doc_id
stringlengths 2
10
| revision_depth
stringclasses 5
values | before_revision
stringlengths 3
309k
| after_revision
stringlengths 5
309k
| edit_actions
list | sents_char_pos
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6894544 | 1 | There is evidence that hearing loss can be minimized by taking high doses of magnesium for a few days, starting as soon as possible after exposure to the loud noise. A magnesium-high diet also seems to be helpful as an NIHL-preventative if taken in advance of exposure to loud noises. Consuming sizable amounts of magnesium can be potentially harmful, so this treatment should be followed with caution. Along the same line of research, higher dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins is also associated with an decreased incidence of hearing loss . Like magnesium, supplementation helps in animal models . | There is evidence that hearing loss can be minimized by taking high doses of magnesium for a few days, starting as soon as possible after exposure to the loud noise. A magnesium-high diet also seems to be helpful as an NIHL-preventative if taken in advance of exposure to loud noises. Consuming sizable amounts of magnesium can be potentially harmful, so this treatment should be followed with caution. Along the same line of research, higher dietary or supplemental intakes of magnesium combined with antioxidant vitamins, specifically β-carotene and vitamin C, appear to be associated with a lower risk of hearing loss . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "intakes",
"after": "or supplemental intakes of magnesium combined with antioxidant vitamins, specifically β-carotene and vitamin C, appear to be associated with a lower risk",
"start_char_pos": 451,
"end_char_pos": 458
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "antioxidant vitamins is also associated with an decreased incidence of",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 462,
"end_char_pos": 532
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ". Like magnesium, supplementation helps in animal models",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 546,
"end_char_pos": 602
}
] | [
0,
165,
284,
402
] |
6895783 | 1 | Commentator This role involves locating a few significant passages of text that are thought-provoking, funny, interesting, disturbing, or powerful. The quotations are copied down with properly cited page numbers. A student with this task can read the passages out loud him/herself or ask other group members to read as well. Commentary and discussion will be generated from these passages. and also draw a part of the scene that locates where the person took place | Commentator This role involves locating a few significant passages of text that are thought-provoking, funny, interesting, disturbing, or l powerful. The quotations are copied down with properly cited page numbers. A student with this task can read the passages out loud him/herself or ask other group members to read as well. Commentary and discussion will be generated from these passages. and also draw a part of the scene that locates where the person took place hphpiubpbj | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "l",
"start_char_pos": 138,
"end_char_pos": 138
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "hphpiubpbj",
"start_char_pos": 466,
"end_char_pos": 466
}
] | [
0,
148,
213,
325
] |
6898298 | 1 | upright=1.2|The 2suit test in microgravity on The Universe series Sex in Space, September 13, 2008. How sex in space could work and the challenges in zero gravity In June 2015, Pornhub announced its plans to make the first pornographic film in space. It launched a crowdfunding campaign to fund the effort, dubbed Sexploration, with the goal of raising $3.4 million in 60 days. The campaign only received pledges for $236,086. If funded, the film would have been slated for a 2016 release, following six months of training for the two performers and six-person crew. Though it claimed to be in talks with multiple private spaceflight carriers, the company declined to name names "for fear that that would risk unnecessary fallout" from the carriers. A Space.com article about the campaign mentioned that in 2008, Virgin Galactic received and rejected a $1 million offer from an undisclosed party to shoot a sex film on board SpaceShipTwo. Adult film actress CoCo Brown had begun certifying for a co-pilot seat in the XCOR Lynx spaceplane, which would have launched in a suborbital flight in 2016 and spent a short amount of time in zero-gravity. However, XCOR declared bankruptcy before ever flying a space tourist. Short of actual space, the adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a movie called The Uranus Experiment: Part Two where an actual zero-gravity intercourse scene was accomplished with a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang. Berth Milton, Jr, president and CEO of Private Media Group, says "You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!" In popular culture Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov, in a 1973 article "Sex in a Spaceship", conjectured what sex would be like in the weightless environment of space, anticipating some of the benefits of engaging in sex in an environment of microgravity. (Reprinted in Science Past – Science Future, 1975) On July 23, 2006, a Sex in Space panel was held at the Space Frontier Foundation's annual conference. Speakers were science journalist-author Laura Woodmansee, who presented her book Sex in Space; Jim Logan, the first graduate of a new aerospace medicine residency program to be hired by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston; and Vanna Bonta, an American poet, novelist, and actress who had recently flown in zero gravity and had agreed to an interview for Woodmansee's book. The speakers made presentations that explored "the biological, emotional, and ... physical issues that will confront people moving [off Earth] into the space environment." NBC science journalist Alan Boyle reported on the panel, opening a world discussion of a topic previously considered taboo. "Sex in Space" was the title of an episode of the History Channel documentary television series The Universe in 2008. The globally distributed show was dubbed into foreign languages, opening worldwide discussion about what had previously been avoided as a taboo subject. Sex in space became a topic of discussion for the long-term survival of the human species, colonization of other planets, inspired songs, and humanized reasons for space exploration.La fantasía del sexo en gravedad cero PERU21; 29 August 2012From Quarks to Quasars The Complications of Sex in Space October 9, 2013Outside Magazine December 2006 issue7 Real Suits That Will Soon Make the World A Cooler Place by Soren Bowie, Cracked; 15 November 2010Tener bebés en el espacio podría ser peligroso FayerWayer, (Science Feature) Boxbyte en Ciencia, Destacados; October 2010Wakacje w Kosmosie? Dajcie sobie z tym spokój!, by Tomasz Rożek, GAZETA; 17 October 2011 Wire-based special effects in Moonraker (1979). The idea of sex in space appears frequently in science fiction. Arthur C. Clarke claimed to first address it in his novel Rendezvous with Rama (1973). Among films that include space-sex themes are Moonraker, Moving Violations, Supernova and Cube 2: Hypercube. In the novelization of Alien, Parker tells Brett about an episode of zero-G sex that went wrong. A more recent and perhaps more realistic description of the mechanics of low-gravity intercourse is presented in "Sex in Space: The Video", a short story contained in Susie Bright's The Best American Erotica 2004. The story uses cheating astronauts to describe techniques humans might use to copulate in space without special apparatus. The difficulties microgravity poses for human intimacy were also discussed in an anonymous fictional "NASA Document 12-571-3570" in 1989, where the use of an elastic belt and an inflatable tunnel were proposed as solutions to these problems. A mission patch and other documents were determined to be hoaxes. See also Clinostat Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space advocacy Space colonization Space medicine Space tourism Mile high club Document 12-571-3570 Birth aboard aircraft and ships References Footnotes General references External links Adventures in Space, The Zero-G Spot, by Michael Behar; OUTSIDE Magazine, December 2006 Outer-space sex carries complications By Alan Boyle, MSNBC July 24, 2006. Concept of "2suit" design of American writer Vanna Bonta. Space sex hoax rises again by James Oberg Pregnancy in Space Seems Possible Astronauts test sex in space - but did the earth move? The Guardian February 24, 2000 Virgin Galactic rejects $ 1 million space porn by Peter B. de Selding, MSNBC October 2, 2008. Has anyone ever had sex in space? from The Straight Dope by Cecil Adams, 28 February 1997. Space Frontier Foundation's media archives for the SFF1484 panel "Sex in Space" from the 2006 "New Space Return to the Moon Conference" featuring authors Laura Woodmansee, and Vanna Bonta with NASA physician Dr. John Logan. Inspiration Mars From Russia... with Love (propaganda-style interview with Russian "space procreation" specialist) | upright=1.2|The 2suit test in microgravity on The Universe series Sex in Space, September 13, 2008 How sex in space could work and the challenges in zero gravity In June 2015, Pornhub announced its plans to make the first pornographic film in space. It launched a crowdfunding campaign to fund the effort, dubbed Sexploration, with the goal of raising $3.4 million in 60 days. The campaign only received pledges for $236,086. If funded, the film would have been slated for a 2016 release, following six months of training for the two performers and six-person crew. Though it claimed to be in talks with multiple private spaceflight carriers, the company declined to name names "for fear that that would risk unnecessary fallout" from the carriers. A Space.com article about the campaign mentioned that in 2008, Virgin Galactic received and rejected a $1 million offer from an undisclosed party to shoot a sex film on board SpaceShipTwo. Adult film actress CoCo Brown had begun certifying for a co-pilot seat in the XCOR Lynx spaceplane, which would have launched in a suborbital flight in 2016 and spent a short amount of time in zero-gravity. However, XCOR declared bankruptcy before ever flying a space tourist. Short of actual space, the adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a movie called The Uranus Experiment: Part Two where an actual zero-gravity intercourse scene was accomplished with a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang. Berth Milton, Jr, president and CEO of Private Media Group, says "You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!" In popular culture Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov, in a 1973 article "Sex in a Spaceship", conjectured what sex would be like in the weightless environment of space, anticipating some of the benefits of engaging in sex in an environment of microgravity. (Reprinted in Science Past – Science Future, 1975) On July 23, 2006, a Sex in Space panel was held at the Space Frontier Foundation's annual conference. Speakers were science journalist-author Laura Woodmansee, who presented her book Sex in Space; Jim Logan, the first graduate of a new aerospace medicine residency program to be hired by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston; and Vanna Bonta, an American poet, novelist, and actress who had recently flown in zero gravity and had agreed to an interview for Woodmansee's book. The speakers made presentations that explored "the biological, emotional, and ... physical issues that will confront people moving [off Earth] into the space environment." NBC science journalist Alan Boyle reported on the panel, opening a world discussion of a topic previously considered taboo. "Sex in Space" was the title of an episode of the History Channel documentary television series The Universe in 2008. The globally distributed show was dubbed into foreign languages, opening worldwide discussion about what had previously been avoided as a taboo subject. Sex in space became a topic of discussion for the long-term survival of the human species, colonization of other planets, inspired songs, and humanized reasons for space exploration.La fantasía del sexo en gravedad cero PERU21; 29 August 2012From Quarks to Quasars The Complications of Sex in Space October 9, 2013Outside Magazine December 2006 issue7 Real Suits That Will Soon Make the World A Cooler Place by Soren Bowie, Cracked; 15 November 2010Tener bebés en el espacio podría ser peligroso FayerWayer, (Science Feature) Boxbyte en Ciencia, Destacados; October 2010Wakacje w Kosmosie? Dajcie sobie z tym spokój!, by Tomasz Rożek, GAZETA; 17 October 2011 Wire-based special effects in Moonraker (1979) The idea of sex in space appears frequently in science fiction. Arthur C. Clarke claimed to first address it in his novel Rendezvous with Rama (1973). Among films that include space-sex themes are Moonraker, Moving Violations, Supernova and Cube 2: Hypercube. In the novelization of Alien, Parker tells Brett about an episode of zero-G sex that went wrong. A more recent and perhaps more realistic description of the mechanics of low-gravity intercourse is presented in "Sex in Space: The Video", a short story contained in Susie Bright's The Best American Erotica 2004. The story uses cheating astronauts to describe techniques humans might use to copulate in space without special apparatus. The difficulties microgravity poses for human intimacy were also discussed in an anonymous fictional "NASA Document 12-571-3570" in 1989, where the use of an elastic belt and an inflatable tunnel were proposed as solutions to these problems. A mission patch and other documents were determined to be hoaxes. See also Clinostat Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space advocacy Space colonization Space medicine Space tourism Mile high club Document 12-571-3570 Birth aboard aircraft and ships References Footnotes General references External links Adventures in Space, The Zero-G Spot, by Michael Behar; OUTSIDE Magazine, December 2006 Outer-space sex carries complications By Alan Boyle, MSNBC July 24, 2006. Concept of "2suit" design of American writer Vanna Bonta. Space sex hoax rises again by James Oberg Pregnancy in Space Seems Possible Astronauts test sex in space - but did the earth move? The Guardian, February 24, 2000 Virgin Galactic rejects $ 1 million space porn by Peter B. de Selding, MSNBC , October 2, 2008 Has anyone ever had sex in space? from The Straight Dope by Cecil Adams, February 28, 1997 Space Frontier Foundation's media archives for the SFF1484 panel "Sex in Space" from the 2006 "New Space Return to the Moon Conference" featuring authors Laura Woodmansee, and Vanna Bonta with NASA physician Dr. John Logan. From Russia... with Love (propaganda-style interview with Russian "space procreation" specialist) | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "2008.",
"after": "2008",
"start_char_pos": 94,
"end_char_pos": 99
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "$1 million offer from an undisclosed party to shoot a sex film on board SpaceShipTwo. Adult film actress CoCo Brown had begun certifying for a co-pilot seat in the XCOR Lynx spaceplane, which would have launched in a suborbital flight in 2016 and spent a short amount of time in zero-gravity. However, XCOR declared bankruptcy before ever flying a space tourist. Short of actual space, the adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a movie called The Uranus Experiment: Part Two where an actual zero-gravity intercourse scene was accomplished with a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang. Berth Milton, Jr, president and CEO of Private Media Group, says \"You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!\" In popular culture Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov, in a 1973 article \"Sex in a Spaceship\", conjectured what sex would be like in the weightless environment of space, anticipating some of the benefits of engaging in sex in an environment of microgravity. (Reprinted in Science Past – Science Future, 1975) On July 23, 2006, a Sex in Space panel was held at the Space Frontier Foundation's annual conference. Speakers were science journalist-author Laura Woodmansee, who presented her book Sex in Space; Jim Logan, the first graduate of a new aerospace medicine residency program to be hired by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston; and Vanna Bonta, an American poet, novelist, and actress who had recently flown in zero gravity and had agreed to an interview for Woodmansee's book. The speakers made presentations that explored \"the biological, emotional, and ... physical issues that will confront people moving [off Earth] into the space environment.\" NBC science journalist Alan Boyle reported on the panel, opening a world discussion of a topic previously considered taboo. \"Sex in Space\" was the title of an episode of the History Channel documentary television series The Universe in 2008. The globally distributed show was dubbed into foreign languages, opening worldwide discussion about what had previously been avoided as a taboo subject. Sex in space became a topic of discussion for the long-term survival of the human species, colonization of other planets, inspired songs, and humanized reasons for space exploration.La fantasía del sexo en gravedad cero PERU21; 29 August 2012From Quarks to Quasars The Complications of Sex in Space October 9, 2013Outside Magazine December 2006 issue7 Real Suits That Will Soon Make the World A Cooler Place by Soren Bowie, Cracked; 15 November 2010Tener bebés en el espacio podría ser peligroso FayerWayer, (Science Feature) Boxbyte en Ciencia, Destacados; October 2010Wakacje w Kosmosie? Dajcie sobie z tym spokój!, by Tomasz Rożek, GAZETA; 17 October 2011 Wire-based special effects in Moonraker (1979). The idea of sex in space appears frequently in science fiction. Arthur C. Clarke claimed to first address it in his novel Rendezvous with Rama (1973). Among films that include space-sex themes are Moonraker, Moving Violations, Supernova and Cube 2: Hypercube. In the novelization of Alien, Parker tells Brett about an episode of zero-G sex that went wrong. A more recent and perhaps more realistic description of the mechanics of low-gravity intercourse is presented in \"Sex in Space: The Video\", a short story contained in Susie Bright's The Best American Erotica 2004. The story uses cheating astronauts to describe techniques humans might use to copulate in space without special apparatus. The difficulties microgravity poses for human intimacy were also discussed in an anonymous fictional \"NASA Document 12-571-3570\" in 1989, where the use of an elastic belt and an inflatable tunnel were proposed as solutions to these problems. A mission patch and other documents were determined to be hoaxes. See also Clinostat Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space advocacy Space colonization Space medicine Space tourism Mile high club Document 12-571-3570 Birth aboard aircraft and ships References Footnotes General references External links Adventures in Space, The Zero-G Spot, by Michael Behar; OUTSIDE Magazine, December 2006 Outer-space sex carries complications By Alan Boyle, MSNBC July 24, 2006. Concept of \"2suit\" design of American writer Vanna Bonta. Space sex hoax rises again by James Oberg Pregnancy in Space Seems Possible Astronauts test sex in space - but did the earth move? The Guardian February 24, 2000 Virgin Galactic rejects $",
"after": "$1 million offer from an undisclosed party to shoot a sex film on board SpaceShipTwo. Adult film actress CoCo Brown had begun certifying for a co-pilot seat in the XCOR Lynx spaceplane, which would have launched in a suborbital flight in 2016 and spent a short amount of time in zero-gravity. However, XCOR declared bankruptcy before ever flying a space tourist. Short of actual space, the adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a movie called The Uranus Experiment: Part Two where an actual zero-gravity intercourse scene was accomplished with a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang. Berth Milton, Jr, president and CEO of Private Media Group, says \"You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!\" In popular culture Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov, in a 1973 article \"Sex in a Spaceship\", conjectured what sex would be like in the weightless environment of space, anticipating some of the benefits of engaging in sex in an environment of microgravity. (Reprinted in Science Past – Science Future, 1975) On July 23, 2006, a Sex in Space panel was held at the Space Frontier Foundation's annual conference. Speakers were science journalist-author Laura Woodmansee, who presented her book Sex in Space; Jim Logan, the first graduate of a new aerospace medicine residency program to be hired by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston; and Vanna Bonta, an American poet, novelist, and actress who had recently flown in zero gravity and had agreed to an interview for Woodmansee's book. The speakers made presentations that explored \"the biological, emotional, and ... physical issues that will confront people moving [off Earth] into the space environment.\" NBC science journalist Alan Boyle reported on the panel, opening a world discussion of a topic previously considered taboo. \"Sex in Space\" was the title of an episode of the History Channel documentary television series The Universe in 2008. The globally distributed show was dubbed into foreign languages, opening worldwide discussion about what had previously been avoided as a taboo subject. Sex in space became a topic of discussion for the long-term survival of the human species, colonization of other planets, inspired songs, and humanized reasons for space exploration.La fantasía del sexo en gravedad cero PERU21; 29 August 2012From Quarks to Quasars The Complications of Sex in Space October 9, 2013Outside Magazine December 2006 issue7 Real Suits That Will Soon Make the World A Cooler Place by Soren Bowie, Cracked; 15 November 2010Tener bebés en el espacio podría ser peligroso FayerWayer, (Science Feature) Boxbyte en Ciencia, Destacados; October 2010Wakacje w Kosmosie? Dajcie sobie z tym spokój!, by Tomasz Rożek, GAZETA; 17 October 2011 Wire-based special effects in Moonraker (1979) The idea of sex in space appears frequently in science fiction. Arthur C. Clarke claimed to first address it in his novel Rendezvous with Rama (1973). Among films that include space-sex themes are Moonraker, Moving Violations, Supernova and Cube 2: Hypercube. In the novelization of Alien, Parker tells Brett about an episode of zero-G sex that went wrong. A more recent and perhaps more realistic description of the mechanics of low-gravity intercourse is presented in \"Sex in Space: The Video\", a short story contained in Susie Bright's The Best American Erotica 2004. The story uses cheating astronauts to describe techniques humans might use to copulate in space without special apparatus. The difficulties microgravity poses for human intimacy were also discussed in an anonymous fictional \"NASA Document 12-571-3570\" in 1989, where the use of an elastic belt and an inflatable tunnel were proposed as solutions to these problems. A mission patch and other documents were determined to be hoaxes. See also Clinostat Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space advocacy Space colonization Space medicine Space tourism Mile high club Document 12-571-3570 Birth aboard aircraft and ships References Footnotes General references External links Adventures in Space, The Zero-G Spot, by Michael Behar; OUTSIDE Magazine, December 2006 Outer-space sex carries complications By Alan Boyle, MSNBC July 24, 2006. Concept of \"2suit\" design of American writer Vanna Bonta. Space sex hoax rises again by James Oberg Pregnancy in Space Seems Possible Astronauts test sex in space - but did the earth move? The Guardian, February 24, 2000 Virgin Galactic rejects $",
"start_char_pos": 853,
"end_char_pos": 5499
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 5551,
"end_char_pos": 5551
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "2008.",
"after": "2008",
"start_char_pos": 5563,
"end_char_pos": 5568
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "28 February 1997.",
"after": "February 28, 1997",
"start_char_pos": 5642,
"end_char_pos": 5659
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Inspiration Mars",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 5884,
"end_char_pos": 5900
}
] | [
0,
99,
250,
377,
426,
566,
749,
938,
1145,
1215,
1456,
1547,
1642,
1769,
2041,
2194,
2289,
2420,
2570,
2866,
2984,
3137,
3320,
3365,
3570,
3695,
3727,
3780,
3844,
3908,
3995,
4104,
4201,
4415,
4538,
4780,
4846,
5147,
5253,
5311,
5442,
5568,
5602,
5659,
5883
] |
6899402 | 1 | Overview A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for flattening paper, board, etc. Recently, some compact material have been developed, allowing the processing of almost all the operations.. | as for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processefor flattening paper, board, etc. Recently, some compact material have been developed, allowing the processing of almost all the operations.. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Overview A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas",
"after": "as",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 90
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for",
"after": "processefor",
"start_char_pos": 243,
"end_char_pos": 562
}
] | [
0,
236,
342,
592
] |
6899402 | 2 | as for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processefor flattening paper, board, etc. Recently, some compact material have been developed, allowing the processing of almost all the operations.. | Overview A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for flattening paper, board, etc. Recently, some compact material have been developed, allowing the processing of almost all the operations.. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "as",
"after": "Overview A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 2
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "processefor",
"after": "processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for",
"start_char_pos": 155,
"end_char_pos": 166
}
] | [
0,
148,
196
] |
6900144 | 1 | It means that the nature of a medium (the channel through which a message is transmitted) is more important than the meaning or content of the message. McLuhan tells us that a "message" is, "the change of scale or pace or pattern" that a new invention or innovation "introduces into human affairs". | McLuhan argues that a "message" is, "the change of scale or pace or pattern" that a new invention or innovation "introduces into human affairs". | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "It means that the nature of a medium (the channel through which a message is transmitted) is more important than the meaning or content of the message.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 151
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "McLuhan tells us",
"after": "McLuhan argues",
"start_char_pos": 152,
"end_char_pos": 168
}
] | [
0,
151
] |
6901997 | 1 | Lookout boy aloft, by Harrison Weir A lookout or look-out is a person on a ship in charge of the observation of the sea for hazards, other ships, land, etc. Lookouts report anything they see and or hear. When reporting contacts, lookouts give information such as, bearing of the object, which way the object is headed, target angles and position angles and what the contact is. Lookouts should be thoroughly familiar with the various types of distress signals they may encounter at sea. A U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship. Criminal definition By analogy, the term "lookout" is also used to describe a person who accompanies criminals during the commission of a crime, and warns them of the impending approach of hazards: that is, police or eyewitnesses. Although lookouts typically do not actually participate in the crime, they can nonetheless be charged with aiding and abetting or with conspiracy, or as accomplices . | Lookout boy aloft, by Harrison Weir A lookout or look-out is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships, land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance. A U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship. Lookouts report anything they see and or hear. When reporting contacts, lookouts give information such as, bearing of the object, which way the object is headed, target angles and position angles and what the contact is. Lookouts should be thoroughly familiar with the various types of distress signals they may encounter at sea. Criminal definition By analogy, the term "lookout" is also used to describe a person who accompanies criminals during the commission of a crime, and warns them of the impending approach of hazards: that is, police or eyewitnesses. Although lookouts typically do not actually participate in the crime, they can nonetheless be charged with aiding and abetting or with conspiracy, or as accomplices . Railway use A lookout may be used when performing engineering works on an operational railway. They will be responsible for ensuring that all staff are cleared of the track in advance of an approaching train . | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "on a ship",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 70,
"end_char_pos": 79
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "the sea for hazards,",
"after": "hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for",
"start_char_pos": 112,
"end_char_pos": 132
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "etc. Lookouts report anything they see and or hear. When reporting contacts, lookouts give information such as, bearing of the object, which way the object is headed, target angles and position angles and what the contact is. Lookouts should be thoroughly familiar with the various types of distress signals they may encounter at sea.",
"after": "and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance.",
"start_char_pos": 152,
"end_char_pos": 486
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Lookouts report anything they see and or hear. When reporting contacts, lookouts give information such as, bearing of the object, which way the object is headed, target angles and position angles and what the contact is. Lookouts should be thoroughly familiar with the various types of distress signals they may encounter at sea.",
"start_char_pos": 551,
"end_char_pos": 551
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 948,
"end_char_pos": 948
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Railway use A lookout may be used when performing engineering works on an operational railway. They will be responsible for ensuring that all staff are cleared of the track in advance of an approaching train",
"start_char_pos": 949,
"end_char_pos": 949
}
] | [
0,
203,
377,
486,
550,
782
] |
6901997 | 2 | Lookout boy aloft, by Harrison Weir A lookout or look-out is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships, land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance. A U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship. Naval application Lookouts have been traditionally placed in high on masts, in crow's nests and tops. | Lookout boy aloft, by Harrison Weir A U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship. A lookout or look-out is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships, land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance. Naval application Lookouts have been traditionally placed in high on masts, in crow's nests and tops. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "lookout",
"after": "U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship. A lookout",
"start_char_pos": 38,
"end_char_pos": 45
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "A U.S. Navy sailor standing the lookout watch aboard a warship.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 278,
"end_char_pos": 341
}
] | [
0,
110,
232,
277,
341
] |
690245 | 1 | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category: History of aesthetics Category:History of ideas Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category: Concepts in aesthetics Category:History of ideas Category:Philosophy of art Category:Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "History of",
"after": "Concepts in",
"start_char_pos": 96,
"end_char_pos": 106
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Category:Philosophy of art Category:Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science",
"start_char_pos": 144,
"end_char_pos": 144
}
] | [
0
] |
690245 | 2 | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category:Concepts in aesthetics Category:History of ideas Category:Philosophy of art Category:Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category:Concepts in aesthetics Category:History of ideas Category:Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "art Category:Philosophy of",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 167,
"end_char_pos": 193
}
] | [
0
] |
690245 | 3 | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category:Concepts in aesthetics Category: History of ideas Category: Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | Category:Art Category:Anthropology Category:The arts Category:Business of visual arts Category:Concepts in aesthetics Category: Philosophy of culture Category:Philosophy of social science Category:Social networks Category:Sociology of cultur | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "History of ideas Category:",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 128,
"end_char_pos": 154
}
] | [
0
] |
6903780 | 1 | Category: Aristotelianism Category:Cognition Category:History of philosoph | Category: Philosophy of Aristotle Category:Co | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Aristotelianism Category:Cognition Category:History of philosoph",
"after": "Philosophy of Aristotle Category:Co",
"start_char_pos": 10,
"end_char_pos": 74
}
] | [
0
] |
690842 | 1 | The English privateer Francis Drake sailed along the coast in 1579 north of Cabrillo's landing site while circumnavigating the world. Drake had a long and largely successful career attacking Spanish settlements in the Caribbean islands and the mainland, so that for the English, he was a great hero and fervent Protestant, but for the Spanish he was "a frightening monster." Drake played a major role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, but led an armada himself to the Spanish Caribbean that was unsuccessful in dislodging the Spanish.Pattridge, Blake D. "Francis Drake" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, 402 On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of Coos Bay, Oregon, and then sailed south while searching for a suitable harbor to repair his damaged ship. On 17 June, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California near Point Reyes. While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I of England as Nova Albion or New Albion. To document and assert his claim, Drake posted an engraved plate of brass to claim sovereignty for Queen Elizabeth and her successors on the throne. Drake's landfalls on the west coast of North America are one small part of his 1577-1580 circumnavigation of the globe, the first captain of his own ship to do so. Drake died in 1596 off the coast of Panama, following injuries from a raid.Pattridge, "Francis Drake", 406 Report in German of one of Martin Frobisher's arctic expeditions English privateer Martin Frobisher had participated in voyages down the west coast of Africa and had a history of unauthorized seizures of cargo. In 1576, he sailed west to northern North America, claiming Baffin Island for Queen Elizabeth. He commanded large voyages subsequently, that were publicized in Continental Europe. Frobisher returned to England with his ships laden with ore, but it was found to be worthless and damaged his reputation as an explorer. He remains an important early historical figure in Canada, with Frobisher Bay named for him. "Martin Frobisher", accessed 16 July 2021 Between 1609 and 1611, after several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, English mariner Henry Hudson, under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), explored the region around present-day New York City, while looking for a western route to Asia. He explored the Hudson River and laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. Hudson's final expedition ranged farther north in search of the Northwest Passage, leading to his discovery of the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. After wintering in James Bay, Hudson tried to press on with his voyage in the spring of 1611, but his crew mutinied and they cast him adrift. Search for a northern route 1599 map of Arctic exploration by Willem Barentsz in his third voyage France, the Netherlands, and England were left without a sea route to Asia, either via Africa or South America. When it became apparent that there was no route through the heart of the Americas, attention turned to the possibility of a passage through northern waters. The desire to establish such a route motivated much of the European exploration of the Arctic coasts of both North America and Russia. In Russia the idea of a possible seaway connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific was first put forward by the diplomat Gerasimov in 1525, although Russian settlers on the coast of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the route as early as the 11th century. In June 1576, English seaman Martin Frobisher led an expedition consisting of three ships and 35 men to search for a north-west passage around North America. The voyage was supported by the Muscovy Company, the same merchants that hired Hugh Willoughby to find a north-east passage above Russia. Violent storms sank one ship and forced another to turn back but Frobisher and the remaining ship reached the coast of Labrador in July. A few days later they came upon the mouth of what is now Frobisher Bay. Frobisher believed it to be the entrance to a north-west passage and named it Frobisher's Strait . After some preliminary exploration, Frobisher returned to England. Two subsequent voyages by Frobisher in 1577 and 1578 failed to find the hoped-for passage. Barentsz' Arctic exploration 5 June 1594, Dutch cartographer Willem Barentsz departed from Texel in a fleet of three ships to enter the Kara Sea, with the hopes of finding the Northeast Passage above Siberia.Synge 1912, p. 258 At Williams Island the crew encountered a polar bear for the first time. They managed to bring it on board, but the bear rampaged and was killed. Barentsz reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya and followed it northward, before being forced to turn back in the face of large icebergs. | The English privateer Francis Drake sailed along the coast in 1579 north of Cabrillo's landing site while circumnavigating the world. Drake had a long and largely successful career attacking Spanish settlements in the Caribbean islands and the mainland, so that for the English, he was a great hero and fervent Protestant, but for the Spanish he was "a frightening monster." Drake played a major role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, but led an armada himself to the Spanish Caribbean that was unsuccessful in dislodging the Spanish.Pattridge, Blake D. "Francis Drake" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, 402 On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of Coos Bay, Oregon, and then sailed south while searching for a suitable harbor to repair his damaged ship. On 17 June, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California near Point Reyes. While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I of England as Nova Albion or New Albion. To document and assert his claim, Drake posted an engraved plate of brass to claim sovereignty for Queen Elizabeth and her successors on the throne. Drake's landfalls on the west coast of North America are one small part of his 1577-1580 circumnavigation of the globe, the first captain of his own ship to do so. Drake died in 1596 off the coast of Panama, following injuries from a raid.Pattridge, "Francis Drake", 406 Between 1609 and 1611, after several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, English mariner Henry Hudson, under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), explored the region around present-day New York City, while looking for a western route to Asia. He explored the Hudson River and laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. Hudson's final expedition ranged farther north in search of the Northwest Passage, leading to his discovery of the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. After wintering in James Bay, Hudson tried to press on with his voyage in the spring of 1611, but his crew mutinied and they cast him adrift. Search for a northern route Report in German of one of Martin Frobisher's arctic expeditions France, the Netherlands, and England were left without a sea route to Asia, either via Africa or South America. When it became apparent that there was no route through the heart of the Americas, attention turned to the possibility of a passage through northern waters. The desire to establish such a route motivated much of the European exploration of the Arctic coasts of both North America and Russia. In Russia the idea of a possible seaway connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific was first put forward by the diplomat Gerasimov in 1525, although Russian settlers on the coast of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the route as early as the 11th century. In June 1576, English mariner Martin Frobisher led an expedition consisting of three ships and 35 men to search for a north-west passage around North America. The voyage was supported by the Muscovy Company, the same merchants that hired Hugh Willoughby to find a north-east passage above Russia. Violent storms sank one ship and forced another to turn back but Frobisher and the remaining ship reached the coast of Labrador in July. A few days later they came upon the mouth of what is now Frobisher Bay. Frobisher believed it to be the entrance to a north-west passage and named it Frobisher's Strait and claimed Baffin Island for Queen Elizabeth . After some preliminary exploration, Frobisher returned to England. He commanded two subsequent voyages in 1577 and 1578 , but failed to find the hoped-for passage. Frobisher brought to England his ships laden with ore, but it was found to be worthless and damaged his reputation as an explorer. He remains an important early historical figure in Canada. "Martin Frobisher", The Canadian Encyclopedia accessed 16 July 2021 Barentsz' Arctic exploration 1599 map of Arctic exploration by Willem Barentsz in his third voyage 5 June 1594, Dutch cartographer Willem Barentsz departed from Texel in a fleet of three ships to enter the Kara Sea, with the hopes of finding the Northeast Passage above Siberia.Synge 1912, p. 258 At Williams Island the crew encountered a polar bear for the first time. They managed to bring it on board, but the bear rampaged and was killed. Barentsz reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya and followed it northward, before being forced to turn back in the face of large icebergs. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Report in German of one of Martin Frobisher's arctic expeditions",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1510,
"end_char_pos": 1574
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "English privateer Martin Frobisher had participated in voyages down the west coast of Africa and had a history of unauthorized seizures of cargo. In 1576, he sailed west to northern North America, claiming Baffin Island for Queen Elizabeth. He commanded large voyages subsequently, that were publicized in Continental Europe. Frobisher returned to England with his ships laden with ore, but it was found to be worthless and damaged his reputation as an explorer. He remains an important early historical figure in Canada, with Frobisher Bay named for him. \"Martin Frobisher\", accessed 16 July 2021",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1575,
"end_char_pos": 2172
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1599 map of Arctic exploration by Willem Barentsz in his third voyage",
"after": "Report in German of one of Martin Frobisher's arctic expeditions",
"start_char_pos": 2893,
"end_char_pos": 2962
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "seaman",
"after": "mariner",
"start_char_pos": 3663,
"end_char_pos": 3669
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and claimed Baffin Island for Queen Elizabeth",
"start_char_pos": 4243,
"end_char_pos": 4243
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Two subsequent voyages by Frobisher",
"after": "He commanded two subsequent voyages",
"start_char_pos": 4313,
"end_char_pos": 4348
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ", but",
"start_char_pos": 4366,
"end_char_pos": 4366
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Frobisher brought to England his ships laden with ore, but it was found to be worthless and damaged his reputation as an explorer. He remains an important early historical figure in Canada. \"Martin Frobisher\", The Canadian Encyclopedia accessed 16 July 2021",
"start_char_pos": 4405,
"end_char_pos": 4405
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "1599 map of Arctic exploration by Willem Barentsz in his third voyage",
"start_char_pos": 4435,
"end_char_pos": 4435
}
] | [
0,
133,
545,
847,
992,
1089,
1238,
1402,
1478,
1720,
1815,
1900,
2037,
2130,
2486,
2577,
2722,
2864,
3074,
3231,
3366,
3640,
3798,
3936,
4073,
4145,
4245,
4312,
4404,
4615,
4706,
4779
] |
690842 | 2 | The concept of discovery has been scrutinized, critically highlighting the history of the core term of this periodization. The term "age of discovery" has been in the historical literature and still commonly used. J. H. Parry argues that not only was the era one of European explorations to regions heretofore unknown to them, but that it also produced the expansion of geographical knowledge and empirical science. "It saw also the first major victories of empirical inquiry over authority, the beginnings of that close association of science, technology, and everyday work which is an essential characteristic of the modern western world." J. H. Harry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450-1650. London: Cardinal 1973, 13. Anthony Pagden draws on the work of Edmundo O'Gorman for the statement that "For all Europeans, the events of October 1492 constituted a 'discovery'. Something of which they had no prior knowledge had suddenly presented itself to their gaze." Pagden, Anthony. European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism. New Haven: Yale University Press 1993, 5 O'Gorman argues further that the physical and geographical encounter with new territories was less important than the Europeans’ effort to integrate this new knowledge into their worldview, what he calls "the invention of America . " O’Gorman, Edmundo. The Invention of America. An Inquiry into the Historical Nature of the New World and the Meaning of History. Bloomington, IN 1961, 9-47. Pagden examines the origins of the terms "discovery" and "invention . " In English "discovery" and its forms in the romance languages derive from "disco-operio, meaning to uncover, to reveal, to expose to the gaze” with the implicit idea that what was revealed existed previously. Pagden, European Encounters, 5-6 Few Europeans during the period of explorations used the term "invention" for the European encounters, with the notable exception of Martin Waldseemüller, whose map first used the term "America . " Pagden, European Encounters, 6. Since 1495, the French, the English and the Dutch entered the race of exploration after learning of these exploits, defying the Iberian monopoly on maritime trade by searching for new routes, first to the western coasts of North and South America, through the first English and French expeditions (starting with the first expedition of John Cabot in 1497 to the north, in the service of England, followed by the French expeditions to South America and later to North America), and into the Pacific Ocean around South America, but eventually by following the Portuguese around Africa into the Indian Ocean; discovering Australia in 1606, New Zealand in 1642, and Hawaii in 1778. Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s, Russians explored and conquered almost the whole of Siberia, and Alaska in the 1730s. Background Technology: ship design and the compass A Caravel with two lateen sail rigs and a headsail. Caravels were invented by the Portuguese, they had more manoeuvrability and were essential to the Age of Exploration.Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Exploration were the adoption of the magnetic compass and advances in ship design. | The concept of discovery has been scrutinized, critically highlighting the history of the core term of this periodization. The term "age of discovery" has been in the historical literature and still commonly used. J. H. Parry argues that not only was the era one of European explorations to regions heretofore unknown to them, but that it also produced the expansion of geographical knowledge and empirical science. "It saw also the first major victories of empirical inquiry over authority, the beginnings of that close association of science, technology, and everyday work which is an essential characteristic of the modern western world." Parry, J. H. (1973). The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650. London: Cardinal . p. 13. Anthony Pagden draws on the work of Edmundo O'Gorman for the statement that "For all Europeans, the events of October 1492 constituted a 'discovery'. Something of which they had no prior knowledge had suddenly presented itself to their gaze." O'Gorman argues further that the physical and geographical encounter with new territories was less important than the Europeans’ effort to integrate this new knowledge into their worldview, what he calls "the invention of America " . O’Gorman, Edmundo. The Invention of America. An Inquiry into the Historical Nature of the New World and the Meaning of History. Bloomington, IN 1961, 9-47. Pagden examines the origins of the terms "discovery" and "invention " . In English, "discovery" and its forms in the romance languages derive from "disco-operio, meaning to uncover, to reveal, to expose to the gaze” with the implicit idea that what was revealed existed previously. Few Europeans during the period of explorations used the term "invention" for the European encounters, with the notable exception of Martin Waldseemüller, whose map first used the term "America " . Since 1495, the French, the English and the Dutch entered the race of exploration after learning of these exploits, defying the Iberian monopoly on maritime trade by searching for new routes, first to the western coasts of North and South America, through the first English and French expeditions (starting with the first expedition of John Cabot in 1497 to the north, in the service of England, followed by the French expeditions to South America and later to North America), and into the Pacific Ocean around South America, but eventually by following the Portuguese around Africa into the Indian Ocean; discovering Australia in 1606, New Zealand in 1642, and Hawaii in 1778. Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s, Russians explored and conquered almost the whole of Siberia, and Alaska in the 1730s. Background Technology: ship design and the compass A caravel with two lateen sail rigs and a headsail. Caravels were invented by the Portuguese, they had more manoeuvrability and were essential to the Age of Exploration.Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Exploration were the adoption of the magnetic compass and advances in ship design. | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Parry,",
"start_char_pos": 642,
"end_char_pos": 642
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Harry,",
"after": "(1973).",
"start_char_pos": 649,
"end_char_pos": 655
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1450-1650.",
"after": "1450–1650.",
"start_char_pos": 723,
"end_char_pos": 733
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1973,",
"after": ". p.",
"start_char_pos": 751,
"end_char_pos": 756
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Pagden, Anthony. European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism. New Haven: Yale University Press 1993, 5",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1004,
"end_char_pos": 1134
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1365,
"end_char_pos": 1366
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 1369,
"end_char_pos": 1369
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1594,
"end_char_pos": 1595
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "In English",
"after": ". In English,",
"start_char_pos": 1598,
"end_char_pos": 1608
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Pagden, European Encounters, 5-6",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1807,
"end_char_pos": 1839
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2034,
"end_char_pos": 2035
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Pagden, European Encounters, 6.",
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 2038,
"end_char_pos": 2069
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Caravel",
"after": "caravel",
"start_char_pos": 2927,
"end_char_pos": 2934
}
] | [
0,
122,
213,
415,
733,
760,
910,
1020,
1093,
1388,
1414,
1497,
1806,
2035,
2066,
2081,
2093,
2185,
2675,
2747,
2873,
2976,
3094
] |
6909344 | 1 | Two kneaded erasers. A newer eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into the eraser. The kneaded eraser, also known as a putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It is usually made of a grey or white pliable material, such as rubber (though it can be found in many different colors, ranging from green, blue, hot pinks and yellow ) and resembles putty or chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles, in addition to carbon and pastel marks. It does not wear away nor leave behind eraser residue, thus it lasts much longer than other erasers. Kneaded eraser is used to remove thin details. Kneaded erasers are also useful for making impromptu sculptures to sketch from. Kneaded erasers are mostly used for slightly, but not fully, erasing the content of graphite. It has great plasticity and can be molded and shaped into desired forms for ease of usage . | Two kneaded erasers. A newer eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into the eraser. The kneaded eraser, also commonly known as a putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It is usually made of a grey or white pliable material, such as rubber (though it can be found in many different colors, ranging from green, blue, hot pinks , yellow, and many other colors ) and resembles putty or chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles, in addition to carbon , colored pencil, or pastel marks. It does not wear away nor leave behind eraser residue, thus it lasts much longer than other erasers. Kneaded erasers also do not leave any eraser crumbs like other erasers. Kneaded eraser is used to remove thin details. Kneaded erasers are also useful for making impromptu sculptures to sketch from. Kneaded erasers are mostly used for slightly, but not fully, erasing the content of graphite. It has great plasticity and can be molded and shaped into desired forms for ease of usage . Kneaded erasers are also preferred because they are easy to clean. You simply knead your kneaded eraser and the medium with fade into the eraser . | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "commonly",
"start_char_pos": 222,
"end_char_pos": 222
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and yellow",
"after": ", yellow, and many other colors",
"start_char_pos": 428,
"end_char_pos": 438
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and",
"after": ", colored pencil, or",
"start_char_pos": 575,
"end_char_pos": 578
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "eraser",
"after": "erasers also do not leave any eraser crumbs like other erasers.",
"start_char_pos": 702,
"end_char_pos": 708
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Kneaded eraser",
"start_char_pos": 709,
"end_char_pos": 709
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 1006,
"end_char_pos": 1006
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Kneaded erasers are also preferred because they are easy to clean. You simply knead your kneaded eraser and the medium with fade into the eraser",
"start_char_pos": 1007,
"end_char_pos": 1007
}
] | [
0,
20,
85,
196,
270,
476,
592,
693,
741,
821,
915
] |
6909344 | 2 | Two kneaded erasers. A newer eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into the eraser . The kneaded eraser, also commonly known as a putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It is usually made of a grey or white pliable material, such as rubber (though it can be found in many different colors, ranging from green, blue, hot pinks, yellow, and many other colors) and resembles putty or chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles, in addition to carbon, colored pencil, or pastel marks. It does not wear away nor leave behind eraser residue, thus it lasts much longer than other erasers. Kneaded erasers can be shaped by hand for precision erasing, creating highlights, or performing detailed work. They are commonly used to remove light charcoal or graphite marks and in subtractive drawing techniques. However, they are ill-suited for completely erasing large areas, and may smear or stick if too warm. Kneaded erasers also do not leave any eraser crumbs like other erasers . Kneaded eraser is used to remove thin details . | Two kneaded erasers. A newer eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into the eraser The kneaded eraser, also commonly known as a putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It is usually made of a grey or white pliable material, such as rubber (though it can be found in many different colors, ranging from green, blue, hot pinks, yellow, and many other colors) and resembles putty or chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles, in addition to carbon, colored pencil, or pastel marks. It does not wear away nor leave behind eraser residue, thus it lasts much longer than other erasers. Kneaded eraser is used to remove thin details Kneaded erasers can be shaped by hand for precision erasing, creating highlights, or performing detailed work. They are commonly used to remove light charcoal or graphite marks and in subtractive drawing techniques. However, they are ill-suited for completely erasing large areas, and may smear or stick if too warm. Kneaded erasers also do not leave any eraser crumbs like other erasers . | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 196,
"end_char_pos": 197
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "eraser is used to remove thin details",
"start_char_pos": 746,
"end_char_pos": 746
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Kneaded",
"start_char_pos": 747,
"end_char_pos": 747
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1128,
"end_char_pos": 1129
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Kneaded eraser is used to remove thin details",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1130,
"end_char_pos": 1175
}
] | [
0,
20,
85,
197,
279,
504,
636,
737,
850,
955,
1056
] |
6910672 | 1 | Category:1961 births Category: Ateneo de Manila University alumni Category:De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines Category:De La Salle University alumni Category:Filipino Roman Catholics Category:Living people Category:Secretaries of Education of the Philippines Category:People from Lipa, Batangas Category:Roman Catholic religious brothers Category:Benigno Aquino III Administration cabinet members Category:Presidents of universities and colleges in the Philippines Category:Visayan peopl | Category:1961 births Category: Living people Category: Ateneo de Manila University alumni Category:De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines Category:De La Salle University alumni Category:Filipino Roman Catholics Category:Secretaries of Education of the Philippines Category:People from Lipa, Batangas Category:Roman Catholic religious brothers Category:Benigno Aquino III Administration cabinet members Category:Presidents of universities and colleges in the Philippines Category:Visayan peopl | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Living people Category:",
"start_char_pos": 31,
"end_char_pos": 31
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Category:Living people",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 189,
"end_char_pos": 211
}
] | [
0
] |
6910672 | 2 | Luistro is a major proponent of the K+12 Basic Education Program in the Philippines. The program seeks to add two years to the current 10-year basic education curriculum. Numerous parties have opposed the plan including Ateneo de Manila University President Bienvenido Nebres and progressive groups of students, teachers and parents. | Luistro is a major proponent of the K+12 Basic Education Program in the Philippines. The program sought to add two years to the previous 10-year basic education curriculum. Numerous parties had opposed the plan including Ateneo de Manila University President Bienvenido Nebres and progressive groups of students, teachers and parents. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "seeks",
"after": "sought",
"start_char_pos": 97,
"end_char_pos": 102
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "current",
"after": "previous",
"start_char_pos": 127,
"end_char_pos": 134
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "have",
"after": "had",
"start_char_pos": 188,
"end_char_pos": 192
}
] | [
0,
84,
170
] |
691626 | 1 | Robin Vermoesen "Rationaliteit is Vals", 2007, www.unibook.com Craig R. M. McKenzie. Rational models as theories – not standards – of behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol.7 No.9 September 2003 REBT-CBT NET – Internet Guide to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy | ° Lisa Bortolotti, Irrationality, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2014 Craig R. M. McKenzie. Rational models as theories – not standards – of behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences '' Vol.7 No.9 September 2003 REBT-CBT NET – Internet Guide to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Robin Vermoesen \"Rationaliteit is Vals\", 2007, www.unibook.com",
"after": "° Lisa Bortolotti, Irrationality, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2014",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 62
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "''",
"start_char_pos": 173,
"end_char_pos": 173
}
] | [
0,
84,
143
] |
6925359 | 1 | A cypress tree shelters the ground around it, creating a tree well. A tree well is a void or area of loose snow around the trunk of a tree enveloped in deep snow. Also known as "spruce traps", these voids present danger to hikers, snowshoers, skiers, and snowboarders who fall into them. Formation A tree's branches shelter its trunk from snowfall , allowing a void or area of loose snow to form. Low-hanging branches as on small firs further contribute to forming a tree well, as they efficiently shelter the area surrounding the trunk. Such wells have been observed as deep as . They can also occur near rocks and along streams. Tree wells may be encountered in backcountry , on ungroomed trails, off-piste , and on ungroomed /piste boundaries . The risk of encountering one is greatest during and immediately following a heavy snowstorm. Hazard Victims can get trapped in tree wells and become unable to free themselves. In two experiments conducted in North America 90\% of volunteers temporarily placed in tree wells were unable to rescue themselves. References | A diagram of a tree well A cypress tree shelters the ground around it, creating a tree well. A tree well , also known as a spruce trap, is the space around a tree under its branches that does not get the same amount of snow as the surrounding open space. This creates a a void or area of loose snow below the branches and around the trunk that is dangerous to any hikers, snowshoers, skiers, and snowboarders who fall into them. If someone lands in such a well, often as a result of a fall, it can be too deep for them to climb up the surrounding loose snow before they are buried. Making the situation more dangerous, they often fall into the well head-first and as the result of an accident which could leave them injured or unconscious. Formation A tree's branches shelter the area around its trunk from snowfall . If the snow is deep enough, there is a significant void or area of loose snow underneath the branches around the trunk. Such wells have been observed as deep as . Similar "wells" can also occur near rocks and along streams. Tree wells occur outside of groomed trails and represent a significant risk to those who ski or snowboard off-piste , in backcountry areas, but can also be found on the boundaries between groomed and ungroomed areas . The risk of encountering one is greatest during and immediately following a heavy snowstorm. Hazard Victims become trapped in tree wells and are unable to free themselves. In two experiments conducted in North America 90\% of volunteers temporarily placed in tree wells were unable to rescue themselves. If the snow is deep enough, the surrounding snow banks can collapse over them, depriving them of air. "If a partner is not there for immediate rescue, the skier or rider may die very quickly from suffocation - in many cases, he or she can die as quickly as someone can drown in water," according to the Tree Well and Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Information website. In the United States, on average several skiers or snowboarders die each year from Non-Avalanche Related Snow Immersion. References External links Deep Snow Safety video showing tree wells | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "diagram of a tree well A",
