genus surfaces. ",
"Figures \\[figure:1\\] and \\[figure:2\\] show $K_{10}$ and $K_{11}$ on a genus $2$ surface. ",
"The diagrams were based on Adrian Riskin’s $cr_2(K_9)=4$ drawing.",
"\n\nFigures \\[figure:3\\], \\[figure:4\\], and \\[figure:5\\] show graphs on a genus 3 surface using the rotation sequences. ",
"Figure \\[figure:3\\] shows an embedding of graph $K_9$ on a surface of genus 3. ",
"Figure \\[figure:4\\] is graph $K_{10}$ on a genus 3 surface with 3 crossing numbers, which is the lowest crossing number possible. ",
"Figure \\[figure:5\\] shows $K_{11}$ on a surface of genus 3 with 14 crossings, which I establish as the upper bound of the crossing number. ",
"Both Figures \\[figure:4\\] and \\[figure:5\\] were produced by adding a point on each graph.",
"\n\nFigures \\[figure:6\\] and \\[figure:7\\] show graphs on a genus 4 surface also using the rotation sequences. ",
"Figure \\[figure:6\\] is an embedding of $K_{10}$ on a surface of genus 4. ",
"Figure \\[figure:7\\] shows $cr_4(K_{11})=4$.\n\n![",
"$K_{10}$ on a surface of genus 2 with 12 crossings](genus2K10.jpeg \"fig:\"){width=\"12cm\"} \\[figure:1\\]\n\n![",
"$K_{11}$ on a surface of genus 2 with 27 crossings](genus2K11.jpeg \"fig:\"){width=\"12cm\"} \\[figure:2\\]\n\n![",
"Embedding of $K_{9}$ on a surface of genus 3](3_K_9 \"fig:\"){width=\"13cm\"} \\[figure:3\\]\n\n![",
"$K_{10}$ on a surface of genus 3 with 3 crossings](3_K_10 \"fig:\"){width=\"13cm\"} \\[figure:4\\]\n\n![",
"$K_{11}$ on a surface of genus 3 with 14 crossings](3_K_11 \"fig:\"){width=\"13cm\"} \\[figure:5\\]\n\n![",
"Embedding of $K_{10}$ on a surface of genus 4](4_K_10 \"fig:\"){width=\"13cm\"} \\[figure:6\\]\n\n![",
"$K_{11}$ on a surface of genus 4 with 4 crossings](4_K_11 \"fig:\"){width=\"13cm\"} \\[figure:7\\]\n\nThe crossing number for each complete graph when $g=0$ has been obtained using Guy’s conjecture $Z(n) = \\frac{1}{4}\\lfloor\\frac{n}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-1}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-2}{2}\\rfloor\\lfloor\\frac{n-3}{2}\\rfloor$, which Pan and Richter proved for $n\\leq12$. The crossing numbers $4, 9,$ and $23$ for $n=8, 9, 10$ when $g=1$ were proven by Guy, Jenkyns, and Schaer. ",
"For $cr_1(K_{11})$, Guy, Jenkyns, and Schaer prove that the upper bound of its crossing number is $42$, while the lower bound is $37$ using $\\frac{23}{210} \\binom{n}{4}$. The genus of the complete graph was calculated using Ringel and Young’s established bound $\\gamma(K_n)=\\lceil\\frac{(n-3)(n-4)}{12}\\rceil$, which is why $cr_2(K_8), cr_3(K_9), cr_4(K_{10}),$ and $cr_5(K_{11})$ are all 0. ",
"Riskin proved $cr_2(K_9)=4$, and the lower bounds for the rest of the complete graphs on different genus surfaces were established using Kainen’s conjecture: $cr_g (K_n)\\geq\\binom{n}{2}-3n+3(2-2g)$.\n\nThe upper bounds for $cr_2(K_{10}), cr_2(K_{11}),$ and $cr_3(K_{11})$ and values of $cr_3(K_{10})$ and $cr_4(K_{11})$ are established above in Theorems 2 and 3 and Figures \\[figure:1\\], \\[figure:2\\], \\[figure:3\\], \\[figure:4\\], and \\[figure:5\\]. ",
"Table \\[table:3\\] shows the lower and upper bounds for $cr_g(K_n)$ when $g\\leq5$ and $8\\leq n\\leq11$.\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0,
0,
0.005847953216374269,
0,
0.012345679012345678,
0,
0.010752688172043012,
0,
0,
0.005277044854881266,
0,
0.004366812227074236,
0.003968253968253968,
0,
0.004048582995951417,
0.011029411764705883,
0.015267175572519083,
0.015151515151515152,
0.0136986301369863,
0.006802721088435374,
0.005420054200542005,
0,
0.016260162601626018,
0.008928571428571428,
0.016194331983805668,
0.008571428571428572,
0.023809523809523808,
0.020689655172413793,
0.0045045045045045045,
0.003389830508474576,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006097560975609756,
0.0072992700729927005,
0,
0.000980392156862745,
0,
0.00684931506849315,
0,
0.004,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006711409395973154,
0,
0,
0,
0.0060396893874029335,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010660980810234541,
0.0076726342710997444,
0.006726457399103139,
0
] | 0.003047 | 5 |
[
"\n\nAsk HN: In San Fran Area today only, Looking for interviews - throwaway09810\n\nHey guys, I flew out here yesterday for two interviews with startups and one went well, while the other was mediocre. ",
" I figured that while I'm here and the day is far from over, I might see if anyone else is looking for developers.<p>About me:<p>I'm a junior level developer + project manager by day. ",
" My biggest tools are Ruby, Rails, Javascript (jQuery mostly), and HTML/CSS. ",
"Half front-end/half back-end dev in my day job.<p>I'm passionate, fun, outgoing, and ambitious. ",
" I want to move out here and build something awesome, whether it be with an established team or something just getting started.<p>email me at aanon2247@gmail.com if you're interested in talking.",
"\n======\nzoowar\nYou might want to spend the day looking at rent and house prices to compare\nwith other areas you might be employable.",
"\n\n~~~\nthrowaway09810\nI have been. ",
"That's been the most important factor in considering the offers\nI've gotten here and elsewhere. ",
"Where I'm from, standard rent for a 2500sq ft\nhouse in a great area is like $1500/mo... Split 3 ways, it's $500/mo rent.",
"\nI'll never live that cheaply again.",
"\n\n~~~\nyid\nJust so you know, in SF that money will buy you a dingy room in an average\narea with roommates.",
"\n\n------\ngettinstarted\nIf you have any projects you've done or an online code-repository, you should\nlink it. ",
"Also, search for the who's hiring thread for June, which has a robust\nlist.",
"\n\nIf you are just burning time, head over to pier 38 (SF) and talk to the\nseveral startups that operate from there. ",
"I would also venture to say there\nare a bunch of startups working out of the 500 startups space at any given\ntime.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} | [
0,
0,
0.03896103896103896,
0,
0.005154639175257732,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002757 | 5 |
[
"<?",
"php\n\n/*\n * This file is part of the Symfony package.",
"\n *\n * (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.",
"\n */\n\nnamespace Symfony\\Component\\Console\\Input;\n\nuse Symfony\\Component\\Console\\Exception\\InvalidArgumentException;\nuse Symfony\\Component\\Console\\Exception\\LogicException;\n\n/**\n * Represents a command line argument.",
"\n *\n * @author Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>\n */\nclass InputArgument\n{\n const REQUIRED = 1;\n const OPTIONAL = 2;\n const IS_ARRAY = 4;\n\n private $name;\n private $mode;\n private $default;\n private $description;\n\n /**\n * @param string $name The argument name\n * @param int|null $mode The argument mode: self::REQUIRED or self::OPTIONAL\n * @param string $description A description text\n * @param string|string[]|null $default The default value (for self::OPTIONAL mode only)\n *\n * @throws InvalidArgumentException When argument mode is not valid\n */\n public function __construct(string $name, int $mode = null, string $description = '', $default = null)\n {\n if (null === $mode) {\n $mode = self::OPTIONAL;\n } elseif ($mode > 7 || $mode < 1) {\n throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('Argument mode \"%s\" is not valid.', ",
"$mode));\n }\n\n $this->name = $name;\n $this->mode = $mode;\n $this->description = $description;\n\n $this->setDefault($default);\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the argument name.",
"\n *\n * @return string The argument name\n */\n public function getName()\n {\n return $this->name;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns true if the argument is required.",
"\n *\n * @return bool true if parameter mode is self::REQUIRED, false otherwise\n */\n public function isRequired()\n {\n return self::REQUIRED === (self::REQUIRED & $this->mode);\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns true if the argument can take multiple values.",
"\n *\n * @return bool true if mode is self::IS_ARRAY, false otherwise\n */\n public function isArray()\n {\n return self::IS_ARRAY === (self::IS_ARRAY & $this->mode);\n }\n\n /**\n * Sets the default value.",
"\n *\n * @param string|string[]|null $default The default value\n *\n * @throws LogicException When incorrect default value is given\n */\n public function setDefault($default = null)\n {\n if (self::REQUIRED === $this->mode && null !",
"== $default) {\n throw new LogicException('Cannot set a default value except for InputArgument::OPTIONAL mode.');",
"\n }\n\n if ($this->isArray()) {\n if (null === $default) {\n $default = [];\n } elseif (!",
"\\is_array($default)) {\n throw new LogicException('A default value for an array argument must be an array.');",
"\n }\n }\n\n $this->default = $default;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the default value.",
"\n *\n * @return string|string[]|null The default value\n */\n public function getDefault()\n {\n return $this->default;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the description text.",
"\n *\n * @return string The description text\n */\n public function getDescription()\n {\n return $this->description;\n }\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0,
0.019230769230769232,
0.016853932584269662,
0,
0.011247443762781187,
0,
0.00546448087431694,
0.0036363636363636364,
0.008658008658008658,
0.011583011583011582,
0.008130081300813009,
0,
0,
0,
0.010471204188481676,
0.006896551724137931
] | 0.006386 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow do I code a Makefile that can tell the difference between Intel OS X and Linux?",
"\n\nHow do I write a conditional into a GNU make Makefile, which discerns the architecture (Intel OS X vs Linux, in this case) so that I can set flags appropriately, without requiring the end user to specify the Makefile when running make -f?",
"\nEDIT\nI should specify that I get a makefile error from an ifeq statement that contains a shell command, if this conditional is placed outside a target:\n'commands commence before first target. ",
"Stop.'",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou should be able to check the output of one of the uname variants, and then choose different actions withing the makefile depending on that.",
"\nRun man uname for details.",
"\nIn terms of how you use it from GNU make, you can get the information into a variable from the shell function and then use ifeq on that variable:\nplatform=$(shell uname -o)\n\nifeq ($(platform),Cygwin)\n\ndefrule:\n echo I am running in Cygwin.",
"\n\nelse\n\ndefrule:\n echo I am running elsewhere.",
"\n\nendif\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.011494252873563218,
0.008333333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002203 | 5 |
[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to the construction of furniture, and in particular, it relates to the installment of a flexible sheet in tension in a furniture construction.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nOutdoor furniture having strips of flexible material or entire sheets of flexible material stretched over metal framework have become quite popular. ",
"This type of outdoor furniture is typically left outside and exposed to the elements, sometimes for months at a time. ",
"The fabric that is stretched over metal framework deteriorates from usage and exposure and requires periodic replacement. ",
"In the case of fabric strips, the strips are typically replaced by simply stretching the fabric strips over the metal framework and securing it thereto with screws, rivets, or the like. ",
"However, in the case of outdoor furniture having a single sheet of fabric stretched over a framework, difficulties arise in securing the fabric to the framework so that the fabric is in the same state of tension as originally manufactured. ",
"The problem is even greater when the support structure that holds the fabric is of an arrangement such that the fabric and the support structure are assembled together to form the piece of furniture."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"A mathematical model of human respiration at altitude.",
"\nWe developed a mathematical model of human respiration in the awake state that can be used to predict changes in ventilation, blood gases, and other critical variables during conditions of hypocapnia, hypercapnia and these conditions combined with hypoxia. ",
"Hence, the model is capable of describing ventilation changes due to the hypocapnic-hypoxia of high altitude. ",
"The basic model is that of Grodins et al. [",
"Grodins, F. S., J. Buell, and A. J. Bart. ",
"J. Appl. ",
"Physiol. ",
"22:260-276, 1967]. ",
"We updated the descriptions of (1) the effects of blood gases on cardiac output and cerebral blood flow, (2) acid-base balance in blood and tissues, (3) O2 and CO2 binding to hemoglobin and most importantly, (4) the respiratory-chemostat controller. ",
"The controller consists of central and peripheral sections. ",
"The central chemoceptor-induced ventilation response is simply a linear function of brain P(CO2) above a threshold value. ",
"The peripheral response has both a linear term similar to that for the central chemoceptors, but dependent upon carotid body P(CO2) and with a different threshold and a complex, nonlinear term that includes multiplication of separate terms involving carotid body P(O2) and P(CO2). ",
"Together, these terms produce 'dogleg'-shaped curves of ventilation plotted against P(CO2) which form a fan-like family for different values of P(CO2). ",
"With this chemical controller, our model closely describes a wide range of experimental data under conditions of solely changes in P(CO2) and for short-term hypoxia coupled with P(CO2) changes. ",
"This model can be used to accurately describe changes in ventilation and respiratory gases during ascent and during short-term residence at altitude. ",
"Hence, it has great applicability to studying O2-delivery systems in aircraft."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.018518518518518517,
0,
0,
0,
0.07142857142857142,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00819672131147541,
0,
0,
0,
0.006666666666666667,
0
] | 0.013495 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nnumpy.searchsorted for an array containing numpy.nan\n\nI would like:\nindex = numpy.searchsorted(array([ 1., ",
" 2., ",
" 3., ",
" nan, 4., ",
" 5.]), ",
"4.2, side='left')\n\nto give me:\nindex = 4\n\nThis works up to the value 3.9, but not after the nan in the array. ",
"\nAny ideas?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe array you are sorting is not sorted, which it need to be for searchsorted to work properly. ",
"np.nan would appear last in the sorted array:\n>>> np.sort([1., ",
"2., ",
"3., ",
"nan, 4., ",
"5.])",
"\narray([ 1., ",
" 2., ",
" 3., ",
" 4., ",
" 5., ",
" nan])\n\nTo fix this issue you can pass in a list of the sorted indexes of your array using the sorter keyword argument. ",
"You can use np.argsort to find this: \n>>> arg_sorted = np.argsort([1., ",
"2., ",
"3., ",
"nan, 4., ",
"5.])",
"\n>>> np.searchsorted([1., ",
"2., ",
"3., ",
"nan, 4., ",
"5.], ",
"4.2, side='right', sorter=arg_sorted)\n4 \n\nEdit: As per Jaime's comment below, passing the sorter argument will mean the function returns the position in the sorted array (not in the unsorted one). ",
"Since side='left' specifies that the first suitable index should be returned, the correct index can be better identified with the following method using np.searchsorted:\n>>> idx = np.searchsorted([1., ",
"2., ",
"3., ",
"nan, 4., ",
"5.], ",
"4.2, side='left')\n>>> arg_sorted[idx]\n4\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004608294930875576,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000569 | 5 |
[
"At least 9 suspected militants were killed when an unmanned US predator drone targeted a house in North Waziristan Agency, early Wednesday morning, officials said.",
"\n\nPESHAWAR: At least 9 suspected militants were killed when an unmanned US predator drone targeted a house in North Waziristan Agency, early Wednesday morning, officials said.",
"\n\nThe missiles were fired at a house in the Spalga area some 12km from Miranshah, said an official. “",
"At least nine militants were killed,” he said, adding that the building was completely destroyed.",
"\n\nLocal sources told The Express Tribune that at around 6:50am, a huge explosion was heard. ",
"They said that those killed were “not residents” of the area. ",
"The view was shared by intelligence officials who said that there was a possibility that the men killed were from Punjab. ",
"However, there was no independent or immediate confirmation about the identities of those killed.",
"\n\nThe strike, fifth this year, comes amid reports in the international media that the US is considering a formal apology over the Salala check-post attack that killed 24 Pakistani soldiers.",
"\n\nfinally, i am glad that the newspapers now started mentioning killing of ‘ten people’ instead of ‘ten militants’ in drone attacks. ",
"Its nice to finally see people realizing that drones are indiscriminately killing humans in the tribal areas, thats just a whole other story that we are shamelessly and spinelessly looking at it and not raising a voice against it.",
"\n\nmay allah bless the drones.",
"\nthey are removing the religious extremist filth from our society which are a real threat to the rest of the people.but this campaign has to be extended into the southern punjab & karachi also,as extremist religious ideology is very prevalent in these areas.",
"\nThere are too many madrassas preaching hatred,oppression of women,homophobia & hatred of any one non-muslim in these areas & those madrassas need to be taken out by drones as our own govt. ",
"is too cowardly to take any action against these religious barbarians.",
"Recommend\n\nA headline in NY Times a few days ago, “Iraq Is Angered by U.S. Drones Patrolling Its Skies.” ",
"And these were only surveillance drones, not the ones which drop bombs. ",
"But we are so large hearted. ",
"We welcome ‘friends’ to come into our territory and bomb our own people. ",
"Collateral damage is no problem. ",
"After all NWA is too far off, we dont hear no thunder and it’s not our children or sisters that are being killed. ",
"So yes please continue with your Hell fire missiles to bomb the mud houses and keep giving us dollars so that we can buy some more mansions and palaces in Europe and the US. ",
"Dont worry about our sovereignty, international law, your own law and violations of human rights. ",
"Yes please keep it up.",
"\n\nsuspected??? ",
"Let’s make your job easier by putting all Pakistani population into suspected list, and ask Pakistani population to show their ‘innocence certificate’, otherwise ready to bear consequence.",
"\n\nWhat’s the definition of ‘suspected people’?? ",
"Taliban sympathizers comes under suspected list?? ",
"What about those ‘officials’ who are negotiating with Taliban in Qatar?? ",
"Those officials want Taliban in govt. ",
"mainstream. ",
"Aren’t they sympathizers too???",
"\n\nWell. ",
"This is sad news indeed. ",
"Some people are happy that these drones are removing religious extremists. ",
"They just need to learn that we need to keep our house in order by ourselves. ",
"They must also remember thar Once these religious extremists were American allies. ",
"Americans turned their back towards them and started treating them with drones. ",
"Now americans are allies with moderate forces. ",
"Who know when they will turn their back to modern forces and start patronising Religious extremists again. ",
"If such a time comes and drones start hitting cinema halls or things like that on grounds that these are centers of non religious extremism. ",
"So where they will stand then.",
"\nWe need to determine ourselves how we need to treat things inside our territory. ",
"Thats it\n\nWho is responsible for this loss if ultimately it is established that they were not terrorists. ",
"After all a drone is an manned device and its controller, sitting miles away can only see the television images.",
"\n\nBy the way why don’t Pakistan remove the the reason for drone attacks. ",
"If that is done US would have no justification in conducting drone strikes. ",
"At least managing that part of Pakistan is in Pakistan’s hand if not the drone strikes themselves\n\nAmerica has lost the war in Afghanistan but has won the hearts of many of the ET readers; Pakistani Liberal Extremists is what i like to call them. ",
"They are stuck in the year 2001 and still think America is the great savior and are over estimating the amount of terrorism that is actually taking place. ",
"Ignorance is a theme that unites us across the globe.",
"\n\nVienna,February 08,2012\nBoys,the proof is the pudding.",
"Pakistan should realize it can not\nget away with “offensive difense ” policy against the rest of the\nworld.",
"Come on close your borders against all neighbours.",
"Inport\nterrorist guests under your sovereign will to take all the pounding\nas pudding.",
"\nTaravadu Taranga Trust for Media Monitoring TTTMM Indida\n–Kulamarva Balakrishna\n\nWe are loosing our sovereignty. ",
"It is notes a shame for us to call militants militants who belong the country Pakistan, or are Pakistanis, but other leaving drones in the country Pakistan is a lost of sovereignty, at least nominal sovereignty.",
"\n\nThanks US and Drones for wiping out these militants from our land. ",
"Thanks a lot and we think you are doing a great service of the people of Pakistan for killing those guys who do bomb blasts in Peshawar, Lahore and Kabul.",
"\n\nThanks a lot you Drones. ",
"You finish off some more terrorists who will otherwise do bomb blasts in our markets, mosques, Dagahs, and Hujraas. ",
"We, pukhtuns, call it Ababeel as it exactly target the militants and save the people of that area from terrorists. ",
"Thanks USA and thanks Obama for helping us.",
"\n\nWe should admire such nice job done by even Indians. ",
"We are incapable to eliminate terrorists from our soil, hence this is being done by Allah Almighty through non-Muslim powers. ",
"We should keep in mind the famous verses of Al-Baqra.:",
"\n\nIt never ceases to amaze me that almost everyone from Imran Khan to my milkman (and I dont know which of them is more ill informed), seem to believe, without any facts or figures that the drones are targeting innocent civilians. ",
"For one thing, if they are, then why is the jihadi mafia so worried about it? ",
"Killing innocent civilinas, 35000 to be exact, has never pushed them to hold a single anti taliban rally? ",
"But on a more factual plane, I advise those interested in facts to look up Dr. Farhat Taj’s survey of FATA persons about the drones. ",
"This is the only study done on the matter to my knowledge. ",
"It may interest some of you to learn that the overwhelming majority supported the attacks as relieving them of the terror of the AlQaeda and their local affiliates. ",
"Their is no issue of sovereignty involved here. ",
"we lost our sovereignty of the area in 2003-4 to these scum and now the US and Pakistan are in agreement, to retrieve it by eliminating these terrorists. ",
"Public posturing by Pak officials notwithstanding, not a single drone has ever been shot down nor even attempted to be shot down.",
"THINK!",
"\n\n@Reasonable: I second this statement wholeheartedly. ",
"Can’t the Pakistan army remove the reason for these drone attacks? ",
"After all this is Pakistans own territory, right? ",
"What is stopping them from taking out these evil madmen? ",
"Why can’t all who have commented in these columns against the drone attacks answer this question first? ",
"Where are all those ‘ distinguished’ gentlemen who sat on the dais at the Difa E Pakistan rallies? ",
"Let them answer this first. ",
"The answer is the army is either incompetent or reluctant to take out this menace for reasons best known to them. ",
"Take your pick.",
"Recommend\n\nIn keeping with many others . . . ",
"thank you, USA. ",
"The drones are doing Pakistan a favor and should continue their good work until these murderous militants are brought to their knees. ",
"To all those well meaning but misguided souls who are so worried about Pakistan’s sovereignty – where were you when the Taliban violated that sovereignty by indiscriminately killing civilians in crowded places?",
"\n\nSomething that is most important not being discussed by anyone here i.e. US has lost its war in Afghanistan and trying to blame Pakistan for its failure. ",
"evidence of US failure in Afghanistan: US is negotiating with these ‘murderers’ (according to CIA, not to many), and meanwhile attacking into Pakistani territory using drones technology to destabilize Pakistan, in similar way as they did in Afghanistan."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01904761904761905,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02,
0.0136986301369863,
0.02631578947368421,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008097165991902834,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.017543859649122806,
0.004739336492890996,
0.014492753623188406,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0.02586206896551724,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0,
0.018518518518518517,
0.004329004329004329,
0,
0.009433962264150943,
0.007518796992481203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.16666666666666666,
0.01818181818181818,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004761904761904762,
0,
0.003952569169960474
] | 0.005232 | 5 |
[
"1421 in France\n\nEvents from the year 1421 in France.",
"\n\nIncumbents\n Monarch – Charles VI\n\nEvents\n 21 March - Battle of Baugé is fought during the Hundred Years War. ",
"The English commander Thomas, Duke of Clarence, younger brother of Henry V, is killed in battle\n\nBirths\n 6 December - Henry VI of England, son of Catherine of Valois and claimant to the French throne (died 1471)\n\nDeaths\n 21 June - Jean Le Maingre, soldier (born 1366)\n\nCategory:1421 in Europe\nCategory:1420s in France\nCategory:Years of the 15th century in France\nFrance"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0.01084010840108401
] | 0.006616 | 5 |
[
"The goal of the WCI BPC is to provide state-of-the-art analytical technologies to impact cancer biomarker discovery, development, and clinical translation. ",
"The BPC technologies are concentrated in three synergistic disciplines: (1) medical genomics[unreadable] operated out of the Center for Medical Genomics (CMG) and directed by Dr. Mark Bouzyk, (2) microarray analysis[unreadable] operated out of the WCI Microarray Core (WCIMC), and directed by Dr. Carlos Moreno, and (3) proteomics and mass spectrometry (PMSC)[unreadable] operated out of the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility and directed by Dr. Junmin Peng. ",
"The CMG provides state-of-the-art service in DNA extraction (sources that range from whole blood and saliva to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues), genomic sequencing, genotyping, and SNP detection/typing. ",
"The CMG utilizes instrumentation and automation from Qiagen, Applied Biosystems and Beckman Coulter, which are supported by Thermofisher Nautilus Laboratory Information System (LIMS) comprehensive data management architecture. ",
"The WCIMC provides services and platforms for expression profiling of fresh, frozen, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues that includes equipment from Affymetrix, Applied Biosystems, and Illumina platforms. ",
"It provides comprehensive services from RNA preparation, quality control analysis, microarray hybridization, TaqMan QPCR validation, and data analysis. ",
"Bioinformatics support is provided to users by a team of analysts using a variety of standard and custom software tools. ",
"The PMSC provides a range of technologies and mass spectrometry (MS)-based platforms. ",
"Hundreds to thousands of proteins can be identified by orthogonal methodologies including electrophoresis, multiple types of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). ",
"Large-scale protein profiling is achieved by label-free direct quantification (DQUAN) or stable isotope dilution MS (e.g. iTRAQ and SILAC) to determine differential expression in normal versus diseased states. ",
"PMSC actively pursues new developments in extensive fractionation technologies of tissue or biofluid samples, such as human plasma and CSF, and continuously upgrades its analytical MS capabilities to form a foundation for protein biomarker discovery. ",
"Most activities follow CLIA regulations, thereby allowing the facility to generate molecular data that can directly impact patient care. ",
"BPC operation under CLIA standards of high-throughput instrumentation for gene expression and genotype determination will meet increasing demands for generation of clinically useable molecular data in the context of NIH-supported translational research. ",
"During CY2007, BPC supported peer-reviewed studies from over 40 WCI members from all four programs. ",
"Over the last ten years, the core has been funded four times by NIHNCRR (total >$1.1 million;success rate of 80%) with wide PI participation (ranging between 21 and 49 Emory investigators per application) and receiving laudatory comments from the Study Panels."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} | [
0,
0.008565310492505354,
0.009433962264150943,
0.022026431718061675,
0.004672897196261682,
0.019736842105263157,
0,
0.011627906976744186,
0.005076142131979695,
0,
0.00398406374501992,
0,
0.003937007874015748,
0.01,
0.007692307692307693
] | 0.007117 | 5 |
[
"At present time, chips are mounted in RF-power transistors and RF-power modules by means of a eutectic gold-silicon soldering process. ",
"The capsules used are metallised, often with nickel and a relatively thick layer of gold (2-5 .mu.m). ",
"The chips (transistors, resistors and capacitors) to be arranged in the capsules are provided with a very thin layer of gold on their bottom surfaces. ",
"This gold layer functions to prevent oxidation of the bottom surface of the chip. ",
"When using gold-silicon, the capsule is heated to a temperature of 400-450.degree. ",
"C. and chips are then placed individually against the capsule and rubbed or scrubbed forwards and backwards until an alloy is formed between the silicon in the chip and the gold on the capsule. ",
"It is not possible to determine precisely the point at which this alloy begins to form. ",
"This step in the process is therefore normally carried out manually, so that an operator will be able to observe when an alloy has been formed and effective soldering has been achieved.",
"\nAlthough all the gold present on the capsule (beneath the chip) is consumed in this soldering process, there remains a large silicon surplus in the chip. ",
"This surplus of silicon can migrate into the molten AuSi alloy and there precipitate out in the form of Si-crystals. ",
"This process is accelerated at elevated temperatures and also when mechanical rubbing, or scrubbing, is vigorous. ",
"Consequently, it is not suitable/possible to effect this scrubbing process mechanically or with ultrasound, since an excessively large amount of Si-crystals will then collect in the molten AuSi alloy. ",
"Drawbacks with an excessively large amount of Si-crystals in the molten alloy is that the melt obtains a viscous consistency and will not therefore flow outwards and effectively wet the surface.",
"\nThese silicon crystals will effectively enclose any air bubbles that may have formed between chip and capsule. ",
"Such bubbles drastically impair the thermal conductivity between the chip and the capsule. ",
"The total thickness of an AuSi alloy joint formed by the gold on the capsule and the silicon in the chip can never be more than about 50% greater than the thickness of the gold. ",
"Thus, when the gold has a thickness of 4 .mu.m, the joint will only have a thickness of about 6 .mu.m. ",
"This places high demands on the surface flatness or smoothness of the capsule, since otherwise solder deficiencies between chip and capsule may arise.",
"\nIt is generally known that additional AuSi solder can be applied between chip and capsule in the way of a preform. ",
"This is very often difficult and expensive to achieve, due to the small dimensions of such preforms. ",
"It is not possible in practice to work with preforms that have a material thickness smaller than about 25 .mu.m. ",
"A joint of this thickness, however, will increase the thermal resistance between chip and capsule to an unacceptable degree."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.014814814814814815,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000673 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\ndpkg: error processing package, Could not install any package\n\nI am new to Ubuntu. ",
"And I am using 14.04.",
"\nWhenever i try to install any software i get an error with dpkg. ",
"After browsing for some time, i get some commands to try out.",
"\n Nothing really helped. ",
"The first one is to run, sudo dpkg --configure -a\nBut this is all I get when I run that,\n\ndpkg: error processing package software-properties-common (--configure):\n package is in a very bad inconsistent state; you should\n reinstall it before attempting configuration\ndpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of software-properties-gtk:\n software-properties-gtk depends on software-properties-common; however:\n Package software-properties-common is not configured yet.",
"\n\ndpkg: error processing package software-properties-gtk (--configure):\n dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\nErrors were encountered while processing:\n software-properties-common\n software-properties-gtk\n\nWhen I tried the next command, sudo apt-get install -f\nI get this..,\nReading package lists... Done\nBuilding dependency tree \nReading state information... Done\n0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.",
"\n2 not fully installed or removed.",
"\nNeed to get 0 B/9,370 B of archives.",
"\nAfter this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.",
"\ndpkg: error processing package software-properties-common (--configure):\n package is in a very bad inconsistent state; you should\n reinstall it before attempting configuration\ndpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of software-properties-gtk:\n software-properties-gtk depends on software-properties-common; however:\n Package software-properties-common is not configured yet.",
"\nNo apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.",
"\n\ndpkg: error processing package software-properties-gtk (--configure):\n dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\nErrors were encountered while processing:\n software-properties-common\n software-properties-gtk\nE: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)\n\nFYI, don't have synaptic installed\nAny Help is greatly appreciated.. Thanks..\n\nA:\n\nBecause the idea in the comment works, here is the answer:\n\nTo remove an eventually corrupted DEB package\nsudo apt-get clean\n\nForce the reinstall of the corrupted package\nsudo apt-get install --reinstall software-properties-common\n\nBecause that's only a reinstall of a package, no other packages will revive.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0015174506828528073,
0
] | 0.000108 | 5 |
[
"Latest design for 550-metre span to be presented to public Thursday evening\n\nConsulting firm Stantec's scale model of the proposed Arlington Bridge includes the existing span. ",
"It will be on display at an open house Thursday evening. (",
"Lyza Sale/CBC)\n\nThe replacement for Winnipeg's Arlington Bridge could be completed as soon as November 2024 if city hall can cobble together $330 million worth of funding for the project.",
"\n\nThe latest design for a new span over the CPR Winnipeg Yards will be unveiled to the public at an open house slated for 5 to 8 p.m. Thursday at the North Centennial Recreation and Leisure Centre (90 Sinclair St.).",
"\n\nThe design preferred by city engineers encompasses a 550-metre bridge supported in the centre by a steel-tied arch that would rise 45 metres off the ground, City of Winnipeg bridge planning and operations engineer Darren Burmey said Wednesday in an interview at Stantec's offices.",
"\n\nEngineers for the consulting firm, which acted as a design consultant on the project, showed off a seven-metre-long scale model of the proposed bridge.",
"\n\nThe approaches to the new span would be less steep than the ramps on the existing Arlington Bridge. ",
"This would allow buses to use a bridge that would rise from Logan Avenue in the south to Stella Avenue in the north, passing over Dufferin Avenue — the northern terminus of the existing 106-year-old bridge, Burmey said.",
"\n\nThe new bridge would also be three lanes wide, rather than the current two, but would be expandable to four lanes in the event McPhillips Street is closed for construction.",
"\n\nThe new Arlington Bridge would be built west of the existing span, which would only need to be closed for six months under the planned construction schedule. (",
"Lyza Sale/CBC)\n\nThe design also calls for intersection improvements at every cross street along a 1.7-kilometre stretch of Arlington Street from McDermot Avenue to Selkirk Avenue, with bike lanes running this entire distance.",
"\n\nShould city hall secure federal and provincial funding for the project in 2019, it would take two years to complete a detailed design for the bridge and acquire 46 parcels of land required to complete the job, Burmey said.",
"\n\nUnder this scenario, work on the new bridge could begin in April 2021 and wrap up in November 2024. ",
"The catch is the new Arlington Bridge is only one of several big-ticket capital projects vying for the attention of elected officials at city hall, the Manitoba Legislature and in Ottawa.",
"\n\nSecuring $330 million in funding for the bridge next year is not a certainty, said Coun. ",
"Mike Pagtakhan, whose Point Douglas ward would be served by the new bridge.",
"\n\n\"Not an easy thing. ",
"There are so many projects,\" Pagtakhan said Wednesday in a telephone interview. \"",
"We definitely want to have a discussion to ensure we can do that.\"",
"\n\nThe existing Arlington Bridge was completed in 1912. (",
"Jeff Stapleton/CBC)\n\nPagtakhan said he has written to Winnipeg Mayor Brian Bowman, MLAs representing north Winnipeg constituencies and federal MPs in an effort to secure funding for a new Arlington Bridge, whose planning he describes as \"the gold standard\" in terms of community engagement.",
"\n\nThe $330-million cost estimate is $30 million higher than a preliminary figure presented to city council in 2016. ",
"But it's also more refined and includes costs associated with design and property acquisitions, Burmey said.",
"\n\nThe new bridge is intended to last 75 years but would most likely serve the city for more than a century, he said.",
"\n\nAbout the Author\n\nBartley Kives\n\nReporter, CBC Manitoba\n\nReporter Bartley Kives joined CBC Manitoba in 2016. ",
"Prior to that, he spent three years at the Winnipeg Sun and 18 at the Winnipeg Free Press, writing about politics, music, food and outdoor recreation. ",
"He's the author of the Canadian bestseller A Daytripper's Guide to Manitoba: Exploring Canada's Undiscovered Province and co-author of both Stuck in the Middle: Dissenting Views of Winnipeg and Stuck In The Middle 2: Defining Views of Manitoba. ",
"His work has also appeared in publications such as the Guardian and Explore magazine.",
"\n\nPopular Now\n\nComments\n\nTo encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). ",
"Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted.",
"\n\nBy submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. ",
"Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. ",
"Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. ",
"Comments are welcome while open. ",
"We reserve the right to close comments at any time."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.005681818181818182,
0,
0.0106951871657754,
0.009302325581395349,
0.0070921985815602835,
0,
0,
0.0045662100456621,
0,
0,
0.0044444444444444444,
0.0044444444444444444,
0,
0.0053475935828877,
0,
0.013333333333333334,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010344827586206896,
0,
0.009259259259259259,
0,
0.036036036036036036,
0.006622516556291391,
0.00816326530612245,
0.023529411764705882,
0.004405286343612335,
0.02564102564102564,
0.013605442176870748,
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.006172 | 5 |
[
"Lazaros Voreadis\n\nLazaros Voreadis (born July 18, 1960). ",
"is a Greek basketball referee. ",
"Voreadis was born in Thessaloniki, Greece, and he speaks both Greek and English.",
"\n\nRefereeing career\nResiding in Athens, Greece, the 85 kg professional referee officiated at the 7th World Championship for Junior Men at Thessaloniki in the year 2003. ",
"He officiated the finals of the Saporta Cup and the Korać Cup in 2002, within 15 days of each other. ",
"Voreadis officiated at the 2004 Olympic Basketball Tournament and he took the Judge's Oath at the opening ceremony to the Games.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nIOC 2004 Summer Olympics\n\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:Greek basketball referees\nCategory:Greek men's basketball players\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Olympic officials\nCategory:Oath takers at the Olympic Games"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.05263157894736842,
0,
0.025,
0,
0,
0.0078125,
0
] | 0.012206 | 5 |
[
"Saint Sampson Cathedral\n\nPeter the Great decided to build this church so as to commemorate the victory of Russian troops over the Swedish army in the battle of Poltova in 1709. ",
"The church was named after Saint Sampson the Hospitable, as the victory happened to be on his saint’s day.",
"\nInitially built in wood, the green and white cathedral that we now see was erected between 1728 and 1740 following the plans of Italian architect Petro Trezzini. ",
"The building underwent various transformations including the addition of four secondary domes in 1761.",
"\nRestored for the bicentenary of the battle of Poltova, a chapel in “Rastrelli” style was added. ",
"A statue in honor of Peter the Great was also erected as well as a bronze tablet recalling his military victories.",
"\nReligious service stopped in 1938. ",
"After another stage of renovation the building hosts since 1999 the “museum of Saint Sampson Cathedral”. ",
"Masses are given on holydays. ",
"In 2003 a copy of the statue of Peter the Great that is in the Tretyakov Gallery since 1940 was put up.",
"\n\nWhy subscribe? ",
"First, our newsletters are captivating! ",
"We are one of the few tour operators specializing in Russian nature, who invests a lot of resources into photo and video-shooting. ",
"That’s why even sitting in the office, you’ll feel like you are making your way among arctic ices, walking along taiga valleys, admiring volcanos or looking in the mirror of crystal Baykal waters.",
"\nSecond, there is lots of useful stuff in our letters. ",
"The information about outstanding places, new routes’ descriptions, stories from expeditions and trips. ",
"And don’t worry, we write in an easy and entertaining manner.",
"\nAnd finally, we’re not pushy. ",
"You will get all this beauty\nnot often than once a month or two.",
"\nSo you’re gonna miss us!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.005649717514124294,
0.009433962264150943,
0.006134969325153374,
0,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0.009523809523809525,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002461 | 5 |
[
"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?",
">\n<packages>\n <package id=\"Microsoft.",
"Azure.",
"DocumentDB\" version=\"1.17.0\" targetFramework=\"net452\" />\n <package id=\"Newtonsoft.",
"Json\" version=\"6.0.8\" targetFramework=\"net452\" />\n</packages>"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.02631578947368421,
0,
0,
0.024096385542168676,
0
] | 0.010082 | 5 |
[
"Pages\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nAtheist Revolution's Ghost Trilogy\n\nIt is fun to think about ghosts. ",
"At least, I think it is fun to think about ghosts, especially as Halloween nears. ",
"Are they real? ",
"If they were real, how would we know if they were real? ",
"If they were real, would they necessarily mean that some sort of god had to exist? ",
"But mostly, I think I find them fun to think about because they remind me of a time in my life when I could almost convince myself that they might be real just long enough to get a good scare.",
"\n\nDon't get me wrong, I'd much rather hold true beliefs than be entertained by false ones. ",
"I am happy to trade the thrills of thinking that ghosts, demons, gods, or whatever else might exist with accepting the reality that there is no evidence that they do. ",
"I think it would be pretty cool if evidence of ghosts were to emerge, but I'm not exactly holding my breath in anticipation that it is going to happen. ",
"And besides, I am still capable of temporarily suspending my disbelief to help me experience transient scares when desirable.",
"\n\nI am not sure why I found myself writing about ghosts during the summer of 2018, but it probably had something to do with looking forward to Halloween. ",
"I wrote three short posts on the subject:\n\nMany people, including some atheists, believe in ghosts. ",
"Maybe that is part of what makes them interesting. ",
"Of course, the number of people who believe in them does not make them any more likely to exist. ",
"What it does mean, though, is that we will continue to run into people who believe in ghosts, making the subject at least somewhat relevant.",
"\n\nCompared with Jesus-believers, there does seem to be at least one fascinating difference as far as some ghost-believers are concerned: it often looks like they are actively seeking evidence. ",
"I have mocked the many paranormal investigation and ghost hunting shows that air on cable this time of year, and I will probably continue to do so. ",
"Still, I have to acknowledge that the people on these shows are at least depicted as if they are trying to find evidence to support their belief in ghosts. ",
"I know that it is staged and hardly scientific, but they at least seem to be looking in a way that most Christians are not.",
"\n\nOf course, most people who believe in ghosts probably aren't running around looking for evidence. ",
"At least, most of those I know who have told me they believe in ghosts are perfectly content to base their belief on an experience or two they've had. ",
"These experiences often sound similar to the kinds of experiences Christians point to in support of their god-belief. ",
"And yes, they also sometimes sound like common reactions to the death of a loved one, stress, trauma, or other mental health conditions.",
"\n\nI've had a few paranormal experiences too. ",
"They never led me to be absolutely certain that what I experienced was real, but they did briefly make me wonder about the possibility. ",
"I can't say they had much of a lasting impact. ",
"As I learned more about how the mind works, I found many more plausible explanations for what I experienced. ",