"start_char_pos": 2,
"end_char_pos": 2
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "is a",
"after": ", also known as a spruce trap, is the space around a tree under its branches that does not get the same amount of snow as the surrounding open space. This creates a a",
"start_char_pos": 81,
"end_char_pos": 85
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "below the branches and",
"start_char_pos": 113,
"end_char_pos": 113
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "of a tree enveloped in deep snow. Also known as \"spruce traps\", these voids present danger to",
"after": "that is dangerous to any",
"start_char_pos": 131,
"end_char_pos": 224
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "If someone lands in such a well, often as a result of a fall, it can be too deep for them to climb up the surrounding loose snow before they are buried. Making the situation more dangerous, they often fall into the well head-first and as the result of an accident which could leave them injured or unconscious.",
"start_char_pos": 290,
"end_char_pos": 290
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "the area around",
"start_char_pos": 327,
"end_char_pos": 327
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", allowing a",
"after": ". If the snow is deep enough, there is a significant",
"start_char_pos": 352,
"end_char_pos": 364
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "to form. Low-hanging branches as on small firs further contribute to forming a tree well, as they efficiently shelter the area surrounding the",
"after": "underneath the branches around the",
"start_char_pos": 392,
"end_char_pos": 534
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "They",
"after": "Similar \"wells\"",
"start_char_pos": 585,
"end_char_pos": 589
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "may be encountered in backcountry , on ungroomed trails,",
"after": "occur outside of groomed trails and represent a significant risk to those who ski or snowboard",
"start_char_pos": 646,
"end_char_pos": 702
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", and on ungroomed /piste boundaries",
"after": ", in backcountry areas, but can also be found on the boundaries between groomed and ungroomed areas",
"start_char_pos": 713,
"end_char_pos": 749
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "can get",
"after": "become",
"start_char_pos": 860,
"end_char_pos": 867
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "become",
"after": "are",
"start_char_pos": 894,
"end_char_pos": 900
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "If the snow is deep enough, the surrounding snow banks can collapse over them, depriving them of air. \"If a partner is not there for immediate rescue, the skier or rider may die very quickly from suffocation - in many cases, he or she can die as quickly as someone can drown in water,\" according to the Tree Well and Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Information website.",
"start_char_pos": 1060,
"end_char_pos": 1060
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "References",
"after": "In the United States, on average several skiers or snowboarders die each year from Non-Avalanche Related Snow Immersion.",
"start_char_pos": 1061,
"end_char_pos": 1071
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "References",
"start_char_pos": 1072,
"end_char_pos": 1072
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "External links Deep Snow Safety video showing tree wells",
"start_char_pos": 1073,
"end_char_pos": 1073
}
] | [
0,
68,
164,
289,
400,
541,
584,
634,
751,
844,
927,
1059
] |
6934536 | 1 | Starting from Libreville ( present-day Gabon) in 1897, the Marchand expedition spent 14 arduous months crossing largely uncharted regions of north central Africa. They finally reached the fort of Fashoda on the upper Nile on July 10, 1898 and hoisted the French flag. On September 18, a flotilla of British gunboats led by Horatio Kitchener arrived at Fashoda; Kitchener had just defeated Mahdi forces at The Battle of Omdurman, and was in the process of reconquering the Sudan in the name of the Egyptian Khedive. The confrontation of the French and British was cordial but both sides insisted on their right to Fashoda. References "Fashoda 1898, England Settles on the Nile" Charles Zorgbibe | Starting from Libreville ( in present-day Gabon) in 1897, the Marchand expedition spent 14 arduous months crossing largely uncharted regions of north central Africa. They finally reached the fort of Fashoda on the upper Nile on July 10, 1898 and hoisted the French flag. On September 18, a flotilla of British gunboats led by Horatio Kitchener arrived at Fashoda; Kitchener had just defeated Mahdi forces at The Battle of Omdurman, and was in the process of reconquering the Sudan in the name of the Egyptian Khedive. The confrontation of the French and British was cordial but both sides insisted on their right to Fashoda. References Charles Zorgbibe, "Fashoda 1898, England Settles on the Nile" | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "in",
"start_char_pos": 27,
"end_char_pos": 27
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Charles Zorgbibe,",
"start_char_pos": 634,
"end_char_pos": 634
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Charles Zorgbibe",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 679,
"end_char_pos": 695
}
] | [
0,
163,
268,
361,
515,
622
] |
6938475 | 1 | Sunset Sunset (, Shkiyat Hachamah - often referred to simply as //) is the time at which the ball of the sun falls below the horizon. The new day begins at this point for almost all purposes. For example, the calendar date changes. Some sources indicate that if one ate an additional specified quantity of bread, and a meal eaten now includes the new day's additions in Grace after Meals , then they are added. For example : ReTzei and YaaLeh VeYaVo on Shabbos Erev Rosh Chodesh , eating more Challah after ShKia Mitzvot that must be performed during the day may no longer be performed ab initio. Minchah should not be delayed past now. Maariv may be recited now, although many wait until after nightfall . Sunset's calendar date change effects include knowing how to match secular date of passing away with Yartzeit date . | Sunset Sunset (, Shkiyat Hachamah - often referred to simply as //) is the time at which the ball of the sun falls below the horizon. The next day of the Hebrew calendar begins at this point for almost all purposes. Some sources indicate that if one ate an additional specified quantity of bread, and a meal eaten now includes the new day's additions in the grace after meals , then they are added. For example , these include ReTzei and YaaLeh VeYaVo on Shabbos Erev Rosh Chodesh . Mitzvot that must be performed during the day may no longer be performed ab initio. Minchah should not be delayed past now. Maariv may be recited now, although many wait until after nightfall . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "new day",
"after": "next day of the Hebrew calendar",
"start_char_pos": 138,
"end_char_pos": 145
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "For example, the calendar date changes.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 192,
"end_char_pos": 231
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Grace after Meals",
"after": "the grace after meals",
"start_char_pos": 370,
"end_char_pos": 387
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ":",
"after": ", these include",
"start_char_pos": 423,
"end_char_pos": 424
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", eating more Challah after ShKia",
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 479,
"end_char_pos": 512
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 705,
"end_char_pos": 706
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Sunset's calendar date change effects include knowing how to match secular date of passing away with Yartzeit date",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 707,
"end_char_pos": 821
}
] | [
0,
133,
191,
231,
410,
596,
636
] |
6947643 | 1 | The Rose-Coloured Map – Portugal's claim of sovereignty of the land between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique. The Pink Map ( ), also known in English as the Rose-Coloured Map,Teresa Pinto Coelho (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, p. 2. was a map prepared in 1885 to represent Portugal's claim of sovereignty over a land corridor connecting their colonies of Angola and Mozambique during the Scramble for Africa. The area claimed included most of what is currently Zimbabwe and large parts of modern Zambia and Malawi. In the first half of the 19th century, Portugal fully controlled only a few coastal towns in Angola and Mozambique. It also claimed suzerainty over other almost independent towns and nominally Portuguese subjects in the Zambezi valley, but could rarely enforce its claims; most of the territory now within Angola and Mozambique was entirely independent of Portuguese control. Between 1840 and 1869, Portugal expanded the area it controlled but felt threatened by the activities of other powers. Portuguese possessions 1800–1870 In Angola At the start of the 19th century, effective Portuguese governance in Africa south of the equator was limited. Portuguese Angola consisted of areas around Luanda and Benguela, and a few almost independent towns over which Portugal claimed suzerainty, the most northerly being Ambriz. Portuguese Mozambique was limited to the Island of Mozambique and several other coastal trading posts or forts as far south as Delagoa Bay.R Oliver and A Atmore, (1986). The African Middle Ages, 1400–1800, pp. 163–4, 191, 195. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Angola's main function within the Portuguese Empire was supplying Brazil with slaves. This was facilitated first by the development of coffee plantations in southern Brazil from the 1790s onward, and second by the 1815 and 1817 agreements between Britain and Portugal limiting—at least on paper—Portuguese slave trading to areas south of the equator.J C Miller, (1988). Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830, pp. 261, 269–70. This trade diminished after Brazilian independence in 1822 and more sharply following an 1830 agreement between Britain and Brazil by which the Brazilian government prohibited further imports of enslaved people.J C Miller, (1988). Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830, p. 637. To find people for export as slaves from Angolan towns, Afro-Portuguese traders penetrated as far inland as Katanga and Kazembe, but otherwise few Portuguese moved inland and they did not attempt to establish control there.R Oliver and A Atmore, (1986). The African Middle Ages, 1400–1800, pp. 137. When the Brazilian slave trade declined, the Portuguese began using enslaved people for agricultural work on plantations stretching inland from Luanda along the Cuanza River, and to a lesser extent around Benguela. After the Portuguese founded Moçâmedes, south of Benguela, in 1840 and occupied Ambriz in 1855, Portugal controlled a continuous coastal strip from Ambriz to Moçâmedes, but little inland territory.P E Lovejoy, (2012). Transformations in Slavery, 3rd edition, pp. 230–1. Although Portugal claimed the Congo River estuary, Britain at best accepted limited Portuguese trading rights in the Cabinda enclave north of the river, although these rights did not make Cabinda Portuguese territory.W. G. Clarence-Smith, (1985)The Third Portuguese Empire 1825–1975, p. 36R J Hammond, (1966). Portugal and Africa: 1815–1910, pp. 54–5. | 600px|The original 1886 Mapa cor-de-rosa The Pink Map ( , "pink-hearted map" ), also known in English as the Rose-Coloured Map,Teresa Pinto Coelho (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, p. 2. was a map prepared in 1885 to represent Portugal's claim of sovereignty over a land corridor connecting their colonies of Angola and Mozambique during the Scramble for Africa. The area claimed included most of what is currently Zimbabwe and large parts of modern Zambia and Malawi. In the first half of the 19th century, Portugal fully controlled only a few coastal towns in Angola and Mozambique. It also claimed suzerainty over other almost independent towns and nominally Portuguese subjects in the Zambezi valley, but could rarely enforce its claims; most of the territory now within Angola and Mozambique was entirely independent of Portuguese control. Between 1840 and 1869, Portugal expanded the area it controlled but felt threatened by the activities of other powers. Portuguese possessions 1800–1870 The Rose-Coloured Map – Portugal's claim of sovereignty of the land between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique. In Angola At the start of the 19th century, effective Portuguese governance in Africa south of the equator was limited. Portuguese Angola consisted of areas around Luanda and Benguela, and a few almost independent towns over which Portugal claimed suzerainty, the most northerly being Ambriz. Portuguese Mozambique was limited to the Island of Mozambique and several other coastal trading posts or forts as far south as Delagoa Bay.R Oliver and A Atmore, (1986). The African Middle Ages, 1400–1800, pp. 163–4, 191, 195. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Angola's main function within the Portuguese Empire was supplying Brazil with slaves. This was facilitated first by the development of coffee plantations in southern Brazil from the 1790s onward, and second by the 1815 and 1817 agreements between Britain and Portugal limiting—at least on paper—Portuguese slave trading to areas south of the equator.J C Miller, (1988). Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830, pp. 261, 269–70. This trade diminished after Brazilian independence in 1822 and more sharply following an 1830 agreement between Britain and Brazil by which the Brazilian government prohibited further imports of enslaved people.J C Miller, (1988). Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830, p. 637. To find people for export as slaves from Angolan towns, Afro-Portuguese traders penetrated as far inland as Katanga and Kazembe, but otherwise few Portuguese moved inland and they did not attempt to establish control there.R Oliver and A Atmore, (1986). The African Middle Ages, 1400–1800, pp. 137. When the Brazilian slave trade declined, the Portuguese began using enslaved people for agricultural work on plantations stretching inland from Luanda along the Cuanza River, and to a lesser extent around Benguela. After the Portuguese founded Moçâmedes, south of Benguela, in 1840 and occupied Ambriz in 1855, Portugal controlled a continuous coastal strip from Ambriz to Moçâmedes, but little inland territory.P E Lovejoy, (2012). Transformations in Slavery, 3rd edition, pp. 230–1. Although Portugal claimed the Congo River estuary, Britain at best accepted limited Portuguese trading rights in the Cabinda enclave north of the river, although these rights did not make Cabinda Portuguese territory.W. G. Clarence-Smith, (1985)The Third Portuguese Empire 1825–1975, p. 36R J Hammond, (1966). Portugal and Africa: 1815–1910, pp. 54–5. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "The Rose-Coloured Map – Portugal's claim of sovereignty of the land between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique.",
"after": "600px|The original 1886 Mapa cor-de-rosa",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 120
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ", \"pink-hearted map\"",
"start_char_pos": 136,
"end_char_pos": 136
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "The Rose-Coloured Map – Portugal's claim of sovereignty of the land between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique.",
"start_char_pos": 1107,
"end_char_pos": 1107
}
] | [
0,
120,
214,
472,
578,
694,
851,
954,
1073,
1227,
1400,
1540,
1570,
1627,
1756,
2021,
2040,
2131,
2343,
2362,
2444,
2668,
2698,
2743,
2958,
3156,
3176,
3228,
3446,
3538
] |
6960094 | 1 | Hydraulic Exercise Equipment is a form of exercise machine used in a number of strength training programs. They are most often found in circuit training gyms. Hydraulic circuit training machines were first developed for The Henley Corporation in the 70's ,Shapes for Women and are now becoming an increasingly popular form of exercise. | Hydraulic exercise equipment is a form of exercise machine used in a number of strength training programs. They are most often found in circuit training gyms. Hydraulic circuit training machines were first developed for The Henley Corporation in the 1970s ,Shapes for Women and are now becoming an increasingly popular form of exercise. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Exercise Equipment",
"after": "exercise equipment",
"start_char_pos": 10,
"end_char_pos": 28
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "70's",
"after": "1970s",
"start_char_pos": 250,
"end_char_pos": 254
}
] | [
0,
106,
158
] |
6960446 | 1 | The region was previously long known as Gujratra (an early form of "Gujarat" ), before it came to be called Rajputana during the medieval period. | The region was previously long known as Gurjaratra (an early form of "Gujarat" and land of Imperial Gurjars ), before it came to be called Rajputana during the medieval period. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Gujratra",
"after": "Gurjaratra",
"start_char_pos": 40,
"end_char_pos": 48
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and land of Imperial Gurjars",
"start_char_pos": 77,
"end_char_pos": 77
}
] | [
0
] |
696280 | 1 | Process Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects: The funnel.Compare: It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term. Commercialization is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones. It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers. Issues Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions: When to launch: Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavorable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch. Where to launch: A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several regions, or in a national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies may enter a national market at once.Global roll-outs generally remain the preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use a "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive) . Whom to target: Research- and test-marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will encourage adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period. How to launch: Prospective vendors should decide on an action plan for introducing a proposed product - a plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget. | Process Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects: The idea funnel.Compare: It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term. Commercialization is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones. It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers. Principles The commercialisation of ideas and concepts are typically based on five key principles: Identifying unmet needs in the market Demonstrating proof of concept Protecting the asset (and intellectual property) Establishing strategic partners Creating impact. Issues Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions: When to launch: Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavourable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch. Where to launch: A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several regions, or in a national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies may enter a national market at once.Global roll-outs generally remain the preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use a "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive) . For digital products however, the physical geographic location has a lesser impact . Whom to target: Research- and test-marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will encourage adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period. How to launch: Prospective vendors should decide on an action plan for introducing a proposed product - a plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget. | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "idea",
"start_char_pos": 149,
"end_char_pos": 149
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Principles The commercialisation of ideas and concepts are typically based on five key principles:",
"start_char_pos": 442,
"end_char_pos": 442
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Identifying unmet needs in the market Demonstrating proof of concept Protecting the asset (and intellectual property) Establishing strategic partners Creating impact.",
"start_char_pos": 443,
"end_char_pos": 443
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "unfavorable",
"after": "unfavourable",
"start_char_pos": 699,
"end_char_pos": 710
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ". For digital products however, the physical geographic location has a lesser impact",
"start_char_pos": 1538,
"end_char_pos": 1538
}
] | [
0,
91,
157,
277,
373,
441,
767,
914,
1072,
1196,
1396,
1540,
1624,
1739,
1832,
1985
] |
696280 | 2 | Process Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects: The idea funnel.Compare: It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term. Commercialization is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones. It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers. Principles The commercialisation of ideas and concepts are typically based on five key principles: Identifying unmet needs in the market Demonstrating proof of concept Protecting the asset (and intellectual property) Establishing strategic partners Creating impact. Issues Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions: When to launch: Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavourable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch. Where to launch: A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several regions, or in a national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies may enter a national market at once.Global roll-outs generally remain the preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use a "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive) . For digital products however, the physical geographic location has a lesser impact . Whom to target: Research- and test-marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will encourage adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period. How to launch: Prospective vendors should decide on an action plan for introducing a proposed product - a plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget. | Process Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects: The funnel.Compare: It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term. Commercialization is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones. It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers. Issues Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions: When to launch: Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavorable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch. Where to launch: A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several regions, or in a national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies may enter a national market at once.Global roll-outs generally remain the preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use a "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive) . Whom to target: Research- and test-marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will encourage adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period. How to launch: Prospective vendors should decide on an action plan for introducing a proposed product - a plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "idea",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 149,
"end_char_pos": 153
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Principles The commercialisation of ideas and concepts are typically based on five key principles:",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 446,
"end_char_pos": 544
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Identifying unmet needs in the market Demonstrating proof of concept Protecting the asset (and intellectual property) Establishing strategic partners Creating impact.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 545,
"end_char_pos": 711
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "unfavourable",
"after": "unfavorable",
"start_char_pos": 967,
"end_char_pos": 979
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ". For digital products however, the physical geographic location has a lesser impact",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1807,
"end_char_pos": 1891
}
] | [
0,
91,
161,
281,
377,
445,
711,
1036,
1183,
1341,
1465,
1665,
1808,
1893,
1977,
2092,
2185,
2338
] |
696280 | 3 | Category: Creativity Category: Innovators Category:Innovation economics Category:Innovation Category:Product development Category:Product management Category:Product testin | Category: Innovators Category:Innovation economics Category:Innovation Category:Product development Category:Product management Category:Product testin | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Creativity Category:",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 10,
"end_char_pos": 30
}
] | [
0
] |
697436 | 1 | They are common to the Indigenous Australians but also other peoples worldwide. The tool normally consists of little more than a sturdy stick which has been shaped or sharpened and perhaps hardened by being placed temporarily in a fire. Fashioned with handles for pulling or pushing, it forms a prehistoric plow, and is also a precursor of most modern agricultural handtools.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from Britannica.com website: URL It is a simple device, and has to be tough and hardy in order not to break. | They are common to the Indigenous Australians but also other peoples worldwide. The tool normally consists of little more than a sturdy stick which has been shaped or sharpened and sometimes hardened by being placed temporarily in a fire. Fashioned with handles for pulling or pushing, it forms a prehistoric plow, and is also a precursor of most modern agricultural handtools.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from Britannica.com website: URL | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "perhaps",
"after": "sometimes",
"start_char_pos": 181,
"end_char_pos": 188
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "It is a simple device, and has to be tough and hardy in order not to break.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 464,
"end_char_pos": 539
}
] | [
0,
79,
236,
375
] |
6974837 | 1 | The Systems Biology Ontology (SBO) is a set of controlled, relational vocabularies of terms commonly used in Systems Biology , and in particular in computational modeling. SBO is part of the BioModels.net effort. Since Level 2 Version 2 SBML provides a mechanism to annotate model components with SBO terms, therefore increasing the semantics of the model beyond the sole topology of interaction and mathematical expression. Modelling tools such as SBMLsqueezer use SBO terms too. Simulation tools can check the consistency of a rate law, convert reaction from one modelling framework to another (e.g., continuous to discrete), or distinguish between identical mathematical expressions based on different assumptions (e.g., Henri-Michaelis-Menten Vs. Briggs-Haldane ). Other tools such as semanticSBMLKrause F, Uhlendorf J., Lubitz T., Schulz M., Klipp E., Liebermeister W. (2010), Annotation and merging of SBML models with semanticSBML, Bioinformatics 26 (3), 421-422 can use the SBO annotation to integrate individual models into a larger one. The use of SBO is not restricted to the development of models. Resources providing quantitative experimental information such as SABIO Reaction Kinetics will be able to annotate the parameters (what do they mean exactly, how were they calculated) and determine relationships between them. | The Systems Biology Ontology (SBO) is a set of controlled, relational vocabularies of terms commonly used in systems biology , and in particular in computational modeling. SBO is part of the BioModels.net effort. Since Level 2 Version 2 SBML provides a mechanism to annotate model components with SBO terms, therefore increasing the semantics of the model beyond the sole topology of interaction and mathematical expression. Modelling tools such as SBMLsqueezer use SBO terms too. Simulation tools can check the consistency of a rate law, convert reaction from one modelling framework to another (e.g., continuous to discrete), or distinguish between identical mathematical expressions based on different assumptions (e.g., Michaelis–Menten vs. Briggs–Haldane ). Other tools such as semanticSBMLKrause F, Uhlendorf J., Lubitz T., Schulz M., Klipp E., Liebermeister W. (2010), Annotation and merging of SBML models with semanticSBML, Bioinformatics 26 (3), 421-422 can use the SBO annotation to integrate individual models into a larger one. The use of SBO is not restricted to the development of models. Resources providing quantitative experimental information such as SABIO Reaction Kinetics will be able to annotate the parameters (what do they mean exactly, how were they calculated) and determine relationships between them. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Systems Biology",
"after": "systems biology",
"start_char_pos": 109,
"end_char_pos": 124
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Henri-Michaelis-Menten Vs. Briggs-Haldane",
"after": "Michaelis–Menten vs. Briggs–Haldane",
"start_char_pos": 724,
"end_char_pos": 765
}
] | [
0,
171,
212,
424,
480,
750,
768,
1046,
1109
] |
69760 | 1 | 250px|An American-style crossword grid layout . A person works on a crossword puzzle in the subway, NYC – 2008 Schrödinger or quantum puzzles Some puzzle grids contain more than one correct answer for the same set of clues. These are called Schrödinger or quantum puzzles, alluding to the Schrödinger's Cat thought experiment in quantum physics. Schrödinger puzzles have frequently been published in venues including Fireball Crosswords and The American Values Club Crosswords, and at least ten have appeared in The New York Times since the late 1980s. The daily New York Times puzzle for November 5, 1996, by Jeremiah Farrell, had a clue for 39 Across that read "Lead story in tomorrow's newspaper, with 43 Across (!)." The answer for 43 Across was ELECTED; depending on the outcome of that day's Presidential Election, the answer for 39 Across would have been correct with either CLINTON or BOBDOLE, as would each of the corresponding Down answers. On September 1, 2016, the daily New York Times puzzle by Ben Tausig had four squares which led to correct answers reading both across and down if solvers entered either "M" or "F . " The puzzle's theme, GENDERFLUID, was revealed at 37 Across in the center of the puzzle: "Having a variable identity, as suggested by four squares in this puzzle." History upRecreation of Arthur Wynne's original crossword puzzle from December 21, 1913. Finalists competing in a crossword competition in New York City in 2019 The phrase "cross word puzzle" was first written in 1862 by Our Young Folks in the United States. Crossword-like puzzles, for example Double Diamond Puzzles, appeared in the magazine St. Nicholas, published since 1873. Another crossword puzzle appeared on September 14, 1890, in the Italian magazine Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica. It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled "Per passare il tempo" ("To pass the time"). Airoldi's puzzle was a four-by-four grid with no shaded squares; it included horizontal and vertical clues. A 1925 Punch cartoon about "The Cross-Word Mania". A man phones his doctor in the middle of the night, asking for "the name of a bodily disorder of seven letters, of which the second letter must be 'N'". By the 1920s, the crossword phenomenon was starting to attract notice. In October 1922, newspapers published a comic strip by Clare Briggs entitled "Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle , " with an enthusiast muttering "87 across 'Northern Sea Bird'!!??!?!!? Hm-m-m starts with an 'M', second letter is 'U'... I'll look up all the words starting with an 'M-U...' mus-musi-mur-murd—Hot Dog! Here 'tis! Murre!""Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle," by "Briggs," Morning Oregonian, October 3, 1922, p. 14; also published in several other newspapers In 1923 a humorous squib in The Boston Globe has a wife ordering her husband to run out and "rescue the papers... the part I want is blowing down the street." "What is it you're so keen about?" "The Cross-Word Puzzle. Hurry, please, that's a good boy.""There Goes My Crossword Puzzle, Get Up Please." The Boston Daily Globe, October 1, 1923, p. 7. In The New Yorker's first issue, released in 1925, the "Jottings About Town" section wrote, "Judging from the number of solvers in the subway and "L" trains, the crossword puzzle bids fair to become a fad with New Yorkers.""Jottings About Town." The New Yorker, February 25, 1925, p. 30. In 1925, the New York Public Library reported that "The latest craze to strike libraries is the crossword puzzle," and complained that when "the puzzle 'fans' swarm to the dictionaries and encyclopedias so as to drive away readers and students who need these books in their daily work, can there be any doubt of the Library's duty to protect its legitimate readers?"Report of the New York Public Library for 1924; published by The Library, 1925 Enthusiasts have compiled a number of record-setting achievements in New York Times and other venues. The lowest word count in a published weekday-size 15x15 puzzle is the June 29, 2013 The New York Times crossword by Joe Krozel, with just 50 words. The fewest shaded squares in a 15x15 American crossword is 17 (leaving 208 white spaces), set by the July 27, 2012 Times crossword by Joe Krozel. The record for most crosswords published in The New York Times is held by Manny Nosowsky, who has had 241 puzzles in that outlet. A N Prahlada Rao, Crossword Constructor from INDIA has recorded in Limca Book of Records in 2016 for constructing highest no. of Crosswords in Indian Regional Languages. In 2019 his name has mentioned in Kalam Book of World Records. In 2021 A N Prahlada Rao’s name has included in Asian Records in the Book of Asian Record URL URL Crossword venues other than New York Times have recently published higher percentages of women than that puzzle. In the spring of 2018, Patti Varol and Amy Reynaldo organized and edited a pack of 18 puzzles constructed by women called "Women of URL Inspired by this, Laura Braunstein and Tracy Bennett launched The Inkubator, a "twice-monthly subscription service that will publish crosswords constructed by cis women, trans women, and woman-aligned constructors." The Inkubator raised over $30,000 in its initial Kickstarter campaign, and began publishing puzzles on January 17, 2019. Non-English languages Due to the large amount of words ending on a vowel, Italian crossword-makers have perhaps the most difficult task. The right margin and the bottom can be particularly difficult to put together. From such a perspective, Swedish crossword-makers have a far easier task. Especially in the large picture crosswords, both conjugation of verbs and declension of adjectives and nouns are allowed. A Swedish clue like "kan sättas i munnen" = "sked" ("can be put in the mouth" = "spoon") can be grammatically changed; "den kan sättas i munnen" = "skeden" ("it can be put in the mouth" = "the spoon"), as the definite form of a noun includes declension. Orthography From their origin in New York, crosswords have spread to many countries and languages. In languages other than English, the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language, thus: in Afrikaans all diacritical markings are ignored. Words such as TEË (meaning opposed) and TEE (meaning tea) are both simply written TEE. The same goes for SÊ (say) and SE (belonging to) and many others. in Czech and Slovak, diacritics are respected and ch, being considered one letter, occupies one square. in Dutch crosswords, the ij digraph is considered one letter, filling one square, and the IJ and the Y (see Dutch alphabet) are considered distinct. Rules may vary in other word games. in Esperanto crosswords, diacritics are respected, as they form separate letters (graphemes). in French, in Spanish and in Italian, accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored, except the tilde in Spanish: for instance, in French, the final E of answer ÊTRE can double as the final É of CONGÉ when written ETRE and CONGE; but in Spanish, N and Ñ are distinct letters. In Frisian diacritics are fully respected. in German language crosswords, the umlauts ä, ö, and ü are dissolved into ae, oe, and ue, and ß is dissolved into ss. in Hungarian, diacritics are either fully respected, or not respected where it denotes length, that is I/Í, O/Ó, Ö/Ő, U/Ú, Ü/Ű are considered the same, but not A/Á and E/É which mark different sounds; although the difference between the short/long pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian. Digraphs fill two squares. in Irish crosswords, the accents on Á É Í Ó Ú are all respected, so (for example) the Í in SÍB cannot double as the I in SLIABH. in Latin, diacritics are ignored. Therefore, A is considered the same as Ă or Ā. Ecclesiastical Latin is normally used. See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords Hebdomada aenigmatum as a reference. in Portuguese, diacritics are ignored with the exception of Ç. Therefore, A could be checked with à or Á. in Romanian, diacritics are ignored. in Russian, Ё doubles as Е but Й is considered different from И; the soft sign Ь and the hard sign Ъ occupy a separate square, different from that of the previous letter. in Spanish crosswords, the digraphs ch and ll fill two squares, although in some old crosswords (from prior to the 1996 spelling reform) they filled one square. Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle. Grid design, clues, and conventions A Bengali crossword grid French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10\% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all. Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues. In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2016 and 2017 also. A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed. In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words. Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the "Swedish-style grid" mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset"Krysset – klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap." Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord"Dagens bilaga med Expressen – Korsord." Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers. Construction American-style crosswords In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created. Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row). The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent. In the April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above, the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH. In this puzzle, CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines "...and a hint to..."). Given the existing entries, SEED MONEY would also be unacceptable, as all the other theme entries end in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it, though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions. Once a consistent, appropriate theme has been chosen, a grid is designed around that theme, following a set of basic principles: Generally, most American puzzles are 15×15 squares; if another size, they typically have an odd number of rows and columns: e.g., 21×21 for "Sunday-size" puzzles; GAMES Magazine will accept 17×17 puzzles, Simon & Schuster accepts both 17×17 and 19×19 puzzles, and The New York Times requires diagramless puzzles to be 17×17. The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier; with even-numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult. The black squares must be arranged so as to (1) ensure there are no two-letter words; (2) form 180-degree rotational symmetry (so that if the grid is turned upside-down, the pattern of black squares remains the same); (3) ensure that every letter is checked (appears in both an Across and a Down word); (4) not occupy too much of the puzzle (generally speaking, 16\% of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares); (5) ensure that the entire puzzle has "all-over interlock"—that is, that the black squares do not "cut" the puzzle into separate sections; and (6) ensure that (generally) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries. In addition, it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so-called "cheater" black squares, i.e., black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein. The grid is then filled with suitable words, keeping in mind that (1) no word can be repeated in the grid (with the exception of prepositions or articles); (2) profanity or graphic or "unpleasant" words are generally not allowed; (3) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles, where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross (and, ideally, where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers—a genus of little-known water bugs would not be a good choice); (4) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided, as well as the use of crosswordese (those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations, such as the Asian buffalo ANOA); (5) in modern puzzles, pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable; (6) no made-up words are permitted—there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked. Modern constructors frequently (although not always) use software to speed up the task. Several programs are available, of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler. These programs, although they cannot create themes and cannot distinguish between "good" fill (fun, interesting words vs. dull obscurity), do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end. Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15×15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $ 50 (GAMES Magazine) to $500 (The New York Times) while payments for 21×21 puzzles range from $150 (Newsday) to $1,500 (The New York Times). | 250px|An American-style crossword grid layout A person works on a crossword puzzle in the subway, New York City, 2008 Schrödinger or quantum puzzles Some puzzle grids contain more than one correct answer for the same set of clues. These are called Schrödinger or quantum puzzles, alluding to the Schrödinger's Cat thought experiment in quantum physics. Schrödinger puzzles have frequently been published in venues including Fireball Crosswords and The American Values Club Crosswords, and at least ten have appeared in The New York Times since the late 1980s. The daily New York Times puzzle for November 5, 1996, by Jeremiah Farrell, had a clue for 39 Across that read "Lead story in tomorrow's newspaper, with 43 Across (!)." The answer for 43 Across was ELECTED; depending on the outcome of that day's Presidential Election, the answer for 39 Across would have been correct with either CLINTON or BOBDOLE, as would each of the corresponding Down answers. On September 1, 2016, the daily New York Times puzzle by Ben Tausig had four squares which led to correct answers reading both across and down if solvers entered either "M" or "F " . The puzzle's theme, GENDERFLUID, was revealed at 37 Across in the center of the puzzle: "Having a variable identity, as suggested by four squares in this puzzle." History upRecreation of Arthur Wynne's original crossword puzzle from December 21, 1913 Finalists competing in a crossword competition in New York City in 2019 The phrase "cross word puzzle" was first written in 1862 by Our Young Folks in the United States. Crossword-like puzzles, for example Double Diamond Puzzles, appeared in the magazine St. Nicholas, published since 1873. Another crossword puzzle appeared on September 14, 1890, in the Italian magazine Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica. It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled "Per passare il tempo" ("To pass the time"). Airoldi's puzzle was a four-by-four grid with no shaded squares; it included horizontal and vertical clues. A 1925 Punch cartoon about "The Cross-Word Mania". A man phones his doctor in the middle of the night, asking for "the name of a bodily disorder of seven letters, of which the second letter must be 'N'". By the 1920s, the crossword phenomenon was starting to attract notice. In October 1922, newspapers published a comic strip by Clare Briggs entitled "Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle " , with an enthusiast muttering "87 across 'Northern Sea Bird'!!??!?!!? Hm-m-m starts with an 'M', second letter is 'U'... I'll look up all the words starting with an 'M-U...' mus-musi-mur-murd—Hot Dog! Here 'tis! Murre!""Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle," by "Briggs," Morning Oregonian, October 3, 1922, p. 14; also published in several other newspapers In 1923 a humorous squib in The Boston Globe has a wife ordering her husband to run out and "rescue the papers... the part I want is blowing down the street." "What is it you're so keen about?" "The Cross-Word Puzzle. Hurry, please, that's a good boy.""There Goes My Crossword Puzzle, Get Up Please." The Boston Daily Globe, October 1, 1923, p. 7. In The New Yorker's first issue, released in 1925, the "Jottings About Town" section wrote, "Judging from the number of solvers in the subway and "L" trains, the crossword puzzle bids fair to become a fad with New Yorkers.""Jottings About Town." The New Yorker, February 25, 1925, p. 30. In 1925, the New York Public Library reported that "The latest craze to strike libraries is the crossword puzzle," and complained that when "the puzzle 'fans' swarm to the dictionaries and encyclopedias so as to drive away readers and students who need these books in their daily work, can there be any doubt of the Library's duty to protect its legitimate readers?"Report of the New York Public Library for 1924; published by The Library, 1925 Enthusiasts have compiled a number of record-setting achievements in New York Times and other venues. The lowest word count in a published weekday-size 15x15 puzzle is the June 29, 2013 The New York Times crossword by Joe Krozel, with just 50 words. The fewest shaded squares in a 15x15 American crossword is 17 (leaving 208 white spaces), set by the July 27, 2012 Times crossword by Joe Krozel. The record for most crosswords published in The New York Times is held by Manny Nosowsky, who has had 241 puzzles in that outlet. A N Prahlada Rao, Crossword Constructor from India, has recorded in Limca Book of Records in 2016 for constructing highest no. of Crosswords in Indian Regional Languages. In 2019 his name has mentioned in Kalam Book of World Records. In 2021 A N Prahlada Rao’s name has included in Asian Records in the Book of Asian Record URL Crossword venues other than New York Times have recently published higher percentages of women than that puzzle. In the spring of 2018, Patti Varol and Amy Reynaldo organized and edited a pack of 18 puzzles constructed by women called "Women of URL Inspired by this, Laura Braunstein and Tracy Bennett launched The Inkubator, a "twice-monthly subscription service that will publish crosswords constructed by cis women, trans women, and woman-aligned constructors." The Inkubator raised over $30,000 in its initial Kickstarter campaign, and began publishing puzzles on January 17, 2019. Non-English languages Due to the large amount of words ending on a vowel, Italian crossword-makers have perhaps the most difficult task. The right margin and the bottom can be particularly difficult to put together. From such a perspective, Swedish crossword-makers have a far easier task. Especially in the large picture crosswords, both conjugation of verbs and declension of adjectives and nouns are allowed. A Swedish clue like "kan sättas i munnen" = "sked" ("can be put in the mouth" = "spoon") can be grammatically changed; "den kan sättas i munnen" = "skeden" ("it can be put in the mouth" = "the spoon"), as the definite form of a noun includes declension. Orthography From their origin in New York, crosswords have spread to many countries and languages. In languages other than English, the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language, thus: in Afrikaans all diacritical markings are ignored. Words such as TEË (meaning opposed) and TEE (meaning tea) are both simply written TEE. The same goes for SÊ (say) and SE (belonging to) and many others. in Czech and Slovak, diacritics are respected and ch, being considered one letter, occupies one square. in Dutch crosswords, the ij digraph is considered one letter, filling one square, and the IJ and the Y (see Dutch alphabet) are considered distinct. Rules may vary in other word games. in Esperanto crosswords, diacritics are respected, as they form separate letters (graphemes). in French, in Spanish and in Italian, accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored, except the tilde in Spanish: for instance, in French, the final E of answer ÊTRE can double as the final É of CONGÉ when written ETRE and CONGE; but in Spanish, N and Ñ are distinct letters. In Frisian diacritics are fully respected. in German language crosswords, the umlauts ä, ö, and ü are dissolved into ae, oe, and ue, and ß is dissolved into ss. in Hungarian, diacritics are either fully respected, or not respected where it denotes length, that is I/Í, O/Ó, Ö/Ő, U/Ú, Ü/Ű are considered the same, but not A/Á and E/É which mark different sounds; although the difference between the short/long pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian. Digraphs fill two squares. in Irish crosswords, the accents on Á É Í Ó Ú are all respected, so (for example) the Í in SÍB cannot double as the I in SLIABH. in Latin, diacritics are ignored. Therefore, A is considered the same as Ă or Ā. Ecclesiastical Latin is normally used. See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords Hebdomada aenigmatum as a reference. in Portuguese, diacritics are ignored with the exception of Ç. Therefore, A could be checked with à or Á. in Romanian, diacritics are ignored. in Russian, Ё doubles as Е but Й is considered different from И; the soft sign Ь and the hard sign Ъ occupy a separate square, different from that of the previous letter. in Spanish crosswords, the digraphs ch and ll fill two squares, although in some old crosswords (from prior to the 1996 spelling reform) they filled one square. Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle Grid design, clues, and conventions A Bengali crossword grid French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10\% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all. Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues. In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2016 and 2017 also. A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed. In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words. Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the "Swedish-style grid" mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset"Krysset – klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap." Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord"Dagens bilaga med Expressen – Korsord." Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers. Construction American-style crosswords In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created. Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row). The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent. In the April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above, the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH. In this puzzle, CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines "...and a hint to..."). Given the existing entries, SEED MONEY would also be unacceptable, as all the other theme entries end in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it, though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions. Once a consistent, appropriate theme has been chosen, a grid is designed around that theme, following a set of basic principles: Generally, most American puzzles are 15×15 squares; if another size, they typically have an odd number of rows and columns: e.g., 21×21 for "Sunday-size" puzzles; GAMES Magazine will accept 17×17 puzzles, Simon & Schuster accepts both 17×17 and 19×19 puzzles, and The New York Times requires diagramless puzzles to be 17×17. The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier; with even-numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult. The black squares must be arranged so as to (1) ensure there are no two-letter words; (2) form 180-degree rotational symmetry (so that if the grid is turned upside-down, the pattern of black squares remains the same); (3) ensure that every letter is checked (appears in both an Across and a Down word); (4) not occupy too much of the puzzle (generally speaking, 16\% of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares); (5) ensure that the entire puzzle has "all-over interlock"—that is, that the black squares do not "cut" the puzzle into separate sections; and (6) ensure that (generally) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries. In addition, it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so-called "cheater" black squares, i.e., black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein. The grid is then filled with suitable words, keeping in mind that (1) no word can be repeated in the grid (with the exception of prepositions or articles); (2) profanity or graphic or "unpleasant" words are generally not allowed; (3) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles, where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross (and, ideally, where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers—a genus of little-known water bugs would not be a good choice); (4) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided, as well as the use of crosswordese (those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations, such as the Asian buffalo ANOA); (5) in modern puzzles, pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable; (6) no made-up words are permitted—there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked. Modern constructors frequently (although not always) use software to speed up the task. Several programs are available, of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler. These programs, although they cannot create themes and cannot distinguish between "good" fill (fun, interesting words vs. dull obscurity), do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end. Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15×15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $ 50 (GAMES Magazine) to $500 (The New York Times) while payments for 21×21 puzzles range from $150 (Newsday) to $1,500 (The New York Times). | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 46,
"end_char_pos": 47
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "NYC –",
"after": "New York City,",
"start_char_pos": 100,
"end_char_pos": 105
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1130,
"end_char_pos": 1131
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 1134,
"end_char_pos": 1134
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1913.",
"after": "1913",
"start_char_pos": 1381,
"end_char_pos": 1386
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ",",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2392,
"end_char_pos": 2393
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 2396,
"end_char_pos": 2396
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "INDIA",
"after": "India,",
"start_char_pos": 4412,
"end_char_pos": 4417
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "URL",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 4694,
"end_char_pos": 4697
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "$30,000 in its initial Kickstarter campaign, and began publishing puzzles on January 17, 2019. Non-English languages Due to the large amount of words ending on a vowel, Italian crossword-makers have perhaps the most difficult task. The right margin and the bottom can be particularly difficult to put together. From such a perspective, Swedish crossword-makers have a far easier task. Especially in the large picture crosswords, both conjugation of verbs and declension of adjectives and nouns are allowed. A Swedish clue like \"kan sättas i munnen\" = \"sked\" (\"can be put in the mouth\" = \"spoon\") can be grammatically changed; \"den kan sättas i munnen\" = \"skeden\" (\"it can be put in the mouth\" = \"the spoon\"), as the definite form of a noun includes declension. Orthography From their origin in New York, crosswords have spread to many countries and languages. In languages other than English, the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language, thus: in Afrikaans all diacritical markings are ignored. Words such as TEË (meaning opposed) and TEE (meaning tea) are both simply written TEE. The same goes for SÊ (say) and SE (belonging to) and many others. in Czech and Slovak, diacritics are respected and ch, being considered one letter, occupies one square. in Dutch crosswords, the ij digraph is considered one letter, filling one square, and the IJ and the Y (see Dutch alphabet) are considered distinct. Rules may vary in other word games. in Esperanto crosswords, diacritics are respected, as they form separate letters (graphemes). in French, in Spanish and in Italian, accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored, except the tilde in Spanish: for instance, in French, the final E of answer ÊTRE can double as the final É of CONGÉ when written ETRE and CONGE; but in Spanish, N and Ñ are distinct letters. In Frisian diacritics are fully respected. in German language crosswords, the umlauts ä, ö, and ü are dissolved into ae, oe, and ue, and ß is dissolved into ss. in Hungarian, diacritics are either fully respected, or not respected where it denotes length, that is I/Í, O/Ó, Ö/Ő, U/Ú, Ü/Ű are considered the same, but not A/Á and E/É which mark different sounds; although the difference between the short/long pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian. Digraphs fill two squares. in Irish crosswords, the accents on Á É Í Ó Ú are all respected, so (for example) the Í in SÍB cannot double as the I in SLIABH. in Latin, diacritics are ignored. Therefore, A is considered the same as Ă or Ā. Ecclesiastical Latin is normally used. See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords Hebdomada aenigmatum as a reference. in Portuguese, diacritics are ignored with the exception of Ç. Therefore, A could be checked with à or Á. in Romanian, diacritics are ignored. in Russian, Ё doubles as Е but Й is considered different from И; the soft sign Ь and the hard sign Ъ occupy a separate square, different from that of the previous letter. in Spanish crosswords, the digraphs ch and ll fill two squares, although in some old crosswords (from prior to the 1996 spelling reform) they filled one square. Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle. Grid design, clues, and conventions A Bengali crossword grid French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10\\% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all. Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues. In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2016 and 2017 also. A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed. In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words. Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the \"Swedish-style grid\" mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset\"Krysset – klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap.\" Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord\"Dagens bilaga med Expressen – Korsord.\" Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers. Construction American-style crosswords In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created. Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row). The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent. In the April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above, the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH. In this puzzle, CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines \"...and a hint to...\"). Given the existing entries, SEED MONEY would also be unacceptable, as all the other theme entries end in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it, though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions. Once a consistent, appropriate theme has been chosen, a grid is designed around that theme, following a set of basic principles: Generally, most American puzzles are 15×15 squares; if another size, they typically have an odd number of rows and columns: e.g., 21×21 for \"Sunday-size\" puzzles; GAMES Magazine will accept 17×17 puzzles, Simon & Schuster accepts both 17×17 and 19×19 puzzles, and The New York Times requires diagramless puzzles to be 17×17. The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier; with even-numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult. The black squares must be arranged so as to (1) ensure there are no two-letter words; (2) form 180-degree rotational symmetry (so that if the grid is turned upside-down, the pattern of black squares remains the same); (3) ensure that every letter is checked (appears in both an Across and a Down word); (4) not occupy too much of the puzzle (generally speaking, 16\\% of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares); (5) ensure that the entire puzzle has \"all-over interlock\"—that is, that the black squares do not \"cut\" the puzzle into separate sections; and (6) ensure that (generally) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries. In addition, it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so-called \"cheater\" black squares, i.e., black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein. The grid is then filled with suitable words, keeping in mind that (1) no word can be repeated in the grid (with the exception of prepositions or articles); (2) profanity or graphic or \"unpleasant\" words are generally not allowed; (3) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles, where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross (and, ideally, where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers—a genus of little-known water bugs would not be a good choice); (4) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided, as well as the use of crosswordese (those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations, such as the Asian buffalo ANOA); (5) in modern puzzles, pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable; (6) no made-up words are permitted—there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked. Modern constructors frequently (although not always) use software to speed up the task. Several programs are available, of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler. These programs, although they cannot create themes and cannot distinguish between \"good\" fill (fun, interesting words vs. dull obscurity), do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end. Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15×15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $",
"after": "$30,000 in its initial Kickstarter campaign, and began publishing puzzles on January 17, 2019. Non-English languages Due to the large amount of words ending on a vowel, Italian crossword-makers have perhaps the most difficult task. The right margin and the bottom can be particularly difficult to put together. From such a perspective, Swedish crossword-makers have a far easier task. Especially in the large picture crosswords, both conjugation of verbs and declension of adjectives and nouns are allowed. A Swedish clue like \"kan sättas i munnen\" = \"sked\" (\"can be put in the mouth\" = \"spoon\") can be grammatically changed; \"den kan sättas i munnen\" = \"skeden\" (\"it can be put in the mouth\" = \"the spoon\"), as the definite form of a noun includes declension. Orthography From their origin in New York, crosswords have spread to many countries and languages. In languages other than English, the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language, thus: in Afrikaans all diacritical markings are ignored. Words such as TEË (meaning opposed) and TEE (meaning tea) are both simply written TEE. The same goes for SÊ (say) and SE (belonging to) and many others. in Czech and Slovak, diacritics are respected and ch, being considered one letter, occupies one square. in Dutch crosswords, the ij digraph is considered one letter, filling one square, and the IJ and the Y (see Dutch alphabet) are considered distinct. Rules may vary in other word games. in Esperanto crosswords, diacritics are respected, as they form separate letters (graphemes). in French, in Spanish and in Italian, accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored, except the tilde in Spanish: for instance, in French, the final E of answer ÊTRE can double as the final É of CONGÉ when written ETRE and CONGE; but in Spanish, N and Ñ are distinct letters. In Frisian diacritics are fully respected. in German language crosswords, the umlauts ä, ö, and ü are dissolved into ae, oe, and ue, and ß is dissolved into ss. in Hungarian, diacritics are either fully respected, or not respected where it denotes length, that is I/Í, O/Ó, Ö/Ő, U/Ú, Ü/Ű are considered the same, but not A/Á and E/É which mark different sounds; although the difference between the short/long pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian. Digraphs fill two squares. in Irish crosswords, the accents on Á É Í Ó Ú are all respected, so (for example) the Í in SÍB cannot double as the I in SLIABH. in Latin, diacritics are ignored. Therefore, A is considered the same as Ă or Ā. Ecclesiastical Latin is normally used. See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords Hebdomada aenigmatum as a reference. in Portuguese, diacritics are ignored with the exception of Ç. Therefore, A could be checked with à or Á. in Romanian, diacritics are ignored. in Russian, Ё doubles as Е but Й is considered different from И; the soft sign Ь and the hard sign Ъ occupy a separate square, different from that of the previous letter. in Spanish crosswords, the digraphs ch and ll fill two squares, although in some old crosswords (from prior to the 1996 spelling reform) they filled one square. Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle Grid design, clues, and conventions A Bengali crossword grid French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10\\% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all. Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues. In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2016 and 2017 also. A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed. In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words. Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the \"Swedish-style grid\" mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset\"Krysset – klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap.\" Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord\"Dagens bilaga med Expressen – Korsord.\" Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers. Construction American-style crosswords In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created. Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row). The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent. In the April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above, the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH. In this puzzle, CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines \"...and a hint to...\"). Given the existing entries, SEED MONEY would also be unacceptable, as all the other theme entries end in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it, though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions. Once a consistent, appropriate theme has been chosen, a grid is designed around that theme, following a set of basic principles: Generally, most American puzzles are 15×15 squares; if another size, they typically have an odd number of rows and columns: e.g., 21×21 for \"Sunday-size\" puzzles; GAMES Magazine will accept 17×17 puzzles, Simon & Schuster accepts both 17×17 and 19×19 puzzles, and The New York Times requires diagramless puzzles to be 17×17. The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier; with even-numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult. The black squares must be arranged so as to (1) ensure there are no two-letter words; (2) form 180-degree rotational symmetry (so that if the grid is turned upside-down, the pattern of black squares remains the same); (3) ensure that every letter is checked (appears in both an Across and a Down word); (4) not occupy too much of the puzzle (generally speaking, 16\\% of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares); (5) ensure that the entire puzzle has \"all-over interlock\"—that is, that the black squares do not \"cut\" the puzzle into separate sections; and (6) ensure that (generally) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries. In addition, it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so-called \"cheater\" black squares, i.e., black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein. The grid is then filled with suitable words, keeping in mind that (1) no word can be repeated in the grid (with the exception of prepositions or articles); (2) profanity or graphic or \"unpleasant\" words are generally not allowed; (3) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles, where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross (and, ideally, where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers—a genus of little-known water bugs would not be a good choice); (4) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided, as well as the use of crosswordese (those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations, such as the Asian buffalo ANOA); (5) in modern puzzles, pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable; (6) no made-up words are permitted—there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked. Modern constructors frequently (although not always) use software to speed up the task. Several programs are available, of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler. These programs, although they cannot create themes and cannot distinguish between \"good\" fill (fun, interesting words vs. dull obscurity), do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end. Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15×15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $",
"start_char_pos": 5189,
"end_char_pos": 18145
}
] | [
0,
47,
223,
345,
552,
758,
950,
1297,
1386,
1556,
1645,
1677,
1795,
1887,
1952,
1995,
2046,
2199,
2270,
2516,
2596,
2607,
2716,
2977,
3012,
3060,
3330,
3353,
3395,
3761,
3809,
3942,
4090,
4236,
4366,
4536,
4599,
4810,
5162,
5283,
5420,
5499,
5573,
5695,
5814,
5949,
6048,
6227,
6314,
6633,
7008,
7054,
7416,
7519,
7709,
7795,
7940,
8085,
8352,
8395,
8617,
8719,
8771,
8812,
8902,
9000,
9091,
9187,
9235,
9265,
9312,
9421,
9554,
9659,
9851,
9911,
9974,
10158,
10376,
10465,
10501,
10729,
10833,
10925,
11049,
11179,
11420,
11540,
11614,
11720,
11761,
11815,
11901,
12001,
12093,
12217,
12292,
12435,
12534,
12575,
12777,
12906,
12961,
13145,
13324,
13360,
13487,
13694,
14037,
14159,
14240,
14428,
14583,
14751,
15000,
15181,
15292,
15454,
15533,
15663,
15749,
15881,
15966,
16110,
16249,
16341,
16602,
16758,
16832,
17141,
17421,
17523,
17641,
17729,
17818,
18056
] |
698374 | 1 | In broadcasting, a phone-in or call-in is a programme format in which viewers or listeners are invited to air their live comments by telephone, usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion on the day of the broadcast. On radio (especially talk radio), it is common for an entire programme to be dedicated to a phone-in session. On television, phone-in's are often part of a wider discussion programme: a current example in the UK is the "Jeremy Vine" TV show . The concept dates to the early radio era: a December 1924 BBC 5NG Nottingham phone-in programme is described in a 1925 Radio Times article: "listeners . .. enjoyed the novelty of hearing their own voices taking part". A prior attempted phone-in to a BBC 2LO London programme "led to such a rush on the telephones that the Post Office had to intervene". Speech based Talk Radio UK was launched in 1995, with much of its programming featuring phone-ins. It also introduced the notion of the shock jock to the UK, with presenters like Caesar the Geezer and Tommy Boyd constructing heated discussions . Ian Hutchby has researched power relations in phone ins, looking at arguments and confrontations. Using conversation analysis, he describes how the host retains power through devices such as "The Second Position" – the concept of going second in a discussion, giving the host time to formulate a response. Similarly, the last word is always the broadcast word. The public can choose to end the conversation, but they are doing so by withdrawing from the interactional arena (Hutchby, 1996: 94-5; Talbot et al. ). In 2007, the BBC suspended all phone-in competitions (but not voting) due to an internal inquiry into corruption in the production of these games in shows such as charity telethons after a nationwide inquiry into the whole process leading to the cancellation of ITV Play. In Ireland Liveline is a popular afternoon phone in show broadcast by RTÉ Radio 1 that is hosted by Joe Duffy. The phone in program usually focuses on consumer issues, current affairs and complaints from members of the public regarding various issues. The program and its presenter are frequently lampooned by numerous Irish comedians, one being David McSavage, who play on the popular perception that the program is merely an outlet for the angst of serial complainers and housewives while providing entertainment for those who revel in listening to despair and tales of misery delivered the callers. A quality of the show that is frequently satirized is Duffy's seemingly exasperated expressions of despair upon hearing of the plight of a caller.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Technology The caller is connected via a telephone hybrid, which connects the telephone line to the audio console through impedance matching, or more modernly through digital signal processing, which can improve the perceived audio quality of the call. Telephone calls are often organised through a system which also provides broadcast automation, with an administrative assistant answering calls and entering caller information on a personal computer, which also displays on the radio presenter's screen. A profanity delay is often used to keep profanity and other inappropriate materialoff the air. For contests, the conversation can be recorded and edited "on the fly", before playback on the air just a few minutes later . | Keeping your phone propped up is a hard task for many people. Some use books to keep a phone propped up. Some use tape. Some just hold their phone up. Any of these solutions to help keep your phone from falling over are all very helpful, however, if we look at the science behind the situation we can find a simpler, easier, and even exciting solution . The average phone weighs about 113 grams. Because of gravity, objects fall towards the Earth at a rate of 9.8m/s^2. Your phone more than likely is unable to stand straight up, but that depends on your phone case. A standard phone case is curved on the sides. And the phone's with is about 6.1mm. Because the phone is curved on the sides, it is unable to stand straight up . The female breast size can vary in weight. However, because of simple physics, everything that has mass has some form of gravitational pull. Now, even thought a woman's breasts may not be fully effective in keeping the phone up by themselves, it still helps nonetheless. The solution this article is trying to get to is for women to use their breasts, and the gravitational pull of their breasts to help keep the phone up. The only problem with that, however, is the bra and shirt. The magnetic field produced by the cloth material is a factor that forces the phone to fall, as well as gravity (as stated earlier). The magnetic field in the cloth is a result of the production of the materials, which is why the magnetic field is there. In order to remove that magnetic field that is putting a damper on the force of gravity from the woman's breasts to help keep the phone up, the %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% clothes may need to be removed. If on a bed, the cloth from the blanket (if in-between the breasts and phone) also has a magnetic field that, just like the bra and shirt material, repel the phone away. As a result, the balnket may need to also be removed, at least from in between the breasts and phone. Clothing, such as a jacket, may also be worn, unzipped. As long as the breasts are exposed, because we want the gravitatinoal pull from the breasts to be able to have an effect on the phone, which won't happen if a any material or mass is in between the phone and breasts . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "In broadcasting, a phone-in or call-in is a programme format in which viewers or listeners are invited to air their live comments by telephone, usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion on the day of the broadcast. On radio (especially talk radio), it is common for an entire programme to be dedicated to a phone-in session. On television, phone-in's are often part of a wider discussion programme: a current example in the UK is the \"Jeremy Vine\" TV show",
"after": "Keeping your phone propped up is a hard task for many people. Some use books to keep a phone propped up. Some use tape. Some just hold their phone up. Any of these solutions to help keep your phone from falling over are all very helpful, however, if we look at the science behind the situation we can find a simpler, easier, and even exciting solution",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 476
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "concept dates to the early radio era: a December 1924 BBC 5NG Nottingham phone-in programme is described in a 1925 Radio Times article: \"listeners . .. enjoyed the novelty of hearing their own voices taking part\". A prior attempted phone-in to a BBC 2LO London programme \"led to such a rush on the telephones that the Post Office had to intervene\".",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 483,
"end_char_pos": 831
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Speech based Talk Radio UK was launched in 1995, with much of its programming featuring phone-ins. It also introduced the notion of the shock jock to the UK, with presenters like Caesar the Geezer and Tommy Boyd constructing heated discussions",
"after": "average phone weighs about 113 grams. Because of gravity, objects fall towards the Earth at a rate of 9.8m/s^2. Your phone more than likely is unable to stand straight up, but that depends on your phone case. A standard phone case is curved on the sides. And the phone's with is about 6.1mm. Because the phone is curved on the sides, it is unable to stand straight up",
"start_char_pos": 832,
"end_char_pos": 1075
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Ian Hutchby has researched power relations in phone ins, looking at arguments and confrontations. Using conversation analysis, he describes how the host retains power through devices such as \"The Second Position\" – the concept of going second in a discussion, giving the host time to formulate a response.",
"after": "The female breast size can vary in weight. However, because of simple physics, everything that has mass has some form of gravitational pull. Now, even thought a woman's breasts may not be fully effective in keeping the phone up by themselves, it still helps nonetheless.",
"start_char_pos": 1078,
"end_char_pos": 1383
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Similarly,",
"after": "The solution this article is trying to get to is for women to use their breasts, and the gravitational pull of their breasts to help keep the phone up. The only problem with that, however, is the bra and shirt. The magnetic field produced by",
"start_char_pos": 1384,
"end_char_pos": 1394
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "last word is always the broadcast word. The public can choose to end the conversation, but they are doing so by withdrawing from the interactional arena (Hutchby, 1996: 94-5; Talbot et al. ).",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1399,
"end_char_pos": 1590
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "In 2007,",
"after": "cloth material is a factor that forces the phone to fall, as well as gravity (as stated earlier). The magnetic field in the cloth is a result of",
"start_char_pos": 1591,
"end_char_pos": 1599
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "BBC suspended all phone-in competitions (but not voting) due to an internal inquiry into corruption in the production of these games in shows such as charity telethons after a nationwide inquiry into the whole process leading to",
"after": "production of the materials, which is why the magnetic field is there. In order to remove that magnetic field that is putting a damper on the force of gravity from the woman's breasts to help keep the phone up,",
"start_char_pos": 1604,
"end_char_pos": 1832
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "cancellation of ITV Play.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1837,
"end_char_pos": 1862
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "In Ireland Liveline is a popular afternoon phone in show broadcast by RTÉ Radio 1 that is hosted by Joe Duffy. The phone in program usually focuses on consumer issues, current affairs and complaints from members of the public regarding various issues. The program and its presenter are frequently lampooned by numerous Irish comedians, one being David McSavage, who play on the popular perception that the program is merely an outlet for the angst of serial complainers and housewives while providing entertainment for those who revel in listening to despair and tales of misery delivered the callers. A quality of the show that is frequently satirized is Duffy's seemingly exasperated expressions of despair upon hearing of the plight of a caller.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1863,
"end_char_pos": 2611
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Technology The caller is connected via a telephone hybrid, which connects the telephone line to the audio console through impedance matching, or more modernly through digital signal processing, which can improve the perceived audio quality of the call. Telephone calls are often organised through a system which also provides broadcast automation, with an administrative assistant answering calls and entering caller information on a personal computer, which also displays on the radio presenter's screen. A profanity delay is often used to keep profanity and other inappropriate materialoff the air. For contests, the conversation can be recorded and edited \"on the fly\", before playback on the air just a few minutes later",
"after": "clothes may need to be removed. If on a bed, the cloth from the blanket (if in-between the breasts and phone) also has a magnetic field that, just like the bra and shirt material, repel the phone away. As a result, the balnket may need to also be removed, at least from in between the breasts and phone. Clothing, such as a jacket, may also be worn, unzipped. As long as the breasts are exposed, because we want the gravitatinoal pull from the breasts to be able to have an effect on the phone, which won't happen if a any material or mass is in between the phone and breasts",
"start_char_pos": 2641,
"end_char_pos": 3365
}
] | [
0,
235,
345,
478,
696,
831,
930,
1077,
1175,
1383,
1438,
1573,
1590,
1862,
1973,
2114,
2464,
2611,
2893,
3146,
3241
] |
6987355 | 1 | Personal life He is the son of the last recognized Maharaja of Dholpur, Hemant Singh. His mother, Vasundhara Raje , was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan and served as Minister in the Union Cabinet. He has two children and is known to be fond of dogs. Singh also maintains an interest in chess and collecting antique books. | Personal life He is the son of the last recognized Maharaja of Dholpur, Hemant Singh. His mother, Vasundhara Raje Scindia, twice served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan and as a Minister in the Union Cabinet. Through his mother, he is related to the Scindia family. Singh has two children and is known to be fond of dogs. He also maintains an interest in chess and collecting antique books. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", was",
"after": "Scindia, twice served as",
"start_char_pos": 114,
"end_char_pos": 119
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "served as",
"after": "as a",
"start_char_pos": 156,
"end_char_pos": 165
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "He",
"after": "Through his mother, he is related to the Scindia family.",
"start_char_pos": 197,
"end_char_pos": 199
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Singh",
"start_char_pos": 200,
"end_char_pos": 200
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Singh",
"after": "He",
"start_char_pos": 251,
"end_char_pos": 256
}
] | [
0,
85,
196,
250
] |
698830 | 1 | Public street lighting was first developed in the 1500s , and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588 the Parisian Parlement decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid-1600s it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King Louis XIV authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing the fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 street lights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by 1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of ; as an English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a diarist wrote in 1712 that ‘All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen’s Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.’ | Public street lighting was first developed in the 16th century , and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588 the Parisian Parlement decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid 17th century it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King Louis XIV authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing the fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 street lights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by 1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of ; as an English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a diarist wrote in 1712 that ‘All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen’s Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.’ | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1500s",
"after": "16th century",
"start_char_pos": 50,
"end_char_pos": 55
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "mid-1600s",
"after": "mid 17th century",
"start_char_pos": 334,
"end_char_pos": 343
}
] | [
0,
175,
319,
471,
692,
791,
914,
1018,
1104
] |
698 | 1 | The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" from the "New World" in the European perception of the World. The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Atlantic Ocean is divided into two parts, by the Equatorial Counter Current, with the North(ern) Atlantic Ocean and the South(ern) Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office . | %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Ted, who is dying, tells John to never lose Lori again since she is the most important part of his life, even more than Ted. Upon Ted telling John, he eventually loses his magical life and dies . | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It is known to separate the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\" in the European perception of the World.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 291
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Atlantic Ocean is divided into two parts, by the Equatorial Counter Current, with the North(ern) Atlantic Ocean and the South(ern) Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 292,
"end_char_pos": 898
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office",
"after": "Ted, who is dying, tells John to never lose Lori again since she is the most important part of his life, even more than Ted. Upon Ted telling John, he eventually loses his magical life and dies",
"start_char_pos": 928,
"end_char_pos": 1134
}
] | [
0,
87,
189,
291,
442,
734,
898
] |
6998683 | 1 | History Its reputation was built first in the 1950s and 1960s, when it became known as the clinical research center that developed the “Hong Kong Operation”, a breakthrough anterior approach to treat spinal tuberculosis, something that was then rife in Hong Kong ’ s refugee squatter camps. Orthopedic teams from the University of Hong Kong’s Department of Surgery (the forerunners of today’s Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology at the University of Hong Kong’s Medical Centre) working at the hospital pioneered the operation, most notably the “Hodgson/Yau” surgical team of Dr (later Professor) A. R. Hodgson and Dr (later Professor) Arthur Yau Meng-choy. The pair ’ s ground-breaking anterior approach was adopted across the world.,The Duchess of Kent Children's HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Until 1971, the facility was known as the “Sandy Bay Children’s Convalescent Home”. During this time, it was a voluntary aided facility. The nursing teams came from the Irish Catholic religious order, The Missionary Society of St. Columban, while the majority of the day-to-day funding came from the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children, who, under the enigmatic leadership of the society ’ s president, stockbroker Noel Croucher, ran a series of high-profile events to raise the home ’ s profile. In 1970, Katharine, Duchess of Kent visited and when the facility upgraded from “Convalescent Home” to “Hospital” in 1971, it took her name. The Duchess remains the hospital patron. Colloquially, because of its location and its name changes, it is often simply referred to as “Sandy Bay”.The Society For The Relief Of Disabled Children The Hong Kong Hospital Authority has managed the day-to-day affairs of The Duchess of Kent Children ’ s Hospital since 1991, while the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children continues to support the hospital “with specific needs or in emerging areas of child health that are not readily available in the public health care system”. Nowadays Today, the pioneering spinal work continues. The hospital ’ s Centre for Spinal Disorders provides comprehensive multidisciplinary service in the assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with spinal problems and also carries out clinical research and educational programs. It is the only such facility in the region. The Duchess of Kent Children ’ s Hospital is affiliated with the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and provides clinical attachment opportunities for the Faculty ’ s medical students. | History Its reputation was built first in the 1950s and 1960s, when it became known as the clinical research center that developed the “Hong Kong Operation”, a breakthrough anterior approach to treat spinal tuberculosis, something that was then rife in Hong Kong ' s refugee squatter camps. Orthopedic teams from the University of Hong Kong’s Department of Surgery (the forerunners of today’s Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology at the University of Hong Kong’s Medical Centre) working at the hospital pioneered the operation, most notably the “Hodgson/Yau” surgical team of Dr (later Professor) A. R. Hodgson and Dr (later Professor) Arthur Yau Meng-choy. The pair ' s ground-breaking anterior approach was adopted across the world.,The Duchess of Kent Children's HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Until 1971, the facility was known as the “Sandy Bay Children’s Convalescent Home”. During this time, it was a voluntary aided facility. The nursing teams came from the Irish Catholic religious order, The Missionary Society of St. Columban, while the majority of the day-to-day funding came from the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children, who, under the enigmatic leadership of the society ' s president, stockbroker Noel Croucher, ran a series of high-profile events to raise the home ' s profile. In 1970, Katharine, Duchess of Kent visited and when the facility upgraded from “Convalescent Home” to “Hospital” in 1971, it took her name. The Duchess remains the hospital patron. Colloquially, because of its location and its name changes, it is often simply referred to as “Sandy Bay”.The Society For The Relief Of Disabled Children The Hong Kong Hospital Authority has managed the day-to-day affairs of The Duchess of Kent Children ' s Hospital since 1991, while the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children continues to support the hospital “with specific needs or in emerging areas of child health that are not readily available in the public health care system”. Nowadays Today, the pioneering spinal work continues. The hospital ' s Centre for Spinal Disorders provides comprehensive multidisciplinary service in the assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with spinal problems and also carries out clinical research and educational programs. It is the only such facility in the region. The Duchess of Kent Children ' s Hospital is affiliated with the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and provides clinical attachment opportunities for the Faculty ' s medical students. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 263,
"end_char_pos": 264
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 674,
"end_char_pos": 675
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 1221,
"end_char_pos": 1222
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 1317,
"end_char_pos": 1318
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 1766,
"end_char_pos": 1767
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 2070,
"end_char_pos": 2071
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 2370,
"end_char_pos": 2371
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 2532,
"end_char_pos": 2533
}
] | [
0,
290,
664,
741,
908,
961,
1329,
1470,
1511,
1618,
2002,
2056,
2296,
2340
] |
6999469 | 1 | Vapor (Ann Darnell) is a fictional character in Marvel Comics who first appeared as a member of the villainous group, the U-Foes . She is the sister of teammate X-Ray. Publication history Vapor's first appearance was in Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #254 (December 1980), and she was created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% The character subsequently appears in Incredible Hulk #275–278 (September 1982-January 1983), 304–305 (February-March 1985), Avengers vol. 1 #304 (June 1989), Avengers West Coast #53 (December 1989), Marvel Graphic Novel: Avengers: Deathtrap: The Vault (1991), Captain America vol. 1 #387–390 (July-August 1991), #391-392 (September 1991), Darkhawk #6 (August 1991), Incredible Hulk #397 (September 1992), Heroes for Hire #1-2 (July-August 1997), 4 (October 1997), Thunderbolts Annual 1997, Heroes for Hire #12 (June 1998), She-Hulk #6 (October 2004), New Avengers #1–4 (January-April 2005), Spider-Man: Breakout #1–5 (June-October 2005), Thunderbolts #104 (September 2006), Civil War: Thunderbolts - Swimming With Sharks (January 2007), She-Hulk #17 (May 2007), and The Astonishing Spider-Man #1 (May 2007). Vapor appeared as part of the "U-Foes" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #13.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Fictional character biography Ann Darnell was a life support specialist before gaining her powers. With her teammates, she attempted to duplicate the original rocket flight of the Fantastic Four through a cosmic ray belt, and gained superhuman powers just as the Fantastic Four did. Her team then first battled the Hulk.Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #254 They again battled the Hulk and this time defeated him. In triumph, they exhibited the captive Bruce Banner on national television. However, Banner was freed by Rick Jones, Betty Ross, and the alien Bereet, and Banner transformed into the Hulk and defeated the U-Foes.Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #275-277 During the Civil War storyline, she along with the U-Foes joined Thunderbolts Army.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% The Hood later hired her and the rest of the U-Foes as part of his criminal organization to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act. During the Dark Reign storyline, Vapor and the U-Foes are revealed as members of the Initiative's North Carolina team.Avengers: The Initiative #26%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Powers and abilities Vapor can transform her body into any form of gas, either pure elements or complex compounds. She can only return to solid form for brief periods. She is vulnerable to any chemical interaction that would affect the chemical-form she is currently in. On one occasion, the Hulk defeated her by spraying her with oxygen while she had taken the form of hydrogen, turning her into water. While generally immune to physical harm, she could still be harmed by different types of energy, such as Thor's winds and lightning, or the sonic booms the Hulk produces by clapping his hands together, and even X-Ray's radiation. Other Vapor An unrelated Dr. Vapor appeared in Wolverine vol. 3 #17 as an employee of the Workshop (an offshoot of Weapon X). She experimented on the Native and was killed by Wolverine in Wolverine vol. 3 #18.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% In other media Television Vapor (alongside the other U-Foes members) appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey. In "Hulk vs the World," she is seen as an inmate of the Cube. In "Gamma World" Pt. 1, Vapor assists the rest of the U-Foes and Zzzax in attacking the Avengers. Video games Vapor (alongside the other U-Foes) appears in The Incredible Hulk video game voiced by Rachael MacFarlane. If the player defeats the other U-Foes before Vapor, she will make a statement akin to fear at being left to face the Hulk all by herself. The video game differs from the comics in that rather than copy the Fantastic Four, they seek to emulate the Hulk's gamma radiation experiment. Prior to her transformation into Vapor, when Simon Utrecht is attempting to duplicate the Hulk's experiment, she is impressed and asks Utrecht to refer to her as Ann, implying a limerence between Simon Utrecht and Ann Darnell. Vapor is featured as a boss in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% References External links Vapor at Marvel.com MarvelDatabase:Character Gallery Vapor | Redirect U-Foes %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Vapor (Ann Darnell) is a fictional character in Marvel Comics who first appeared as a member of the villainous group, the",
"after": "Redirect",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 121
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ". She is the sister of teammate X-Ray.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 129,
"end_char_pos": 167
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Publication history Vapor's first appearance was in Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #254 (December 1980), and she was created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 168,
"end_char_pos": 316
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The character subsequently appears in Incredible Hulk #275–278 (September 1982-January 1983), 304–305 (February-March 1985), Avengers vol. 1 #304 (June 1989), Avengers West Coast #53 (December 1989), Marvel Graphic Novel: Avengers: Deathtrap: The Vault (1991), Captain America vol. 1 #387–390 (July-August 1991), #391-392 (September 1991), Darkhawk #6 (August 1991), Incredible Hulk #397 (September 1992), Heroes for Hire #1-2 (July-August 1997), 4 (October 1997), Thunderbolts Annual 1997, Heroes for Hire #12 (June 1998), She-Hulk #6 (October 2004), New Avengers #1–4 (January-April 2005), Spider-Man: Breakout #1–5 (June-October 2005), Thunderbolts #104 (September 2006), Civil War: Thunderbolts - Swimming With Sharks (January 2007), She-Hulk #17 (May 2007), and The Astonishing Spider-Man #1 (May 2007).",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 346,
"end_char_pos": 1154
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Vapor appeared as part of the \"U-Foes\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #13.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1155,
"end_char_pos": 1267
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Fictional character biography Ann Darnell was a life support specialist before gaining her powers. With her teammates, she attempted to duplicate the original rocket flight of the Fantastic Four through a cosmic ray belt, and gained superhuman powers just as the Fantastic Four did. Her team then first battled the Hulk.Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #254 They again battled the Hulk and this time defeated him. In triumph, they exhibited the captive Bruce Banner on national television. However, Banner was freed by Rick Jones, Betty Ross, and the alien Bereet, and Banner transformed into the Hulk and defeated the U-Foes.Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #275-277",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1297,
"end_char_pos": 1944
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "During the Civil War storyline, she along with the U-Foes joined Thunderbolts Army.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1945,
"end_char_pos": 2028
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The Hood later hired her and the rest of the U-Foes as part of his criminal organization to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2058,
"end_char_pos": 2247
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "During the Dark Reign storyline, Vapor and the U-Foes are revealed as members of the Initiative's North Carolina team.Avengers: The Initiative #26",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2248,
"end_char_pos": 2394
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Powers and abilities Vapor can transform her body into any form of gas, either pure elements or complex compounds. She can only return to solid form for brief periods. She is vulnerable to any chemical interaction that would affect the chemical-form she is currently in. On one occasion, the Hulk defeated her by spraying her with oxygen while she had taken the form of hydrogen, turning her into water. While generally immune to physical harm, she could still be harmed by different types of energy, such as Thor's winds and lightning, or the sonic booms the Hulk produces by clapping his hands together, and even X-Ray's radiation.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2424,
"end_char_pos": 3057
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Other Vapor An unrelated Dr. Vapor appeared in Wolverine vol. 3 #17 as an employee of the Workshop (an offshoot of Weapon X). She experimented on the Native and was killed by Wolverine in Wolverine vol. 3 #18.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3058,
"end_char_pos": 3267
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "In other media Television Vapor (alongside the other U-Foes members) appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey. In \"Hulk vs the World,\" she is seen as an inmate of the Cube. In \"Gamma World\" Pt. 1, Vapor assists the rest of the U-Foes and Zzzax in attacking the Avengers.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3297,
"end_char_pos": 3609
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Video games Vapor (alongside the other U-Foes) appears in The Incredible Hulk video game voiced by Rachael MacFarlane. If the player defeats the other U-Foes before Vapor, she will make a statement akin to fear at being left to face the Hulk all by herself. The video game differs from the comics in that rather than copy the Fantastic Four, they seek to emulate the Hulk's gamma radiation experiment. Prior to her transformation into Vapor, when Simon Utrecht is attempting to duplicate the Hulk's experiment, she is impressed and asks Utrecht to refer to her as Ann, implying a limerence between Simon Utrecht and Ann Darnell. Vapor is featured as a boss in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3610,
"end_char_pos": 4314
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "References",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 4344,
"end_char_pos": 4354
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "External links Vapor at Marvel.com MarvelDatabase:Character Gallery Vapor",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 4355,
"end_char_pos": 4428
}
] | [
0,
130,
167,
240,
316,
484,
627,
1046,
1154,
1267,
1395,
1579,
1617,
1637,
1700,
1776,
1913,
1933,
2028,
2247,
2366,
2538,
2591,
2694,
2827,
3057,
3119,
3183,
3260,
3449,
3511,
3609,
3728,
3867,
4011,
4238,
4314
] |
7003225 | 1 | Awards Brown was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1966-67. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1963) and the National Academy of Sciences (1972). In 1971 he received the Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award of the American Psychological Association, in 1973, the G. Stanley Hall Prize in Developmental Psychology of the American Association, and in 1984, the Fyssen International Prize in Cognitive Science. He also was awarded several honorary doctorates.Bruner, J 1999. Roger William Brown. Biographical Memoirs, Volume 77. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press. Journal articles and book chapters Brown, R & Lenneberg, E (1954) A study in language and cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49:454-462. Brown, R & Hildum, DC (1956) Expectancy and the perception of syllables. Language 32:411-419. Brown, R (1957) Linguistic determinism and the part of speech. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55:1-5. Reprinted in Brown R (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 16–27. Brown, R (1958) How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review 65:14-21. Reprinted in In Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 3–15. Brown, R & Gilman A (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T. Sebeok (ed.). Aspects of Style in Language, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Reprinted in Brown R (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 302–335. Brown, R & Berko, J (1960) Word association and the acquisition of grammar. Child Development 31: 1-14. Brown, R & McNeill, D (1966) The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5, 325-337. Reprited in Brown, R with others(1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers.New York: Free Press, pp. 274–301. Brown, R, Cazden, C, & Bellugi, U (1968) Thechild's grammar from I to III. In J. P. Hill (ed), Minneapolis Symposium on Child Psychology (vol. 2) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Reprited in Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 100–154. Brown, R, & Hanlon, C (1970) Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In JR Hayes (ed.) Cognition and the Development of Language. New York: Wiley pp. 11–53. Brown, R (1970) The first sentences of child and chimpanzee. In Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 208–231. Brown, R & Kulik, J (1977) Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5:73-99. Brown R (1981) Music and language. In Music Educators National Conference, Report of the Ann Arbor Symposium on the Applications of Psychology to the Teaching and Learning of Music, 233-264. Brown R & Fish D (1983) The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition 14:237-273. Fraser, C, Bellugi, U, & Brown, R (1963) Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2, 121-135. Further reading Brown, R. (1996) Against my better judgment: an intimate memoir of an eminent gay psychologist. New York: Harrington Park Press. Hopkins, J. R. (2000) "Brown, Roger William." Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 479–480). Alan E. Kazdin, Ed. Oxford University Press. Murray, Stephen O. (1999) "Roger Brown (1925-1997): A Memorial." Journal of Homosexuality, 37(1): 1-2. | Awards Brown was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1966–67. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1963) and the National Academy of Sciences (1972). In 1971 he received the Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award of the American Psychological Association, in 1973, the G. Stanley Hall Prize in Developmental Psychology of the American Association, and in 1984, the Fyssen International Prize in Cognitive Science. He also was awarded several honorary doctorates.Bruner, J 1999. Roger William Brown. Biographical Memoirs, Volume 77. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press. Journal articles and book chapters Brown, R & Lenneberg, E (1954) A study in language and cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49:454-462. Brown, R & Hildum, DC (1956) Expectancy and the perception of syllables. Language 32:411-419. Brown, R (1957) Linguistic determinism and the part of speech. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55:1-5. Reprinted in Brown R (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 16–27. Brown, R (1958) How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review 65:14-21. Reprinted in In Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 3–15. Brown, R & Gilman A (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T. Sebeok (ed.). Aspects of Style in Language, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Reprinted in Brown R (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 302–335. Brown, R & Berko, J (1960) Word association and the acquisition of grammar. Child Development 31: 1-14. Brown, R & McNeill, D (1966) The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5, 325–337. Reprited in Brown, R with others(1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers.New York: Free Press, pp. 274–301. Brown, R, Cazden, C, & Bellugi, U (1968) Thechild's grammar from I to III. In J. P. Hill (ed), Minneapolis Symposium on Child Psychology (vol. 2) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Reprited in Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 100–154. Brown, R, & Hanlon, C (1970) Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In JR Hayes (ed.) Cognition and the Development of Language. New York: Wiley pp. 11–53. Brown, R (1970) The first sentences of child and chimpanzee. In Brown, R with others (1970) Psycholinguistics: Selected Papers. New York: Free Press, pp. 208–231. Brown, R & Kulik, J (1977) Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5:73-99. Brown R (1981) Music and language. In Music Educators National Conference, Report of the Ann Arbor Symposium on the Applications of Psychology to the Teaching and Learning of Music, 233–264. Brown R & Fish D (1983) The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition 14:237-273. Fraser, C, Bellugi, U, & Brown, R (1963) Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2, 121–135. Further reading Brown, R. (1996) Against my better judgment: an intimate memoir of an eminent gay psychologist. New York: Harrington Park Press. Hopkins, J. R. (2000) "Brown, Roger William." Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 479–480). Alan E. Kazdin, Ed. Oxford University Press. Murray, Stephen O. (1999) "Roger Brown (1925-1997): A Memorial." Journal of Homosexuality, 37(1): 1–2. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1966-67.",
"after": "1966–67.",
"start_char_pos": 40,
"end_char_pos": 48
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "325-337.",
"after": "325–337.",
"start_char_pos": 1696,
"end_char_pos": 1704
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "233-264.",
"after": "233–264.",
"start_char_pos": 2709,
"end_char_pos": 2717
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "121-135.",
"after": "121–135.",
"start_char_pos": 2969,
"end_char_pos": 2977
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1-2.",
"after": "1–2.",
"start_char_pos": 3362,
"end_char_pos": 3366
}
] | [
0,
48,
160,
428,
477,
492,
513,
546,
590,
691,
745,
818,
839,
902,
952,
1016,
1049,
1094,
1125,
1205,
1237,
1302,
1322,
1377,
1441,
1476,
1552,
1580,
1645,
1704,
1779,
1813,
1888,
2003,
2079,
2114,
2209,
2270,
2297,
2358,
2425,
2460,
2507,
2526,
2561,
2717,
2791,
2813,
2918,
2977,
3089,
3122,
3168,
3218,
3238,
3263
] |
700 | 1 | Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many thinkers and artists. Those who have cited his influence include philosophers such as Friedrich NietzscheAddressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7. and Ludwig Wittgenstein,Culture & Value, p. 24, 1933–34 scientists such as Erwin Schrödinger and Albert Einstein,Albert Einstein in Mein Glaubensbekenntnis (August 1932): "I do not believe in free will. Schopenhauer's words: 'Man can do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants,[Der Mensch kann wohl tun, was er will, aber er kann nicht wollen, was er will]' accompany me in all situations throughout my life and reconcile me with the actions of others, even if they are rather painful to me. This awareness of the lack of free will keeps me from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and deciding individuals, and from losing my temper." Schopenhauer's clearer, actual words were: "You can do what you will, but in any given moment of your life you can will only one definite thing and absolutely nothing other than that one thing." [Du kannst tun was du willst: aber du kannst in jedem gegebenen Augenblick deines Lebens nur ein Bestimmtes wollen und schlechterdings nichts anderes als dieses eine.] On the Freedom of the Will, Ch. II. psychoanalysts such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Herman Melville, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse,Punsly, Kathryn (2012). "The Influence of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer on Hermann Hesse". CMC Senior Theses. Paper 347. URL Retrieved on 19 March 2021. Machado de Assis, Jorge Luis Borges, Marcel Proust,Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta URL Retrieved on 19 March 2021. and Samuel Beckett as well as composers such as Richard Wagner, Johannes Brahms, Arnold Schoenberg and Gustav Mahler. | Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many thinkers and artists. Those who have cited his influence include philosophers Friedrich NietzscheAddressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7. and Ludwig Wittgenstein,Culture & Value, p. 24, 1933–34 scientists Erwin Schrödinger and Albert Einstein,Albert Einstein in Mein Glaubensbekenntnis (August 1932): "I do not believe in free will. Schopenhauer's words: 'Man can do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants,[Der Mensch kann wohl tun, was er will, aber er kann nicht wollen, was er will]' accompany me in all situations throughout my life and reconcile me with the actions of others, even if they are rather painful to me. This awareness of the lack of free will keeps me from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and deciding individuals, and from losing my temper." Schopenhauer's clearer, actual words were: "You can do what you will, but in any given moment of your life you can will only one definite thing and absolutely nothing other than that one thing." [Du kannst tun was du willst: aber du kannst in jedem gegebenen Augenblick deines Lebens nur ein Bestimmtes wollen und schlechterdings nichts anderes als dieses eine.] On the Freedom of the Will, Ch. II. psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, writers Leo Tolstoy, Herman Melville, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse,Punsly, Kathryn (2012). "The Influence of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer on Hermann Hesse". CMC Senior Theses. Paper 347. URL Retrieved on 19 March 2021. Machado de Assis, Jorge Luis Borges, Marcel Proust,Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta URL Retrieved on 19 March 2021. and Samuel Beckett and composer Richard Wagner, Johannes Brahms, Arnold Schoenberg and Gustav Mahler. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "such as",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 339,
"end_char_pos": 346
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "such as",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 493,
"end_char_pos": 500
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "such as",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1504,
"end_char_pos": 1511
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "such as",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1549,
"end_char_pos": 1556
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "as well as composers such as",
"after": "and composer",
"start_char_pos": 1992,
"end_char_pos": 2020
}
] | [
0,
187,
282,
393,
414,
628,
925,
1089,
1452,
1637,
1701,
1720,
1731,
1763
] |
702891 | 1 | AP5 or APV(( 2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid ; (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors.Morris RG. Synaptic plasticity and learning: selective impairment of learning rats and blockade of long-term potentiation in vivo by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5. Journal of Neuroscience. 1989 Sep;9(9):3040-57. AP5 blocks NMDA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~50 μM). AP5 blocks the cellular analog of classical conditioning in the sea slug Aplysia californica, and has similar effects on Aplysia long-term potentiation (LTP), since NMDA receptors are required for both. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the calcium chelator BAPTA to determine whether NMDARs are required for a particular cellular process. AP5/APV has also been used to study NMDAR-dependent LTP in the mammalian hippocampus.Gustafsson B., Wigström H., Abraham W.C., and Huang Y.Y. Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus Using Depolarizing Current Pulses as the Conditioning Stimulus to Single Volley Synaptic Potentials. Journal of Neuroscience. 1987 March;7(3):774-780 AP5 was developed by Jeff Watkins and Harry Olverman. See also AMPA AP7 (drug) Kainate Works cited Cellular Analog of Differential Classical Conditioning in Aplysia: Disruption by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovalerate ^ Laube , B; Hirai H, Sturgess M, Betz H, and Kuhse J (1997). "Molecular determinants of antagonists discrimination by NMDA receptor subunits: Analysis of the glutamate binding site on the NR2B subunit". Neuron 18 (3): 493–503. . . | AP5 (also known as APV, ( 2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid , or (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a chemical compound used as a biochemical tool to study various cellular processes. It is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors.Morris RG. Synaptic plasticity and learning: selective impairment of learning rats and blockade of long-term potentiation in vivo by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5. Journal of Neuroscience. 1989 Sep;9(9):3040-57. AP5 blocks NMDA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~50 μM). AP5 blocks the cellular analog of classical conditioning in the sea slug Aplysia californica, and has similar effects on Aplysia long-term potentiation (LTP), since NMDA receptors are required for both. Cellular Analog of Differential Classical Conditioning in Aplysia: Disruption by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovalerate It is sometimes used in conjunction with the calcium chelator BAPTA to determine whether NMDARs are required for a particular cellular process. AP5/APV has also been used to study NMDAR-dependent LTP in the mammalian hippocampus.Gustafsson B., Wigström H., Abraham W.C., and Huang Y.Y. Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus Using Depolarizing Current Pulses as the Conditioning Stimulus to Single Volley Synaptic Potentials. Journal of Neuroscience. 1987 March;7(3):774-780 See also AMPA AP7 (drug) Kainate External links Laube , B; Hirai H, Sturgess M, Betz H, and Kuhse J (1997). "Molecular determinants of antagonists discrimination by NMDA receptor subunits: Analysis of the glutamate binding site on the NR2B subunit". Neuron 18 (3): 493–503. . . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "or APV((",
"after": "(also known as APV, (",
"start_char_pos": 4,
"end_char_pos": 12
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ";",
"after": ", or",
"start_char_pos": 47,
"end_char_pos": 48
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "chemical compound used as a biochemical tool to study various cellular processes. It is a",
"start_char_pos": 88,
"end_char_pos": 88
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Cellular Analog of Differential Classical Conditioning in Aplysia: Disruption by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovalerate",
"start_char_pos": 705,
"end_char_pos": 705
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "AP5 was developed by Jeff Watkins and Harry Olverman.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1184,
"end_char_pos": 1237
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Works cited Cellular Analog of Differential Classical Conditioning in Aplysia: Disruption by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovalerate",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1271,
"end_char_pos": 1423
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "^ Laube",
"after": "External links Laube",
"start_char_pos": 1424,
"end_char_pos": 1431
}
] | [
0,
48,
206,
388,
413,
436,
501,
704,
849,
935,
1134,
1159,
1237,
1436,
1485,
1627
] |
703098 | 1 | Differential rent (also called quality or Ricardian rent) arises because of differences in the quality of similar goods or inputs (e.g. production sites). Consider two companies that extract coal of identical quality. The market price of coal is $50/t. Company X operates at a production site where it is very easy to extract coal. Its costs (including normal returns) amount to $20/t. Company Y operates at a site where it is relatively difficult to extract coal. Its costs (including normal returns) amount to $30/t. Company X will ‘create’ more resource rent because of the more accessible resource. Scarcity rent emanates from excess demand for (or restricted supply of) the good or resource. Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $3. Assume the rock lobster is sold for $5 on the market. Resource rent here amounts to $2. However, assume the demand for rock lobster has gone up, so the price for rock lobster on the market has increased. As a consequence, the rock lobster may be sold for a higher price at $6. But the costs of the fisher to catch one rock lobster remain the same at $3. Resource rent increases to $3. Entrepreneurial rent (also called quasi-rent or Schumpeterian rent) can accrue due to entrepreneurial skills or managerial investments. A company may invest in advertising, training of employees, and so forth. These investments can result in a higher price (brand) or lower costs (better technology). Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $ 3. Assume the rock lobster is sold for $5 on the market. Resource rent here amounts to $2. However, assume the fisher has managed to decrease the costs for catching rock lobster from $3 to $2. This could be due to his/her entrepreneurial skills and more efficient use of labour and capital. Resource rent increases from $2 to $3. | Differential rent (also called quality or Ricardian rent) arises because of differences in the quality of similar goods or inputs (e.g. production sites). Consider two companies that extract coal of identical quality. The market price of coal is $50/t. Company X operates at a production site where it is very easy to extract coal. Its costs (including normal returns) amount to $20/t. Company Y operates at a site where it is relatively difficult to extract coal. Its costs (including normal returns) amount to $30/t. Company X will ‘create’ more resource rent because of the more accessible resource. Scarcity rent SCARCITY RENT: The marginal opportunity cost imposed on future generations by extracting one more unit of a resource today. Scarcity rent is one of two costs the extraction of a finite resource imposes on society. The other is marginal extraction cost--the opportunity cost of resources employed in the extraction activity. Scarcity rent is the cost of "using up" a finite resource because benefits of the extracted resource are unavailable to future generations. Efficiency is achieved when the resource price--the benefit society is willing to pay for the resource today--is equal to the sum of marginal extraction cost and scarcity rent. Entrepreneurial rent (also called quasi-rent or Schumpeterian rent) can accrue due to entrepreneurial skills or managerial investments. A company may invest in advertising, training of employees, and so forth. These investments can result in a higher price (brand) or lower costs (better technology). Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $ 3. Assume the rock lobster is sold for $5 on the market. Resource rent here amounts to $2. However, assume the fisher has managed to decrease the costs for catching rock lobster from $3 to $2. This could be due to his/her entrepreneurial skills and more efficient use of labour and capital. Resource rent increases from $2 to $3. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "$30/t. Company X will ‘create’ more resource rent because of the more accessible resource. Scarcity rent emanates from excess demand for (or restricted supply of) the good or resource. Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $3. Assume the rock lobster is sold for $5 on the market. Resource rent here amounts to $2. However, assume the demand for rock lobster has gone up, so the price for rock lobster on the market has increased. As a consequence, the rock lobster may be sold for a higher price at $6. But the costs of the fisher to catch one rock lobster remain the same at $3. Resource rent increases to $3. Entrepreneurial rent (also called quasi-rent or Schumpeterian rent) can accrue due to entrepreneurial skills or managerial investments. A company may invest in advertising, training of employees, and so forth. These investments can result in a higher price (brand) or lower costs (better technology). Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $",
"after": "$30/t. Company X will ‘create’ more resource rent because of the more accessible resource. Scarcity rent SCARCITY RENT: The marginal opportunity cost imposed on future generations by extracting one more unit of a resource today. Scarcity rent is one of two costs the extraction of a finite resource imposes on society. The other is marginal extraction cost--the opportunity cost of resources employed in the extraction activity. Scarcity rent is the cost of \"using up\" a finite resource because benefits of the extracted resource are unavailable to future generations. Efficiency is achieved when the resource price--the benefit society is willing to pay for the resource today--is equal to the sum of marginal extraction cost and scarcity rent. Entrepreneurial rent (also called quasi-rent or Schumpeterian rent) can accrue due to entrepreneurial skills or managerial investments. A company may invest in advertising, training of employees, and so forth. These investments can result in a higher price (brand) or lower costs (better technology). Consider the “production” of rock lobster where the costs to produce one rock lobster (i.e. paying for labour, the nets, and the like, and including normal profit) amount to $",
"start_char_pos": 512,
"end_char_pos": 1736
}
] | [
0,
154,
217,
252,
331,
385,
464,
518,
602,
696,
928,
962,
1078,
1395,
1469,
1560,
1793,
1827,
1929,
2027
] |