"If I was strongly motivated by a desire to believe in something paranormal, I have had experiences on which I could draw to support such a desire. ",
"Fortunately, this is a case where I'd much rather base my beliefs on evidence than seek evidence to confirm what I'd like to believe."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.010638297872340425,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000367 | 5 |
[
"Malignancies associated with GIST: a retrospective study with molecular analysis of KIT and PDGFRA.",
"\nGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common soft tissue tumors of the GI tract. ",
"Studies have been published reporting additional neoplasms in GIST patients. ",
"This study aimed to evaluate possible associations of mutation type, morphology, and clinical aspects of GISTs. ",
"All cases of GIST were identified from our pathology files. ",
"Coding exons of KIT and PDGFRA in GISTs with additional malignancies were sequenced. ",
"A total of 70 of 188 (37%) retrieved patients with confirmed diagnosis of GIST showed at least one additional malignant neoplasm. ",
"Fifty of these GISTs were located in the stomach (71%), 8 in the small intestine (11%), 5 in the colon/rectum (7%), and 7 cases (6.2%) were of undetermined sites of origin. ",
"The distribution of identified mutations was similar to that described in GISTs without secondary malignancies. ",
"A total of 37 of 57 cases (65%) showed mutations in the KIT gene exon 11, 3 (5%) cases in exon 9, and 1 (2%) case in exon 13. ",
"Nine tumors (16%) had mutations of the PDGFRA gene. ",
"KIT and PDGFRA wild-type status were found in seven cases (12%). ",
"Most of the secondary neoplasms were located within the GI tract (34%), in the urogenital system (24%), or the breast/female genital tract (20%). ",
"This study confirms the high rate of additional malignant tumors in GIST patients. ",
"GIST features in these cases are very similar to those with sole GIST."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.020202020202020204,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0,
0,
0.023529411764705882,
0.007692307692307693,
0,
0,
0.007936507936507936,
0.019230769230769232,
0.03076923076923077,
0.00684931506849315,
0,
0
] | 0.008435 | 5 |
[
"Malaga will receive a payment of €1 million from Real Madrid if Los Blancos win La Liga this weekend.",
"\n\nThe Costa del Sol club sold Isco to Real in 2013 for a fee of €27m and, according to reports in Spain, that deal included €3m in variables if the midfielder helped his new team win the Primera Division in his first five seasons - with a payment of €1m agreed for each title.",
"\n\nReal close in on title with Celta win\n\nMadrid have claimed two Champions League crowns since Isco joined, but they have failed to win La Liga in that time, so none of those extras have yet been paid out.",
"\n\nGetty Images https://images.daznservices.com/di/library/goal_es/c6/b7/isco-real-madrid-granada-la-liga_zpre39be7t6m1hkayfai4eg5x.jpg?t=2028942177&w=500&quality=80\n\nHowever, Zinedine Zidane's side can clinch the title with a draw in their final game of the season on Sunday after beating Celta Vigo 4-1 on Wednesday - and that last match is away to Malaga.",
"\n\nThe Andalusians, coached by Madrid legend Michel, have little to play for themselves and will finish between 11th and 13th in the table.",
"\n\nMalaga beat Barcelona 2-0 in early April and Michel said after that match: \"Real Madrid will be the champions, but a Malaga man from Real Madrid has lent them a hand.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0297029702970297,
0.007246376811594203,
0.01951219512195122,
0.008403361344537815,
0.007246376811594203,
0.011834319526627219
] | 0.013991 | 5 |
[
"[A Case of Surgery after Chemotherapy for Cecal Cancer with Onset of the Stenosis of the Colostomy].",
"\nThe patient was 55-year-old woman, undergoing Hartmann operation by the sigmoid colon diverticulum perforation, 2 years later visited our hospital with abdominal pain. ",
"Although lower endoscopy and histological examination could not be performed due to stoma stenosis, we diagnosed cecal carcinoma, liver metastasis, distant lymph node metastasis from CT and PET-CT, CapeOX plus Bmabtherapy and IRIS plus Bmabtherapy were performed. ",
"After that, repeated intestinal obstruction due to exacerbated stoma stenosis, metastatic lesion increased in CT examination, furthermore the patient had hope of stoma closure, we decided to resect the primacy tumor, performed subtotal colonectomy and stoma closure. ",
"Pathological diagnosis revealed RAS wild type. ",
"After surgery, Pmabplus CPT-11 therapy was performed and the metastatic lesion was temporarily shrunk but re-exacerbated, the patient died 2 years 2 months after the first treatment started, 7 months after the primary tumor resection. ",
"In the treatment of colorectal cancer, when metastatic lesion is unresectable, chemotherapy is often carried out except when the primary tumor is symptomatic. ",
"In our case, although the primary tumor was asymptomatic, an intestinal obstruction due to stoma stenosis was developed and it was necessary to examine whether to use anti-EGFR antibody drugs, therefore we performed operation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.005917159763313609,
0.015151515151515152,
0,
0,
0.00425531914893617,
0,
0
] | 0.003165 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nIf a metric space is of bounded real valued functions on a finite domain, then it is separable.",
"\n\nLet $S$ be a set and let $B(S)$ be the set of all bounded real-valued functions on $S$. Define a metric on $B(S)$ by\n$$d(f,g) = \\sup_{s\\in S}|f(s)-g(s)|.$$ The problem I am trying to solve is to show that $B(S)$ is separable if and only if $S$ is finite.",
"\nI have seen this question posed in the present forum. ",
" (When is a metric space of bounded real valued functions separable?)",
"\nThe assertion that is demonstrated well enough for me is the converse: If...separable, then the domain is finite.",
"\nI am stuck on the \"easy\" part, which is passed off simply with \"If it's finite, (then) it's trivially separable as you have a finite dense subset. ",
"Just pick all the functions\", according to Aram. ",
" (I have edited Aram's statement a bit.)",
"\nWhat is finite by hypothesis is the domain of the functions. ",
" Let's take such a domain: $S=\\{s_1,s_2,s_3\\}$. The number of bounded, real valued functions one can have on such a domain is not countable. ",
" To take all of them as the dense set does not make $B(S)$ a separable metric space. ",
" Is there more to the argument that is implied and I am missing? ",
" In any event, I have not been able to prove the assertion in the title. ",
" Could someone please assist? ",
" \n\nA:\n\nYeah, the claim that there's a finite dense subset is nonsense. ",
" However, there is a countable dense subset: namely, take the set of all rational-valued functions on $S$. If $S$ has $n$ elements, then the set of such functions is in bijection with the set $\\mathbb{Q}^n$ of $n$-tuples of rational numbers, which is countable. ",
" To prove that this is dense, given $\\epsilon>0$ and $f\\in B(S)$, just pick a rational number $q_s$ such that $|f(s)-q_s|<\\epsilon$ for each $s\\in S$ and define $g(s)=q_s$. Then $g$ is rational-valued, and $d(g,f)<\\epsilon$.\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0.025,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002671 | 5 |
[
"Vitaliy Trukshin\n\nVitaliy Trukshin is a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed during the 1970s. ",
"He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (K-1 4 x 500 m: 1973), two silvers (K-1 500 m: 1973, K-1 4 x 500 m: 1974), and a bronze (K-1 1000 m: 1978).",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Soviet male canoeists\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Russian male canoeists\nCategory:ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0,
0.005494505494505495,
0.004739336492890996
] | 0.003411 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nWorking example of loading, decoding, resize_bilinear(), then encoding, and writing a jpeg image using tensorflow?",
"\n\nI have been unable to get anything but junk output from this small program below. ",
"All I want to do is \n\nload and decode a jpeg image\nresize it to (224, 224) using tf.resize_bilinear\nre-encode it to jpeg and save it to a file\n\nimport tensorflow as tf\nimport numpy as np\nimport os\nfrom PIL import Image\ncur_dir = os.getcwd()\nprint(\"resizing images\")\nprint(\"current directory:\",cur_dir)\n\ndef modify_image(image):\n resize_shape = tf.stack([224, 224])\n resize_shape_as_int = tf.cast(resize_shape, dtype=tf.int32)\n #resized = tf.image.resize_bilinear(decoded_image_4d, resize_shape_as_int)\n resized = tf.image.resize_images(image, resize_shape_as_int)\n #image_3d = tf.squeeze(resized, squeeze_dims=[0])\n image_3d = tf.image.convert_image_dtype(resized, tf.uint8, saturate=False)\n return image_3d\n\ndef read_image(filename_queue):\n reader = tf.",
"WholeFileReader()\n key,value = reader.read(filename_queue)\n image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(value)\n return key,image\n\ndef inputs(args):\n filenames = args.input_files\n filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(filenames)\n filename,read_input = read_image(filename_queue)\n reshaped_image = modify_image(read_input)\n img = tf.image.encode_jpeg(reshaped_image)\n return filename,img\n\ndef parse_args():\n a = argparse.",
"ArgumentParser()\n a.add_argument('input_files', nargs='+')\n args = a.parse_args()\n return args\n\ndef main():\n args = parse_args()\n with tf.",
"Graph().as_default():\n image = inputs(args)\n init = tf.global_variables_initializer()\n sess = tf.",
"Session()\n sess.run(init)\n tf.train.start_queue_runners(sess=sess)\n filename,img = sess.run(image)\n with open(os.path.join(cur_dir, 'output.jpg'), 'wb') as fh:\n fh.write(img)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n main()\n\nI simply get junk data though, something like this is output\n\nA:\n\nLate answer. ",
"Here is a solution,\nimport tensorflow as tf\nfrom PIL import Image\nimport numpy as np\nimport os\n\nimg_path = 'path/to/folder/image.bmp'\nimage_res = [512,512]\n\ndef preprocess(img_path):\n img_read = tf.read_file(img_path)\n img_decode = tf.image.decode_bmp(img_read, channels=0)\n img_reshape = tf.expand_dims(img_decode,0)\n img_resize = tf.image.resize_bilinear(img_reshape,size=image_res,align_corners=False)\n img_final = tf.squeeze(img_resize,[0]) # Use to push to tf.keras model\n return img_final\n\ninit_op = tf.global_variables_initializer()\nwith tf.",
"Session() as sess:\n sess.run(init_op)\n res_v1 = sess.run(preprocess(img_path))\n res_v1 = res_v1.astype(np.uint8)\n img_arr_v1 = Image.fromarray(np.squeeze(img_uint8_v1),'L')\n img_arr_v1.save(\"path/to/output/folder/res_bilinear.jpeg\")\n\nHope this helps.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0.0038560411311053984,
0.006756756756756757,
0.013071895424836602,
0.01694915254237288,
0,
0.00530035335689046,
0,
0
] | 0.004593 | 5 |
[
"The effects of topically applied hexyl nicotinate lotion on the cutaneous blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.",
"\nThe effect of the epicutaneous application of 0.1% and 1.0% hexyl nicotinate lotion on upper limb skin blood flow was investigated in 25 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and five healthy volunteers. ",
"Assessments were made using laser Doppler velocimetry. ",
"The 0.1% lotion induced an increase in cutaneous blood flow in both controls and patients when applied at different sites on the upper limb. ",
"Increased cutaneous blood flow occurred more often when the lotion was applied to the forearm than to the fingers. ",
"A greater increase in blood flow and an increased percentage of positive responses was elicited with the 1.0% hexyl nicotinate lotion. ",
"Hexyl nicotinate lotion may be of value in the topical treatment of RP."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.008130081300813009,
0.00966183574879227,
0.01818181818181818,
0,
0,
0,
0.028169014084507043
] | 0.009163 | 5 |
[
"Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra with Wynton Marsalis\n\nMore Info\n\nGrammy-winning trumpeter Wynton Marsalis leads the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra, 15 of today’s finest jazz soloists and ensemble players, who perform the music of the great jazz composers as well as original works that foster an appreciation for this American music genre.",
"\n\nThe Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra with Wynton Marsalis (JLCO) comprises 15 of the finest jazz soloists and ensemble players today. ",
"Led by Wynton Marsalis, Jazz at Lincoln Center Managing and Artistic Director, this remarkably versatile orchestra performs a vast repertoire ranging from original compositions and Jazz at Lincoln Center-commissioned works to rare historic compositions and masterworks by Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Fletcher Henderson, Thelonious Monk, Mary Lou Williams, Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Goodman, Charles Mingus, and many others. ",
"The JLCO has been the Jazz at Lincoln Center resident orchestra since 1988, performing and leading educational events in New York, across the United States, and around the globe. ",
"Alongside symphony orchestras, ballet troupes, local students, and an ever-expanding roster of guest artists, the JLCO has toured over 300 cities across six continents. ",
"Guest conductors have included Benny Carter, John Lewis, Jimmy Heath, Chico O’Farrill, Ray Santos, Paquito D’Rivera, Jon Faddis, Robert Sadin, David Berger, Gerald Wilson, and Loren Schoenberg. ",
"The JLCO has been voted best Big Band in the annual DownBeat Readers’ Poll for the past four years (2013–2016).",
"\n\nIn 2015, Jazz at Lincoln Center announced the launch of Blue Engine Records, a new platform to make its archive of recorded concerts available to jazz audiences everywhere. ",
"The first release from Blue Engine Records, Live in Cuba, was recorded on an historic 2010 trip to Havana by JLCO and was released in October 2015. ",
"Big Band Holidays was released in December 2015, The Abyssinian Mass came out in March 2016, and The Music of John Lewis came out in March 2017. ",
"To date, 14 other recordings featuring the JLCO have been released and internationally distributed: Vitoria Suite (2010); Portrait in Seven Shades (2010); Congo Square (2007); Don’t Be Afraid...The Music of Charles Mingus (2005); A Love Supreme (2005); All Rise (2002); Big Train (1999); Sweet Release & Ghost Story (1999); Live in Swing City (1999); Jump Start and Jazz (1997); Blood on the Fields (1997); They Came to Swing (1994); The Fire of the Fundamentals (1993); and Portraits by Ellington (1992).",
"\n\nGC $109 | PREM $99 | A $89 | B $79 | C $59\n\nWynton Marsalis:\nWynton Marsalis has been described as the most outstanding jazz musician and trumpeter of his generation, as one of the world’s top classical trumpeters, as a big band leader in the tradition of Duke Ellington, a brilliant composer, a devoted advocate for the Arts and a tireless and inspiring educator. ",
"He carries these distinctions well. ",
"His life is a portrait of discipline, dedication, sacrifice, and creative accomplishment."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.014619883040935672,
0.014705882352941176,
0.026066350710900472,
0.0111731843575419,
0.005917159763313609,
0.05154639175257732,
0.018018018018018018,
0.017142857142857144,
0.013513513513513514,
0.006896551724137931,
0.02574257425742574,
0.005449591280653951,
0,
0
] | 0.015057 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nChecking the user's location and then applying specific style?",
"\n\nHow can you apply a US style for people in US and a UK style for people in UK?",
"\nFor example, I want to change a flag according to the user's location in my site.",
"\n\nA:\n\nFirst, you need to find your visitor's IP address. ",
"It will be in the $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] global variable. ",
"You can then look this IP up against a database of IP to country mappings to get the country code for the IP.",
"\nThis method is not 100% accurate, but it is \"good enough\" for most uses, and more importantly it is fast. ",
"You will probably want to cache the country code in a cookie to avoid repeated lookups, if you expect high traffic.",
"\nOne such mapping can be found here:\nhttp://software77.net/cgi-bin/ip-country/geo-ip.pl\nA PHP class that takes an IP and returns a country code using a bundled mapping file:\nhttp://www.phpclasses.org/browse/package/2363.html\n\nA:\n\nIt's called geolocation:\nWhat services can I used to find a user's location based on their IP address?",
"\nAll questions tagged Geolocation\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0.027522935779816515,
0,
0,
0.015060240963855422,
0.02857142857142857
] | 0.00887 | 5 |
[
"UPC’s direct-to-home operation, UPC Direct, is to switch to Telenor’s One West satellite position from its present Astra berth.",
"\n\nUPC Direct has signed a long-term lease with Telenor Satellite Broadcasting for an initial seven transponders at one degree West spread between the Thor 5 and Thor 6 satellites. ",
"Thor 5 was launched in February 2008 while Thor 6 is set for launch in Q4 2009.",
"\n\nUPC Direct, serving Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, will begin migrating its 329,300 subscribers across to One West in the late spring of 2010.",
"\n\nTelenor's Cato Halsaa (left) with UPC's Gene Musselman\n\n“Telenor already has an established position within the region and it gives us an obvious and advantageous consolidation capability for UPC Direct as well as FocusSat,” said Gene Musselman, President and COO of UPC Broadband.",
"\n\nThe seven transponders in the agreement are in addition to the three already used by the 155,400-subscriber Romanian operation Focus Sat, fully acquired by UPC in 2006. ",
"Five transponders are currently held on Astra, with additional channels brought into the package through the Simulcrypt system.",
"\n\nIn total, Telenor reaches some two million homes in Central and East Europe. ",
"Cato Halsaa, VP and CEO of Telenor Satellite Broadcasting, said the new contract would significantly increase the operator’s digital reach. “",
"This is a positive development in strengthening our long standing relationship with UPC, which, over the years has grown through the success of Focus Sat in Romania. ",
"We look forward to continuing working with UPC Direct and developing their broadcasting requirements within this region”.",
"\n\nAlthough the deal has been on the cards for many months, Broadband TV News understands that the final contract was only signed at 16.00 on Wednesday afternoon.",
"\n\nSES has been looking to reduce the number of transponders on Astra at 19 degrees East occupied by operators serving smaller markets in favour of more lucrative clients targeting Germany, France and Spain. ",
"However, while the plan may be to encourage the use of its 23.5 degrees East position, with the need to transfer subscribers whatever satellite is chosen, rival satellite providers have been able to turn heads."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.031496062992125984,
0.005555555555555556,
0,
0.0064516129032258064,
0.03180212014134275,
0.011695906432748537,
0.015748031496062992,
0.012658227848101266,
0.02127659574468085,
0.012048192771084338,
0.008264462809917356,
0.012422360248447204,
0.004830917874396135,
0
] | 0.012446 | 5 |
[
"Multi-gene amplification: simultaneous detection of three virulence genes in diarrhoeal stool.",
"\nEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella account for a substantial proportion of acute diarrhoeal illnesses among Third-World children. ",
"Rapid detection of these infectious agents in faeces followed by the prompt implementation of public health measures could help reduce their spread during the early phase of epidemics. ",
"Towards this end, three pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers were prepared and shown to hybridize specifically to the genes encoding the heat-stable (ST) and the heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins of ETEC and to invasion-associated loci (ial) of the large Shigella virulence plasmid. ",
"When the three primer pairs were used together in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the three corresponding genetic loci could be simultaneously amplified using DNA extracted directly from stool; the amplified products were readily detected by ST-, LT- and ial-specific, alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probes (AP probes). ",
"The performance of this system was evaluated in a Mayan community in southeastern Mexico, where diarrhoeal illnesses are a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. ",
"Using only simple and inexpensive laboratory equipment, multigene amplification with these primers and probes led to the identification of ETEC and/or Shigella in the stools of 20 out of 71 children with diarrhoea; the procedure could be completed in seven hours and was more sensitive than conventional diagnostic tests or DNA probes used without amplification."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.013422818791946308,
0,
0.0035087719298245615,
0.0029411764705882353,
0,
0.0055248618784530384
] | 0.003628 | 5 |
[
"Nanoconfinement effects in energy storage materials.",
"\nNanoconfinement effects have been studied to understand and to modify thermodynamic and kinetic properties of energy storage materials and to improve their cyclic behaviour. ",
"The paper addresses various aspects in the research and development of hydrogen storage materials and batteries. ",
"Fundamental relationships and the state-of-the art in the prediction of properties and experimental observations will be outlined and structure-property-relationships will be discussed for some hydrogen storage materials. ",
"Similar nanoconfinement effects in lithium battery anode materials will be addressed."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"California Attorney General Xavier Becerra, at podium, discusses the results of an illegal marijuana eradication program during a press conference Monday, Nov. 4, 2019, in Los Angeles. ",
"The the results are part of an effort to target illegal cannabis grows on public lands statewide. (",
"AP Photo/Stefanie Dazio)\n\nCalifornia Attorney General Xavier Becerra, at podium, discusses the results of an illegal marijuana eradication program during a press conference Monday, Nov. 4, 2019, in Los Angeles. ",
"The the results are part of an effort to target illegal cannabis grows on public lands statewide. (",
"AP Photo/Stefanie Dazio)\n\nLOS ANGELES (AP) — Authorities seized more than $1.5 billion worth of illegally grown marijuana plants in California this year — an amount an industry expert said is roughly equal to the state’s entire legal market — as part of an annual eradication program, officials said Monday.",
"\n\nThe raids netted more than 950,000 plants from nearly 350 growing operation sites this year through the Campaign Against Marijuana Planting program, an effort known as CAMP that dates to 1983 and is considered the nation’s largest illegal marijuana eradication program.",
"\n\nAuthorities could not estimate a street value of the plants seized and based their figures on wholesale prices of $1,600 per plant. ",
"But Jerred Kiloh, president of the United Cannabis Business Association, said wholesale costs are doubled for the retail market — meaning the enforcement operation netted more than $3 billion worth of illegally grown marijuana plants.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nConsumers are projected to spend $3.1 billion in California’s legal cannabis industry and $8.1 billion in the illicit market this year, according to a report from industry advisers Arcview Market Research and BDS Analytics.",
"\n\n“That’s a lot of product,” Kiloh said of the program’s seizures. “",
"That’s equal to our entire regulated market.”",
"\n\nCalifornia Attorney General Xavier Becerra said nearly 150 people were arrested statewide and 168 weapons were seized during the execution of more than 120 search warrants. ",
"The state partners with local and federal agencies, including the Drug Enforcement Administration, to target growing operations on public lands.",
"\n\nOfficials said they encountered sophisticated growing operations that help fuel the state’s large black market, where consumers can avoid steep tax rates by buying in unlicensed dispensaries.",
"\n\n“Folks are going to grow this stuff because you can make money,” Becerra said Monday at a news conference.",
"\n\nBut Kiloh pointed out that it’s not clear if the illegal grown plants were headed to California markets or other states. ",
"He said the raids gave him hope that they would be a deterrent to other illegal growers and retailers who use their products, but he noted that the CAMP program has been around for decades while the illicit market continues to thrive.",
"\n\n“Enforcement is going to be a long process,” he said.",
"\n\nBecerra pointed to the death of Brian Ishmael, a Northern California sheriff’s deputy who was killed last month while responding to a call regarding a reported theft from an illegal marijuana grow in the rural Sierra Nevada foothills, as an example of the dangers that law enforcement faces in combating the issue.",
"\n\nIn 2018, officials said they seized more than 614,000 plants from 254 sites during their CAMP operations, when efforts were hampered last year because of the wildfires, said Jack Nelsen, a special agent supervisor with the attorney general’s office.",
"\n\nThe illegal grows harm the state’s wildlife and waterways, officials said."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.005405405405405406,
0,
0.009478672985781991,
0,
0.006514657980456026,
0,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.008333333333333333,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0.005714285714285714,
0.006944444444444444,
0,
0.009259259259259259,
0.008130081300813009,
0.004273504273504274,
0,
0.0031645569620253164,
0.00398406374501992,
0
] | 0.004498 | 5 |
[
"Friday, July 11, 2014\n\nWieseltier’s campaign is just the more robust clarion call of subtler and ongoing assumptions one comes across all the time, whether in the op-eds of major newspapers, blogs of cultural reviews, or the halls of academe. ",
"Nicolas Kristof’s charge that academic writing is irrelevant because it relies on quantification is one of the more high-profile cases. ",
"The recent reception of Franco Moretti’s National Book Critics Award for Distant Reading is another good case in point. ",
"What’s so valuable about Moretti’s work on quantifying literary history, according to the New Yorker’s books blog, is that we can ignore it. “",
"I feel grateful for Moretti,” writes Joshua Rothman. “",
"As readers, we now find ourselves benefitting from a division of critical labor. ",
"We can continue to read the old-fashioned way. ",
"Moretti, from afar, will tell us what he learns.”",
"\n\nWe can continue doing things the way we’ve always done them. ",
"We don’t have to change. ",
"The saddest part about this line of thought is this is not just the voice of journalism. ",
"You hear this thing inside academia all the time. ",
"It (meaning the computer or sometimes just numbers) can’t tell you what I already know. ",
"Indeed, the “we already knew that” meme is one of the most powerful ways of dismissing any attempt at trying to bring together quantitative and qualitative approaches to thinking about the history of ideas.",
"\n\nAs an inevitable backlash to its seeming ubiquity in everyday life, quantification today is tarnished with a host of evils. ",
"It is seen as a source of intellectual isolation (when academics use numbers they are alienating themselves from the public); a moral danger (when academics use numbers to understand things that shouldn’t be quantified they threaten to undo what matters most); and finally, quantification is just irrelevant. ",
"We already know all there is to know about culture, so don’t even bother.",
"\n\nRegarding that last sentence: the idea that “we already know all there is to know about culture, so don’t even bother” is a pathetic one — but that’s not what Rothman says. ",
"Rather, he writes of a “division of labor,” in which it’s perfectly fine for Moretti to do what he does, but it’s also perfectly fine for Rothman to do what he does. ",
"What I hear Rothman saying is not “we know all there is to know” but rather something like “I prefer to keep reading in more traditional and familiar ways and I hope the current excitement over people like Moretti won’t prevent me from doing that.”",
"\n\nThe grandeur of this expanded scale gives Moretti’s work aesthetic power. (",
"It plays a larger role in his appeal, I suspect, than most Morettians would like to admit.) ",
"And Moretti’s approach has a certain moral force, too. ",
"One of the pleasures of “Distant Reading” is that it assembles many essays, published over a long period of time, into a kind of intellectual biography; this has the effect of emphasizing Moretti’s Marxist roots. ",
"Moretti’s impulses are inclusive and utopian. ",
"He wants critics to acknowledge all the books that they don’t study; he admires the collaborative practicality of scientific work. ",
"Viewed from Moretti’s statistical mountaintop, traditional literary criticism, with its idiosyncratic, personal focus on individual works, can seem self-indulgent, even frivolous. ",
"What’s the point, his graphs seem to ask, of continuing to interpret individual books—especially books that have already been interpreted over and over? ",
"Interpreters, Moretti writes, “have already said what they had to.” ",
"Better to focus on “the laws of literary history”—on explanation, rather than interpretation.",
"\n\nAll this sounds austere and self-serious. ",
"It isn’t. “",
"Distant Reading” is a pleasure to read. ",
"Moretti is a witty and welcoming writer, and, if his ideas sometimes feel rough, they’re rarely smooth from overuse. ",
"I have my objections, of course. ",
"I’m skeptical, for example, about the idea that there are “laws of literary history”; for all his techno-futurism, Moretti can seem old-fashioned in his eagerness to uncover hidden patterns and structures within culture. ",
"But Moretti is no upstart. ",
"He is patient, experienced, and open-minded. ",
"It’s obvious that he intends to keep gathering data, and, where it’s possible, to replace his speculations with answers. ",
"In some ways, the book’s receiving an award reflects the role that Moretti has played in securing a permanent seat at the table for a new critical paradigm—something that happens only rarely.",
"\n\nThis all seems eminently fair-minded to me, even generous. ",
"But what Moretti does is not Rothman’s thing. ",
"And isn’t that okay? ",
"Indeed, hasn’t that been the case for a long time in literary study: that we acknowledge the value in what other scholars with different theoretical orientations do, without choosing to imitate them ourselves? ",
"It mystifies me that Piper sees this as a Wieseltier-level dismissal.",
"\n\n0\ncomments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nSearch This Blog\n\nLoading...\n\nAbout\n\nCommentary on technologies of reading, writing, research, and, generally, knowledge. ",
"As these technologies change and develop, what do we lose, what do we gain, what is (fundamentally or trivially) altered? ",
"And, not least, what's fun?"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0.025,
0.007042253521126761,
0.018518518518518517,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005714285714285714,
0.006024096385542169,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.025,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0.014492753623188406,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00318 | 5 |
[
"Order filed, February 13, 2014.",
"\n\n\n\n\n In The\n\n Fourteenth Court of Appeals\n ____________\n\n NO. ",
"14-14-00015-CR\n ____________\n\n HERBERT RAY WILSON, Appellant\n\n V.\n\n THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee\n\n\n On Appeal from the 174th District Court\n Harris County, Texas\n Trial Court Cause No. ",
"1133069\n\n\n ORDER\n\n The reporter’s record in this case was due February 10, 2014. ",
"See Tex. ",
"R.\nApp. ",
"P. 35.1. ",
"The court has not received a request to extend time for filing the\nrecord. ",
"The record has not been filed with the court. ",
"Because the reporter’s record\nhas not been filed timely, we issue the following order.",
"\n\n We order B.J. Orsack, the official court reporter, to file the record in this\nappeal within 30 days of the date of this order.",
"\n\n PER CURIAM\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0,
0.005434782608695652,
0.01084010840108401,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007462686567164179,
0
] | 0.001978 | 5 |
[
"/*\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Name: rijndael.h\n// Purpose: \n// Author: Ulrich Telle\n// Modified by:\n// Created: 2006-12-06\n// Copyright: (c) Ulrich Telle (Copyright for original code see below)\n// Licence: wxWindows licence\n//\n// The original code is unchanged\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n/// \\file rijndael.h Interface of the Rijndael cipher\n*/\n\n#ifndef _RIJNDAEL_H_\n#define _RIJNDAEL_H_\n\n/*\n// File : rijndael.h\n// Creation date : Sun Nov 5 2000 03:21:05 CEST\n// Author : Szymon Stefanek (stefanek@tin.it)\n//\n// Another implementation of the Rijndael cipher.",
"\n// This is intended to be an easily usable library file.",
"\n// This code is public domain.",
"\n// Based on the Vincent Rijmen and K.U.Leuven implementation 2.4.",
"\n//\n// Original Copyright notice:\n//\n// rijndael-alg-fst.c v2.4 April '2000\n// rijndael-alg-fst.h\n// rijndael-api-fst.c\n// rijndael-api-fst.h\n//\n// Optimised ANSI C code\n//\n// authors: v1.0: Antoon Bosselaers\n// v2.0: Vincent Rijmen, K.U.Leuven\n// v2.3: Paulo Barreto\n// v2.4: Vincent Rijmen, K.U.Leuven\n//\n// This code is placed in the public domain.",
"\n//\n\n//\n// This implementation works on 128 , 192 , 256 bit keys\n// and on 128 bit blocks\n//\n\n//\n// Example of usage:\n//\n// // Input data\n// unsigned char key[32]; // The key\n// initializeYour256BitKey(); // Obviously initialized with sth\n// const unsigned char * plainText = getYourPlainText(); // Your plain text\n// int plainTextLen = strlen(plainText); // Plain text length\n//\n// // Encrypting\n// Rijndael rin;\n// unsigned char output[plainTextLen + 16];\n//\n// rin.init(Rijndael::CBC,Rijndael::Encrypt,key,Rijndael::Key32Bytes);\n// // It is a good idea to check the error code\n// int len = rin.padEncrypt(plainText,len,output);\n// if(len >= 0)useYourEncryptedText();\n// else encryptError(len);\n//\n// // Decrypting: we can reuse the same object\n// unsigned char output2[len];\n// rin.init(Rijndael::CBC,Rijndael::Decrypt,key,Rijndael::Key32Bytes));\n// len = rin.padDecrypt(output,len,output2);\n// if(len >= 0)useYourDecryptedText();\n// else decryptError(len);\n//\n*/\n\n#define _MAX_KEY_COLUMNS (256/32)\n#define _MAX_ROUNDS 14\n#define MAX_IV_SIZE 16\n\n/* We assume that unsigned int is 32 bits long.... */\ntypedef unsigned char UINT8;\ntypedef unsigned int UINT32;\ntypedef unsigned short UINT16;\n\n/* Error codes */\n#define RIJNDAEL_SUCCESS 0\n#define RIJNDAEL_UNSUPPORTED_MODE -1\n#define RIJNDAEL_UNSUPPORTED_DIRECTION -2\n#define RIJNDAEL_UNSUPPORTED_KEY_LENGTH -3\n#define RIJNDAEL_BAD_KEY -4\n#define RIJNDAEL_NOT_INITIALIZED -5\n#define RIJNDAEL_BAD_DIRECTION -6\n#define RIJNDAEL_CORRUPTED_DATA -7\n\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_Encrypt 0\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_Decrypt 1\n\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_Mode_ECB 0\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_Mode_CBC 1\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_Mode_CFB1 2\n\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_KeyLength_Key16Bytes 0\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_KeyLength_Key24Bytes 1\n#define RIJNDAEL_Direction_KeyLength_Key32Bytes 2\n\n#define RIJNDAEL_State_Valid 0\n#define RIJNDAEL_State_Invalid 1\n\n/*\n/// Class implementing the Rijndael cipher. (",
"For internal use only)\n*/\n\ntypedef struct _Rijndael\n{\t\n\tint m_state;\n\tint m_mode;\n\tint m_direction;\n\tUINT8 m_initVector[MAX_IV_SIZE];\n\tUINT32 m_uRounds;\n\tUINT8 m_expandedKey[_MAX_ROUNDS+1][4][4];\n} Rijndael;\n\nvoid RijndaelCreate(Rijndael* rijndael);\n\n/*\n//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// API\n//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n// init(): Initializes the crypt session\n// Returns RIJNDAEL_SUCCESS or an error code\n// mode : Rijndael::ECB, Rijndael::CBC or Rijndael::CFB1\n// You have to use the same mode for encrypting and decrypting\n// dir : Rijndael::Encrypt or Rijndael::Decrypt\n// A cipher instance works only in one direction\n// (Well , it could be easily modified to work in both\n// directions with a single init() call, but it looks\n// useless to me...anyway , it is a matter of generating\n// two expanded keys)\n// key : array of unsigned octets , it can be 16 , 24 or 32 bytes long\n// this CAN be binary data (it is not expected to be null terminated)\n// keyLen : Rijndael::Key16Bytes , Rijndael::Key24Bytes or Rijndael::Key32Bytes\n// initVector: initialization vector, you will usually use 0 here\n*/\nint RijndaelInit(Rijndael* rijndael, int mode, int dir, UINT8* key, int keyLen, UINT8* initVector);\n\n/*\n// Encrypts the input array (can be binary data)\n// The input array length must be a multiple of 16 bytes, the remaining part\n// is DISCARDED.",
"\n// so it actually encrypts inputLen / 128 blocks of input and puts it in outBuffer\n// Input len is in BITS!",
"\n// outBuffer must be at least inputLen / 8 bytes long.",
"\n// Returns the encrypted buffer length in BITS or an error code < 0 in case of error\n*/\nint RijndaelBlockEncrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 *input, int inputLen, UINT8 *outBuffer);\n\n/*\n// Encrypts the input array (can be binary data)\n// The input array can be any length , it is automatically padded on a 16 byte boundary.",
"\n// Input len is in BYTES!",
"\n// outBuffer must be at least (inputLen + 16) bytes long\n// Returns the encrypted buffer length in BYTES or an error code < 0 in case of error\n*/\nint RijndaelPadEncrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 *input, int inputOctets, UINT8 *outBuffer);\n\n/*\n// Decrypts the input vector\n// Input len is in BITS!",
"\n// outBuffer must be at least inputLen / 8 bytes long\n// Returns the decrypted buffer length in BITS and an error code < 0 in case of error\n*/\nint RijndaelBlockDecrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 *input, int inputLen, UINT8 *outBuffer);\n\n/*\n// Decrypts the input vector\n// Input len is in BYTES!",
"\n// outBuffer must be at least inputLen bytes long\n// Returns the decrypted buffer length in BYTES and an error code < 0 in case of error\n*/\nint RijndaelPadDecrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 *input, int inputOctets, UINT8 *outBuffer);\n\nvoid RijndaelInvalidate(Rijndael* rijndael);\nvoid RijndaelKeySched(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 key[_MAX_KEY_COLUMNS][4]);\nvoid RijndaelKeyEncToDec(Rijndael* rijndael);\nvoid RijndaelEncrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 a[16], UINT8 b[16]);\nvoid RijndaelDecrypt(Rijndael* rijndael, UINT8 a[16], UINT8 b[16]);\n\t\n#endif /* _RIJNDAEL_H_ */\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.010071942446043165,
0,
0,
0,
0.01699029126213592,
0.00343811394891945,
0.005025125628140704,
0,
0,
0.006211180124223602,
0,
0.006734006734006734,
0.003401360544217687,
0.012389380530973451
] | 0.00459 | 5 |
[
"<!",
"DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\">\n<!",
"--NewPage-->\n<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<!-- ",
"Generated by javadoc (build 1.6.0_23) on Fri Nov 23 14:03:50 GMT 2012 -->\n<TITLE>\norg.apache.nutch.tools (apache-nutch 1.6 API)\n</TITLE>\n\n<META NAME=\"date\" CONTENT=\"2012-11-23\">\n\n<LINK REL =\"stylesheet\" TYPE=\"text/css\" HREF=\"../../../../stylesheet.css\" TITLE=\"Style\">\n\n\n</HEAD>\n\n<BODY BGCOLOR=\"white\">\n<FONT size=\"+1\" CLASS=\"FrameTitleFont\">\n<A HREF=\"../../../../org/apache/nutch/tools/package-summary.html\" target=\"classFrame\">org.apache.nutch.tools</A></FONT>\n<TABLE BORDER=\"0\" WIDTH=\"100%\" SUMMARY=\"\">\n<TR>\n<TD NOWRAP><FONT size=\"+1\" CLASS=\"FrameHeadingFont\">\nClasses</FONT> \n<FONT CLASS=\"FrameItemFont\">\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"Benchmark.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">Benchmark</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"Benchmark.",
"BenchmarkResults.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">Benchmark.",
"BenchmarkResults</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"CrawlDBScanner.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">CrawlDBScanner</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"DmozParser.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">DmozParser</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"FreeGenerator.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">FreeGenerator</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"FreeGenerator.",
"FG.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">FreeGenerator.",
"FG</A>\n<BR>\n<A HREF=\"ResolveUrls.html\" title=\"class in org.apache.nutch.tools\" target=\"classFrame\">ResolveUrls</A></FONT></TD>\n</TR>\n</TABLE>\n\n\n</BODY>\n</HTML>\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0.004048582995951417,
0,
0.0026246719160104987,
0.012048192771084338,
0
] | 0.003554 | 5 |
[
"The current disclosure relates to the field of digital signal processing. ",
"More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a system and method of measuring the instantaneous period of a quasi-periodic signal.",
"\nMany monitored signals may be characterized as quasi-periodic signals. ",
"These signals exhibit a generally repeating wave form, but at a constantly changing frequency. ",
"One such example of a quasi-periodic signal is a returned ultrasound signal exhibiting a Doppler effect. ",
"The Doppler effect may be due to the motion of a fetus' beating heart. ",
"While ultrasound signals have a variety of applications in medical and other fields, including imaging, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications, one such application is the use of ultrasound signals to monitor fetal heart rate.",
"\nIn the measurement of fetal heart rate (FHR), it is desirable to be able to determine the instantaneous period of the fetal heart activity at each heart beat. ",
"The determination of beat to beat fetal heart rate can have additional diagnostic value in determining the condition of the fetus compared to an average fetal heart rate alone.",
"\nOne of the problems facing the accurate measurement of instantaneous fetal heart rate is that measurements of instantaneous period are highly susceptible to noise and other artifacts in the ultrasound signal. ",
"This issue is commonly addressed by taking the average period over a plurality of intervals in order to filter out some of the noise. ",
"This reduces the noise, but decreases the accuracy of the instantaneous heart rate determination as the heart rate measurement is based upon multiple beats. ",
"More accurate results may be obtained by shortening the length of the measurement window, but as the number of heart beats used for the determination is reduced, the susceptibility to noise and artifacts increases. ",
"Therefore, a balance must be struck when selecting the number of beats over which the signal is averaged to balance the noise reduction and heart rate determination accuracy considerations."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009523809523809525,
0.014084507042253521,
0,
0.00625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002133 | 5 |
[
"#2b4831 Hex Color Code\n\nThe hexadecimal color code #2b4831 is a dark shade of green. ",
"In the RGB color model #2b4831 is comprised of 16.86% red, 28.24% green and 19.22% blue. ",
"In the HSL color space #2b4831 has a hue of 132° (degrees), 25% saturation and 23% lightness. ",
"This color has an approximate wavelength of 541.56 nm."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"\"I Am Love\" tells the story of the wealthy Recchi family of Milan, whose lives are rapidly changing. ",
"The family patriarch has surprised the family by willing shared ownership of his massive industrial company to both his son Tancred, and his grandson Edoardo Jr. Meanwhile, Edoardo Jr. has other plans, dreaming of opening a restaurant with a talented chef friend, Antonio. ",
"At the heart of the family is Tancredi's wife and Edoardo Jr.'s mother, Emma, a Russian immigrant who has adopted the culture of Milan, and whose existence is shaken when she enters a passionate love affair with her son's friend Antonio.",
"\nRated R for sexuality and nudity."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.009900990099009901,
0.014652014652014652,
0.016877637130801686,
0
] | 0.010358 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to add clipboard support to Matplotlib figures?",
"\n\nIn MATLAB, there is a very convenient option to copy the current figure to the clipboard. ",
"Although Python/numpy/scipy/matplotlib is a great alternative to MATLAB, such an option is unfortunately missing.",
"\nCan this option easily be added to Matplotlib figures? ",
"Preferably, all MPL figures should automatically benefit from this functionality.",
"\nI'm using MPL's Qt4Agg backend, with PySide.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYes, it can. ",
"The idea is to replace the default plt.figure with a custom one (a technique known as monkey patching) that injects a keyboard handler for copying to the clipboard. ",
"The following code will allow you to copy any MPL figure to the clipboard by pressing Ctrl+C:\nimport io\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nfrom PySide.",
"QtGui import QApplication, QImage\n\ndef add_clipboard_to_figures():\n # use monkey-patching to replace the original plt.figure() function with\n # our own, which supports clipboard-copying\n oldfig = plt.figure\n\n def newfig(*args, **kwargs):\n fig = oldfig(*args, **kwargs)\n def clipboard_handler(event):\n if event.key == 'ctrl+c':\n # store the image in a buffer using savefig(), this has the\n # advantage of applying all the default savefig parameters\n # such as background color; those would be ignored if you simply\n # grab the canvas using Qt\n buf = io.",
"BytesIO()\n fig.savefig(buf)\n QApplication.clipboard().setImage(QImage.fromData(buf.getvalue()))\n buf.close()\n\n fig.canvas.mpl_connect('key_press_event', clipboard_handler)\n return fig\n\n plt.figure = newfig\n\nadd_clipboard_to_figures()\n\nNote that if you want to use from matplotlib.pyplot import * (e.g. in an interactive session), you need to do so after you've executed the above code, otherwise the figure you import into the default namespace will be the unpatched version.",
"\n\nA:\n\nEelkeSpaak's solution was packed in a nice module:\naddcopyfighandler\nSimply install by pip install addcopyfighandler, and import the module after importing matplotlib or pyplot.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0.017699115044247787,
0,
0.012345679012345678,
0.044444444444444446,
0,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0.0015060240963855422,
0.00186219739292365,
0.01092896174863388,
0
] | 0.008705 | 5 |
[
"A total of 304 major U.S. businesses got a perfect score of 100 percent in the Human Rights Campaign Foundation’s 2014 Corporate Equality Index – a vast improvement over the first-year results of 13 with a score of 100 in 2002.",
"\n\nTrue, the number of businesses that participate or are rated in the survey has grown substantially since the early years, but the sizeable increase of those with a perfect score reflects a major change in thinking. ",
"Corporate America is in some ways a lot more progressive than it appears.",
"\n\n“That’s up from 252 perfect scores last year and 189 two years ago,” CNNMoney says. ",
"It adds:\n\nThose policies of nondiscrimination are all the more important because protection from discrimination for LGBT people is still not the law of the land.",
"\n\nThe 2014 Corporate Equality Index report is full of interesting information, whether you’re looking for a new job or you want to see if a particular corporation is in line with your thoughts about equality. ",
"Toward the end, there’s a list of all the companies that were included and their scores, broken down by the type of business they are — financial institution, food company, tech company, etc. ",
"It’s an easy resource to consult.",
"\n\nThese are big companies and you’ll recognize many on the list. ",
"For example, Wal-Mart, which will begin providing health insurance to same-sex partners of employees in 2014, got an 80 percent. ",
"Ford and General Motors each got 100 percent, as did JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup and Bank of America. ",
"Many tech companies, like Google and Microsoft, also had perfect scores.",
"\n\nExxon Mobil was at the bottom with a -25. ",
"Yes, that is a minus. ",
"Companies get 25 points deducted “for a large-scale official or public anti-LGBT blemish on their recent records,” the report says. ",
"Exxon Mobil was the only company on the complete list that earned that mark of shame.",
"\n\nExxon Mobil announced in late September — months after the U.S. Supreme Court had struck down the odious Defense of Marriage Act, that it would extend spousal benefits to married same-sex couples, but the oil company doesn’t have a policy specifically banning discrimination against LGBT employees. ",
"Shareholders refuse to approve it.",
"\n\nA record 299 of the Fortune 500-ranked businesses have official CEI ratings based on submitted surveys (as compared to 293 last year), with an average rating of 83. ",
"One hundred and twenty-five of the Fortune 500-ranked businesses achieved a 100 percent rating, with 13 of the top 20 Fortune-ranked businesses at this top score.",
"\n\nNinty-one percent of the Fortune 500 include “sexual orientation” in their nondiscrimination policies and 61 percent include “gender identity.” ",
"The majority of the total Fortune 500 — 67 percent — offer equivalent medical benefits between spouses and partners and 28 percent offer transgender-inclusive health care benefits, including surgical procedures.",
"\n\nThe biggest U.S. corporations are invited to participate in the rating, but any company with 500 or more U.S. employees can ask to be included. “",
"The number of employers rated from the first CEI to the present has expanded from 319 to 734,” the report says.",
"\n\nIt's not the usual blah, blah, blah\n\nI know... every site you visit wants you to subscribe to their newsletter. ",
"But our news and advice is actually worth reading! ",
"For 25 years, I've been making people richer without making their eyes glaze over. ",
"Take 5 seconds and join our family by clicking here. ",
"You'll be glad you did. ",
"I guarantee it!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.011627906976744186,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.05,
0.027777777777777776,
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0,
0.011764705882352941,
0.009966777408637873,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00522 | 5 |
[
"{\n \"global.button\": {\n \"save\": \"Dokument speichern\",\n \"emptyTrash\": \"Papierkorb leeren ({{count}})\"\n }\n}"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Collections\n\nThe Permanent Collection at ICP contains more than 130,000 photographs. ",
"Since its opening in 1974, ICP has acquired important historical and contemporary images through a dedicated Acquisitions Committee and through generous donations and bequests from photographers and collectors. ",
"The collection spans the history of the photographic medium, from daguerreotypes to gelatin silver and digital chromogenic prints. ",
"At present over 58,500 records are online. ",
"More will be accessible during the course of 2015. ",
"You can also view ICP collection works on the main website.",
"\n\nSet up your own account:\n\nAs a visitor, you can set up a free account and then save the results of your search in a lightbox. ",
"You can even share your personal lightbox with others. ",
"Just click on the link tosign-inon the upper left side under the search box, then go to \"register.\"",
"\n\nAdditionally ICP maintains large collections exploring the vernacular tradition in photography: the Barbara Levine Collection of family albums, Daniel Cowin Collection of African American History, and photographically illustrated periodicals such as VU, Regards, Arbeiter Illustriete Zeitung, LIFE Magazine and others."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.011764705882352941,
0.009478672985781991,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015625
] | 0.003687 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to create a domain and a subdomain in AWS?",
"\n\nHow to create domain and subdomain in AWS?",
"\n\nA:\n\nUsing Amazon AWS Route 53 & Apache 2.4 web server\nCreate a Canonical name with wild card to route all the sub domains traffic to the root web server located.",
"\n\nNow add sub domains details along with root domain routings like below. ",
"\n \n# -----------------------------------\n# GS - Virtual Host Configurations\n# -----------------------------------\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.gajen.com\n ServerAlias gajen.com\n DocumentRoot \"/var/www/html\"\n</VirtualHost>\n\n# Stagings\n# --------\n\n# Discovery\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName discovery.gajen.com\n DocumentRoot \"/var/www/html/discovery\"\n</VirtualHost>\n\n# Alpha\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName alpha.gajen.com\n DocumentRoot \"/var/www/html/alpha\"\n</VirtualHost>\n\nA:\n\nI'm finding the other answers here a little cryptic. ",
"Here are the main steps for hosting your domain apex and any other host names for that domain in Route53. ",
"This is assuming that you've purchased a domain through GoDaddy, or Network Solutions, or wherever. (",
"And as of mid-2014 you can buy domains directly in Route53):\n\nCreate a new zone stub in Amazon's Route53 by going to https://console.aws.amazon.com/route53/home and creating a new hosted zone. ",
"That process will propagate an empty zone file with four NS records and one SOA record. ",
"Copy the four NS server names. [",
"If you purchase your domain in Route53, this will be done for you automatically and you can skip steps 2 and 3 below.]",
"\nAt your domain registrar (GoDaddy, eNom, Network Solutions, etc.) ",
"edit the DNS hosts for the particular domain and drop the four values from Step 1 into place. ",
"Save and let propagate.",
"\nNow DNS for your domain is hosted in Amazon's Route53 and will most likely be faster and more robust than it was when hosted by the domain name vendor.",
"\nAdd more records to your new Route53 zone file, such as a zone apex record (the @ record) or a www record, etc.. Note: Route53 does not permit use of the \"@\" alias -- you must spell out the domain-name.com. (",
"Be SURE to use the trailing dot after the name!)",
"\nOne great advantage of using Route53 for your DNS is now, if your site is hosted behind an Amazon ELB address, you can map your zone apex (the @ record) to the alias of that ELB address. ",
"Just create an A record with your zone apex (\"company.com.\") ",
"in it, being sure to leave the trailing dot. ",
"Then select \"Alias\" just above the record value and you'll be given choices in the drop-down menu, or you can paste the ELB name in. ",
"Or, if your zone apex should point to a simple IP address, select A record and add the IP.",
"\n\nIf you run nodes in multiple AWS regions (not just across multiple AZ's) you can also use Route53's \"latency based routing,\" which will direct users to the fastest node given latency at any given moment (it's based on lowest latency, not upon nearest geographic location). ",
"Or you can use Route53's healthchecks to set your record values -- e.g. if the healthcheck passes, your A record points to 1.2.3.4, if it fails, the A record points to 5.6.7.8.",
"\nEDIT: Another helpful Route53 trick I discovered (by happenstance, though I read later that it's a known/supported feature) is that you can use the A record aliasing to point to ELBs (or buckets, CloudFront distros, etc.) ",
"in other AWS accounts. ",
"They won't auto-populate in the dropdown list of aliases, but you can just copy+paste them into the \"alias target\" input.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou do not 'create' a domain or subdomain in AWS. ",
" A domain is created at the registrar level - GoDaddy, Network Solutions, VeriSign, etc. ",
"while a subdomain is created in DNS.",
"\nIf you are referring to how you can create a web server to respond to mydomain.com and/or subdomain.mydomain.com then you will need to alter the mydomain.com DNS records to point to the IP address of your Amazon EC2 instance.",
"\nFirst, launch the EC2 AMI you intend to use as the web server. ",
" You will then need to allocate an Elastic IP address using the AWS console and assign it to the web server instance. ",
" Make a note of what the Elastic IP is. ",
" Now go to your registrar's domain control panel, and add/change the IP address of the A or CNAME records named 'www' and '@' to match the Elastic IP you assigned to the web server instance. ",
"Now create a new CNAME record for your subdomain and point it to '@'. ",
" Save your changes.",
"\nIf your web server instance is running Apache, you will now have to configure Name Based Virtual Hosting - plenty of tutorials out on the web for this. ",
" If you are running IIS, you will have to assign host headers to your sites. ",
" Again, there are plenty of tutorials for that as well. ",
" Google is your friend.",
"\nHope this helps.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0.009433962264150943,
0.019801980198019802,
0.02072538860103627,
0.011363636363636364,
0,
0.00847457627118644,
0.04477611940298507,
0.010638297872340425,
0,
0.019736842105263157,
0.009569377990430622,
0,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0,
0.007518796992481203,
0.022222222222222223,
0.007272727272727273,
0.005681818181818182,
0.008968609865470852,
0,
0,
0,
0.011235955056179775,
0.027777777777777776,
0.01327433628318584,
0.015625,
0.00847457627118644,
0,
0.005235602094240838,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.007398 | 5 |
[
"Farsinaj-e Jadid\n\nFarsinaj-e Jadid (, also Romanized as Fārsīnaj-e Jadīd; also known as Farsīkh, Fārsīnaj, and Fārsīneh) is a village in Parsinah Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. ",
"At the 2006 census, its population was 2,287, in 559 families.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Sonqor County"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.004329004329004329,
0,
0
] | 0.001443 | 5 |
[
"The discussion below is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.",
"\nThere is a trend in the automotive industry to use more and more electric drives for movable parts of the vehicles. ",
"In the case of roof assemblies for vehicles this trend is also visible, i.e. by the use of multi-panel roofs having multiple panels, sun shades and/or rollo's which are all electrically driven.",
"\nA drive unit which can be used for driving different parts of a vehicle is known from EP 1 588 882. ",
"This prior art document discloses a drive unit including an electric motor which is in engagement with a planetary gear mechanism having two or more output shafts to drive different parts through the same electric motor. ",
"Such drive units are expensive and the electric motors must be designed especially for this particular situation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0.0051813471502590676,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000864 | 5 |
[
"Other Makes\n\nShackles are used to connect your leaf springs to the frame of your vehicle and allow the spring to move back and forth during the suspension cycle. ",
"One side of the shackle bolts to the frame and the other side connects to the eye of your spring by way of the spring eye bolt. ",
"One of the easiest and least expensive ways to get a little extra height out of your truck is to replace your stock shackles with lifted shackles.",
"\n\nGreasable shackles are a great way to go because they allow you to lubricate between the polyurethane bushing and bolt which diminishes friction and noise.",
"\n\nProduct\n\nPrice\n\nMy Cart\n\nYou have no items in your shopping cart.",
"\n\nCompare Products\n\nYou have no items to compare.",
"\n\nSpend $99 or more and get free shipping!Exlusions apply.",
"\n\nAir Lift Air Bags and Compressors\n\nQuestions about suspension lift kits, body lifts, leveling kits or any other vehicle part? ",
"Don't be afraid to ask! ",
"Talk to us, the Suspension Experts."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.006172839506172839,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02857142857142857
] | 0.003474 | 5 |
[
"---\nauthor:\n- 'U. Munari, E. Mason and P. Valisa'\ndate: 'Received YYY ZZ, XXXX; accepted YYY ZZ, XXXX'\ntitle: The narrow and moving HeII lines in nova KT Eri\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nNova Eri 2009, later named KT Eri, was discovered by K. Itagaki on 2009 November 25.5 UT (see CBET 2050), well past its optical maximum. ",
"Using data obtained by SMEI (Solar Mass Ejection Imager) on board the [*Coriolis*]{} satellite, Hounsell et al. (",
"2011) were able to reconstruct the pre-discovery outburst light curve, which highlights a rapid rise in magnitude after the first detection on 2009 November 13.12 UT, a sharp maximum reached on 2009 November 14.67 UT, after which the nova immediately entered the rapid decline characterized by $t_2$=6.6 days. ",
"Preliminary reports on the early spectroscopic and photometric evolution were provided by Ragan et al. (",
"2009), Rudy et al. (",
"2009), Bode et al. (",
"2010), Imamura and Tanabe (2012), and Hung, Chen, & Walter (2012). ",
"Radio observations were obtained by O‘Brien et al. (",
"2010) and X-ray observations by Bode et al. (",
"2010), Beardmore et al. (",
"2010), and Ness et al. (",
"2010). ",
"Raj, Banerjee & Ashok (2013) discussed early infrared photometric and spectroscopic evolution, while the line profiles and their temporal evolution were modeled in detail by Ribeiro et al. (",
"2013). ",
"Jurdana-[Š]{}epi[ć]{} et al. (",
"2012) searched the Harvard plate archive and measured the progenitor of the nova on 1012 plates dating from 1888 to 1962. ",
"No previous outburst was found. ",
"The photometric evolution of KT Eri after it returned to quiescence and its persistent P=752 day periodicity have been discussed by Munari and Dallaporta (2014).",
"\n\n{height=\"18cm\"}\n\nHere we present KTEri spectra taken from outburst maximum to subsequent quiescence and focus on the appearance and evolution of a narrow HeII 4686 Å emission line. ",
"Sharp emission lines superimposed to much broader emission components, have been observed in a few other recent novae: YYDor, nova LMC 2009, USco, DECir, and V2672Oph (see, e.g., the Stony Brooks SMART Atlas[^1]). ",
"Complex line profiles have always been modeled with axisymmetric ejecta geometries consisting of bipolar lobes, polar caps, and equatorial rings (starting with Payne-Gaposchkin in 1957). ",
"Using a similar approach, the sharp and strong narrow emission in V2672Oph could be successfully modeled as coming from an equatorial ring whereas the broader pedestal originates from polar cups (Munari et al. ",
"2011). ",
"However, because of their sharpness, profile, and width it has been also suggested that the narrow components in the above systems might arise from the accretion disk of the underlying binary (Walter & Battisti 2011, but see also Mason & Walter 2013), once the ejecta becomes sufficiently transparent. ",
"In the case of USco, the observation of radial velocity motion of the narrow HeII emission has been interpreted as restored accretion shortly after the nova 2010 outburst (Mason et al. ",
"2012). ",
"Whether a narrow emission component, and in particular the appearance of the sharp HeII$\\lambda$4686 line, always originates in the central binary and recovered accretion from the secondary star has to be established.",
"\n\nWe believe KT Eri offers an interesting bridge between these two alternative views. ",
"We will show how when first seen in emission in the spectra of KT Eri, during the optically thick phase, the sharp HeII 4686 Å line was coming from the inner and slower regions of the ejecta, and how, at later times when the ejecta turned optically thin, the HeII line became two times sharper and variable in radial velocity, indicating it was coming directly from the central binary. ",
"Thus, the presence and the origin of sharp HeII emission lines seems to depend on the geometry of the ejecta, their viewing angle, and on the evolutionary phase of the nova.",
"\n\nObservations\n============\n\nAbsolute spectroscopy of KT Eri was obtained during the outburst as part of the long-term ANS Collaboration monitoring of novae in eruption (see Munari et al. ",
"2012). ",
"We used the Varese 0.61m telescope equipped with the mark.",
"II Multi Mode Spectrograph (Munari and Valisa 2014), that allows rapid switching between low-dispersion, medium-dispersion and Echelle high-resolution modes. ",
"A 2 arcsec wide slit, aligned along the parallactic angle was used in all observations. ",
"Echelle spectra were calibrated with a thorium lamp exposed before and after the science spectra, and similarly with a FeHeAr lamp for the medium- and low-dispersion spectra. ",
"Flux calibration was achieved via observation of the nearby spectrophotometric standard HR 1784 observed with the identical instrumental setup both immediately before and soon after the nova. ",
"All data reduction was carried out in IRAF, following standard extraction procedures involving correction for bias, dark, and flat and sky background subtraction.",
"\n\nLow-resolution absolute spectroscopy of KT Eri, after it returned to quiescence brightness long after the end of the outburst, was obtained with the Asiago 1.22m telescope and B&C single dispersion spectrograph. ",
"Also in this case we adopted a 2 arcsec wide slit, aligned along the parallactic angle, the same spectrophotometric standard star and the same extraction/calibration procedures as for the observations obtained with the 0.61m telescope during the outburst phase.",
"\n\nTable 1 provides a logbook of the spectroscopic observations. ",
"The visibility and integrated flux of the HeII 4686 Å emission line is given in Table 2. ",
"The values listed in Table 2 are averaged over all the spectra collected on the given observing night. ",
"The heliocentric radial velocity of the HeII 4686 Å emission line, as measured on each individual collected spectrum, is listed in Table 3. ",
"The radial velocities are from Gaussian fits to the observed profiles. ",
"The observed HeII profile rapidly converged to a Gaussian-like profile shortly after the line appeared in emission. ",
"The profile at the earliest epochs was admittedly more structured than a simple Gaussian, but it was basically symmetric and therefore the fit with a Gaussian does not significantly affect the derived velocity, which is very similar to the velocity derived for the line photocenter. ",
"The typical measurement error for these Gaussian fits is 12 km s$^{-1}$. Any error in the wavelength calibration of the spectra is removed from the HeII radial velocities by subtracting from them the average velocity measured, on the sky background, for the two HgI city-light emission lines at 4358 and 5461 Å. These corrections are on the order of 10 km s$^{-1}$ (corresponding to 7% of the velocity span of one pixel).",
"\n\n{width=\"8.8cm\"} \\[tab1\\]\n\n{width=\"8.8cm\"} \\[tab2\\]\n\n![",
"Evolution of the integrated flux of HeII 4686 Å emission line of KT Eri compared to its $V$-band light curve (from Hounsell et al. ",
"2010, AAVSO database, Munari & Dallaporta 2014, and unpublished recent data). ",
"To facilitate the comparison, the integrated line flux is transformed in magnitudes and offset by the quantity given in Eq. (",
"1). ",
"The arrow marks the upper limit to HeII integrated flux on day +35 spectra. ",
"Top panel: the hardness ratio (defined as the ratio between the count rates in the 1-10 keV and 0.3-1 keV bands) of the Swift X-ray observations (adapted from public data available on the Swift web site).[]{data-label=\"fig2\"}](Figure_2.ps){width=\"8.8cm\"}\n\n![",
"Comparison between the line profiles of H$\\alpha$ and HeII 4686 Å for day +53 (ejecta still optically thick) and day +80 (ejecta now optically thin).[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](Figure_B.ps){width=\"8.8cm\"}\n\nSpectral evolution and HeII lines\n=================================\n\nThe spectral evolution of KT Eri during the 2009 outburst and the subsequent return to quiescence is presented in Figure 1. ",
"The average pre-outburst mean $B$ magnitude of KT Eri was around 15.4 mag (from Jurdana-[Š]{}epi[ć]{} et al. ",
"2012, and the recalibration of their historical Harvard photographic data as performed by Munari and Dallaporta 2014). ",
"The average $B$-band magnitude of KT Eri during 2013 and 2014 is 15.3, which confirms that the object was back to quiescence level when we observed it in 2013 and 2014.",
"\n\nThe spectrum for 2009 December 01 (day +17) is representative of those obtained immediately following the discovery of the nova (that happened +11 days past optical maximum). ",
"It is characterized by broad emission lines. ",
"The average FWHM of hydrogen Balmer and OI emission lines is 3200 km s$^{-1}$, while HeI lines are sharper with a FWHM of 950 km s$^{-1}$. The profile of the Balmer lines already shows hints of the two components - a broad pedestal and a superimposed sharper core - that will stand out clearly at later epochs. ",
"No HeII 4686 Å emission line was observed in our early spectra, including the Echelle for 2009 December 19, +35 day past maximum. ",
"Our next spectrum, for 2010 January 6, corresponding to day +53, shows a weak HeII in emission superimposed on the red wing of the strong NIII 4640 Å line. ",
"The exact day of the first appearance of HeII is day +48, as revealed by inspection of the compilation of spectra of KT Eri obtained with the Liverpool telescope + FRODOS spectrograph and summarized by Ribeiro (2011; one of these spectra is used to plot the left panel of Figure 3 in place of our spectrum for the same date that was obtained at a lower resolution). ",
"The sample of spectra in Figure 1 shows how the HeII line rapidly grows in equivalent width with the progress of the decline from maximum, and how HeII 4686 Å remains the strongest spectral feature during the subsequent phases of the outburst and the following return to quiescence.",
"\n\n{width=\"18.5cm\"}\n\nThe flux evolution of the HeII 4686 Å emission line is compared to the $V$-band light curve of KT Eri in Figure 2. ",
"To transform the flux of HeII 4686 Å into a magnitude scale for an easier comparison with the nova evolution in the $V$-band, we computed its [*magnitude*]{} as $${\\rm mag}{\\rm (HeII)} = -2.5 \\times \\log \\left( \\frac{flux}{5.9 \\times 10^{-8}}\n\\right),$$ where the arbitrary constant $5.9 \\times 10^{-8}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ is chosen so to cancel the shift in Figure 2 between the $V$-band and the HeII light curves. ",
"Figures 2 aims to highlight two basic facts: ($a$) the HeII line appeared when the nova had declined by about 3.5/4.0 mag below maximum brightness, i.e., a characteristic time in the evolution of typical novae when the ejecta begin turning optically thin allowing direct vision of the central star (e.g., McLaughlin 1960, Munari 2012). ",
"The fact that the ejecta were becoming optically thin at that time is confirmed by the simultaneous huge increase in the soft component of the X-ray emission. ",
"The X-ray hardness ratio from Swift observations is plotted in the top panel of Figure 2 that shows how the nova entered the so-called super-soft-source phase (SSS, Krautter 2008) around day +50, simultaneously with the appearance of HeII in the optical spectra; ($b$) after an initial surge in the intensity of the HeII line, by day +70 its integrated flux declined in pace with the decline of the nova in $V$-band. ",
"The proportionality of HeII flux and $V$-band brightness continued well into the quiescence phase.",
"\n\n{width=\"8.0cm\"} \\[tab2\\]\n\nThe transition around day +70 in the flux evolution of HeII 4686 Å also marked a conspicuous change in its profile, which is well illustrated in Figure 3. ",
"Day +70 also marks the time when the X-ray emission was reaching its maximum and initiating the SSS-plateau phase characterized by the lowest value of the hardness ratio (see top panel of Figure 2).",
"\n\nBefore day +70 (left panel in Figure 3), HeII 4686 Å was similar to the narrow component of the Balmer lines. ",
"Both were double peaked and of similar width: 900 km s$^{-1}$ for HeII 4686 Åand 1150 km s$^{-1}$ for the Balmer lines. ",
"The width of the broad pedestal of the Balmer lines was 4500 km s$^{-1}$.\n\nAfter day +70 (right panel in Figure 3), the FWHM of HeII 4686 Å suddenly dropped by a factor of two, down to 460 km s$^{-1}$, while that of the Balmer lines remained around 1000 km s$^{-1}$ for the narrow component and 4600 km s$^{-1}$ for the pedestal.",
"\n\nRibeiro et al. (",
"2013) modeled the H$\\alpha$ profile during the early optically thick phase of KT Eri and found a good fit with dumbbell shaped expanding ejecta and no need for an equatorial ring. ",
"The dumbbell structure was characterized by a 1/$r$ radial density profile, $V_{\\rm exp}$ = 2800 $\\pm$ 200 km s$^{-1}$, a major to minor axis ratio of 4:1, and an inclination angle of 58$_{-7}^{+6}$ deg. ",
"The density profile $\\rho \\propto\nr^{-1}$ allowed Ribeiro et al. ",
"to fit the broad, square-like pedestal coming from the outer parts of the bipolar lobes and the narrow, double-peaked central component of the H$\\alpha$ profile coming from the slower and denser regions closer to the wrist, simultaneously.",
"\n\nWhen HeII 4686 Å was first weakly detected around day +48, and for the following period up to day +70, it came from the denser region of the ejecta closer to the wrist of the bipolar structure. ",
"This is the same region from where at earlier times the HeI lines came from. ",
"In fact, their FWHM (950 km s$^{-1}$) was very similar to that of HeII 4686 Å and the narrow component of the Balmer lines. ",
"The appearance of HeII 4686 Å (produced during the recombination of HeIII to HeII) was obviously related to the increase in temperature of the pseudo-photosphere contracting through the inner regions of the ejecta closer to the central star. ",
"As this contraction proceeded and the optical thickness of the ejecta continued to decline as a consequence of the ongoing expansion, a larger fraction of the inner ejecta were reached by hard ionizing photons and the intensity of HeII 4686 Åsurged until a maximum was attained around day +65. ",
"The ionization of HeII into HeIII never reached the outer lobes of the ejecta, because the HeII lines never developed the broad pedestal displayed by the Balmer lines[^2]. ",
"Following this maximum, the intensity of HeII 4686 Å began to decline in parallel to the other emission lines and to the underlying continuum.",
"\n\nDay +70 also marks the time when the continuum emission from the ejecta, now completely transparent, fell below that coming directly from the central star. ",
"As shown in Figure 2, by day +70 ($a$) the X-ray emission entered the SSS plateau where it remained stable until day $\\sim$250 which marks the end of the nuclear burning on the white dwarf, and ($b$) in parallel, the optical brightness of the KT Eri stopped declining because direct emission from the white dwarf and from the irradiated companion replaced that of fading ejecta; it rapidly dropped to the quiescence value only when the X-ray SSS phase ended. ",
"The broader HeII 4686 Å profile (FWHM 900 km s$^{-1}$) coming from the fading ejecta after day +70 is overwhelmed by the narrower profile originating directly from the central binary (FWHM 460 km s$^{-1}$). ",
"This will not happen for the Balmer lines until much later into the evolution, because (as shown by the quiescence spectrum from 2013 January 26, day +1169) the Balmer lines produced by the central star are quite weak and to emerge they need the emission from the ejecta to essentially vanish.",
"\n\nThe sequences of spectra in Figure 4 show how - past day +70 - the HeII 4686 Å emission originated directly from the central binary while the Balmer lines continue to come from the ejecta for a long time. ",
"Here the profiles of H$\\alpha$, H$\\beta$, and HeII 4686 Å from many different spectra obtained on 2010 February 2 and 6 (days +80 and +84) are compared. ",
"The profile and radial velocity of the Balmer lines, both their broad pedestal and their narrow component, do not change from one night to the other. ",
"The $\\sim$200 km s$^{-1}$ shift in radial velocity of HeII (from -53 to -249 km s$^{-1}$, see Table 3) is instead outstanding. ",
"Such continuous and large change in radial velocity of HeII 4686 Å cannot be easily understood in terms of ballistic expansion of nova ejecta, while they can be naturally accounted for by the continuously changing viewing geometry of the central binary and the instabilities inherent to mass transfer.",
"\n\nWe have searched the epoch radial velocities in Table 3 looking for periodicities that could betray the orbital period of the nova. ",
"We have used the Fourier code implemented by Deeming (1975) for unequally spaced data. ",
"Extensive tests on the whole set of Table 3 data as well as on random selected subsamples failed to reveal any clear and strong periodicity. ",
"The situation is similar to that encountered in photometry (see Munari and Dallaporta 2014), where no other clear periodicity stands out in addition to the 752-day eclipse-like events that regularly marked the pre- and post-outburst optical photometry of KT Eri. ",
"The brightness of KT Eri varies similarly in all optical bands and by a large amplitude (on the order of one magnitude in $B$) with a timescale that is continously changing, in an apparently chaotic manner. ",
"The same seems to occur with the radial velocity of the HeII emission line, which is seen to change by large margins, but in an apparently chaotic pattern. ",
"This could be the result of the beating of several different true periodicities simultaneously present, but to disentangle them it will be necessary to accumulate many additional observations, possibly at a higher dispersion than the spectra used for the present study. ",
"Additional data, regularly spaced over many consecutive observing seasons, will be necessary to investigate the presence of the 752-day period among the spectral data.",
"\n\nWe would like to thank A. Milani and V. Luppi of ANS Collaboration for their assistance with the observations obtained with the Varese 0.61m telescope and Valerio A.R.M. Ribeiro for having promptly offered his higher quality spectrum for 6 Jan 2010. ",
"EM thanks Steven N. Shore for valuable discussions.",
"\n\nBeardmore A. P., et al., ",
"2010, ATel, 2423 Bode M. F., et al., ",
"2010, ATel, 2392 Deeming T. J., 1975, Ap&SS, 36, 137 Hounsell R., et al., ",
"2010, ApJ, 724, 480 Hung L. W., Chen W. P., Walter F. M., 2011, ASPC, 451, 271 Imamura K., Tanabe K., 2012, PASJ, 64, 120 Jurdana-[Š]{}epi[ć]{} R., RibeiroV. A. R. M., Darnley M. J., Munari U., Bode M. F., 2012, A&A, 537, A34 Krautter, J. 2008, in Classical Novae 2nd Ed., ",
"M.F.Bode & A. Evans eds., ",
"Cambridge Univ. ",
"Press, pag. ",
"232 Mason, E., Ederoclite, A., Williams, R. E., Della Valle, M., Setiawan, J., 2012, A&A, 544, 149 Mason, E., Walter, F.M., 2013, ASP Conference Series, “Stellae Novae: Future and past decades”, in press, arXiv 1303.2776 McLaughlin, D. B. 1960, in Stellar atmospheres, J. L. Greenstein ed., ",
"University of Chicago Press, p.585 Munari, U. 2012, JAAVSO 40, 582 Munari, U., Ribeiro, V. A. R. M., Bode, M. F., Saguner, T., 2011, MNRAS, 410, 525 Munari, U., et al., ",
"2012, BaltA, 21, 13 Munari, U., Dallaporta, S. 2014, New Astronomy 27, 25 Munari, U., Valisa, P. 2014, in Observing Techniques, Instrumentation and Science for Metre-class Telescopes, T. Pribulla and V. Martin eds., ",
"CAOSP, in press Ness J.-U., Drake J. J., Starrfield S., Bode M., Page K., Beardmore A., Osborne J. P., Schwarz G., 2010, ATel, 2418 O’Brien T. J., Muxlow T. W. B., Stevens J., Datta A., Roy N., Eyres S. P. S., Bode M. F., 2010, ATel, 2434 Gaposchkin C. H. P., 1957, The galactic novae, Amsterdam, North-Holland Pub. ",
"Co. Ragan E., et al., ",
"2009, ATel, 2327 Raj A., Banerjee D. P. K., Ashok N. M., 2013, MNRAS, 1601 Ribeiro V. A. R. M., 2011, PhD thesis, Liverpool John Moores University Ribeiro, V. A. R. M., Bode, M. F., Darnley, M. J., Barnsley, R. M., Munari, U., Harman, D. J., 2013, MNRAS, 433, 1991 Rudy R. J., Prater T. R., Russell R. W., Puetter R. C., Perry R. B., 2009, CBET, 2055, 1 Walter, F.M., Battisti, A., 2011, AAS, 21733811\n\n[^1]: www.astro.sunysb.edu/fwalter/SMARTS/NovaAtlas/atlas.html\n\n[^2]: The apparent emission bump on the red side of the narrow HeII line in the left panel of Figure 4 should be identified with other transitions within the blend, as, otherwise, we should observe a symmetric component on the blue side of HeII\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0.021406727828746176,
0.02654867256637168,
0,
0.009615384615384616,
0.05,
0.05,
0.029850746268656716,
0.019230769230769232,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0,
0,
0.010526315789473684,
0,
0,
0.00819672131147541,
0,
0.012422360248447204,
0,
0.01,
0.018691588785046728,
0.0053475935828877,
0.004761904761904762,
0,
0.006622516556291391,
0.016216216216216217,
0,
0,
0.011627906976744186,
0.0051813471502590676,
0.005780346820809248,
0.015957446808510637,
0,
0,
0.0189873417721519,
0,
0.005714285714285714,
0,
0.006172839506172839,
0.009345794392523364,
0,
0,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0,
0.008620689655172414,
0,
0.004750593824228029,
0,
0,
0,
0.015267175572519083,
0.01282051282051282,
0,
0,
0.013157894736842105,
0.011627906976744186,
0.01015228426395939,
0.009174311926605505,
0.01680672268907563,
0.005952380952380952,
0,
0,
0.00964630225080386,
0.007692307692307693,
0.00641025641025641,
0.00819672131147541,
0.0070921985815602835,
0,
0.01282051282051282,
0.004761904761904762,
0.005952380952380952,
0,
0.004796163069544364,
0.01020408163265306,
0,
0.005025125628140704,
0,
0.017857142857142856,
0.008333333333333333,
0.0060790273556231,
0.05555555555555555,
0.005555555555555556,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0.00510204081632653,
0.012987012987012988,
0.008064516129032258,
0,
0,
0.005813953488372093,
0,
0,
0.002178649237472767,
0.00966183574879227,
0.006825938566552901,
0.004830917874396135,
0.013071895424836602,
0.006666666666666667,
0.023622047244094488,
0,
0.007462686567164179,
0,
0.0070921985815602835,
0.0076045627376425855,
0.004830917874396135,
0.00641025641025641,
0,
0,
0.011904761904761904,
0.0392156862745098,
0,
0.02702702702702703,
0.02702702702702703,
0.04395604395604396,
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0.048109965635738834,
0.029585798816568046,
0.023148148148148147,
0.04746835443037975,
0.045454545454545456,
0.032303370786516857
] | 0.009966 | 5 |
[
"Welcome to November, folks. ",
"This month has traditionally been seen as the start to the silly season — and we expect the champagne to be flowing from here.",
"\n\nBut before we move ahead, it’s always worthwhile to look back and take stock of what the big stories were in October. ",
"Tim Philips had some advice for mixologists (spoiler alert: master the basics); you were also interested in who made it to the Top 8 for Bacardi Legacy; who took on the new Mr Black ambassador gig, and how four bartenders reinvented the Angostura Lemon Lime & Bitters, and more.",
"\n\nTake a look below at the top stories for October.",
"\n\nIf this is a golden age of bartending, asks Tim Philips, why do so many drinks suck?Tim Philips. ",
"Original photo by Daniel Boud.",
"\n\n“As I’m handed my cocktail, an innovative foraged-woodruff-distillate-highball, I remember being told; “We are in the Golden Era for cocktails.” ",
"I put down the drink, before being able to take a sip as it overflows on to my hand. ",
"As innovative as it is, the drink physically has too much liquid in the glass. ",
"My memory goes back to reading; “We are in a time when bartending has never been as respected and revered”. ",
"I take an awkward slurp of a sip. ",
"I’m reminded, “this is a time when more money is spent on bar design, training, experimentation. ",
"Mixologists around the world have more and more access to whatever it is they desire to push their creative boundaries.” ",
"I concede that for sure, as I resolutely swallow the mouthful I’ve just taken. ",
"This cocktail sucks.”",
"\n\nThat’s just the first paragraph of this piece by Tim Philips, which was shared more than 200 times on Facebook across the bartending world. ",
"If you haven’t read it yet, it also offers up the key to a great Daiquiri. ",
"Read the full story here.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n \n\nTake a look at the 10 new cocktails on Mjølner Sydney’s new list\n\nAlissa Gabriel, bar manager at Mjølner, Sydney.",
"\n\nSydney bar and restaurant, Mjølner, is a little over a year and a half old, and things have been going well for the viking-inspired venue. ",
"The early success of Mjølner encouraged them to open a second outpost of the venue in Melbourne, which opened earlier this year, and bar manager of the Sydney operation Alissa Gabriel has just released their first major update to the cocktail list.",
"\n\nGabriel, who has been on board with the venue since its June 2017 opening, has switched the focus on Scandinavian ingredients from the previous menu to ingredients that the seafaring vikings of yore would have encountered on their travels, she says, which has opened up new frontiers for the list to explore. ",
"Read the full story — and get a look at the great photos — here.",
"\n\nHere’s the Australian Top 8 for the BACARDÍ Legacy Global Cocktail Competition 2018/2019\n\nBacardi Legacy has grown to be one of the world’s biggest cocktail competitions, and you were all super interested to find out who it was who made the cut of the Top 8. ",
"They’ve since held the semi-final to determine the three bartenders who will join Bartender of the Year Jenna Hemsworth in the final Australian round, and they are: David Robinson (NT), Millie Tang (QLD), and Will Krepop (VIC).",
"\n\nHere’s how four top bartenders reinvented an icon, the Angostura Lemon Lime & Bitters\n\nWe’re drinking better these days. ",
"Never before have we had so many great bars to visit, and the standard is higher than ever — it’s what the customer wants. ",
"The modern drinker is out and about looking for an experience, and often visiting more than one bar in a night. ",
"With that comes the need for no-alcohol drinks.",
"\n\nThat’s the idea behind the House of Angostura’s Reinvent An Icon competition, which sought to uncover what the iconic Lemon Lime & Bitters might look like when the creative talents of the country’s best bartenders were unleashed upon the recipe.",
"\n\nMr Black Cold Brew Coffee Liqueur appoints global coffee ambassador\n\nMr Black Cold Brew Coffee Liqueur, one of the most awarded coffee liqueurs, has officially announced their first Global Coffee Ambassador, Martin Hudak.",
"\n\nThis role will see Hudak focus on leading the company’s coffee mixology focus, and bridging communications between coffee drinkers, bars, restaurants, retailers, distributors, and press.",
"\n\nHudak previously worked as a senior bartender at The American Bar at The Savoy, London, and in 2017, became Champion at the 2017 World Coffee in Good Spirits competition. ",
"Prior to that, Hudak has shaken and stirred at the world finals for HCGP, Beefeater MIX LDN, Absolut Invite and the national UK final of World Class.",
"\n\nThe latest PS40 cocktail list is about to drop — get a look here\n\nAt the 18th annual Bartender Magazine Australian Bar Awards, the team from Sydney bar PS40 were recognised for their outstanding cocktailing efforts and picked up the title of Cocktail List of the Year for the second year running — no small feat.",
"\n\nSo when we heard the latest PS40 cocktail list was about to land, well, we got excited.",
"\n\nAnd so did you guys, by the looks of things, lapping up the design and presentation of the drinks PS40-style.",
"\n\nNick & Nora’s is now open — take a look inside here\n\nNick & Nora’s, Parramatta. ",
"Photo: Jiwon Kim\n\nNick & Nora’s is the latest bar to come from the Speakeasy Group, and represents their first foray into Parramatta — the geographical heart of Sydney.",
"\n\nAs with all things Speakeasy Group — whom you may know from such award-winning bars as Eau de Vie Sydney and Melbourne, Boilermaker House, and Mjolner Sydney and Melbourne — they’ve brought their signature flair for the extravagant to the new venue, which might be their most ambitious yet."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.014388489208633094,
0,
0.020202020202020204,
0.03333333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007042253521126761,
0.013333333333333334,
0,
0.014598540145985401,
0.0070921985815602835,
0.008064516129032258,
0.003215434083601286,
0,
0,
0.030837004405286344,
0.008130081300813009,
0,
0,
0,
0.012145748987854251,
0.017937219730941704,
0.005319148936170213,
0.017341040462427744,
0.026845637583892617,
0.006369426751592357,
0,
0,
0.036585365853658534,
0.023809523809523808,
0.0136986301369863
] | 0.007812 | 5 |
[
"For any organizations, logo design plays an essential role in brand recognition. ",
"Before the final products, or before marketing team gets started with advertising, the first thing that reaches to your customer is your Beer Logo. ",
"-https://bit.ly/2KaQLsm"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.006756756756756757,
0.043478260869565216
] | 0.016745 | 5 |
[
"Time course of reinnervation of the olfactory bulb after transection of the primary olfactory nerve in the pigeon.",
"\nHorseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry was used to study the time course of reinnervation of the pigeon olfactory bulb after simple transection of the primary olfactory nerve. ",
"At selected intervals (9, 13, 29, 61 and 93 days) after transection of the right olfactory nerve, a concentrated solution of HRP was instilled in both nasal cavities. ",
"Intracarotid perfusion was performed 3 days after nasal instillation of HRP and 40-microns sections of olfactory bulb processed with the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-HRP histochemical protocol to visualize olfactory receptor axon terminals reinnervating the glomerular layer of the bulb. ",
"The total area of reinnervation of four representative regions in the bulb of the transected side were compared with that on the control bulb. ",
"The area of innervation by newly reconstituted olfactory axons was approximately 17% of control values at the 12-day posttransection time interval. ",
"A progressive increase in the area of reinnervation was observed over time. ",
"Reinnervation of the right bulb was approximately 70% complete at the 32-day posttransection time interval and indistinguishable from the left control bulb at the 64- and 96-day posttransection time intervals. ",
"A uniform pattern of reinnervation of different bulb regions was observed at all time intervals. ",
"These results indicate that the peripheral olfactory system of the pigeon is capable of complete reconstitution after nerve transection. ",
"Our findings should be useful in guiding functional comparisons of normal and newly reconstituted peripheral olfactory systems in the pigeon."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000797 | 5 |
[
"With 2 partners, Stefan co-founded Swipes, a company that developed productivity tools. ",
"The startup went through all stages and experiences, even almost fundraising $1M. However, over the 6 years of running, they weren’t able to really find product-market fit and they eventually ran out of money.",
"\n\nA 5-minute read that's informative, witty and free? ",
"That's Morning Brew — the daily email that delivers the latest news from Wall Street to Silicon Valley .",
"\n\nNo more changing developers every time you start a new project. ",
"With our full range of development services, no project is too big, too complex, too mobile or too software for us to complete. ",
"We’re the only web-dev partner you’ll ever need.",
"\n\nWant to take ownership over the growth of your business, but don't know where to start? ",
"Get 1-on-1 advice from vetted growth experts about your business .",
"\n\nDo you want to grow your business? ",
"With GenM you can get free marketing from an apprentice as part of their training . ",
"The student will work 40 hours per month creating content, increasing SEO rankings, carrying out advertisement campaigns...\n\nHi Stefan! ",
"What's your background, and what are you currently working on?",
"\n\nHi, Rich and Failory audience!",
"\n\nMy name is Stefan Vladimirov. ",
"I am 29 years old and I’m a creative director and designer born, raised and currently based in Sofia, Bulgaria. ",
"6 years ago, together with my two partners Kasper Tornoe and Yana Vlatchkova, I co-founded Swipes, a software company for thoughtful and delightful productivity tools.",
"\n\nOur journey started in the small Danish town of Aarhus and led us to Silicon Valley and back. ",
"We created a successful product in a highly competitive market that earned customer love, industry recognition, awards, and most preciously, a lifetime of learnings and wisdom. ",