703266 | 1 | At some point as part of the prelude to the "Hunted" storyline, Kraven the Hunter hunted some New Men in order to draw out the High Evolutionary. Kraven cuts a deal with the High Evolutionary to take his DNA sample and create 87 clones of him in order for them to go out into the world and prove themselves to Kraven. The High Evolutionary agrees to the terms and creates the clones.Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #16. Marvel Comics. Characterization Powers and abilities The High Evolutionary has evolved his intelligence to the upper limit of human potential, and is the only human whose intelligence and knowledge has been listed as equal to certain cosmic entities.Fantastic Four Annual # 23 He is considered the leading geneticist in the Marvel universe, and is vastly knowledgeable in biology, chemistry, medicine, physics, engineering, human psychology, computer science, and cybernetics. Due to experimentation on his own genome, his highly enhanced brain and cybernetic exoskeleton, the High Evolutionary has demonstrated god-like powers; including the ability to evolve and devolve life-forms, superhuman strength and durability, manipulating matter at a subatomic level, energy manipulation and projection, cosmic awareness, precognition, telepathy, telekinesis, extra-dimensional travel, and size alteration. On one occasion, he managed to hold his own against Galactus for a prolonged time before being defeated.Fantastic Four # 175 At times the High Evolutionary has feigned indifference to the fate of others when his own safety is at stake, only to reveal a considerably more benign agenda later (see the Annihilation: Conquest series). More frequently, he has shown a sympathetic and protective concern for the defenseless: on several occasions he has gone to considerable lengths to protect young children, including the critically ill Jessica Drew,Spider Woman # 1 Wanda and Pietro Maximoff,Avengers # 186 and Pietro's daughter Luna.Quicksilver # 1 He gave Magda shelter from the elements without hesitation, risked death to fight Galactus over Counter-Earth, and literally begged Ka-Zar not to poison the Earth's biosphere with Isotope E out of compassion for the suffering it would cause.Ka-Zar vol. 4 # 14 He tried to aid Magneto in reversing the effects of M-Day. He delayed an attack on the Silver Surfer to allow him time to save the life of Suzi Endo, who would briefly become his herald.Silver Surfer limited series #1 (2011) 250px|The High Evolutionary as he appears in Spider-Man Unlimited. The High Evolutionary appeared as a principal villain in Spider-Man Unlimited, voiced by Richard Newman. Disgusted with the behavior of humans on Earth, this version believed that a greater genetic diversity heightens survival traits. He departed Earth for Counter-Earth to begin anew, but found the same destructive tendencies in their humans as had plagued those he left behind. The High Evolutionary then proceeded to create a new society, with his human/animal creatures loyal only to him called Beastials (Half-humans, Half-animals). The High Evolutionary also created an elite squad of Beastials called the Knights of Wundagore (consisting of Sir Ram, Lord Tiger, Lady Ursula, and Lady Vermin) that can also use the Machine Men as law enforcers to keep the humans in order. The New York City on Counter-Earth is divided vertically with humans living on the bottom and the Beastials living miles above the street, ruling with an iron fist. The High Evolutionary's plan was simple, to turn this planet into an earthly paradise, no matter what it takes until Spider-Man and the Symbiotes led by Venom and Carnage arrived. The episode "Sins of the Fathers" revealed that the High Evolutionary is the grandfather of Karen O'Malley who he experimented on when Karen was young. The High Evolutionary was injured during the series finale in a fight against Spider-Man, a heroic Green Goblin, and The Rebellion led by Karen and John Jameson. The High Evolutionary appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Jonathan Frakes. In the episode "The Devil Dinosaur You Say!", Wolverine encounters the High Evolutionary on Dinosaur World. The High Evolutionary promises to help Wolverine get back to Earth if Wolverine helps him capture Devil Dinosaur in exchange. It is revealed that he plans to sell all the primitive tribes including Moon-Boy to make a profit as he comments that humanoids shouldn't co-exist with dinosaurs. Devil Dinosaur and Wolverine later storm the High Evolutionary's ship which results in the tribesmen getting free and the headquarters being destroyed, but the High Evolutionary escapes from Dinosaur World in his escape pod. The High Evolutionary appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by Corey Burton. At some point in the future, a gamma meteor struck Earth when the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. weren't around. This caused humanity to regress back to the primitive times until the High Evolutionary was able to be their salvation by turning them into Animal Men. When the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. arrived in this time in the episode "Future Shock" thanks to Leader tricking Skaar into going into a temporal distortion wormhole, they end up attacked by some Lizard Men until the High Evolutionary arrived where he explained what happened to Earth. Afterwards, the High Evolutionary traps the Hulk in an energy cage and devolves the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. The High Evolutionary retreats with Hulk upon finding that Skaar can't be devolved. Upon some advice from Leader (who is trapped on bathroom duty after tricking Skaar), Skaar leads the devolved teammates into finding the High Evolutionary's lair. At his lair, the High Evolutionary uses his Evolution Chamber to evolve Hulk into a smarter appearance that has bat-like wings. When Skaar and the devolved teammates attack the High Evolutionary's lair, the evolved Hulk turns on the High Evolutionary stating that he would be superior to the High Evolutionary. Skaar and Hulk fought the High Evolutionary after Skaar had evolved Red Hulk in the evolution chamber. After A-Bomb and She-Hulk are evolved, the High Evolutionary devolved Hulk back to his own original state. Skaar ends up destroying the High Evolutionary's staff where its power regresses the High Evolutionary to a baby which ends up in the care of the arriving Lizard Men. The Agents of S.M.A.S.H. then return to their own time to make sure that they get back to Earth and prevent the gamma meteor from impacting Earth. They succeed in destroying the gamma meteor in the episode "Enter the Maestro" with the unlikely help of Maestro which prevents the High Evolutionary's future from happening. The High Evolutionary appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy animated series, voiced by Nolan North. In the episode "Evolution Rock", he and his insectoid creations have captured Rocket Raccoon, Groot and Captain Marvel to experiment on and gain access to the sarcophagus artifact on Thanos's asteroid. He ended up fighting the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy. When the High Evolutionary opens the sarcophagus, he, his hybrids and his ship get sucked in. In the episode "Right Place, Wrong Time", the High Evolutionary is shown within the realm inside the sarcophagus working to get his ship to survive the freezing temperatures as a result of the sarcophagus being thrown into a cryo-volcano. In addition, the High Evolutionary has Yondu as his prisoner as he plans to experiment. Gamora and Nebula had to work together to get away from the High Evolutionary and his hybrids. In the episode "You Can't Always Get What You Want", the High Evolutionary is still trapped in the dark gem of Adam Warlock, having Yondu, Nebula, Titus and among others until Fin Fang Foom as prisoners. He makes a deal with Rocket Raccoon to leave Warlock if he re-evolves his family on Halfworld. After being attacked by Groot of which it happens with Warlock, its ship manages to leave its dark gem and glides to capture Warlock. The High Evolutionary was frustrated by Rocket after he detonated the High Evolutionary's ship to ensure it would fall down to Earth. | The High Evolutionary was returned to his dimension by a machine used by the Knights of Wundagore. He left Counter-Earth upon becoming disappointed with the outcome of his experiment.Spider-Woman Vol. 7 #6. Marvel Comics. At some point as part of the prelude to the "Hunted" storyline, Kraven the Hunter hunted some New Men in order to draw out the High Evolutionary. Kraven cuts a deal with the High Evolutionary to take his DNA sample and create 87 clones of him in order for them to go out into the world and prove themselves to Kraven. The High Evolutionary agrees to the terms and creates the clones.Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #16. Marvel Comics. Characterization Powers and abilities The High Evolutionary has evolved his intelligence to the upper limit of human potential, and is the only human whose intelligence and knowledge has been listed as equal to certain cosmic entities.Fantastic Four Annual # 23. Marvel Comics. He is considered the leading geneticist in the Marvel universe, and is vastly knowledgeable in biology, chemistry, medicine, physics, engineering, human psychology, computer science, and cybernetics. Due to experimentation on his own genome, his highly enhanced brain and cybernetic exoskeleton, the High Evolutionary has demonstrated god-like powers; including the ability to evolve and devolve life-forms, superhuman strength and durability, manipulating matter at a subatomic level, energy manipulation and projection, cosmic awareness, precognition, telepathy, telekinesis, extra-dimensional travel, and size alteration. On one occasion, he managed to hold his own against Galactus for a prolonged time before being defeated.Fantastic Four # 175. Marvel Comics. At times the High Evolutionary has feigned indifference to the fate of others when his own safety is at stake, only to reveal a considerably more benign agenda later (see the Annihilation: Conquest series). More frequently, he has shown a sympathetic and protective concern for the defenseless: on several occasions he has gone to considerable lengths to protect young children, including the critically ill Jessica Drew,Spider Woman # 1. Marvel Comics. Wanda and Pietro Maximoff,Avengers # 186. Marvel Comics. and Pietro's daughter Luna.Quicksilver # 1. Marvel Comics. He gave Magda shelter from the elements without hesitation, risked death to fight Galactus over Counter-Earth, and literally begged Ka-Zar not to poison the Earth's biosphere with Isotope E out of compassion for the suffering it would cause.Ka-Zar vol. 4 # 14. Marvel Comics. He tried to aid Magneto in reversing the effects of M-Day. He delayed an attack on the Silver Surfer to allow him time to save the life of Suzi Endo, who would briefly become his herald.Silver Surfer limited series #1 (2011) . Marvel Comics. 250px|The High Evolutionary as he appears in Spider-Man Unlimited. The High Evolutionary appeared as a principal villain in Spider-Man Unlimited, voiced by Richard Newman. Disgusted with the behavior of humans on Earth, this version believed that a greater genetic diversity heightens survival traits. He departed Earth for Counter-Earth to begin anew, but found the same destructive tendencies in their humans as had plagued those he left behind. The High Evolutionary then proceeded to create a new society, with his human/animal creatures loyal only to him called Beastials (Half-humans, Half-animals). The High Evolutionary also created an elite squad of Beastials called the Knights of Wundagore (consisting of Sir Ram, Lord Tiger, Lady Ursula, and Lady Vermin) that can also use the Machine Men as law enforcers to keep the humans in order. The New York City on Counter-Earth is divided vertically with humans living on the bottom and the Beastials living miles above the street, ruling with an iron fist. The High Evolutionary's plan was simple, to turn this planet into an earthly paradise, no matter what it takes until Spider-Man and the Symbiotes led by Venom and Carnage arrived. The episode "Sins of the Fathers" revealed that the High Evolutionary is the grandfather of Karen O'Malley who he experimented on when Karen was young. The High Evolutionary was injured during the series finale in a fight against Spider-Man, a heroic Green Goblin, and The Rebellion led by Karen and John Jameson. The High Evolutionary appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Jonathan Frakes. In the episode "The Devil Dinosaur You Say!", Wolverine encounters the High Evolutionary on Dinosaur World. The High Evolutionary promises to help Wolverine get back to Earth if Wolverine helps him capture Devil Dinosaur in exchange. It is revealed that he plans to sell all the primitive tribes including Moon-Boy to make a profit as he comments that humanoids shouldn't co-exist with dinosaurs. Devil Dinosaur and Wolverine later storm the High Evolutionary's ship which results in the tribesmen getting free and the headquarters being destroyed, but the High Evolutionary escapes from Dinosaur World in his escape pod. The High Evolutionary appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by Corey Burton. At some point in the future, a gamma meteor struck Earth when the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. weren't around. This caused humanity to regress back to the primitive times until the High Evolutionary was able to be their salvation by turning them into Animal Men. When the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. arrived in this time in the episode "Future Shock" thanks to Leader tricking Skaar into going into a temporal distortion wormhole, they end up attacked by some Lizard Men until the High Evolutionary arrived where he explained what happened to Earth. Afterwards, the High Evolutionary traps the Hulk in an energy cage and devolves the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. The High Evolutionary retreats with Hulk upon finding that Skaar can't be devolved. Upon some advice from Leader (who is trapped on bathroom duty after tricking Skaar), Skaar leads the devolved teammates into finding the High Evolutionary's lair. At his lair, the High Evolutionary uses his Evolution Chamber to evolve Hulk into a smarter appearance that has bat-like wings. When Skaar and the devolved teammates attack the High Evolutionary's lair, the evolved Hulk turns on the High Evolutionary stating that he would be superior to the High Evolutionary. Skaar and Hulk fought the High Evolutionary after Skaar had evolved Red Hulk in the evolution chamber. After A-Bomb and She-Hulk are evolved, the High Evolutionary devolved Hulk back to his own original state. Skaar ends up destroying the High Evolutionary's staff where its power regresses the High Evolutionary to a baby which ends up in the care of the arriving Lizard Men. The Agents of S.M.A.S.H. then return to their own time to make sure that they get back to Earth and prevent the gamma meteor from impacting Earth. They succeed in destroying the gamma meteor in the episode "Enter the Maestro" with the unlikely help of Maestro which prevents the High Evolutionary's future from happening. The High Evolutionary appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy animated series, voiced by Nolan North. In the episode "Evolution Rock", he and his insectoid creations have captured Rocket Raccoon, Groot and Captain Marvel to experiment on and gain access to the sarcophagus artifact on Thanos's asteroid. He ended up fighting the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy. When the High Evolutionary opens the sarcophagus, he, his hybrids and his ship get sucked in. In the episode "Right Place, Wrong Time", the High Evolutionary is shown within the realm inside the sarcophagus working to get his ship to survive the freezing temperatures as a result of the sarcophagus being thrown into a cryo-volcano. In addition, the High Evolutionary has Yondu as his prisoner as he plans to experiment. Gamora and Nebula had to work together to get away from the High Evolutionary and his hybrids. In the episode "You Can't Always Get What You Want", the High Evolutionary is still trapped in the dark gem of Adam Warlock, having Yondu, Nebula, Titus and among others until Fin Fang Foom as prisoners. He makes a deal with Rocket Raccoon to leave Warlock if he re-evolves his family on Halfworld. After being attacked by Groot of which it happens with Warlock, its ship manages to leave its dark gem and glides to capture Warlock. The High Evolutionary was frustrated by Rocket after he detonated the High Evolutionary's ship to ensure it would fall down to Earth. | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "The High Evolutionary was returned to his dimension by a machine used by the Knights of Wundagore. He left Counter-Earth upon becoming disappointed with the outcome of his experiment.Spider-Woman Vol. 7 #6. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 0
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "23",
"after": "23. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 689,
"end_char_pos": 691
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "175",
"after": "175. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 1438,
"end_char_pos": 1441
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1",
"after": "1. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 1878,
"end_char_pos": 1879
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "186",
"after": "186. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 1917,
"end_char_pos": 1920
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1",
"after": "1. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 1962,
"end_char_pos": 1963
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "14",
"after": "14. Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 2221,
"end_char_pos": 2223
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ". Marvel Comics.",
"start_char_pos": 2449,
"end_char_pos": 2449
}
] | [
0,
146,
318,
384,
407,
429,
665,
891,
1043,
1316,
1421,
1648,
1948,
2205,
2216,
2282,
2410,
2516,
2621,
2751,
2897,
3055,
3296,
3461,
3641,
3793,
3955,
4042,
4150,
4276,
4439,
4664,
4756,
4859,
5011,
5291,
5480,
5643,
5771,
5954,
6057,
6164,
6331,
6478,
6653,
6754,
6956,
7023,
7117,
7356,
7444,
7539,
7743,
7838,
7972
] |
7035443 | 1 | Detective Calleigh Duquesneis a fictional character on the CBS crime drama CSI: Miami, portrayed by Emily Procter. | Eric, delko, princess, pink, calleigh, duguesne, I, love, you, l, see, you, frozen, . Heart, could, thank, you, Have, funny, happy, girlfriend, boyfriend, l, xoxo, you, l, see, you, Flower, pretty, face, make, over, calleigh, Duquesne, princess, pink, Eric, delko, hot, body,. But, calleigh, duguesne, hot, Mommy, Princess, pink, hot, mommy,. But, hot, lips, hot, kiss, Thank, you, | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Detective Calleigh Duquesneis a fictional character on the CBS crime drama CSI: Miami, portrayed by Emily Procter.",
"after": "Eric, delko, princess, pink, calleigh, duguesne,",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 114
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "I, love, you, l, see, you, frozen, . Heart, could, thank, you,",
"start_char_pos": 115,
"end_char_pos": 115
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Have, funny, happy, girlfriend, boyfriend, l, xoxo, you, l, see, you,",
"start_char_pos": 116,
"end_char_pos": 116
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Flower, pretty, face, make, over, calleigh, Duquesne, princess, pink,",
"start_char_pos": 117,
"end_char_pos": 117
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Eric, delko, hot, body,. But, calleigh, duguesne, hot, Mommy,",
"start_char_pos": 118,
"end_char_pos": 118
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Princess, pink, hot, mommy,. But, hot, lips, hot, kiss,",
"start_char_pos": 119,
"end_char_pos": 119
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Thank, you,",
"start_char_pos": 120,
"end_char_pos": 120
}
] | [
0
] |
704925 | 1 | Willy Wonka is a fictional character who appears in British author Stella Gold 's 1964 children's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its 1972 sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator. He is the eccentric owner of the Wonka Chocolate Factory. Wonka has been portrayed in film multiple times. In 1971, Willy Wonka was portrayed by Anna Shultz in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Shultz 's portrayal is considered widely beloved and one of her greatest roles. Vagelis Tzoumakas 's portrayal of the character in 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory polarized critics and audiences. Both Wilder and Depp received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. Wonka will next be portrayed by VAGELIS in an origin prequel film titled, Wonka, scheduled for release in 2023. | Willy Wonka is a fictional character who appears in British author Roald Dahl 's 1964 children's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its 1972 sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator. He is the eccentric owner of the Wonka Chocolate Factory. Wonka has been portrayed in film multiple times. In 1971, Willy Wonka was portrayed by Gene Wilder in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Wilder 's portrayal is considered widely beloved and one of his greatest roles. Johnny Depp 's portrayal of the character in 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory polarized critics and audiences. Both Wilder and Depp received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. Wonka will next be portrayed by Timothée Chalamet in an origin prequel film titled, Wonka, scheduled for release in 2023. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Stella Gold",
"after": "Roald Dahl",
"start_char_pos": 67,
"end_char_pos": 78
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Anna Shultz",
"after": "Gene Wilder",
"start_char_pos": 341,
"end_char_pos": 352
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Shultz",
"after": "Wilder",
"start_char_pos": 393,
"end_char_pos": 399
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "her",
"after": "his",
"start_char_pos": 453,
"end_char_pos": 456
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Vagelis Tzoumakas",
"after": "Johnny Depp",
"start_char_pos": 473,
"end_char_pos": 490
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "VAGELIS",
"after": "Timothée Chalamet",
"start_char_pos": 709,
"end_char_pos": 716
}
] | [
0,
195,
253,
302,
392,
472,
597,
676
] |
704925 | 2 | Wonka has been portrayed in film multiple times. In 1971, Willy Wonka was portrayed by Gene Wilder in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Wilder's portrayal is considered widely beloved and one of his greatest roles. Johnny Depp 's portrayal of the character in 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory polarized critics and audiences. Both Wilder and Depp received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. Wonka will next be portrayed by Timothée Chalamet in an origin prequel film titled, Wonka, scheduled for release in 2023. | Wonka has been portrayed in film multiple times. In 1971, Willy Wonka was portrayed by Anna Shultz in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Wilder's portrayal is considered widely beloved and one of his greatest roles. Vagelis Tzoumakas 's portrayal of the character in 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory polarized critics and audiences. Both Shultz and Tzoumakas received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. Wonka will next be portrayed by VAJELLY in an origin prequel film titled, Wonka, scheduled for release in 2023. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Gene Wilder",
"after": "Anna Shultz",
"start_char_pos": 87,
"end_char_pos": 98
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Johnny Depp",
"after": "Vagelis Tzoumakas",
"start_char_pos": 218,
"end_char_pos": 229
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Wilder and Depp",
"after": "Shultz and Tzoumakas",
"start_char_pos": 342,
"end_char_pos": 357
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Timothée Chalamet",
"after": "VAJELLY",
"start_char_pos": 448,
"end_char_pos": 465
}
] | [
0,
48,
138,
217,
336,
415
] |
706999 | 2 | Composition (ppt by volume unless otherwise stated) Gas Clean continental, Seinfeld & Pandis (2016) Simpson et al. (2010) Carbon monoxide, CO (ppb) 40-200 p39 97 Nitric oxide, NO 16 Ethane, C2H6 781 Propane, C3H8 200 Isoprene, C5H8 311 Benzene, C6H6 11 Methanol, CH3OH 1967 Ethanol, C2H5OH 75 Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F 237 p41 252.7 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 530 p41 532.3 Chloromethane, CH3Cl 503 Bromomethane, CH3Br 9–10 p44 7.7 Iodomethane, CH3I 0.36 Carbonyl sulfide, OCS 510 p26 413 Sulfur dioxide, SO2 70–200 p26 102 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 15–340 p26 Carbon disulfide, CS2 15–45 p26 Formaldehyde, H2CO 9.1 ppb p37, polluted Acetylene, C2H2 8.6 ppb p37, polluted Ethene, C2H4 11.2 ppb p37, polluted 20 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 7.3 p41 Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4 79 p41 Total gaseous mercury, Hg + 0.209 p55 | Composition (ppt by volume unless otherwise stated) Gas Clean continental, Seinfeld & Pandis (2016) Simpson et al. (2010) Carbon monoxide, CO 40-200 ppb p39 97 ppb Nitric oxide, NO 16 Ethane, C2H6 781 Propane, C3H8 200 Isoprene, C5H8 311 Benzene, C6H6 11 Methanol, CH3OH 1967 Ethanol, C2H5OH 75 Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F 237 p41 252.7 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 530 p41 532.3 Chloromethane, CH3Cl 503 Bromomethane, CH3Br 9–10 p44 7.7 Iodomethane, CH3I 0.36 Carbonyl sulfide, OCS 510 p26 413 Sulfur dioxide, SO2 70–200 p26 102 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 15–340 p26 Carbon disulfide, CS2 15–45 p26 Formaldehyde, H2CO 9.1 ppb p37, polluted Acetylene, C2H2 8.6 ppb p37, polluted Ethene, C2H4 11.2 ppb p37, polluted 20 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 7.3 p41 Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4 79 p41 Total gaseous mercury, Hg 0.209 p55 | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "(ppb)",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 142,
"end_char_pos": 147
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "ppb",
"start_char_pos": 155,
"end_char_pos": 155
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "ppb",
"start_char_pos": 163,
"end_char_pos": 163
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "+",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 810,
"end_char_pos": 811
}
] | [
0,
51,
99,
121,
147,
177,
191,
209,
228,
246,
264,
284,
318,
363
] |
707501 | 1 | William Stanley Milligan (February 14, 1955 – December 12, 2014) was an American citizen who was the subject of a highly publicized court case in Ohio in the late 1970s. After having committed several felonies including armed robbery, he was arrested for three rapes on the campus of Ohio State University. In the course of preparing his defense, psychologists diagnosed Milligan with Multiple Personality Disorder (now known as Dissociative Identity Disorder) . His lawyers plead insanity, claiming that two of his alternate identities committed the crimes without Milligan being aware of it. He was the first person diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder to raise such a defense, and the first acquitted of a major crime for this reason, instead spending a decade in mental hospitals. At his later trial, Chalmer was blamed for abusing Billy. Keyes claimed that Billy had Dissociative Identity Disorder from a much earlier age, however, with his first three alternate identities or "alters" (no-name boy, Christene, and Shawn) appearing by the time he was five years old. In the course of preparing his defense, he underwent a psychological examination by Dr. Willis C. Driscoll, who diagnosed Milligan with acute schizophrenia. He was then examined by psychologist Dorothy Turner of Southwest Community Mental Health Center in Columbus, Ohio. During this examination, Turner concluded that Milligan suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder . Milligan's public defenders, Gary Schweickart and Judy Stevenson, pleaded an insanity defense, and he was committed "[...] until such time as he regains sanity". Incarceration Milligan was sent to a series of state-run mental hospitals, such as the Athens State Hospital, where, by his report, he received very little help. While he was in these hospitals, Milligan reported having ten alters . These ten alters were the only ones known to psychologists. Later on an additional 14 alters , labeled "The Undesirables", were discovered. Among the first ten alters was Arthur, a prim and proper Englishman who was an expert in science, medicine and hematology; Allen, a manipulator; Tommy, an escape artist and technophile; Ragen Vadascovinich, a Yugoslav communist who Milligan claimed had committed the robberies in a kind of Robin Hood spirit; and Adalana, a 19-year-old lesbian(shy, lonely and introverted) who cooked for all the personalities and craved affection and who had allegedly committed the rapes.Keyes, p. 54 Milligan received treatment from psychiatrist David Caul, who diagnosed the additional fourteen alters . Film Several attempts had been made by Hollywood to adapt Keyes' book. In the early 1990s, James Cameron co-wrote a screenplay with Todd Graff for a film version he was to direct then-titled A Crowded Room. This adaptation never came into fruition because Cameron was sued by adaptation rightsholder Sandy Arcara, demanding "her salary should be raised from $250,000 to $1.5 million";Brennan, David (2010). "A Crowded Room: The Abandoned Project" (Summary & Analysis of the Un-produced James Cameron Project, "A Crowded Room"), JamesCameronOnline.com seeing the project stalled, Milligan also sued Cameron in 1993. After Cameron left the project, Warner Bros. continued to develop it now slightly retitled The Crowded Room, with directors Joel Schumacher and David Fincher attached at various points. Actors courted for the role of Milligan included Matthew McConaughey, Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt, Sean Penn and John Cusack. , the film remains in limbo. In February 2015, it was confirmed that Leonardo DiCaprio would star as Milligan, with Jason Smilovic set to pen the script . As of 2021, Tom Holland is set to star as Billy Milligan in The Crowded Room to be released on Apple TV . | William Stanley Milligan (February 14, 1955 – December 12, 2014) was an American citizen who was the subject of a highly publicized court case in Ohio in the late 1970s. After having committed several felonies including armed robbery, he was arrested for three rapes on the campus of Ohio State University. In the course of preparing his defense, psychologists diagnosed Milligan with multiple personality disorder . His lawyers plead insanity, claiming that two of his alternate personalities committed the crimes without Milligan being aware of it. He was the first person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder to raise such a defense, and the first acquitted of a major crime for this reason, instead spending a decade in mental hospitals. At his later trial, Chalmer was blamed for abusing Billy. Keyes claimed that Billy had multiple personalities from a much earlier age, however, with his first three (no-name boy, Christene, and Shawn) appearing by the time he was five years old. In the course of preparing his defense, he underwent a psychological examination by Dr. Willis C. Driscoll, who diagnosed Milligan with acute schizophrenia. He was then examined by psychologist Dorothy Turner of Southwest Community Mental Health Center in Columbus, Ohio. During this examination, Turner concluded that Milligan suffered from dissociative identity disorder . Milligan's public defenders, Gary Schweickart and Judy Stevenson, pleaded an insanity defense, and he was committed "[...] until such time as he regains sanity". Incarceration Milligan was sent to a series of state-run mental hospitals, such as the Athens State Hospital, where, by his report, he received very little help. While he was in these hospitals, Milligan reported having ten different personalities . These ten were the only ones known to psychologists. Later on an additional 14 personalities , labeled "The Undesirables", were discovered. Among the first ten were Arthur, a prim and proper Englishman who was an expert in science, medicine and hematology; Allen, a manipulator; Tommy, an escape artist and technophile; Ragen Vadascovinich, a Yugoslav communist who Milligan claimed had committed the robberies in a kind of Robin Hood spirit; and Adalana, a 19-year-old lesbian(shy, lonely and introverted) who cooked for all the personalities and craved affection and who had allegedly committed the rapes.Keyes, p. 54 Milligan received treatment from psychiatrist David Caul, who diagnosed the additional fourteen personalities . Film Several attempts had been made by Hollywood to adapt Keyes' book. In the early 1990s, James Cameron co-wrote a screenplay with Todd Graff for a film version he was to direct then-titled A Crowded Room. This adaptation never came into fruition because Cameron was sued by adaptation rightsholder Sandy Arcara, demanding "her salary should be raised from $250,000 to $1.5 million";Brennan, David (2010). "A Crowded Room: The Abandoned Project" (Summary & Analysis of the Un-produced James Cameron Project, "A Crowded Room"), JamesCameronOnline.com seeing the project stalled, Milligan also sued Cameron in 1993. After Cameron left the project, Warner Bros. continued to develop it now slightly retitled The Crowded Room, with directors Joel Schumacher and David Fincher attached at various points. Actors courted for the role of Milligan included Matthew McConaughey, Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt, Sean Penn and John Cusack. , the film remains in limbo. In February 2015, it was confirmed that Leonardo DiCaprio would star as Milligan, with Jason Smilovic set to pen the script . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Multiple Personality Disorder (now known as Dissociative Identity Disorder)",
"after": "multiple personality disorder",
"start_char_pos": 385,
"end_char_pos": 460
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "identities",
"after": "personalities",
"start_char_pos": 526,
"end_char_pos": 536
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Dissociative Identity Disorder",
"after": "dissociative identity disorder",
"start_char_pos": 633,
"end_char_pos": 663
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Dissociative Identity Disorder",
"after": "multiple personalities",
"start_char_pos": 881,
"end_char_pos": 911
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "alternate identities or \"alters\"",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 967,
"end_char_pos": 999
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Dissociative Identity Disorder",
"after": "dissociative identity disorder",
"start_char_pos": 1423,
"end_char_pos": 1453
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "alters",
"after": "different personalities",
"start_char_pos": 1842,
"end_char_pos": 1848
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "alters",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1861,
"end_char_pos": 1867
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "alters",
"after": "personalities",
"start_char_pos": 1937,
"end_char_pos": 1943
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "alters was",
"after": "were",
"start_char_pos": 2011,
"end_char_pos": 2021
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "alters",
"after": "personalities",
"start_char_pos": 2573,
"end_char_pos": 2579
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ". As of 2021, Tom Holland is set to star as Billy Milligan in The Crowded Room to be released on Apple TV",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3657,
"end_char_pos": 3762
}
] | [
0,
169,
306,
462,
593,
793,
851,
1080,
1168,
1237,
1352,
1617,
1779,
1850,
1910,
1990,
2113,
2135,
2176,
2299,
2464,
2652,
2788,
2988,
3196,
3382,
3503,
3532,
3658
] |
708208 | 1 | Globalism refers to various systems with scope beyond the merely international. It is used by political scientists, such as Joseph Nye, to describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them." While primarily associated with world-systems, it can be used to describe other global trends. The term is also frequently used as a pejorative by far-right movements and conspiracy theorists. Usage in this way has also been associated with anti-Semitism, as anti-semites frequently appropriate the word globalist for Jews. It has been used to describe international endeavours begun after World War II, such as the United Nations, the Warsaw Pact, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union, and sometimes the later neoliberal and neoconservative policies of "nation building" and military interventionism between the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001. Right-wing usage as pejorative The term "globalist" has been used as a pejorative in right-wing and far-right politics. For example, during the election and presidency of United States president Donald Trump, he and members of his administration used the term globalist on multiple occasions. The administration was accused of using the term as an antisemitic "dog whistle", to associate their critics with a Jewish conspiracy. Followers of the QAnon conspiracy theory use "The Cabal" to refer to a secret worldwide elite organisation who wish to undermine democracy and freedom, and implement their own globalist agendas. | Globalism refers to various systems with scope beyond the merely international. It is used by political scientists, such as Joseph Nye, to describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them." While primarily associated with world-systems, it can be used to describe other global trends. It has been used to describe international endeavours begun after World War II, such as the United Nations, the Warsaw Pact, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union, and sometimes the later neoliberal and neoconservative policies of "nation building" and military interventionism between the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The term is also frequently used as a pejorative by far-right movements and conspiracy theorists. Usage in this way has also been associated with anti-Semitism, as anti-semites frequently appropriate the word globalist for Jews.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 373,
"end_char_pos": 601
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Right-wing usage as pejorative",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 992,
"end_char_pos": 1022
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The term \"globalist\" has been used as a pejorative in right-wing and far-right politics. For example, during the election and presidency of United States president Donald Trump, he and members of his administration used the term globalist on multiple occasions. The administration was accused of using the term as an antisemitic \"dog whistle\", to associate their critics with a Jewish conspiracy. Followers of the QAnon conspiracy theory use \"The Cabal\" to refer to a secret worldwide elite organisation who wish to undermine democracy and freedom, and implement their own globalist agendas.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1023,
"end_char_pos": 1614
}
] | [
0,
79,
277,
372,
470,
601,
991,
1111,
1284,
1419
] |
708715 | 1 | A novice is at the left. The habit of a novice often differs from that of the full professed sisters.|alt= The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether they are called to vowed religious life. It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. The canonical time of the novitiate is one year; in case of additional length, it must not be extended over two years .Codex iuris canonici 648 In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the novitiate is officially set at three years before one may be tonsured a monk or nun, though this requirement may be waived. The novitiate is in any case a time both for the novice to get to know the community and the community to get to know the novice. The novice should aspire to deepening their relationship to God and discovering the community's charism. The novitiate in many communities includes a concentrated program of prayer, study, reflection and limited ministerial engagement. In some novitiate communities, mostly monastic, the novice often wears clothing that is distinct from secular dress but is not the full habit worn by professed members of the community. The novices' day normally includes participation in the canonical hours, manual labor, and classes about the religious life they are preparing to commit themselves to . Spiritual exercises and tests of humility are common features of a novitiate. A novice is free to leave the novitiate at any time , and in most communities, the superiors are free to dismiss them with or without cause. At the end of the novitiate, the novices are either admitted to vows or asked to leave . | A novice is at the left. The habit of a novice often differs from that of the full professed sisters.|alt= The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether they are called to vowed religious life. It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. The canonical time of the novitiate is one year; in case of additional length, it must not be extended over two years .1983 Code of Canon Law, canon 648 In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the novitiate is officially set at three years before one may be tonsured a monk or nun, though this requirement may be waived. The novitiate is in any case a time both for the novice to get to know the community and the community to get to know the novice. The novice should aspire to deepening their relationship to God and discovering the community's charism. The novitiate in many communities includes a concentrated program of prayer, study, reflection and limited ministerial engagement. In some novitiate communities, mostly monastic, the novice often wears clothing that is distinct from secular dress but is not the full habit worn by professed members of the community. The novices' day normally includes participation in the canonical hours, manual labor, and classes about the religious life . Spiritual exercises and tests of humility are common features of a novitiate. A novice is free to leave the novitiate at any time and in most communities, the superiors are free to dismiss them with or without cause. At the end of the novitiate, the novices are either admitted to temporary vows or asked to leave . The binding, life-long commitment to consecrated life comes at a later point . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": ".Codex iuris canonici",
"after": ".1983 Code of Canon Law, canon",
"start_char_pos": 673,
"end_char_pos": 694
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "they are preparing to commit themselves to",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1535,
"end_char_pos": 1577
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ",",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1710,
"end_char_pos": 1711
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "temporary",
"start_char_pos": 1863,
"end_char_pos": 1863
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ". The binding, life-long commitment to consecrated life comes at a later point",
"start_char_pos": 1887,
"end_char_pos": 1887
}
] | [
0,
24,
101,
383,
554,
603,
858,
988,
1093,
1224,
1410,
1657,
1798
] |
708719 | 1 | See also Naivety Neophyte (disambiguation) Novitiate Rookie | See also Neophyte (disambiguation) Rookie | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Naivety",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 9,
"end_char_pos": 16
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Novitiate",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 43,
"end_char_pos": 52
}
] | [
0
] |
7090961 | 1 | In the 1690s, wars took place between Denkyira and the Asen and Twifo-Heman. The goal of these struggles was to keep open the trade routes to the coast of the Asante Kingdom .McCaskie. "Denkyira". p. 1. The Denkyira state dominated the trade with Europeans in Western Ghana while the Akwamu dominated trade with Europeans in Eastern Ghana. The Denkyira state dominated the neighboring states apart from the Akwamu and Akyem , and Asante Empire was a tributary to Denkyira until 1701, when it was defeated by the Asantes in the Battle of Feyiase, and became a tributary to the Asante Empire. This was led by Ntim Gyakari the then Denkyirahene. In 1868 Denkyira entered the Fante Confederacy to fight for Great Britain against the alliance of the Asante Empire and the Dutch people. | In the 1690s, wars took place between Denkyira and the Asen and Twifo-Heman. The goal of these struggles was to keep open the trade routes to the coast and trade with the Fante State and Europeans .McCaskie. "Denkyira". p. 1. The Denkyira state together with the Fante states dominated the trade with Europeans in Western Ghana while the Akwamu dominated trade with Europeans in Eastern Ghana. The Denkyira state dominated the neighboring states apart from the Fante, Akwamu and Akyem .Asantes were subjects and tributary to Denkyira Kingdom until 1701, when with the help of Okomfo Anokye, they defeated them at the Battle of Feyiase, and became a tributary to the Asante Empire. This was led by Ntim Gyakari the then Denkyirahene. In 1868 Denkyira entered the Fante Confederacy to align with the powerful Fante Union. The Fante Confederacy had also at this time become allies of the British. The Asante Kingdom also were allies of the Dutch people. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "of the Asante Kingdom",
"after": "and trade with the Fante State and Europeans",
"start_char_pos": 152,
"end_char_pos": 173
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "together with the Fante states",
"start_char_pos": 222,
"end_char_pos": 222
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Fante,",
"start_char_pos": 408,
"end_char_pos": 408
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", and Asante Empire was a",
"after": ".Asantes were subjects and",
"start_char_pos": 426,
"end_char_pos": 451
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Kingdom",
"start_char_pos": 474,
"end_char_pos": 474
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "it was defeated by the Asantes in the",
"after": "with the help of Okomfo Anokye, they defeated them at the",
"start_char_pos": 492,
"end_char_pos": 529
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "fight for Great Britain against the alliance of the Asante Empire and",
"after": "align with the powerful Fante Union. The Fante Confederacy had also at this time become allies of the British. The Asante Kingdom also were allies of",
"start_char_pos": 696,
"end_char_pos": 765
}
] | [
0,
76,
175,
340,
593,
645
] |
7091186 | 1 | Early life Singh was born in Dungarpur State of India as the third son of Bijaya Singh and Devendra Kunwar Sahiba. He was educated at Mayo College, Ajmer. He hails from a royal Rajput family. Before joining the Civil Service he was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. Career He joined the Indian Civil Service and served as Regional Commissioner for the Eastern States, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, joint secretary for India's Defense Ministry, Director-General of Transport, and special secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. | Early life Nagendra Singh (born 4 Oct 1942) is an Indian politician and a Member of Legislative Assembly in the Vidhan Sabha Madhya Pradesh. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He has been representing the Gurh-75 constituency of Madhya Pradesh since 1985 general elections.www.nagendrasingh.in Career He joined the Indian Civil Service and served as Regional Commissioner for the Eastern States, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, joint secretary for India's Defense Ministry, Director-General of Transport, and special secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Singh was born in Dungarpur State of India as the third son of Bijaya Singh and Devendra Kunwar Sahiba. He was educated at Mayo College, Ajmer. He hails from a royal Rajput family. Before joining the Civil Service he was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.",
"after": "Nagendra Singh (born 4 Oct 1942) is an Indian politician and a Member of Legislative Assembly in the Vidhan Sabha Madhya Pradesh. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He has been representing the Gurh-75 constituency of Madhya Pradesh since 1985 general elections.www.nagendrasingh.in",
"start_char_pos": 11,
"end_char_pos": 273
}
] | [
0,
114,
154,
191,
273
] |
7091186 | 2 | Maharaj Sri Nagendra Singh (18 March 1914 – 11 December 1988) was an Indian lawyer and administrator who served as President of the International Court of Justice from 1985 to 1988."Nagendra Singh , Judge At the World Court, 74". The New York Times, 13 December 1988. He was one of the four judges from India to have been on the International Court of Justice in The Hague, the others being B.N. Rau (1952–1953), R.S. Pathak (1989–1991) the 18th Chief Justice of India, and Dalveer Bhandari (2012–) , former Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Early life Nagendra Singh (born 4 Oct 1942) is an Indian politician and a Member of Legislative Assembly in the Vidhan Sabha Madhya Pradesh. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He has been representing the Gurh-75 constituency of Madhya Pradesh since 1985 general elections.www.nagendrasingh.in%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Career He joined the Indian Civil Service and served as Regional Commissioner for the Eastern States, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, joint secretary for India's Defense Ministry, Director-General of Transport, and special secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Between 1966 and 1972 Singh was secretary to the President of India, then from 1 October 1972 to 6 February 1973 he was Chief Election Commissioner of India.List of former CEC of India Election Commission of India Official website. In 1966, 1969, and 1975, he was appointed as a representative of India in the United Nations Assembly and served on the United Nations International Law Commission on a part-time basis from 1967 to 1972. He was also elected as secretary of the International Bar Association. In 1973, he moved to The Hague to become a judge of the International Court of Justice and was its president between February 1985 and February 1988 , when he retired. He continued to live at the Hague and died there in December 1988. Honours Singh was awarded the Kama award in 1938, and in 1973 he received the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% See also United Nations Security Council Resolution 627 References%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% External links Category:1914 births Category:1988 deaths Category:20th-century Indian judges Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:Chief Election Commissioners of India Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers Category:Indian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals Category:International Law Commission officials Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India Category:People from Dungarpur Category:Presidents of the International Court of Justice Category:Rajasthani people Category:Rajasthani politicians Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs Category:State funerals in | %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% NAGENDRA SINGH : Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of BJP GURH 75 Date of Birth: - 03 / October / 1942 Father's Name: - Late Shri Yadunath Singh Permanent Address: - Dhoop-Chhaan Yaduvansh Complex Madhav Vihar Jayanti Kunj District Rewa Madhya Pradesh 486001 Educational Qualification: - B.A. Graduate, LL.B. Political Responsibility: • Chairman Municipality Rewa years 1974 to 1978 •Member of Legislative Assembly year 1985 (First) •Member of Legislative Assembly for the year 2000 (Second) • Member of the Legislative Assembly for the year 2008 (Third) •Member of Legislative Assembly from year 2018 to present •President Rewa Basketball Association and District Olympic Association • Chairman Divisional Rewa Cricket Association from the year 1985 till date. • Vice President Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Year --- continuously till date • Chairman Madhya Pradesh Udyog Nigam (Minister of State status) from the year 1987 to 1990 • Vice President Rewa Red Cross Society twice and Lifetime Member • Vice President Reeva Venkat Club for 20 consecutive years • Member Finance Corporation from the year 1986 to 1988 %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% • Member Rewa Awadhesh Singh University from the year 1984 to 1994 • Member Rewa Reform Trust Year • Member Rewa State Bank and LIC Zonal Committee | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Maharaj Sri Nagendra Singh (18 March 1914 – 11 December 1988) was an Indian lawyer and administrator who served as President of the International Court of Justice from 1985 to 1988.\"Nagendra Singh , Judge At the World Court, 74\". The New York Times, 13 December 1988. He was one of the four judges from India to have been on the International Court of Justice in The Hague, the others being B.N. Rau (1952–1953), R.S. Pathak (1989–1991) the 18th Chief Justice of India, and Dalveer Bhandari (2012–) , former Justice of the Supreme Court of India.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 546
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Early life Nagendra Singh (born 4 Oct 1942) is an Indian politician and a Member of Legislative Assembly in the Vidhan Sabha Madhya Pradesh. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He has been representing the Gurh-75 constituency of Madhya Pradesh since 1985 general elections.www.nagendrasingh.in",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 547,
"end_char_pos": 849
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Career He joined the Indian Civil Service and served as Regional Commissioner for the Eastern States, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, joint secretary for India's Defense Ministry, Director-General of Transport, and special secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 879,
"end_char_pos": 1175
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Between 1966 and 1972 Singh was secretary to the President",
"after": "NAGENDRA SINGH : Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)",
"start_char_pos": 1176,
"end_char_pos": 1234
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "India, then from 1",
"after": "BJP GURH 75 Date of Birth: - 03 /",
"start_char_pos": 1238,
"end_char_pos": 1256
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1972 to 6 February 1973 he was Chief Election Commissioner of India.List of former CEC of India Election Commission of India Official website. In 1966, 1969, and 1975, he was appointed as a representative of India in the United Nations Assembly and served on the United Nations International Law Commission on a part-time basis from 1967",
"after": "/ 1942 Father's Name: - Late Shri Yadunath Singh Permanent Address: - Dhoop-Chhaan Yaduvansh Complex Madhav Vihar Jayanti Kunj District Rewa Madhya Pradesh 486001 Educational Qualification: - B.A. Graduate, LL.B. Political Responsibility: • Chairman Municipality Rewa years 1974",
"start_char_pos": 1265,
"end_char_pos": 1602
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "1972. He was also elected as secretary of the International Bar Association. In 1973, he moved to The Hague to become a judge of the International Court of Justice and was its president between February",
"after": "1978 •Member of Legislative Assembly year 1985 (First) •Member of Legislative Assembly for the year 2000 (Second) • Member of the Legislative Assembly for the year 2008 (Third) •Member of Legislative Assembly from year 2018 to present •President Rewa Basketball Association and District Olympic Association • Chairman Divisional Rewa Cricket Association from the year",
"start_char_pos": 1606,
"end_char_pos": 1808
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and February",
"after": "till date. • Vice President Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Year --- continuously till date • Chairman Madhya Pradesh Udyog Nigam (Minister of State status) from the year 1987 to 1990 • Vice President Rewa Red Cross Society twice and Lifetime Member • Vice President Reeva Venkat Club for 20 consecutive years • Member Finance Corporation from the year 1986 to",
"start_char_pos": 1814,
"end_char_pos": 1826
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ", when he retired. He continued to live at the Hague and died there in December 1988.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1832,
"end_char_pos": 1917
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Honours Singh was awarded the Kama award in 1938, and in 1973 he received the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1918,
"end_char_pos": 2041
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "See also United Nations Security Council Resolution 627",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2071,
"end_char_pos": 2126
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "References",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2127,
"end_char_pos": 2137
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "External links",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2167,
"end_char_pos": 2181
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Category:1914 births Category:1988 deaths Category:20th-century Indian judges Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:Chief Election Commissioners of India Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers Category:Indian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals Category:International Law Commission officials Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India Category:People from Dungarpur Category:Presidents of the International Court of Justice Category:Rajasthani people Category:Rajasthani politicians Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs Category:State funerals in",
"after": "• Member Rewa Awadhesh Singh University from the year 1984 to 1994 • Member Rewa Reform Trust Year • Member Rewa State Bank and LIC Zonal Committee",
"start_char_pos": 2182,
"end_char_pos": 2809
}
] | [
0,
229,
267,
546,
687,
731,
1175,
1333,
1407,
1611,
1682,
1850,
1917,
2041,
2191,
2212,
2233,
2269,
2317
] |
7092305 | 1 | Other Kiev Military Institute of Control and Signals | Other Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Kiev",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 6,
"end_char_pos": 10
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Control and Signals",
"after": "Telecommunications and Information Technologies",
"start_char_pos": 33,
"end_char_pos": 52
}
] | [
0
] |
709253 | 1 | In The Astonishing Ant-Man #4, Raz Malhotra debuted as the third Giant-Man and later became one of the supporting characters of the regular series, joining the Ant-Man Security Solutions of Scott Lang. As Giant-Man, Pym fought villains like the Human Top and Egghead, and many years after, joined the Secret Avengers, the Avengers A.I. and the Avengers Academy. He also helped Wasp to escape from the Microverse after the "Avengers vs X-Men" conflict. Giant-Man also helped Matt Murdock and his friend Foggy Nelson on many occasions, and fought his enemy Ultron during the Rage of Ultron event.Avengers: Rage of Ultron #1. Marvel Comics. Raz Malhotra is a gay Indian American computer technician whose former field of study was in artificial intelligence at the time when Hank Pym started to rid the world of them. Lured by the supervillain Egghead, he freed himself from Egghead's control with the help of Hank Pym. Sometime after Pym's apparent death, Scott Lang gives Malhotra a Giant-Man uniforms .Ant-Man Annual vol. 2, #1. Marvel Comics. | In The Astonishing Ant-Man #4, Raz Malhotra debuted as the third Giant-Man and later became one of the supporting characters of the regular series, joining Scott Lang's Ant-Man Security Solutions of Scott Lang. As Giant-Man, Pym fought villains like the Human Top and Egghead, and many years after, joined the Secret Avengers, the Avengers A.I. and the Avengers Academy. He also helped Wasp escape the Microverse after the "Avengers vs X-Men" conflict. Giant-Man also helped Matt Murdock and his friend Foggy Nelson on many occasions, and fought his enemy Ultron during the Rage of Ultron event.Avengers: Rage of Ultron #1. Marvel Comics. Raz Malhotra is a Indian American computer technician whose former field of study was in artificial intelligence at the time when Hank Pym started to rid the world of them. Lured by the supervillain Egghead, he freed himself from Egghead's control with the help of Hank Pym. Some time after Pym's apparent death, Scott Lang gives Malhotra a Giant-Man uniform .Ant-Man Annual vol. 2, #1. Marvel Comics. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "the",
"after": "Scott Lang's",
"start_char_pos": 156,
"end_char_pos": 159
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "to escape from",
"after": "escape",
"start_char_pos": 382,
"end_char_pos": 396
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "gay",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 656,
"end_char_pos": 659
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Sometime",
"after": "Some time",
"start_char_pos": 917,
"end_char_pos": 925
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "uniforms",
"after": "uniform",
"start_char_pos": 992,
"end_char_pos": 1000
}
] | [
0,
201,
361,
451,
594,
622,
637,
814,
916,
1002
] |
709253 | 2 | In The Astonishing Ant-Man #4, Raz Malhotra debuted as the third Giant-Man and later became one of the supporting characters of the regular series, joining Scott Lang's Ant-Man Security Solutions of Scott Lang . After seemingly dying during the final battle, Pym surprised everyone when he returned as an amalgamation of flesh and Ultron circuitry and encountered the Uncanny Avengers, later joining the team in his new cybernetic form as Ultron. However, the group didn't completely trust him and called the Wasp for help. After the Avengers' fears proved true and Pym transformed into Ultron completely and fought the Unity Division , destroying Iron Man's Hulkbuster armor in the process , the Vision was forced to help the team destroy his "father . " However, Ultron was later revealed to still be alive.Uncanny Avengers #13. Marvel Comics. Foster later died during the "Civil War" storyline, where he joined Captain America's team as Black Goliath and was killed by Ragnarok. After he is summoned to the portal city of Pan, Giant-Man joins the New Agents of Atlas to help protect the newly formed city.Agents of Atlas Vol 3 #1. Marvel Comics He later begins a relationship with Isacc Ikeda, the "Protector of Pan".Agents of Atlas Vol 3 #4. Marvel Comics During the Atlantis Attacks storyline, Malhotra and the other New Agents are introduced to the original Agents by their leader Jimmy Woo.Atlantis Attacks Vol 1 #1. Marvel Comics | In The Astonishing Ant-Man #4, Raz Malhotra debuted as the third Giant-Man and later became one of the supporting characters of the regular series, joining Scott Lang's Ant-Man Security Solutions . After seemingly dying during the final battle, Pym surprised everyone when he returned as an amalgamation of flesh and Ultron circuitry and encountered the Uncanny Avengers, later joining the team in his new cybernetic form as Ultron. However, the group didn't completely trust him and called the Wasp for help. The Avengers' fears proved true and Pym transformed into Ultron completely , fighting the Unity Division and destroying Iron Man's Hulkbuster armor in the process . The Vision was forced to help the team destroy his "father , " but Ultron was later revealed to still be alive.Uncanny Avengers #13. Marvel Comics. During the "Civil War" storyline, Foster joined Captain America's team as Black Goliath and was killed by Ragnarok. After he is summoned to the portal city of Pan, Giant-Man joins the New Agents of Atlas to help protect the newly formed city.Agents of Atlas Vol 3 #1. Marvel Comics He later begins a relationship with Isaac Ikeda, the "Protector of Pan".Agents of Atlas Vol 3 #4. Marvel Comics During the Atlantis Attacks storyline, Malhotra and the other New Agents are introduced to the original Agents by their leader Jimmy Woo.Atlantis Attacks Vol 1 #1. Marvel Comics | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "of Scott Lang",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 196,
"end_char_pos": 209
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "After the",
"after": "The",
"start_char_pos": 524,
"end_char_pos": 533
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and fought",
"after": ", fighting",
"start_char_pos": 605,
"end_char_pos": 615
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ",",
"after": "and",
"start_char_pos": 635,
"end_char_pos": 636
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", the",
"after": ". The",
"start_char_pos": 691,
"end_char_pos": 696
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ".",
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 752,
"end_char_pos": 753
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "However,",
"after": "but",
"start_char_pos": 756,
"end_char_pos": 764
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Foster later died during",
"after": "During",
"start_char_pos": 846,
"end_char_pos": 870
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "where he",
"after": "Foster",
"start_char_pos": 898,
"end_char_pos": 906
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Isacc",
"after": "Isaac",
"start_char_pos": 1184,
"end_char_pos": 1189
}
] | [
0,
446,
523,
809,
830,
845,
981,
1108,
1133,
1220,
1245,
1397,
1423
] |
709253 | 3 | In other media Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Giant-Man in Captain America: Civil War. Scott Lang / Ant-Man (portrayed by Paul Rudd) serves as the Marvel Cinematic Universe equivalent of Giant-Man; with various interviews with directors Anthony and Joe Russo, Marvel Studios's head Kevin Feige, and Ant-Man director Peyton Reed confirming this. In the live-action film Captain America: Civil War (2016), Lang grows in size during a battle against Iron Man's faction of the Avengers, allowing Captain America and Bucky Barnes to escape. In the live-action film Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Lang goes giant while going after Sonny Burch's gang, but became fatigued after staying giant for too long. In the live-action film Avengers: Endgame '' (2019), he uses the form to escape the ruins of the Avengers' compound and subsequently joins the Avengers in their final battle against Thanos . | In other media Television The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Marvel Super Heroes animated series, voiced by Tom Harvey. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Avengers: United They Stand animated series, voiced by Rod Wilson. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes animated series, voiced by Wally Wingert. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in the anime series Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Yasunori Masutani. Film Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Giant-Man in Captain America: Civil War. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in the Marvel Animated Features series of animated direct-to-video films. He first appears in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by Nolan North. Pym also makes a non-speaking appearance in the animated direct-to-video film Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow. Scott Lang (portrayed by Paul Rudd) serves as the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's equivalent of Giant-Man; with various interviews with directors Anthony and Joe Russo, Marvel Studios's head Kevin Feige, and Ant-Man director Peyton Reed confirming this. In the live-action film Captain America: Civil War (2016), Lang grows in size during a battle against Iron Man's faction of the Avengers, allowing Captain America and Bucky Barnes to escape. In the live-action film Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Lang enlarges while going after Sonny Burch's gang, but becomes fatigued after staying giant for too long. In the live-action film Avengers: Endgame (2019), Lang enlarges to escape the ruins of the Avengers' compound and subsequently joins them in their final battle against Thanos . Video games The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as an assist character in the 1995 arcade game Avengers in Galactic Storm. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2'', voiced by Dar Dash . | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Television The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Marvel Super Heroes animated series, voiced by Tom Harvey. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Avengers: United They Stand animated series, voiced by Rod Wilson. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes animated series, voiced by Wally Wingert. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in the anime series Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Yasunori Masutani.",
"start_char_pos": 15,
"end_char_pos": 15
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Film",
"start_char_pos": 16,
"end_char_pos": 16
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Scott Lang / Ant-Man",
"after": "The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears in the Marvel Animated Features series of animated direct-to-video films. He first appears in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by Nolan North. Pym also makes a non-speaking appearance in the animated direct-to-video film Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow. Scott Lang",
"start_char_pos": 84,
"end_char_pos": 104