"But It was not enough. ",
"Some of our strengths turned against us and drove us to exhaustion and the eventual shut down of the company.",
"\n\nToday I want to share with you what worked and what didn’t work for us. ",
"I sincerely hope that, by the time you finish reading this interview, you walk away with something that can help you do better in your business. ",
"\n\nWhat's your backstory and how did you come up with the idea?",
"\n\nEvery good story starts with some heroes. ",
"Those were me, Kasper and Yana: three hot-headed and talented young minds… Almost like by faith each one of us had the right specialty: design, development, and marketing. ",
"But, in reality, each of us had more than one role.",
"\n\nI consider myself obsessed with visual aesthetics and design. ",
"I am 100% emotionally connected with the work I do. ",
"I share the belief that only when you have an intimate understanding of the product and audience you can create a design that doesn’t just solve a problem but gets people to feel like a better version of themselves... it’s about the emotional response.",
"\n\nMy first steps were in photography, learning to appreciate the beauty and to capture it. ",
"My educational background, however, took on a different shape. ",
"After finishing the Spanish High School in Sofia, I studied in Denmark, finishing a BA in Marketing and Sales. ",
"Yana, who at that point was my couple, took the same education.",
"\n\nFast-forwarding to 2013 we were freshly graduated and aggressively unemployed. ",
"At that moment in my life, I had developed a keen interest in graphic and motion design, so I thought to myself: “You know what would be awesome? ",
"Starting my business selling design and photography services.” ",
"So I did it. ",
"And yeah, it failed. ",
"I didn’t get any clients, but it was a far more exciting and valuable experience than being on the job market for a marketing position.",
"\n\nYana, instead, took a path into the newly forming startup scene in Aarhus. ",
"Startup Weekends were still a thing by that time, so Yana, being an entrepreneur by heart, spearheaded into the event, formed a team and won the award of the jury. ",
"At that point, we were not together as a couple anymore, but our friendship persevered. ",
"So when one day she called me and told me that her new boyfriend Kasper was in the need of a designer for his startup, I was in. ",
"2013 Kasper, Yana and Stefan at Startup City, Aarhus, Denmark Wait so Kasper and Yana are boyfriend and girlfriend? ",
"More precisely, husband and wife and their son recently turned 1 year. ",
"And yes the 3 of us started a company together because that’s what millennials do.",
"\n\nJoke aside. ",
"When I met Kasper, I fell in love with the guy (like in a platonic manner!). ",
"He was sharp, honest and loved Star Wars. ",
"What else do you want from a co-founder? ",
"Kasper was working on a startup in London, but after failing to get it off the ground, he returned to Aarhus. ",
"At that moment I knew that the three of us would create something together. ",
"I didn’t know what or how, but I was certain that I wanted to work with them. ",
"\n\nHow did you build Swipes?",
"\n\nSo the three of us sat down and got into businesses.",
"\n\nInitially, we started working on a fun dating app. ",
"The hard part came from the fact that none of us knew much about dating. ",
"Anyway, it was a great start that made us realize working together came along naturally.",
"\n\nOne evening, Kasper and I were talking about task lists of the app’s development when one discussion led to another and before we knew it, Kasper and I were working on a “side project” that would later become Swipes. ",
"We realized that dating was not of our interested and that what we really wanted was to build the best task list app in the market.",
"\n\nKasper made the prototype in a week, while I was fiercely refining the visual design and Yana digging out information about the market and users. ",
"At that moment, our skills clicked. ",
"In less than 6 weeks we had our product on the App Store and we saw the first couple of hundred people downloading the app. ",
"We were thrilled. ",
"We kept improving, shipping and having loads of fun. ",
"2013 Celebrating a user milestone together with Lasse Chor\n\nOur numbers were growing and online media outlets started to notice our product and praise it for it’s simple and delightful design. ",
"The first big media review for Swipes was The Next Web and that’s when we hit our first 10,000 users.",
"\n\nWe didn’t have a business model at that time. ",
"The app was free and we were actively looking for funding. ",
"In 2014, we met our first angel investor Kristian Ottosen who put the first check for $35k. ",
"We felt like winners. ",
"Kasper and Yana, who had just relocated to Bulgaria, started to assemble and build a team. ",
"The app was steadily growing and people LOVED IT.",
"\n\nThat same year we did an integration with Evernote, which was the productivity giant at that moment. ",
"Our product aimed to deliver untapped value to Evernote users, helping them sort trough tasks. ",
"It was a success. ",
"We were invited to take part in the Evernote Conference, winning first prize for Best New Startup. ",
"Not bad for a team of nobodies. ",
"2014 Winning the First place on the Evernote Platform Award\n\nHire digital marketing interns. ",
"40 hours for $49/month.",
"\n\nLearn More!",
"\n\nAD\n\nFrom Wall Street to Silicon Valley...\n\nAre you busy? ",
"Sure you are — that's why you need Morning Brew. ",
"It's a free daily email that gives a quick 5-minute rundown of the day's top business news. ",
"Join the 925,000+ people who start their day with Morning Brew!",
"\n\n👉 Learn More!",
"\n\nReach +20,000 Startup Founders!",
"\n\nIf you are looking to get your product in front of founders, CEOs, VPs, web and mobile developers, makers, consultants, marketers, bloggers, product managers, and many other thought leaders, then we can help you.",
"\n\n👉 Sponsorships\n\n✉️ Invite us into your inbox We're publishing interviews like this one all weeks. ",
"Submit your email if you want to receive them in your inbox + get 80+ deals on tools to help you scale your startup (worth up to $50,000)! ",
"Your subscription could not be saved. ",
"Please try again. ",
"Your subscription has been successful. ",
"Subscribe\n\nWhich were your marketing strategies to grow your business?",
"\n\nOur user and retention rates kept on growing. ",
"We were doing well on App Store Keyword optimization and content marketing. ",
"But the thing that was making it work was that people loved the product. ",
"Releasing the long-awaited version for Android and crossing half a million users. ",
"Swipes was hot. ",
"Media was writing about it, Apple featured us multiple times on their App Store banners and lists. ",
"We had success, but we were still not a business.",
"\n\nLooking back, our biggest challenge was building a sustainable monetization model. ",
"We were only thinking about growth - the faster the better. ",
"We firstly tried a subscription model, but conversation rates were really low. ",
"It was 2015 and people weren’t really keen to pay money every month to use apps. ",
"So we moved to another monetization strategy that was far more challenging: team collaboration.",
"\n\nThis way, we got into an odyssey of constant R&D and rework that defined the following 4 years. ",
"\n\nWhich were your greatest disadvantages? ",
"What were your worst mistakes?",
"\n\nInitially, we thought we could easily develop this new product. ",
"At that point, we had grown our team to 10 people and had raised more funds from investors. ",
"We had also attracted the attention of a prominent entrepreneur and investor from the Valley, to whom I will simply refer as Mister Big.",
"\n\nMister Big was crazy about Swipes and he saw big potential for the app. ",
"So he started talking about investing $1M. $1 million US dollars for a team of 25 years-old co-founders who had started 2 years ago... Our ambitions and expectations grew exponentially and our vision blurred.",
"\n\nBut as you might have sensed, the investment did not go through. ",
"We were “infected” with the megalomaniac mentality of the Valley, however. ",
"We wanted to build this new collaboration tool that would solve the work of teams in the same elegant manner as the Swipes Personal task list app. ",
"But we were running out of runway, and the sensible business decision was to fire everybody, use the funds we had to get to product-market fit and build a profitable business.",
"\n\nSwipes Personal won multiple awards and recognitions ranking top in its category. ",
" The three of us cared obsessively about the work we had done and the people we had been working with. ",
"Over the previous year, we had been creating a fantastic team culture and firing seemed like we would backstab our friends. ",
"But this was businesses and we eventually had to fire half the team.",
"\n\nYou have to understand one thing about us as a team. ",
"We were obsessed with creating a simple quality experience that delights people. ",
"One of our blessings that ended up turning into a disadvantage was our perfectionism and strive for quality. ",
"We have spent weeks perfecting a product we had then release on the market just to realize we need to get back to the drawing board.",
"\n\nOur biggest misunderstanding was that people loved our initial product because it was delightful to use. ",
"Yes, that had a huge part in their experience, but most importantly it was serving them a need in a novel way. ",
"Swipes Personal gave our users a superpower to charge through their tasks like a champ and no matter the day to feel a sense of accomplishment. ",
"While the rest of the task list apps were focusing on getting organized, our focus was on achieving results, and that resonated with people.",
"\n\nWith our team product, called The Workspace, we had many novel ideas and daring tested daring designs, but we never succeeded in cracking the value of the problem. ",
"\n\nWhat were the biggest challenges you faced and the obstacles you overcame?",
"\n\nIn 2016 Kasper and Yana moved to California. ",
"They were in the process of securing a $1M investment, but the relationship with the investor went sour and the deal was off the table. ",
"Soon after, I and the rest of the team followed them. ",
"At first, it was a new thrilling opportunity. ",
"We had been accepted into Alchemist one of the top B2B accelerators. ",
"There was a multitude of mentors, investors, and talent that we were meeting all the time. ",
"But as exciting the Bay Area was, it wasn’t our place.",
"\n\nWe met a handful of incredible people who helped immensely with their mentorship (hey Michael Moon), but there were a lot of phony people. ",
"Too many for my taste. ",
"The Valley was trying to mold us into something we didn’t relate to. ",
"What do I mean by that? ",
"The whole crush it, hustle, fake it until you make it, go big or die trying mentality just wasn’t us. ",
"As a result, we were facing many rejections from investors, partners, and customers. ",
"But it was a blessing to understand who we really are and what we stand for.",
"\n\nWe were 5 people living in a 2-bedroom apartment on the outskirts of Palo Alto, on the other side of Arrastradero Road. ",
"Our window was literally overlooking at the cemetery where Steve Jobs was rested to peace. ",
"I started to feel resentful towards the place and life in general. ",
"And it wasn’t helping the fact that I was a thousand miles away from my girlfriend at the time.",
"\n\n2017 Life in Palo Alto. ",
"A view from the office/living room\n\nBut as difficult as it was, it was a moment I wouldn’t change. ",
"During this period, we learned as a team to be truthful about who we were and what we stood for. ",
"We eventually returned to Europe, a bit wiser and very exhausted.",
"\n\nIt was 2017 and we still didn’t have a product-market fit nor a working business. ",
"But like the stubborn people we are, we kept on pushing. ",
"To extend our runway we raised capital from few American and Bulgarian angel investors among whom Bogomil Balkansky and Vassil Terziev. ",
"We doubled down our efforts and released another major rework of the team product. ",
"In the product release video, we used our dire situation to form a plot around. ",
"There was interest, but not enough, so we continued. ",
"Through 2018 and until the end of 2019 we kept reworking and releasing. ",
"We eventually ceased to look for investment money and focused solely on doing design and development projects for clients.",
"\n\nWe ground ourselves to exhaustion. ",
"The company we were trying to create was feeding on our physical and mental health. ",
"One by one, we were burning out. ",
"So eventually in June 2019, we decided no more. ",
"It was a difficult decision, a very emotional decision. ",
"But it was either the company or our health at the line. ",
"We chose the latter. ",
"And this is how this chapter of our story ends. ",
"2018 One of the many iterations of the Swipes Workspace\n\nYour one-stop shop for everything dev-related.",
"\n\nAnything you need, our devs can build: complex e-commerce solutions, custom software or SaaS, beautiful WordPress websites… anything. ",
"We’ll fix, upgrade & customize your website, so you never have to worry about troubleshooting web stuff ever again.",
"\n\nLet’s get to work!",
"\n\nGrow your business. ",
"Get 1-on-1 calls with +100 mentors.",
"\n\nLearn More!",
"\n\nAD\n\nIf you had the chance to do things differently, what would you do? ",
"I wouldn’t change anything. ",
"I am grateful beyond words for having been given the opportunity to go through this. ",
"But here are some advice I would gladly give the 23 old Stefan:\n\nAlways think of the clients first and how you can serve them best\n\nStay true to who you are and your values.",
"\n\nDon’t skip steps. ",
"Build it slow. ",
"Build it steady. ",
"Most of the competitors in our space don’t necessarily have the best products, they simply have persevered the longest.",
"\n\nBe patient. ",
"Set clear goals and strategize to achieve them.",
"\n\nDone is better than perfect. ",
"Put things on the market fast and learn. ",
"\n\nWhat did eventually cause Swipes’ shut down?",
"\n\nIn June we took the hard call to cease work on Swipes. ",
"In full honesty, it felt like losing a war that you have been fighting with all you got until the last day. ",
"But you know what life goes after and we have been fortunate to have fantastic people in our team, investors, family, friends that applauded us for our tenacity and perseverance.",
"\n\n2019 The last Swipes Team After the dust settled we naturally asked ourselves the question: Why did we fail? ",
"Why indeed?",
"\n\nIn short—we took poor business decisions. ",
"After our initial success with Swipes Personal, we allowed our ambitions to outrun ourselves. ",
"As a consequence, we didn’t give enough appreciation to what we have already succeeded to achieve. ",
"Instead of putting our limited resources to build our business slowly around this first product, we decided we would make a bigger more successful one building it from scratch. ",
"We underestimated the bite we are taking and this decision exhausted us over the years.",
"\n\nWe tried so many different takes on team productivity and discovered some very interesting design solutions, but over time our vision became blurry and so did our target audience. ",
"We were spending months changing our product and marketing, hoping that something would stick, just to face more disappointing results and engage in a new cycle of changes.",
"\n\nToday I feel much better and I am recovered from my burn out. ",
"And the partnership and friendship between the three of us are stronger than ever.",
"\n\nCurrently, Yana and I are in the making of a new business and doing what we have been doing in the past 2 years to pay the bills for Swipes: brand strategy and design services for clients. ",
"Every day I’m learning more and more. ",
"I look back at the Swipes journey humbled at the bravery of our young selves and full with gratitude for what I learned.",
"\n\nI am more mindful of where and how I put my energy. ",
"And I am more open to adopting new skills and not silo myself into just one thing. ",
"I am going acting classes, helping my fiancé start her podcast and daring myself to Downhill Ride. ",
"I am grateful and happy to wake up and learn every day. ",
"\n\nWhat are some sources for learning you would recommend for entrepreneurs who are just starting?",
"\n\nA book I would highly recommend to any professional is Jordan Peterson’s 12 Rules for Life - An antidote to Chaos. ",
"I have discovered many of the lessons I learned through the years of working on Swipes between its pages. ",
"It’s a good read for any young person that wants to take charge of its life.",
"\n\nI also find these two podcasts giving me a clearer perspective on doing business — The Futur: Contagious selling w/ Errol Gerson and The Joe Rogan Experience: #1309 - Naval Ravikant. ",
"\n\nWhere can we go to learn more?",
"\n\nYou can find me on my personal website. ",
"Our new agency website will soon be available here. ",
"Also, you can always reach me on LinkedIn.",
"\n\n\n\nYour subscription could not be saved. ",
"Please try again. ",
"Your subscription has been successful. ",
"Subscribe\n\n👇 Other Interviews"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0.03125,
0.03125,
0.008928571428571428,
0.017964071856287425,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011627906976744186,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012987012987012988,
0.006097560975609756,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.03389830508474576,
0,
0,
0,
0.012987012987012988,
0,
0,
0.00909090909090909,
0,
0,
0.03571428571428571,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0051813471502590676,
0.009900990099009901,
0,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0.02197802197802198,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012195121951219513,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006802721088435374,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006944444444444444,
0,
0,
0,
0.0425531914893617,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0070921985815602835,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01098901098901099,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005780346820809248,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02127659574468085,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0,
0.008849557522123894,
0,
0,
0.010638297872340425,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010471204188481676,
0,
0.008333333333333333,
0,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.009433962264150943,
0,
0.005405405405405406,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002738 | 5 |
[
"// Copyright 2017 The Go Authors. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\n// +build freebsd\n\npackage unix\n\nimport (\n\terrorspkg \"errors\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n)\n\n// Go implementation of C mostly found in /usr/src/sys/kern/subr_capability.c\n\nconst (\n\t// This is the version of CapRights this package understands. ",
"See C implementation for parallels.",
"\n\tcapRightsGoVersion = CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00\n\tcapArSizeMin = CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 + 2\n\tcapArSizeMax = capRightsGoVersion + 2\n)\n\nvar (\n\tbit2idx = []int{\n\t\t-1, 0, 1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n\t\t4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,\n\t}\n)\n\nfunc capidxbit(right uint64) int {\n\treturn int((right >> 57) & 0x1f)\n}\n\nfunc rightToIndex(right uint64) (int, error) {\n\tidx := capidxbit(right)\n\tif idx < 0 || idx >= len(bit2idx) {\n\t\treturn -2, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"index for right 0x%x out of range\", right)\n\t}\n\treturn bit2idx[idx], nil\n}\n\nfunc caprver(right uint64) int {\n\treturn int(right >> 62)\n}\n\nfunc capver(rights *CapRights) int {\n\treturn caprver(rights.",
"Rights[0])\n}\n\nfunc caparsize(rights *CapRights) int {\n\treturn capver(rights) + 2\n}\n\n// CapRightsSet sets the permissions in setrights in rights.",
"\nfunc CapRightsSet(rights *CapRights, setrights []uint64) error {\n\t// This is essentially a copy of cap_rights_vset()\n\tif capver(rights) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"bad rights version %d\", capver(rights))\n\t}\n\n\tn := caparsize(rights)\n\tif n < capArSizeMin || n > capArSizeMax {\n\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad rights size\")\n\t}\n\n\tfor _, right := range setrights {\n\t\tif caprver(right) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad right version\")\n\t\t}\n\t\ti, err := rightToIndex(right)\n\t\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn err\n\t\t}\n\t\tif i >= n {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index overflow\")\n\t\t}\n\t\tif capidxbit(rights.",
"Rights[i]) !",
"= capidxbit(right) {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index mismatch\")\n\t\t}\n\t\trights.",
"Rights[i] |= right\n\t\tif capidxbit(rights.",
"Rights[i]) !",
"= capidxbit(right) {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index mismatch (after assign)\")\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// CapRightsClear clears the permissions in clearrights from rights.",
"\nfunc CapRightsClear(rights *CapRights, clearrights []uint64) error {\n\t// This is essentially a copy of cap_rights_vclear()\n\tif capver(rights) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"bad rights version %d\", capver(rights))\n\t}\n\n\tn := caparsize(rights)\n\tif n < capArSizeMin || n > capArSizeMax {\n\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad rights size\")\n\t}\n\n\tfor _, right := range clearrights {\n\t\tif caprver(right) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad right version\")\n\t\t}\n\t\ti, err := rightToIndex(right)\n\t\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn err\n\t\t}\n\t\tif i >= n {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index overflow\")\n\t\t}\n\t\tif capidxbit(rights.",
"Rights[i]) !",
"= capidxbit(right) {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index mismatch\")\n\t\t}\n\t\trights.",
"Rights[i] &= ^(right & 0x01FFFFFFFFFFFFFF)\n\t\tif capidxbit(rights.",
"Rights[i]) !",
"= capidxbit(right) {\n\t\t\treturn errorspkg.",
"New(\"index mismatch (after assign)\")\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// CapRightsIsSet checks whether all the permissions in setrights are present in rights.",
"\nfunc CapRightsIsSet(rights *CapRights, setrights []uint64) (bool, error) {\n\t// This is essentially a copy of cap_rights_is_vset()\n\tif capver(rights) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\treturn false, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"bad rights version %d\", capver(rights))\n\t}\n\n\tn := caparsize(rights)\n\tif n < capArSizeMin || n > capArSizeMax {\n\t\treturn false, errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad rights size\")\n\t}\n\n\tfor _, right := range setrights {\n\t\tif caprver(right) !",
"= CAP_RIGHTS_VERSION_00 {\n\t\t\treturn false, errorspkg.",
"New(\"bad right version\")\n\t\t}\n\t\ti, err := rightToIndex(right)\n\t\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn false, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tif i >= n {\n\t\t\treturn false, errorspkg.",
"New(\"index overflow\")\n\t\t}\n\t\tif capidxbit(rights.",
"Rights[i]) !",
"= capidxbit(right) {\n\t\t\treturn false, errorspkg.",
"New(\"index mismatch\")\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (rights.",
"Rights[i] & right) !",
"= right {\n\t\t\treturn false, nil\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn true, nil\n}\n\nfunc capright(idx uint64, bit uint64) uint64 {\n\treturn ((1 << (57 + idx)) | bit)\n}\n\n// CapRightsInit returns a pointer to an initialised CapRights structure filled with rights.",
"\n// See man cap_rights_init(3) and rights(4).",
"\nfunc CapRightsInit(rights []uint64) (*CapRights, error) {\n\tvar r CapRights\n\tr.Rights[0] = (capRightsGoVersion << 62) | capright(0, 0)\n\tr.Rights[1] = capright(1, 0)\n\n\terr := CapRightsSet(&r, rights)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treturn &r, nil\n}\n\n// CapRightsLimit reduces the operations permitted on fd to at most those contained in rights.",
"\n// The capability rights on fd can never be increased by CapRightsLimit.",
"\n// See man cap_rights_limit(2) and rights(4).",
"\nfunc CapRightsLimit(fd uintptr, rights *CapRights) error {\n\treturn capRightsLimit(int(fd), rights)\n}\n\n// CapRightsGet returns a CapRights structure containing the operations permitted on fd.",
"\n// See man cap_rights_get(3) and rights(4).",
"\nfunc CapRightsGet(fd uintptr) (*CapRights, error) {\n\tr, err := CapRightsInit(nil)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\terr = capRightsGet(capRightsGoVersion, int(fd), r)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treturn r, nil\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0,
0,
0.019230769230769232,
0.004464285714285714,
0,
0.05443548387096774,
0.00980392156862745,
0,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.019867549668874173,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00423728813559322,
0,
0.014423076923076924,
0.007042253521126761,
0,
0,
0.010471204188481676,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0.022222222222222223,
0.021739130434782608
] | 0.003956 | 5 |
[
"[13q14 aberration is related to the metastatic potential of human NSCLC].",
"\nA large number of numerical and structural aberrations were analyzed in human tumor metastatic cells and 13q14 aberrations were frequently detected in some types of metastatic cancers. ",
"The rearrangement of 13q14 was identified previously in two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with the same origin but different metastatic potential AGZY83-a and Anip973. ",
"BRI gene showed different expression levels in the cell lines as revealed by mRNA differential display (mRNA DD) in the two cell lines, and located in 13q14. ",
"In order to investigate the relationship between 13q14 abnormalities and tumor metastasis, a painting probe (13q) was used to hybridize three G-banded NSCLC cell lines with different metastatic potential. ",
"The major abnormality of 13q differs among different cell lines, including 13q32-33 frequent breakpoint in these three cell lines. ",
"But low metastatic potential cell lines PAa, SPC-1-A were not found breakpoint in 13q14, while 95D cell line with high metastatic potential had the common breakpoint 13q14 in two cell clones. ",
"The results suggested that the breakage at 13q14 may possibly be related to lung cancer metastasis. ",
"The affirmative relationship between 13q14 aberration and NSCLC needs further investigation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.006329113924050633,
0.004878048780487805,
0,
0,
0,
0.010869565217391304
] | 0.002453 | 5 |
[
"Rapid classical conditioning of odor response in a physiological model for olfactory research, the tiger salamander.",
"\nIn recent years there have been a number of important advances in the understanding of cellular mechanisms related to olfactory function. ",
"Hypotheses regarding the complex relationships among odorant structure, physiological activity and behavioral outcome generated by these findings, however, remain largely untested due to a paucity of psychophysical data on stimulus discrimination in the same experimental species. ",
"Comparisons between behavioral and physiological responses are essential for elucidating the critical aspects of stimulus coding in sensory systems. ",
"We have developed a method for generating psychophysical data in one of the primary model species used in olfactory research, the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. ",
"These psychophysical experiments are carried out under the same conditions as physiological experiments in our laboratory. ",
"Using classical conditioning, individual salamanders are trained over a period of 2-3 h to show skin potential responses to odor and not air. ",
"Failure to train using backward pairing demonstrates that the response is not due to sensitization or pseudoconditioning. ",
"The conditioned response is mediated by the olfactory pathway, as it is blocked by olfactory nerve section. ",
"We show that salamanders detect three odorants that are commonly used stimuli in physiological experiments (butyl alcohol, butyl acetate and amyl acetate), but cannot detect a fourth common experimental odorant, camphor. ",
"This method should be a powerful tool for studying olfactory information processing by providing data on discriminability of stimuli used in salamander physiological studies."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005952380952380952,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000541 | 5 |
[
"Alveolar accumulation of hyaluronan and alveolar cellular response in bleomycin-induced alveolitis.",
"\nHyaluronan (HA) accumulating in the alveolar interstitial tissue of rats injured by a single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin has been visualized histologically and assayed. ",
"HA was present already by Day 1 after bleomycin treatment, increased to a maximum value on Days 3 and 7 and then declined. ",
"A time-dependent relationship between this early connective tissue response and the invasion of inflammatory cells in the alveolar tissue was apparent. ",
"The dominating invading cells by Day 1 were granulocytes showing positive staining for the monoclonal antibody OX-42 reflecting the C3b receptor. ",
"The numbers of macrophages expressing class II antigens started to increase on Day 1, reaching a maximum on Days 3-7 and then declined. ",
"Macrophages were the dominating OX-42+ cells by Day 7. ",
"The appearance of W3/13+ cells (\"pan-T-lymphocytes\") showed a similar pattern to that for the class II expressing macrophages. ",
"The number of cells expressing CD4 antigen increased until Day 3 and levelled off on Day 30 whilst the largest number of cells expressing CD8 antigen was seen on Day 30. ",
"Few cells expressing B-cell phenotype outside lymph nodules were identified. ",
"Alveolar lining epithelial cells, probably epithelial type II cells, expressed class II antigens by Days 3-14. ",
"The time-related accumulation of HA and the appearance of T-cells, macrophages and granulocytes expressing signs of activation suggests that these cells may be involved in the early connective tissue response of the lung injured by bleomycin."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.005494505494505495,
0,
0,
0.00684931506849315,
0,
0,
0,
0.0058823529411764705,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0
] | 0.00227 | 5 |
[
"Currently, about one third of all newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients select radiotherapy or brachytherapy (BT) as their primary treatment ([@B1]). ",
"Primary external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in localized prostate cancer has a risk of biochemical recurrence about 30-60% ([@B1], [@B2]). ",
"The most widely utilized criteria for EBRT biochemical relapse is the Phoenix definition (2006). ",
"It is established as a PSA elevation of ≥ 2 ng/mL above the nadir PSA ([@B3]). ",
"There are a variety of treatment options, like watchful waiting, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and local salvage therapies. ",
"None of them are accepted as gold standard salvage treatments. ",
"Another important point is that recurrences are associated with an increased risk of death, metastases and local complications, such as ureteral obstruction, hematuria and pelvic pain ([@B1]).",
"\n\nRecent scenario shows that about 70% of these patients receive ADT, but with a decreasing trend over the time ([@B4]). ",
"ADT is not a curative treatment and it is associated with significant side effects, such as cardiovascular events, sexual dysfunction, humor disabilities, loss of bone mineral density and muscular atrophy. ",
"Indeed, proper salvage treatments are mandatory, especially in patients with good health status. ",
"We think that, among this population of men underwent upfront ADT, it is possible to select patients which can be submitted to local salvage procedures.",
"\n\nSalvage treatments for local recurrences are adequate after excluded systemic disease with a confirmatory biopsy sample of prostatic tissue and imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, bone scan or even combined nuclear medicine techniques (choline PET/CT and PSMA PET/CT). ",
"Salvage local treatments are characterized by significant morbidity, with increased risk of rectal injuries and post-treatment incontinence or urethral stenosis that may be as high as 50% ([@B5]).",
"\n\nSalvage radical prostatectomy (SRP) is an accepted challenging alternative, due to the fact it is associated with a high morbidity rate, however less than 1% of patients in that situation receive this kind of approach ([@B4]). ",
"Reports have shown a 5-year and 10-year biochemical recurrence free rates of 47-82% and 28-53%, respectively, and a 5-year and 10-year cancer specific survival of 70-83% and 54-89%, respectively ([@B6]). ",
"A recent review by Golbari et al. ",
"evaluated the complication rates of SRP. ",
"Urinary incontinence varied from 20%-78%. ",
"Bladder neck contracture/urethral stenosis occurred in up to 42%. ",
"Rectal injury varied from 0-12.5% and erectile dysfunction, in the majority of studies analyzed, occurred in more than 70% and up 100% of the cases ([@B1]).",
"\n\nIn 2011, Chade et al. ",
"reported a retrospective study with 404 radio-recurrent prostate cancer patients submitted to SRP. ",
"Pre-salvage PSA and post-RT prostate biopsy Gleason score were the main prognostic factors for biochemical failure and metastases ([@B7]).",
"\n\nThe eligibility criteria demand an expert team, a long-life expectation, comorbidities and an initial favorable case (mobile prostate in digital rectal exam, no severe rectitis or cystitis). ",
"If patients present severe urinary dysfunctions secondary to chronic actinic complications, additional surgical procedures, such as urinary diversion, or bladder augmentation e.g. can be necessary.",
"\n\nThe motivation to develop more feasible salvage local therapies has brought us the alternatives of salvage cryoablation and salvage brachytherapy. ",
"Reports about salvage cryotherapy have shown acceptable oncologic outcomes with a biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) rate ranging from 28 to 87% ([@B1]). ",
"Additionally, these reports presented lower complication rates compared to SRP. ",
"Lian et al. ",
"analyzed the results of salvage cryotherapy with a third-generation technology after radiation therapy. ",
"The results were a 5-year BRFS of 43.5%, a urinary incontinence rate of 12% and erectile dysfunction in 57% ([@B8]). ",
"Another larger study reported urethral stricture in 5.5%, a bladder-outlet obstruction requiring transurethral resection (TURP) in about 4% and the necessity of sling or artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement due to urinary incontinence in almost 3%. ",
"Related to the performed technique, perineal pain is a possible problematic complication of cryotherapy occurring in up to 8% ([@B9]).",
"\n\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally invasive local ablative technique used either in the primary setting or in the salvage treatment (S-HIFU) of prostate cancer. ",
"First reports with this technique occurred in the 1990s. ",
"Currently, there are three commercially available devices (Sonablate -- Focus Surgery Inc., Ablatherm -- EDAP-TMS SA and Focal One -- EDAP-TMS SA). ",
"It uses a transrectal piezoelectric ceramic transducer focusing on the target that causes thermal, mechanical and cavitation effects, producing a coagulative necrosis in the prostate ([@B9]). ",
"Temperatures achieved are above 80°C and there are safety features like a cooling system maintaining rectal mucosa at lower temperatures, a real time 7.5 Mhz. ",
"ultrasound visual supervision, continuous measurement of distance between rectal wall and the target, several security alarm levels, and a patient movement sensor (with millimetric sensibility).",
"\n\nS-HIFU is a minimally invasive procedure, requiring regional anesthesia in the vast majority of patients, with virtually no bleeding or associated post operatory thromboembolic events. ",
"The majority of the patients are discharged on the first operatory day. ",
"In this way, older or patients unfit to undergo a major procedure as SRP, could be candidates for S-HIFU prostatic ablation. ",
"Patients refractory to surgery can find in S HIFU an option for their recurrences after radiation therapy.",
"\n\nFactors implicating the prediction of progression are higher pre-EBRT PSA, higher pre-salvage HIFU PSA, PSA nadir \\> 0.5 ng/ mL after S-HIFU and shorter time until PSA nadir ([@B1]). ",
"Main contraindications for the procedure are inflammatory rectal disease, non-treated urinary tract infection, uncorrected coagulopathy, anal or rectal stenosis, rectal wall thickening \\> 8 mm (more common in irradiated patients), and prostate volume \\> 40 mL. Last situation, prostate must be down-sized by TURP before the procedure or even previous ADT ([@B10]).",
"\n\nAfter S-HIFU, European literature provides us some studies like Berge et al. ",
"that reported 46 patients showing a necessity of TURP for stricture/necrotic tissue in 4.4% and rectourethral fistula in just one case. ",
"Urinary incontinence grade II occurred in 15% and grade III, in 2% and erectile dysfunction was registered in 71% ([@B10]).",
"\n\nThe largest series published to date on salvage HIFU therapy is by Crouzet et al. ",
"The group reported a mean 48-month follow-up with 290 patients submitted to whole-gland therapy. ",
"Median nadir PSA reported was 0.14 ng/mL and cancer-specific and metastasis-free survivals were 80% and 79%, respectively ([@B11]).",
"\n\nSiddiqui et al in Canada published a prospective trial showing a 5-year BDFS of 53% (in a series which only 37% of patients presented Gleason score ≤ 7 (3+4/ prognostic Group 2)), and the rest presented Gleason patterns 4, 5 (prognostic groups 3-5), or unknown) 3% ([@B12]). ",
"Previously, Murat reported BDFS of 73% in 18 months and Gelet et al. ",
"had a negative biopsy rate of 80% in 15 months using Ablatherm system ([@B13], [@B14]).",
"\n\nA recent North American prospective trial by Jones et al. ",
"with 100 patients reported that 50% achieved their 1-year endpoint of PSA nadir \\< 0.5 ng/mL and a negative biopsy ([@B15]). ",
"Dason et al. ",
"in another recent study reported no rectourethral fistulas, no osteitis pubis and just one case of urethral stricture on 24-eligible patients with a median follow-up of 31 months ([@B6]).",
"\n\nLast issues discuss the feasibility of the focal salvage HIFU which is based in the fact that about 66% of men who have localized failure after EBRT can develop recurrent unifocal or unilateral cancer, and the main site of recurrence is usually the site of the index lesion before EBRT ([@B16]). ",
"The recent advances of the prostatic multiparametric magnetic resonance and the image fusion techniques (with ultrasound) can help the planning of focal S-HIFU. ",
"In theory, focal treatments can result in less toxicity. ",
"Focal treatment can be either a quadrant ablation, a hemi-ablation or the index lesion ablation (with a surround security margin). ",
"Ahmed et al. ",
"in 2012 registered a BDFS of 49% in 2 years, an incontinence rate of 12.8% and a worsening of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) score from 18 ± 16 to 13 ± 21 at 6 months ([@B16]).",
"\n\nS-HIFU must be considered an important option in this setting. ",
"Selection of appropriate patients will provide a significant oncological control and lower rates of symptomatic complications compared to SRP. ",
"Patients with apical tumors should be informed of the risk of urinary incontinence ([@B17]). ",
"The best lower limit considered is about 6mm from the apex ([@B10]). ",
"Longer follow-up series and more prospective trials are important to support the current data.",
"\n\nAt AC Camargo Cancer Center, between 2011-2018, from a total of 365 patients underwent HIFU, 37 (10.1%) were submitted to S-HIFU, being 35 (94.6%) whole gland S-HIFU and 2 (5.4%) focal S-HIFU; 29 (78%) cases corresponded to failures after EBRT and 8 (21%) after interstitial brachytherapy.",
"\n\nThe mean age was 65 years old, the median pre operatory PSA, was 7.0 ng/mL. The median PSA nadir was 0.3 ng/mL. In 3-years of follow-up, 11 patients (29%) had recurrence. ",
"Biochemical and clinic failure were verified respectively in 9 (24.3%) and 2 patients (5.4%). ",
"There was not blood transfusion, or thromboembolic events. ",
"Main complications included urinary tract infections in 5 cases (13.5), urinary obstruction in 7 cases (18.9%) and rectal fistula in 1 case (2.7%).",
"\n\nIn one patient procedure the procedure was aborted due to rectal wall thickening \\> 8 mm, and in other one, due to insurmountable anal stenosis.",
"\n\nIn summary, there is an increase amount of patients presenting failure after EBRT or brachytherapy. ",
"In the future, with aging of population, this cluster of prostate cancer patients will become greater. ",
"Many of them are not adequate candidates to SRP, and many others are refractory to this challenging surgery and its inherent side effects. ",
"For these cases, S-HIFU (focal or whole gland ultrasonic ablation) is a safe, effective and minimally invasive procedure that can result in satisfactory biochemical control of the disease, or can postpone ADT and its adverse repercussions in male health.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.006535947712418301,
0.014084507042253521,
0,
0.0379746835443038,
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0.005208333333333333,
0.01652892561983471,
0.0048543689320388345,
0,
0.006578947368421052,
0.00641025641025641,
0.00510204081632653,
0.008733624454148471,
0.004901960784313725,
0.029411764705882353,
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0,
0.00641025641025641,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0,
0.012269938650306749,
0.0125,
0,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.0038910505836575876,
0.007462686567164179,
0,
0,
0.006756756756756757,
0.005208333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008,
0,
0.016216216216216217,
0.005494505494505495,
0.012658227848101266,
0,
0.024390243902439025,
0.011904761904761904,
0,
0.015267175572519083,
0.010830324909747292,
0.028985507246376812,
0.022988505747126436,
0.016666666666666666,
0.016,
0.07692307692307693,
0.0053475935828877,
0.003355704697986577,
0,
0,
0,
0.07692307692307693,
0.004975124378109453,
0,
0.006993006993006993,
0.010752688172043012,
0.014492753623188406,
0,
0.003436426116838488,
0.005780346820809248,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007194244604316547,
0.003937007874015748,
0
] | 0.008536 | 5 |
[