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "'s",
"start_char_pos": 170,
"end_char_pos": 170
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "goes giant",
"after": "enlarges",
"start_char_pos": 592,
"end_char_pos": 602
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "became",
"after": "becomes",
"start_char_pos": 645,
"end_char_pos": 651
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "''",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 737,
"end_char_pos": 739
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "he uses the form",
"after": "Lang enlarges",
"start_char_pos": 748,
"end_char_pos": 764
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "the Avengers",
"after": "them",
"start_char_pos": 834,
"end_char_pos": 846
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 884,
"end_char_pos": 884
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Video games The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as an assist character in the 1995 arcade game Avengers in Galactic Storm. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. The Hank Pym incarnation of Giant-Man appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2'', voiced by Dar Dash",
"start_char_pos": 885,
"end_char_pos": 885
}
] | [
0,
83,
195,
342,
533,
694
] |
709360 | 1 | Modificability In ideal heredity, the genes of the parents are passed on to their offspring unchanged. That is why the organisms which carry the same genotype should be identical in every feature. However, this is not the case. Due to environmental conditions they can mutate, resulting in variation of organisms from each other up to a certain point. There are two types of modifications: the continuous modification and the switching modification. To illustrate the modificability you can take a look at our cultivated plants. The harvest of those plants do not only depend on the quality of the seeds but also greatly on environmental factors like the condition of the soil, the nutrient content of the soil, the fertilization, the humidity and temperature as well as the interference of other plants. Example In the example of the dandelion: most have long stems, but some have adapted to their environment by genetically modifying the stem length to be much shorter; to avoid being cut by lawnmowers. Because the shorter-stemmed dandelions had the genetic strength of living past the long-stemmed dandelions, the genetic frequency of a population can be altered, and thereby genetically modified. A small piece of DNA is extracted from a circular form of bacterial or yeast DNA called a plasmid. A scientist will extract this DNA through using specific restriction enzymes. Then, a scientist will insert the human gene for insulin into the gap left by the extracted DNA. This plasmid is now considered a genetically modified entity. Then, the genetically modified entity is reintroduced into a new bacterial or yeast cell. This cell will then undergo mitosis and divide rapidly, producing insulin suitable for human needs. Scientists grow the genetically modified bacteria or yeast in large fermentation vessels, which contain all of their necessary nutrients, and allow large amounts of insulin to be cultivated. When fermentation is complete, the mixture is filtered to produce the final the insulin. The insulin is then purified and packaged into bottles and insulin pens for distribution to patients with diabetes . | Modifiability In ideal heredity, the genes of the parents are passed on to their offspring unchanged. That is why the organisms which carry the same genotype should be identical in every feature. However, this is not the case. Due to environmental conditions they can mutate, resulting in variation of organisms from each other up to a certain point. There are two types of modifications: the continuous modification and the switching modification. To illustrate the modifiability you can take a look at our cultivated plants. The harvest of those plants do not only depend on the quality of the seeds but also greatly on environmental factors like the condition of the soil, the nutrient content of the soil, the fertilization, the humidity and temperature as well as the interference of other plants. Methods Image depicts the CRISPR genome editing process. This image depicts the general method of biotechnological genome editing using bacterial vectors. Genetic modifications can occur naturally, through aforementioned mutations that can occur in an organism's genome, or through biotechnological methods of selecting a gene of interest to manipulate. In biotechnological methodology, the first step is to identify a trait of interest. The next step is to compare genomes of organisms in the same species, with and without the trait, to isolate the sequence of the specific trait of interest. The third step is to utilize the sequence and various enzymes to insert the trait's genes into a plasmid vector, which can then be inserted into bacteria to propagate the preferable gene. The following steps mainly consist of researchers testing the organism to ensure that the trait was transmitted successfully, and that no detriments are caused to the organism due to the new modification. CRISPR methods are a specific variation of the aforementioned process of genome editing, which is the most accepted method, today. Examples This image shows an example of genetic modification utilized for agricultural benefits. In the example of the dandelion: most have long stems, but some have adapted to their environment by genetically modifying the stem length to be much shorter; to avoid being cut by lawnmowers. Because the shorter-stemmed dandelions had the genetic strength of living past the long-stemmed dandelions, the genetic frequency of a population can be altered, and thereby genetically modified. A small piece of DNA is extracted from a circular form of bacterial or yeast DNA called a plasmid. A scientist will extract this DNA through using specific restriction enzymes. Then, a scientist will insert the human gene for insulin into the gap left by the extracted DNA. This plasmid is now considered a genetically modified entity. Then, the genetically modified entity is reintroduced into a new bacterial or yeast cell. This cell will then undergo mitosis and divide rapidly, producing insulin suitable for human needs. Scientists grow the genetically modified bacteria or yeast in large fermentation vessels, which contain all of their necessary nutrients, and allow large amounts of insulin to be cultivated. When fermentation is complete, the mixture is filtered to produce the final the insulin. The insulin is then purified and packaged into bottles and insulin pens for distribution to patients with diabetes . Ethics Ethical considerations regarding gene editing are largely controversial in society. The scientific community generally advocates on the side of caution when it comes to whether or not to utilize genome-edited organisms in everyday life. As aforementioned, genetic modifications are studied by researchers under controlled conditions after they are inserted into an organism, which allows for enhancement of the scientific understanding of the effects of certain gene modifications and certain organism responses, and can then be translated into more generalized research for further understanding. Scientists and policymakers are in agreement that public deliberations should decide the legality of germ line genome editing. The ethical issues of genetic modifications are highly debated, and there are many arguments that can be considered legitimate on both sides. A major argument over the accepted ethics for genetic modifications includes whether the genetic modifications are safe for humans and our environment to endure. While some individuals infer that if genetically modified organisms are tested under controlled laboratory conditions and ensured to be safe, then they will be safe for all purposes; other individuals feel that if genetically modified organisms are unnatural, then they will automatically cause detriment to our society, or they have uncertain potential for harm . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Modificability",
"after": "Modifiability",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 14
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "modificability",
"after": "modifiability",
"start_char_pos": 468,
"end_char_pos": 482
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Example In the example of the",
"after": "Methods Image depicts the CRISPR genome editing process. This image depicts the general method of biotechnological genome editing using bacterial vectors. Genetic modifications can occur naturally, through aforementioned mutations that can occur in an organism's genome, or through biotechnological methods of selecting a gene of interest to manipulate. In biotechnological methodology, the first step is to identify a trait of interest. The next step is to compare genomes of organisms in the same species, with and without the trait, to isolate the sequence of the specific trait of interest. The third step is to utilize the sequence and various enzymes to insert the trait's genes into a plasmid vector, which can then be inserted into bacteria to propagate the preferable gene. The following steps mainly consist of researchers testing the organism to ensure that the trait was transmitted successfully, and that no detriments are caused to the organism due to the new modification. CRISPR methods are a specific variation of the aforementioned process of genome editing, which is the most accepted method, today.",
"start_char_pos": 805,
"end_char_pos": 834
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Examples This image shows an example of genetic modification utilized for agricultural benefits. In the example of the",
"start_char_pos": 835,
"end_char_pos": 835
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 2124,
"end_char_pos": 2124
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Ethics Ethical considerations regarding gene editing are largely controversial in society. The scientific community generally advocates on the side of caution when it comes to whether or not to utilize genome-edited organisms in everyday life. As aforementioned, genetic modifications are studied by researchers under controlled conditions after they are inserted into an organism, which allows for enhancement of the scientific understanding of the effects of certain gene modifications and certain organism responses, and can then be translated into more generalized research for further understanding. Scientists and policymakers are in agreement that public deliberations should decide the legality of germ line genome editing.",
"start_char_pos": 2125,
"end_char_pos": 2125
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "The ethical issues of genetic modifications are highly debated, and there are many arguments that can be considered legitimate on both sides. A major argument over the accepted ethics for genetic modifications includes whether the genetic modifications are safe for humans and our environment to endure. While some individuals infer that if genetically modified organisms are tested under controlled laboratory conditions and ensured to be safe, then they will be safe for all purposes; other individuals feel that if genetically modified organisms are unnatural, then they will automatically cause detriment to our society, or they have uncertain potential for harm",
"start_char_pos": 2126,
"end_char_pos": 2126
}
] | [
0,
102,
196,
227,
351,
449,
528,
804,
972,
1006,
1202,
1301,
1379,
1476,
1538,
1628,
1728,
1919,
2008
] |
7099224 | 1 | Presidents Presidents of IRAS have been: Edwin Prince Booth, (1954-59), Professor of Church History, Boston College Harlow Shapley, (1960-62), Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University Sanborn C. Brown, (1962-67), Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Malcolm R. Sutherland , Jr., (1967-68), President of Meadville/Lombard Theological School , Carl Bihldorff, (1968-69), Minister, First Parish, Brookline, Massachusetts Hudson Hoagland, (1969-71), Director, Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology Jerome Malino, (1971-73), Rabbi, United Jewish Center, Danbury, Connecticut George A. Riggan, (1973-75), Professor of Systematic Theology, Hartford Seminary Foundation Malcolm R. Sutherland , (1976-77), Jr., President of Meadville/Lombard Theological School Solomon H. Katz, (1977-79), Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Philip Hefner, (1979-81), Professor of Theology, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Solomon H. Katz, (1981-83), Professor of Anthropology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Philip Hefner, (1984-86), Professor of Theology, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Ward Goodenough, (1987-89), Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Marjorie Hall Davis, (1989-92), Minister, United Church of Christ, Granby, Connecticut , Ursula Goodenough, (1992-96), Professor of Biology, Washington University Karl E. Peters, (1996-99), Professor of Philosophy Religion, Rollins College Christopher Corbally S.J., (1999-2002), Astronomy , Vatican Observatory Michael Cavanaugh, (2002-04), Attorney (retired), Baton Rouge, Louisiana Barbara Whittaker-Johns, (2004-05), Minister, Arlington, Massachusetts John Teske, (2005-08), Professor, Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania Ted Laurenson, (2008-11), Attorney, New York, New York Varadaraja Raman, (2011-13), Professor of Physics Humanities, Rochester Institute of Technology Barbara Whittaker-Johns, (2013–), Minister, Arlington, Massachusetts | Presidents Presidents of IRAS have been: Edwin Prince Booth, (1954-59), Professor of Church History, Boston College Harlow Shapley, (1960-62), Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University Sanborn C. Brown, (1962-67), Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Malcolm R. Sutherland Jr., (1967-68), President of Meadville/Lombard Theological School Carl Bihldorff, (1968-69), Minister, First Parish, Brookline, Massachusetts Hudson Hoagland, (1969-71), Director, Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology Jerome Malino, (1971-73), Rabbi, United Jewish Center, Danbury, Connecticut George A. Riggan, (1973-75), Professor of Systematic Theology, Hartford Seminary Foundation Malcolm R. Sutherland Jr. , (1976-77), President of Meadville/Lombard Theological School Solomon H. Katz, (1977-79), Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Philip Hefner, (1979-81), Professor of Theology, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Solomon H. Katz, (1981-83), Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Philip Hefner, (1984-86), Professor of Theology, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Ward Goodenough, (1987-89), Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Marjorie Hall Davis, (1989-92), Minister, United Church of Christ, Granby, Connecticut Ursula Goodenough, (1992-96), Professor of Biology, Washington University Karl E. Peters, (1996-99), Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Rollins College Christopher Corbally S.J., (1999-2002), Astronomer , Vatican Observatory Michael Cavanaugh, (2002-04), Attorney (retired), Baton Rouge, Louisiana Barbara Whittaker-Johns, (2004-05), Minister, Arlington, Massachusetts John Teske, (2005-08), Professor, Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania Ted Laurenson, (2008-11), Attorney, New York, New York Varadaraja Raman, (2011-13), Professor of Physics and Humanities, Rochester Institute of Technology Barbara Whittaker-Johns, (2013–), Minister, Arlington, Massachusetts | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": ",",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 297,
"end_char_pos": 298
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ",",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 365,
"end_char_pos": 366
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Jr.",
"start_char_pos": 716,
"end_char_pos": 716
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Jr.,",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 730,
"end_char_pos": 734
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Univ.",
"after": "University",
"start_char_pos": 1010,
"end_char_pos": 1015
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ",",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1289,
"end_char_pos": 1290
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and",
"start_char_pos": 1416,
"end_char_pos": 1416
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Astronomy",
"after": "Astronomer",
"start_char_pos": 1483,
"end_char_pos": 1492
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and",
"start_char_pos": 1861,
"end_char_pos": 1861
}
] | [
0,
40,
60,
71,
100,
131,
142,
166,
203,
214,
236,
298,
314,
366,
382,
393,
417,
428,
459,
470,
540,
551,
580,
619,
630,
664,
718,
729,
801,
812,
839,
881,
892,
915,
971,
982,
1009,
1046,
1057,
1080,
1136,
1147,
1174,
1222,
1233,
1268,
1290,
1309,
1320,
1342,
1380,
1391,
1426,
1469,
1482
] |
710166 | 1 | The "all-or-nothing thinking distortion" is also referred to as “splitting, " “black-and-white thinking," and "polarized thinking." Someone with the all-or-nothing thinking distortion looks at life in black and white categories. Either they are a success or a failure; either they are good or bad; there is no in-between. According to one article, “Because there is always someone who is willing to criticize, this tends to collapse into a tendency for polarized people to view themselves as a total failure. Polarized thinkers have difficulty with the notion of being ‘good enough’ or a partial success. " Example (from The Feeling Good Handbook): A woman eats a spoonful of ice cream. She thinks she is a complete failure for breaking her diet. She becomes so depressed that she ends up eating the whole quart of ice cream. This example captures the polarized nature of this distortion—the person believes they are totally inadequate if they fall short of perfection. In order to combat this distortion, Burns suggests thinking of the world in terms of shades of gray. Rather than viewing herself as a complete failure for eating a spoonful of ice cream, the woman in the example could still recognize her overall effort to diet as at least a partial success. | The "all-or-nothing thinking distortion" is also referred to as “splitting, ” “black-and-white thinking," and "polarized thinking." Someone with the all-or-nothing thinking distortion looks at life in black and white categories. Either they are a success or a failure; either they are good or bad; there is no in-between. According to one article, “Because there is always someone who is willing to criticize, this tends to collapse into a tendency for polarized people to view themselves as a total failure. Polarized thinkers have difficulty with the notion of being ‘good enough’ or a partial success. ” Example (from The Feeling Good Handbook): A woman eats a spoonful of ice cream. She thinks she is a complete failure for breaking her diet. She becomes so depressed that she ends up eating the whole quart of ice cream. This example captures the polarized nature of this distortion—the person believes they are totally inadequate if they fall short of perfection. In order to combat this distortion, Burns suggests thinking of the world in terms of shades of gray. Rather than viewing herself as a complete failure for eating a spoonful of ice cream, the woman in the example could still recognize her overall effort to diet as at least a partial success. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "\"",
"after": "”",
"start_char_pos": 76,
"end_char_pos": 77
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "\"",
"after": "”",
"start_char_pos": 605,
"end_char_pos": 606
}
] | [
0,
131,
228,
268,
297,
321,
508,
604,
686,
746,
825,
969,
1070
] |
710166 | 2 | Reaching preliminary conclusions (usually negative) with little (if any) evidence. Two specific subtypes are identified: Mind reading: Inferring a person's possible or probable (usually negative) thoughts from his or her behavior and nonverbal communication; taking precautions against the worst suspected case without asking the person. Example 1: A student assumes that the readers of his or her paper have already made up their minds concerning its topic, and, therefore, writing the paper is a pointless exercise. Example 2: Kevin assumes that because he sits alone at lunch, everyone else must think he is a loser. (This can encourage self-fulfilling prophecy; Kevin may not initiate social contact because of his fear that those around him already perceive him negatively). Fortune-telling: Predicting outcomes (usually negative) of events. Example: A depressed person tells themselves they will never improve; they will continue to be depressed for their whole life. One way to combat this distortion is to ask, “If this is true, does it say more about me or them?" A form of overgeneralization; attributing a person's actions to his or her character instead of to an attribute. Rather than assuming the behaviour to be accidental or otherwise extrinsic, one assigns a label to someone or something that is based on the inferred character of that person or thing. The goal of CR is to help the client change his or her perceptions to render the felt experience as less significant. | Reaching preliminary conclusions (usually negative) with little (if any) evidence. Two specific subtypes are identified: Mind reading: Inferring a person's possible or probable (usually negative) thoughts from their behavior and nonverbal communication; taking precautions against the worst suspected case without asking the person. Example 1: A student assumes that the readers of their paper have already made up their minds concerning its topic, and, therefore, writing the paper is a pointless exercise. Example 2: Kevin assumes that because he sits alone at lunch, everyone else must think he is a loser. (This can encourage self-fulfilling prophecy; Kevin may not initiate social contact because of his fear that those around him already perceive him negatively). Fortune-telling: Predicting outcomes (usually negative) of events. Example: A depressed person tells themselves they will never improve; they will continue to be depressed for their whole life. One way to combat this distortion is to ask, “If this is true, does it say more about me or them?" A form of overgeneralization; attributing a person's actions to their character instead of to an attribute. Rather than assuming the behaviour to be accidental or otherwise extrinsic, one assigns a label to someone or something that is based on the inferred character of that person or thing. The goal of CR is to help the client change their perceptions to render the felt experience as less significant. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "his or her",
"after": "their",
"start_char_pos": 210,
"end_char_pos": 220
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "his or her",
"after": "their",
"start_char_pos": 387,
"end_char_pos": 397
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "his or her",
"after": "their",
"start_char_pos": 1137,
"end_char_pos": 1147
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "his or her",
"after": "their",
"start_char_pos": 1415,
"end_char_pos": 1425
}
] | [
0,
82,
258,
337,
517,
619,
665,
779,
846,
916,
973,
1072,
1102,
1185,
1370
] |
711550 | 1 | ≤ΆάΈΧ≤≠ Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.Ellis, A. (1994) Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy: Comprehensive Method of Treating Human Disturbances : Revised and Updated. New York, NY: Citadel Press REBT is both a psychotherapeutic system of theory and practices and a school of thought established by Ellis. He first presented his ideas at a conference of the American Psychological Association in 1956[ELLIS, A. Rational Psychotherapy. Paper read at Amer. Psychol. Ass. Chicago, August, 1956. Also J. gen. Psychol., in press] then published a seminal article in 1957 entitled "Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology", in which he set the foundation for what he was calling rational therapy (RT) and carefully responded to questions from Rudolf Dreikurs and others about the similarities and differences with Alfred Adler's Individual psychology.Rational Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology. Ellis, Albert. 1957. Journal of Individual Psychology 13: 38-44. This was around a decade before psychiatrist Aaron Beck first set forth his "cognitive therapy", after Ellis had contacted him in the mid 1960s. Ellis' own approach was renamed Rational Emotive Therapy in 1959, then the current term in 1992. Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of rational emotive behavior therapy have been identified in ancient philosophical traditions, particularly to Stoicists Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Cicero, and Seneca, and early Asian philosophers Confucius and Gautama Buddha. In his first major book on rational therapy, Ellis wrote that the central principle of his approach, that people are rarely emotionally affected by external events but rather by their thinking about such events, "was originally discovered and stated by the ancient Stoic philosophers ". Ellis illustrates this with a quote from the Enchiridion of Epictetus: "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they take of them." Ellis noted that Shakespeare expressed a similar thought in Hamlet: "There's nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so."Ellis, Albert (1962) Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. p. 54 Ellis also acknowledges early 20th century therapists, particularly Paul Charles Dubois, though he only read his work several years after developing his therapy. Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs A fundamental premise of REBT is humans do not get emotionally disturbed by unfortunate circumstances, but by how they construct their views of these circumstances through their language, evaluative beliefs, meanings and philosophies about the world, themselves and others.Ellis, Albert (2001). Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books. This concept has been attributed as far back as the Roman philosopher Epictetus, who is often cited as utilizing similar ideas in antiquity. | Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.Ellis, A. (1994) Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy: Comprehensive Method of Treating Human Disturbances : Revised and Updated. New York, NY: Citadel Press REBT is both a psychotherapeutic system of theory and practices and a school of thought established by Ellis. He first presented his ideas at a conference of the American Psychological Association in 1956[ELLIS, A. Rational Psychotherapy. Paper read at Amer. Psychol. Ass. Chicago, August, 1956. Also J. gen. Psychol., in press] then published a seminal article in 1957 entitled "Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology", in which he set the foundation for what he was calling rational therapy (RT) and carefully responded to questions from Rudolf Dreikurs and others about the similarities and differences with Alfred Adler's individual psychology.Rational Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology. Ellis, Albert. 1957. Journal of Individual Psychology 13: 38-44. This was around a decade before psychiatrist Aaron Beck first set forth his "cognitive therapy", after Ellis had contacted him in the mid 1960s. Ellis' own approach was renamed Rational Emotive Therapy in 1959, then the current term in 1992. Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of rational emotive behavior therapy have been identified in ancient philosophical traditions, particularly to Stoicists Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Cicero, and Seneca, and early Asian philosophers Confucius and Gautama Buddha. In his first major book on rational therapy, Ellis wrote that the central principle of his approach, that people are rarely emotionally affected by external events but rather by their thinking about such events, "was originally discovered and stated by the ancient Stoic philosophers ." Ellis illustrates this with a quote from the Enchiridion of Epictetus: "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they take of them." Ellis noted that Shakespeare expressed a similar thought in Hamlet: "There's nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so."Ellis, Albert (1962) Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. p. 54 Ellis also acknowledges early 20th century therapists, particularly Paul Charles Dubois, though he only read his work several years after developing his therapy. Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs A fundamental premise of REBT that is humans do not get emotionally disturbed by unfortunate circumstances, but by how they construct their views of these circumstances through their language, evaluative beliefs, meanings and philosophies about the world, themselves and others.Ellis, Albert (2001). Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books. This concept has been attributed as far back as the Roman philosopher Epictetus, who is often cited as utilizing similar ideas in antiquity. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "≤ΆάΈΧ≤≠",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 7
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Individual",
"after": "individual",
"start_char_pos": 1128,
"end_char_pos": 1138
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "\".",
"after": ".\"",
"start_char_pos": 2110,
"end_char_pos": 2112
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "that",
"start_char_pos": 2695,
"end_char_pos": 2695
}
] | [
0,
335,
463,
601,
730,
750,
764,
787,
800,
1150,
1199,
1214,
1264,
1409,
1506,
1825,
2260,
2384,
2609,
2939,
2960,
3071,
3089
] |
711935 | 1 | Strauss composed the opera to a German libretto, and that is the version that has become widely known. In 1907, Strauss made an alternate version in French (the language of the original Oscar Wilde play), which was used by Mary Garden, the world's most famous proponent of the role, when she sang the opera in New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Paris, and other cities. Marjorie Lawrence sang the role both in French (for Paris) and in German (for the Metropolitan Opera, New York) in the 1930s. The French version is much less well known today, although it was revived in Lyon in 1990, Kennedy, in Holden, p. 889 and recorded by Kent Nagano with Karen Huffstodt in the title role and José van Dam as Jochanaan. In 2011, the French version was staged by Opéra Royal de Wallonie in Liège, starring June Anderson. RoleVoice typePremiere cast, 9 December 1905Conductor: Ernst von SchuchHerodes, Tetrarch of Judaea and PereatenorKarel BurianHerodias, his wife (and sister-in-law)mezzo-sopranoIrene von ChavanneSalome, his stepdaughter (and niece)sopranoMarie WittichJochanaan (John the Baptist)baritoneKarl PerronNarraboth, Captain of the GuardtenorRudolf Ferdinand JägerThe Page of HerodiascontraltoRiza EibenschützFirst JewtenorHans RüdigerSecond JewtenorHans SavilleThird JewtenorGeorg GroschFourth JewtenorAnton ErlFifth JewbassLeon RainsFirst NazarenebassFriedrich PlaschkeSecond Nazarene tenorTheodor KruisFirst soldierbassFranz NebuschkaSecond soldierbassHans Erwin (Hans Erwin Hey)A CappadocianbassErnst WachterA slavesoprano/tenorMaria KeldorferRoyal guests (Egyptians and Romans), and entourage, servants, soldiers (all silent) Music Leitmotif associated with Salome herself Leitmotif associated with Jochanaan or prophecy The music of Salome includes a system of leitmotifs, or short melodies with symbolic meanings. Some are clearly associated with people such as Salome and Jochanaan (John the Baptist). Others are more abstract in meaning. Strauss's use of leitmotifs is complex, with both symbolism and musical form subject to ambiguity and transformation. Some leitmotifs, especially those associated with Herod, change frequently in form and symbolic meaning, making it futile to pin them down to a specific meaning. Strauss provided names for some of the leitmotifs, but not consistently, and other people have assigned a variety of names. These names often illustrate the ambiguity of certain leitmotifs. For example, Gilman's labels tend to be abstract (such as "Yearning", "Anger", and "Fear"), while Roese more concrete (he called Gilman's "Fear" leitmotif "Herod's Scale"). Regarding the important leitmotif associated with Jochanaan, which has two parts, Gilman called the first part "Jochanaan" and the second part "Prophecy", while Roese labels them the other way around. Labels for the leitmotifs are common, but there is no final authority. Derrick Puffett cautions against reading too much into any such labels. In addition to the leitmotifs, there are many symbolic uses of musical color in the opera's music. For example, a tambourine sounds every time a reference to Salome's dance is made. Del Mar, Norman (1962). Richard Strauss. London: Barrie & Jenkins. . Kennedy, Michael, in Holden, Amanda (ed.) (2001), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. External links Category:Operas by Richard Strauss Category:German-language operas Category:Music dramas Category:1905 operas Category:One-act operas Category:Operas based on works by Oscar Wilde Category:Operas Category:Operas based on the Bible Category:Music for orchestra and organ Category:Incest in plays Category:Obscenity controversies in music Category:Adultery in plays Category:Cultural depictions of John the Baptist Category:Music dedicated to family or friend | Strauss composed the opera to a German libretto, and that is the version that has become widely known. In 1907, Strauss made an alternate version in French (the language of the original Oscar Wilde play), which was used by Mary Garden, the world's most famous proponent of the role, when she sang the opera in New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Paris, and other cities. Marjorie Lawrence sang the role both in French (for Paris) and in German (for the Metropolitan Opera, New York) in the 1930s. The French version is much less well known today, although it was revived in Lyon in 1990, and recorded by Kent Nagano with Karen Huffstodt in the title role and José van Dam as Jochanaan. In 2011, the French version was staged by Opéra Royal de Wallonie in Liège, starring June Anderson. + RoleVoice typePremiere cast, 9 December 1905Conductor: Ernst von SchuchHerodes, Tetrarch of Judaea and PereatenorKarel BurianHerodias, his wife (and sister-in-law)mezzo-sopranoIrene von ChavanneSalome, his stepdaughter (and niece)sopranoMarie WittichJochanaan (John the Baptist)baritoneKarl PerronNarraboth, Captain of the GuardtenorRudolf Ferdinand JägerThe Page of HerodiascontraltoRiza EibenschützFirst JewtenorHans RüdigerSecond JewtenorHans SavilleThird JewtenorGeorg GroschFourth JewtenorAnton ErlFifth JewbassLeon RainsFirst NazarenebassFriedrich PlaschkeSecond Nazarene tenorTheodor KruisFirst soldierbassFranz NebuschkaSecond soldierbassHans Erwin (Hans Erwin Hey)A CappadocianbassErnst WachterA slavesoprano/tenorMaria KeldorferRoyal guests (Egyptians and Romans), and entourage, servants, soldiers (all silent) Music Leitmotif associated with Salome herself Leitmotif associated with Jochanaan or prophecy The music of Salome includes a system of leitmotifs, or short melodies with symbolic meanings. Some are clearly associated with people such as Salome and Jochanaan (John the Baptist). Others are more abstract in meaning. Strauss's use of leitmotifs is complex, with both symbolism and musical form subject to ambiguity and transformation. Some leitmotifs, especially those associated with Herod, change frequently in form and symbolic meaning, making it futile to pin them down to a specific meaning. Strauss provided names for some of the leitmotifs, but not consistently, and other people have assigned a variety of names. These names often illustrate the ambiguity of certain leitmotifs. For example, Gilman's labels tend to be abstract (such as "Yearning", "Anger", and "Fear"), while Otto Roese's are more concrete (he called Gilman's "Fear" leitmotif "Herod's Scale"). Regarding the important leitmotif associated with Jochanaan, which has two parts, Gilman called the first part "Jochanaan" and the second part "Prophecy", while Roese labels them the other way around. Labels for the leitmotifs are common, but there is no final authority. Derrick Puffett cautions against reading too much into any such labels. In addition to the leitmotifs, there are many symbolic uses of musical color in the opera's music. For example, a tambourine sounds every time a reference to Salome's dance is made. Further reading Del Mar, Norman (1962). Richard Strauss. London: Barrie & Jenkins. . External links Category:Operas by Richard Strauss Category:German-language operas Category:Music dramas Category:1905 operas Category:One-act operas Category:Operas based on works by Oscar Wilde Category:Operas Category:Operas based on the Bible Category:Music for orchestra and organ Category:Incest in plays Category:Obscenity controversies in music Category:Cultural depictions of John the Baptist Category:Music dedicated to family or friend | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Kennedy, in Holden, p. 889",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 582,
"end_char_pos": 608
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "+",
"start_char_pos": 807,
"end_char_pos": 807
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Roese",
"after": "Otto Roese's are",
"start_char_pos": 2514,
"end_char_pos": 2519
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Further reading",
"start_char_pos": 3115,
"end_char_pos": 3115
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Kennedy, Michael, in Holden, Amanda (ed.) (2001), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3185,
"end_char_pos": 3289
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Category:Adultery in plays",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3642,
"end_char_pos": 3668
}
] | [
0,
102,
364,
490,
706,
806,
862,
887,
942,
1009,
1115,
1582,
1819,
1908,
1945,
2063,
2225,
2349,
2415,
2588,
2789,
2860,
2932,
3031,
3114,
3139,
3156,
3289
] |
71268 | 1 | History As an offshoot of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry, the history of astrochemistry is founded upon the shared history of the two fields. The development of advanced observational and experimental spectroscopy has allowed for the detection of an ever-increasing array of molecules within solar systems and the surrounding interstellar medium. In turn, the increasing number of chemicals discovered by advancements in spectroscopy and other technologies have increased the size and scale of the chemical space available for astrochemical study. History of spectroscopy History of astrochemistry | HISTORY As an offshoot of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry, the history of astrochemistry is founded upon the shared history of the two fields. The development of advanced observational and experimental spectroscopy has allowed for the detection of an ever-increasing array of molecules within solar systems and the surrounding interstellar medium. In turn, the increasing number of chemicals discovered by advancements in spectroscopy and other technologies have increased the size and scale of the chemical space available for astrochemical study. HISTORY OF SPECTROSCOPY HISTORY OF ASTROCHEMISTRY | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "History",
"after": "HISTORY",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 7
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "History of spectroscopy",
"after": "HISTORY OF SPECTROSCOPY",
"start_char_pos": 560,
"end_char_pos": 583
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "History of astrochemistry",
"after": "HISTORY OF ASTROCHEMISTRY",
"start_char_pos": 584,
"end_char_pos": 609
}
] | [
0,
153,
358,
559
] |
7127489 | 1 | In a flowing stream, a riffle-pool sequence (also known as a pool-riffle sequence) develops as a stream's hydrological flow structure alternates from areas of relatively shallow to deeper water. This sequence is present only in streams carrying gravel or coarser sediments. Riffles are formed in shallow areas by coarser materials such as gravel deposits over which water flows. Pools are deeper and calmer areas whose bed load (in general) is made up of finer material such as silt. Streams with only sand or silt laden beds do not develop the feature. The sequence within a stream bed commonly occurs at intervals of from 5 to 7 stream widths. Meandering streams with relatively coarse bed load tend to develop a riffle-pool sequence with pools in the outsides of the bends and riffles in the crossovers between one meander to the next on the opposite margin of the stream. The pools are areas of active erosion and the material eroded tends to be deposited in the riffle area between . | In a flowing stream, a riffle-pool sequence (also known as a pool-riffle sequence) develops as a stream's hydrological flow structure alternates from areas of relatively shallow to deeper water. This sequence is present only in streams carrying gravel or coarser sediments. Riffles are formed in shallow areas by coarser materials , such as gravel deposits , over which water flows. Pools are deeper , calmer areas whose bed load (in general) is made up of finer material such as silt. Streams with only sand or silt laden beds do not develop the feature. The sequence within a stream bed commonly occurs at intervals of from 5 to 7 stream widths. Meandering streams with relatively coarse bed load tend to develop a riffle-pool sequence with pools in the outsides of the bends and riffles in the crossovers between one meander to the next on the opposite margin of the stream. The pools are areas of active erosion and the material eroded tends to be deposited in the riffle areas between them . | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 331,
"end_char_pos": 331
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 356,
"end_char_pos": 356
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and",
"after": ",",
"start_char_pos": 398,
"end_char_pos": 401
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "area between",
"after": "areas between them",
"start_char_pos": 976,
"end_char_pos": 988
}
] | [
0,
194,
273,
380,
485,
555,
647,
877
] |
7127489 | 2 | In a flowing stream, a riffle-pool sequence (also known as a pool-riffle sequence) develops as a stream's hydrological flow structure alternates from areas of relatively shallow to deeper water. This sequence is present only in streams carrying gravel or coarser sediments. Riffles are formed in shallow areas by coarser materials, such as gravel deposits, over which water flows. Pools are deeper, calmer areas whose bed load (in general) is made up of finer material such as silt. Streams with only sand or silt laden beds do not develop the feature. The sequence within a stream bed commonly occurs at intervals of from 5 to 7 stream widths. Meandering streams with relatively coarse bed load tend to develop a riffle-pool sequence with pools in the outsides of the bends and riffles in the crossovers between one meander to the next on the opposite margin of the stream. The pools are areas of active erosion and the material eroded tends to be deposited in the riffle areas between them. | Two pools separated by a riffle in Giba river in Ethiopia In a flowing stream, a riffle-pool sequence (also known as a pool-riffle sequence) develops as a stream's hydrological flow structure alternates from areas of relatively shallow to deeper water. This sequence is present only in streams carrying gravel or coarser sediments. Riffles are formed in shallow areas by coarser materials, such as gravel deposits, over which water flows. Pools are deeper, calmer areas whose bed load (in general) is made up of finer material such as silt. Streams with only sand or silt laden beds do not develop the feature. The sequence within a stream bed commonly occurs at intervals of from 5 to 7 stream widths. Meandering streams with relatively coarse bed load tend to develop a riffle-pool sequence with pools in the outsides of the bends and riffles in the crossovers between one meander to the next on the opposite margin of the stream. The pools are areas of active erosion and the material eroded tends to be deposited in the riffle areas between them. Pool in Giba River, Dogu'a Tembien, Ethiopia | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Two pools separated by a riffle in Giba river in Ethiopia",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 0
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Pool in Giba River, Dogu'a Tembien, Ethiopia",
"start_char_pos": 994,
"end_char_pos": 994
}
] | [
0,
195,
274,
381,
483,
553,
645,
875
] |
713376 | 1 | Genitals (male) 166px|Illustration of the Tanner scale for males. Tanner I testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis (prepubertal; typically age 11 and younger) Tanner II testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged ( 11 – 12 ) Tanner III testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further; penis begins to lengthen ( 12 – 14 ) Tanner IV testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens; penis increases in length ( 14-15.5 ) Tanner V testicular volume greater than 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis ( 15.5 +) 350px|center|Photos of the Tanner scale for males. Breasts (female) 240px|Photos of the Tanner scale for females. 240px|Illustration of the Tanner scale for females. Tanner I no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest (prepubertal) (typically age 10 and younger) Tanner II breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10–11.5) Tanner III breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast (11.5–13) Tanner IV increased breast sizing and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast (13–15) Tanner V breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. (15+) Height Growth Conclusion Sometime during Tanner 5, females stop growing and reach their adult height, usually this happens in their mid teens at 15 or 16 years for females. Males also stop growing and reach their adult height sometime during Tanner 5, usually this happens in their late teens at 18-19 years for males. Criticism The scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions, such as in the case when United States federal authorities used it to assert that pornographic actress Lupe Fuentes was underage. Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced. | Genitals (male) 166px|Illustration of the Tanner scale for males. Tanner I testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis (prepubertal; typically age nine and younger) Tanner II testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged ( 9 – 11 ) Tanner III testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further; penis begins to lengthen ( 11 – 12.5 ) Tanner IV testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens; penis increases in length ( 12.5–14 ) Tanner V testicular volume greater than 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis ( 14 +) 350px|center|Photos of the Tanner scale for males. Breasts (female) 240px|Photos of the Tanner scale for females. 240px|Illustration of the Tanner scale for females. Tanner I no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest (prepubertal) (typically age 10 and younger) Tanner II breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10–11.5) Tanner III breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast (11.5–13) Tanner IV increased breast sizing and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast (13–15) Tanner V breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. (15+) Height Growth Conclusion Sometime during Tanner 5, females stop growing and reach their adult height, usually this happens in their mid teens at 15 or 16 years for females. Males also stop growing and reach their adult height sometime during Tanner 5, usually this happens in their late teens at 18-19 years for males. Criticism The scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions, such as in the case when United States federal authorities used it to assert that pornographic actress Lupe Fuentes was underage. Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "11",
"after": "nine",
"start_char_pos": 151,
"end_char_pos": 153
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "11",
"after": "9",
"start_char_pos": 287,
"end_char_pos": 289
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "12",
"after": "11",
"start_char_pos": 292,
"end_char_pos": 294
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "12",
"after": "11",
"start_char_pos": 400,
"end_char_pos": 402
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "14",
"after": "12.5",
"start_char_pos": 405,
"end_char_pos": 407
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "14-15.5",
"after": "12.5–14",
"start_char_pos": 526,
"end_char_pos": 533
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "15.5",
"after": "14",
"start_char_pos": 609,
"end_char_pos": 613
}
] | [
0,
65,
110,
136,
216,
261,
346,
372,
459,
497,
582,
667,
730,
782,
980,
1240,
1386,
1653,
1799,
2063
] |
713540 | 1 | In other media Television Brainiac 5 made a non-voiced cameo appearance in Superman: The Animated Series. In the episode "New Kids In Town", he chats with teammate Triplicate Girl. At the time of his debut it was unclear if he, in fact, used his given name or had any connections to Brainiac. However, his costume included a chest symbol comprising three circles forming an inverted triangle. This closely resembled the discs on the animated Brainiac's forehead (and his icon when he was a computer program), suggesting some kind of connection between them. It was revealed on commentary on the Superman: The Animated Series Vol. 3 DVD box set that this character was in fact Brainiac 5. Brainiac 5 appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Matt Czuchry. Like his comic book counterpart, Brainiac 5 wears his trademark force field belt, which protects him from the Fatal Five's attack. It is revealed that Brainiac learned to pass its code biologically and created Brainiac 5 as an organic being. Unfortunately for Brainiac, Brainiac 5 rejected evil and joined the Legion of Super Heroes. In the episode "Far From Home," he brings Green Arrow, Supergirl, and Green Lantern into the future to help him battle the Fatal Five. In the short time after meeting each other, Brainiac 5 and Supergirl fall in love. After the Fatal Five are defeated, Supergirl chooses to remain in the future with him and the Legion. Brainiac 5 appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Adam Wylie. He is a core member of the Legion of Super Heroes. This version is Coluan, a nano-based cybernetic organism that not only possesses 12th-level intelligence, but can assume a human-like form. His human-like form can also alter its shape to create tools and weapons or transform into a large, battle robot form, much like the reboot Legion member, Gear. His AI core is based on the original Brainiac 1.0 from whom he tries to distance himself as best as possible. Unlike many versions where he is portrayed as cold and unfeeling, this version is considerably more emotional. In the first season, he often appears eager to prove himself to his older teammates, particularly the original Superman; Brainiac 5, unlike his villainous ancestor, idolizes Superman. However, his high intellect and his emotional nature often cause him internal conflict; for example, he idolizes Superman, but knows intellectually that he cannot reveal many of the things he knows lie in the future for Superman once he is returned to his own time, as Superman's knowledge of his future events could change what is, for the Legion, history. In the second-season episodes "Chained Lightning" and "Message in a Bottle," Brainiac 5 grows close to Shrinking Violet; however, as the series ended it remains unknown if this was an intended romance or not. He seems to have feelings for Superman himself, because of the simulation he produced that involved him and Superman shown at the premiere of season two and many other incidents in the series. In the second-season premiere, Superman X (a clone of Superman from the 41st century) hints that someday Brainiac 5 will be responsible for something terrible in the future. The starting phase occurs in "Message in a Bottle," when Brainiac 5 was forced to tap into the data of Brainiac who had been observing Brainiac 5 since he came online. Brainiac 5 travels within himself to meet with his ancestor, where he is offered data from the original Brainiac. Brainiac 5 forcefully accepts the "gift" of data he needed to stop Imperiex from his ancestor who hinted it to "open new avenues of possibilities." Soon after using the info he obtained to save Kandor and restore it to original size, Brainiac 5 begins to suffer data corruption as Imperiex intended from the start, becoming cold and unfeeling in the process. Once completely under his ancestor's influence during the "Dark Victory" series finale, Brainiac 5 assumes a new form in homage to his ancestor and leaves the Legion to join Imperiex's army, taking command after killing Imperiex. Once overpowering the hivemind on his homeworld of Colu with his will, Brainiac 5 intends to bring "order" to the universe, destroying any who interfere. Thanks to Superman and Superman X, Brainiac 5 managed to regain control over himself and overpower his ancestor. In the process, Brainiac 5 becomes a pure organic being as he discards his robotic armor. To cope with this new state and his recent actions, Brainiac 5 leaves the Legion. The robotic parts, in turn, combine to form a new evil Brainiac, leaving the series with a cliffhanger, which was intended to finish until the show was canceled. Brainiac 5 appears in the Smallville live-action series. In the season eight episode "Legion," Clark Kent and three Legionnaires (Lightning Lad, Saturn Girl, and Cosmic Boy) extract Brainiac from Chloe Sullivan's body, leaving his nanobots a condensed ball of metal, attempting to repurpose any programming they can use from the core to be friendlier. Brainiac 5 appears in the season ten episode "Homecoming," visiting Clark to show the past, present and future and help Clark come to terms with the darkness in his own heart in preparation for an upcoming confrontation with Darkseid. Actor James Marsters, who portrayed Brainiac in Smallville, returned to play Brainiac 5. Brainiac 5's character has been described by producers as "a slippery fish with a questionable moral compass" despite the reprogramming. Brainiac 5 appears in the TV shows set in the Arrowverse portrayed by Jesse Rath. Brainiac 5 appears in the third season of Supergirl. He appears as a member of the Legion of Superheroes. Brainiac is first mentioned only as Querl in the seventh episode, "Wake Up," by Mon-El. However, in his subsequent appearances, he is referred to as "Brainy" by his fellow Legionnaires, Mon-El and Imra Ardeen. In the season finale, his home time period has become uninhabitable and he stays in the 21st century. Rath was promoted to series regular for season four. In season 4, Brainy assists Supergirl, Martian Manhunter, and the D.E.O. in their fight against the Children of Liberty led by Agent Liberty as well as Lex Luthor's plot to discredit Supergirl. In addition, he also acts as a mentor to Nia Nal, an ancestor of Dream Girl's, when teaching her how to master her abilities; a romantic relationship between them eventually develops. J'onn, Brainy, and Nia later try to infiltrate a government base to save the apprehended aliens there. While J'onn and Nia are captured, the agents electrocute Brainy, inadvertently rebooting him and causing him to be exactly like his ancestors. He escapes and betrays J'onn and Nia, getting them deported with all the other aliens there. After seeing Nia Nal in mortal danger, Brainy's emotions returned and he went back to normal. During the fifth season, he continues to explore his relationship with Dreamer, but following the Crisis, an encounter with some of his surviving doppelgangers from other Earths prompts Brainy to disable some of his personality inhibitors to maximise his intellectual capabilities to oppose the plans of the organisation Leviathan, which leads him to ally himself with Lex Luthor to properly oppose Leviathan, operating on a principle of pure logic that causes him to ignore the issues of working with a known villain. Brainiac 5 appears in the Arrowverse crossover Elseworlds. He appears to assist Superman fight John Deegan in the form of a black suit-wearing Superman. When Deegan summons an A.M.A.Z.O., Brainiac 5 fights the A.M.A.Z.O. and defeats it. Rath's older sister Meaghan guest starred as a female Brainiac 5 in Season 5 of Supergirl. She made her first appearance in the January 19, 2020 episode, "The Bottle Episode," in which she was described as a version of Brainiac 5 from an alternate Earth. The episode also featured several other versions of Brainiac 5 resembling Rath's character, also from alternate Earths . | In other media Television Brainiac 5 made a non-voiced cameo appearance in Superman: The Animated Series. In the episode "New Kids In Town", he chats with teammate Triplicate Girl. At the time of his debut it was unclear if he, in fact, used his given name or had any connections to Brainiac. However, his costume included a chest symbol comprising three circles forming an inverted triangle. This closely resembled the discs on the animated Brainiac's forehead (and his icon when he was a computer program), suggesting some kind of connection between them. It was revealed on commentary on the Superman: The Animated Series Vol. 3 DVD box set that this character was in fact Brainiac 5. Brainiac 5 appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Matt Czuchry. Like his comic book counterpart, Brainiac 5 wears his trademark force field belt, which protects him from the Fatal Five's attack. It is revealed that Brainiac learned to pass its code biologically and created Brainiac 5 as an organic being. Unfortunately for Brainiac, Brainiac 5 rejected evil and joined the Legion of Super Heroes. In the episode "Far From Home," he brings Green Arrow, Supergirl, and Green Lantern into the future to help him battle the Fatal Five. In the short time after meeting each other, Brainiac 5 and Supergirl fall in love. After the Fatal Five are defeated, Supergirl chooses to remain in the future with him and the Legion. Though Superman did ask Green Arrow and Green Lantern on who Supergirl was seen in that time. Brainiac 5 appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Adam Wylie. He is a core member of the Legion of Super Heroes. This version is Coluan, a nano-based cybernetic organism that not only possesses 12th-level intelligence, but can assume a human-like form. His human-like form can also alter its shape to create tools and weapons or transform into a large, battle robot form, much like the reboot Legion member, Gear. His AI core is based on the original Brainiac 1.0 from whom he tries to distance himself as best as possible. Unlike many versions where he is portrayed as cold and unfeeling, this version is considerably more emotional. In the first season, he often appears eager to prove himself to his older teammates, particularly the original Superman; Brainiac 5, unlike his villainous ancestor, idolizes Superman. However, his high intellect and his emotional nature often cause him internal conflict; for example, he idolizes Superman, but knows intellectually that he cannot reveal many of the things he knows lie in the future for Superman once he is returned to his own time, as Superman's knowledge of his future events could change what is, for the Legion, history. In the second-season episodes "Chained Lightning" and "Message in a Bottle," Brainiac 5 grows close to Shrinking Violet; however, as the series ended it remains unknown if this was an intended romance or not. He seems to have feelings for Superman himself, because of the simulation he produced that involved him and Superman shown at the premiere of season two and many other incidents in the series. In the second-season premiere, Superman X (a clone of Superman from the 41st century) hints that someday Brainiac 5 will be responsible for something terrible in the future. The starting phase occurs in "Message in a Bottle," when Brainiac 5 was forced to tap into the data of Brainiac who had been observing Brainiac 5 since he came online. Brainiac 5 travels within himself to meet with his ancestor, where he is offered data from the original Brainiac. Brainiac 5 forcefully accepts the "gift" of data he needed to stop Imperiex from his ancestor who hinted it to "open new avenues of possibilities." Soon after using the info he obtained to save Kandor and restore it to original size, Brainiac 5 begins to suffer data corruption as Imperiex intended from the start, becoming cold and unfeeling in the process. Once completely under his ancestor's influence during the "Dark Victory" series finale, Brainiac 5 assumes a new form in homage to his ancestor and leaves the Legion to join Imperiex's army, taking command after killing Imperiex. Once overpowering the hivemind on his homeworld of Colu with his will, Brainiac 5 intends to bring "order" to the universe, destroying any who interfere. Thanks to Superman and Superman X, Brainiac 5 managed to regain control over himself and overpower his ancestor. In the process, Brainiac 5 becomes a pure organic being as he discards his robotic armor. To cope with this new state and his recent actions, Brainiac 5 leaves the Legion. The robotic parts, in turn, combine to form a new evil Brainiac, leaving the series with a cliffhanger, which was intended to finish until the show was canceled. Brainiac 5 appears in the Smallville live-action series. In the season eight episode "Legion," Clark Kent and three Legionnaires (Lightning Lad, Saturn Girl, and Cosmic Boy) extract Brainiac from Chloe Sullivan's body, leaving his nanobots a condensed ball of metal, attempting to repurpose any programming they can use from the core to be friendlier. Brainiac 5 appears in the season ten episode "Homecoming," portrayed by James Marsters. Brainiac 5 arrives in the present where he first tampers with the memories of an unnamed guidance counselor who secretly blames Clark for the bad things that the students empowered by the Kryptonite did. Then he visits Clark to show the past, present and future and help Clark come to terms with the darkness in his own heart in preparation for an upcoming confrontation with Darkseid. Brainiac 5's character has been described by producers as "a slippery fish with a questionable moral compass" despite the reprogramming. Brainiac 5 appears in the TV shows set in the Arrowverse portrayed by Jesse Rath. Brainiac 5 appears in the third season of Supergirl. He appears as a member of the Legion of Superheroes. Brainiac is first mentioned only as Querl in the seventh episode, "Wake Up," by Mon-El. However, in his subsequent appearances, he is referred to as "Brainy" by his fellow Legionnaires, Mon-El and Imra Ardeen. In the season finale, his home time period has become uninhabitable and he stays in the 21st century. Rath was promoted to series regular for season four. In season 4, Brainy assists Supergirl, Martian Manhunter, and the D.E.O. in their fight against the Children of Liberty led by Agent Liberty as well as Lex Luthor's plot to discredit Supergirl. In addition, he also acts as a mentor to Nia Nal, an ancestor of Dream Girl's, when teaching her how to master her abilities; a romantic relationship between them eventually develops. J'onn, Brainy, and Nia later try to infiltrate a government base to save the apprehended aliens there. While J'onn and Nia are captured, the agents electrocute Brainy, inadvertently rebooting him and causing him to be exactly like his ancestors. He escapes and betrays J'onn and Nia, getting them deported with all the other aliens there. After seeing Nia Nal in mortal danger, Brainy's emotions returned and he went back to normal. During the fifth season, he continues to explore his relationship with Dreamer, but following the Crisis, an encounter with some of his surviving doppelgangers from other Earths prompts Brainy to disable some of his personality inhibitors to maximise his intellectual capabilities to oppose the plans of the organisation Leviathan, which leads him to ally himself with Lex Luthor to properly oppose Leviathan, operating on a principle of pure logic that causes him to ignore the issues of working with a known villain. Brainiac 5 appears in the Arrowverse crossover Elseworlds. He appears to assist Superman fight John Deegan in the form of a black suit-wearing Superman. When Deegan summons an A.M.A.Z.O., Brainiac 5 fights the A.M.A.Z.O. and defeats it. Rath's older sister Meaghan guest starred as a female Brainiac 5 in Season 5 of Supergirl. She made her first appearance in the January 19, 2020 episode, "The Bottle Episode," in which she was described as a version of Brainiac 5 from an alternate Earth. The episode also featured several other versions of Brainiac 5 also from alternate Earths and also portrayed by Jesse Rath . | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Though Superman did ask Green Arrow and Green Lantern on who Supergirl was seen in that time.",
"start_char_pos": 1414,
"end_char_pos": 1414
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "visiting Clark",
"after": "portrayed by James Marsters. Brainiac 5 arrives in the present where he first tampers with the memories of an unnamed guidance counselor who secretly blames Clark for the bad things that the students empowered by the Kryptonite did. Then he visits Clark",
"start_char_pos": 5057,
"end_char_pos": 5071
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Actor James Marsters, who portrayed Brainiac in Smallville, returned to play Brainiac 5.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 5233,
"end_char_pos": 5321
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "resembling Rath's character,",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 7897,
"end_char_pos": 7925
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and also portrayed by Jesse Rath",
"start_char_pos": 7953,
"end_char_pos": 7953
}
] | [
0,
105,
180,
292,
392,
557,
759,
890,