"start_server {\n tags {\"list\"}\n} {\n source \"tests/unit/type/list-common.tcl\"\n\n test {LPUSH, RPUSH, LLENGTH, LINDEX, LPOP - ziplist} {\n r del myziplist1 myziplist2 \n # first lpush then rpush\n assert_equal 1 [r lpush myziplist1 a]\n assert_equal 2 [r rpush myziplist1 b]\n assert_equal 3 [r rpush myziplist1 c]\n assert_equal 3 [r llen myziplist1]\n assert_equal a [r lindex myziplist1 0]\n assert_equal b [r lindex myziplist1 1]\n assert_equal c [r lindex myziplist1 2]\n assert_equal {} [r lindex myziplist1 3]\n assert_equal c [r rpop myziplist1]\n assert_equal a [r lpop myziplist1]\n\n # first rpush then lpush\n assert_equal 1 [r rpush myziplist2 a]\n assert_equal 2 [r lpush myziplist2 b]\n assert_equal 3 [r lpush myziplist2 c]\n assert_equal 3 [r llen myziplist2]\n assert_equal c [r lindex myziplist2 0]\n assert_equal b [r lindex myziplist2 1]\n assert_equal a [r lindex myziplist2 2]\n assert_equal {} [r lindex myziplist2 3]\n assert_equal a [r rpop myziplist2]\n assert_equal c [r lpop myziplist2]\n }\n\n test {LPUSH, RPUSH, LLENGTH, LINDEX, LPOP - regular list} {\n r del mylist1 mylist2\n # first lpush then rpush\n assert_equal 1 [r lpush mylist1 $largevalue(linkedlist)]\n assert_equal 2 [r rpush mylist1 b]\n assert_equal 3 [r rpush mylist1 c]\n assert_equal 3 [r llen mylist1]\n assert_equal $largevalue(linkedlist) [r lindex mylist1 0]\n assert_equal b [r lindex mylist1 1]\n assert_equal c [r lindex mylist1 2]\n assert_equal {} [r lindex mylist1 3]\n assert_equal c [r rpop mylist1]\n assert_equal $largevalue(linkedlist) [r lpop mylist1]\n\n # first rpush then lpush\n assert_equal 1 [r rpush mylist2 $largevalue(linkedlist)]\n assert_equal 2 [r lpush mylist2 b]\n assert_equal 3 [r lpush mylist2 c]\n assert_equal 3 [r llen mylist2]\n assert_equal c [r lindex mylist2 0]\n assert_equal b [r lindex mylist2 1]\n assert_equal $largevalue(linkedlist) [r lindex mylist2 2]\n assert_equal {} [r lindex mylist2 3]\n assert_equal $largevalue(linkedlist) [r rpop mylist2]\n assert_equal c [r lpop mylist2]\n }\n\n test {R/LPOP against empty list} {\n r del non-existing-list\n r lpop non-existing-list\n } {}\n\n test {Variadic RPUSH/LPUSH} {\n r del mylist\n assert_equal 4 [r lpush mylist a b c d]\n assert_equal 8 [r rpush mylist 0 1 2 3]\n assert_equal {d c b a 0 1 2 3} [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test {DEL a list - ziplist} {\n assert_equal 1 [r del myziplist2]\n assert_equal 0 [r exists myziplist2]\n assert_equal 0 [r llen myziplist2]\n }\n\n test {DEL a list - regular list} {\n assert_equal 1 [r del mylist2]\n assert_equal 0 [r exists mylist2]\n assert_equal 0 [r llen mylist2]\n }\n\n proc create_ziplist {key entries} {\n r del $key\n foreach entry $entries { r rpush $key $entry }\n }\n\n proc create_linkedlist {key entries} {\n r del $key\n foreach entry $entries { r rpush $key $entry }\n }\n\n test {LPUSHX, RPUSHX - generic} {\n r del xlist\n assert_equal 0 [r lpushx xlist a]\n assert_equal 0 [r llen xlist]\n assert_equal 0 [r rpushx xlist a]\n assert_equal 0 [r llen xlist]\n }\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"LPUSHX, RPUSHX - $type\" {\n create_$type xlist \"$large c\"\n assert_equal 3 [r rpushx xlist d]\n assert_equal 4 [r lpushx xlist a]\n assert_equal \"a $large c d\" [r lrange xlist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LINSERT - $type\" {\n create_$type xlist \"a $large c d\"\n assert_equal 5 [r linsert xlist before c zz]\n assert_equal \"a $large zz c d\" [r lrange xlist 0 10]\n assert_equal 6 [r linsert xlist after c yy]\n assert_equal \"a $large zz c yy d\" [r lrange xlist 0 10]\n assert_equal 7 [r linsert xlist after d dd]\n assert_equal -1 [r linsert xlist after bad ddd]\n assert_equal \"a $large zz c yy d dd\" [r lrange xlist 0 10]\n assert_equal 8 [r linsert xlist before a aa]\n assert_equal -1 [r linsert xlist before bad aaa]\n assert_equal \"aa a $large zz c yy d dd\" [r lrange xlist 0 10]\n\n # check inserting integer encoded value\n assert_equal 9 [r linsert xlist before aa 42]\n assert_equal 42 [r lrange xlist 0 0]\n }\n }\n\n test {LINSERT raise error on bad syntax} {\n catch {[r linsert xlist aft3r aa 42]} e\n set e\n } {*ERR*syntax*error*}\n\n test {LPUSHX, RPUSHX convert from ziplist to list} {\n set large $largevalue(linkedlist)\n\n # convert when a large value is pushed\n create_ziplist xlist a\n assert_equal 2 [r rpushx xlist $large]\n create_ziplist xlist a\n assert_equal 2 [r lpushx xlist $large]\n\n # convert when the length threshold is exceeded\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal 257 [r rpushx xlist b]\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal 257 [r lpushx xlist b]\n }\n\n test {LINSERT convert from ziplist to list} {\n set large $largevalue(linkedlist)\n\n # convert when a large value is inserted\n create_ziplist xlist a\n assert_equal 2 [r linsert xlist before a $large]\n create_ziplist xlist a\n assert_equal 2 [r linsert xlist after a $large]\n\n # convert when the length threshold is exceeded\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal 257 [r linsert xlist before a a]\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal 257 [r linsert xlist after a a]\n\n # don't convert when the value could not be inserted\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal -1 [r linsert xlist before foo a]\n create_ziplist xlist [lrepeat 256 a]\n assert_equal -1 [r linsert xlist after foo a]\n }\n\n foreach {type num} {ziplist 250 linkedlist 500} {\n proc check_numbered_list_consistency {key} {\n set len [r llen $key]\n for {set i 0} {$i < $len} {incr i} {\n assert_equal $i [r lindex $key $i]\n assert_equal [expr $len-1-$i] [r lindex $key [expr (-$i)-1]]\n }\n }\n\n proc check_random_access_consistency {key} {\n set len [r llen $key]\n for {set i 0} {$i < $len} {incr i} {\n set rint [expr int(rand()*$len)]\n assert_equal $rint [r lindex $key $rint]\n assert_equal [expr $len-1-$rint] [r lindex $key [expr (-$rint)-1]]\n }\n }\n\n test \"LINDEX consistency test - $type\" {\n r del mylist\n for {set i 0} {$i < $num} {incr i} {\n r rpush mylist $i\n }\n check_numbered_list_consistency mylist\n }\n\n test \"LINDEX random access - $type\" {\n check_random_access_consistency mylist\n }\n\n test \"Check if list is still ok after a DEBUG RELOAD - $type\" {\n r debug reload\n check_numbered_list_consistency mylist\n check_random_access_consistency mylist\n }\n }\n\n test {LLEN against non-list value error} {\n r del mylist\n r set mylist foobar\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r llen mylist}\n }\n\n test {LLEN against non existing key} {\n assert_equal 0 [r llen not-a-key]\n }\n\n test {LINDEX against non-list value error} {\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r lindex mylist 0}\n }\n\n test {LINDEX against non existing key} {\n assert_equal \"\" [r lindex not-a-key 10]\n }\n\n test {LPUSH against non-list value error} {\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r lpush mylist 0}\n }\n\n test {RPUSH against non-list value error} {\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r rpush mylist 0}\n }\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"RPOPLPUSH base case - $type\" {\n r del mylist1 mylist2\n create_$type mylist1 \"a $large c d\"\n assert_equal d [r rpoplpush mylist1 mylist2]\n assert_equal c [r rpoplpush mylist1 mylist2]\n assert_equal \"a $large\" [r lrange mylist1 0 -1]\n assert_equal \"c d\" [r lrange mylist2 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"RPOPLPUSH with the same list as src and dst - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"a $large c\"\n assert_equal \"a $large c\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n assert_equal c [r rpoplpush mylist mylist]\n assert_equal \"c a $large\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n foreach {othertype otherlarge} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"RPOPLPUSH with $type source and existing target $othertype\" {\n create_$type srclist \"a b c $large\"\n create_$othertype dstlist \"$otherlarge\"\n assert_equal $large [r rpoplpush srclist dstlist]\n assert_equal c [r rpoplpush srclist dstlist]\n assert_equal \"a b\" [r lrange srclist 0 -1]\n assert_equal \"c $large $otherlarge\" [r lrange dstlist 0 -1]\n }\n }\n }\n\n test {RPOPLPUSH against non existing key} {\n r del srclist dstlist\n assert_equal {} [r rpoplpush srclist dstlist]\n assert_equal 0 [r exists srclist]\n assert_equal 0 [r exists dstlist]\n }\n\n test {RPOPLPUSH against non list src key} {\n r del srclist dstlist\n r set srclist x\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r rpoplpush srclist dstlist}\n assert_type string srclist\n assert_equal 0 [r exists newlist]\n }\n\n test {RPOPLPUSH against non list dst key} {\n create_ziplist srclist {a b c d}\n r set dstlist x\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r rpoplpush srclist dstlist}\n assert_type string dstlist\n assert_equal {a b c d} [r lrange srclist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test {RPOPLPUSH against non existing src key} {\n r del srclist dstlist\n assert_equal {} [r rpoplpush srclist dstlist]\n } {}\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"Basic LPOP/RPOP - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$large 1 2\"\n assert_equal $large [r lpop mylist]\n assert_equal 2 [r rpop mylist]\n assert_equal 1 [r lpop mylist]\n assert_equal 0 [r llen mylist]\n\n # pop on empty list\n assert_equal {} [r lpop mylist]\n assert_equal {} [r rpop mylist]\n }\n }\n\n test {LPOP/RPOP against non list value} {\n r set notalist foo\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r lpop notalist}\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r rpop notalist}\n }\n\n foreach {type num} {ziplist 250 linkedlist 500} {\n test \"Mass RPOP/LPOP - $type\" {\n r del mylist\n set sum1 0\n for {set i 0} {$i < $num} {incr i} {\n r lpush mylist $i\n incr sum1 $i\n }\n set sum2 0\n for {set i 0} {$i < [expr $num/2]} {incr i} {\n incr sum2 [r lpop mylist]\n incr sum2 [r rpop mylist]\n }\n assert_equal $sum1 $sum2\n }\n }\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"LRANGE basics - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$large 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\"\n assert_equal {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8} [r lrange mylist 1 -2]\n assert_equal {7 8 9} [r lrange mylist -3 -1]\n assert_equal {4} [r lrange mylist 4 4]\n }\n\n test \"LRANGE inverted indexes - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$large 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\"\n assert_equal {} [r lrange mylist 6 2]\n }\n\n test \"LRANGE out of range indexes including the full list - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$large 1 2 3\"\n assert_equal \"$large 1 2 3\" [r lrange mylist -1000 1000]\n }\n\n test \"LRANGE out of range negative end index - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$large 1 2 3\"\n assert_equal $large [r lrange mylist 0 -4]\n assert_equal {} [r lrange mylist 0 -5]\n }\n }\n\n test {LRANGE against non existing key} {\n assert_equal {} [r lrange nosuchkey 0 1]\n }\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n proc trim_list {type min max} {\n upvar 1 large large\n r del mylist\n create_$type mylist \"1 2 3 4 $large\"\n r ltrim mylist $min $max\n r lrange mylist 0 -1\n }\n\n test \"LTRIM basics - $type\" {\n assert_equal \"1\" [trim_list $type 0 0]\n assert_equal \"1 2\" [trim_list $type 0 1]\n assert_equal \"1 2 3\" [trim_list $type 0 2]\n assert_equal \"2 3\" [trim_list $type 1 2]\n assert_equal \"2 3 4 $large\" [trim_list $type 1 -1]\n assert_equal \"2 3 4\" [trim_list $type 1 -2]\n assert_equal \"4 $large\" [trim_list $type -2 -1]\n assert_equal \"$large\" [trim_list $type -1 -1]\n assert_equal \"1 2 3 4 $large\" [trim_list $type -5 -1]\n assert_equal \"1 2 3 4 $large\" [trim_list $type -10 10]\n assert_equal \"1 2 3 4 $large\" [trim_list $type 0 5]\n assert_equal \"1 2 3 4 $large\" [trim_list $type 0 10]\n }\n\n test \"LTRIM out of range negative end index - $type\" {\n assert_equal {1} [trim_list $type 0 -5]\n assert_equal {} [trim_list $type 0 -6]\n }\n\n }\n\n foreach {type large} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"LSET - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"99 98 $large 96 95\"\n r lset mylist 1 foo\n r lset mylist -1 bar\n assert_equal \"99 foo $large 96 bar\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LSET out of range index - $type\" {\n assert_error ERR*range* {r lset mylist 10 foo}\n }\n }\n\n test {LSET against non existing key} {\n assert_error ERR*key* {r lset nosuchkey 10 foo}\n }\n\n test {LSET against non list value} {\n r set nolist foobar\n assert_error WRONGTYPE* {r lset nolist 0 foo}\n }\n\n foreach {type e} [array get largevalue] {\n test \"LREM remove all the occurrences - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$e foo bar foobar foobared zap bar test foo\"\n assert_equal 2 [r lrem mylist 0 bar]\n assert_equal \"$e foo foobar foobared zap test foo\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LREM remove the first occurrence - $type\" {\n assert_equal 1 [r lrem mylist 1 foo]\n assert_equal \"$e foobar foobared zap test foo\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LREM remove non existing element - $type\" {\n assert_equal 0 [r lrem mylist 1 nosuchelement]\n assert_equal \"$e foobar foobared zap test foo\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LREM starting from tail with negative count - $type\" {\n create_$type mylist \"$e foo bar foobar foobared zap bar test foo foo\"\n assert_equal 1 [r lrem mylist -1 bar]\n assert_equal \"$e foo bar foobar foobared zap test foo foo\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LREM starting from tail with negative count (2) - $type\" {\n assert_equal 2 [r lrem mylist -2 foo]\n assert_equal \"$e foo bar foobar foobared zap test\" [r lrange mylist 0 -1]\n }\n\n test \"LREM deleting objects that may be int encoded - $type\" {\n create_$type myotherlist \"$e 1 2 3\"\n assert_equal 1 [r lrem myotherlist 1 2]\n assert_equal 3 [r llen myotherlist]\n }\n }\n\n test \"Regression for bug 593 - chaining BRPOPLPUSH with other blocking cmds\" {\n set rd1 [redis_deferring_client]\n set rd2 [redis_deferring_client]\n\n $rd1 brpoplpush a b 0\n $rd1 brpoplpush a b 0\n $rd2 brpoplpush b c 0\n after 1000\n r lpush a data\n $rd1 close\n $rd2 close\n r ping\n } {PONG}\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.001178221505643061
] | 0.001178 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nMule compilation failed with maven : Invalid content was found starting with element 'db:generic-config'\n\nI got blocked for two days for a damned dependency problem, so I decided to share the solution ;-).",
"\nI had the following error while running functional tests via Maven :\nInvalid content was found starting with element 'db:generic-config'.",
"\nOne of '{\"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans\":beans, ...\"}' is expected\n\nThe Mule xml was referencing a database config as follow:\n<db:generic-config name=\"mf-connector-thebes\"\n url=\"${url}\"\n driverClassName=\"${driver}\"\n doc:name=\"Generic Database Configuration\" >\n</db:generic-config>\n\nA:\n\nTo solve this problem, simply add the following dependency to your pom.xml file:\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.mule.modules</groupId>\n <artifactId>mule-module-db</artifactId>\n <version>${mule.version}</version>\n <scope>provided</scope>\n </dependency>\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.014354066985645933,
0.007246376811594203,
0.003367003367003367
] | 0.008322 | 5 |
[
"\"1 year ago\" = \"Pirms gada\";\n\"1 month ago\" = \"Pirms mēneša\";\n\"1 week ago\" = \"Pirms nedēļas\";\n\"1 day ago\" = \"Pirms dienas\";\n\"A minute ago\" = \"Pirms minūtes\";\n\"An hour ago\" = \"Pirms stundas\";\n\"Last month\" = \"Pagājušajā mēnesī\";\n\"Last week\" = \"Pagājušajā nedēļā\";\n\"Last year\" = \"Pagājušajā gadā\";\n\"Just now\" = \"Tikko\";\n\"Today\" = \"Šodien\";\n\"Yesterday\" = \"Vakar\";\n\"This morning\" = \"Šorīt\";\n\"This afternoon\" = \"Pēcpusdienā\";\n\"This week\" = \"Šonedēļ\";\n\"This month\" = \"Šomēnes\";\n\"This year\" = \"Šogad\";\n\"%d seconds ago\" = \"Pirms %d sekundēm\";\n\"%d minutes ago\" = \"Pirms %d minūtēm\";\n\"%d hours ago\" = \"Pirms %d stundām\";\n\"%d days ago\" = \"Pirms %d dienām\";\n\"%d weeks ago\" = \"Pirms %d nedēļām\";\n\"%d months ago\" = \"Pirms %d mēnešiem\";\n\"%d years ago\" = \"Pirms %d gadiem\";\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Five Things I Learned in the Garden This Year\n\nLast week, The Crunchy Chicken blogged about her Top 5 Biggest Food Gardening Mistakes. ",
"Usually I just comment on the blog, but I thought my comments from this year warranted a post of it’s own, instead of taking up a page on Deanna’s blog.",
"\n\nThis year was the first year that I was quite successful with getting my early spring crops in the ground in a timely manner. ",
"This led to great lettuce and spinach and peas! ",
"Hooray! ",
"I am a garden champion! ",
"Look at me! ",
"And then the lettuce lingered and instead of calling spring gardening done, I let the early crops limp along delaying my main summer planting. ",
"And, as a result I learned some valuable lessons…\n\n1. ",
"Don’t plan on planting summer crops in the same place as your spring crops. ",
"I actually thought this would work. ",
"But the spring crops will inevitably take too long and if you don’t plant your zucchini until July, expect to be the crazy woman who asks her neighbors for zucchini (who actually ASKS for zucchini?). ",
"My neighbors were shocked when I came a knockin’. ",
"Really. ",
"Instead, next year, plan to plant fall crops right behind the spring crops. ",
"Keep the summer garden area sacred… a few extra early peas are not worth my beets and tomatoes!",
"\n\n2. ",
"Don’t water by hand. ",
"Normally, we run a drip system in the garden. ",
"It saves water and it saves on weeding. ",
"This year, we kind of rearranged the garden beds and Rick needed to make a new drip configuration to match. ",
"This spring was really rainy so making the system was delayed. ",
"By the time it got hot, we were in baby-prep mode and it never happened. ",
"We watered by hand. ",
"This means, sometimes we watered and sometimes I forgot, and we had an awful lot of weeds. ",
"We still have an awful lot of weeds. ",
"Tomatoes dried out and then were soaked. ",
"What, are we amateurs here? ",
"Get a drip system. ",
"They save water. ",
"they save on weeding. ",
"They save your plants.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Don’t plant your tomatoes in the same place every year. ",
"Again with the amateur mistakes. ",
"I KNOW these things. ",
"I really do. ",
"But for whatever reason, I just didn’t pay attention. ",
"The 13 varieties of heirloom tomatoes I carefully planted (on time!) ",
"have produced exactly squat this year, and they’ve been dying of some mystery disease starting on the West side of the garden and moving East. ",
"Yi. ",
"I know better. ",
"So does Rick. ",
"But we did it anyway. ",
"Boo hoo.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Plant more garlic. ",
"This one actually came from a success! ",
"We planted garlic last fall for the first time. ",
"Garlic is like a miracle! ",
"One clove of garlic becomes this gorgeous full head by late spring. ",
"Amazing. ",
"Delicious! ",
"Victory! ",
"Plant more! ",
"And along these lines, get your neighbor gardening too. ",
"Our neighbor’s garden was wonderful this year. ",
"He enjoyed it, we enjoyed it, and we worked together on it. ",
"now he’s already plotting and planning for next year. ",
"I see a giant pumpkin in my future yet!",
"\n\n5. ",
"Cut yourself some slack. ",
"This is gardening, not nuclear fission or some other super crazy hard sciencey thing. ",
"It’s supposed to be fun. ",
"And it is, no matter what. ",
"So what if we didn’t have any zucchini this year – every one always has extras of those lying around. ",
"Boo hoo that my tomato plants bit the dust. ",
"Instead I was able to find a local farm that will sell me a perfect box of organic Romas that I didn’t have to pick myself. ",
"And they were really perfect. ",
"Oh yeah, and I had a baby in July! ",
"Seriously – it’s ok to rely on the CSA produce some years. ",
"The great thing about gardening is that you get to try again next season. ",
"These mistakes are not permanent!",
"\n\nHow about you? ",
"How did your gardens do this year? ",
"What have you learned?",
"\n\nRelated\n\nPost navigation\n\n8 thoughts on “Five Things I Learned in the Garden This Year”\n\nI learned that I can plant zucchini and pumpkins in the chicken yard as long as I protect them (with wire or something) until they have some growth. ",
"Since I’m out there at least 3-4 times a day I only had one giant zucchini! ",
"It was kind of fun watching the chickens walk underneath the big pumpkin leaves looking for bugs. ",
"And like you i need to get better about either ripping stuff out a bit sooner or planning better for fall planting.",
"\n\nI am looking at blogs because I haven’t been growing anything. ",
"My one and only tested ancient garden tip. ",
"Intermix basil plants with your tomatoes plants. ",
"It is a companion plant arrangement that benefits both plants and keeps the tomato hornworms away.",
"\n\nHowdy!",
"\n\nFrom gardens, bees and backyard chickens in the heart of Denver to starting from scratch in San Antonio. ",
"Our family of five is striving to find the simple life - the easy way. ",
"I spend my free time blogging and getting dirt under my nails along side my hard-working husband. ",
"Yay for modern housewifery, urban livestock and front yard gardens!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.007407407407407408,
0.006578947368421052,
0,
0,
0.125,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009259259259259259,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.07142857142857142,
0,
0.125,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0,
0,
0.01694915254237288,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.005083 | 5 |
[
"CJVA-FM\n\nCJVA-FM is a French language Canadian radio station broadcasting in Caraquet, New Brunswick at 94.1 MHz (FM). ",
"CJVA-FM is owned and operated by Radio Acadie, Limitée.",
"\n\nHistory\nOn July 18, 1973, Dr. Alphee Michaud on behalf of a company to be incorporated was awarded a licence for a new AM station at Caraquet. ",
"The station officially began broadcasting on its original frequency at 810 kHz in 1977.",
"\n\nIn 1995, the station began receiving programs from CKLE-FM Bathurst, New Brunswick part-time.",
"\n\nIn 2014, Radio Acadie submitted an application to convert CJVA to 94.1 MHz. ",
"This application received approval by the CRTC on February 13, 2015.",
"\n\nCJVA shutdown its old AM 810 transmitter on August 1, 2016. ",
"Programming would continue on CJVA-FM 94.1.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCKLE-FM/CJVA-FM (in French)\n \n \n \n \n\nJva\nJva\nJva\nCategory:Radio stations established in 1973\nCategory:1973 establishments in New Brunswick\nCategory:Caraquet"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.008403361344537815,
0.03636363636363636,
0.013793103448275862,
0,
0.010526315789473684,
0.01282051282051282,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.009661 | 5 |
[
"Stardust (David Essex song)\n\n\"Stardust\" is a 1974 song by David Essex, written by the singer, and produced by Jeff Wayne. ",
"The single on CBS Records reached No.7 on the UK Charts. ",
"The song was the theme song to Essex's film Stardust, and was released almost simultaneously on two albums; firstly his own CBS album David Essex in September, and then with 9 other David Essex-penned songs on the Stardust (soundtrack) on Ronco, timed for the October film release. ",
"The B-side was \"Miss Sweetness\", also written by Essex.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1974 songs\nCategory:David Essex songs\nCategory:Songs written by David Essex\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Jeff Wayne"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.02459016393442623,
0.017543859649122806,
0.02127659574468085,
0.01818181818181818,
0.02054794520547945
] | 0.020428 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nwifi not working after upgrade from 12.04 to 14.04 \n\nHardline working fine; just no WiFi.",
"\n$ lspci -v | grep -iA7 network\n0b:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY (rev 01)\nSubsystem: Dell Wireless 1395 WLAN Mini-Card\nFlags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17\nMemory at fe7fc000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]\nCapabilities: <access denied>\nKernel driver in use: b43-pci-bridge\n\n$ lsmod | grep b43-pci-bridge\n$ lsmod | grep b43\nb43 387371 0 \nbcma 52096 1 b43\nmac80211 626489 1 b43\ncfg80211 484040 2 b43,mac80211\nssb 62379 1 b43\n\n$ nm-tool\nNetworkManager Tool\n\nState: connected (global)\n\n- Device: eth0 [Wired connection 1] -------------------------------------------\n Type: Wired\n Driver: sky2\n State: connected\n Default: yes\n HW Address: 00:21:9B:ED:A6:84\n\n Capabilities:\n Carrier Detect: yes\n Speed: 100 Mb/s\n\n Wired Properties\n Carrier: on\n\n IPv4 Settings:\n Address: 192.168.1.8\n Prefix: 24 (255.255.255.0)\n Gateway: 192.168.1.1\n\n DNS: 192.168.1.1\n\nA:\n\nPlease do:\nsudo apt-get purge b43-fwcutter firmware-b43-installer\nsudo apt-get update\nsudo apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree\n\nreboot\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.010752688172043012,
0.006269592476489028
] | 0.008511 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nBen Noach give a non-religious ben Yisrael non-kosher food?",
"\n\nIf a ben Noach invites a non-religious ben Yisrael to his home for Torah study(let's say they study the seven laws of Noach together) and the ben Yisrael gets hungry, and he's going to not eat kosher food anyways, can or should the ben Noach offer him food from his non-kosher kitchen?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe answer to this question depends on whether non-Jews have the obligation of לפני עיוור לא תתן מכשול (the prohibition of placing a stumbling block before the blind). ",
"I address this question in this answer.",
"\nIn summary, the prohibition of lifnei iver--even according to the more stringent opinion--only applies to non-Jews for halachot that they are obligated in. ",
"Since non-Jews are not obligated to keep kosher (except for the prohibition of eiver min hachai, but we can leave that aside for now), there is no halachic prohibition for a non-Jew to provide non-kosher food to a Jew.",
"\nAs I mentioned in the linked answer, however, a Jew eating non-kosher food is definitely problematic from his perspective even if it is not from his host's perspective. ",
"As such, it certainly couldn't hurt for a non-Jewish host to go beyond the letter of the law and provide kosher food. ",
"It would prevent the Jew from sinning.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.031746031746031744,
0.006968641114982578,
0,
0,
0,
0.0045871559633027525,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00433 | 5 |
[
"Update - March 29, 2019:\n\nAnchorage police said Friday that a 34-year-old man has been arrested and charged with a 2018 shooting.",
"\n\nPolice say after receiving multiple tips Quennel Avery was arrested and charged with Murder 1 and Murder 2.",
"\n\nAPD believes he was the driver of the vehicle and the shooter.",
"\n\nIn a statement police said \"Last month, Detectives received a tip with new information about this investigation. ",
"As they began to investigate further, it led them to more and more new information and new leads.\"",
"\n\nJanuary 2, 2018\n\nAnchorage Police have identified Monday morning's homicide victim as 39-year-old Timothy Smith. ",
"Officers say Smith was found lying in the street on 4th Avenue.",
"\n\nIn addition, authorities say they are looking for a vehicle that was seen in the area, a silver Chevy Trail Blazer. ",
"APD wants to talk to the people who were in it.",
"\n\nIn addition to those related to the vehicle, police are looking for any witnesses who saw the shooting. ",
"As has been the trend with APD, they are specifically asking the public for any security camera video of the area on New Years Eve night.",
"\n\nOriginal Story:\n\nIn the first few moments after midnight in 2018, police in Anchorage received a call that a man had been shot.",
"\n\nAt the scene, they found a man with multiple gun shot wounds to the torso.",
"\n\nAfter being taken to a local hospital, the man, who has not yet been identified, was pronounced dead by hospital staff.",
"\n\nNora Morse, a spokesperson for APD, writes that the reported area of the shooting is 4th Ave. ",
"and D Street.",
"\n\nIn an email, Morse told KTUU that no other people are thought to have been injured in the shooting.",
"\n\nThe investigation is ongoing, and Morse said APD will have more information regarding the shooting some time Monday."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.009174311926605505,
0.015625,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0.015873015873015872,
0.00847457627118644,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0.0072992700729927005,
0,
0,
0,
0.020833333333333332,
0,
0.019801980198019802,
0.01694915254237288
] | 0.008483 | 5 |
[
"Small Groups\n\nMargaret Mead said; ”Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has” We strongly believe in investing in a few young leaders at a deeper level who can replicate and sow seeds of change in their communities."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"If your child is among them and is seeing a good therapist — and if you as a parent are doing everything possible to help the child through it, you are already doing the right thing and don’t need advice from me.",
"\n\nIf there’s turmoil in your house that is difficult on a child — divorce, abuse from the other parent or from someone outside the family, a recent death, a serious illness — that’s stuff I can relate to, but even there no two experiences are the same.",
"\n\nHere’s the good news, though. ",
"Very good news:\n\nThe understanding and treatment methods for mental disorders are head and shoulders over what was available when I was a kid. ",
"Back then, kids with emotional problems were often written off as troublemakers or “slow.” ",
"Not in every case, but more so than what we have today.",
"\n\nI remember, back at Theodore Roosevelt Elementary School, being put in a special class with other kids. ",
"The troubles were mixed. ",
"A couple of us were way behind in our reading skills and needed extra help. ",
"A couple others were prone to wild behavior.",
"\n\nLooking back, we probably had a mix of problems that weren’t the best fit for that kind of class. ",
"I don’t fault the teachers and administrators, some of whom are good friends today. ",
"I think they did the very best they could with the information they had back then.",
"\n\nToday the information is much clearer, the action items much more solid and targeted to the child’s specific needs.",
"\n\nParents are given better direction on things to do at home.",
"\n\nMedication is much more effective.",
"\n\nAs a result, you don’t have nearly as many kids being written off as damaged goods. ",
"In that sense, this is a great time to be a parent.",
"\n\nI also consider myself pretty lucky because the work I’ve done on my own problems has made me a better parent. ",
"When my children go through some difficulty, I have the mental muscle and coping tools to share with them.",
"\n\nIf you think your child is suffering from mental illness, don’t come to me first. ",
"Talk to a doctor first. ",
"Your child will more often than not be led to the right kind of help that only trained professionals can give.",
"\n\nThen, after you’ve done all that, I’m happy to share some war stories. ",
"Sharing is what I have to give, but it’s always going to be colored by my own strange history.",
"\n\nBut this much I can tell you:\n\nIf your child might be having mental health issues or you’ve just found out he/she does, be patient. ",
"That child is going to need a lot of positive reinforcement and some days it’ll take every scrap of strength you have. ",
"It’ll tire you out, which makes you more prone to yelling and throwing up your arms in frustration.",
"\n\nRemember that you can’t take care of your children unless you take care of yourself. ",
"That means eating properly, getting enough sleep and avoiding self-destructive behavior at all costs.",
"\n\nTake it from me: If you have addictions and let them run wild in an attempt to comfort yourself, you will be an absolutely shitty parent and spouse.",
"\n\nThese things can put a marriage through the test as well, but if you make a point of having the frequent “date night” with your other half, your chances of surviving increase substantially.",
"\n\nYou also have to take some time every day to get quiet time with your spouse. ",
"I can’t take credit for that revelation, though. ",
"I learned that one from my wife.",
"\n\nIf you don’t have a hobby or other form of relaxation, you need to find one, because that will also help you cope. ",
"For some it might be model-ship building or surfing. ",
"For me, it’s Heavy Metal and History.",
"\n\nAnd here’s the most important thing: You need to have Faith. ",
"The saying “Let Go and Let God” is something I love.",
"\n\nTo me, it means accepting that you can’t control most of the chaos around you, but for those of us with Faith, there’s peace in the foregone conclusion that the Man has a plan, and if you trust Him it’s all going to work out.",
"\n\nCall that crazy if you will. ",
"But my experience is that it’s true. ",
"And experience is all I have to share here."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009433962264150943,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01639344262295082,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02702702702702703,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.001201 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nStore and index YAML with PostgreSQL, with Javascript lib or reusable functions?",
"\n\nPostgreSQL 9.2 has native JSON support. ",
"I'd like to store human readable config files, however, in YAML. ",
"And I think I'd like to index a few (but not all) of the config file values. ",
"Therefore I'm wondering:\n\nIs it's somehow possible to include [a third party Javascript library that parses Yaml] in Postgres, for example js-yaml. ",
"Then I could have my own YAML Javascript helper, in the same way as there's the built-in JSON helper in PostgreSQL 9.2.",
"\n\nAlternatively:\n\nis it possible to declare individual reusable Javascript functions? ",
"If so, then I could add my own YAML parsing functions (based on simple regexps), that are able to parse a subset of YAML, for example the top level key-value pairs here:\n# some \"top level key-value paris\":\nthe_key: 'the value'\nanother_key: 'another value'\n# But this however:\nwould_be_too_complicated_to_parse_manually_with_regexps: |\n block string\n with newlines\n\nWorst case scenario would be that I'd need to duplicate YAML parsing code in each PostgreSQL stored procedure (if I cannot add 3rd party libraries or declare reusable functions).",
"\n(Performance wouldn't be terribly important in my case.)",
"\n(I've googled a while for \"postgresql plv8 reusable function\" and \"postgresql plv8 library\" but found nothing of relevance)\n\nA:\n\nThe pl/v8 procedural language is probably the way to go. ",
"It's a 'trusted' language, which means (among other things) it does not provide any way to do the 'load an external module from this file' thing. ",
"But it does have a 'find_function()' method to let you define your own javascript function and call it from another function (js or not). ",
"See description of it in this blog post:\nhttp://umitanuki.hatenablog.com/entry/2012/04/10/171935\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.023809523809523808,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007339449541284404,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01020408163265306
] | 0.004364 | 5 |
[
"Patient experiences with multiband full dynamic range compression.",
"\nThis investigation compared performance for 18 experienced hearing aid patients with a multiband full dynamic range compression hearing device and their previously worn linear or automatic gain control hearing aids. ",
"Performance was evaluated using a variety of clinical tests. ",
"These included functional gain and dynamic range measurements, speech recognition, and real ear measurements. ",
"Patients rated their performance with the multiband compression device and their previously worn aids on a rating scale pertaining to a variety of real life listening situations. ",
"Statistical analysis of data derived from test results shows significantly improved performance on all measures using the multiband compression aid over their conventional aids. ",
"Patients rated their performance higher with the compression instrument than with the conventional aids. ",
"Differences in performance on clinical tests and subjective patient responses appear to be related to the different signal processing schemes used in the two groups of devices."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"This application is based on and claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. ",
"2001-220119, filed on Jul. 19, 2001, and Japanese Patent Application No. ",
"2002-083857, filed on Mar. 25, 2002, the contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.",
"\n1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to an inverter type generator using a compact, lightweight alternator configuration, and more particularly to an inverter type generator including a supplemental DC boosting circuit to supply additional DC current when a high load is present.",
"\n2. ",
"Brief Description of Related Art\nConventionally, engine driven generators are designed to be able to deliver a maximum possible power rating even if such power is not used or is only used for a temporary amount of time. ",
"As a result, typical engine driven generators incorporate high power engines to operate high capacity generating bodies, making the overall design large, uneconomical, and heavy.",
"\nTypically, such engine operated generator designs operate a generating body at a high speed where the generating body delivers its rated power output at all times, even though the rated power is not needed for most of the time. ",
"Such operation causes the engine to run at an unnecessarily high speed, causing unwanted noise, fuel consumption, increased exhaust emissions, and high operating temperatures.",
"\nConventional engine operated generator designs that provide occasional high power outputs are heavy, loud, and too large. ",
"Such conventional high power generator designs fail to deliver operator friendly operation while providing adequate power when required by the operator. ",
"Therefore an operator friendly, lightweight, quiet, environmentally friendly engine operated generator design delivering adequate power is needed.",
"\nCompact, lightweight, quiet, economical, and environmentally friendly engine operated generators promote functionality, savings, and successful operation. ",
"Such improved designs however pose a challenge of providing adequate power when needed.",
"\nOne aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a compact, lightweight engine operated generator incorporating a small engine, a reduced output generator, and a DC/DC converter to boost a battery\"\"s voltage output to supply additional power when a high load is present. ",
"A reduced engine size and a smaller generator cause less heat to be generated and result in an overall compact, lightweight design.",
"\nAnother aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of an economy switch to allow the operating engine to run at a decreased speed when a high load is not present to thereby provide less noise, improved fuel economy, and lower exhaust emissions.",
"\nYet another aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of two batteries wired in series to provide a larger voltage to be available to the DC/DC converter, thereby allowing the DC/DC converter to be smaller and lighter, which lessens the overall weight and size of the generator."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.011904761904761904,
0.0136986301369863,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.003472222222222222,
0,
0,
0.0032679738562091504
] | 0.001702 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nProve that $\\mathbb{E}[e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z}\\mathbb{I}_{\\{Z > -d\\}}]=e^{\\mu+\\sigma^2/2}Φ(d+\\sigma)$\n\nMy solution attempt for part (C)\n$$\\mathbb{E}[e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z}I_{Z>−d}]= \\int^{+\\infty}_{-\\infty} e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z}I_{Z>−d} \\, dx= \\int^{+\\infty}_{-d} e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z} \\, dx$$ since $$\\int^{-d}_{-\\infty} e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z} *0=0$$\nSo I am left to integrate $$\\int^{+\\infty}_{-d} e^{\\mu+\\sigma Z} \\, dx=e^\\mu\\int^{+\\infty}_{-d} e^{\\sigma Z} \\, dx$$ which I don't know how to do since $Z$ is a r.v.",
"\n\nA:\n\nBy definition of expectation, \n\\begin{align*}\n& E[e^{\\mu + \\sigma Z}I_{Z > -d}] \\\\\n= & \\int_{-d}^\\infty \\exp(\\mu + \\sigma z) \\phi(z) d z \\\\\n= & \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\int_{-d}^\\infty \\exp\\left(\\mu + \\sigma z - \\frac{1}{2}z^2\\right) d z \\\\\n= & \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\exp\\left(\\mu + \\frac{1}{2}\\sigma^2\\right)\\int_{-d}^\\infty \\exp\\left(-\\frac{1}{2}(z - \\sigma)^2\\right) d z \\\\\n= & \\exp\\left(\\mu + \\frac{1}{2}\\sigma^2\\right) P\\left(X > -d\\right) \\\\\n= & \\exp\\left(\\mu + \\frac{1}{2}\\sigma^2\\right)(1 - \\Phi(-d - \\sigma)) \\\\\n= & e^{\\mu + \\frac{1}{2}\\sigma^2} \\Phi(d + \\sigma),\n\\end{align*}\nwhere $X \\sim \\mathcal{N}(\\sigma, 1)$, in view of its pdf appeared as integrand. ",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.006097560975609756,
0.0014947683109118087,
0
] | 0.002531 | 5 |
[
" NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.",
"\n\n\n United States Court of Appeals\n for the Federal Circuit\n ______________________\n\n MILO & GABBY LLC, KAREN KELLER,\n Plaintiffs-Appellants\n\n v.\n\n AMAZON.COM, INC.,",
"\n Defendant-Appellee\n\nDA FANG SUN, AKA SETH L, CHONGQIN WORLD\nFIRST ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CO., ",
"LTD., ",
"AKA\n WOTEFUSI, T. LIU, AKA BINGO DEAL, FAC\nSYSTEM, AKA FAC SYSTEM LLC, DINGDING ZOU,\n AKA HAPPY SUNDAY, QIUMEI ZHANG, AKA\n HITECE, CHARLOTTE XIA, NIMBLE JOY,\n AMANIALARASHI2165, MONAQO,\n Defendants\n ______________________\n\n 2016-1290\n ______________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court for the\nWestern District of Washington in No. ",
"2:13-cv-01932-\nRSM, Judge Ricardo S. Martinez.",
"\n ______________________\n\n Decided: May 23, 2017\n ______________________\n\f2 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\n PHILIP P. MANN, Mann Law Group, Seattle, WA, ar-\ngued for plaintiffs-appellants. ",
"Also represented by JOHN\nWHITAKER, Lane Powell PC, Seattle, WA.",
"\n\n JOHN HUGHES, Bartlit Beck Herman Palenchar &\nScott LLP, Denver, CO, argued for defendant-appellee.",
"\nAlso represented by JOSEPH DOMAN, KATHERINE HACKER;\nGREGORY G. GARRE, JONATHAN Y. ELLIS, Latham & Wat-\nkins LLP, Washington, DC.",
"\n\n MARK P. WINE, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP,\nIrvine, CA, for amicus curiae eBay, Inc. Also represented\nby MATTHEW HERMAN POPPE, Menlo Park, CA.",
"\n ______________________\n\n Before O’MALLEY, WALLACH, and TARANTO, Circuit\n Judges.",
"\nO’MALLEY, Circuit Judge.",
"\n Milo & Gabby LLC and Karen Keller (collectively,\n“Milo & Gabby”) appeal from decisions of the Western\nDistrict of Washington finding that Amazon.com, Inc.\n(“Amazon”), through its provision of an online market-\nplace for third parties and its “Fulfillment by Amazon”\nservices, does not infringe the patents, copyrights, and\ntrademark of Milo & Gabby. ",
"Because the district court\ndid not err in granting summary judgment on Milo &\nGabby’s copyright and trademark allegations, and be-\ncause Milo & Gabby failed to preserve its patent in-\nfringement arguments, we affirm.",
"\n I. BACKGROUND\n A. The Parties’ Relevant Products and Services\n Milo & Gabby designs and sells a line of “Cozy Com-\npanion” pillowcases. ",
"The Cozy Companion pillowcase line\nincludes animal-shaped pillowcases for children that turn\na child’s pillowcase into a stuffed animal. ",
"Milo & Gabby\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 3\n\n\n\nowns five U.S. design patents for the designs on its pil-\nlowcases that are relevant to this case. ",
"The company also\nholds copyrights for its pillowcases, its website, and\nvarious other marketing images, including pictures of the\nfounders’ children holding the pillowcases.",
"\n Amazon operates a website that offers an online mar-\nketplace for customers. ",
"Although Amazon sells some of\nthe products available on its website, most of the products\noffered for sale on Amazon’s website are offered by third-\nparty sellers. ",
"When a third-party seller uses Amazon’s\nwebsite to sell a product, the seller provides information\nregarding the product, such as a product description,\nimages of the product, and a price for the product. ",
"Ama-\nzon’s website then automatically generates a “product-\ndetail page” that displays the information and identifies\nthe seller.",
"\n Amazon also offers third-party sellers a service called\n“Fulfillment by Amazon,” which allows third-party sellers\nto take advantage of Amazon’s logistical network. ",
"When\nusing this service, a third-party seller sends its product to\nan Amazon fulfillment center, where Amazon stores the\nproduct. ",
"If a customer buys the product from the third-\nparty seller, Amazon pulls the product off the shelf,\npackages it, and ships it to the customer on behalf of the\nseller. ",
"A third-party seller even can use this service when\nselling products outside of Amazon’s online marketplace;\nfor example, a third-party seller can use the service when\nselling the product on another website, such as eBay.",
"\n Third-party sellers using the Fulfillment by Amazon\nservice maintain full ownership of the products stored by\nAmazon. ",
"The third-party seller using this service can\n\f4 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nremove its stock at any time by requesting that Amazon\nreturn the product to the third-party seller. ",
"1\n B. Sales of Knock-Off Pillowcases\n When Milo & Gabby began selling their pillowcases,\nKaren and Steven Keller, the owners of Milo & Gabby,\nused pictures of their children with the pillowcases to\npromote the products. ",
"In 2013, Milo & Gabby discovered\npillowcases selling on Amazon’s website that were knock-\noffs of Milo & Gabby’s Cozy Companion pillowcases. ",
"The\ndepictions of the pillowcases for sale actually were of Milo\n& Gabby products, including depictions of the products\nbeing used by the Kellers’ children. ",
"But Amazon did not\ndirectly sell any of the knock-off pillowcases offered on\nAmazon’s website. ",
"The product-detail pages for the\nknock-off pillowcases identified ten different entities as\nthird-party sellers. ",
"Out of the ten third-party sellers\nselling the knock-off pillowcases, only one, FAC System,\nused the Fulfillment by Amazon service.",
"\n Milo & Gabby filed a complaint against Amazon on\nOctober 24, 2013. ",
"Upon notice of the lawsuit, Amazon\nremoved the product listings and suspended the third-\nparty sellers from Amazon’s online marketplace. ",
"Some of\n\n\n\n 1 A limited exception to this policy exists under cer-\ntain circumstances in which Amazon must dispose of the\nproduct. ",
"If the exception applies, the agreement states\nthat title will transfer to Amazon at no cost in order for\nAmazon to dispose of the product as it sees fit. ",
"Although\nMilo & Gabby tries to use this limited exception to show\nthat Amazon does obtain title to third-party products in\nsome situations, the parties have presented no evidence to\nshow that Amazon took title to any of the products at\nissue in this case. ",
"Even if Amazon were to take title\nunder the Fulfillment by Amazon agreement, it would do\nso only to dispose of the product, not to sell it.",
"\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 5\n\n\n\nthe third-party sellers tried to relist the knock-off pillow-\ncases on Amazon’s online marketplace by changing the\nproduct name, but Amazon removed the new listings and\nnew sellers as soon as it learned of them.",
"\n C. Procedural History\n Milo & Gabby’s complaint against Amazon asserted\nvarious state and federal claims, including patent in-\nfringement, copyright infringement, false designation of\norigin under the Lanham Act, and trademark counterfeit-\ning under the Lanham Act. ",
"Relevant to this appeal, the\ndistrict court granted in part Amazon’s motion for sum-\nmary judgment on July 16, 2015. ",
"Milo & Gabby, LLC v.\nAmazon.com, Inc. (Summary Judgment Order), No. ",
"C13-\n1932RSM, 2015 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 92890 (W.D. Wash. July\n16, 2015). ",
"The district court granted the motion as to\ndirect copyright infringement because it found “no evi-\ndence in the record that Amazon actively reviewed, edit-\ned, altered or copied [Milo & Gabby’s] images.” ",
"Id. at *11.",
"\nThe district court further noted that “Amazon is not the\nseller of the alleged infringing products” because “third-\nparty sellers retain full title to and ownership of the\ninventory sold by the third party.” ",
"Id. at *15–16.",
"\n The district court also granted Amazon’s motion for\nsummary judgment as to Milo & Gabby’s Lanham Act\nclaims. ",
"The court found that Milo & Gabby had provided\nno evidence of any violation of a valid, enforceable mark\nentitled to protection under the Lanham Act. ",
"The court\nalso rejected Milo & Gabby’s “palming off” allegation\nbecause it found that Milo & Gabby had not raised the\nclaim or alleged any facts in the complaint to put Amazon\non notice of this theory.",
"\n The district court denied Amazon’s motion for sum-\nmary judgment as to Amazon’s liability for direct patent\ninfringement, however. ",
"Amazon argued that it never sold\nor offered to sell the products within the meaning of\n§ 271(a). ",
"In response to Amazon’s motion, Milo & Gabby\n\f6 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nargued that Amazon was liable for direct patent in-\nfringement because it offered to sell the products; Milo &\nGabby did not argue that Amazon “sold” the products,\neither individually or jointly. ",
"The district court deter-\nmined that a factual question precluded summary judg-\nment on the “offer to sell” theory.",
"\n Prior to trial on the direct infringement claim’s “offer\nto sell” theory, Amazon filed a motion for attorney’s fees\nand costs because of its status as a prevailing party under\nboth the Copyright Act and the Lanham Act. ",
"The district\ncourt denied Amazon’s motion with respect to the copy-\nright claims, finding that they were not frivolous. ",
"But it\ngranted Amazon’s request with respect to the Lanham Act\nclaims, finding that Milo & Gabby “essentially pursued a\nclaim for which they had no evidentiary basis, and then\nattempted to circumvent that problem by improperly\nraising legal arguments never pled in their Complaint.”",
"\nMilo & Gabby, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. ",
"C13-\n1932RSM, 2015 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 117213, at *12 (W.D.\nWash. Sept. 1, 2015). ",
"The district court also found that\nMilo & Gabby had ignored the court’s dismissal of the\nLanham Act claims and continued to argue that it would\npursue its Lanham Act claims at trial; the court found\nthat Milo & Gabby’s “apparent willful ignorance of the\nCourt’s dismissal of their Lanham Act claims serves as\nanother basis to find frivolousness in this matter.” ",
"Id. at\n*13. ",
"The court therefore found the case exceptional under\nthe Lanham Act and awarded attorney’s fees and costs.",
"\nId.\n As trial approached, the parties agreed that the re-\nmaining question, whether Amazon offered the products\nfor sale, was a question of law for the district court to\ndecide. ",
"See Milo & Gabby, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc., 144\nF. Supp. ",
"3d 1251, 1252 (W.D. Wash. 2015). ",
"The district\ncourt empaneled an advisory jury to answer underlying\nfactual questions. ",
"Id. After trial, the jury found in favor\nof Amazon on all of the factual questions. ",
"Id. Based on\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 7\n\n\n\nthe jury’s findings and the evidence presented at trial, the\ndistrict court determined that Amazon did not offer to sell\nthe products at issue. ",
"Id. at 1252–53.",
"\n II. ",
"JURISDICTION\n Milo & Gabby timely filed a notice of appeal. ",
"Before\nproceeding to the merits, we must satisfy ourselves of our\nsubject matter jurisdiction over the appeal. ",
"Ruhrgas AG\nv. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574, 575 (1999). ",
"We have\njurisdiction over “appeal[s] from . . . ",
"final decision[s]\nof . . . ",
"district court[s] of the United States . . . ",
"in any civil\naction arising under . . . ",
"any Act of Congress relating to\npatents.” ",
"28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) (2012) (emphasis added).",
"\n In its opening brief to this court, Milo & Gabby nei-\nther cites to Title 35 of the U.S. Code, which governs\npatents, nor presents any arguments raising issues specif-\nic to patent law. ",
"See Appellants’ Br. ",
"3, 20–43. ",
"In fact,\nMilo & Gabby only uses the word “patent” four times in\nthe argument section of its opening brief, and the word\nappears each time in a header or an introductory sentence\napplying equally to Milo & Gabby’s copyright infringe-\nment claim. ",
"Id. at 20, 29. ",
"In contrast, Milo & Gabby\nfocuses almost exclusively on its copyright and trademark\nclaims, and it repeatedly cites Title 17 of the U.S. Code,\nwhich governs copyrights, and Title 15 of the U.S. Code, 2\nwhich governs trademarks. ",
"See id. at 29–43.",
"\n Nevertheless, Milo & Gabby’s complaint alleges pa-\ntent infringement, J.A. 156, and “Federal Circuit jurisdic-\ntion depends on whether the plaintiff’s complaint as\namended raises patent law issues,” Chamberlain Grp.,",
"\nInc. v. Skylink Techs., ",
"Inc., 381 F.3d 1178, 1189 (Fed. ",
"Cir.",
"\n\n\n\n 2 Although Milo & Gabby does not cite to Title 15\nitself, it repeatedly refers to the Lanham Act, which is\ncodified in Title 15 of the U.S. Code.",
"\n\f8 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\n2004) (citations omitted). ",
"We therefore have jurisdiction\nover the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) (2012).",
"\n III. ",
"DISCUSSION\n We review a district court’s grant of a motion for\nsummary judgment under the law of the regional circuit.",
"\nTeva Pharm. ",
"Indus. ",
"Ltd. v. AstraZeneca Pharm. ",
"LP, 661\nF.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2011). ",
"The Ninth Circuit\nreviews the grant of a motion for summary judgment de\nnovo. ",
"Universal Health Servs. ",
"Inc. v. Thompson, 363 F.3d\n1013, 1019 (9th Cir. ",
"2004). ",
"We review the district court’s\naward of attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act for abuse\nof discretion. ",
"See Highmark Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt.",
"\nSys., ",
"134 S. Ct. ",
"1744, 1748–49 (2014); Octane Fitness,\nLLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 134 S. Ct. ",
"1749,\n1756; see also Sunearth, Inc. v. Sun Earth Solar Power\nCo., 839 F.3d 1179, 1181 (9th Cir. ",
"2016) (en banc) (“We\nagree with the majority of our sister circuits and conclude\nthat Octane Fitness and Highmark have altered the\nanalysis of fee applications under the Lanham Act. . . .",
"\nPursuant to Highmark, our review of the district court’s\ndecision on fees awarded under the Lanham Act is for\nabuse of discretion.”).",
"\n On appeal, Milo & Gabby argues that the district\ncourt erred in its analysis of the patent infringement,\ncopyright infringement, and trademark infringement\nissues. ",
"Milo & Gabby also argues that the district court\nabused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees to Ama-\nzon. ",
"Although Milo & Gabby’s notice of appeal identifies\ntwelve separate decisions by the district court that form\nthe basis of this appeal, J.A. 1–3, its opening brief does\nnot identify which of its arguments applies to which\ndecision below and does not articulate the appropriate\nstandard of review or the legal framework for each claim\non appeal. “",
"It is well established that arguments that are\nnot appropriately developed in a party’s briefing may be\ndeemed waived.” ",
"United States v. Great Am. ",
"Ins. ",
"Co., 738\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 9\n\n\n\nF.3d 1320, 1328 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2013) (citation omitted); see\nalso Carducci v. Regan, 714 F.2d 171, 177 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1983)\n(finding waiver when “counsel has made no attempt to\naddress the issue” because “[t]he premise of our adversar-\nial system is that appellate courts do not sit as self-\ndirected boards of legal inquiry and research, but essen-\ntially as arbiters of legal questions presented and argued\nby the parties before them”). ",
"Nevertheless, we consider\neach of these issues in turn.",
"\n A. Patent Infringement Claim\n On appeal, Milo & Gabby does not argue that Amazon\nis liable for patent infringement based on an “offer to sell”\ntheory of infringement, which is the theory that it pre-\nsented to the district court, both at the summary judg-\nment stage and at trial. ",
"Instead, Milo & Gabby argues\nthat the district court dismissed the patent infringement\nclaim “based on its erroneous conclusion that Amazon is\nnot a ‘seller’ of the accused products.” ",
"Appellants’ Br. ",
"29.",
"\nIn making this argument, Milo & Gabby relies on its\ngeneral contention that Amazon is a “seller” of the knock-\noff pillowcases.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s reliance on a “seller” theory of liability\nignores both the procedural history of this case and its\nown abandonment of the theory. ",
"Although Milo & Gabby\nalleged in its complaint that Amazon “sold” the products\nit accused of violating its design patents, Milo & Gabby\nabandoned that argument at summary judgment. ",
"In\nresponse to Amazon’s motion for summary judgment on\npatent infringement, in which Amazon argued that it had\nnot “sold” or “offered to sell” the accused products, J.A.\n455–56, Milo & Gabby responded by arguing only that\nAmazon offered to sell the products, J.A. 594–97. ",
"Sum-\nmary Judgment Order, 2015 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 92890, at\n*33.",
"\n “It is a general rule that a party cannot revisit theo-\nries that it raises but abandons at summary judgment.”",
"\n\f10 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nUSA Petroleum Co. v. Atl. ",
"Richfield Co., 13 F.3d 1276,\n1284 (9th Cir. ",
"1994) (collecting cases) 3; see also Diversey\nLever, Inc. v. Ecolab, Inc., 191 F.3d 1350, 1352 (Fed. ",
"Cir.",
"\n1999) (concluding that a party’s failure to raise an affirm-\native defense in opposition to a motion for summary\njudgment “constituted an abandonment of the defense”);\nBrasseler, U.S.A. I, L.P. v. Stryker Sales Corp., 182 F.3d\n888, 892 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"1999) (noting that the Eleventh Circuit\n“understandably concluded that the district court properly\ntreated the plaintiff’s alter ego theory ‘as abandoned’ and\nthat the theory was ‘no longer an issue in [the] case,’”\nwhen the defendant had moved for summary judgment on\nthat theory and the plaintiff failed to address it in oppos-\ning the motion). “",
"A party abandons an issue when it has\na full and fair opportunity to ventilate its views with\nrespect to an issue and instead chooses a position that\nremoves the issue from the case.” ",
"BankAmerica Pension\n\n\n\n 3 See, e.g., Vaughner v. Pulito, 804 F.2d 873, 877 n.2\n(5th Cir. ",
"1986) (refusing to consider an Unfair Trade\nPractices and Consumer Protection claim because the\nparty had failed to assert it as a basis for opposing a\nmotion for summary judgment, and “[i]f a party fails to\nassert a legal reason why summary judgment should not\nbe granted, that ground is waived and cannot be consid-\nered or raised on appeal”); Liberles v. Cty. ",
"of Cook, 709\nF.2d 1122, 1126 (7th Cir. ",
"1983) (“It is a well-settled rule\nthat a party opposing a summary judgment motion must\ninform the trial judge of the reasons, legal or factual, why\nsummary judgment should not be entered.”); ",
"Edward B.\nMarks Music Corp. v. Cont’l Record Co., 222 F.2d 488, 492\n(2d Cir. ",
"1955) (“But a plaintiff in his opposition to a\nmotion for summary judgment cannot abandon an issue\nand then, after an unpalatable decision by the trial judge,\non appeal, by drawing on the pleadings resurrect the\nabandoned issue.”).",
"\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 11\n\n\n\nPlan v. McMath, 206 F.3d 821, 826 (9th Cir. ",
"2000) (citing\nUSA Petroleum, 13 F.3d at 1282).",
"\n Here, Milo & Gabby had a full and fair opportunity to\noppose Amazon’s motion for summary judgment based on\nthe “seller” theory it had referenced in its complaint. ",
"Milo\n& Gabby instead focused entirely on its “offer to sell”\ntheory in its response. ",
"Milo & Gabby’s failure to raise the\n“seller” theory under 35 U.S.C. § 271 (2012) in response to\nAmazon’s motion for summary judgment on that exact\nissue constituted abandonment of the theory. ",
"See USA\nPetroleum, 13 F.3d at 1284. ",
"Milo & Gabby cannot raise\nthe issue anew on appeal now that it has lost at trial on\nthe “offer to sell” theory.",
"\n Because Milo & Gabby does not argue in this appeal\nthat Amazon is liable for patent infringement based on\nthe “offer to sell” theory similar to that addressed at trial,\nor even anything resembling such a theory, Milo & Gabby\nnow has waived any argument as to its “offer to sell”\ntheory of patent infringement. ",
"We therefore affirm the\ndistrict court’s judgment in favor of Amazon on the patent\ninfringement claims because Milo & Gabby has failed to\npreserve either a “seller” or “offer to sell” argument for\nour consideration in this case. ",
"Milo & Gabby also did not\nappeal any claim regarding contributory or induced\ninfringement, and did not assert a claim for joint in-\nfringement.",
"\n B. Copyright Infringement Claim\n Milo & Gabby argues that the district court erred\nwhen it found Amazon not liable for copyright infringe-\nment because, in its view, Amazon is liable under 17\nU.S.C. § 106 (2012) as both (1) a “seller” of the accused\nproducts, and (2) a “distributor” of the accused products.",
"\nWe consider each of these in turn.",
"\n\f12 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\n 1. ",
"Milo & Gabby’s “Seller” Liability Theory\n As Amazon points out, one is not liable for copyright\ninfringement unless it distributes copies of the copyright-\ned work “to the public . . . ",
"by sale or other transfer of\nownership.” ",
"17 U.S.C. § 106(3). ",
"Milo & Gabby contends\nthat the district court erred in granting summary judg-\nment to Amazon because Amazon did sell its copyrighted\nproducts to the public, or there is at least a material issue\nof fact regarding that question to prohibit judgment as a\nmatter of law. ",
"Milo & Gabby asserts that the term “sale”\nunder § 106(3) of the Copyright Act should be given the\nsame meaning we give the term “sale” under the Patent\nAct, 35 U.S.C. § 271. ",
"Oral Arg. ",
"at 41:50–43:25, available\nat http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=\n2016-1290.mp3 (“[O]ur position all along . . . ",
"is that ‘sale’\nis given its ordinary meaning . . . . ",
"Whether we are talk-\ning about copyright law, . . . ",
"whether we are talking about\n271(a), generally ‘sale’ is the same.”). ",
"Amazon does not\ndispute that the two concepts are the same. ",
"Indeed,\nneither party even cites to case law—from the Ninth\nCircuit or otherwise—discussing the meaning of the term\n“sale” in § 106(3) of the Copyright Act, relying instead on\nour case law under § 271. ",
"We agree that there are clear\nparallels between the legal standards, with one caveat\nnoted below.",
"\n Milo & Gabby argues that the district court erred by\nfocusing on whether Amazon ever takes legal title to the\nproducts sold on its website in ruling that Amazon is not a\nseller of the accused products. ",
"According to Milo & Gab-\nby, there are “numerous circumstances” in which a party\ncan be considered a seller of a product without taking\nlegal title to the product. ",
"Appellants’ Br. ",
"24. ",
"In support\nof its assertion, Milo & Gabby points to various sections of\nthe Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C.”), including §§ 9-\n319, 2-707A, and 2-326. ",
"Milo & Gabby also attempts to\nfind support in the Supreme Court’s decisions in Pinter v.\nDahl, 486 U.S. 622, 642–43 (1988), and Falk v. Brennan,\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 13\n\n\n\n414 U.S. 190, 199 (1973), and our decision in North Amer-\nican Philips Corp. v. American Vending Sales, Inc., 35\nF.3d 1576, 1579–80 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"1994).",
"\n We conclude that Milo & Gabby has failed to show\nthat Amazon was a “seller” under 17 U.S.C. § 106 based\non its actions in this case. ",
"Turning to our case law as the\nparties urge that we do, we have considered the ordinary\nmeaning of “sale” when addressing the term under § 271\nand related patent-law provisions. ",
"See, e.g., NTP, Inc. v.\nResearch in Motion, Ltd., 418 F.3d 1282, 1319 (Fed. ",
"Cir.",
"\n2005). ",
"We have determined the ordinary meaning of\n“sale” by looking to dictionaries and the U.C.C. as persua-\nsive authority. ",
"See, e.g., id.; Halo Elecs., ",
"Inc. v. Pulse\nElecs., ",
"Inc., 769 F.3d 1371, 1379 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2014), vacated\non other grounds, 136 S. Ct. ",
"1923 (2016); cf. ",
"Enercon\nGmbH v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 151 F.3d 1376, 1382 (Fed.",
"\nCir. ",
"1998) (considering the plain meaning of “sale” when\nconsidering the use of the term in 19 U.S.C. § 1337).",
"\nSection 2-106 of the U.C.C. defines a “sale” as consisting\nof “passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price.”",
"\nU.C.C. § 2-106(1). ",
"Section 2-103 defines “seller” as “a\nperson who sells or contracts to sell goods.” ",
"U.C.C. § 2-\n103(1)(d). ",
"After considering dictionary definitions from\nBlack’s Law Dictionary and Webster’s Dictionary, we also\nhave explained that “the common[] or usual meaning of\nthe term sale includes those situations in which a contract\nhas been made between two parties who agree to transfer\ntitle and possession of specific property for a price.”",
"\nEnercon, 151 F.3d at 1382; see also NTP, 418 F.3d at 1319\n(considering the definition of “sale” in Black’s Law Dic-\ntionary and concluding that “the ordinary meaning of a\nsale includes the concept of a transfer of title or proper-\n\f14 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nty.”). ",
"4 While we have made clear that our reference to the\nU.C.C. is a guide only and have explained that, at least in\nthe context of the term “sale” under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b),\npassage of title is not of “talismanic” significance, we have\nfound the presence or absence of passage of title to be a\nsignificant indicator of whether a sale has occurred in the\npatent law context. ",
"See Medicines Co. v. Hospira, Inc.,\n827 F.3d 1363, 1375–76 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2016).",
"\n Milo & Gabby concedes that, if direct passage of title\nfrom Amazon to the purchasers of the “Cozy Companion”\nknockoffs is a predicate to Amazon’s liability, then, in\nmost instances, Amazon would not qualify as a seller.",
"\nBut Milo & Gabby points to the one entity—FAC Sys-\ntem—that used the Fulfillment by Amazon service and\nargues that Amazon is a seller in that circumstance. ",
"Milo\n& Gabby also argues that the U.C.C. recognizes that sales\ncan occur in some instances where the seller does not hold\ntitle.",
"\n Turning first to FAC System’s use of Amazon’s ful-\nfillment service, we see no difference in Amazon’s status\nin that context. ",
"Though FAC System shipped its product\nto an Amazon warehouse for storage and Amazon boxed\nup and shipped the product when a sale was consummat-\ned on the website, Amazon never held title to the accused\nproducts. ",
"See J.A. 2163–64. ",
"Amazon therefore could not\nsell the product on its own, even if done on behalf of the\nthird-party seller. ",
"J.A. 2164. ",
"The third-party seller also\ncould request that Amazon return the product to the\nthird-party seller at any time. ",
"J.A. 2163.",
"\n Amazon, moreover, did not control what information\nor pictures were put on the product-detail page, nor did it\n\n\n\n 4 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “sale” as “[t]he\ntransfer of property or title for a price.” ",
"Black’s Law\nDictionary (10th ed. ",
"2014).",
"\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 15\n\n\n\ncontrol the price for which the product was sold. ",
"See J.A.\n2136–46; J.A. 2159–61. ",
"FAC System, or other third-party\nsellers as applicable to their products, controlled these\ndetails at all times. ",
"See id. Amazon, therefore, was not\nresponsible for the actual listing of the product for sale,\nconsummating the sale, or transferring title. ",
"Instead,\nAmazon merely provided an online marketplace that\nthird-party sellers could use to sell their products and\nthen, in some instances when the third-party sellers used\nthe additional Amazon services, shipped the products to\nthe final destination. ",
"Thus, while Amazon’s services\nmade it easier for third parties to consummate a sale, the\nthird parties remained the sellers. ",
"Because they are not\nbefore us, we do not consider questions of joint infringe-\nment, contributory infringement, or induced infringe-\nment.",
"\n Milo & Gabby next points out that the general rule\nthat a “sale” involves the transfer of title has some excep-\ntions. ",
"And, as we said in Medicines, the transfer of title\ndoes not have “talismanic significance” when determining\nwhether a sale has occurred. ",
"Id. at 1376. ",
"We are unper-\nsuaded, however, that our general insistence on transfer\nof title should be abandoned in the circumstances pre-\nsented here.",
"\n Although Milo & Gabby identifies some situations in\nwhich a court might consider a party to be a seller even\nwhen it does not hold and transfer title to another party,\nMilo & Gabby has failed to show that any of the situations\nit identifies applies to Amazon. ",
"The U.C.C. sections\naddressed by Milo & Gabby do not address the circum-\nstances at issue here. ",
"Milo & Gabby’s argument that\nAmazon is engaged in consignment sales under § 9-319 of\nthe U.C.C. fails on its face. ",
"Section 9-102 defines “con-\nsignment” as follows:\n “Consignment” means a transaction, regard-\n less of its form, in which a person delivers\n\f16 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\n goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale\n and:\n (A) the merchant:\n (i) deals in goods of that kind un-\n der a name other than the name of\n the person making delivery;\n (ii) is not an auctioneer; and\n (iii) is not generally known by its\n creditors to be substantially en-\n gaged in selling the goods of oth-\n ers;\n (B) with respect to each delivery, the ag-\n gregate value of the goods is $ 1,000 or\n more at the time of delivery;\n (C) the goods are not consumer goods\n immediately before delivery; and\n (D) the transaction does not create a se-\n curity interest that secures an obligation.",
"\nU.C.C. § 9-102(20). ",
"Although § 9-319 would only apply if\nAmazon had a consignment relationship with the third-\nparty sellers that meets the definition of § 9-102(20), Milo\n& Gabby does not explain how Amazon’s actions meet\nthat definition. ",
"Instead, Milo & Gabby merely asserts\nthat the “sales by Amazon of the accused products are\nessentially consignment sales.” ",
"Appellants’ Br. ",
"25.",
"\n Even Amazon’s connection with FAC System through\nthe Fulfillment by Amazon relationship has not been\nshown to meet the definition of a consignment sale.",
"\nAmong other possible reasons: (1) FAC System did not\ndeliver the products to Amazon “for the purpose of sale”\nbut instead for the purpose of logistics and shipping after\na sale had been made through the website; and (2) there\nis no allegation that the aggregate value of the products\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 17\n\n\n\nwould have been $1,000 or more at the time of delivery.",
"\nThe commentary for this section also notes that an inter-\nmediary company shipping the products, as Amazon did\nhere, would not be involved in a consignment agreement.",
"\nU.C.C. § 9-102 cmt. ",
"14. ",
"Section 9-319 simply does not\napply to this case.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s citation to Falk to suggest that a con-\nsignee stands in the shoes of a seller is inapposite. ",
"At\nmost, the case shows that, in some situations, a consignee\nmight be considered to be in the same position as a seller\nwho purchases the product before resale. ",
"See Falk, 414\nU.S. at 199. ",
"But this reasoning would only apply if Milo\n& Gabby could show that Amazon has a consignment\nagreement with the relevant third-party seller. ",
"Milo &\nGabby has not done that.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s reliance on U.C.C. § 2-707 is similarly\nunpersuasive. ",
"Section 2-707 states that a person in the\nposition of a seller includes “as against a principal an\nagent who has paid or become responsible for the price of\ngoods on behalf of his principal or anyone who otherwise\nholds a security interest or other right in goods similar to\nthat of a seller.” ",
"U.C.C. § 2-707. ",
"As Anderson on the\nU.C.C. explains, the purpose of § 2-707 is to “extend[] to\npersons regarded as being in the position of the seller\ncertain of the remedies available to the seller. ",
"However,\nU.C.C. § 2-707 does not create an additional class of\ndefendants who may be held liable to the buyer for breach\nof the sales contract.” ",
"4A Anderson U.C.C. § 2-707:3 (3d\ned.); ",
"see also Hart Honey Co. v. Cudworth, 446 N.W.2d\n742, 744 (N.D. 1989) (“The statute does not create an\nadditional category of ‘sellers’ who will be liable to the\nbuyer upon breach of the contract.”). ",
"Milo & Gabby\ncannot use this section as a sword to expand Amazon’s\nliability.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s final U.C.C. argument under § 2-326\nis also unavailing. ",
"As an initial matter, Milo & Gabby\n\f18 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nnever raised § 2-326 before the district court as a basis for\narguing that Amazon was a seller of the pillowcases. ",
"See\nJ.A. 596–97 (raising arguments as to §§ 2-707 and 9-319\nbut never mentioning § 2-326). ",
"Because Milo & Gabby\nraised this issue for the first time on appeal, we treat this\nissue as waived. ",
"See Hillis v. Heineman, 626 F.3d 1014,\n1019 (9th Cir. ",
"2010) (citing Conn. Gen. Life Ins. ",
"Co. v.\nNew Images of Beverly Hills, 321 F.3d 878 (9th Cir. ",
"2003))\n(“These arguments are raised for the first time on appeal,\nand because they were never argued before the district\ncourt, we deem them waived.”).",
"\n Even if Milo & Gabby had not waived its argument,\nU.C.C. § 2-326 does not apply to this case. ",
"Section 2-326\ninvolves, inter alia, “sale or return” transactions. ",
"Under\nthis type of transaction, goods that a buyer obtains pri-\nmarily for resale may be returned by the buyer to the\nseller even though they conform to the contract. ",
"U.C.C.\n§ 2-326(1)(b). ",
"The official comments for this section make\nclear that a sale or return “is a present sale of goods\nwhich may be undone at the buyer’s option.” ",
"U.C.C. § 2-\n326 n.1; see also Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Carol Publ’g\nGrp., ",
"25 F. Supp. ",
"2d 372, 375 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (“[A]lthough\na buyer retains the right to return goods, a completed sale\nis generally deemed to have taken place and title passes\nto the buyer.”). ",
"Even though a sale takes place between\nthe buyer and the seller, the seller agrees “to take back\nthe goods (or any commercial unit of goods) in lieu of\npayment if they fail to be resold.” ",
"U.C.C. § 2-326 n.1.",
"\nThis definition does not match the relationship between\nAmazon and the third-party sellers here because, among\nother possible reasons: (1) there is no sale of the pillow-\ncases from the third-party sellers to Amazon, and\n(2) there is no evidence that Amazon received the pillow-\ncases with the underlying understanding that the third-\nparty sellers would take the products back if the products\nfailed to sell.",
"\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 19\n\n\n\n The U.C.C. sections Milo & Gabby cite provide no rea-\nson for us to stray from the general U.C.C. definition that\na party must transfer title in a product to a buyer in order\nto be considered a seller. ",
"Although Milo & Gabby has\nshown that a party might be considered a seller or in the\nsame position as a seller under some circumstances even\nwhen not transferring title, Milo & Gabby has failed to\nshow that any of those circumstances applies to this case.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s reliance on Pinter and North Ameri-\ncan Philips does not change the analysis. ",
"In Pinter, the\nSupreme Court noted that a party not holding title in a\nsecurity could be liable as a seller or offeror of unregis-\ntered securities under the Securities Act of 1933, Pub. ",
"L.\nNo. ",
"73-22, 48 Stat. ",
"74. ",
"See Pinter, 486 U.S. at 642–47.",
"\nFrom this analysis, Milo & Gabby pulls a single sentence\nto support its position: “In common parlance, a person\nmay offer or sell property without necessarily being the\nperson who transfers title to, or other interest in, that\nproperty.” ",
"Id. at 642–43. ",
"This single sentence does not\nhelp Milo & Gabby. ",
"Putting aside the fact that the Court\nwas considering an entirely different statutory scheme\nand was seeking to elicit Congressional intent with re-\nspect to that particular scheme, Milo & Gabby ignores\nwhat else the Court said in Pinter. ",
"First, the Court noted\nthat the buyer-seller relationship in “traditional contrac-\ntual privity” generally involves passing “title, or other\ninterest in the security, to the buyer for value.” ",
"Id. at\n642.",
"\n Second, the Court said that the circumstances where\na person without title can be a seller or offeror under the\nSecurities Act are those where the person’s actions are\nmotivated by a desire to further his own financial inter-\nests—such as by receipt of a share of the profits from a\nsale—or those of the seller, rather than a desire to aid the\nbuyer in consummating his desired purchases. ",
"In this\ncontext, the Court made two additional points: (1) being a\nsubstantial factor in the sale of unregistered securities is\n\f20 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nnot sufficient to render a defendant liable as a seller, and\n(2) the Securities Act does not impose liability on partici-\npants whose actions are collateral to the sales transac-\ntion. ",
"Milo & Gabby has not alleged that Amazon receives\nprofits from the sale of the pillowcases or that its motiva-\ntions were anything other than creating a platform for the\nbenefit of both purchasers and owners to consummate\ntheir own deals. ",
"Based on Milo & Gabby’s own allega-\ntions, Amazon’s activities are more closely characterized\nas collateral to the sale itself.",
"\n North American Philips is likewise unhelpful for Milo\n& Gabby. ",
"Again, Milo & Gabby latches onto a single\nsentence to argue that we have previously addressed and\ndetermined that passing title “has very little to do with\nthe tortious act of infringement.” ",
"Appellants’ Br. ",
"24. ",
"But\nMilo & Gabby takes our statement—“Appellees have\npointed to no policy that would be furthered by according\ncontrolling significance to the passage of legal title here,”\nN. Am. ",
"Philips, 35 F.3d at 1579–80—entirely out of\ncontext. ",
"The quoted portion of the case merely addresses\nthe effect of actions taken by the parties on the court’s\nanalysis as to whether it has personal jurisdiction over\nthe parties. ",
"Id. One party in the case had argued for a\ntest that restricted the location of an infringing act based\non the sale of a product to the location where legal title\npasses from seller to buyer. ",
"Id. The court explained that\nthe party had “failed to explain why the criterion should\nbe the place where legal title passes rather than the more\nfamiliar places of contracting and performance.” ",
"Id. at\n1579. ",
"The court’s clarification as to location of infringe-\nment for personal jurisdiction purposes has no relevance\nto whether a party that does not hold or pass title can be\nconsidered a seller.",
"\n To the extent, moreover, that we have been willing to\nfind that a sale has occurred for some instances under the\nPatent Act where title has not transferred, Milo & Gabby\nhas given us no reason to believe we should do the same\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 21\n\n\n\nunder the Copyright Act. ",
"While, given the absence of\nbriefing on the topic, we do not purport to define the\nprecise contours of 17 U.S.C. § 106(3), the term “sale”\nunder § 106(3) appears to unequivocally require a transfer\nof ownership from the seller to the buyer. ",
"Grammatically,\nthe text combines the term “sale” with “other transfer of\nownership” between commas, indicating that the latter\nphrase modifies the term “sale.”",
"\n The House Report to § 106 confirms this straightfor-\nward reading of § 106(3). ",
"H.R. Rep. No. ",
"94-1476, at 62\n(1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5676 (“As\nsection 109 makes clear, however, the copyright owner’s\nrights under section 106(3) cease with respect to a partic-\nular copy or phonorecord once he has parted with owner-\nship of it.” (",
"emphasis added)). ",
"Treatises discussing the\nconcept of sale under § 106(3) and the accompanying first\nsale doctrine under § 109 of the Copyright Act are to the\nsame effect. ",
"In describing the first sale doctrine, Nimmer\non Copyright states:\n In its core situation, Section 109(a) provides\n that the distribution right may be exercised\n solely with respect to the initial disposition of\n copies of a work, not to prevent or restrict the\n resale or other further transfer of possession\n of those copies. ",
"More colloquially, once the\n copyright owner first sells a copy of the work,\n his right to control its further distribution is\n exhausted. ",
"Moreover, although the initial\n disposition of that copy may be a sale, the\n identical legal conclusion applies to a gift or\n any other transfer of title in the copy. ",
"There-\n fore, the more accurate terminology would not\n be “first sale” but rather “first authorized dis-\n position by which title passes.”",
"\n2 Nimmer on Copyright § 8.12 (2017) (footnotes omitted).",
"\nAs is case law. ",
"See, e.g., UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Augus-\n\f22 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nto, 628 F.3d 1175 (9th Cir. ",
"2011) (focusing entire analysis\nof whether a first sale had occurred on the question of\nwhether title was transferred in some way from the\ncopyright owner to a third party). ",
"Thus, while we might\nview § 106(3) differently in different circumstances and\nupon further inquiry, we will not today depart from an\ninsistence that Milo & Gabby show that Amazon obtained\ntitle to the goods at issue and transferred that title to the\nthird-party purchasers before we will find Amazon liable\nas a seller of the copyrighted goods.",
"\n For all these reasons, we find that Milo & Gabby has\nfailed to provide us any reason to find that Amazon is a\nseller of the pillowcases at issue. ",
"Because the third-party\nsellers retain title to the pillowcases at all times and\nAmazon, as relevant to this case, merely provides an\nonline marketplace followed by logistical and shipping\nservices after the third-party seller has completed its\ntransaction with a buyer, Amazon is not a seller in this\ncase for the purposes of copyright infringement under 17\nU.S.C. § 106.",
"\n 2. ",
"Milo & Gabby’s “Distributor” Liability Theory\n Milo & Gabby next contends that, “regardless of\nwhether or not Amazon acts as a ‘seller’ (it does), there is\nno dispute that Amazon is liable for copyright infringe-\nment because it acts as a distributor of the infringing\nproducts and physical images.” ",
"Appellants’ Br. ",
"31. ",
"Milo\n& Gabby asserts that the Fulfillment by Amazon service\nconstitutes infringement of its exclusive right to distrib-\nute copies of the copyrighted work by “sale” or “other\ntransfer of ownership” under 17 U.S.C. § 106(3). ",
"As\naddressed above, Milo & Gabby has failed to show that\nthe Fulfillment by Amazon service constitutes a “sale” of\nthe accused products in this case. ",
"Its “distributor” theory,\ntherefore, depends on its argument that Amazon’s actions\nmeet the “other transfer of ownership” aspect of the\nstatute and that such transfers need not include the\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 23\n\n\n\npassage of title by the party allegedly effectuating the\ntransfer.",
"\n After discussing alleged admissions by Amazon that it\nshipped the accused products for FAC System, the only\nthird-party seller to use the Fulfillment by Amazon\nservice, Milo & Gabby includes a single sentence address-\ning “other transfer of ownership” in its opening brief.",
"\nMilo & Gabby states, “[a]lternatively, the transactions\nperformed by Amazon easily constitute an ‘other transfer\nof ownership’ as contemplated under the Copyright Act.”",
"\nAppellants’ Br. ",
"34. ",
"In its initial brief, Milo & Gabby\nmakes no attempt to explain what “other transfer of\nownership” means, what constitutes an “other transfer of\nownership,” or how and why Amazon’s conduct falls\nwithin the meaning of “other transfer of ownership.” ",
"Its\nreply brief fares little better, as it only asserts that prin-\nciples of statutory construction require that all clauses of\na statute be given meaning and not rendered superfluous\nto the extent possible. ",
"Appellants’ Reply Br. ",
"24–26.",
"\nUsing this premise, Milo & Gabby contends that “other\ntransfer of ownership” must have a broader, or at least\ndifferent, definition than “sale,” but Milo & Gabby still\nmakes no attempt to give meaning to the clause.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s conclusory and passing reference to\n“other transfer of ownership” in its opening brief does not\namount to a substantive argument that brings the issue\nbefore the court. ",
"See SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex\nCorp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1320 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2006) (collecting\ncases from the First, Second, Third, Sixth, and Seventh\nCircuits). ",
"Because our law is well established that an\nargument must be raised in a party’s opening brief and\nMilo & Gabby failed to raise this argument adequately in\nits opening brief, we consider this argument waived. ",
"See\nid. at 1319–20.",
"\n We note, moreover, that, based on the authorities cit-\ned above, whatever the phrase “other transfer of owner-\n\f24 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\nship” might mean, it too would seem to require an actual\ntransfer of title from the distributor to the recipient. ",
"See\n2 Nimmer on Copyright § 8.12.",
"\n C. Palming Off Claim\n In dismissing the false designation of origin claim\nbrought under the Lanham Act, the district court noted\nthat Milo & Gabby raised arguments regarding palming\noff violations for the first time in response to Amazon’s\nmotion for summary judgment. ",
"Summary Judgment\nOrder, 2015 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 92890, at *32. ",
"Federal Rule\nof Civil Procedure 8 requires a “short and plain statement\nof the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”",
"\nFed. ",
"R. Civ. ",
"P. 8(a)(2). ",
"The intent of this requirement is\nto “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . ",
"claim is\nand the grounds upon which it rests.” ",
"Bell Atl. ",
"Corp. v.\nTwombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v.\nGibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).",
"\n Milo & Gabby argues that the district court erred in\ngranting summary judgment on the palming off claim\nbecause the complaint contained sufficient factual allega-\ntions to put Amazon on notice of this claim. ",
"But Milo &\nGabby never mentioned a palming off allegation or theory\nin its complaint. ",
"Indeed, Paragraph 36 of the complaint\nspecifies that Milo & Gabby asserted their Lanham Act\nclaim as a false designation of origin claim, not as a\npalming off claim. ",
"J.A. 157. ",
"A false designation of origin\nclaim is broader than a palming off claim. ",
"See Summit\nMach. ",
"Tool Mfg. ",
"Corp. v. Victor CNC Sys., ",
"7 F.3d 1434,\n1437 (9th Cir. ",
"1993) (“[T]he Lanham Act has progressed\nfar beyond the old concept of fraudulent passing off, to\nencompass any form of competition or selling which\ncontravenes society’s current concepts of ‘fairness.’” (",
"in-\nternal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Smith v. Monto-\nro, 648 F.2d 602, 604 (9th Cir. ",
"1981)). ",
"Milo & Gabby’s\nbroad allegations of confusion, mistake, and deception\nunder the umbrella of a false designation of origin claim\n\fMILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC. ",
" 25\n\n\n\nwould not provide Amazon notice in the complaint that\nMilo & Gabby was pursuing a palming off claim.",
"\n Faced with the prospect that it did not adequately\nplead its palming off claim, Milo & Gabby attempts to\nsave the claim by pointing to evidence outside the com-\nplaint. ",
"First, Milo & Gabby argues that it described its\nWashington state law unfair competition claim as a\npalming off claim in its opposition to Amazon’s motion to\ndismiss. ",
"It asserts that an unfair competition claim\nunder Washington state law is “essentially the same\ncause of action” as a palming off claim under the Lanham\nAct, Appellants’ Br. ",
"39, so it had “explicitly identified its\nlegal theory based on [facts in the complaint] in its early\npleading-stage filings,” Appellants’ Br. ",
"41. ",
"Milo & Gabby\nalso argues that Amazon understood that it faced a palm-\ning off claim based on a time entry made by Amazon’s\ncounsel that came to light after the court awarded fees to\nAmazon.",
"\n Milo & Gabby’s resort to sources outside the com-\nplaint does not meet Milo & Gabby’s legal requirement\nunder Rule 8. ",
"The complaint, as opposed to some other\nbrief or court filing, must be the document to contain the\nplain statement of the claim. ",
"See, e.g., ABB Turbo Sys.",
"\nAG v. TurboUSA, Inc., 774 F.3d 979, 984 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2014)\n(“Rule 8(a)(2) requires . . . ",
"that the complaint give the\ndefendant fair notice . . . .” (",
"emphasis added) (internal\nquotation marks omitted) (quoting Bell Atl. ",
"Corp. v.\nTwombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007))). ",
"Milo & Gabby had\nto point to evidence in the complaint itself showing that it\nasserted a palming off theory under the Lanham Act.",
"\nBecause we conclude that the complaint’s general allega-\ntions regarding a false designation of origin claim did not\nput Amazon on notice of an intent to pursue a palming off\nclaim, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this\nclaim.",
"\n D. Attorney’s Fees\n\f26 MILO & GABBY LLC v. AMAZON.COM, INC.",
"\n\n\n\n Milo & Gabby argues that the court should overturn\nthe district court’s award of attorney’s fees under the\nLanham Act if it vacates the district court’s dismissal of\nthe Lanham Act claim. ",
"According to Milo & Gabby,\nreinstatement of the claim would mean that Amazon\nwould no longer be a “prevailing party” under the Lan-\nham Act such that an award of attorney’s fees would be\nimproper.",
"\n Because we find that the district court did not err in\ndismissing Milo & Gabby’s palming off claim and Milo &\nGabby made no separate argument regarding the fee\naward, we affirm the district court’s award of attorney’s\nfees. ",
"5\n IV. ",
"CONCLUSION\n For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district\ncourt’s judgment in this case.",
"\n AFFIRMED\n\n\n\n\n 5 Moreover, district court orders granting sanctions\nor attorney’s fees are “separate order[s] which [are] not\nfinal and appealable until the district court has decided\nthe amount.” ",
"Orenshteyn v. Citrix Sys., ",
"Inc., 691 F.3d\n1356, 1358 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2012) (citation omitted). ",
"Because\nthe district court has not ruled on the amount of the fee\naward, see Milo & Gabby, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc., No.",
"\nC13-1932RSM, 2015 WL 11234165 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 5,\n2015), Milo & Gabby’s challenge to the award of attorney’s\nfees would be premature even if we were to find that the\ndistrict court had erred in dismissing the Lanham Act\nclaim.",
"\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0,
0.024489795918367346,
0.01834862385321101,
0,
0.025522041763341066,
0.021739130434782608,
0.02247191011235955,
0.022727272727272728,
0.015873015873015872,
0.028846153846153848,
0.046511627906976744,
0.045454545454545456,
0.032520325203252036,
0.04,
0.01971830985915493,
0.009259259259259259,
0.006097560975609756,
0,
0.05660377358490566,
0,
0,
0.012195121951219513,
0.012195121951219513,
0.004878048780487805,
0,
0.01764705882352941,
0.015384615384615385,
0.005952380952380952,
0.00904977375565611,
0.024390243902439025,
0.037037037037037035,
0.009523809523809525,
0.02127659574468085,
0.02127659574468085,
0.012738853503184714,
0.021052631578947368,
0,
0.022900763358778626,
0.027777777777777776,
0.014598540145985401,
0.007352941176470588,
0.012903225806451613,
0.0078125,
0.014388489208633094,
0.04878048780487805,
0.00847457627118644,
0.006920415224913495,
0.008547008547008548,
0.04411764705882353,
0,
0.025,
0.00975609756097561,
0,
0.004784688995215311,
0,
0.02631578947368421,
0.006666666666666667,
0.014925373134328358,
0.014705882352941176,
0.010309278350515464,
0.056074766355140186,
0.015,
0,
0.004464285714285714,
0.008333333333333333,
0.010638297872340425,
0.06818181818181818,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0.011049723756906077,
0,
0,
0.005494505494505495,
0.07142857142857142,
0.030303030303030304,
0,
0.011904761904761904,
0.05660377358490566,
0.011494252873563218,
0,
0,
0.015625,
0,
0.034482758620689655,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0.023809523809523808,
0,
0.005235602094240838,
0,
0,
0.00816326530612245,
0,
0.0043859649122807015,
0,
0.01809954751131222,
0.04,
0.03125,
0,
0.00641025641025641,
0.04838709677419355,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.07692307692307693,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0.03333333333333333,
0,
0,
0.02564102564102564,
0.041666666666666664,
0.020833333333333332,
0,
0,
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0.047058823529411764,
0.020833333333333332,
0.0053475935828877,
0.007462686567164179,
0.005917159763313609,
0.008928571428571428,
0.005780346820809248,
0,
0,
0,
0.061224489795918366,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0.012048192771084338,
0,
0,
0.01,
0.010869565217391304,
0.0625,
0,
0.015625,
0.006622516556291391,
0.016574585635359115,
0.022058823529411766,
0.023809523809523808,
0,
0,
0.06349206349206349,
0.03333333333333333,
0.022727272727272728,
0.0297029702970297,
0,
0.00823045267489712,
0,
0.0028735632183908046,
0,
0.02127659574468085,
0.011019283746556474,
0.02564102564102564,
0,
0.03896103896103896,
0,
0.04878048780487805,
0.014285714285714285,
0,
0.011904761904761904,
0.011764705882352941,
0.010416666666666666,
0.05555555555555555,
0.009009009009009009,
0.009523809523809525,
0.008733624454148471,
0.006993006993006993,
0.006172839506172839,
0,
0.06349206349206349,
0,
0.010638297872340425,
0,
0,
0.011194029850746268,
0.005747126436781609,
0,
0.007575757575757576,
0,
0,
0,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0,
0.009615384615384616,
0.006097560975609756,
0.0625,
0,
0.013157894736842105,
0.02702702702702703,
0.024242424242424242,
0,
0,
0.014388489208633094,
0,
0.039473684210526314,
0,
0,
0,
0.034482758620689655,
0,
0.03125,
0,
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0.01639344262295082,
0,
0,
0,
0.05,
0,
0,
0.003048780487804878,
0.013605442176870748,
0,
0,
0.046153846153846156,
0,
0,
0.013333333333333334,
0.025477707006369428,
0.0078125,
0.022727272727272728,
0.018867924528301886,
0,
0.009433962264150943,
0.09090909090909091,
0.008928571428571428,
0.1,
0.0045662100456621,
0.030303030303030304,
0,
0.04878048780487805,
0,
0.03125,
0.008849557522123894,
0.0070921985815602835,
0.007905138339920948,
0.008,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011320754716981131,
0.010416666666666666,
0.02608695652173913,
0.014018691588785047,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0.013636363636363636,
0.016260162601626018,
0.0625,
0,
0.01910828025477707,
0.012307692307692308,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0.047619047619047616,
0,
0,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0,
0.014184397163120567,
0.03225806451612903,
0.02702702702702703,
0,
0,
0.00546448087431694,
0.006896551724137931,
0.02564102564102564,
0.010050251256281407,
0.025974025974025976,