1001,
1093,
1228,
1311,
1413,
1482,
1533,
1673,
1834,
1944,
2055,
2176,
2239,
2327,
2597,
2718,
2806,
2999,
3173,
3341,
3455,
3603,
3814,
4044,
4198,
4311,
4401,
4483,
4645,
4702,
4997,
5232,
5458,
5540,
5593,
5646,
5734,
5856,
5958,
6011,
6205,
6331,
6389,
6492,
6635,
6728,
6822,
6847,
7341,
7400,
7494,
7578,
7669,
7833
] |
713540 | 2 | Brainiac 5 appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Matt Czuchry. Like his comic book counterpart, Brainiac 5 wears his trademark force field belt, which protects him from the Fatal Five's attack. It is revealed that Brainiac learned to pass its code biologically and created Brainiac 5 as an organic being. Unfortunately for Brainiac, Brainiac 5 rejected evil and joined the Legion of Super Heroes. In the episode "Far From Home," he brings Green Arrow, Supergirl, and Green Lantern into the future to help him battle the Fatal Five. In the short time after meeting each other, Brainiac 5 and Supergirl fall in love. After the Fatal Five are defeated, Supergirl chooses to remain in the future with him and the Legion . Though Superman did ask Green Arrow and Green Lantern on who Supergirl was seen in that time. | Brainiac 5 appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Matt Czuchry. Like his comic book counterpart, Brainiac 5 wears his trademark force field belt, which protects him from the Fatal Five's attack. It is revealed that Brainiac learned to pass its code biologically and created Brainiac 5 as an organic being. Unfortunately for Brainiac, Brainiac 5 rejected evil and joined the Legion of Super Heroes. In the episode "Far From Home," he brings Green Arrow, Supergirl, and Green Lantern into the future to help him battle the Fatal Five. In the short time after meeting each other, Brainiac 5 and Supergirl fall in love. After the Fatal Five are defeated, Supergirl chooses to remain in the future with him and the Legion , though Superman did ask Green Arrow and Green Lantern who Supergirl was seening in that time. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": ". Though",
"after": ", though",
"start_char_pos": 725,
"end_char_pos": 733
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "on",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 781,
"end_char_pos": 783
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "seen",
"after": "seening",
"start_char_pos": 802,
"end_char_pos": 806
}
] | [
0,
71,
202,
313,
405,
540,
623,
726
] |
713540 | 3 | Category:Characters created by Jerry Siegel Category:Characters created by Jim Mooney Category:Comics characters introduced in 1961 Category:DC Comics aliens Category:DC Comics male superheroes Category:DC Comics LGBT superheroes Category: Extraterrestrial superheroes Category:Fictional cyborgs Category:Fictional scientists Category:Superhero television characters Category:Fictional bisexual male | Category:Characters created by Jerry Siegel Category:Characters created by Jim Mooney Category:Comics characters introduced in 1961 Category:DC Comics aliens Category:DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes Category:DC Comics male superheroes Category: DC Comics LGBT superheroes Category:Fictional cyborgs Category:Fictional scientists Category:Superhero television characters Category:Fictional bisexual male | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "male",
"after": "extraterrestrial",
"start_char_pos": 177,
"end_char_pos": 181
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "LGBT",
"after": "male",
"start_char_pos": 213,
"end_char_pos": 217
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Extraterrestrial",
"after": "DC Comics LGBT",
"start_char_pos": 240,
"end_char_pos": 256
}
] | [
0
] |
713642 | 1 | Many years later, during the "Five Year Gap" following the Magic Wars, Earth fell under the covert control of the Dominators, and withdrew from the United Planets. A few years later, the members of the Dominators' highly classified "Batch SW6" escaped captivity. Originally, Batch SW6 appeared to be a group of teenage Legionnaire clones, created from samples apparently taken just prior to Ferro Lad's death at the hands of the Sun-Eater ( Since Lyle was Legion leader at that time, the members of Batch SW6 were led by the teenage Lyle). Later, they were revealed to be time-paradox duplicates, every bit as legitimate as their older counterparts. After Earth was destroyed in a disaster reminiscent of the destruction of Krypton over a millennium earlier,Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 4) #38, Late December 1992. a few dozen surviving cities and their inhabitants reconstituted their world as New Earth. The SW6 Legionnaires - including their version of Invisible Kid - remained. His arm apparently healed, he returns to the active roster to save a young Tritonian mutant, Gazelle, for whom he carries a torch from then on.Legion of Super-Heroes #38 (March 2008) During an invasion of aliens hailing from cyberspace, a small squad of legionnaires, including him and the recently appointed Gazelle, are digitized and sent into their home base: Invisible Lad has a customized avatar issued by Brainac 5, with a bulkier and more handsome physique that greatly impresses Gazelle (who, despite being saved by him, had never seen his face due to his invisibility powers). However, his idealized body is shown to be a trojan horse able to give Brainiac 5 complete mastery over the alien, digital universe. Invisible Kid, Gazelle and the other legionnaires spend some time trapped in cyberspace, while Brainiac 5 restores their physical bodies, damaged in a skirmish between the Coluan and some physical avatars of the invading aliens: in that week, Invisible Kid admits his feelings for Gazelle who happily reciprocates. Upon returning to the physical world, they both witness Brainiac 5 and Nura Nal exchanging their nuptial vows and inviting them to their marriage.Legion of Super-Heroes #50 (March 2009) Post-Infinite Crisis (2007- ) The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the Pre-Crisis Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Lyle is depicted as a member of this version of the team in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #5 (June 2007), and Action Comics #858 ( Late December 2007) . However, this incarnation of the Legion shares roughly the same history as the original Legion up to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths.IGN: Superman/Green Lantern interview Therefore, this version of Lyle is presumably deceased. | Many years later, during the "Five Year Gap" following the Magic Wars, Earth fell under the covert control of the Dominators, and withdrew from the United Planets. A few years later, the members of the Dominators' highly classified "Batch SW6" escaped captivity. Originally, Batch SW6 appeared to be a group of teenage Legionnaire clones, created from samples apparently taken just prior to Ferro Lad's death at the hands of the Sun-Eater ( since Lyle was Legion leader at that time, the members of Batch SW6 were led by the teenage Lyle). Later, they were revealed to be time-paradox duplicates, every bit as legitimate as their older counterparts. After Earth was destroyed in a disaster reminiscent of the destruction of Krypton over a millennium earlier,Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 4) #38, Late December 1992. a few dozen surviving cities and their inhabitants reconstituted their world as New Earth. The SW6 Legionnaires - including their version of Invisible Kid - remained. His arm apparently healed, he returns to the active roster to save a young Tritonian mutant, Gazelle, for whom he carries a torch from then on.Legion of Super-Heroes #38 (March 2008) During an invasion of aliens hailing from cyberspace, a small squad of legionnaires, including him and the recently appointed Gazelle, are digitized and sent into their home base: Invisible Lad has a customized avatar issued by Brainac 5, with a bulkier and more handsome physique that greatly impresses Gazelle (who, despite being saved by him, had never seen his face due to his invisibility powers). His idealized body is shown to be a trojan horse able to give Brainiac 5 complete mastery over the alien, digital universe. Invisible Kid, Gazelle and the other legionnaires spend some time trapped in cyberspace, while Brainiac 5 restores their physical bodies, damaged in a skirmish between the Coluan and some physical avatars of the invading aliens: in that week, Invisible Kid admits his feelings for Gazelle who happily reciprocates. Upon returning to the physical world, they both witness Brainiac 5 and Nura Nal exchanging their nuptial vows and inviting them to their marriage.Legion of Super-Heroes #50 (March 2009) Post-Infinite Crisis (2007- ) The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the Pre-Crisis Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Lyle is depicted as a member of this version of the team in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #5 (June 2007), and Action Comics #858 ( late December 2007) , but this incarnation of the Legion shares roughly the same history as the original Legion up to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths.IGN: Superman/Green Lantern interview Therefore, this version of Lyle is presumably deceased. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Since",
"after": "since",
"start_char_pos": 441,
"end_char_pos": 446
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "However, his",
"after": "His",
"start_char_pos": 1568,
"end_char_pos": 1580
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Late",
"after": "late",
"start_char_pos": 2680,
"end_char_pos": 2684
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ". However,",
"after": ", but",
"start_char_pos": 2700,
"end_char_pos": 2710
}
] | [
0,
163,
262,
539,
649,
905,
981,
1125,
1567,
1700,
2015,
2162,
2542,
2701,
2843
] |
71422 | 1 | Many subtypes of lymphomas are known. The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90\% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10\%). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma - multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lymphoma classification should reflect in which lymphocyte population the neoplasm arises.Manli Jiang, N. Nora Bennani, and Andrew L. Feldman. Lymphoma classification update: T-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol. 2017 Mar; 10(3): 239-249. Author Manuscript. Thus, neoplasms that arise from precursor lymphoid cells are distinguished from those that arise from mature lymphoid cells. Most mature lymphoid neoplasms comprise the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Historically, mature histiocytic and dendritic cell (HDC) neoplasms have been considered mature lymphoid neoplasms, since these often involve lymphoid tissue. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of benign, premalignant, and malignant diseases of lymphoid cells, i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells in which one or more of these cell types is infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The virus may be responsible for the development and/or progression of these diseases. In addition to EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphomas, the World Health Organization (2016) includes the following lymphomas, when associated with EBV infection, in this group of diseases: Burkitt lymphoma; large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; diffuse large B cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation; fibrin-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma; primary effusion lymphoma; plasmablastic lymphoma; extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type; peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma; follicular T cell lymphoma; and systemic T cell lymphoma of childhood. WHO classification The WHO classification, published in 2001 and updated in 2008, is based upon the foundations laid within the "revised European-American lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system groups lymphomas by cell type (i.e. the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor) and defining phenotypic, molecular, or cytogenetic characteristics. The five groups are shown in the table. Hodgkin lymphoma is considered separately within the WHO and preceding classifications, although it is recognized as being a tumor, albeit markedly abnormal, of lymphocytes of mature B cell lineage. Classical Hodgkin lymphomas: Nodular sclerosis form of Hodgkin lymphoma Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cell variants and inflammation, usually broad sclerotic bands that consist of collagen CD15, CD30 Most common in young adults, often arises in the mediastinum or cervical lymph nodes Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma Second-most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma Many classic Reed-Sternberg cells and inflammation CD15, CD30 Most common in men, more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form Epstein-Barr virus involved in 70\% of cases Lymphocyte-rich Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma | Many subtypes of lymphomas are known. The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90\% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10\%). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma – multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lymphoma classification should reflect in which lymphocyte population the neoplasm arises.Manli Jiang, N. Nora Bennani, and Andrew L. Feldman. Lymphoma classification update: T-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol. 2017 Mar; 10(3): 239–249. Author Manuscript. Thus, neoplasms that arise from precursor lymphoid cells are distinguished from those that arise from mature lymphoid cells. Most mature lymphoid neoplasms comprise the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Historically, mature histiocytic and dendritic cell (HDC) neoplasms have been considered mature lymphoid neoplasms, since these often involve lymphoid tissue. Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of benign, premalignant, and malignant diseases of lymphoid cells, i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells in which one or more of these cell types is infected with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The virus may be responsible for the development and/or progression of these diseases. In addition to EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphomas, the World Health Organization (2016) includes the following lymphomas, when associated with EBV infection, in this group of diseases: Burkitt lymphoma; large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; diffuse large B cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation; fibrin-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma; primary effusion lymphoma; plasmablastic lymphoma; extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type; peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma; follicular T cell lymphoma; and systemic T cell lymphoma of childhood. WHO classification The WHO classification, published in 2001 and updated in 2008, is based upon the foundations laid within the "revised European–American lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system groups lymphomas by cell type (i.e. the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor) and defining phenotypic, molecular, or cytogenetic characteristics. The five groups are shown in the table. Hodgkin lymphoma is considered separately within the WHO and preceding classifications, although it is recognized as being a tumor, albeit markedly abnormal, of lymphocytes of mature B cell lineage. Classical Hodgkin lymphomas: Nodular sclerosis form of Hodgkin lymphoma Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cell variants and inflammation, usually broad sclerotic bands that consist of collagen CD15, CD30 Most common in young adults, often arises in the mediastinum or cervical lymph nodes Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma Second-most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma Many classic Reed-Sternberg cells and inflammation CD15, CD30 Most common in men, more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form Epstein–Barr virus involved in 70\% of cases Lymphocyte-rich Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "-",
"after": "–",
"start_char_pos": 247,
"end_char_pos": 248
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "239-249.",
"after": "239–249.",
"start_char_pos": 749,
"end_char_pos": 757
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Epstein-Barr",
"after": "Epstein–Barr",
"start_char_pos": 1128,
"end_char_pos": 1140
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Epstein-Barr",
"after": "Epstein–Barr",
"start_char_pos": 1187,
"end_char_pos": 1199
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Epstein-Barr",
"after": "Epstein–Barr",
"start_char_pos": 1452,
"end_char_pos": 1464
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "European-American",
"after": "European–American",
"start_char_pos": 2320,
"end_char_pos": 2337
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Epstein-Barr",
"after": "Epstein–Barr",
"start_char_pos": 3325,
"end_char_pos": 3337
}
] | [
0,
37,
159,
299,
408,
549,
601,
711,
731,
757,
776,
901,
968,
1127,
1477,
1564,
1763,
1811,
1879,
1928,
1955,
1979,
2022,
2075,
2111,
2139,
2182,
2370,
2538,
2578,
2777,
2806,
2933,
2994
] |
71537 | 1 | In 1997 on The Oprah Winfrey Show, American comedienne, and talkshow host Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian. Her real-life coming out was echoed in the sitcom Ellen in "The Puppy Episode", in which the eponymous character Ellen Morgan , played by DeGeneres, outs herself over the airport public address system. | In 1997 on The Oprah Winfrey Show, American comedian Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian. Her real-life coming out was echoed in the sitcom Ellen in "The Puppy Episode", in which her character Ellen Morgan outs herself over the airport public address system. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "comedienne, and talkshow host",
"after": "comedian",
"start_char_pos": 44,
"end_char_pos": 73
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "the eponymous",
"after": "her",
"start_char_pos": 202,
"end_char_pos": 215
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ", played by DeGeneres,",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 239,
"end_char_pos": 261
}
] | [
0,
112
] |
7154152 | 1 | The Information Audit (IA) extends the concept of auditing holistically from a traditional scope of accounting and finance to the organisational information management system. Information is representative of a resource which requires effective management and this led to the development of interest in the use of an IA.Ellis et al, 1993, p.134. Prior the 1990s and the methodologies of Orna, Henczel, Wood, Buchanan and Gibb, IA approaches and methodologies focused mainly upon an identification of formal information resources (IR). Later approaches included an organisational analysis and the mapping of the Information flow. This gave context to analysis within an organisation ’ s information systems and a holistic view of their IR and as such could contribute to the development of the Information Systems Architecture (ISA). In recent years the IA has been overlooked in favour of the systems development process which can be less expensive than the IA, yet more heavily technically focused, project specific (not holistic) and does not favour the top-down analysis of the IA.Buchanan & Gibb, 2007, p.161. | The information audit (IA) extends the concept of auditing holistically from a traditional scope of accounting and finance to the organisational information management system. Information is representative of a resource which requires effective management and this led to the development of interest in the use of an IA.Ellis et al, 1993, p.134. Prior the 1990s and the methodologies of Orna, Henczel, Wood, Buchanan and Gibb, IA approaches and methodologies focused mainly upon an identification of formal information resources (IR). Later approaches included an organisational analysis and the mapping of the information flow. This gave context to analysis within an organisation ' s information systems and a holistic view of their IR and as such could contribute to the development of the information systems architecture (ISA). In recent years the IA has been overlooked in favour of the systems development process which can be less expensive than the IA, yet more heavily technically focused, project specific (not holistic) and does not favour the top-down analysis of the IA.Buchanan & Gibb, 2007, p.161. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Information Audit",
"after": "information audit",
"start_char_pos": 4,
"end_char_pos": 21
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Information",
"after": "information",
"start_char_pos": 611,
"end_char_pos": 622
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 682,
"end_char_pos": 683
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Information Systems Architecture",
"after": "information systems architecture",
"start_char_pos": 793,
"end_char_pos": 825
}
] | [
0,
175,
320,
345,
534,
628,
832,
1084
] |
7154152 | 2 | Information Audit and the development of a Knowledge Audit In more recent years, since the development of the top-down methodologies, IA have been used as a basis for the development of a knowledge audit, which itself in-turn contributes to an organisation ’ s knowledge management strategy. Once complete, the IA allows examination into where knowledge is produced, where there may be need for further input and where knowledge transfer is required. Furthermore, this analysis develops strategy for knowledge capture, access, storage, dissemination and validation.Henczel, 2000, p.104. Dissimilarly to the IA, the objectives of the knowledge audit are to identify any people-related issues which impact the ways in which knowledge is created, transferred and shared and to identify where knowledge could be captured, where it is required and then determine how best to undertake a knowledge transfer as "unlike information, knowledge is bound to a person, organisation or community."Mearns & Du Toit, 2008, p.161 Similarities between the knowledge and information audit methodologies can be noted however, as questionnaires, the development of an inventory, analysis of flow and a data map Burnett et al, 2004, p.2 are here again used. The importance of this audit therefore is to understand the strategic significance of an organisation ’ s knowledge assets to ensure management is focused to those areas it is specifically required. | Development of a knowledge audit In more recent years, since the development of the top-down methodologies, IA have been used as a basis for the development of a knowledge audit, which itself in-turn contributes to an organisation ' s knowledge management strategy. Once complete, the IA allows examination into where knowledge is produced, where there may be need for further input and where knowledge transfer is required. Furthermore, this analysis develops strategy for knowledge capture, access, storage, dissemination and validation.Henczel, 2000, p.104. Dissimilarly to the IA, the objectives of the knowledge audit are to identify any people-related issues which impact the ways in which knowledge is created, transferred and shared and to identify where knowledge could be captured, where it is required and then determine how best to undertake a knowledge transfer as "unlike information, knowledge is bound to a person, organisation or community."Mearns & Du Toit, 2008, p.161 Similarities between the knowledge and information audit methodologies can be noted however, as questionnaires, the development of an inventory, analysis of flow and a data mapBurnett et al, 2004, p.2 are here again used. The importance of this audit therefore is to understand the strategic significance of an organisation ' s knowledge assets to ensure management is focused to those areas it is specifically required. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Information Audit and the development of a Knowledge Audit",
"after": "Development of a knowledge audit",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 58
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 257,
"end_char_pos": 258
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "map Burnett",
"after": "mapBurnett",
"start_char_pos": 1187,
"end_char_pos": 1198
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 1339,
"end_char_pos": 1340
}
] | [
0,
291,
450,
565,
586,
983,
1236
] |
7154403 | 1 | ==Why Pewdiepie is a god | Common techniques in persuasive writing Presenting strong evidence, such as facts and statistics, statements of expert authorities and research findings, establishes credibility and authenticity. Readers will more likely be convinced to side with the writer's position or agree with their opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples or anecdotes can enhance the writer's idea or opinion. They can be based on observations or from the writer's personal experience. Accurate, current and balanced information adds to the credibility of persuasive writing. The writer does not only present evidence that favor their ideas, but they also acknowledge some evidence that opposes their own. In the writing, though, their ideas would be sounder. Ethos, logos, and pathos There are three aesthetic features to persuasive writing. Ethos is the appeal to credibility. It convinces the audience of the credibility of the writer. The writer's expertise on their subject matter lends to such credibility. The level of education and profession of the writer also come into play. Logos is the appeal to logic and reason. It is the most commonly accepted mode in persuasion because it aims to be scientific in its approach to argumentation. In writing, facts are presented in a logical manner, and faulty logic is avoided. Pathos is the appeal to emotion. This aims to convince the audience by appealing to human emotions. Emotions such as sympathy, anger, and sadness motivate humans; using pathos will then get the audience to be emotionally invested in the subject of the writing. References | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "==Why Pewdiepie is a god",
"after": "Common techniques in persuasive writing",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 24
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Presenting strong evidence, such as facts and statistics, statements of expert authorities and research findings, establishes credibility and authenticity. Readers will more likely be convinced to side with the writer's position or agree with their opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples or anecdotes can enhance the writer's idea or opinion. They can be based on observations or from the writer's personal experience. Accurate, current and balanced information adds to the credibility of persuasive writing. The writer does not only present evidence that favor their ideas, but they also acknowledge some evidence that opposes their own. In the writing, though, their ideas would be sounder.",
"start_char_pos": 25,
"end_char_pos": 25
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Ethos, logos, and pathos There are three aesthetic features to persuasive writing. Ethos is the appeal to credibility. It convinces the audience of the credibility of the writer. The writer's expertise on their subject matter lends to such credibility. The level of education and profession of the writer also come into play. Logos is the appeal to logic and reason. It is the most commonly accepted mode in persuasion because it aims to be scientific in its approach to argumentation. In writing, facts are presented in a logical manner, and faulty logic is avoided. Pathos is the appeal to emotion. This aims to convince the audience by appealing to human emotions. Emotions such as sympathy, anger, and sadness motivate humans; using pathos will then get the audience to be emotionally invested in the subject of the writing.",
"start_char_pos": 26,
"end_char_pos": 26
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "References",
"start_char_pos": 27,
"end_char_pos": 27
}
] | [
0
] |
7154403 | 2 | Common techniques in persuasive writing Presenting strong evidence, such as facts and statistics, statements of expert authorities and research findings, establishes credibility and authenticity. Readers will more likely be convinced to side with the writer's position or agree with their opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples or anecdotes can enhance the writer's idea or opinion. They can be based on observations or from the writer's personal experience. Accurate, current and balanced information adds to the credibility of persuasive writing. The writer does not only present evidence that favor their ideas, but they also acknowledge some evidence that opposes their own. In the writing, though, their ideas would be sounder. | Hello, persuasive writing is pointless, and will be obsolete within a few decades because how are you going to convince a robot, don´t even bother, ok? | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Common techniques in persuasive writing",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 39
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Presenting strong evidence, such as facts and statistics, statements of expert authorities and research findings, establishes credibility and authenticity. Readers will more likely be convinced to side with the writer's position or agree with their opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples or anecdotes can enhance the writer's idea or opinion. They can be based on observations or from the writer's personal experience. Accurate, current and balanced information adds to the credibility of persuasive writing. The writer does not only present evidence that favor their ideas, but they also acknowledge some evidence that opposes their own. In the writing, though, their ideas would be sounder.",
"after": "Hello, persuasive writing is pointless, and will be obsolete within a few decades because how are you going to convince a robot, don´t even bother, ok?",
"start_char_pos": 40,
"end_char_pos": 788
}
] | [
0,
195,
339,
438,
514,
604,
734
] |
7159081 | 1 | The depiction of female sexuality in Victorian burlesque was an example of the connection between women as performers and women as sexual objects in Victorian culture.Buszek, Maria-Elena. "Representing 'Awarishness': Burlesque, Feminist Transgression, and the 19th-Century Pin-up", The Drama Review, 1999, vol. 43, issue 4, pp. 141–162, accessed 4 March 2012 Throughout the history of theatre the participation of women on stage has been questioned. Victorian culture, according to Buszek in 2012, viewed paid female performance as being closely associated with prostitution, “ a profession in which most women in the theatre dabbled, if not took on as a primary source of income .” Beginning in the 1880s, when comedian-writer Fred Leslie joined the Gaiety, composers like Meyer Lutz and Osmond Carr contributed original music to the burlesques, which were extended to a full-length two- or three-act format."Theatrical Humour in the Seventies", The Times, 20 February 1914, p. 9 These later Gaiety burlesques starred Farren and Leslie. They often included Leslie's libretti, written under his pseudonym, "A. C. Torr",Stewart, Maurice. 'The spark that lit the bonfire', in Gilbert and Sullivan News (London) Spring 2003. and were usually given an original score by Lutz: Little Jack Sheppard (1885), Monte Cristo Jr. (1886), Pretty Esmeralda (1887), Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887),Hollingshead, pp. 14 and 55 Mazeppa and Faust up to Date (1888). Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué (1889) made fun of the play Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo.Hollingshead, pp. 57–58 The title was a pun, and the worse the pun, the more Victorian audiences were amused.Gray, Donald J., "The Uses of Victorian Laughter", Victorian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (December 1966), pp. 145–76, Indiana University Press, accessed 2 February 2011 The last Gaiety burlesques were Carmen up to Data (1890),Adams, pp. 254–55 Cinder Ellen up too Late (1891), and Don Juan (1892, with lyrics by Adrian Ross).Hollingshead, pp. 63–64Arthur Lloyd Music Hall site (on Gaiety) Cuttings accessed 01 Mar 2007 | The depiction of female sexuality in Victorian burlesque was an example of the connection between women as performers and women as sexual objects in Victorian culture.Buszek, Maria-Elena. "Representing 'Awarishness': Burlesque, Feminist Transgression, and the 19th-Century Pin-up", The Drama Review, 1999, vol. 43, issue 4, pp. 141–162, accessed 4 March 2012 Throughout the history of theatre the participation of women on stage has been questioned. Victorian culture, according to Buszek in 2012, viewed paid female performance as being closely associated with prostitution, " a profession in which most women in the theatre dabbled, if not took on as a primary source of income ". Beginning in the 1880s, when comedian-writer Fred Leslie joined the Gaiety, composers like Meyer Lutz and Osmond Carr contributed original music to the burlesques, which were extended to a full-length two- or three-act format."Theatrical Humour in the Seventies", The Times, 20 February 1914, p. 9 These later Gaiety burlesques starred Farren and Leslie. They often included Leslie's libretti, written under his pseudonym, "A. C. Torr",Stewart, Maurice. 'The spark that lit the bonfire', in Gilbert and Sullivan News (London) Spring 2003. and were usually given an original score by Lutz: Little Jack Sheppard (1885), Monte Cristo Jr. (1886), Pretty Esmeralda (1887), Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887),Hollingshead, pp. 14 and 55 Mazeppa and Faust up to Date (1888). Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué (1889) made fun of the play Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo.Hollingshead, pp. 57–58 The title was a pun, and the worse the pun, the more Victorian audiences were amused.Gray, Donald J., "The Uses of Victorian Laughter", Victorian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (December 1966), pp. 145–76, Indiana University Press, accessed 2 February 2011 The last Gaiety burlesques were Carmen up to Data (1890),Adams, pp. 254–55 Cinder Ellen up too Late (1891), and Don Juan (1892, with lyrics by Adrian Ross).Hollingshead, pp. 63–64Arthur Lloyd Music Hall site (on Gaiety) Cuttings accessed 1 Mar 2007 | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 576,
"end_char_pos": 577
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ".”",
"after": "\".",
"start_char_pos": 680,
"end_char_pos": 682
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "01",
"after": "1",
"start_char_pos": 2053,
"end_char_pos": 2055
}
] | [
0,
167,
187,
449,
909,
1037,
1136,
1460,
1541,
1650,
1971
] |
71627 | 1 | Rice terraces located in Mù Cang Chải district, Yên Bái province, Vietnam Environmental geography (also referred to as environmental geography,Nicolaas A. Rupke (2008): Alexander Von Humboldt: A Metabiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Integrated geography or human–environment geography) is the branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural environment,Noel Castree et al. (2009): A Companion to Environmental Geography. London: Wiley-Blackwell. these interactions being called coupled human–environment system. Summed up, environmental geography is about humans and nature and how we affect the environment and our planet. | Rice terraces located in Mù Cang Chải district, Yên Bái province, Vietnam Integrated geography (also referred to as integrative geography,Nicolaas A. Rupke (2008): Alexander Von Humboldt: A Metabiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. environmental geography or human–environment geography) is the branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural environment,Noel Castree et al. (2009): A Companion to Environmental Geography. London: Wiley-Blackwell. these interactions being called coupled human–environment system. Summed up, environmental geography is about humans and nature and how we affect the environment and our planet. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Environmental",
"after": "Integrated",
"start_char_pos": 74,
"end_char_pos": 87
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "environmental",
"after": "integrative",
"start_char_pos": 119,
"end_char_pos": 132
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Integrated",
"after": "environmental",
"start_char_pos": 248,
"end_char_pos": 258
}
] | [
0,
209,
247,
528,
619
] |
717096 | 1 | Lorne Cardinal (born 6 January 1964 , Cree) Cardinal is a First Nations Canadian stage, television and film actor, best known for portraying Davis Quinton in Corner Gas. He is a former rugby union player. | Lorne Cardinal (born 6 January 1964 ) is a CreeCardinal First Nations Canadian stage, television and film actor, best known for portraying Davis Quinton on Corner Gas. He is a former rugby union player. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", Cree) Cardinal is a",
"after": ") is a CreeCardinal",
"start_char_pos": 36,
"end_char_pos": 57
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "in",
"after": "on",
"start_char_pos": 155,
"end_char_pos": 157
}
] | [
0,
169
] |
717096 | 2 | Early life Cardinal was born at the Sucker Creek Cree reserve at Slave Lake, Alberta . He attended local schools as a child. He obtained a B.F.A. degree in acting from the University of Alberta in 1993. He was the first Indigenous student to do so. Television Year Show Role Notes1994 Lonesome Dove Indian Brave Episodes: "O Western Wind: Part 1" and "Down Come Rain: Part 2" Hawkeye Brother of the North Wind Episode: "The Furlough" Frostfire Dennis TV movie 1995 Tecumseh: The Last Warrior Loud Noise TV movie 1995-1997 North of 60 GamblerDaniel Deela Appeared in six episodes 1995-1999 Jake and the Kid Moses Lefthand 21 episodes 1996 Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid TV movie 1997 Out of Nowhere TV movie 1998 Big Bear Little Bad Man Mini-series Episodes: "#1.1 and "#1.2"1999 Exhibit A: Secrets of Forensic Science Frank Roy Episode: "Killer in a Box" The City Gabriel Appeared in four episodes In the Blue Ground Daniel Dééla 2000 Thin Air Bobby Horse TV movie 2000-2001 Canada: A People's History Harold Cardinal/Mike Mountainhorse/Poundmaker/Tecumseh/Huron Warrior Five episodes 2000-2002 Wumpa ’ s World Wumpa the Walrus (voice) Appeared in all 26 episodes 2001 The Associates Preston Stanley Episode: "Encumbered" 2001-2002 Blackfly Chief Smack-Your-Face-In Appeared in eight episodes 2001 Buffalo Tracks Host 2002 Relic Hunter Sheriff Dark Feather Episode: "Fire in the Sky"2003 Monsters We Met Clovis man Episode: "Eternal Frontier (America, 11,000 years ago)" Another Country Daniel Deela TV movie Ice Bound TV movie Fallen Angel Clerk TV movie 2004-2008 renegadepress.com Wayne Sinclair Appeared in six episodes and directed two 2004-2009 Corner Gas Davis Quinton Appeared in 107 episodes 2005 Distant Drumming: A North of 60 Mystery Daniel Deela TV movie 2005-Present Wapos Bay: The Series Jacob Voice role 2006 Moccasin Flats Himself DirectorEpisode: "Hide and Seek" 2006 The Road to Christmas Chaba2007 Rabbit Fall Himself DirectorEpisode: "The Weetigo" Elijah Chief Archie TV movie2008 Winnipeg Comedy Festival Himself HostEpisode: "Hardly Working" Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman Lorne Red Deer TV movie Moccasin Flats: Redemption Detective #1 TV movie2009 The Time Traveler Himself Producer Wolf Canyon Rancher Heavyfeather It's Been a Gas Himself/Sgt. Davis Quinton TV documentary Memories, Milestones and Moving Forward Himself Host 2010 Great Canadian Books Himself Episode: "Three Day Road"2011 Wapos Bay: Long Goodbyes Jacob TV movie/special Level Up Principal Storm TV movie Snowmageddon Larry TV movie2012 Arctic Air Zachary Ward Four episodes Primeval: New World Raymond Episode: "Sisiutl" 2012-2013 Level Up Principal Storm 2013 If I Had Wings Angus Coleman2014 Far from Home Roger Calhoun TV movie Fargo Ray Almond Episode: "A Fox, A Rabbit and a Cabbage"2016 Unser Traum von Kanada Harry TV mini-series Episodes: "Sowas wie Familie" and "Alles auf Anfang" Going for Broke Tour Commissioner Fraser Brewstars Ned TV movie Shut Eye Pete - Gardener Episode: "The Fool"2017 Royal Canadian Air Farce Episode: "Air Farce Canada 150" Tin Star Officer Lightfoot Season 1 episode 7: "Exposure" The Great Northern Candy Drop Johnny May TV movie 2018–present Corner Gas Animated Sgt. Davis Quinton Voice Main role2018 The Bad Seed Brian TV movie Wynter Gabe TV movie Post production 2019-present Molly of Denali Grandpa Nat Voice Main role 2020–present FBI: Most Wanted Nelson Skye Recurring role | Early life Cardinal was born on a reserve of the Sucker Creek First Nation at Lesser Slave Lake . He attended local schools as a child. He obtained a B.F.A. degree in acting from the University of Alberta in 1993. He was the first Indigenous student to do so. Television Year Show Role Notes1994 Lonesome Dove Indian Brave Episodes: "O Western Wind: Part 1" and "Down Come Rain: Part 2" Hawkeye Brother of the North Wind Episode: "The Furlough" Frostfire Dennis TV movie 1995 Tecumseh: The Last Warrior Loud Noise TV movie 1995-1997 North of 60 GamblerDaniel Deela Appeared in six episodes 1995-1999 Jake and the Kid Moses Lefthand 21 episodes 1996 Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid TV movie 1997 Out of Nowhere TV movie 1998 Big Bear Little Bad Man Mini-series Episodes: "#1.1 and "#1.2"1999 Exhibit A: Secrets of Forensic Science Frank Roy Episode: "Killer in a Box" The City Gabriel Appeared in four episodes In the Blue Ground Daniel Dééla 2000 Thin Air Bobby Horse TV movie 2000-2001 Canada: A People's History Harold Cardinal/Mike Mountainhorse/Poundmaker/Tecumseh/Huron Warrior Five episodes 2000-2002 Wumpa ' s World Wumpa the Walrus (voice) Appeared in all 26 episodes 2001 The Associates Preston Stanley Episode: "Encumbered" 2001-2002 Blackfly Chief Smack-Your-Face-In Appeared in eight episodes 2001 Buffalo Tracks Host 2002 Relic Hunter Sheriff Dark Feather Episode: "Fire in the Sky"2003 Monsters We Met Clovis man Episode: "Eternal Frontier (America, 11,000 years ago)" Another Country Daniel Deela TV movie Ice Bound TV movie Fallen Angel Clerk TV movie 2004-2008 renegadepress.com Wayne Sinclair Appeared in six episodes and directed two 2004-2009 Corner Gas Davis Quinton Appeared in 107 episodes 2005 Distant Drumming: A North of 60 Mystery Daniel Deela TV movie 2005-Present Wapos Bay: The Series Jacob Voice role 2006 Moccasin Flats Himself DirectorEpisode: "Hide and Seek" 2006 The Road to Christmas Chaba2007 Rabbit Fall Himself DirectorEpisode: "The Weetigo" Elijah Chief Archie TV movie2008 Winnipeg Comedy Festival Himself HostEpisode: "Hardly Working" Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman Lorne Red Deer TV movie Moccasin Flats: Redemption Detective #1 TV movie2009 The Time Traveler Himself Producer Wolf Canyon Rancher Heavyfeather It's Been a Gas Himself/Sgt. Davis Quinton TV documentary Memories, Milestones and Moving Forward Himself Host 2010 Great Canadian Books Himself Episode: "Three Day Road"2011 Wapos Bay: Long Goodbyes Jacob TV movie/special Level Up Principal Storm TV movie Snowmageddon Larry TV movie2012 Arctic Air Zachary Ward Four episodes Primeval: New World Raymond Episode: "Sisiutl" 2012-2013 Level Up Principal Storm 2013 If I Had Wings Angus Coleman2014 Far from Home Roger Calhoun TV movie Fargo Ray Almond Episode: "A Fox, A Rabbit and a Cabbage"2016 Unser Traum von Kanada Harry TV mini-series Episodes: "Sowas wie Familie" and "Alles auf Anfang" Going for Broke Tour Commissioner Fraser Brewstars Ned TV movie Shut Eye Pete - Gardener Episode: "The Fool"2017 Royal Canadian Air Farce Episode: "Air Farce Canada 150" Tin Star Officer Lightfoot Season 1 episode 7: "Exposure" The Great Northern Candy Drop Johnny May TV movie 2018–present Corner Gas Animated Sgt. Davis Quinton Voice Main role2018 The Bad Seed Brian TV movie Wynter Gabe TV movie Post production 2019-present Molly of Denali Grandpa Nat Voice Main role 2020–present FBI: Most Wanted Nelson Skye Recurring role | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "at",
"after": "on a reserve of",
"start_char_pos": 29,
"end_char_pos": 31
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Cree reserve at Slave Lake, Alberta",
"after": "First Nation at Lesser Slave Lake",
"start_char_pos": 49,
"end_char_pos": 84
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 1099,
"end_char_pos": 1100
}
] | [
0,
86,
124,
202,
248,
321,
338,
367,
418,
474,
755,
787,
834,
980,
1468,
1721,
1789,
1862,
1952,
2045,
2143,
2402,
2434,
2585,
2971,
3119,
3207
] |
718449 | 1 | The Houston Press suggested the college began adopting a theme for each year's party in 1976. However, it is wrong. According to the founders, togas and minimal clothing was there at the beginning. It has been suggested that in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the themes were historical and/or apocalyptic in nature (e.g. The Fall of Rome, Caligula, Armageddon, Animal Farm, the Trojan War). Again, according to the founders, that is incorrect, at least for the first years. The founders were not going for historical or apocalyptic: The founders made a conscious decision to name the year's NOD with a nod to a movie title. By the 1990s the themes were generally sexual puns, often based on movie titles (e.g., James Bondage, Lust in Space). Regardless of the stated theme, the decorations for NODwere overtly sexual . For many years NOD's trademark was "Sparky", a giant phallus built of papier-mâché and suspended from the ceiling of the Commons. (Sparky's also became the nickname of Wiess's basement game room.) Often Sparky was aligned with a corresponding anatomical prop at the other end of the room; one year a motor was added to move Sparky back and forth during the party. In some years a second Sparky was constructed with internal tubing that delivered Everclear punch from an upstairs mixing area to a suitably shaped serving trough below. Instead of traditional costumes, students dress as degenerately (or as minimally) as possible. Pregnant nuns and drag dress are some of the tamer outfits. Although there are always several people creatively attired in Saran Wrap or fishnet stockings and pasties, a typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Because of its overtly sexual context, NOD eventually became a polarizing event on the Rice campus. The university administration has several times tried to shut down the party because of its ability to promote a culture of sexual assault and excessive alcohol abuse. Alternative events on campus include the rapidly growing Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) , and, in previous years, Night of Praise and NODgeball. NOD had long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are usually expected to attend NOD . Recently, however, the party has struggled to break even and is on the point of actually losing money . | The Houston Press suggested the college began adopting a theme for each year's party in 1976. However, it is wrong. According to the founders, togas and minimal clothing was there at the beginning. It has been suggested that in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the themes were historical and/or apocalyptic in nature (e.g. The Fall of Rome, Caligula, Armageddon, Animal Farm, the Trojan War). Again, according to the founders, that is incorrect, at least for the first years. The founders were not going for historical or apocalyptic: The founders made a conscious decision to name the year's NOD with a nod to a movie title. By the 1990s the themes were generally sexual puns, often based on movie titles (e.g., James Bondage, Lust in Space). In the past, the university administration tried to shut down the party because of concerns about alcohol use and harassment due to NOD's sexual nature. For many years NOD's trademark was "Sparky", a giant phallus built of papier-mâché and suspended from the ceiling of the Commons. (Sparky's also became the nickname of Wiess's basement game room.) Often Sparky was aligned with a corresponding anatomical prop at the other end of the room; one year a motor was added to move Sparky back and forth during the party. In some years a second Sparky was constructed with internal tubing that delivered Everclear punch from an upstairs mixing area to a suitably shaped serving trough below. At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL Because of its sexual context, NOD eventually became a polarizing event on the Rice campus. Other events on campus such as Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), and Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL NOD had long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are usually expected to attend NOD . | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "In the past, the university administration tried to shut down the party because of concerns about alcohol use and harassment due to NOD's sexual nature.",
"start_char_pos": 740,
"end_char_pos": 740
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Regardless of the stated theme, the decorations for NODwere overtly sexual .",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 741,
"end_char_pos": 817
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Instead of traditional costumes, students dress as degenerately (or as minimally) as possible. Pregnant nuns and drag dress are some of the tamer outfits. Although there are always several people creatively attired in Saran Wrap or fishnet stockings and pasties, a",
"after": "At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A",
"start_char_pos": 1352,
"end_char_pos": 1616
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL",
"start_char_pos": 1689,
"end_char_pos": 1689
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "overtly",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1705,
"end_char_pos": 1712
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "The university administration has several times tried to shut down the party because of its ability to promote a culture of sexual assault and excessive alcohol abuse. Alternative",
"after": "Other",
"start_char_pos": 1790,
"end_char_pos": 1969
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "include the rapidly growing",
"after": "such as",
"start_char_pos": 1987,
"end_char_pos": 2014
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and",
"start_char_pos": 2063,
"end_char_pos": 2063
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", and, in previous years, Night of Praise and NODgeball.",
"after": "provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL",
"start_char_pos": 2118,
"end_char_pos": 2174
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ". Recently, however, the party has struggled to break even and is on the point of actually losing money",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2376,
"end_char_pos": 2479
}
] | [
0,
93,
115,
197,
318,
388,
471,
621,
739,
817,
947,
1014,
1106,
1181,
1351,
1446,
1506,
1688,
1789,
1957,
2174,
2305
] |
718449 | 2 | Early history NOD was founded by 4 Wiess College men. In the early '70s, each college at Rice had an event to raise money to fund the college's parties for the year. At that time, the drinking age was 18 and the colleges sponsored on-campus parties with alcohol. Wiess had the least amount of funds. The Wiess men were tasked with coming up with a fundraiser party. The Houston Press suggested the college began adopting a theme for each year's party in 1976. However, it is wrong. According to the founders, togas and minimal clothing was there at the beginning. It has been suggested that in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the themes were historical and/or apocalyptic in nature (e.g. The Fall of Rome, Caligula, Armageddon, Animal Farm, the Trojan War). Again, according to the founders, that is incorrect, at least for the first years. The founders were not going for historical or apocalyptic: The founders made a conscious decision to name the year's NOD with a nod to a movie title. By the 1990s the themes were generally sexual puns, often based on movie titles (e.g., James Bondage, Lust in Space). In the past, the university administration tried to shut down the party because of concerns about alcohol use and harassment due to NOD's sexual nature. For many years NOD's trademark was "Sparky", a giant phallus built of papier-mâché and suspended from the ceiling of the Commons. (Sparky's also became the nickname of Wiess's basement game room.) Often Sparky was aligned with a corresponding anatomical prop at the other end of the room; one year a motor was added to move Sparky back and forth during the party. In some years a second Sparky was constructed with internal tubing that delivered Everclear punch from an upstairs mixing area to a suitably shaped serving trough below. Year 1: "Night of Decadence" - The general idea was to buy as much booze as they could, pour it into trashcans, and drink. The concoction was primarily Everclear, cheap wine, and fruit. The first year no one from any other college attended. There were about 30 Wiess men who attended. Even so, the college did manage to break even. Year 2: "Night of Decadence II" - The same no-theme theme continued. But, a few non-Wiess students attended, even a few women. The college made a little money the second year.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Year 3: "Return of Night of Decadence" - The word was finally getting out. By the third year, a much larger crowd attended and a large profit was made. Year 4: "Beyond Night of Decadence" - This was the first year that NOD was truly a toga party. Everyone on campus showed up and it was the major party of the year.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Overview At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL Because of its sex positivity, NOD historically has been a polarizing event on Rice campus. Other events on campus such as Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), and Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL NOD had long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are usually expected to attend NOD.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Significant safety efforts were instituted starting in URL As of 2018, Wiess spends around $7,000 on security and ambulances in order to provide a safe experience to NOD URL The party now garners over 1,500 URL | Overview At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL Because of its sex positivity, NOD historically has been a polarizing event on Rice campus. Other events on campus such as Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), and Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL NOD has long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are expected to attend NOD. Significant safety efforts were instituted starting in URL As of 2018, Wiess spends around $7,000 on security and ambulances in order to provide a safe experience to NOD URL The party now garners over 1,500 URL Beginnings NOD was founded by 4 Wiess College men. In the early '70s, each college at Rice had an event to raise money to fund the college's parties for the year. At that time, the drinking age was 18 and the colleges sponsored on-campus parties with alcohol. Wiess had the least amount of funds. The Wiess men were tasked with coming up with a fundraiser party. Year 1: "Night of Decadence" - The general idea was to buy as much booze as they could, pour it into trashcans, and drink. The concoction was primarily Everclear, cheap wine, and fruit. The first year no one from any other college attended. There were about 30 Wiess men who attended. Even so, the college did manage to break even. Year 2: "Night of Decadence II" - The same no-theme theme continued. But, a few non-Wiess students attended, even a few women. The college made a little money the second year. Year 3: "Return of Night of Decadence" - The word was finally getting out. By the third year, a much larger crowd attended and a large profit was made. Year 4: "Beyond Night of Decadence" - This was the first year that NOD was truly a toga party. Everyone on campus showed up and it was the major party of the year. Early history The Houston Press suggested the college began adopting a theme for each year's party in 1976. However, it is wrong. According to the founders, togas and minimal clothing was there at the beginning. It has been suggested that in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the themes were historical and/or apocalyptic in nature (e.g. The Fall of Rome, Caligula, Armageddon, Animal Farm, the Trojan War). Again, according to the founders, that is incorrect, at least for the first years. The founders were not going for historical or apocalyptic: The founders made a conscious decision to name the year's NOD with a nod to a movie title. By the 1990s the themes were generally sexual puns, often based on movie titles (e.g., James Bondage, Lust in Space). In the past, the university administration tried to shut down the party because of concerns about alcohol use and harassment due to NOD's sexual nature. For many years NOD's trademark was "Sparky", a giant phallus built of papier-mâché and suspended from the ceiling of the Commons. (Sparky's also became the nickname of Wiess's basement game room.) Often Sparky was aligned with a corresponding anatomical prop at the other end of the room; one year a motor was added to move Sparky back and forth during the party. In some years a second Sparky was constructed with internal tubing that delivered Everclear punch from an upstairs mixing area to a suitably shaped serving trough below. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Early history NOD",
"after": "Overview",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 17
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL Because of its sex positivity, NOD historically has been a polarizing event on Rice campus. Other events on campus such as Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), and Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL NOD has long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are expected to attend NOD.",
"start_char_pos": 18,
"end_char_pos": 18
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Significant safety efforts were instituted starting in URL As of 2018, Wiess spends around $7,000 on security and ambulances in order to provide a safe experience to NOD URL",
"start_char_pos": 19,
"end_char_pos": 19
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "The party now garners over 1,500 URL",
"start_char_pos": 20,
"end_char_pos": 20
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Beginnings NOD",
"start_char_pos": 21,
"end_char_pos": 21
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Year 1: \"Night of Decadence\" - The general idea was to buy as much booze as they could, pour it into trashcans, and drink. The concoction was primarily Everclear, cheap wine, and fruit. The first year no one from any other college attended. There were about 30 Wiess men who attended. Even so, the college did manage to break even.",
"start_char_pos": 370,
"end_char_pos": 370
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Year 2: \"Night of Decadence II\" - The same no-theme theme continued. But, a few non-Wiess students attended, even a few women. The college made a little money the second year.",
"start_char_pos": 371,
"end_char_pos": 371
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Year 3: \"Return of Night of Decadence\" - The word was finally getting out. By the third year, a much larger crowd attended and a large profit was made.",
"start_char_pos": 372,
"end_char_pos": 372
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Year 4: \"Beyond Night of Decadence\" - This was the first year that NOD was truly a toga party. Everyone on campus showed up and it was the major party of the year.",
"start_char_pos": 373,
"end_char_pos": 373
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Early history",
"start_char_pos": 374,
"end_char_pos": 374
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Year 1: \"Night of Decadence\" - The general idea was to buy as much booze as they could, pour it into trashcans, and drink. The concoction was primarily Everclear, cheap wine, and fruit. The first year no one from any other college attended. There were about 30 Wiess men who attended. Even so, the college did manage to break even.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1802,
"end_char_pos": 2133
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Year 2: \"Night of Decadence II\" - The same no-theme theme continued. But, a few non-Wiess students attended, even a few women. The college made a little money the second year.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2134,
"end_char_pos": 2309
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Year 3: \"Return of Night of Decadence\" - The word was finally getting out. By the third year, a much larger crowd attended and a large profit was made.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2339,
"end_char_pos": 2490
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Year 4: \"Beyond Night of Decadence\" - This was the first year that NOD was truly a toga party. Everyone on campus showed up and it was the major party of the year.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2491,
"end_char_pos": 2654
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Overview",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2684,
"end_char_pos": 2692
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "At NOD, students may wear whatever makes them comfortable. A typical costume is boxer shorts for men, and bra and panties for women. Starting in the 2010s, NOD has featured a Halloween costume contest, offering prizes to students who come wearing the most creative URL Because of its sex positivity, NOD historically has been a polarizing event on Rice campus. Other events on campus such as Evening of Elegance (recently started in 2014), and Night of Innocence (offered since at least the 1980s) provide students with diverse social options, many choosing to attend more than one URL NOD had long been one of the most popular parties on campus, though the decorations have become more conservative in recent years. Each year over one thousand people are usually expected to attend NOD.",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2693,
"end_char_pos": 3480
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Significant safety efforts were instituted starting in URL As of 2018, Wiess spends around $7,000 on security and ambulances in order to provide a safe experience to NOD URL",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3510,
"end_char_pos": 3683
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "The party now garners over 1,500 URL",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3684,
"end_char_pos": 3720
}
] | [
0,
57,
169,
266,
303,
369,
468,
490,
572,
693,
763,
846,
996,
1114,
1267,
1397,
1464,
1556,
1631,
1801,
1924,
1987,
2042,
2086,
2133,
2202,
2260,
2309,
2413,
2490,
2585,
2654,
2751,
2825,
3053,
3409,
3480
] |