0.013157894736842105,
0.05154639175257732,
0.008403361344537815,
0,
0.01,
0.018518518518518517,
0,
0,
0,
0.02,
0,
0,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0.012987012987012988,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007317073170731708,
0.04878048780487805,
0.008695652173913044,
0.007874015748031496,
0.030612244897959183,
0.0053475935828877,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0041841004184100415,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0.012552301255230125,
0.005208333333333333,
0,
0.0025380710659898475,
0.02631578947368421,
0,
0.008368200836820083,
0.015748031496062992,
0.029411764705882353,
0,
0.0625,
0,
0.011111111111111112,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.014760147601476014,
0,
0,
0.006289308176100629,
0.011904761904761904,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0027472527472527475,
0,
0,
0,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0.04807692307692308,
0,
0,
0.00872093023255814,
0.019736842105263157,
0.008064516129032258,
0,
0.009900990099009901,
0.0625,
0,
0.013392857142857142,
0.013333333333333334,
0.017467248908296942,
0,
0.017921146953405017,
0.011834319526627219,
0,
0,
0.008097165991902834,
0,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0.009259259259259259,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0,
0,
0.004784688995215311,
0,
0.028089887640449437,
0,
0.030303030303030304,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.125,
0,
0,
0,
0.1,
0.010638297872340425,
0.009389671361502348,
0.011627906976744186,
0.012048192771084338,
0.1,
0,
0,
0,
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0.010752688172043012,
0,
0.023809523809523808,
0.016,
0.005747126436781609,
0.011976047904191617,
0.011494252873563218,
0,
0,
0.021164021164021163,
0.016260162601626018,
0,
0.04,
0.0425531914893617,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.004201680672268907,
0.0392156862745098,
0.01020408163265306,
0.01020408163265306,
0.008733624454148471,
0,
0,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0.03125,
0,
0,
0.025210084033613446,
0.00881057268722467,
0
] | 0.013717 | 5 |
[
"Reduced food intake following intracerebroventricular administration of a low molecular weight fraction of plasma from free-feeding fowl.",
"\nPlasma was collected from free-feeding Leghorn cockerels and partitioned by gel filtration into fractions of different molecular weight ranges. ",
"The individual fractions were then lyophilized and reconstituted to four times the original concentration. ",
"The plasma was administered to 10-week-old Leghorn cockerels via a stainless steel guide cannula, stereotaxically implanted into the lateral cerebral ventricle. ",
"Sated cockerels received 10 microliters intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of one of the concentrated plasma fractions or of a control injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. ",
"Food and water intake were monitored following injection. ",
"Food intake was significantly decreased by the ICV injection of plasma fractions less than 1500 mol wt, whereas water consumption was not significantly different from that of the controls. ",
"The 1500 to 5000 mol wt fraction and the fraction above 5000 did not alter either food or water intake. ",
"These results suggest that the plasma of free-feeding domestic fowl contains a low molecular weight factor that is involved in the regulation of food intake."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0.006211180124223602,
0.005376344086021506,
0,
0.010582010582010581,
0,
0
] | 0.00323 | 5 |
[
"Navigation\n\nThursday, April 18, 2013\n\nThermaltake Introduces the 8400mAh Portable Power Pack\n\nTaipei, Taiwan – April, 12 2013 –As one leading brand in the computer chassis, thermal solution, and power supply unit. ",
"The Thermaltake 8400mAh Portable Power Pack is part of the new line of portable external batteries designed for the current modern mobile age. ",
"High capacity power and compact designs make these batteries a reliable power companion on the go.",
"\n\nPremium Quality BatteryA full charge can recharge an iPhone to 3.5 times. ",
"Equipped with a premium quality rechargeable battery cell with 8400mAh power capacity and up to 500 + recharge cycles over its lifetime. ",
"In addition, the powerful speedy 2.1A Output is ideal for charging tablets and another device at the same time.",
"\n\nRapid Charging with ConvenienceDual-USB Ports allow users to charge a tablet simultaneously with another device such as a smartphone. ",
"With 2 x USB charging ports users get more convenience and flexibility of being able to charge single or multiple devices whenever the need may arise.",
"\n\nSuit In MarketThermaltake 8400mAh Power Pack is compatible with all USB chargers come with Smartphones or tablets. ",
"The 8400mAh comes equipped with special charging ports exclusively designed for Samsung Galaxy and Apple devices respectively but can be used on any device which it charged via USB. ",
"Its compact and portable design makes it easier to carry with, similar size to most popular smart phones in the market.",
"\n\nYou can now talk longer, listen to more music, play more games, watch more videos and movies without worrying about running out of battery life with Thermaltake 8400mAh Portable Power Pack.",
"\n\nFor more details on the Thermaltake 8400mAh Portable Power Pack information please visit:"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.004672897196261682,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.016483516483516484,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00285 | 5 |
[
"One of the more commonplace items found in markets and homes today are animal litters which are sold for the purpose of receiving and absorbing (and/or adsorbing) urine and feces, liquid-containing animal waste, eliminated by household domestic animals; and particularly for small animals such as dogs, cats, mice, hamsters, and birds, that are typically kept in family homes or otherwise raised indoors in a household environment. ",
"Such litter materials are usually placed in containers termed \"litter boxes\"; and after a certain amount of time and usage by the animal has elapsed, the soiled litter material is disposed of and then replaced with clean litter material.",
"\nAn enormous variety of different formulations, compositions, and substances have been used as litter materials. ",
"Initially, litters included the use of dried sand, newspapers cut up into small pieces, dry sawdust, dried grass, and the like. ",
"Other litters then came into use stemming from clay and other mineral formulations originally intended for use in business and industry for absorbing oil, grease, water, and other liquid spills. ",
"This class of formulations is exemplified by U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"2,665,259; 2,728,733; 3,278,040; 3,080,214; and 4,163,674. ",
"A third litter category are those formulations and processes directed to the making of animal litters specifically and which typically provide particular ingredients for the control, collection, and/or disposal of animal wastes. ",
"This litter category is exemplified by U.S. Patent Numbers 4,163,674; 4,278,047; 4,570,573; 4,671,209; 4,203,388; 5,109,805; 5,014,650; 5,193,489; 5,209,185; and 5,216,980.",
"\nAs is well known and frequently complained of by owners of domesticated pets generally, a host of different problems are frequently encountered and are commonplace when using disposable animal litter formulations. ",
"Often, the household pet will outright reject the litter formulation; and such rejection is indicated by undesired droppings and waste messes anywhere in the household. ",
"In addition, the pet often tends to exhibit a preference for certain litter formulations; and once oriented or accustomed to using one litter formulation, the pet may reject another litter material, even if the substitute offers desirable additives or improvements. ",
"Finally, many pet owners regularly remix the litter material; removing some of the soiled material and adding new litter; and then mixing the old with the new as an economy measure. ",
"The difficulty lies in that the household pet often will dislike, if not outright reject, the remixed materials-thereby adding to the difficulty of controlling animal wastes.",
"\nIt will be readily appreciated therefore, that a litter formulation which includes an odorant attractant, and serves as a stimulant for the olfactory organs of the animal, and draws the animal to using the litter would be seen as a major advance and improvement in such preparations. ",
"Equally important, if the olfactory organ stimulant and odorant attractant were perceived by the domesticated animal as being a lure, a marker, or a sexual incentive, the pet would become predisposed and quickly accustomed to using the litter material routinely and would find different formulations of litter materials equally appealing."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005813953488372093,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000342 | 5 |
[
"\nCanada accuses Facebook of breaking local privacy law,threatens to take to court - petethomas\nhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/25/canada-accuses-facebook-breaking-local-privacy-law-threatening-take-company-court/\n======\naldamiz\nFacebook always linked to great news!",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} | [
0.0035335689045936395,
0
] | 0.001767 | 5 |
[
"Genome engineering includes altering the genome by deleting, inserting, mutating, or substituting specific nucleic acid sequences. ",
"The alteration can be gene or location specific. ",
"Genome engineering can use nucleases to cut DNA, thereby generating a site for alteration. ",
"In certain cases, the cleavage can introduce double-stranded breaks in the target DNA. ",
"Double-stranded breaks can be repaired, e.g., by endogenous non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR). ",
"HDR relies on the presence of a template for repair. ",
"In some examples of genome engineering, a donor polynucleotide, or portion thereof, can be inserted into the break.",
"\nClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated Cas proteins constitute the CRISPR-Cas system. ",
"This system provides adaptive immunity against foreign DNA in bacteria (Barrangou, R., et al., “",
"CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes,” Science 315, 1709-1712 (2007); Makarova, K. S., et al., “",
"Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems,” Nat Rev Microbiol 9, 467-477 (2011); Garneau, J. E., et al., “",
"The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA,” Nature 468, 67-71 (2010); Sapranauskas, R., et al., “",
"The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli,” Nucleic Acids Res 39, 9275-9282 (2011)). ",
"The RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease specifically targets and cleaves DNA in a sequence-dependent manner (Gasiunas, G., et al., “",
"Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, E2579-E2586 (2012); Jinek, M., et al., “",
"A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity,” Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Sternberg, S. H., et al., “",
"DNA interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9,” Nature 507, 62 (2014); Deltcheva, E., et al., “",
"CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III,” Nature 471, 602-607 (2011)), and has been widely used for programmable genome editing in a variety of organisms and model systems (Cong, L., et al., “",
"Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems,” Science 339, 819-823 (2013); Jiang, W., et al., “",
"RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems,” Nat. ",
"Biotechnol. ",
"31, 233-239 (2013); Sander, J. D. & Joung, J. K., “CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes,” Nature Biotechnol. ",
"32, 347-355. (",
"2014)).",
"\nJinek, M., et al., (“",
"A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity,” Science 337(6096):816-21 (2012)) showed that in a subset of CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems the mature CRISPR (crRNA) that is base paired to trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) forms a two-part RNA structure that directs the CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 to introduce double-stranded breaks in target DNA. ",
"At sites complementary to the crRNA-guide (spacer) sequence, the Cas9 HNH nuclease domain cleaves the complementary strand and the Cas9 RuvC-like domain cleaves the non-complementary strand. ",
"Dual crRNA/tracrRNA molecules were engineered into single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA molecules. ",
"These single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA directed target sequence-specific Cas9 double-strand DNA cleavage.",
"\nJinek, M., et al., ",
"designed two versions of single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA containing a target recognition sequence (spacer) at the 5′ end followed by a hairpin structure retaining the base-pairing interactions that normally occur between the tracrRNA and the crRNA (see FIG. ",
"5B of Jinek, M., et al.). ",
"For each single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA, the 3′ end of crRNA was covalently attached to the 5′ end of tracrRNA. ",
"In cleavage assays using plasmid DNA, Jinek, M., et al., ",
"observed that a 3′ truncated single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA did not cleave target DNA as efficiently in the assay as a longer single-chain crRNA/tracrRNA that was not truncated at the 3′ end (see FIG. ",
"5B and FIGS. ",
"14 A, B, and C of Jinek, M., et al.). ",
"These data confirmed that the “5 to 12 positions beyond the tracrRNA:crRNA base-pairing interaction are important for efficient Cas9 binding and/or target recognition” (Jinek, M., et al., ",
"Science 337(6096):820 (2012)).",
"\nBriner, A., et al., (“",
"Guide RNA Functional Modules Direct Cas9 Activity and Orthogonality,” Molecular Cell 56(2), 2014, Pages 333-339) elucidated the molecular basis of selective Cas9/guide-RNA interactions by identifying and characterizing distinct sequence and structural modules within guide RNAs that direct Cas9 endonuclease activity and define orthogonality. ",
"They established six modules within native crRNA:tracrRNA duplexes and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) across forty-one systems from three distinct Cas9 families. ",
"The six identified modules are the spacer, the lower stem, the bulge, the upper stem, the nexus hairpin, and 3′ hairpins. ",
"These modules are illustrated with reference to an sgRNA in FIG. ",
"2.",
"\nUsing the sgRNA/Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes, Briner, A., et al., ",
"showed that a bulge within the sgRNA is structurally necessary for DNA cleavage both in vitro and in vivo, whereas sequence substitutions are tolerated in other regions. ",
"Furthermore, expendable features can be removed to generate functional miniature sgRNAs. ",
"They also identified a conserved module “named the nexus; this feature exhibits sequence and structural features important for cleavage” (Briner, A., et al., ",
"page 2). ",
"They stated that this module, the nexus, is “necessary for DNA cleavage” (Briner, A., et al., ",
"Summary). ",
"The nexus hairpin confers activity to its cognate Cas9. ",
"The location of this nexus hairpin corresponds to the 5 to 12 positions beyond the tracrRNA:crRNA base-pairing interaction that are important for efficient Cas9 binding and/or target recognition as identified by Jinek, M., et al. (",
"see above).",
"\nBriner, A., et al., ",
"showed that the general nexus hairpin shape with a GC-rich stem and an offset uracil was shared between the two Streptococcus families. ",
"In contrast, the idiosyncratic double stem of the nexus hairpin was unique to, and ubiquitous in, Lactobacillus systems. ",
"Some bases within the nexus hairpin were strictly conserved even between distinct families, including A52 and C55, further highlighting the important role of this module. ",
"In the crystal structure of SpyCas9 A52 interacts with the backbone of residues 1103-1107 close to the 5′ end of the target strand in the in the crystal structure of SpyCas9, suggesting that the interaction of the nexus hairpin with the protein backbone may be required for protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) binding.",
"\nWright, A. V., et al., (“",
"Rational design of a split-Cas9 enzyme complex,” PNAS 112(10), 2015, pages 2984-2989) determined the RNA molecular determinants of sgRNA motifs that promote heterodimerization of the α-helical and nuclease lobes to form a ternary complex. ",
"Crystal structures of sgRNA/DNA-bound Cas9 showed that the spacer and the stem-loop motifs (i.e., the lower stem, the bulge, and the upper stem modules described by Briner, A., et al.) ",
"at the 5′ end of the sgRNA primarily contact the α-helical lobe, whereas the two hairpins (i.e., the hairpins module described by Briner, A., et al.) ",
"at the 3′ end bind the outside face of the nuclease lobe. ",
"They noted that “the nexus motif, recently shown to be critical for activity” (Wright, A. V., et al., ",
"page 2986, col. ",
"1), occupies a central position between the lobes and forms extensive interactions with the bridge helix. ",
"Based on this interaction profile, Wright, et al., ",
"generated a full-length sgRNA and two shorter sgRNA constructs that were selectively truncated from either the 5′ or 3′ end (no modifications were made to the critical nexus hairpin) and determined their affinities for wild-type Cas9, the individual α-helical and nuclease lobes, and split-Cas9.",
"\nContrary to the above-described teachings of the prior art, experiments performed in support of the present invention unexpectedly demonstrated that Cas9 functions (e.g., binding and cutting double-strand DNA) are supported by guide RNAs having a split nexus, as well as guide RNAs having modifications of the split nexus.",
"\nResults presented in the present specification open new design and engineering avenues for CRISPR technologies and set the stage for the development of next-generation CRISPR-based technologies."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0.023809523809523808,
0.025210084033613446,
0.007575757575757576,
0,
0.016,
0.011627906976744186,
0.0072992700729927005,
0.00909090909090909,
0.01762114537444934,
0.009523809523809525,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0.029197080291970802,
0,
0,
0,
0.010362694300518135,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.003937007874015748,
0,
0,
0,
0.005050505050505051,
0.07692307692307693,
0,
0.005319148936170213,
0,
0,
0.0029154518950437317,
0,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0.01282051282051282,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0.011695906432748537,
0.0031746031746031746,
0.07692307692307693,
0.0041841004184100415,
0.005405405405405406,
0.006666666666666667,
0,
0.0196078431372549,
0,
0,
0.0196078431372549,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.006878 | 5 |
[
"\n(2008)\nUNITED STATES of America\nv.\nMonzer AL KASSAR, Tareq Mousa Al Ghazi, and Luis Felipe Moreno Godoy, Defendants.",
"\nNo. ",
"S3 07 CR 354(JSR).",
"\nUnited States District Court, S.D. New York.",
"\nOctober 23, 2008.",
"\n\nMEMORANDUM ORDER\nJED S. RAKOFF, District Judge.",
"\nDefendant Monzer Al Kassar, on behalf of himself and his co-defendants Tareq Mousa Al Ghazi and Luis Felipe Moreno Godoy, requests that the Court allow Haiffa Al Kassar, Mr. Al Kassar's 24 year old daughter, to testify at trial. ",
"In support of this request, on October 17, 2008 the defense submitted, ex parte and under seal, a proffer pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 402 as to what Ms. Al Kassar would say if called to testify.[1]\nMs. Al Kassar allegedly previously has been denied admission to this country pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B). ",
"While the parties agree that this Court has no direct jurisdiction over the Government's application of this statute to Ms. Al Kassar, there is no question that the statute must bend to the Constitutional requirements of due process.",
"\nIt is clear from the defense's submission that although much of Ms. Al Kassar's testimony might well be inadmissible at trial, there is a kernel of her testimony that nevertheless could become both admissible and material as potential impeachment of what the defense believes certain Government witnesses will testify to. ",
"Accordingly, in the normal course, Ms. Al Kassar would be listed as a potential witness for trial, and would be prepared to testify if the Court deemed her testimony at that point appropriate for purposes of impeachment or otherwise.",
"\nThe only impediment standing in the way of her voluntary appearance at this point is the alleged application of a statute that does not, on its face, appear to meet her situation. ",
"The Court has great hopes, however, that in order to avoid difficult Constitutional issues and to allow for the most sensible approach to this trial, the Government will arrange for her ability to appear at trial as a witness.[2] Because, as a witness, Ms. Al Kassar would be excluded from the courtroom in any event, there is no need for her to appear or be admitted to this country prior to shortly before the start of the defense's case, which would be no earlier than November 18, 2008.",
"\nSO ORDERED.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] The defense originally sought leave to file a proffer regarding Ms. Al Kassar's testimony during an October 15, 2008 telephone conference. ",
"The ex parte sealed proffer makes reference to another witness, however, who was not mentioned during the October 15 conference. ",
"Because the Government had no opportunity to respond to any initial request for this witness's testimony, the Court accordingly does not address the defense's proffer regarding the relevance of such testimony.",
"\n[2] If there are any security concerns about Ms. Al Kassar that have not yet been made apparent to the Court, the Government is hereby granted leave to file an ex parte submission regarding this issue.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.042735042735042736,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0,
0.034782608695652174,
0.00906344410876133,
0.008583690987124463,
0.0030959752321981426,
0.008583690987124463,
0,
0.004081632653061225,
0,
0.006622516556291391,
0,
0.004784688995215311,
0.009852216748768473,
0
] | 0.008127 | 5 |
[
"Anthrax, a lethal infectious disease for human and other animals, is caused by anthrax toxin that is secreted from Bacillus anthracis[@b1][@b2]. ",
"Anthrax toxin consists of three proteins; protective antigen (PA) and two toxic factors: lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF)[@b3][@b4]. ",
"None of these three proteins is toxic when it exists alone. ",
"However, PA can form toxic complex with LF or EF, and subsequently enters the target cell cytoplasm through anthrax toxin receptor-mediated endocytosis and finally causes the cell death[@b5][@b6][@b7].",
"\n\nIt is still challenging to identify additional key components that are related to the internalization and lethality of anthrax toxin. ",
"Further investigation of the internalization mechanism of anthrax toxin will not only deciphers the missing components in the pathological processes, but facilitates the discovery of therapeutic targets. ",
"It has been reported that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) can mediate the internalization and lethality of anthrax toxin[@b8]. ",
"LRP6 is also a receptor for a secreted protein Dickkopf-1 (DKK1)[@b9][@b10][@b11]. ",
"In Wnt signaling pathway, DKK1 can form ternary complex with LRP6 and Kremen2, another membrane protein, for internalization[@b12][@b13]. ",
"We have recently reported that DKK1 plays an important role in the internalization and lethality of anthrax toxin through the ternary structure of LRP6-DKK1-Kremen2[@b14]. ",
"However, it is still technically challenging to investigate the function of secreted protein in real time without toilsome protein production and purification processes. ",
"One alternative approach is to use conditioned medium that contains secreted protein of interest. ",
"However, it is technically difficult to perform reproducible experiments with cells cultivated with conditioned medium, which is typically collected from other cell culture[@b15][@b16]. ",
"Moreover, medium acquisition and storage are often time-consuming and labor-intensive, making large-scale or multiplex experiments difficult to perform.",
"\n\nMicrofluidics becomes an ideal technology to reduce the reaction volumes for highly parallel assays[@b17][@b18][@b19][@b20][@b21]. ",
"Recent advances in microfluidics have greatly improved the controllability and precision, enabling the dynamic and programmable microenvironment control of cell culture, especially for small number of cells[@b22][@b23][@b24][@b25]. ",
"Microfluidic devices have been applied to study the cell responses to secreted factors in the culture medium through two major ways: 1) create a chemical gradient, stable or dynamic, of soluble molecules by micro-patterns or well-regulated flows on-chip[@b26][@b27][@b28], 2) constrain the physical distribution of different types of cells and control the direct or indirect interactions between cells[@b29][@b30][@b31][@b32][@b33]. ",
"Neither of these approaches is cost-effective to supply fresh conditioned medium, nor can they easily avoid the direct attachment between different types of cells.",
"\n\nHere we report a novel approach to accurately investigate how cells respond to the conditioned medium with specific soluble factors secreted from other live cells. ",
"We employed this approach to study the role of DKK1 in cell susceptibility to anthrax toxin. ",
"We identified a toxin-resistant LM/shRNA157B cell line, whose DKK1 expression level has been suppressed, and dynamically measured its viability under different culture conditions, with and without the exogenous DKK1 supplies ([Figure 1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These DKK1 proteins, freshly secreted from the wild-type LM cells that were cultured on-chip in a remote chamber, could be actively pumped into the culture chambers with DKK1-knocked-down cells. ",
"We found that exogenous DKK1 effectively rescued the cells\\' lost sensitivity to toxin, suggesting that DKK1 was likely serving as an activator in the internalization of anthrax toxin and consequently the cell death. ",
"Our high-throughput device could perform 4 groups of experiments, all with replicates, in 128 cell-culture chambers and 96 medium replacement chambers, providing an advanced technical solution to study the interaction between cells and soluble factors in the medium.",
"\n\nResults and discussion\n======================\n\nWe fabricated the device using PDMS majorly because of its two intrinsic advantages: 1) PDMS is gas permeable, allowing air and CO~2~ to reach the medium in the closed culture chambers[@b34]; 2) PDMS is optically transparent with negligible background fluorescence, making the microscopic observation convenient and quantitative[@b35]. ",
"To better support the device, the chip was placed on a glass slide. ",
"To quantitatively study the biological function of proteins secreted from live cells, we carefully considered the layout and dynamic interactions between culture chambers that embedded in the device. ",
"Cells cultured in one chamber would not physically attach to the cells in other chambers while the pre-designed fluidic channels, with pneumatic valves[@b36] to define the open/close status, linked the chambers.",
"\n\nThe layout of the whole device is shown in [Figure 1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The fluidic layer of the chip is illustrated as color-filled patterns. ",
"The whole chip has 4 major inputs (C1 to C4) to load cells into the culture chambers. ",
"Each input is responsible for 32 cell-culture chambers. ",
"There are also 12 inputs on the chip to introduce the culture medium. ",
"The control layer of the chip consists 22 control lines that can actuate 423 integrated pneumatic valves. ",
"Among them, 144 valves form 48 peristaltic pumps, which are divided into 6 groups.",
"\n\nThe chip can be viewed as the integration of 4 identical sections, and each section has 24 chambers for medium replacement and 32 chambers for cell culture, forming 4 identical replicating functioning units, one of which is highlighted in [Figure 1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The detailed structure of a functioning unit is illustrated in [Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nEvery chip has 128 rectangular cell culture chambers. ",
"Each chamber is 1.20 mm × 1.30 mm × 0.05 mm, suitable to contain ca. ",
"1,000 cells. ",
"The medium replacement chamber is 1.70 mm × 1.30 mm × 0.05 mm. ",
"2 medium replacement chambers supply 4 cell culture chamber. [",
"Figure 2b](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the key function of this device: fluidic exchange control between chambers. ",
"We load the top two chambers (1 and 2) with one type of cells and bottom two (5 and 6) with another type, leave the central two (3 and 4) free of cells. ",
"In this 2 × 3 configuration, every chamber is connected with the adjacent chamber with a short microfluidic channel, 300 μm wide and 25 μm high. ",
"These channels, with integrated pneumatic valves to open or close, are designed for medium exchange between chambers. ",
"One three-valve peristaltic pump[@b17] has also been placed in this 6-chamber structure to drive the fluidic flow. ",
"We have found that medium refreshment is critical to keep cells healthy, and the refreshment may need to be more frequent than conventional culture due to the very limited volume in each culture chamber[@b37]. ",
"The chamber 3 and 4 were used to introduce fresh medium and replace the old one ([Figure 2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Then the replaced medium was mixed with the old one in the other 4 chambers by actuating the peristaltic pump ([Figure 2d](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and distributed uniformly in a few minutes among all the connected chambers ([Figure 2e](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In this 6-chamber configuration each operation will replace part of the medium, which brings sufficient nutrient, removes considerable amount of metabolic wastes, and still keep a big portion of the secreted soluble factors in the medium. ",
"Each functioning unit has a 6-chamber structure to mix the media from two types of cells, and two 4-chamber structures with similar designs serving as the control groups for both cell types ([Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nThe cell culture chambers were not just plain square boxes. ",
"We placed two bars in each chamber, shown in [Figure 2f](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and turned the chamber into a 3-section zigzag channel. ",
"This design was proved to be a simple yet effective solution which ensured that there would not be any stationary part in the chamber when medium flowed through, generating evenly seeded cells and uniform medium exchange in each chamber[@b35]. ",
"The flow characteristics of square and zigzag cell culture chambers, and the cell seeding results were shown in [Figure 2f](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"White arrows indicated the stationary spots that cells rarely seed onto. ",
"The DKK1-knocked-down LM/shRNA157B cells and their corresponding control groups (wild type LM cells) were employed in our experiment. ",
"Every functioning unit contains 8 cell culture chambers, 4 loaded with wild type LM cells and the other 4 with LM/shRNA157B cells. ",
"We hence had 4 groups of experiments in parallel: LM cells (Group A), LM cells that shared secreted DKK1 with LM/shRNA157B (Group B), whose DKK1 expression level has been suppressed ([Figure 3a](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), LM/shRNA157B cells with exogenous DKK1 freshly secreted from LM cells (Group C), and LM/shRNA157B cells without exogenous DKK1 (Group D). ",
"Each group has two technical replicates, and in total we have 4 biological replicates in each section. ",
"12 inputs, 3 in each section, were applied to introduce the culture medium. ",
"Within one section we kept the medium identical while between sections, the concentrations of anthrax toxin were different.",
"\n\nWe tested the performance of medium mixing that driven by peristaltic pumps embedded on-chip. ",
"Culture media with different toxin concentrations were loaded into the pre-designed sections, respectively. ",
"A typical mixing took 10 min, through a 50 Hz pumping action using the integrated 3-valve peristaltic pumps. ",
"After mixing the medium was uniformly distributed among all the connected chambers in both the experimental and control groups.",
"\n\nIn each device, we used 4 sections to simultaneously carry out the experiments with 3 toxin dosages, and an extra group without toxin as the reference. ",
"Cells that died during the experiment would detach from the chamber bottom and were then flushed out of the device with other metabolic wastes through medium mixing and changing. ",
"The LM/shRNA157B cells in Group C would not produce sufficient DKK1 while they could continuously receive extracellular DKK1 secreted from the cells in Group B. In conventional practice, we replace the toxin-containing medium with fresh medium after 48 h treatment. ",
"However, when cultured on chip, the chamber is only 0.05 mm thick so we have to introduce the fresh medium more frequently to keep the cells healthy. ",
"We noticed that medium replacement every 3 to 6 h is necessary to maintain the cell viability at expected cell density in culture chamber. ",
"To minimize the DKK1 concentration fluctuation, we chose to replace the medium every 6 h.\n\nWe examined the cell viability on-chip through the live/dead staining with Calcein AM (a green fluorescent dye for indicating live cells) and Ethidium Homodimer-1 (EthD-1, a red fluorescent dye for indicating dead cells via nucleic acid labeling). ",
"In every section, we obtained the toxin sensitivity of LM and LM/shRNA157B cells in groups A and D, respectively, and collected the cell survival data of groups B and C in response to toxin through the fluorescence microscopic imaging. ",
"Fluid flow also makes the fluorescent staining automated and uniform. ",
"To test the sensitivity of LM and LM/shRNA157B cells to the toxin, we typically cultured the cells inside the micro-chambers for 48 h with the toxin treatment. ",
"As LF does not cause lethality in most cell types except macrophages where the cleavage of MAPKK triggers apoptosis[@b38], we employed FP59, a PA-binding fusion protein containing LF amino acids 1--254 and the catalytic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, to investigate the actions of PA[@b39][@b40]. ",
"The conventional culture experiments have shown that the LM/shRNA157B cells, with DKK1 expression knocked-down, exhibit much higher level of resistance to the chimeric toxin than the wild-type LM cells ([Figure 3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nUnlike the conventional assays that typically used MTT assay to monitor the cell viability with limited control of the culture environment, we were also able to use this chip-based method to observe the morphological behaviors of cells and their response to different culture conditions with precise control. ",
"Both the wild-type LM cells and LM/shRNA157B cells showed the normal status when they were cultured on-chip without toxin treatment, with survival rates close to 100% ([Figure 4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"However, the cell viability in groups A was gradually decreased when we elevated toxin concentration in the culture medium. ",
"It is noticeable that in some cases the detachment of dead cells might result in the decrease of cell density. ",
"In contrast, LM/shRNA157B cells in group D, in which DKK1 expression was knocked-down, were clearly resistant to toxin when PA concentration did not exceed 50 ng/ml; even 100 ng/ml of PA only slightly brought down the viability to \\~80% ([Figure 4b](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"However, the LM/shRNA157B cells cultured in group C, fed with the conditioned medium containing DKK1 secreted from wild-type LM cells cultured in group B, did not hold the resistance to toxin as the cell survival rate obviously decreased upon toxin introduction. ",
"This observation clearly suggested that the extracellular DKK1 facilitated the uptake of toxin by cells. ",
"In the meantime, the group B with wild-type LM cells that continuously provided DKK1 to cells in group C, showed a significantly improved viability due to the dilution and extra consuming of secreted DKK1. ",
"We also observed the higher viability of cells in group C than those in group B, implying that the DKK1 concentration in the medium of group C (receiving end) was lower than that in group B (supply side) in the dynamic DKK1 supplement.",
"\n\nWe then monitored the dynamic response of the cells to toxin to fully exploit the advantages of large-scale integrated microfluidic devices. ",
"The chip was incubated in the homemade culture chamber on the sample stage of a microscope. ",
"The chamber could maintain an environment of the mixture of air and 5% CO~2~ at 37°C without interfering microscopic observation and image acquisition at the same time. ",
"We initiated the toxin assay when the cells grew to confluence on-chip. ",
"We took time-lapse bright-field microscopic images of each chamber when toxin-containing medium was introduced into the chip, and at the time points of 12 h, 24 h, 32 h, and 40 h. Finally, we stained all the chambers with Calcein AM/EthD-1 at 48 h ([Figure 4c](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nWhen we used 25 ng/ml of PA and 50 ng/ml of FP59, wild-type LM cells (group A) exhibited a clear dead trend at \\~24 h after toxin was provided, while at that time all the other three groups did not show obvious cell death. ",
"Later (\\~32 h), we found that the cells in group B began to shrink and the shape turned to round. ",
"Similar morphological changes had also been observed in LM/shRNA157B cells of in group C, but with a time delay of \\~8 h. This time difference was probably due to the difference in DKK1 concentration. ",
"Through the real-time observation of the cell status in microfluidic devices, we could obtain the accurate information of cells\\' dynamic response to toxin, and provide extra evidence in analysis of the biological functions of DKK1 in anthrax lethality.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn summary, we have presented a novel microfluidic live-cell assay to quantitatively study cell response to toxin using continuously supplied conditioned medium that produced by a different group of cells in real-time. ",
"All the cells were cultured on-chip and the secreted factors could be specifically delivered into certain cells through microfluidic fluid manipulation. ",
"We applied this assay to study the effect of a secreted protein, DKK1, on cell susceptibility to anthrax toxin in LM/shRNA157B cells, in which the endogenous DKK1 expression had been knocked-down. ",
"Highly integrated micro-valves and micro-pumps made the multiplex experiments possible. ",
"We have realized 128 parallel culture chambers, as well as 96 medium replacement chambers, to operate simultaneously, with two types of cells, four toxin concentrations, and four replicates. ",
"This compact device was fully automated by computer programming with real-time microscopic observation in-situ. ",
"Our demonstration has shown that experiments that are conventionally difficult to operate or hard to reproduce, such as the cell culture requiring precisely and dynamically controlled conditioned medium, can be readily performed using this platform, with much less consumption of materials and much higher accuracy and reproducibility.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nConventional cell culture\n-------------------------\n\nAll cells were cultured in Dulbecco\\'s modified Eagle\\'s medium (DMEM, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen) and 50 units/mL of penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen), and incubated in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO~2~ at 37°C.",
"\n\nCell transfection\n-----------------\n\nLentiviral shRNA expression constructs pLKO.1 carrying shRNA specifically targeting on mouse DKK1 gene were obtained from OpenBiosystems, Inc. DNA transfections were performed with Polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated method[@b41]. ",
"Lentivirus were produced by transient transfection of HEK293T cells by shRNA expression construct with pCMVΔR8.74 and pMD2.G-VSVG. ",
"Stable shRNA expression LM cells were achieved through viral infection followed by puromycin (2 μg/mL) selection. ",
"Real-time PCR was performed to confirm that mDkk1 expression was decreased in LM cells.",
"\n\nOff-chip cytotoxicity assay\n---------------------------\n\nPA were produced using plasmid pET-22b-PA[@b42] and FP59, a surrogate of LF consisting of the N-terminal 1--254 residues of LF fused to the catalytic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, was purchased from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. Cytotoxicity assays were performed as described[@b8] with MTT (AMRESCO). ",
"Each data point and related error bar shown in the figure for the MTT assay represent the average results from six replicates.",
"\n\nReal-time PCR\n-------------\n\nRNA of cultured cells was isolated using EasyPure RNA kit (Transgen, ER101-01), and the cDNAs were synthesized by PrimeScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (TAKARA, 6110A). ",
"Real-time PCR was performed with Brilliant III Ultra Fast SYBR Green QPCR Master Mix (Stratagene, 600882) on Stratagene Mx3005P qPCR system. ",
"β-actin transcript levels were measured as internal controls.",
"\n\nSequences\n---------\n\nMouse DKK1 target of lentiviral shRNA: AGAGCCATCATTGTAAACACGGCTTTTTG. ",
"PCR primers for mDkk1: 5′-ATGAGGGCGGGAACAAGTAC-3′, 5′-GAGCCTTCTTGTCCTTTGGTGT-3′. PCR primers for mouse β-actin: 5′-CCAGCCTTCCTTCTTGGGTAT-3′, 5′-GTAACAGTCCGCCTAGAAGCA-3′.\n\nFabrication of multilayer microfluidic devices\n----------------------------------------------\n\nAll devices were fabricated using multilayer soft lithography[@b43]. ",
"Devices are composed of three layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, RTV615 kit, GE), bonded to a cleaned glass slide (7 × 10 cm). ",
"Two separate master molds, one for the fluidic layer and the other for the control layer, were fabricated by photolithography. ",
"The silicon wafers were treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS, Alfa Aesar, USA) vapor for 3 min at 25°C before being coated with photoresist. ",
"The hybrid master mold of the fluid layer was fabricated through a multi-step photoligraphy to form the molds with different thickness. ",
"The flow channels were fabricated by double spin-coating positive photoresist (P4620, AZ Electronic Materials) to a thickness of 25 μm. ",
"After photolithographic etching, the patterned positive photoresist was re-flowed on a hot plate ramped from 30°C to 220°C at 6°C/h, to obtain rounded channel profiles, with a peak height of about 25 μm. ",
"Subsequently, the chambers for connection were patterned by 15 μm thick negative photoresist (SU-8 2025 MicroChem, Newton, MA). ",
"Finally the hybrid master mold was baked at 160°C for 1 h to fully crosslink the SU8. ",
"The mold of the control layer had 15 μm thick features made by P4620 positive photoresist (AZ Electronic Materials). ",
"Before the fabrication of PDMS chips, both molds were treated with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS, Sinopharm, China) vapor for 5 min at 25°C. ",
"The fluidic layer was made by pouring PDMS (5:1, elastomer to crosslinker ratio) onto its mold to a thickness of 5 to 6 mm. ",
"The control layer of the chip was made by spin-coating PDMS (20:1, elastomer to crosslinker ratio) onto the mold at 1400 rpm for 60 s. Then the fluid and control layers were baked at 80°C for 20 min and 30 min, respectively. ",
"After the fluidic layer was peeled off from its mold and hole-punched, it was aligned over the control layer, and then bonded at 80°C for 45 min. ",
"The bonded layers were peeled off from the control mold, hole-punched, then placed on a glass slide with a thin, cured PDMS layer (10:1, elastomer to crosslinker ratio). ",
"Finally, the whole chip was incubated at 80°C for at least 6 h. The complete chip is shown in [Figure S1](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.",
"\n\nAutomation\n----------\n\nAll the valves in the chip were driven by computer controlled solenoid valves. ",
"When the process of medium exchange was confirmed, the procedure was performed automatically using a designed LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) program. ",
"All imaging instruments were controlled by our own program script written in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).",
"\n\nMicrofluidic cell culture\n-------------------------\n\nAt the beginning of each experiment, Pluronic F-127 (Sigma-Aldrich; 0.2% w/w in PBS, filter-sterilized) was incubated for 1 h inside the entire flow channels. ",
"This passivated the PDMS surfaces and therefore prevented the nonspecific adsorption of DKK1 or anthrax toxin molecules, and further eliminate the possible transportation loss of such molecules[@b34]. ",
"Before loading the cells on-chip, a sterile solution of fibronectin (Invitrogen, 100 μg/mL in PBS) was incubated in the culture chambers for at least 1 h and then rinsed with growth medium. ",
"The cells were trypsinized to single cells, centrifuged, and re-suspended. ",
"Then, the cells were loaded through the inlets on chip with tygon tubing. ",
"When cells became confluent, the fresh culture medium (10% FBS, 50 units/mL of penicillin-streptomycin in DMEM) were applied every 4 h. The chip was incubated in the homemade device which contained two indium−tin-oxide (ITO) glass plates on both bottom and top sides of the chip, and the temperature of the two plates were controlled by two PID controllers, and a tube applied 5% CO~2~, in order to maintain an environment of the mixture of air and 5% CO~2~ at 37°C. ",
"The cells were incubated in the chip for 8 hours before toxin assay.",
"\n\nMicrofluidic toxin assay\n------------------------\n\nThe chip was divided into four parts, to culture cells under three kinds of toxin conditions, including PA of 12.5 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, plus FP59 (50 ng/mL), and control medium without toxin respectively, as shown in [Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} in different colors. ",
"The cell inputs C1 and C3 are delivered the wild type cells and the C2 and C4 are delivered the mutation type 157 shRNA cells. ",
"Before toxin assay, the cells were incubated in the chip for 8 hours. ",
"Three concentrations of toxin culture medium and fresh control medium are delivered into 4 inlets respectively. ",
"The peristaltic pumps composed of in series cascading valves, located between the pair of cell culture and medium chambers, allow the circulation of the condition medium around. ",
"By changing the configuration of the valves, cells in each section were made in 4 different culture environment, including wild type cell which culture medium only switch with medium chamber, wild type cell which culture medium switch with mutation cell through the medium chamber in the middle, mutation cell which were supplied of conditional medium contains DKK1 from the wild type cell, and mutation cell which culture medium only switch with medium chamber. ",
"The velocity of the conditional medium mixing is controlled by the number of actuation cycles applied to the pump valves, and the flow speed by the frequency at which the valves are switched. ",
"Typically, the time of medium turning around a cycle is about 60 s.\n\nCell viability staining\n-----------------------\n\nAll assays are performed after toxin added 48 h in culture in the device. ",
"Cell viability is determined by staining with two-probe solution which contains 2 mM Calcein AM (Invitrogen) and 4 mM ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1, Invitrogen) in PBS. ",
"The stain solution is incubated for 30 min before imaging.",
"\n\nImage taken and analysis\n------------------------\n\nPhase-contrast and fluorescence images of cells viability in each chamber were recorded by an automated microscope (TE2000-E, Nikon) with a CCD camera (Olympus, DP72). ",
"Time-lapse images of cell growth and dead curve were obtained at the time point 0, 12 h, 24 h, 32 h, 40 h and 48 h after toxin added. ",
"Home-developed MATLAB scripts were employed to perform image analysis and data statistical analysis. ",
"We developed our own MATLAB script to recognize and calculate the cell survival rate from fluorescent images. ",
"We picked up the red channel from the images labeled with EthD-1, and turned grey scale image to binary image, then summed total red pixels, representing dead cell numbers. ",
"The total green pixels were calculated according to the same method, representing live cell numbers. ",
"Since the enzyme was not completely inactivated, some dead cells were marked with green and red at the same time, so we defined the double labeled cells were dead cells, that statistical significance of the living cells is green pixels minus double labeled pixels. ",
"Because lots of dead cells were off the base, and washed away when the culture medium updated, so we considered the live cell numbers in the control group as a starting cell numbers in experimental group. ",
"The survival rate was calculated by dividing the number of the living cells in experimental group by that in control group.",
"\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nY.H. and W.W. conceived and designed the methods and experiments. ",
"J.S., C.C., Z.Y., Y.P., Y.Z. and L.Q. conducted the experiments and data analysis. ",
"J.S., W.W. and Y.H. wrote the manuscript.",
"\n\nSupplementary Material {#s1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nSupplementary Information\n\nThe authors thank Dr. Wentao Li, Dr. Yongfan Men and Haiwei Qiu for experimental help and discussion. ",
"This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB809106 to Y.H., and 2010CB911800 to W.W.), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21222501 and 91313302 to Y.H., and 31070115 to W.W.). ",
"Dr. Jie Shen was supported by the Postdoctoral Foundation of Center for Life Sciences at Peking University-Tsinghua University.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.013793103448275862,
0.014184397163120567,
0,
0.014925373134328358,
0,
0,
0.013071895424836602,
0.04819277108433735,
0.028985507246376812,
0.005813953488372093,
0,
0,
0.010752688172043012,
0,
0.03759398496240601,
0.017241379310344827,
0.020785219399538105,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009216589861751152,
0,
0.007792207792207792,
0,
0,
0.004739336492890996,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0.004761904761904762,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004098360655737705,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011235955056179775,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011278195488721804,
0,
0,
0.0058997050147492625,
0,
0,
0,
0.012861736334405145,
0,
0.003215434083601286,
0,
0,
0,
0.003663003663003663,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0035335689045936395,
0.0044444444444444444,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01015228426395939,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011594202898550725,
0.011278195488721804,
0.007633587786259542,
0,
0.011494252873563218,
0.010498687664041995,
0.007936507936507936,
0.00980392156862745,
0.028368794326241134,
0,
0.021505376344086023,
0.011940298507462687,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.004901960784313725,
0.0078125,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.014388489208633094,
0,
0.0044444444444444444,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011976047904191617,
0.017699115044247787,
0.009345794392523364,
0.009950248756218905,
0.010526315789473684,
0,
0,
0.006423982869379015,
0,
0.015151515151515152,
0.015748031496062992,
0,
0,
0,
0.0021598272138228943,
0,
0,
0.02976190476190476,
0,
0.00904977375565611,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0,
0.04878048780487805,
0.013761467889908258,
0.02145922746781116,
0.023622047244094488,
0,
0.0041841004184100415,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012738853503184714,
0.018691588785046728,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.004429 | 5 |
[
"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Part I.\nThe infant with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia presents many challenges to those caring for him. ",
"A thorough understanding of both anatomic and physiologic components can enable the caregiver to accurately assess the patient and employ interventions which will minimize complications. ",
"This article discusses the incidence, mortality, embryology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and conventional management. ",
"Part II will discuss alternatives to conventional management, outcome predictors, current research, and follow-up of the infant with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Current views on cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants.",
"\nPreterm infants (<32 weeks), who are unable to breastfeed, are fed with expressed maternal milk via a nasogastric tube. ",
"Mothers of these infants often experience difficulties in establishing and maintaining lactation. ",
"The majority of women excrete cytomegalovirus (CMV) in their breast milk. ",
"CMV transmitted through maternal milk could cause symptomatic infection in preterm infants presenting as a sepsis like syndrome, pneumonitis, hepatopathy or enterocolitis. ",
"Routine freezing of maternal milk decreases the CMV load in breast milk and is used in some neonatal centers to reduce CMV transmission to preterm infants. ",
"In the present review article, the existing routine procedures pertaining to breast milk use for preterm infants will be explained, and the current views on associated CMV infection in preterm infants will be discussed, including diagnostics and therapeutic strategies."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0.005813953488372093,
0.01282051282051282,
0.0037174721189591076
] | 0.005124 | 5 |
[
"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPetition for Writ of Mandamus Denied and Memorandum Opinion filed August\r\n21, 2003\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\nPetition for Writ of Mandamus Denied and Memorandum\r\nOpinion filed August 21, 2003.",
"\n \nIn The\n \nFourteenth Court of Appeals\n____________\n \nNO. ",
"14-03-00885-CV\n____________\n \nIN RE ANTONIA F. POLOS, Relator\n \n \n\n \nORIGINAL\r\nPROCEEDING\nWRIT\r\nOF MANDAMUS\n \n\n \nM E M O R A N D U M O\r\nP I N I O N\nOn August 18, 2003, relator\r\nfiled a petition for writ of mandamus in this Court.",
" See Tex.",
"\r\nGov=t. Code Ann. ' ",
"22.221 (Vernon Supp. ",
"2003); see\r\nalso Tex.",
" R. \r\nApp.",
" P. 52.",
" Relator also filed\r\na motion for emergency relief.",
"\nWe deny relator=s motion for emergency relief and petition\r\nfor writ of mandamus. ",
"\n \nPER CURIAM\n \n \nPetition Denied\r\nand Memorandum Opinion filed August 21, 2003.",
"\nPanel consists of\r\nJustices Yates, Hudson, and Fowler.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0049504950495049506,
0.01694915254237288,
0.012987012987012988,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0.047619047619047616,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0.0125,
0.01818181818181818,
0
] | 0.01798 | 5 |
[
"Using effective SEO strategies can help increase rankings and drive traffic for your business. ",
"If your SEO is done right, search engine and web crawlers will love your business website. ",
"To achieve exceptional results in your SEO endeavors, it is advisable to hire a reputable SEO company. ",
"Always turn to EBizUniverse for your SEO in Schaumburg.",
"\n\nAt EBizUniverse, we employ effective SEO strategies including on-site and off-site SEO, SEO audit, link audit and optimizations, and backlink audit. ",
"We also use detailed keyword research, content development, organic link building and so forth. ",
"Our technical team will combine all these effective SEO strategies to offer you the very best of SEO in Schaumburg. ",
"With this, we can drive more traffic to your website and increase rankings in the search results.",
"\n\nIn addition, we offer transparent and well-detailed SEO services. ",
"Our aim is to offer your business the right platform to thrive and help you get the best out of your SEO tasks. ",
"By creating that right SEO strategy for your business, we will give your business the needed advantage over your competitors. ",
"Our SEO strategies at EBizUniverse will help boost sales and increase revenue.",
"\n\nReliable Provider of Effective SEO Strategies\n\nAt EBizUniverse, we work with a team of highly skilled, well-experienced SEO experts and website ranking consultants. ",
"Our experts employ several SEO strategies including content development, organic link building, Keyword research, and Internal linking structure. ",
"By combining all these, we will build a digital footprint for your business that will be loved by web visitors and search engine crawlers.",
"\n\nAlso, our SEO strategies will help improve your website architecture and user experience. ",
"Our consultants will give you better insights into the effects of SEO on your digital marketing tasks. ",
"We will help create unique and useful website contents which will help your business achieve higher domain authority. ",
"We will also help monitor your rankings and traffic performance. ",
"Our SEO in Schaumburg is guaranteed to achieve effective and instant results.",
"\n\nOur SEO strategies are Ethical, Safe, and Google-Approved\n\nRecently, Google has been cracking down on websites that make use of unethical SEO strategies. ",
"At EBizUniverse, we drive organic traffic and increase rankings using ethical, white-hat SEO strategies. ",
"Our SEO techniques are Google-approved and absolutely safe. ",
"You can be assured that manual or algorithm penalty from Google will never be your case when we handle your SEO.",
"\n\nWhat’s more, our expert team are also well experienced in helping clients become cleared of Google Penalty. ",
"Over the years, we have successfully recovered a lot of websites that have been hit with a manual penalty. ",
"By making use of their comprehensive knowledge and strategies about SEO penalty removal, we will help remove the penalty and increase your rankings.",
"\n\nChoose Us for Your SEO in Schaumburg\n\nAre you searching for the ideal SEO in Schaumburg to help increase traffic, boost search engine rankings, and boost sales? ",
"Contact us today at EBizUniverse. ",
"We can offer you an affordable, customized SEO solution based on your budget and business needs. ",
"Our consultants will be available to speak with you and discuss your options. ",
"An amazing experience awaits you."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.010526315789473684,
0.01098901098901099,
0.019417475728155338,
0.01818181818181818,
0.019867549668874173,
0,
0.017241379310344827,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.008928571428571428,
0.007936507936507936,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0.0136986301369863,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0,
0,
0.019230769230769232,
0.009523809523809525,
0,
0.017857142857142856,
0.00909090909090909,
0,
0.006756756756756757,
0.006134969325153374,
0.029411764705882353,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0
] | 0.008637 | 5 |
[
"The aim of the 2017 Designated Driver campaign is to encourage people across the island of Ireland to give the 'Gift of a Lift' to friends and loved-ones this Christmas, by staying sober on nights out to ensure they get home safely.",
"\n\nAs we all struggle to find the perfect gift for loved ones at Christmas, one of the most appreciated gestures you can give to family and friends is a 'gift of lift', so they can enjoy all the fun of Christmas and get home hassle-free.",
"\n\nTo support these selfless designated drivers this season, Coca-Cola will once again offer two free drinks from the Coca-Cola range or an alcohol-free 'Coketail' that can be redeemed in participating bars and restaurants across Ireland and Northern Ireland.",
"\n\nThis year Coca-Cola is also making it even easier for designated drivers to claim their free drinks - with digital vouchers that can be stored in the mobile wallet app on their smart phones.",
"\n\nThe vouchers are available by free texting Coca-Cola to 50015 in Republic of Ireland and 80800 in Northern Ireland throughout the holiday season. ",
"You can also scan a QR code displayed in participating bars and restaurants around the region, making it as easy as possible to redeem your vouchers on your night out!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.004310344827586207,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.005208333333333333,
0.006756756756756757,
0
] | 0.004005 | 5 |
[
"Hemos escuchado desde siempre, y muchos hoy transmitimos a nuestros hijos, una especie de máxima universal: “hay que bañarse todos los días”. ",
"El argumento para semejante afirmación es sólido: al llegar la noche cargamos casi literalmente el día entero. ",
"En mayor o menor medida, dependiendo de cada persona, sudor y otras yerbas envuelven nuestros cuerpos.",
"\n\nLeé también: Revelan cuál es la mejor forma de ir al baño\n\nPero la pregunta nace casi naturalmente: ¿está bien bañarse todos los días? ",
"Bueno, según los expertos, no. “",
"Ducharse responde más bien a razones estéticas”, le cuenta a la revista Time la doctora Elaine Larson, experta en enfermedades infecciosas y decana asociada de investigación en la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Columbia, en Estados Unidos, y añade: “La gente piensa que se ducha para estar más limpio, pero bacteriológicamente no es así”.",
"\n\nLeé también: Sí, podés sentarte en un inodoro público\n\nEntonces, ¿cuántas veces hay que ducharse? ",
"En términos de salud la respuesta es contundente: dos veces a la semana es suficiente. ",
"Según Larson, hay que enjabonarse orificios, trasero e ingles, donde se producen secreciones de fuerte olor. ",
"El resto del cuerpo no necesita mucho jabón.",
"\n\nLeé también: 14 cosas que las personas exitosas hacen antes de desayunar\n\nLa doctora inclusive va más lejos y afirma que ducharse en exceso puede ser perjudicial: la piel seca y escamada puede abrir puertas a los gérmenes y a las bacterias. ",
"Ducharse con demasiada frecuencia si la piel está seca puede empeorarla.",
"\n\nLarson además sostiene que “los jabones antibacterianos y productos de limpieza que muchas personas utilizan en sus hogares no son mejores que el jabón simple y llano para reducir el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas”. ",
"De hecho, según informa el mismo Time, algunas investigaciones han relacionado el triclosán, un ingrediente que se encuentra en muchos de estos productos, a los posibles riesgos para la salud.",
"\n\na surfer showers off on the beach after riding the waves off cardiff, california january 3, 2006. ",
"an aggressive winter storm that hit southern california yesterday brought big waves and some minor flooding along the coast tuesday. ",
"reuters_mike blake joven surfista ducha playa california eeuu fuerte tormenta de invierno altas olas clima california eeuu\n\n“Creo que la mayoría de la gente “sobre-bañarse”. ",
"El cuerpo es una máquina bien engrasada de manera natural. ",
"Una ducha diaria no es necesaria”, coincide el doctor Brandon Mitchell, profesor de Dermatología en la Universidad George Washington, Estados Unidos. “",
"Bañarse todos los días puede eliminar de la piel sus aceites naturales, y también puede perturbar la población de las bacterias de apoyo al sistema inmunológico”, argumenta.",
"\n\n“Yo le recomiendo a mis pacientes que se duchan a diario pero que no se enjabonen el cuerpo entero. ",
"Que lo hagan en los orificios, en el trasero y en las ingles, es decir, en las áreas donde se producen secreciones de olor fuerte. ",
"El resto del cuerpo no necesita mucho jabón”, explica Mitchell. ",
"En el caso del pelo, dos lavados a la semana también son suficientes, añade Mitchell.",
"\n\nSí es importante, en cambio, lavarse muy bien las manos y la la ropa, porque es donde se acumulan las células muertas y la suciedad.",
"\n\nFuente: Time"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.04504504504504504,
0.0196078431372549,
0.0072992700729927005,
0.03125,
0.011428571428571429,
0.02,
0,
0.009174311926605505,
0.022727272727272728,
0.00411522633744856,
0.013888888888888888,
0.013513513513513514,
0.036458333333333336,
0,
0,
0.011494252873563218,
0.01694915254237288,
0.033112582781456956,
0.023121387283236993,
0,
0,
0.03125,
0.023529411764705882,
0.014925373134328358,
0
] | 0.014957 | 5 |
[
"dark horizontal bars\n\nI'm seeing transparent but visible dark horizontal bars scrolling downward in footage when my GPH 4 Black is pointing in a certain direction relative to the sun. ",
"Is there a name for this phenomenon and is it common? ",
"I've read that a sunshade helps but then I've also read that using an ND filter...\n\nAbout us\n\n3DRpilots is the leading online community for 3DR Solo drone enthusiasts and a member of the DronePilots Network. ",
"We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.009615384615384616,
0.010256410256410256
] | 0.004968 | 5 |
[
"package com.limegroup.gnutella.gui.shell;\n\nimport com.limegroup.gnutella.gui.",
"DialogOption;\nimport com.limegroup.gnutella.gui.",
"GUIMediator;\nimport com.limegroup.gnutella.gui.",
"I18n;\nimport com.limegroup.gnutella.gui.options.",
"ConfigureOptionsAction;\nimport com.limegroup.gnutella.settings.",
"QuestionsHandler;\n\nimport java.util.",
"Collection;\n\n/**\n * Stores all the LimeAssociationOptions that LimeWire is set to use.",
"\n */\npublic class ShellAssociationManager {\n private final Collection<LimeAssociationOption> associations;\n\n public ShellAssociationManager(Collection<LimeAssociationOption> associations) {\n this.associations = associations;\n }\n\n /**\n * Runs through all the associations that this manager is handling and\n * checks to see if they can be enabled. ",
" If 'prompt' is true, this will\n * prompt the user (respecting any 'do not ask again' settings) prior\n * to moving an association to LimeWire from another program. ",
" If 'prompt'\n * is false, this will only change associations that are currently unset.",
"\n *\n * @param prompt whether to prompt the user\n * @return true if all allowed and supported associations are registered\n * to us. (",
"only meaningful if prompt is false).",
"\n */\n public boolean checkAndGrab(boolean prompt) {\n boolean ret = true;\n for (LimeAssociationOption association : associations) {\n if (association.isAllowed()) {\n if (association.isAvailable()) // grab all available associations\n association.setEnabled(true);\n else if (!",
"association.isEnabled())\n ret = false;\n }\n }\n if (!",
"ret && prompt) {\n DialogOption answer = GUIMediator.showYesNoOtherMessage(\n I18n.tr(\"One or more files or protocols that FrostWire uses are no longer associated with FrostWire. ",
"Would you like FrostWire to re-associate them?\"),",
"\n QuestionsHandler.",
"GRAB_ASSOCIATIONS,\n I18n.tr(\"Details\"));\n if (answer == DialogOption.",
"YES) {\n for (LimeAssociationOption association : associations) {\n if (association.isAllowed() && !",
"association.isEnabled())\n association.setEnabled(true);\n }\n } else if (answer == DialogOption.",
"OTHER) {\n new ConfigureOptionsAction(I18n.tr(\"File Associations\")).actionPerformed(null);\n }\n }\n return ret;\n }\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.012987012987012988,
0.020833333333333332,
0.02127659574468085,
0.020833333333333332,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0,
0,
0.01932367149758454,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0.006993006993006993,
0.006369426751592357
] | 0.008591 | 5 |
[
"Daisy Bateman\n\nDaisy Bateman (born 20 February 2000) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the North Melbourne Football Club in the AFL Women's competition (AFLW). ",
"Bateman was drafted by North Melbourne with the club's first selection and the 25th pick overall in the 2018 AFL Women's draft. ",
"She made her debut in the club's inaugural match, a 36-point victory over at North Hobart Oval in the opening round of the 2019 season.",
"\n\nPrior to her draft year, Bateman played with in the VFL Women's competition and with the Oakleigh Chargers in the TAC Cup Girls competition. ",
"She earned selection in the TAC Cup Girls Team of the Year and was named All-Australian for her performances at the 2018 AFL Women's Under 18 Championships.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:2000 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:North Melbourne Football Club (AFLW) players\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Oakleigh Chargers players (NAB League Girls)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.023255813953488372,
0.015625,
0,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.008130081300813009
] | 0.01015 | 5 |
[
"Pros: iPod matching transparent and white plastic earphones with great sound balance and crisp detail for the lower mid-range price.",
"\n\nCons: None.",
"\n\nLast week, we selected Sony’s MDR-EX81 white in-canal earphones (iLounge rating: A) as our top low-end ($60 or less) pick to replace Apple’s packed-in iPod ear buds. ",
"Today, we’ve selected Etymotic Research’s ER-6i Isolators as our current top pick in the $150 or less category, following in the footsteps of the company’s ER-4 series headphones ($330), winner of our iPod Audio Accessory of the Year award.",
"\n\nIf part of the appeal of any product is its beauty, the ER-6i earphones are an iPod lover’s dream. ",
"With white and clear housings for their drivers, white cords and white rubber triple flanges that fit into your ears, they’re as interesting to look at as they are to wear and hear. ",
"Five feet of cord guarantee that you can show off your iPod from a distance, and a simple thin white and gold-tipped headphone plug guarantees compatibility with any iPod case you might purchase. ",
"A white plastic clip right below the Y-joint of the headphones lets you attach the ER-6is easily to clothing, too.",
"\n\nThe single-driver earpieces combine the triple flanges of Etymotic’s expensive ER-4 series with far more attractive, partially see-through housings marked L and R. We find the silicone rubber flanges to be more comfortable than average – not the equal of Sony’s MDR-EX70 series or EX81s, but better than most other alternatives we’ve tried, including expensive custom-fit earphones for that matter. ",
"As advertised, the three ribs of rubber plug your ear canals, isolating music inside while blocking off outside noise. ",
"Etymotic’s triple flanges do a better job than most if not all of the active noise cancellation systems we’ve tried, and don’t require gigantic ear cups to achieve the effect. (",
"Two foam rubber earpieces are also included for those who prefer to get a more personalized fit; we liked the flanges better.) ",
"And best yet, the ER-6is are very lightweight, including their thin and unobtrusive cords.",
"\n\nEtymotic also includes a filter changing tool, replacement wax filters, and a carrying pouch with each set of ER-6is. ",
"The carrying pouch is Etymotic’s best yet, and a leading contender for coolest pack-in we’ve seen. ",
"Made from strong ribbed plastic on the outside, lined with soft fabric on the inside, and sealed with circles of Velcro, the pouch looks great, holds the earphones well, and manages to do both without typical pouch zippers or ballistic nylon. ",
"Though marginally less secure because it doesn’t zip closed, we prefer it to the cases included with the ER-4 headphones, Sony’s MDR-EX81s, and numerous other cases we’ve tried.",
"\n\nSound\n\nSound quality is exactly what it should be at this point in time for Etymotic’s $149.00 asking price: noticeably clearer than and decidedly preferable to the Sony EX81s we liked at a lower price point, but not quite as clean and mind-altering as the more expensive ER-4 series. ",
"The ER-6is are enough of a step above “standard�? ",
"earphones to justify their higher price tag, providing wonderfully balanced treble and bass response, plus a level of clarity that lower-end earphones rarely deliver. ",
"Critically, you do not have to turn the volume up to hear details in your music that you’ve never heard before; the ER-6is just deliver them to you, regardless of volume level.",
"\n\nIn keeping with the preferences of typical users, Etymotic added a little extra bass to the ER-6is, deviating from their standard practice of neutrally representing sound, and at this price point we think the decision was wise. ",
"There’s enough bass to give a little thump, but not an overpowering, flat or distorted booming. ",
"Treble is similarly pleasant, not exaggerated: the ER-6is never sound tinny or shrill. ",
"For such tiny drivers, they create a believable sound stage with more than adequate richness and depth, but crisp, well-defined treble is their hallmark. ",
"Instruments generally stand apart from each other rather than blurring together.",
"\n\nTo put these comments in the broader perspective of our recent headphone reviews, we’ve tested $900 headphones from Ultimate Ears and found them to be remarkably similar to (though modestly better than) Etymotic’s considerably cheaper ER-4Ps. ",
"The similarity factor there was 95%, give or take a few percent. ",
"Comparing the ER-4Ps to the ER-6is is closer to 80% - a more noticeable step down. ",
"But from our perspective, the ER-6is represent a 30-40% step up from Sony’s EX81s, a major improvement in sound quality at an acceptable premium.",
"\n\nAnd for some people, the sound difference between the ER-4P and the ER-6i earphones will not be enough to justify their $179 price difference. ",
"We could understand this way of thinking entirely, and simply say that it makes complete sense that Etymotic would offer something cheaper and iPod specific that’s more reasonably priced than the professional grade ER-4 series, with only a modest performance hit. ",
"But we do think that the sound difference between the ER-6is and the EX81s is enough to justify the purchase of Etymotics’ earphones if you’re willing to spend the extra money, particularly given that some retailers are selling the ER-6is at the $120.00 mark. ",
"Like the ER-4 series, the ER-6is will reveal layers of your favorite songs that you’ve never heard before – just not as clearly as the ER-4s - and we feel quite confident that you will seriously enjoy your music more having used them.",
"\n\nConclusions\n\nWhile we recognize that it’s virtually impossible to satisfy everybody, we only like to recommend products at our flat A level when we feel confident that any person who spends the money to buy them won’t walk away feeling disappointed. ",
"Etymotic’s ER-6i Isolators are one such product. ",
"From their design to their sound quality and pack-ins, they couldn’t be much better for the dollar, particularly when sold at a discount.",
"\n\nAs you can guess from the fact that we’ve issued A grades to headphones at several different price points, not all A-rated products are equal. ",
"But if it wasn’t for the existence of significantly more expensive headphones like the ER-4Ps, these are the headphones we’d use most often, and they’re definitely the ones we pick if we want to show off our iPods in public. ",
"Because of their design, performance, and price point, the ER-6is are a serious contender for the best audio product award in our next Buyers’ Guide, primarily because we think they’ll appeal to an even wider audience than their older, better and pricier ER-4 brothers. ",
"Fantastic job, Etymotic.",
"\n\nJeremy Horwitz is Editor-in-Chief of iLounge. ",
"His recent book, Law School Insider, has been called the “best book about law school - ever,” and he continues to contribute to Ziff-Davis electronic entertainment magazines.",
"\n\nEditors' Note: iLounge only reviews products in \"final\" form, but many companies now change their offerings - sometimes several times - after our reviews have been published.",
"\nThis iLounge article provides more information on this practice, known as revving."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.007575757575757576,
0,
0.017857142857142856,
0.004166666666666667,
0.009900990099009901,
0,
0.01020408163265306,
0,
0.007481296758104738,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00411522633744856,
0.011299435028248588,
0.003484320557491289,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0.003787878787878788,
0.0038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.003703703703703704,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0.005747126436781609,
0,
0.012048192771084338
] | 0.003417 | 5 |
[
"Request a Quote\n\nIf you’ve got an exciting new project and need our help,\nsubmit your brief here and we'll be in touch shortly to give you a quotation.",
"\nOr if you’d prefer to chat through your ideas, give us a call on\n02920008834 and we'll discuss the process with you.",
"\n\nYour Details\n\nName\n\nCompany Name\n\nEmail Address\n\nTown/City\n\nTelephone Number\n\nWebsite Address\n\nServices Required\n\nBrand & Identity Graphic Web\n\nBrief Description of Requirements\n\nHow did you hear about us?",
"\n\nPlease tick to consent to your data being stored in line with the guidelines set out in our Privacy Policy\n\nPlease tick to consent to us sending you personalised direct marketing (we will never spam you!).",
"\nWe will not sell, distribute or lease your personal information to third parties unless we have your express permission or are required by law to do so.",
"\n\nThe Competition\n\n02\n\nBrand Labs 2018\n\nDesigndough was started from a small back bedroom in Grangetown with just hopes, dreams and a relentless need for ‘something’ better to power it. ",
"We get it; starting your own business is hard, and seriously, we admire you for putting yourself out there and sculpting your own path to success – whatever shape success may take.",
"\n\nWe’ve been there, done it, got the t-shirt, a few war wounds and shed quite a few tears in the process of making designdough work, so we want to help. ",
"We know that starting a business is made all the more difficult if you’ve not got the right tools to navigate those choppy marketing waters – as designers, were equipped with those tools from the start so we count ourselves lucky in that respect, but not everyone has the resources or funding available to arm them with a kick-ass brand and strategy to set sail with.",
"\n\nThis is why we launched Brand Labs back in 2017 and are running it again this year; to give start-ups (like yours) a leg up with a beautifully designed and considered brand and website to help you present your amazing ideas with even more clout.",
"\n\nWe’re not doing this for any grandiose, God-complex reason, but because we’ve been there and know that with a little encouragement or a push in the right direction, any business can be a success. ",
"We do this every day with our clients and so thought it was time to give a little something back to the Welsh economy that we’ve grown from…plus, we LIVE FOR creating amazing brands so we want to hand pick a truly incredible business to support with a really stunning brand and website package. ",
"The thought of this alone gets us SUPER EXCITED.",
"\n\nSound good to you? ",
"Here's how to apply:\n\n03\n\nA few provisos to have in mind when applying:\n\nYou’ll have to trust us as an agency to make THE BEST decisions for your brand, as you’ll be giving up a lot of creative control. ",
"This WILL be a collaborative process, so please don’t apply if you know you’re going to be uber controlling and want everything done your way or the highway. ",
"We understand that your business is your baby, but in order to get the most out of our design team, you need to have confidence in us.",
"\n\nWe want to see that you’ve got a clear vision for your business, or at least a sense of what you like and don’t like in a brand\n\nWe want to work with people who are flexible and collaborative – in order to get the best result possible, we need you to engage and work with us. ",
"Be ready to lay all the information out on the table for us so we can help you build a visual identity that represents you wholeheartedly.",
"\n\nWe see Brand Labs as a process, and once your brand is signed off, we don’t want you to disappear. ",
"We want to support you further by staying in touch and providing strategy and guidance when needed – we want to see you succeed!",
"\n\nWe want to be able to share the progress of Brand Labs with our followers, so we need you to agree to be photographed and/or interviewed as and when needed.",
"\n\nSo in order to win this badass prize, we need to see, hear and feel your passion and ambition for your business oozing from your application. ",
"Tell us what keeps you up at night; how many times you’ve wanted to throw the towel in to only realise that you can’t see yourself doing anything but this for the rest of your life; SELL IT TO US.",
"\n\nWe’ll then pick a shortlist of our favourite applications and will invite those businesses in to present to us why they should win. ",
"This presentation can take any form (Interpretive dance? ",
"Aerial display? ",
"Cake???), ",
"but it needs to communicate to us why you’ve got what it takes to go all the way, and what you could do with a quality, thought-provoking brand.",
"\n\nThe Application\n\n04\n\nThe Application\n\nApplications for Brand Labs 2018 have now closed. ",
"Thank you to everyone who entered – we’ll be in touch very soon!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.006622516556291391,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004048582995951417,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009900990099009901,
0,
0.006329113924050633,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000868 | 5 |
[
"The Smell: Blacksauce Kitchen makes the jump to a brick and mortar location\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nCasey Embert\n\nRemember that classic scene from Saturday morning cartoons where a hungry character would get a strong whiff of a delicious smell—whether it was a freshly baked pie or a steamy bowl of soup—and be hypnotically lured in its direction? ",
"The Smell, a persuasive white vapor, wafted through the air from the food and straight into the character's nose, sometimes even growing a pair of hands to lift him off the ground and float him towards the source of this seductive scent.",
"\n\nThat's exactly what it's like when you enter a one-block radius of Blacksauce Kitchen's brick-and-mortar carryout on the corner of 29th Street and Miles Avenue in Remington. ",
"The Smell—distinct aromas of smoked meats and grilled vegetables—is tantalizing enough to lure even the non-hungry through the corner joint's doors.",
"\n\nBlacksauce Kitchen has already built a loyal following from its bustling biscuit stand, located at the Waverly Farmers Market every Saturday morning and at the Baltimore Farmers Market and Bazaar under the JFX on Sunday mornings from April to December. ",
"Morning market-goers line up at the Blacksauce stand extra early to enjoy a seasonal rotation of buttery biscuit sandwiches stuffed with fried chicken drizzled with spicy honey or tender, braised lamb topped with a runny egg, or wood roasted peaches with fresh arugula and cheddar cheese. ",
"These hearty biscuit sandwiches are the only impetus to get out of bed at 7 a.m. on the weekend.",
"\n\nAnticipation was high when owners Damian Mosley and Vesnier Lugo finally announced Blacksauce's brick-and-mortar opening back in January. ",
"It's only open on Thursdays from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m., and this time, Mosley and Lugo are exploring a slightly new vision than that of their farmers market stands. \"",
"It'll be thoughtful and delicious, but less reliant on biscuits,\" they described via Instagram. \"",
"Still take-out food, but more than sandwiches.\"",
"\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nThe menu, which changes every week, is anchored with a few meaty mains and hearty sandwiches, supplemented with snacks and veggies, and rounded off with some essential desserts. ",
"I visited Blacksauce for dinner over the course of two weeks to try a slew of different things. ",
"You know, for research.",
"\n\nAmongst the main dishes, I've tried their applewood smoked chicken wings, which were fall-off-the-bone tender and brushed with an apple cider barbeque glaze. ",
"First smoky and then sweet with a mystery spice I couldn't quite put my finger on, the flavors were complex, prompting me to go back for just one more taste until they were all gone.",
"\n\nAfter I tried the smoked shiitake melt, I realized while their smoked meats are brilliantly executed, what these guys can do with veggies is the real showstopper. ",
"The shiitake mushrooms were delicately smoky, accentuating their natural earthiness, topped with a little cheese and stuffed between two slices of buttery brioche bread. ",
"But when I think of a melt, I think of a decadent, cheesy sandwich, and this wasn't it. ",
"While still indulgent from the buttery brioche, this sandwich let the shiitakes be the star, not to be outshone by a barrage of oozy cheese.",
"\n\nIn addition to smoking meats and grilling veggies, Blacksauce makes some stellar jams, preserves, and relishes, which are often found slathered on biscuit sandwiches or integrated in sauces and glazes for their meat dishes. ",
"One week, they made a wood roasted chicken sandwich that featured their smoked peach jam, which was a home run for me. ",
"Tender, juicy roasted chicken was piled high on a hearty benne seed roll and topped with crispy fried leeks and sweet and smoky peach jam. ",
"This hit all the marks of a top-notch hearty sandwich: sweet, smoky, juicy, crispy, and carby.",
"\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nTry the grit fritters—crispy cloud-shaped puffs of fried grits lightly tossed in their house-made tangy tomato jam. ",
"Seriously—just get an order every time they're on the menu for an undeniably addictive snack that rivals some of the city's most heralded bar snacks.",
"\n\nBefore I knew these guys were magical veggie wizards, I ordered a side of their smoked green beans as a perfunctory measure to balance out all the fried, meaty things I was honestly more excited to try. ",
"But these green beans turned out to be one of my favorite menu items. ",
"Smoky and charred but still crisp and fresh, the green beans tasted like upscale campfire food, turning the unfortunate notion of boring veggies on its head. ",
"Veggies are not an afterthought here—they're often the stars of the show.",
"\n\nBlacksauce also offers a few creatively comforting desserts to round out their thoughtful seasonal menu. ",
"One week I tried a three-inch thick slab of bread pudding stuffed with sweet apples and smoky bacon. ",
"It was a decadent juxtaposition of salty and sweet, yet it felt slightly incomplete without a drizzle of gooey caramel sauce. ",
"Another week I picked up slice of their chocolate stout cake, which was three layers of dark chocolate cake slathered with chocolate frosting. ",
"The hint of malty stout was slight but played well with the rich chocolate.",
"\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nJ.M. Giordano/City Paper\n\nMy only letdown here is the actual space. ",
"Most if not all restaurants design their eating area with the guest in mind. ",
"Details like lighting, seating, and tableware are considered and designed in a way to provide a specific experience for the guest. ",
"That's just not the case here. ",
"Instead, the guest is eating in a place that is designed for the Blacksauce crew, primarily used to prep for their weekend farmers market stands and catering events. ",
"It's a narrow, fluorescently lit space featuring a refrigerator case for their preserves and a small counter at the end that could feasibly seat about five people. ",
"Except there are no chairs there because the back door swings in and not out and that would be really awkward for anybody sitting there. ",
"So you can stand there and eat, if you'd like, but I'd rather not.",
"\n\nThere are personal touches here that make me regret not being able to stick around and get to know the people who are making and serving this amazing food, which I was hoping to take advantage of when they opened this space. ",
"Photos of the Blacksauce crew serving up biscuit sandwiches at farmer's markets are hung behind the counter and an extensive collection of regional cookbooks line the bookshelves, a few of which I own, too. ",
"When I visited, Kendrick Lamar and Q-tip bumped from the speakers, a soundtrack that instantly made me want to stay a while. ",
"There is a naturally intimate connection to be had here by way of their home-style food and friendly staff, but it loses a bit of its oomph when I walk out of the door, forced to enjoy my meal elsewhere. ",
"But such is the way of the carryout joint—a fleeting moment of culinary intimacy and then it's on with your day.",
"\n\nBut Blacksauce isn't the average carryout. ",
"In all facets, simple execution yields complex results here—an inexpensive meal that's rich with flavor and passion. ",
"Each time I visited, the staff was on first name basis with their guests, asking about their families and how their day was. ",
"It felt a lot like noticing your neighbors were grilling and stopping by for a plate and a quick chat, an intimacy that can be hard to find elsewhere."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.005305039787798408,
0.004219409282700422,
0.005681818181818182,
0.006756756756756757,
0.011764705882352941,
0,
0,
0.02142857142857143,
0.006172839506172839,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0.008620689655172414,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004424778761061947,
0,
0,
0,
0.011764705882352941,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.020833333333333332,
0,
0,
0,
0.006024096385542169,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002952 | 5 |
[
"Turkish migrants opposed to the Erdogan regime in their homeland and now living in Europe are increasingly concerned about the radicalisation of their fellow migrants, and the potential for a “civil war” in Europe.",
"\n\nSpeaking to best-selling Austrian newspaper Kronen Zeitung, a number of Turkish migrants living in Europe have spoken out against the fermenting political and social climate among Turks influenced by the Islamist and increasingly hardline president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. ",
"Speaking ahead of the April 16th referendum which if passed would see Erdoğan’s executive powers significantly strengthened, one Turkish migrant said freedom of expression was being stamped out in Turkey and those sentiments were spreading to Europe.",
"\n\nRemarking that her middle-class professional relatives still in Turkey have been forced out of their jobs because they criticised Erdoğan, the woman: “Freedom of expression is no longer possible in my ex- homeland”. ",
"Claiming that the Turkish government monitored all digital communications for criticism of the regime, she remarked: “I need to be very careful in communicating with my relatives”.",
"\n\nWarning the radicalisation would lead to trouble not just for Turkey but for Europe too, which is home to tens of millions of first and second-generation Turkish migrants, youth political activist for the opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) party in Austria Tahsin Tekin said: “Erdoğan will win the vote, if not with votes, then through manipulation”.",
"\n\nThe result of this, he warned, would be “total chaos, a civil war that could spread to half of Europe… Many Turks living in Austria are increasingly becoming radicalised.",
"\n\nA Turkish student in Austria, who complained that almost all of his friends had stopped speaking to him because of his opposition to Erdoğan, backed up the idea that the radicalisation was taking place not just to Turks in Turkey, but in Europe as well. ",
"He said: “In the place where I was born, and in Austria, it seems to me that brainwashing has happened to most of my countrymen.",
"\n\n“The main problem is that most of them are using Turkish media, and they are controlled by Erdoğan, and even talk shows and soap operas are carrying their terrible propaganda, not to mention news and political parts in newspapers”.",
"\n\nThe loyalty of Turks living and working in Europe to the government of their homeland has been massively demonstrated in recent weeks in the lead-up to the April referendum, as hundreds took to the streets of European cities to violently protest European governments banning Turkish politicians from holding political rallies.",
"\n\nThe comments about a coming civil war in Europe forced by Turkish radicalisation comes just weeks after Turkish President Erdoğan issued a chilling warning to the people of Europe. ",
"Speaking after the diplomatic spats that led to Turkish politicians banned from addressing rallies and the protests that followed, Erdoğan remarked: “If you continue to behave like this, not a single European, not a single Westerner will be able to take a step on the road safely anytime in the world… We as Turkey are calling on Europe to respect human rights and democracy”."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.004672897196261682,
0.007042253521126761,
0.004,
0.0045871559633027525,
0,
0.011111111111111112,
0,
0.00390625,
0,
0.004291845493562232,
0,
0.00546448087431694,
0.005319148936170213
] | 0.003877 | 5 |