718597 | 1 | Hvordan går det? 'how goes it?'. Possible answers are: Det går godt/fint 'it goes good/fine'. Hvor'n skær'en? 'how does it cut?' Informal greeting between close friends. Hvad så? 'what then?'. Similar to the English greeting what's up?. More often used in Jutland. A possible answer is Ikke så meget 'not that much'. Hej is a very common informal greeting and equivalent to the English hi, pronounced almost the same. Single word greetings with approximately the same meaning include hejsa (from combining hej with German sa from French ça), dav, davs (both reduced forms of dag meaning 'day'), goddag, halløj, halløjsa, halløjsovs (Pun greeting. Made by combining halløj and løgsovs 'onion sauce'), pænt goddag 'nice good day' is a more formal greeting. Hallo is only used when the speaker is not sure they can be heard. Examples when saying/yelling hallo is appropriate: Trying to find out if someone else is in a seemingly empty room/building; using it as an initial phone greeting; checking if the person you're calling can still hear you (when experiencing a bad phone connection); trying to get the attention of a listener that appears to not pay attention. Mojn is only used in Southern Jutland. It comes from North German moin from the German word Morgen meaning 'morning'. Despite its original meaning it's used as a greeting throughout the day. Hej hej or farvel are common ways to say goodbye. Vi ses 'we will see each other' is used as a farewell greeting in face-to-face comversations while vi snakkes 'we will speak each other'/vi snakkes ved 'we will speak to each other by' are used in both face-to-face and phone/text conversations. Kør forsigtigt 'drive safely' is said to a person leaving the place where the speaker is located and going to drive/bike to another location. Kom godt hjem 'come well home' is said in the same situation whatever the method of transportation. God arbejdslyst 'good lust for work' is said when parting with a person that is either currently at work or leaving to go to work. Tak for i dag 'thanks for today' is often said in more formal contexts of prolonged interactions like at the end of a meeting or the end of a class. God bedring 'good recovery'. Said when leaving a sick person. Ha' det godt 'have it good' or du/I må ha det godt 'you (sg./pl.) may have it good' is a farewell phrase wishing for the other's well-being. A joke variant of this is Ha' det som I ser ud 'have it as you look' (literally: 'have it as you look out'). By not saying the expected adjective godt 'good', the speaker is violating the maxim of quantity and thereby inferring that they do not think the listener looks good. This can be understood as an insult and is therefore mainly used informally between friends. Kære 'dear' followed by a name is a formalised way of beginning a letter, speech etc. Ways to end a letter or e-mail include hilsen 'greeting', (med) venlig hilsen '(with) friendly greeting', sometimes abbreviated to (m)vh . Others include med kærlig hilsen 'with loving greeting' abbreviated kh, knus 'hug'. Ways of say thanks include tak '''thanks', tak skal du have 'thanks shall you have', mange tak 'many thanks', tusind(e) tak 'thousand thanks', tak for det 'thanks for that' and jeg takker 'I thank'. A thanks can be answered with selv tak 'self thanks' or det var så lidt 'it was so little' (referring to the small amount of work that had to be done). Welsh In Welsh the general phatic is a regional and colloquial version of sut mae? ("how is?"). The general pronunciation in southern Wales is shw mae and in the North, su' mae. The usual answer is iawn (OK) or, iawn, diolch' (OK, thanks), or maybe the more traditional, go lew (quite good), go lew, diolch ( qyite good, thanks). Many native-speakers don't answer like this. but simply say, "shw mae?" or "su' mae?" in response. | Hvordan går det? 'how goes it?'. Possible answers are: Det går godt/fint 'it goes good/fine'. Hvor'n skær'en? 'how does it cut?' Informal greeting between close friends. Hvad så? 'what then?'. Similar to the English greeting what's up?. More often used in Jutland. A possible answer is Ikke så meget 'not that much'. Hej is a very common informal greeting and equivalent to the English hi, pronounced almost the same. Single word greetings with approximately the same meaning include hejsa (from combining hej with German sa from French ça), dav, davs (both reduced forms of dag meaning 'day'), goddag, halløj, halløjsa, halløjsovs (Pun greeting. Made by combining halløj and løgsovs 'onion sauce'), pænt goddag 'nice good day' is a more formal greeting. Hallo is only used when the speaker is not sure they can be heard. Examples when saying/yelling hallo is appropriate: Trying to find out if someone else is in a seemingly empty room/building; using it as an initial phone greeting; checking if the person you're calling can still hear you (when experiencing a bad phone connection); trying to get the attention of a listener that appears to not pay attention. Mojn is only used in Southern Jutland. It comes from North German moin from the German word Morgen meaning 'morning'. Despite its original meaning it's used as a greeting throughout the day. Hej hej or farvel are common ways to say goodbye. Vi ses 'we will see each other' is used as a farewell greeting in face-to-face conversations while vi snakkes 'we will speak each other'/vi snakkes ved 'we will speak to each other by' are used in both face-to-face and phone/text conversations. Kør forsigtigt 'drive safely' is said to a person leaving the place where the speaker is located and going to drive/bike to another location. Kom godt hjem 'come well home' is said in the same situation whatever the method of transportation. God arbejdslyst 'good lust for work' is said when parting with a person that is either currently at work or leaving to go to work. Tak for i dag 'thanks for today' is often said in more formal contexts of prolonged interactions like at the end of a meeting or the end of a class. God bedring 'good recovery'. Said when leaving a sick person. Ha' det godt 'have it good' or du/I må ha det godt 'you (sg./pl.) may have it good' is a farewell phrase wishing for the other's well-being. A joke variant of this is Ha' det som I ser ud 'have it as you look' (literally: 'have it as you look out'). By not saying the expected adjective godt 'good', the speaker is violating the maxim of quantity and thereby inferring that they do not think the listener looks good. This can be understood as an insult and is therefore mainly used informally between friends. Kære 'dear' followed by a name is a formalised way of beginning a letter, speech etc. Ways to end a letter or e-mail include 'greeting', '(with) friendly greeting', sometimes abbreviated to . Others include med 'with loving greeting' abbreviated kh, knus 'hug'. Ways of say thanks include tak '''thanks', tak skal du have 'thanks shall you have', mange tak 'many thanks', 'thousand thanks', tak for det 'thanks for that' and jeg takker 'I thank'. A thanks can be answered with selv tak 'self thanks' or det var så lidt 'it was so little' (referring to the small amount of work that had to be done). Welsh In Welsh the general phatic is a regional and colloquial version of sut mae? ("how is?"). The general pronunciation in southern Wales is shw mae and in the North, su' mae. The usual answer is iawn (OK) or, iawn, diolch' (OK, thanks), or maybe the more traditional, go lew (quite good), go lew, diolch ( quite good, thanks). Many native-speakers don't answer like this. but simply say, "shw mae?" or "su' mae?" in response. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "comversations",
"after": "conversations",
"start_char_pos": 1484,
"end_char_pos": 1497
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "hilsen",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2869,
"end_char_pos": 2875
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "(med) venlig hilsen",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2888,
"end_char_pos": 2907
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "(m)vh",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2961,
"end_char_pos": 2966
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "kærlig hilsen",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 2988,
"end_char_pos": 3001
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "tusind(e) tak",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 3163,
"end_char_pos": 3176
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "qyite",
"after": "quite",
"start_char_pos": 3713,
"end_char_pos": 3718
}
] | [
0,
16,
32,
93,
109,
128,
169,
192,
236,
264,
316,
417,
646,
754,
821,
946,
985,
1086,
1163,
1202,
1281,
1354,
1404,
1649,
1791,
1891,
2022,
2171,
2200,
2233,
2374,
2483,
2650,
2743,
2829,
3052,
3251,
3403,
3486,
3499,
3581,
3733
] |
7186519 | 1 | Types of hypothetical astronomical objects Hypothetical astronomical objects have been speculated to exist both inside and outside of the Solar System, and speculation has included different kinds of stars, planets, and other astronomical objects. For hypothetical astronomical objects in the Solar System, see: List of hypothetical Solar System objects For hypothetical stars, see Hypothetical star For hypothetical brown dwarfs, see: List of brown dwarfs For hypothetical black holes, see: Hypothetical black hole For extrasolar moons, all of which are currently hypothetical, see: Extrasolar moon For planets or moons whose existence is not accepted by science see: Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience For hypothetical planets in fiction see: Fictional planets of the Solar System | Types of hypothetical astronomical objects Hypothetical astronomical objects have been speculated to exist both inside and outside of the Solar System, and speculation has included different kinds of stars, planets, and other astronomical objects. For hypothetical astronomical objects in the Solar System, see: List of hypothetical Solar System objects For hypothetical stars, see Hypothetical star For hypothetical brown dwarfs, see: List of brown dwarfs For hypothetical black holes, see: Hypothetical black hole For extrasolar moons, all of which are currently hypothetical, see: Extrasolar moon For stars, planets or moons whose existence is not accepted by science see: Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience and Stars proposed in religion For hypothetical planets in fiction see: Fictional planets of the Solar System | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "stars,",
"start_char_pos": 604,
"end_char_pos": 604
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and Stars proposed in religion",
"start_char_pos": 747,
"end_char_pos": 747
}
] | [
0,
247,
311,
435
] |
7186519 | 2 | Carbon planet: a terrestrial planet composed primarily of carbon, rather than silicon Chthonian planet: A hot Jupiter whose outer layers have been completely stripped off by its parent star Coreless planet: A terrestrial planet that has no metallic core Helium planet: a gas giant planet formed around a white dwarf star that is composed mainly of helium instead of hydrogen Iron planet, a planet like Mercury that consists mainly of an iron core with little mantle Ocean planet: A planet whose surface is covered entirely by deep oceans Ploonet: A planet that was originally a moon but has become gravitationally detached. Similarly, Pluto was once thought to be an escaped satellite of Neptune. Trojan planet: A planet that orbits with a star instead of around it | Blanet: A planet in orbit around a black hole. Carbon planet: a terrestrial planet composed primarily of carbon, rather than silicon Chthonian planet: A hot Jupiter whose outer layers have been completely stripped off by its parent star Coreless planet: A terrestrial planet that has no metallic core Desert planet: A terrestrial planet with little to no water Eyeball planet: A terrestrial planet covered in ice save for a small, eye-like central region Helium planet: a gas giant planet formed around a white dwarf star that is composed mainly of helium instead of hydrogen Iron planet, a planet like Mercury that consists mainly of an iron core with little mantle Ocean planet: A planet whose surface is covered entirely by deep oceans Ploonet: A planet that was originally a moon but has become gravitationally detached. Similarly, Pluto was once thought to be an escaped satellite of Neptune. Superhabitable planet: a terrestrial planet more habitable than Earth Trojan planet: A planet that orbits with a star instead of around it | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Blanet: A planet in orbit around a black hole.",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 0
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Desert planet: A terrestrial planet with little to no water Eyeball planet: A terrestrial planet covered in ice save for a small, eye-like central region",
"start_char_pos": 255,
"end_char_pos": 255
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Superhabitable planet: a terrestrial planet more habitable than Earth",
"start_char_pos": 699,
"end_char_pos": 699
}
] | [
0,
15,
104,
207,
625,
698
] |
7186519 | 3 | Blanet: A planet in orbit around a black hole. Carbon planet: a terrestrial planet composed primarily of carbon, rather than silicon Chthonian planet: A hot Jupiter whose outer layers have been completely stripped off by its parent star Coreless planet: A terrestrial planet that has no metallic core Desert planet: A terrestrial planet with little to no water Eyeball planet: A terrestrial planet covered in ice save for a small , eye-like central region Helium planet: a gas giant planet formed around a white dwarf star that is composed mainly of helium instead of hydrogen Iron planet, a planet like Mercury that consists mainly of an iron core with little mantle Ocean planet: A planet whose surface is covered entirely by deep oceans Ploonet: A planet that was originally a moon but has become gravitationally detached. Similarly, Pluto was once thought to be an escaped satellite of Neptune. Superhabitable planet: a terrestrial planet more habitable than Earth Trojan planet: A planet that orbits with a star instead of around it | Blanet: A planet in orbit around a black hole. Carbon planet: a terrestrial planet composed primarily of carbon, rather than silicon Chthonian planet: A hot Jupiter whose outer layers have been completely stripped off by its parent star Coreless planet: A terrestrial planet that has no metallic core Desert planet: A terrestrial planet with little to no water Eyeball planet: A terrestrial planet tidally locked, for which tidal locking induces spatial features resembling an eye-like central region (e.g. a planet covered in ice or deserts save for a small temperate patch). Helium planet: a gas giant planet formed around a white dwarf star that is composed mainly of helium instead of hydrogen Iron planet, a planet like Mercury that consists mainly of an iron core with little mantle Ocean planet: A planet whose surface is covered entirely by deep oceans Ploonet: A planet that was originally a moon but has become gravitationally detached. Similarly, Pluto was once thought to be an escaped satellite of Neptune. Superhabitable planet: a terrestrial planet more habitable than Earth Trojan planet: A planet that orbits with a star instead of around it | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "tidally locked, for which tidal locking induces spatial features resembling an eye-like central region (e.g. a planet",
"start_char_pos": 398,
"end_char_pos": 398
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "or deserts",
"start_char_pos": 414,
"end_char_pos": 414
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ", eye-like central region",
"after": "temperate patch).",
"start_char_pos": 432,
"end_char_pos": 457
}
] | [
0,
46,
61,
150,
253,
315,
376,
827,
900
] |
718661 | 1 | After a series of struggles the County of Barcelona (with Ausona) was taken by Frankish forces in 801. A number of castles were established in Aragón between 798 and 802 (appointment of Count Aureolus). After subduing the Basques to the north of the Pyrenees (790), Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794) and Pamplona (798), when Alfonso II of Asturias also came under Charlemagne's influence. Sobrarbe was not incorporated into the Marches, as it appears later in history and was probably within the area of influence of the County of Aragon. The death of Charlemagne (814) was followed by a scene of open revolt and Carolingian setbacks around the Pyrenees. After defeat in Pancorbo, Pamplona, led by the native Basque lord Iñigo Arista, detached (817) and Aragón ensued (820). The named Catalan counties - territories used by the Moors to enter and overrun Septimania in 719 - became in fact , a natural extension of the March of Gothia ruled by Catalans and Toulousains under the Carolingian Empire. | After a series of struggles the County of Barcelona (with Ausona) was taken by Frankish forces in 801. A number of castles were established in Aragon between 798 and 802 (appointment of Count Aureolus). After subduing the Basques to the north of the Pyrenees (790), Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794) and Pamplona (798), when Alfonso II of Asturias also came under Charlemagne's influence. Sobrarbe was not incorporated into the Marches, as it appears later in history and was probably within the area of influence of the County of Aragon. The death of Charlemagne (814) was followed by a scene of open revolt and Carolingian setbacks around the Pyrenees. After being defeated by the Moors in the 816 Battle of Pancorbo, Pamplona, now led by the native Basque lord Iñigo Arista, broke away from the Hispanic Marches, with the County of Aragon following suit shortly thereafter in 820. The named Catalan counties - territories used by the Moors to enter and overrun Septimania in 719 - became , at this point , a natural extension of the March of Gothia ruled by Catalans and Toulousains under the Carolingian Empire. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Aragón",
"after": "Aragon",
"start_char_pos": 143,
"end_char_pos": 149
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "defeat in",
"after": "being defeated by the Moors in the 816 Battle of",
"start_char_pos": 682,
"end_char_pos": 691
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "now",
"start_char_pos": 712,
"end_char_pos": 712
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "detached (817) and Aragón ensued (820).",
"after": "broke away from the Hispanic Marches, with the County of Aragon following suit shortly thereafter in 820.",
"start_char_pos": 757,
"end_char_pos": 796
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "in fact",
"after": ", at this point",
"start_char_pos": 904,
"end_char_pos": 911
}
] | [
0,
102,
202,
409,
559,
675,
796
] |
718661 | 3 | The territory changed with the fortunes of the Empires and the feudal ambitions of those, whether the counts or walis, appointed to administer the counties. Eventually, the rulers and people of the March became autonomous and claimed independence. Out of the welter of counties in the region emerged the Principality of Catalonia composed by a myriad of counties with the County of Barcelona as their main power centre. The early history of Andorra in the Pyrenees provides a fairly typical example of a lordship of the region, and is the only modern survivor of the Hispanic March that has not been incorporated into either France or Spain . Andorra's national anthem, El Gran Carlemany , mentions this . | The territory changed with the fortunes of the Empires and the feudal ambitions of those, whether counts or walis, appointed to administer the counties. Eventually, the rulers and people of the March became autonomous and claimed independence. Out of the welter of counties in the region emerged the Principality of Catalonia composed by a myriad of counties with the County of Barcelona as their main power centre. The early history of Andorra in the Pyrenees provides a fairly typical example of a lordship of the region, as Andorra is the only part of the Hispanic March that was never incorporated into either France or Spain , a feat mentionned in its national anthem, El Gran Carlemany . | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "the",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 98,
"end_char_pos": 101
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "and",
"after": "as Andorra",
"start_char_pos": 528,
"end_char_pos": 531
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "modern survivor",
"after": "part",
"start_char_pos": 544,
"end_char_pos": 559
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "has not been",
"after": "was never",
"start_char_pos": 587,
"end_char_pos": 599
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": ". Andorra's",
"after": ", a feat mentionned in its",
"start_char_pos": 641,
"end_char_pos": 652
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ", mentions this",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 688,
"end_char_pos": 703
}
] | [
0,
156,
247,
419
] |
718833 | 1 | Garbage chutes are common in high-rise apartment buildings and are used to collect all the building's garbage in the one place. Often the bottom end of the chute is placed directly above a large waste receptacle . This makes garbage collection more efficient. Mail chutes are used in some buildings to collect the occupants' mail. A notable example is the Asia Insurance Building. Escape chutes are used and proposed for use in evacuation of mining equipment and high-rise buildings. Construction chutes are used to remove rubble and similar demolition materials safely from taller buildings. These temporary structures typically consist of a chain of cylindrical or conical plastic tubes, each fitted into the top of the one below and tied together, usually with chains. Together they form a long flexible tube, which is hung down the side of the building. The lower end of this tube is placed over a skip or other receptacle, and waste materials are dropped into the top. Heavy duty steel chutes may also be used when the debris being deposited is heavy duty and in cases of particularly high buildings. An elevator is not a chute since it does not operate by means of gravity. | Garbage chutes are common in high-rise apartment buildings and are used to collect all the building's garbage in one place. Often the bottom end of the chute is placed directly above a large waste container . This makes garbage collection faster and more efficient. Mail chutes are used in some buildings to collect the occupants' mail. A notable example is the Asia Insurance Building. Escape chutes are used and proposed for use in evacuation of mining equipment and high-rise buildings. Construction chutes are used to remove rubble and similar demolition materials safely from taller buildings. These temporary structures typically consist of a chain of cylindrical or conical plastic tubes, each fitted into the top of the one below and tied together, usually with chains. Together they form a long flexible tube, which is hung down the side of the building. The lower end of this tube is placed over a skip or other receptacle, and waste materials are dropped into the top. Heavy duty steel chutes may also be used when the debris being deposited is heavy duty and in cases of particularly high buildings. An elevator is not a chute as it is not moved by means of gravity. | [
{
"type": "D",
"before": "the",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 113,
"end_char_pos": 116
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "receptacle",
"after": "container",
"start_char_pos": 201,
"end_char_pos": 211
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "faster and",
"start_char_pos": 244,
"end_char_pos": 244
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "since it does not operate",
"after": "as it is not moved",
"start_char_pos": 1134,
"end_char_pos": 1159
}
] | [
0,
127,
213,
260,
331,
381,
484,
593,
772,
858,
974,
1106
] |
718833 | 2 | Garbage chutes are common in high-rise apartment buildings and are used to collect all the building's garbage in one place. Often the bottom end of the chute is placed directly above a large waste container. This makes garbage collection faster and more efficient. Mail chutes are used in some buildings to collect the occupants' mail. A notable example is the Asia Insurance Building. Escape chutes are used and proposed for use in evacuation of mining equipment and high-rise buildings. Construction chutes are used to remove rubble and similar demolition materials safely from taller buildings. These temporary structures typically consist of a chain of cylindrical or conical plastic tubes, each fitted into the top of the one below and tied together, usually with chains. Together they form a long flexible tube, which is hung down the side of the building. The lower end of this tube is placed over a skip or other receptacle, and waste materials are dropped into the top. Heavy duty steel chutes may also be used when the debris being deposited is heavy duty and in cases of particularly high buildings. An elevator is not a chute as it is not moved by means of gravity. | Garbage chutes are common in high-rise apartment buildings and are used to collect all the building's garbage in one place. Often the bottom end of the chute is placed directly above a large , open waste container. This makes garbage collection faster and more efficient. Mail chutes are used in some buildings to collect the occupants' mail. A notable example is the Asia Insurance Building. Escape chutes are used and proposed for use in evacuation of mining equipment and high-rise buildings. Construction chutes are used to remove rubble and similar demolition materials safely from taller buildings. These temporary structures typically consist of a chain of cylindrical or conical plastic tubes, each fitted into the top of the one below and tied together, usually with chains. Together they form a long flexible tube, which is hung down the side of the building. The lower end of this tube is placed over a skip or other receptacle, and waste materials are dropped into the top. Heavy duty steel chutes may also be used when the debris being deposited is heavy duty and in cases of particularly high buildings. An elevator is not a chute as it does not move by gravity. | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ", open",
"start_char_pos": 191,
"end_char_pos": 191
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "is not moved by means of",
"after": "does not move by",
"start_char_pos": 1145,
"end_char_pos": 1169
}
] | [
0,
123,
208,
265,
336,
386,
489,
598,
777,
863,
979,
1111
] |
719496 | 1 | The Verde Antique columns and pilasters in the Anteroom at Syon House are made out of marble not scagliola as it is widely perceived (a beautiful and rare, predominantly green marble that was quarried in Larissa of Greece since antiquity). The intriguing fact with these columns is that they are not solid. Round sections of marble were painstakingly cut as a veneer of an approximate thickness of 5–6 mm and then glued onto a column core that is hollow and was made out of, probably, plaster. On closer inspection the viewer can see the joints of the various sections and the discerning eye will soon realise that what he/she is looking at is in fact Verde Antique veneered marble and not Verde Antique scagliola. The 3.6 metre high Verde Antique scagliola columns that can be seen at Dropmore House, Buckinghamshire, are based on the colours and design of this historical work at Syon House and both research and execution of these new columns were undertaken recently by the contemporary scagliolist Michael Koumbouzis. | The verd antique columns and pilasters in the Anteroom at Syon House are made out of marble not scagliola as it is widely perceived (a beautiful and rare, predominantly green marble that was quarried in Larissa of Greece since antiquity). The intriguing fact with these columns is that they are not solid. Round sections of marble were painstakingly cut as a veneer of an approximate thickness of 5–6 mm and then glued onto a column core that is hollow and was made out of, probably, plaster. On closer inspection the viewer can see the joints of the various sections and the discerning eye will soon realise that what he/she is looking at is in fact verd antique veneered marble and not verd antique scagliola. The 3.6 metre high verd antique scagliola columns that can be seen at Dropmore House, Buckinghamshire, are based on the colours and design of this historical work at Syon House and both research and execution of these new columns were undertaken recently by the contemporary scagliolist Michael Koumbouzis. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Verde Antique",
"after": "verd antique",
"start_char_pos": 4,
"end_char_pos": 17
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Verde Antique",
"after": "verd antique",
"start_char_pos": 652,
"end_char_pos": 665
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Verde Antique",
"after": "verd antique",
"start_char_pos": 690,
"end_char_pos": 703
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Verde Antique",
"after": "verd antique",
"start_char_pos": 734,
"end_char_pos": 747
}
] | [
0,
239,
306,
493,
714
] |
7195622 | 1 | Butyrate esteraseis a stain which is specific for white blood cells of the monocytic proliferation line. It is commonly used in the diagnosis of leukemia when staining touch preparation type slides of bone marrow. It is instrumental in the diagnosis of monocytic leukemias and the myelomonocytic variant of acute myelocytic leukemia (FAB classification M4). References | α-Naphthyl butyrate esterase, also referred to as naphthyl butyrate esterase or butyrate esterase, is a histological stain specific for white blood cells of the monocytic proliferation line. It is used in the diagnosis of leukemia when staining touch preparation type slides of bone marrow. It is instrumental in the diagnosis of monocytic leukemias and the myelomonocytic variant of acute myelocytic leukemia . References | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Butyrate esteraseis a stain which is",
"after": "α-Naphthyl butyrate esterase, also referred to as naphthyl butyrate esterase or butyrate esterase, is a histological stain",
"start_char_pos": 0,
"end_char_pos": 36
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "It is commonly",
"after": "It is",
"start_char_pos": 105,
"end_char_pos": 119
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "(FAB classification M4).",
"after": ".",
"start_char_pos": 333,
"end_char_pos": 357
}
] | [
0,
104,
213,
357
] |
7197701 | 1 | The three of them first settled in Magongo in Buganda where they rested and planted the first crops on earth: banana, maize corn, beans, and groundnuts. During this time, Kintu and Nnambi had three children and Walumbe insisted on claiming one as his own. Kintu denied his request, promising him one of his future children; however, Kintu and Nnambi proceeded to have many more children and denied Walumbe with each child causing him to lash out and declare to kill each and every one of Kintu's children and claim them in that sense. Each day for three days, one of Kintu's children died by the hands of Walumbe until Kintu returned to the sky and told Ggulu of the killings.Thury, Eva M. and Margaret K. Devinney, Introduction to Mythology: Contemporary approaches to Classical and World Myths. 4thed. Oxford/New York: Oxford UP 2017. Ggulu expected the actions of Walumbe and sent Kaikuzi (meaning "digger" in Bantu), his son, to Earth to attempt to capture and bring Walumbe back to the sky. Kintu and Kaikuzi descended to Earth and were notified by Nnambi that a few more of their children had died during Kintu's trip to the sky. In response to this, Kaikuzi called upon Walumbe and the two met and fought. During the fight, Walumbe was able to slip away into a hole in the ground and continued to dig deeper as Kaikuzi tried to retrieve him. These gigantic holes are believed to be in the present day Ntinda. After relentlessly digging, Kaikuzi tired out and took a break from chasing Walumbe. Kaikuzi remained on earth for two more days and ordered silence among all things on Earth during that time (before sunrise) in an attempt to lure Walumbe out of the ground. However, just as Walumbe started to get curious and came out from under the ground, some of Kintu's children spotted him and screamed out, scaring Walumbe back into the Earth. Tired and frustrated with his wasted efforts and broken orders, Kaikuzi returned to the sky without capturing Walumbe, who stayed on earth and is responsible for the misery and suffering of Kintu's children today. However, Kaikuzi is still chasing Walumbe and every time earthquakes and tsunamis strike, it is Kaikuzi is almost catching Walumbe. | The three of them first settled in Magongo in Buganda where they rested and planted the first crops on earth: banana, maize corn, beans, and groundnuts. During this time, Kintu and Nnambi had three children and Walumbe insisted on claiming one as his own. Kintu denied his request, promising him one of his future children; however, Kintu and Nnambi proceeded to have many more children and denied Walumbe with each child causing him to lash out and declare to kill each and every one of Kintu's children and claim them in that sense. Each day for three days, one of Kintu's children died by the hands of Walumbe until Kintu returned to the sky and told Ggulu of the killings.Thury, Eva M. and Margaret K. Devinney, Introduction to Mythology: Contemporary approaches to Classical and World Myths. 4thed. Oxford/New York: Oxford UP 2017. Ggulu expected the actions of Walumbe and sent Kayiikuuzi (meaning "digger" in Bantu), his son, to Earth to attempt to capture and bring Walumbe back to the sky. Kintu and Kayiikuuzi descended to Earth and were notified by Nnambi that a few more of their children had died during Kintu's trip to the sky. In response to this, Kayiikuuzi called upon Walumbe and the two met and fought. During the fight, Walumbe was able to slip away into a hole in the ground and continued to dig deeper as Kayiikuuzi tried to retrieve him. These gigantic holes are believed to be in the present day Ntinda. After relentlessly digging, Kayiikuuzi tired out and took a break from chasing Walumbe. Kayiikuuzi remained on earth for two more days and ordered silence among all things on Earth during that time (before sunrise) in an attempt to lure Walumbe out of the ground. However, just as Walumbe started to get curious and came out from under the ground, some of Kintu's children spotted him and screamed out, scaring Walumbe back into the Earth. Tired and frustrated with his wasted efforts and broken orders, Kayiikuuzi returned to the sky without capturing Walumbe, who stayed on earth and is responsible for the misery and suffering of Kintu's children today. However, Kayiikuuzi is still chasing Walumbe and every time earthquakes and tsunamis strike, it is Kayiikuuzi is almost catching Walumbe. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 884,
"end_char_pos": 891
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1006,
"end_char_pos": 1013
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1157,
"end_char_pos": 1164
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1318,
"end_char_pos": 1325
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1444,
"end_char_pos": 1451
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1501,
"end_char_pos": 1508
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 1914,
"end_char_pos": 1921
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 2073,
"end_char_pos": 2080
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Kaikuzi",
"after": "Kayiikuuzi",
"start_char_pos": 2160,
"end_char_pos": 2167
}
] | [
0,
152,
255,
323,
534,
676,
705,
796,
836,
995,
1135,
1212,
1348,
1415,
1500,
1673,
1849,
2063
] |
7197701 | 2 | Kintu is a mythological figure who appears in a creation myth of the Baganda people of Buganda, Uganda. According to this legend, Kintu was the first person on earth and the first man to wander the plains of Uganda alone. He is also known as God or the father of all people who created the first kingdoms. Kintu in mythology In the creation myth recorded by Harry Johnston, Kintu appears on the plains of Buganda with a cow which was his only possession and he fed on its milk and cow dung before being rewarded bananas and millet from the sky god, Ggulu. Before his encounter with Ggulu, Kintu meets a woman named Nnambi and her sister who had come from the sky. They first take his beloved cow to Ggulu to prove his humanness and to seek Ggulu's permission of his admission into the sky. Once arriving in the sky, Kintu's humanness is tested by Ggulu through five consecutive trials, each one trickier and more difficult than the last. However, Kintu is able to come out of each trial victorious with the assistance of an unidentified divine power. Ggulu is impressed with Kintu's wit and resilience, rewarding his efforts with his daughter Nnambi and many agricultural gifts as dowry which included: bananas, potatoes, beans, maize corn, ground-nuts, and a hen. From this point, Kintu was given the basic materials to be able to create life in Uganda. However, before leaving the sky, Kintu and Nnambi were warned by Ggulu not to come back for any reason as they made their journey back to Earth for fear that Nnambi's brother, Walumbe (meaning "disease" and "death" in Bantu), would follow them back to Earth and cause them great trouble. Kintu and Nnambi disregarded Ggulu's warning and Kintu returned to the sky to fetch the millet the hen had to feel on while on earth that Nnambi had left behind and in his short time there, Walumbe had figured Nnambi's whereabouts and convinced Kintu to allow him to live with them on Earth. Upon seeing Walumbe accompanying Kintu on their way down from the sky, Nnambi at first denied her brother but Walumbe eventually persuaded her into allowing him to stay with them. | Kintu is a mythological figure who appears in a creation myth of the Uganda people of Buganda, Uganda. According to this legend, Kintu was the first person on earth and the first man to wander the plains of Uganda alone. He is also known as God or the father of all people who created the first kingdoms. Kintu in mythology In the creation myth recorded by Harry Johnston, Kintu appears on the plains of Uganda with a cow which was his only possession and he fed on its milk and cow dung before being rewarded bananas and millet from the sky god, Ggulu. Before his encounter with Ggulu, Kintu meets a woman named Nnambi and her sister who had come from the sky. They first take his beloved cow to Ggulu to prove his humanness and to seek Ggulu's permission of his admission into the sky. Once arriving in the sky, Kintu's humanness is tested by Ggulu through five consecutive trials, each one trickier and more difficult than the last. However, Kintu is able to come out of each trial victorious with the assistance of an unidentified divine power. Ggulu is impressed with Kintu's wit and resilience, rewarding his efforts with his daughter Nnambi and many agricultural gifts as dowry which included: bananas, potatoes, beans, maize corn, ground-nuts, and a hen. From this point, Kintu was given the basic materials to be able to create life in Uganda. However, before leaving the sky, Kintu and Nnambi were warned by Ggulu not to come back for any reason as they made their journey back to Earth for fear that Nnambi's brother, Walumbe (meaning "disease" and "death" in Bantu), would follow them back to Earth and cause them great trouble. Kintu and Nnambi disregarded Ggulu's warning and Kintu returned to the sky to fetch the millet the hen had to feel on while on earth that Nnambi had left behind and in his short time there, Walumbe had figured Nnambi's whereabouts and convinced Kintu to allow him to live with them on Earth. Upon seeing Walumbe accompanying Kintu on their way down from the sky, Nnambi at first denied her brother but Walumbe eventually persuaded her into allowing him to stay with them. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Baganda",
"after": "Uganda",
"start_char_pos": 69,
"end_char_pos": 76
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Buganda",
"after": "Uganda",
"start_char_pos": 405,
"end_char_pos": 412
}
] | [
0,
103,
221,
305,
555,
663,
789,
937,
1050,
1264,
1354,
1642,
1934
] |
7201415 | 1 | Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuseplaques, and sometimes in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain in a process called cerebral amyloid angiopathy. | Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils and oligomeric forms of Aβ deposit outside neurons in formations known as senile plaques . There are different types of plaques, including the diffuse, compact, cored or neuritic plaque types, as well as Aβ deposits in the walls of small blood vessel walls in the brain called cerebral amyloid angiopathy. | [
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "and oligomeric forms of Aβ",
"start_char_pos": 376,
"end_char_pos": 376
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "dense",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 404,
"end_char_pos": 409
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuseplaques, and sometimes",
"after": ". There are different types of plaques, including the diffuse, compact, cored or neuritic plaque types, as well as Aβ deposits",
"start_char_pos": 445,
"end_char_pos": 523
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "vessels",
"after": "vessel walls",
"start_char_pos": 552,
"end_char_pos": 559
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "in a process",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 573,
"end_char_pos": 585
}
] | [
0,
184,
361
] |
720543 | 1 | The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the exposure of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent , yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for many centuries . | The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the eastern extant of the Macedonian empire, as well as their and political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "exposure of ancient Greek",
"after": "eastern extant of the Macedonian empire, as well as their and",
"start_char_pos": 66,
"end_char_pos": 91
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ", yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for many centuries",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 153,
"end_char_pos": 250
}
] | [
0
] |
720543 | 2 | The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the eastern extant of the Macedonian empire, as well as their and political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent . | The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the exposure of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent , yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for many centuries . | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "eastern extant of the Macedonian empire, as well as their and",
"after": "exposure of ancient Greek",
"start_char_pos": 66,
"end_char_pos": 127
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": ", yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for many centuries",
"start_char_pos": 189,
"end_char_pos": 189
}
] | [
0
] |
7208744 | 1 | The warehouses were registered to a Swiss company called Editions Services, which police traced to an Italian art dealer, Giacomo Medici. The Carabinieri stated that the warehouses contained 10,000 artifacts worth 50 billion lire (about $35 million).Andrew L. Slayman. Geneva Seizure. Archaeology. May 3, 1998, updated September 14, 1998 In 1997, Giacomo Medici was arrested; his operation is believed to be "one of the largest and most sophisticated antiquities networks in the world, responsible for illegally digging up and spiriting away thousands of top-drawer pieces and passing them on to the most elite end of the international art market."Men's Vogue, November/December 2006, Vol. 2, No. 3, pg. 46. Medici was sentenced in 2004 by a Rome court to ten years in prison and a fine of 10 million euros, "the largest penalty ever meted out for antiquities crime in Italy." In another, unrelated case in 1999, the Getty had to hand over three antiquities to Italy after determining they were stolen. The objects included a Greek red-figure kylix from the 5th century BC signed by the painter, Onesimos, and the potter, Euphronios, looted from the Etruscan site of Cerveteri; a torso of the god Mithra from the 2nd century AD; and the head of a youth by the Greek sculptor Polykleitos.Andrew L. Slayman. Getty Returns Italian Artifacts. Archaeology. Volume 52 Number 3, May/June 1999 According to the New York Times, the Getty refused for several years to return the antiquities to their rightful owners.Alessandra Stanley. Getty to Give 3 Artifacts Back to Italy. New York Times. February 4, 1999 Yet another case emerged in 2007, when Italy's art-theft investigation squad discovered a hidden cache of ancient marble carvings depicting early gladiators, the lower portion of a marble statue of a man in a toga and a piece of a column. Italian Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli used the case to underline the importance of these artifacts for Italy.Rare gladiator marbles discovered in major Italian art bust. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 24, 2007 Looting of South East Asia During their occupation of Indochina, the French government removed various statues and other objects from the region. During its existence, the Khmer Empire was regularly raided by its neighbours, which resulted in its cultural heritage being distributed widely across the region.Briggs, Palmer. Ancient Khmer Empire The major historian of the Khmer Empire, Lawrence Palmer Briggs, regularly mentions these raids—for example, the sack of Angkor in 1430–31 by the Siamese who carried off their loot to Ayutthaya,Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p258 after which "people fled from the 'great and glorious capital' of Khmer civilisation as if it were ridden with plague".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p261 Consequently, the cultural heritage of the region was already widely spread by the time the French founded their protectorate in IndoChina in 1864. Briggs describes Preah Khan Kompong Svay as "shamefully looted" in the late 19th century by Louis Delaporte, "who carried the spoils away to French museums (thus beginning the systematic looting of Cambodian temples for the benefit of public and private collections of Europe and America)".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p 222 He also describes how French tourists well into the 20th century carried off many statues.Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p77 Therefore, by the early 20th century it was rare to find Khmer objects in situ and local and foreign collectors, particularly in France, had built up collections of Khmer objects. Many objects from the region were exported to Europe and elsewhere and ended up in museums such as the Guimet. During the second world war, whilst France was occupied by Nazi Germany, the Indochina region was controlled variously by the Japanese, locally, and after the war, the French regained control. There followed a period of 35 years of disruption and warfare, including Dien Ben Phu and the Vietnam war. Thereafter Cambodia fell under the control of the notorious Khmer Rouge regime. Some objects left the country during that period, either to save them from destruction or for looting purposes. Reports have suggested that where objects have been moved, local officials and armed forces (both before and after the periods of turmoil) were responsible.see movie Angkor for Sale directed Adrian Maben 1997 In 1992, a report in The Christian Science Monitor described art experts' concerns about a "rampant degradation of archeological sites and an accelerating trade in stolen artifacts sweeping Southeast Asia" as a consequence of war in Cambodia and instability in the region.Tefft, Sheila. "Plundering of Artifacts Sweeps Asia", The Christian Science Monitor, 15 October 1992. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Statues were being stripped from Angkor Wat and other sites by smuggling rings often working in collusion with military and political officials, including a major network in Chiang Mai run by a former government minister. The British-born Thai-based collector Douglas Latchford says that when he and other collectors traversed Cambodia and Thailand in the 1960s, buying and trading Cambodian antiquities, they were not concerned about provenance, but regarded themselves as rescuers of artefacts that otherwise might have been neglected or destroyed.Mashberg, Tom, "Claims of Looting Shadow Expert in Khmer Art", The New York Times, 12 December 2012. Many of the objects they purchased were later donated or sold to museums. In the 2000s, evidence that the artefacts had been looted persuaded a number of major museums around the world to return the objects to Cambodia."In 2012, Latchford was identified in [US] federal court records as a middleman in the trafficking of looted antiquities from Southeast Asia. Authorities allege Latchford knowingly purchased two looted Khmer sculptures from “an organized looting network” and conspired with the London auction house Spink to obtain false export permits for them. The case was a civil lawsuit, and Latchford was not charged with a crime. But after a lengthy legal battle, Sotheby’s agreed to return its sculpture to Cambodia. Soon after, the Norton Simon Museum, Christie’s auction house and the Metropolitan Museum of Art all returned sculptures tied to Latchford." Chasing Aphrodite: "The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas" (originally posted 1 February 2015) Among the objects sold or donated to major museums by Latchford are a number of rare ancient Khmer statues, reportedly looted from the temple site of Koh Ker in Cambodia, and at least two Indian seated Kushan Buddhas, looted from the ancient Indian city of Mathura. One of the seated Buddhas was originally offered—via Manhattan dealer Nancy Wiener—to Canada's Royal Ontario Museum, but they ultimately declined to buy it, owing to its dubious provenance. In 2000 it was bought by the National Gallery of Australia, but subsequent investigations exposed the seated Buddha as a looted artwork, and it has since been repatriated to India. Other US museums reported to have received looted Asian artefacts from Latchford include the Denver Museum of Art, the Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth, Texas, and the Norton Simon Museum.Chasing Aphrodite: "The Met Returns Two Khmer Statues to Cambodia, Citing Clear Evidence Of Looting" (posted 3 May 2013) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as "The Kneeling Attendants", which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992."Metropolitan Museum of Art to Return Two Khmer Sculptures to Cambodia", metmuseum.org A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received "dispositive" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the United States.Felch, Jason, "Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues", Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In 2015, the Cleveland Museum of Art voluntarily returned to Cambodia a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman, after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted—the statue's head having appeared on the market in Bangkok in 1968 during the Vietnam War and its body having appeared on the market in 1972 during the Cambodian Civil War. The museum's director said, "Our research revealed a very real likelihood that it was removed from a site enormously important to the kingdom of Cambodia during a terrible time and its return was completely consistent with the highest legal and fiduciary standards."Litt, Steven. "Cleveland Museum of Art returns Hanuman sculpture to Cambodia, saying new evidence indicates it was probably looted", cleveland.com, 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Tess Davis, an archaeologist and lawyer for the Antiquities Coalition, praised the museum's decision but said, “The Hanuman first surfaced on the market while Cambodia was in the midst of a war and facing genocide. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know.”Tharoor, Kanishk. "Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures", theguardian.com, 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Looting of Poland Throne of Stanisław August Poniatowski displayed in the Moscow Kremlin. The throne was looted after the collapse of the November Uprising in the 1830s. In the 1920s, the Soviet government returned it to Poland, yet it was deliberately destroyed by the Germans during World War II."The last king of Poland was Stanisław August Poniatowski. His royal throne, or mainly its backrest, was decorated with eagles beautifully embroidered in gold and silver, symbolizing Poland. When the Germans seized Warsaw in World War II, the governor of German-occupied Poland ordered the eagles taken down and presented to German officers as a souvenir." The Załuski Library, the first public library in Poland, was founded by two brothers, Józef Andrzej Załuski, crown referendary and bishop of Kiev, and Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, crown chancellor and bishop of Cracow. The library was considered one of the most important libraries of the world, featuring a collection of about 400,000 printed items, manuscripts, artworks, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens. Located in Warsaw's Daniłowiczowski Palace, it was looted in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 by Russian troops on orders from Russian Tsarina Catherine II; the stolen artworks were transported to St. Petersburg and became part of the Russian Imperial Library, which was founded one year later. Although some pieces were returned by the Soviet Union in 1921 and were burned during the Warsaw Uprising against German forces, other parts of the collection have still not been returned by Russia. Polish scientists have been allowed to access and study the objects.What's On. Library Anniversary. The Warsaw Voice. August 18, 1997. The Polish Crown Jewels were removed by the Prussians in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the collapse of the November Uprising, literary and art treasures were removed from Poland. Poland regained some of the artefacts after the Treaty of Riga, comprising the furnishings of the Warsaw Castle and the Wawel Castle. During the Second World War, Germany tried to destroy Poland completely and exterminate its population as well as culture. Countless art objects were looted, as Germany systematically carried out a plan of looting prepared even before the start of hostilities (see also Nazi plunder). Twenty-five museums and many other facilities were destroyed. The total cost of German theft and destruction of Polish art is estimated at 20 billion dollars, or an estimated 43\% of Polish cultural heritage; over 516,000 individual art pieces were looted (including 2,800 paintings by European painters; 11,000 paintings by Polish painters; 1,400 sculptures, 75,000 manuscripts, 25,000 maps, 90,000 books including over 20,000 printed before 1800, and hundreds of thousands of other items of artistic and historical value). Rewindykacja dóbr kultury Soviet troops afterward contributed to the plunder as well. Looting of Latin and South America The looting of Central and South America by the conquistadors is one of the best-known plunders in the world. Roger Atwood writes in Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World: "Mayan stonework became one of those things that good art museums in America just had to have, and looters in the jungles of southern Mexico and Guatemala worked overtime to meet the demand."Atwood, Roger. Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World. St. Martin's Press. November 18, 2004Colin Woodard. "Destructive Looting Threatens Archaeological Work at Maya Sites". The Chronicle of Higher Education. October 20, 2000 Jeremy McDermott. "Looting a lost civilization. Maya scholars in race with thieves". San Francisco Chronicle. June 7, 2001Princine Lewis. "Archaeologists partnership with Maya villagers pays off in looters' conviction". Vanderbilt Register. June 23, 2004 (See: Maya stelae#Looting) Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history. Graves are often looted before the archaeologists can reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan, or Europe. Guillermo Cock, a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: "The true problem is the looters," he said. "If we leave the cemetery it is going to be destroyed in a few weeks."John Roach. "Dozens of Inca Mummies Discovered Buried in Peru". National Geographic News, March 11, 2004 Looting of Spain Peninsular War During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Joseph I planned to host the best art of Spain in a museum, so he ordered to collect all possible art works. In 1810, 1000 paintings were looted in Seville by the French Army. Most paintings came from religious buildings. Over 180 paintings were stolen by Marshal Soult, including some of Murillo. El Escorial in Madrid also suffered from looting, were many precious artworks were amassed by the occupant army. When Joseph I was leaving Spain, he abandoned more than 200 paintings from the Spanish royal collection. Some of these paintings were gifted to the Duke of Wellington by Ferdinand VII. The best known looted piece is The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables. It was looted by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult in 1813 and taken to France. Later, in 1852, it was bought by the Louvre. Vichy Regime made an exchange of artwork with Spanish Government and returned to Spain. 20th century During the 1970s most of the looting was undetected and unpunished. There was no actual legislation that protected archaeological sites, nor there were enforcers of the law in that places. Since 1978, there has been a tremendous development in the framework of legal protection of cultural heritage. 21st century In the decade of the 2010s there has been several cases of looters with metal detectors in archaeological sites. Looting in Africa The looting of African art primarily came about as a result of the Scramble for Africa, which saw many European powers colonize the African continent. A notable example of looted African art is the Benin Bronzes, sacked from the Kingdom of Benin (now southern Nigeria); thousands of these bronze artworks were taken from the Benin royal palace by the British during the Benin Expedition of 1897. Other looted African artefacts include the Rosetta Stone, a key to translating hieroglyphs, which was rediscovered during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria before being claimed by the British. Another example is the Maqdala treasures, taken by the British from Ethiopia. Looting by perpetrator Looting by the British Empire The transformation of theft and plunder as an incentive for troops to institutionalized, indiscriminate looting following military conflict can be observed in the wake of British conquest in Asia, Africa and India. According to one scholar, the looting of artifacts for "both personal and institutional reasons" became "increasingly important in the process of "othering" Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new 'temples of Empire'." Looting, not necessarily of art, became an instrument for the projection of power and the British imperial desire to gather and provide information about the "exotic" cultures and primitive tribes.Michael Carrington. Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4. Younghusband Mission to Tibet, Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), pp 81–109 Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Michael Carrington. A Ph. D (British Library) One of the most famous examples is the case of the personal initiative by the British ambassador of removing, with the permission of the Ottoman government, the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens; many years later they were sold to the British Museum. Other examples include the Benin Bronzes, which were looted by the British from the Kingdom of Benin (now Southern Nigeria) in 1897. Famously, the Rosetta Stone and various other artefacts were taken as war plunder from the French, who had removed them from their Egyptian setting during the French occupation under Napoleon. Looting by Napoleon Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross was looted in 1806 by French soldiers from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Germany; current location: Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Napoleon's conquests in Europe were followed by a systematic attempt, later more tentatively echoed by Hitler, to take the finest works of art of conquered nations back to the Louvre in Paris for a grand central museum of all Europe. Napoleon boasted: Many works were returned after his fall, but many others were not, and remain in France. Many works confiscated from religious institutions under the French occupation now form the backbone of national museums: "Napoleon's art-loot depots became the foundation of Venice's Accademia, Milan's Brera galleries. His brother Louis founded Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum; brother Joseph started Madrid's Prado" (for the Spanish royal collection).Masterpieces of the Louvre. Time magazine. June 30, 1958 Napoleonic commander and Marechal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult stole in 1810 six large pictures painted by Murillo in 1668 for the Hospital de la Caridad in Seville. One painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington; a second looted painting, The Healing of the Paralytic, is in the National Gallery in London; only two of the original paintings have returned to Seville. Another French general looted several pictures, including four Claudes and Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross, from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1806. The stolen goods were later bought by the Empress Josephine and subsequently by the tsar. Ever since 1918, when Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, have German negotiators demanded the return of the paintings. This has been refused; the pictures still remain in the Hermitage. Looting by the Union and Confederate Armies during the American Civil War On November 7, 1863, Edward D. Townsend of the Union army wrote General Order No. 360: “Satisfactory evidence having been produced to the War Department that a bronze equestrian statue, unlawfully taken from a private house in Fredericksburg, at the time of the capture of that place by the Union forces, was the private property of Mr. Douglas Gordon, of that city, it is— .Ordered: That it be restored to Mrs. Annie C. Thomas, the sister of Mr. Gordon, who has made application therefor.”O'Brien, Thomas M., and Oliver Diefendorf. General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Derby & Miller, 1864, p. 603. Some of Gordon's works of art were recovered through Lafayette C. Baker, chief of the Union secret police.Baker, Lafayette Curry. History of the United States Secret Service. Philadelphia, PA: King & Baird, Printers, 1867, p. 259-260. The United States Congress enacted legislation allowing for claims to be filed for property losses on July 4, 1864. Claims were restricted to loyal citizens. Looting by Nazi Germany General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, accompanied by General Omar N. Bradley and Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr., inspects art treasures hidden in a salt mine in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945 the Third Reich engaged in the biggest art theft in history, starting in 1933 with the Jewish population of Germany. During World War II, the Nazis set up special departments "for a limited time for the seizure and securing of objects of cultural value",Letter from Rosenberg to the Reich Commissioner for the East and Reich Commissioner for the Ukraine, April 27, 1942 , as cited in: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session, Document 153-PS, Exhibit USA-381 especially in the Occupied Eastern Territories, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Hungary and Greece. The Russian imperial residences around St. Petersburg were thoroughly looted and deliberately blown up, so that their restoration is still under way. The Catherine Palace and Peterhof were reduced to smoldering ruins; among the innumerable trophies was the world-famous Amber Room.Peter Bruhn: Das Bernsteinzimmer in Zarskoje Selo bei Sankt-Petersburg, 2nd edition. Berlin, 2004 . In an updated version also available as bibliographical database Das Bernsteinzimmer von Zarskoje Selo Medieval churches of Novgorod and Pskov, with their unique 12th-century frescoes, were systematically plundered and reduced to piles of rubble. Major museums around Moscow, including Yasnaya Polyana, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, and New Jerusalem, faced a similar fate, with their architectural integrity irrevocably impaired. The legal framework and the language of the instructions used by Germany resembles the Lieber Code, but in the Nuremberg Trial proceedings, the victorious Allied armies applied different standards and sentenced the Nazis involved as war criminals. Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, detailing the Jurisdiction and General Principles, declares the "plunder of public or private property" a war crime,Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, II. Jurisdiction and General Principles, Article 6. Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. while the Lieber Code and the actions of the Allied armies in the aftermath of World War II allowed or tolerated the looting. The main objective of the looting is made clear by Dr. Muhlmann, responsible for the securing of all Polish art treasures: "I confirm that the art treasures ... would not have remained in Poland in case of a German victory, but they would have been used to complement German artistic property."Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session . Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. One inventory of 39 volumes featuring the looted art and antiques, prepared by the Nazis and discussed during the Nuremberg trials, lists "21,903 Works of Art: 5,281 paintings, pastels, water colors, drawings; 684 miniatures, glass and enamel paintings, illuminated books and manuscripts; 583 sculptures, terra cottas, medallions, and plaques; 2,477 articles of furniture of art historical value; 583 textiles (tapestries, rugs, embroideries, Coptic textiles); 5,825 objects of decorative art (porcelains, bronzes, faience, majolica, ceramics, jewelry, coins, art objects with precious stones); 1,286 East Asiatic art works (bronzes, sculpture, porcelains, paintings, folding screens, weapons); 259 art works of antiquity (sculptures, bronzes, vases, jewelry, bowls, engraved gems, terracottas)." When Allied forces bombed Germany's cities and historic institutions, Germany "began storing the artworks in salt mines and caves for protection from Allied bombing raids. These mines and caves offered the appropriate humidity and temperature conditions for artworks."Anne Rothfeld. Nazi Looted Art. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 2. Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3 Much of this art was recovered by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section of the Office of Military Government, United States, as detailed in a 1995 conference in New York and the published proceedings.Simpson, Elizabeth. The Spoils of War--World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center, 1997. Looting by the Soviet Union The Eberswalde Hoard from Germany disappeared in 1945 from Berlin and was located in 2004 in a secret depot within Moscow's Pushkin Museum. Priam's treasure The Soviet Union engaged in systematic looting during World War II, particularly of Germany – seeing this as reparations for damage and looting done by Germany in the Soviet Union.Lee, Steven. (2005-05-17) Cultural divide exists over Russian war loot. The New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-11 The Soviets also looted other occupied territories; for example, looting by Soviets was common on the territories theoretically assigned to its ally, communist Poland.Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, , p.359Richard C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: the origins of the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 1995, , p.90 Even Polish Communists were uneasy, as in 1945, the future Chairman of the Polish Council of State, Aleksander Zawadzki, worried that the "raping and looting by the Soviet army would provoke a civil war."Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 1982, , p.558 Soviet forces had engaged in plunder on the former eastern territories of Germany that were to be transferred to Poland, stripping it of anything of value. See also other copy online A recently recovered masterwork is Gustave Courbet's Femme nue couchée, looted in Budapest, Hungary, in 1945. Paintings, which were looted by Soviet troops, came also from private German collections by art collectors as Otto Gerstenberg, Bernhard Koehler, Friedrich Carl Siemens (1877–1952), Otto Krebs, Eduard von der Heydt, Eduard Lorenz Lorenz-Meyer or Paul Sachse.Beutekunst: Zurück in die Kindheit, spiegel.de, April 3 1995 In 1998, and after considerable controversy, Russia passed the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation, which allowed Russian institutions to keep art works and museum pieces looted during World War 2. Case studies A large number of institutions and museums have at various times been subject to both moral claims and legal claims concerning the provenance of their holdings subject to occasional review and challenge. One example of such a case study can be provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art's reputation which has experienced a series of allegations and lawsuits about its status as an occasional institutional buyer of looted and stolen antiquities. Since the 1990s the Met has been the subject of numerous investigative reports and books critical of the Met's laissez-faire attitude to acquisition.Peter Watson, Cecilia Todeschini (2007), The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy's Tomb Raiders to the World's Greatest MuseumsVernon Silver, The Lost Chalice: The Epic Hunt for a Priceless Masterpiece. Harper Collins Books, 2009. The Met has lost several major lawsuits, notably against the governments of Italy and Turkey, who successfully sought the repatriation of hundreds of ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern antiquities, with a total value in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In the late 1990s, long-running investigations by the Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale (TPC), the art crimes division of the Italian Carabinieri, accused the Metropolitan Museum of acquiring "black market" antiquities. TPC investigations in Italy revealed that many ancient Mediterranean objects acquired from the 1960s to the 1990s had been purchased, via a complex network of front companies and unscrupulous dealers, from the criminal gang led by Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici." The Met is also one of many institutional buyers known to have acquired looted artifacts from a Thai-based British "collector", Douglas Latchford."Chasing Aphrodite. "The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas" (originally posted 1 February 2015) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as "The Kneeling Attendants" , which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992. A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received "dispositive" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the USA.Jason Felch, "Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues". Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In addition to the ongoing investigations by the Italian police (TPC), lawsuits brought by the Governments of Italy, Turkey and Cambodia against the Metropolitan Museum of Art contend that the acquisition of the Euphronius krater may have demonstrated a pattern of less than rigorous investigation into the origin and legitimate provenance of highly desirable antiquities for the museum's collections. Examples include, the Cloisters Cross, a large Romanesque cross carved from walrus ivory, the Karun Treasure, also known as the Lydian Hoard, a collection of 200 gold, silver, bronze and earthenware objects, dating from the 7th Century BCE, and part of a larger haul of some 450 objects looted by local tomb robbers from four ancient royal tombs near Sardis, in Turkey in 1966–67."Gold hippocampus from Lydian Hoard found". The History Blog, 28 November 2012 After a six-year legal battle that reportedly cost the Turkish government UK£25 million"King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey".Constanze Letch, The Guardian, 26 November 2012 the case ended dramatically after it was revealed that the minutes of the Met's own acquisition committee described how a curator had actually visited the looted burial mounds in Turkey to confirm the authenticity of the objects. The Met was forced to concede that staff had known the objects were stolen when it bought them, and the collection was repatriated to Turkey in 1993. The Morgantina treasure is a hoard of ornate Hellenistic silverware dated 3rd century BC, valued at perhaps up to US$ 100 million, acquired by the Met in the early 1980s. It was later shown to have been looted from the Morgantina archaeological site in Sicily. After a protracted lawsuit, the Met conceded that it was looted, and agreed in 2006 to repatriate it to Sicily, with the Met stating in 2006 that the repatriation "redresses past improprieties in the acquisitions process".Article, "Morgantina Silver", by Suzie Thomas, year 2012 at the website TraffickingCulture.org, website devoted to illicit trafficking in ancient art objects. The article cites the following press release issued by the Metropolitan Museum on 21 Feb 2006: "Statement by the Metropolitan Museum of Art on its agreement with the Italian Ministry of Culture". | The warehouses were registered to a Swiss company called Editions Services, which police traced to an Italian art dealer, Giacomo Medici. The Carabinieri stated that the warehouses contained 10,000 artifacts worth 50 billion lire (about $35 million).Andrew L. Slayman. Geneva Seizure. Archaeology. May 3, 1998, updated September 14, 1998 In 1997, Giacomo Medici was arrested; his operation is believed to be "one of the largest and most sophisticated antiquities networks in the world, responsible for illegally digging up and spiriting away thousands of top-drawer pieces and passing them on to the most elite end of the international art market."Men's Vogue, November/December 2006, Vol. 2, No. 3, pg. 46. Medici was sentenced in 2004 by a Rome court to ten years in prison and a fine of 10 million euros, "the largest penalty ever meted out for antiquities crime in Italy." In another, unrelated case in 1999, the Getty had to hand over three antiquities to Italy after determining they were stolen. The objects included a Greek red-figure kylix from the 5th century BC signed by the painter, Onesimos, and the potter, Euphronios, looted from the Etruscan site of Cerveteri; a torso of the god Mithra from the 2nd century AD; and the head of a youth by the Greek sculptor Polykleitos.Andrew L. Slayman. Getty Returns Italian Artifacts. Archaeology. Volume 52 Number 3, May/June 1999 According to the New York Times, the Getty refused for several years to return the antiquities to their rightful owners.Alessandra Stanley. Getty to Give 3 Artifacts Back to Italy. New York Times. February 4, 1999 Yet another case emerged in 2007, when Italy's art-theft investigation squad discovered a hidden cache of ancient marble carvings depicting early gladiators, the lower portion of a marble statue of a man in a toga and a piece of a column. Italian Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli used the case to underline the importance of these artifacts for Italy.Rare gladiator marbles discovered in major Italian art bust. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 24, 2007 Looting of South East Asia During their occupation of Indochina, the French government removed various statues and other objects from the region. During its existence, the Khmer Empire was regularly raided by its neighbours, which resulted in its cultural heritage being distributed widely across the region.Briggs, Palmer. Ancient Khmer Empire The major historian of the Khmer Empire, Lawrence Palmer Briggs, regularly mentions these raids—for example, the sack of Angkor in 1430–31 by the Siamese who carried off their loot to Ayutthaya,Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p258 after which "people fled from the 'great and glorious capital' of Khmer civilisation as if it were ridden with plague".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p261 Consequently, the cultural heritage of the region was already widely spread by the time the French founded their protectorate in IndoChina in 1864. Briggs describes Preah Khan Kompong Svay as "shamefully looted" in the late 19th century by Louis Delaporte, "who carried the spoils away to French museums (thus beginning the systematic looting of Cambodian temples for the benefit of public and private collections of Europe and America)".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p 222 He also describes how French tourists well into the 20th century carried off many statues.Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p77 Therefore, by the early 20th century it was rare to find Khmer objects in situ and local and foreign collectors, particularly in France, had built up collections of Khmer objects. Many objects from the region were exported to Europe and elsewhere and ended up in museums such as the Guimet. During the second world war, whilst France was occupied by Nazi Germany, the Indochina region was controlled variously by the Japanese, locally, and after the war, the French regained control. There followed a period of 35 years of disruption and warfare, including Dien Ben Phu and the Vietnam war. Thereafter Cambodia fell under the control of the notorious Khmer Rouge regime. Some objects left the country during that period, either to save them from destruction or for looting purposes. Reports have suggested that where objects have been moved, local officials and armed forces (both before and after the periods of turmoil) were responsible.see movie Angkor for Sale directed Adrian Maben 1997 In 1992, a report in The Christian Science Monitor described art experts' concerns about a "rampant degradation of archeological sites and an accelerating trade in stolen artifacts sweeping Southeast Asia" as a consequence of war in Cambodia and instability in the region.Tefft, Sheila. "Plundering of Artifacts Sweeps Asia", The Christian Science Monitor, 15 October 1992. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Statues were being stripped from Angkor Wat and other sites by smuggling rings often working in collusion with military and political officials, including a major network in Chiang Mai run by a former government minister. The British-born Thai-based collector Douglas Latchford says that when he and other collectors traversed Cambodia and Thailand in the 1960s, buying and trading Cambodian antiquities, they were not concerned about provenance, but regarded themselves as rescuers of artefacts that otherwise might have been neglected or destroyed.Mashberg, Tom, "Claims of Looting Shadow Expert in Khmer Art", The New York Times, 12 December 2012. Many of the objects they purchased were later donated or sold to museums. In the 2000s, evidence that the artefacts had been looted persuaded a number of major museums around the world to return the objects to Cambodia."In 2012, Latchford was identified in [US] federal court records as a middleman in the trafficking of looted antiquities from Southeast Asia. Authorities allege Latchford knowingly purchased two looted Khmer sculptures from “an organized looting network” and conspired with the London auction house Spink to obtain false export permits for them. The case was a civil lawsuit, and Latchford was not charged with a crime. But after a lengthy legal battle, Sotheby’s agreed to return its sculpture to Cambodia. Soon after, the Norton Simon Museum, Christie’s auction house and the Metropolitan Museum of Art all returned sculptures tied to Latchford." Chasing Aphrodite: "The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas" (originally posted 1 February 2015) Among the objects sold or donated to major museums by Latchford are a number of rare ancient Khmer statues, reportedly looted from the temple site of Koh Ker in Cambodia, and at least two Indian seated Kushan Buddhas, looted from the ancient Indian city of Mathura. One of the seated Buddhas was originally offered—via Manhattan dealer Nancy Wiener—to Canada's Royal Ontario Museum, but they ultimately declined to buy it, owing to its dubious provenance. In 2000 it was bought by the National Gallery of Australia, but subsequent investigations exposed the seated Buddha as a looted artwork, and it has since been repatriated to India. Other US museums reported to have received looted Asian artefacts from Latchford include the Denver Museum of Art, the Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth, Texas, and the Norton Simon Museum.Chasing Aphrodite: "The Met Returns Two Khmer Statues to Cambodia, Citing Clear Evidence Of Looting" (posted 3 May 2013) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as "The Kneeling Attendants", which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992."Metropolitan Museum of Art to Return Two Khmer Sculptures to Cambodia", metmuseum.org A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received "dispositive" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the United States.Felch, Jason, "Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues", Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In 2015, the Cleveland Museum of Art voluntarily returned to Cambodia a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman, after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted—the statue's head having appeared on the market in Bangkok in 1968 during the Vietnam War and its body having appeared on the market in 1972 during the Cambodian Civil War. The museum's director said, "Our research revealed a very real likelihood that it was removed from a site enormously important to the kingdom of Cambodia during a terrible time and its return was completely consistent with the highest legal and fiduciary standards."Litt, Steven. "Cleveland Museum of Art returns Hanuman sculpture to Cambodia, saying new evidence indicates it was probably looted", cleveland.com, 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Tess Davis, an archaeologist and lawyer for the Antiquities Coalition, praised the museum's decision but said, “The Hanuman first surfaced on the market while Cambodia was in the midst of a war and facing genocide. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know.”Tharoor, Kanishk. "Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures", theguardian.com, 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Looting of Poland Throne of Stanisław August Poniatowski displayed in the Moscow Kremlin. The throne was looted after the collapse of the November Uprising in the 1830s. In the 1920s, the Soviet government returned it to Poland, yet it was deliberately destroyed by the Germans during World War II."The last king of Poland was Stanisław August Poniatowski. His royal throne, or mainly its backrest, was decorated with eagles beautifully embroidered in gold and silver, symbolizing Poland. When the Germans seized Warsaw in World War II, the governor of German-occupied Poland ordered the eagles taken down and presented to German officers as a souvenir." The Załuski Library, the first public library in Poland, was founded by two brothers, Józef Andrzej Załuski, crown referendary and bishop of Kiev, and Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, crown chancellor and bishop of Cracow. The library was considered one of the most important libraries of the world, featuring a collection of about 400,000 printed items, manuscripts, artworks, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens. Located in Warsaw's Daniłowiczowski Palace, it was looted in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 by Russian troops on orders from Russian Tsarina Catherine II; the stolen artworks were transported to St. Petersburg and became part of the Russian Imperial Library, which was founded one year later. Although some pieces were returned by the Soviet Union in 1921 and were burned during the Warsaw Uprising against German forces, other parts of the collection have still not been returned by Russia. Polish scientists have been allowed to access and study the objects.What's On. Library Anniversary. The Warsaw Voice. August 18, 1997. The Polish Crown Jewels were removed by the Prussians in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the collapse of the November Uprising, literary and art treasures were removed from Poland. Poland regained some of the artefacts after the Treaty of Riga, comprising the furnishings of the Warsaw Castle and the Wawel Castle. During the Second World War, Germany tried to destroy Poland completely and exterminate its population as well as culture. Countless art objects were looted, as Germany systematically carried out a plan of looting prepared even before the start of hostilities (see also Nazi plunder). Twenty-five museums and many other facilities were destroyed. The total cost of German theft and destruction of Polish art is estimated at 20 billion dollars, or an estimated 43\% of Polish cultural heritage; over 516,000 individual art pieces were looted (including 2,800 paintings by European painters; 11,000 paintings by Polish painters; 1,400 sculptures, 75,000 manuscripts, 25,000 maps, 90,000 books including over 20,000 printed before 1800, and hundreds of thousands of other items of artistic and historical value). Rewindykacja dóbr kultury Soviet troops afterward contributed to the plunder as well. Looting of Latin and South America The looting of Central and South America by the conquistadors is one of the best-known plunders in the world. Roger Atwood writes in Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World: "Mayan stonework became one of those things that good art museums in America just had to have, and looters in the jungles of southern Mexico and Guatemala worked overtime to meet the demand."Atwood, Roger. Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World. St. Martin's Press. November 18, 2004Colin Woodard. "Destructive Looting Threatens Archaeological Work at Maya Sites". The Chronicle of Higher Education. October 20, 2000 Jeremy McDermott. "Looting a lost civilization. Maya scholars in race with thieves". San Francisco Chronicle. June 7, 2001Princine Lewis. "Archaeologists partnership with Maya villagers pays off in looters' conviction". Vanderbilt Register. June 23, 2004 (See: Maya stelae#Looting) Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history. Graves are often looted before the archaeologists can reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan, or Europe. Guillermo Cock, a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: "The true problem is the looters," he said. "If we leave the cemetery it is going to be destroyed in a few weeks."John Roach. "Dozens of Inca Mummies Discovered Buried in Peru". National Geographic News, March 11, 2004 Looting of Spain Peninsular War During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Joseph I planned to host the best art of Spain in a museum, so he ordered to collect all possible art works. In 1810, 1000 paintings were looted in Seville by the French Army. Most paintings came from religious buildings. Over 180 paintings were stolen by Marshal Soult, including some of Murillo. El Escorial in Madrid also suffered from looting, were many precious artworks were amassed by the occupant army. When Joseph I was leaving Spain, he abandoned more than 200 paintings from the Spanish royal collection. Some of these paintings were gifted to the Duke of Wellington by Ferdinand VII. The best known looted piece is The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables. It was looted by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult in 1813 and taken to France. Later, in 1852, it was bought by the Louvre. Vichy Regime made an exchange of artwork with Spanish Government and returned to Spain. Looting of Africa The looting of African art primarily came about as a result of the Scramble for Africa, which saw many European powers colonize the African continent. A notable example of looted African art is the Benin Bronzes, sacked from the Kingdom of Benin (now southern Nigeria); thousands of these bronze artworks were taken from the Benin royal palace by the British during the Benin Expedition of 1897. Other looted African artefacts include the Rosetta Stone, a key to translating hieroglyphs, which was rediscovered during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria before being claimed by the British. Another example is the Maqdala treasures, taken by the British from Ethiopia. 20th century During the 1970s most of the looting was undetected and unpunished. There was no actual legislation that protected archaeological sites, nor there were enforcers of the law in that places. Since 1978, there has been a tremendous development in the framework of legal protection of cultural heritage. 21st century In the decade of the 2010s there has been several cases of looters with metal detectors in archaeological sites. Looting by perpetrator Looting by the British Empire The transformation of theft and plunder as an incentive for troops to institutionalized, indiscriminate looting following military conflict can be observed in the wake of British conquest in Asia, Africa and India. According to one scholar, the looting of artifacts for "both personal and institutional reasons" became "increasingly important in the process of "othering" Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new 'temples of Empire'." Looting, not necessarily of art, became an instrument for the projection of power and the British imperial desire to gather and provide information about the "exotic" cultures and primitive tribes.Michael Carrington. Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4. Younghusband Mission to Tibet, Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), pp 81–109 Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Michael Carrington. A Ph. D (British Library) One of the most famous examples is the case of the personal initiative by the British ambassador of removing, with the permission of the Ottoman government, the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens; many years later they were sold to the British Museum. Other examples include the Benin Bronzes, which were looted by the British from the Kingdom of Benin (now Southern Nigeria) in 1897. Famously, the Rosetta Stone and various other artefacts were taken as war plunder from the French, who had removed them from their Egyptian setting during the French occupation under Napoleon. Looting by Napoleon Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross was looted in 1806 by French soldiers from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Germany; current location: Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Napoleon's conquests in Europe were followed by a systematic attempt, later more tentatively echoed by Hitler, to take the finest works of art of conquered nations back to the Louvre in Paris for a grand central museum of all Europe. Napoleon boasted: Many works were returned after his fall, but many others were not, and remain in France. Many works confiscated from religious institutions under the French occupation now form the backbone of national museums: "Napoleon's art-loot depots became the foundation of Venice's Accademia, Milan's Brera galleries. His brother Louis founded Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum; brother Joseph started Madrid's Prado" (for the Spanish royal collection).Masterpieces of the Louvre. Time magazine. June 30, 1958 Napoleonic commander and Marechal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult stole in 1810 six large pictures painted by Murillo in 1668 for the Hospital de la Caridad in Seville. One painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington; a second looted painting, The Healing of the Paralytic, is in the National Gallery in London; only two of the original paintings have returned to Seville. Another French general looted several pictures, including four Claudes and Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross, from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1806. The stolen goods were later bought by the Empress Josephine and subsequently by the tsar. Ever since 1918, when Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, have German negotiators demanded the return of the paintings. This has been refused; the pictures still remain in the Hermitage. Looting by the Union and Confederate Armies during the American Civil War On November 7, 1863, Edward D. Townsend of the Union army wrote General Order No. 360: “Satisfactory evidence having been produced to the War Department that a bronze equestrian statue, unlawfully taken from a private house in Fredericksburg, at the time of the capture of that place by the Union forces, was the private property of Mr. Douglas Gordon, of that city, it is— .Ordered: That it be restored to Mrs. Annie C. Thomas, the sister of Mr. Gordon, who has made application therefor.”O'Brien, Thomas M., and Oliver Diefendorf. General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Derby & Miller, 1864, p. 603. Some of Gordon's works of art were recovered through Lafayette C. Baker, chief of the Union secret police.Baker, Lafayette Curry. History of the United States Secret Service. Philadelphia, PA: King & Baird, Printers, 1867, p. 259-260. The United States Congress enacted legislation allowing for claims to be filed for property losses on July 4, 1864. Claims were restricted to loyal citizens. Looting by Nazi Germany General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, accompanied by General Omar N. Bradley and Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr., inspects art treasures hidden in a salt mine in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945 the Third Reich engaged in the biggest art theft in history, starting in 1933 with the Jewish population of Germany. During World War II, the Nazis set up special departments "for a limited time for the seizure and securing of objects of cultural value",Letter from Rosenberg to the Reich Commissioner for the East and Reich Commissioner for the Ukraine, April 27, 1942 , as cited in: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session, Document 153-PS, Exhibit USA-381 especially in the Occupied Eastern Territories, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Hungary and Greece. The Russian imperial residences around St. Petersburg were thoroughly looted and deliberately blown up, so that their restoration is still under way. The Catherine Palace and Peterhof were reduced to smoldering ruins; among the innumerable trophies was the world-famous Amber Room.Peter Bruhn: Das Bernsteinzimmer in Zarskoje Selo bei Sankt-Petersburg, 2nd edition. Berlin, 2004 . In an updated version also available as bibliographical database Das Bernsteinzimmer von Zarskoje Selo Medieval churches of Novgorod and Pskov, with their unique 12th-century frescoes, were systematically plundered and reduced to piles of rubble. Major museums around Moscow, including Yasnaya Polyana, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, and New Jerusalem, faced a similar fate, with their architectural integrity irrevocably impaired. The legal framework and the language of the instructions used by Germany resembles the Lieber Code, but in the Nuremberg Trial proceedings, the victorious Allied armies applied different standards and sentenced the Nazis involved as war criminals. Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, detailing the Jurisdiction and General Principles, declares the "plunder of public or private property" a war crime,Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, II. Jurisdiction and General Principles, Article 6. Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. while the Lieber Code and the actions of the Allied armies in the aftermath of World War II allowed or tolerated the looting. The main objective of the looting is made clear by Dr. Muhlmann, responsible for the securing of all Polish art treasures: "I confirm that the art treasures ... would not have remained in Poland in case of a German victory, but they would have been used to complement German artistic property."Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session . Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. One inventory of 39 volumes featuring the looted art and antiques, prepared by the Nazis and discussed during the Nuremberg trials, lists "21,903 Works of Art: 5,281 paintings, pastels, water colors, drawings; 684 miniatures, glass and enamel paintings, illuminated books and manuscripts; 583 sculptures, terra cottas, medallions, and plaques; 2,477 articles of furniture of art historical value; 583 textiles (tapestries, rugs, embroideries, Coptic textiles); 5,825 objects of decorative art (porcelains, bronzes, faience, majolica, ceramics, jewelry, coins, art objects with precious stones); 1,286 East Asiatic art works (bronzes, sculpture, porcelains, paintings, folding screens, weapons); 259 art works of antiquity (sculptures, bronzes, vases, jewelry, bowls, engraved gems, terracottas)." When Allied forces bombed Germany's cities and historic institutions, Germany "began storing the artworks in salt mines and caves for protection from Allied bombing raids. These mines and caves offered the appropriate humidity and temperature conditions for artworks."Anne Rothfeld. Nazi Looted Art. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 2. Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3 Much of this art was recovered by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section of the Office of Military Government, United States, as detailed in a 1995 conference in New York and the published proceedings.Simpson, Elizabeth. The Spoils of War--World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center, 1997. Looting by the Soviet Union The Eberswalde Hoard from Germany disappeared in 1945 from Berlin and was located in 2004 in a secret depot within Moscow's Pushkin Museum. Priam's treasure The Soviet Union engaged in systematic looting during World War II, particularly of Germany – seeing this as reparations for damage and looting done by Germany in the Soviet Union.Lee, Steven. (2005-05-17) Cultural divide exists over Russian war loot. The New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-11 The Soviets also looted other occupied territories; for example, looting by Soviets was common on the territories theoretically assigned to its ally, communist Poland.Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, , p.359Richard C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: the origins of the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 1995, , p.90 Even Polish Communists were uneasy, as in 1945, the future Chairman of the Polish Council of State, Aleksander Zawadzki, worried that the "raping and looting by the Soviet army would provoke a civil war."Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 1982, , p.558 Soviet forces had engaged in plunder on the former eastern territories of Germany that were to be transferred to Poland, stripping it of anything of value. See also other copy online A recently recovered masterwork is Gustave Courbet's Femme nue couchée, looted in Budapest, Hungary, in 1945. Paintings, which were looted by Soviet troops, came also from private German collections by art collectors as Otto Gerstenberg, Bernhard Koehler, Friedrich Carl Siemens (1877–1952), Otto Krebs, Eduard von der Heydt, Eduard Lorenz Lorenz-Meyer or Paul Sachse.Beutekunst: Zurück in die Kindheit, spiegel.de, April 3 1995 In 1998, and after considerable controversy, Russia passed the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation, which allowed Russian institutions to keep art works and museum pieces looted during World War 2. Case studies A large number of institutions and museums have at various times been subject to both moral claims and legal claims concerning the provenance of their holdings subject to occasional review and challenge. One example of such a case study can be provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art's reputation which has experienced a series of allegations and lawsuits about its status as an occasional institutional buyer of looted and stolen antiquities. Since the 1990s the Met has been the subject of numerous investigative reports and books critical of the Met's laissez-faire attitude to acquisition.Peter Watson, Cecilia Todeschini (2007), The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy's Tomb Raiders to the World's Greatest MuseumsVernon Silver, The Lost Chalice: The Epic Hunt for a Priceless Masterpiece. Harper Collins Books, 2009. The Met has lost several major lawsuits, notably against the governments of Italy and Turkey, who successfully sought the repatriation of hundreds of ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern antiquities, with a total value in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In the late 1990s, long-running investigations by the Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale (TPC), the art crimes division of the Italian Carabinieri, accused the Metropolitan Museum of acquiring "black market" antiquities. TPC investigations in Italy revealed that many ancient Mediterranean objects acquired from the 1960s to the 1990s had been purchased, via a complex network of front companies and unscrupulous dealers, from the criminal gang led by Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici." The Met is also one of many institutional buyers known to have acquired looted artifacts from a Thai-based British "collector", Douglas Latchford."Chasing Aphrodite. "The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas" (originally posted 1 February 2015) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as "The Kneeling Attendants" , which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992. A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received "dispositive" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the USA.Jason Felch, "Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues". Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In addition to the ongoing investigations by the Italian police (TPC), lawsuits brought by the Governments of Italy, Turkey and Cambodia against the Metropolitan Museum of Art contend that the acquisition of the Euphronius krater may have demonstrated a pattern of less than rigorous investigation into the origin and legitimate provenance of highly desirable antiquities for the museum's collections. Examples include, the Cloisters Cross, a large Romanesque cross carved from walrus ivory, the Karun Treasure, also known as the Lydian Hoard, a collection of 200 gold, silver, bronze and earthenware objects, dating from the 7th Century BCE, and part of a larger haul of some 450 objects looted by local tomb robbers from four ancient royal tombs near Sardis, in Turkey in 1966–67."Gold hippocampus from Lydian Hoard found". The History Blog, 28 November 2012 After a six-year legal battle that reportedly cost the Turkish government UK£25 million"King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey".Constanze Letch, The Guardian, 26 November 2012 the case ended dramatically after it was revealed that the minutes of the Met's own acquisition committee described how a curator had actually visited the looted burial mounds in Turkey to confirm the authenticity of the objects. The Met was forced to concede that staff had known the objects were stolen when it bought them, and the collection was repatriated to Turkey in 1993. The Morgantina treasure is a hoard of ornate Hellenistic silverware dated 3rd century BC, valued at perhaps up to US$ 100 million, acquired by the Met in the early 1980s. It was later shown to have been looted from the Morgantina archaeological site in Sicily. After a protracted lawsuit, the Met conceded that it was looted, and agreed in 2006 to repatriate it to Sicily, with the Met stating in 2006 that the repatriation "redresses past improprieties in the acquisitions process".Article, "Morgantina Silver", by Suzie Thomas, year 2012 at the website TraffickingCulture.org, website devoted to illicit trafficking in ancient art objects. The article cites the following press release issued by the Metropolitan Museum on 21 Feb 2006: "Statement by the Metropolitan Museum of Art on its agreement with the Italian Ministry of Culture". | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "$35 million).Andrew L. Slayman. Geneva Seizure. Archaeology. May 3, 1998, updated September 14, 1998 In 1997, Giacomo Medici was arrested; his operation is believed to be \"one of the largest and most sophisticated antiquities networks in the world, responsible for illegally digging up and spiriting away thousands of top-drawer pieces and passing them on to the most elite end of the international art market.\"Men's Vogue, November/December 2006, Vol. 2, No. 3, pg. 46. Medici was sentenced in 2004 by a Rome court to ten years in prison and a fine of 10 million euros, \"the largest penalty ever meted out for antiquities crime in Italy.\" In another, unrelated case in 1999, the Getty had to hand over three antiquities to Italy after determining they were stolen. The objects included a Greek red-figure kylix from the 5th century BC signed by the painter, Onesimos, and the potter, Euphronios, looted from the Etruscan site of Cerveteri; a torso of the god Mithra from the 2nd century AD; and the head of a youth by the Greek sculptor Polykleitos.Andrew L. Slayman. Getty Returns Italian Artifacts. Archaeology. Volume 52 Number 3, May/June 1999 According to the New York Times, the Getty refused for several years to return the antiquities to their rightful owners.Alessandra Stanley. Getty to Give 3 Artifacts Back to Italy. New York Times. February 4, 1999 Yet another case emerged in 2007, when Italy's art-theft investigation squad discovered a hidden cache of ancient marble carvings depicting early gladiators, the lower portion of a marble statue of a man in a toga and a piece of a column. Italian Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli used the case to underline the importance of these artifacts for Italy.Rare gladiator marbles discovered in major Italian art bust. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 24, 2007 Looting of South East Asia During their occupation of Indochina, the French government removed various statues and other objects from the region. During its existence, the Khmer Empire was regularly raided by its neighbours, which resulted in its cultural heritage being distributed widely across the region.Briggs, Palmer. Ancient Khmer Empire The major historian of the Khmer Empire, Lawrence Palmer Briggs, regularly mentions these raids—for example, the sack of Angkor in 1430–31 by the Siamese who carried off their loot to Ayutthaya,Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p258 after which \"people fled from the 'great and glorious capital' of Khmer civilisation as if it were ridden with plague\".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p261 Consequently, the cultural heritage of the region was already widely spread by the time the French founded their protectorate in IndoChina in 1864. Briggs describes Preah Khan Kompong Svay as \"shamefully looted\" in the late 19th century by Louis Delaporte, \"who carried the spoils away to French museums (thus beginning the systematic looting of Cambodian temples for the benefit of public and private collections of Europe and America)\".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p 222 He also describes how French tourists well into the 20th century carried off many statues.Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p77 Therefore, by the early 20th century it was rare to find Khmer objects in situ and local and foreign collectors, particularly in France, had built up collections of Khmer objects. Many objects from the region were exported to Europe and elsewhere and ended up in museums such as the Guimet. During the second world war, whilst France was occupied by Nazi Germany, the Indochina region was controlled variously by the Japanese, locally, and after the war, the French regained control. There followed a period of 35 years of disruption and warfare, including Dien Ben Phu and the Vietnam war. Thereafter Cambodia fell under the control of the notorious Khmer Rouge regime. Some objects left the country during that period, either to save them from destruction or for looting purposes. Reports have suggested that where objects have been moved, local officials and armed forces (both before and after the periods of turmoil) were responsible.see movie Angkor for Sale directed Adrian Maben 1997 In 1992, a report in The Christian Science Monitor described art experts' concerns about a \"rampant degradation of archeological sites and an accelerating trade in stolen artifacts sweeping Southeast Asia\" as a consequence of war in Cambodia and instability in the region.Tefft, Sheila. \"Plundering of Artifacts Sweeps Asia\", The Christian Science Monitor, 15 October 1992. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Statues were being stripped from Angkor Wat and other sites by smuggling rings often working in collusion with military and political officials, including a major network in Chiang Mai run by a former government minister. The British-born Thai-based collector Douglas Latchford says that when he and other collectors traversed Cambodia and Thailand in the 1960s, buying and trading Cambodian antiquities, they were not concerned about provenance, but regarded themselves as rescuers of artefacts that otherwise might have been neglected or destroyed.Mashberg, Tom, \"Claims of Looting Shadow Expert in Khmer Art\", The New York Times, 12 December 2012. Many of the objects they purchased were later donated or sold to museums. In the 2000s, evidence that the artefacts had been looted persuaded a number of major museums around the world to return the objects to Cambodia.\"In 2012, Latchford was identified in [US] federal court records as a middleman in the trafficking of looted antiquities from Southeast Asia. Authorities allege Latchford knowingly purchased two looted Khmer sculptures from “an organized looting network” and conspired with the London auction house Spink to obtain false export permits for them. The case was a civil lawsuit, and Latchford was not charged with a crime. But after a lengthy legal battle, Sotheby’s agreed to return its sculpture to Cambodia. Soon after, the Norton Simon Museum, Christie’s auction house and the Metropolitan Museum of Art all returned sculptures tied to Latchford.\" Chasing Aphrodite: \"The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas\" (originally posted 1 February 2015) Among the objects sold or donated to major museums by Latchford are a number of rare ancient Khmer statues, reportedly looted from the temple site of Koh Ker in Cambodia, and at least two Indian seated Kushan Buddhas, looted from the ancient Indian city of Mathura. One of the seated Buddhas was originally offered—via Manhattan dealer Nancy Wiener—to Canada's Royal Ontario Museum, but they ultimately declined to buy it, owing to its dubious provenance. In 2000 it was bought by the National Gallery of Australia, but subsequent investigations exposed the seated Buddha as a looted artwork, and it has since been repatriated to India. Other US museums reported to have received looted Asian artefacts from Latchford include the Denver Museum of Art, the Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth, Texas, and the Norton Simon Museum.Chasing Aphrodite: \"The Met Returns Two Khmer Statues to Cambodia, Citing Clear Evidence Of Looting\" (posted 3 May 2013) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as \"The Kneeling Attendants\", which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992.\"Metropolitan Museum of Art to Return Two Khmer Sculptures to Cambodia\", metmuseum.org A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received \"dispositive\" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the United States.Felch, Jason, \"Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues\", Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In 2015, the Cleveland Museum of Art voluntarily returned to Cambodia a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman, after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted—the statue's head having appeared on the market in Bangkok in 1968 during the Vietnam War and its body having appeared on the market in 1972 during the Cambodian Civil War. The museum's director said, \"Our research revealed a very real likelihood that it was removed from a site enormously important to the kingdom of Cambodia during a terrible time and its return was completely consistent with the highest legal and fiduciary standards.\"Litt, Steven. \"Cleveland Museum of Art returns Hanuman sculpture to Cambodia, saying new evidence indicates it was probably looted\", cleveland.com, 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Tess Davis, an archaeologist and lawyer for the Antiquities Coalition, praised the museum's decision but said, “The Hanuman first surfaced on the market while Cambodia was in the midst of a war and facing genocide. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know.”Tharoor, Kanishk. \"Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures\", theguardian.com, 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Looting of Poland Throne of Stanisław August Poniatowski displayed in the Moscow Kremlin. The throne was looted after the collapse of the November Uprising in the 1830s. In the 1920s, the Soviet government returned it to Poland, yet it was deliberately destroyed by the Germans during World War II.\"The last king of Poland was Stanisław August Poniatowski. His royal throne, or mainly its backrest, was decorated with eagles beautifully embroidered in gold and silver, symbolizing Poland. When the Germans seized Warsaw in World War II, the governor of German-occupied Poland ordered the eagles taken down and presented to German officers as a souvenir.\" The Załuski Library, the first public library in Poland, was founded by two brothers, Józef Andrzej Załuski, crown referendary and bishop of Kiev, and Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, crown chancellor and bishop of Cracow. The library was considered one of the most important libraries of the world, featuring a collection of about 400,000 printed items, manuscripts, artworks, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens. Located in Warsaw's Daniłowiczowski Palace, it was looted in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 by Russian troops on orders from Russian Tsarina Catherine II; the stolen artworks were transported to St. Petersburg and became part of the Russian Imperial Library, which was founded one year later. Although some pieces were returned by the Soviet Union in 1921 and were burned during the Warsaw Uprising against German forces, other parts of the collection have still not been returned by Russia. Polish scientists have been allowed to access and study the objects.What's On. Library Anniversary. The Warsaw Voice. August 18, 1997. The Polish Crown Jewels were removed by the Prussians in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the collapse of the November Uprising, literary and art treasures were removed from Poland. Poland regained some of the artefacts after the Treaty of Riga, comprising the furnishings of the Warsaw Castle and the Wawel Castle. During the Second World War, Germany tried to destroy Poland completely and exterminate its population as well as culture. Countless art objects were looted, as Germany systematically carried out a plan of looting prepared even before the start of hostilities (see also Nazi plunder). Twenty-five museums and many other facilities were destroyed. The total cost of German theft and destruction of Polish art is estimated at 20 billion dollars, or an estimated 43\\% of Polish cultural heritage; over 516,000 individual art pieces were looted (including 2,800 paintings by European painters; 11,000 paintings by Polish painters; 1,400 sculptures, 75,000 manuscripts, 25,000 maps, 90,000 books including over 20,000 printed before 1800, and hundreds of thousands of other items of artistic and historical value). Rewindykacja dóbr kultury Soviet troops afterward contributed to the plunder as well. Looting of Latin and South America The looting of Central and South America by the conquistadors is one of the best-known plunders in the world. Roger Atwood writes in Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World: \"Mayan stonework became one of those things that good art museums in America just had to have, and looters in the jungles of southern Mexico and Guatemala worked overtime to meet the demand.\"Atwood, Roger. Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World. St. Martin's Press. November 18, 2004Colin Woodard. \"Destructive Looting Threatens Archaeological Work at Maya Sites\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. October 20, 2000 Jeremy McDermott. \"Looting a lost civilization. Maya scholars in race with thieves\". San Francisco Chronicle. June 7, 2001Princine Lewis. \"Archaeologists partnership with Maya villagers pays off in looters' conviction\". Vanderbilt Register. June 23, 2004 (See: Maya stelae#Looting) Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history. Graves are often looted before the archaeologists can reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan, or Europe. Guillermo Cock, a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: \"The true problem is the looters,\" he said. \"If we leave the cemetery it is going to be destroyed in a few weeks.\"John Roach. \"Dozens of Inca Mummies Discovered Buried in Peru\". National Geographic News, March 11, 2004 Looting of Spain Peninsular War During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Joseph I planned to host the best art of Spain in a museum, so he ordered to collect all possible art works. In 1810, 1000 paintings were looted in Seville by the French Army. Most paintings came from religious buildings. Over 180 paintings were stolen by Marshal Soult, including some of Murillo. El Escorial in Madrid also suffered from looting, were many precious artworks were amassed by the occupant army. When Joseph I was leaving Spain, he abandoned more than 200 paintings from the Spanish royal collection. Some of these paintings were gifted to the Duke of Wellington by Ferdinand VII. The best known looted piece is The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables. It was looted by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult in 1813 and taken to France. Later, in 1852, it was bought by the Louvre. Vichy Regime made an exchange of artwork with Spanish Government and returned to Spain. 20th century During the 1970s most of the looting was undetected and unpunished. There was no actual legislation that protected archaeological sites, nor there were enforcers of the law in that places. Since 1978, there has been a tremendous development in the framework of legal protection of cultural heritage. 21st century In the decade of the 2010s there has been several cases of looters with metal detectors in archaeological sites. Looting in Africa The looting of African art primarily came about as a result of the Scramble for Africa, which saw many European powers colonize the African continent. A notable example of looted African art is the Benin Bronzes, sacked from the Kingdom of Benin (now southern Nigeria); thousands of these bronze artworks were taken from the Benin royal palace by the British during the Benin Expedition of 1897. Other looted African artefacts include the Rosetta Stone, a key to translating hieroglyphs, which was rediscovered during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria before being claimed by the British. Another example is the Maqdala treasures, taken by the British from Ethiopia. Looting by perpetrator Looting by the British Empire The transformation of theft and plunder as an incentive for troops to institutionalized, indiscriminate looting following military conflict can be observed in the wake of British conquest in Asia, Africa and India. According to one scholar, the looting of artifacts for \"both personal and institutional reasons\" became \"increasingly important in the process of \"othering\" Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new 'temples of Empire'.\" Looting, not necessarily of art, became an instrument for the projection of power and the British imperial desire to gather and provide information about the \"exotic\" cultures and primitive tribes.Michael Carrington. Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4. Younghusband Mission to Tibet, Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), pp 81–109 Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Michael Carrington. A Ph. D (British Library) One of the most famous examples is the case of the personal initiative by the British ambassador of removing, with the permission of the Ottoman government, the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens; many years later they were sold to the British Museum. Other examples include the Benin Bronzes, which were looted by the British from the Kingdom of Benin (now Southern Nigeria) in 1897. Famously, the Rosetta Stone and various other artefacts were taken as war plunder from the French, who had removed them from their Egyptian setting during the French occupation under Napoleon. Looting by Napoleon Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross was looted in 1806 by French soldiers from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Germany; current location: Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Napoleon's conquests in Europe were followed by a systematic attempt, later more tentatively echoed by Hitler, to take the finest works of art of conquered nations back to the Louvre in Paris for a grand central museum of all Europe. Napoleon boasted: Many works were returned after his fall, but many others were not, and remain in France. Many works confiscated from religious institutions under the French occupation now form the backbone of national museums: \"Napoleon's art-loot depots became the foundation of Venice's Accademia, Milan's Brera galleries. His brother Louis founded Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum; brother Joseph started Madrid's Prado\" (for the Spanish royal collection).Masterpieces of the Louvre. Time magazine. June 30, 1958 Napoleonic commander and Marechal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult stole in 1810 six large pictures painted by Murillo in 1668 for the Hospital de la Caridad in Seville. One painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington; a second looted painting, The Healing of the Paralytic, is in the National Gallery in London; only two of the original paintings have returned to Seville. Another French general looted several pictures, including four Claudes and Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross, from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1806. The stolen goods were later bought by the Empress Josephine and subsequently by the tsar. Ever since 1918, when Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, have German negotiators demanded the return of the paintings. This has been refused; the pictures still remain in the Hermitage. Looting by the Union and Confederate Armies during the American Civil War On November 7, 1863, Edward D. Townsend of the Union army wrote General Order No. 360: “Satisfactory evidence having been produced to the War Department that a bronze equestrian statue, unlawfully taken from a private house in Fredericksburg, at the time of the capture of that place by the Union forces, was the private property of Mr. Douglas Gordon, of that city, it is— .Ordered: That it be restored to Mrs. Annie C. Thomas, the sister of Mr. Gordon, who has made application therefor.”O'Brien, Thomas M., and Oliver Diefendorf. General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Derby & Miller, 1864, p. 603. Some of Gordon's works of art were recovered through Lafayette C. Baker, chief of the Union secret police.Baker, Lafayette Curry. History of the United States Secret Service. Philadelphia, PA: King & Baird, Printers, 1867, p. 259-260. The United States Congress enacted legislation allowing for claims to be filed for property losses on July 4, 1864. Claims were restricted to loyal citizens. Looting by Nazi Germany General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, accompanied by General Omar N. Bradley and Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr., inspects art treasures hidden in a salt mine in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945 the Third Reich engaged in the biggest art theft in history, starting in 1933 with the Jewish population of Germany. During World War II, the Nazis set up special departments \"for a limited time for the seizure and securing of objects of cultural value\",Letter from Rosenberg to the Reich Commissioner for the East and Reich Commissioner for the Ukraine, April 27, 1942 , as cited in: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session, Document 153-PS, Exhibit USA-381 especially in the Occupied Eastern Territories, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Hungary and Greece. The Russian imperial residences around St. Petersburg were thoroughly looted and deliberately blown up, so that their restoration is still under way. The Catherine Palace and Peterhof were reduced to smoldering ruins; among the innumerable trophies was the world-famous Amber Room.Peter Bruhn: Das Bernsteinzimmer in Zarskoje Selo bei Sankt-Petersburg, 2nd edition. Berlin, 2004 . In an updated version also available as bibliographical database Das Bernsteinzimmer von Zarskoje Selo Medieval churches of Novgorod and Pskov, with their unique 12th-century frescoes, were systematically plundered and reduced to piles of rubble. Major museums around Moscow, including Yasnaya Polyana, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, and New Jerusalem, faced a similar fate, with their architectural integrity irrevocably impaired. The legal framework and the language of the instructions used by Germany resembles the Lieber Code, but in the Nuremberg Trial proceedings, the victorious Allied armies applied different standards and sentenced the Nazis involved as war criminals. Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, detailing the Jurisdiction and General Principles, declares the \"plunder of public or private property\" a war crime,Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, II. Jurisdiction and General Principles, Article 6. Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. while the Lieber Code and the actions of the Allied armies in the aftermath of World War II allowed or tolerated the looting. The main objective of the looting is made clear by Dr. Muhlmann, responsible for the securing of all Polish art treasures: \"I confirm that the art treasures ... would not have remained in Poland in case of a German victory, but they would have been used to complement German artistic property.\"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session . Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. One inventory of 39 volumes featuring the looted art and antiques, prepared by the Nazis and discussed during the Nuremberg trials, lists \"21,903 Works of Art: 5,281 paintings, pastels, water colors, drawings; 684 miniatures, glass and enamel paintings, illuminated books and manuscripts; 583 sculptures, terra cottas, medallions, and plaques; 2,477 articles of furniture of art historical value; 583 textiles (tapestries, rugs, embroideries, Coptic textiles); 5,825 objects of decorative art (porcelains, bronzes, faience, majolica, ceramics, jewelry, coins, art objects with precious stones); 1,286 East Asiatic art works (bronzes, sculpture, porcelains, paintings, folding screens, weapons); 259 art works of antiquity (sculptures, bronzes, vases, jewelry, bowls, engraved gems, terracottas).\" When Allied forces bombed Germany's cities and historic institutions, Germany \"began storing the artworks in salt mines and caves for protection from Allied bombing raids. These mines and caves offered the appropriate humidity and temperature conditions for artworks.\"Anne Rothfeld. Nazi Looted Art. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 2. Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3 Much of this art was recovered by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section of the Office of Military Government, United States, as detailed in a 1995 conference in New York and the published proceedings.Simpson, Elizabeth. The Spoils of War--World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center, 1997. Looting by the Soviet Union The Eberswalde Hoard from Germany disappeared in 1945 from Berlin and was located in 2004 in a secret depot within Moscow's Pushkin Museum. Priam's treasure The Soviet Union engaged in systematic looting during World War II, particularly of Germany – seeing this as reparations for damage and looting done by Germany in the Soviet Union.Lee, Steven. (2005-05-17) Cultural divide exists over Russian war loot. The New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-11 The Soviets also looted other occupied territories; for example, looting by Soviets was common on the territories theoretically assigned to its ally, communist Poland.Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, , p.359Richard C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: the origins of the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 1995, , p.90 Even Polish Communists were uneasy, as in 1945, the future Chairman of the Polish Council of State, Aleksander Zawadzki, worried that the \"raping and looting by the Soviet army would provoke a civil war.\"Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 1982, , p.558 Soviet forces had engaged in plunder on the former eastern territories of Germany that were to be transferred to Poland, stripping it of anything of value. See also other copy online A recently recovered masterwork is Gustave Courbet's Femme nue couchée, looted in Budapest, Hungary, in 1945. Paintings, which were looted by Soviet troops, came also from private German collections by art collectors as Otto Gerstenberg, Bernhard Koehler, Friedrich Carl Siemens (1877–1952), Otto Krebs, Eduard von der Heydt, Eduard Lorenz Lorenz-Meyer or Paul Sachse.Beutekunst: Zurück in die Kindheit, spiegel.de, April 3 1995 In 1998, and after considerable controversy, Russia passed the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation, which allowed Russian institutions to keep art works and museum pieces looted during World War 2. Case studies A large number of institutions and museums have at various times been subject to both moral claims and legal claims concerning the provenance of their holdings subject to occasional review and challenge. One example of such a case study can be provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art's reputation which has experienced a series of allegations and lawsuits about its status as an occasional institutional buyer of looted and stolen antiquities. Since the 1990s the Met has been the subject of numerous investigative reports and books critical of the Met's laissez-faire attitude to acquisition.Peter Watson, Cecilia Todeschini (2007), The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy's Tomb Raiders to the World's Greatest MuseumsVernon Silver, The Lost Chalice: The Epic Hunt for a Priceless Masterpiece. Harper Collins Books, 2009. The Met has lost several major lawsuits, notably against the governments of Italy and Turkey, who successfully sought the repatriation of hundreds of ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern antiquities, with a total value in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In the late 1990s, long-running investigations by the Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale (TPC), the art crimes division of the Italian Carabinieri, accused the Metropolitan Museum of acquiring \"black market\" antiquities. TPC investigations in Italy revealed that many ancient Mediterranean objects acquired from the 1960s to the 1990s had been purchased, via a complex network of front companies and unscrupulous dealers, from the criminal gang led by Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici.\" The Met is also one of many institutional buyers known to have acquired looted artifacts from a Thai-based British \"collector\", Douglas Latchford.\"Chasing Aphrodite. \"The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas\" (originally posted 1 February 2015) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as \"The Kneeling Attendants\" , which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992. A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received \"dispositive\" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the USA.Jason Felch, \"Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues\". Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In addition to the ongoing investigations by the Italian police (TPC), lawsuits brought by the Governments of Italy, Turkey and Cambodia against the Metropolitan Museum of Art contend that the acquisition of the Euphronius krater may have demonstrated a pattern of less than rigorous investigation into the origin and legitimate provenance of highly desirable antiquities for the museum's collections. Examples include, the Cloisters Cross, a large Romanesque cross carved from walrus ivory, the Karun Treasure, also known as the Lydian Hoard, a collection of 200 gold, silver, bronze and earthenware objects, dating from the 7th Century BCE, and part of a larger haul of some 450 objects looted by local tomb robbers from four ancient royal tombs near Sardis, in Turkey in 1966–67.\"Gold hippocampus from Lydian Hoard found\". The History Blog, 28 November 2012 After a six-year legal battle that reportedly cost the Turkish government UK£25 million\"King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey\".Constanze Letch, The Guardian, 26 November 2012 the case ended dramatically after it was revealed that the minutes of the Met's own acquisition committee described how a curator had actually visited the looted burial mounds in Turkey to confirm the authenticity of the objects. The Met was forced to concede that staff had known the objects were stolen when it bought them, and the collection was repatriated to Turkey in 1993. The Morgantina treasure is a hoard of ornate Hellenistic silverware dated 3rd century BC, valued at perhaps up to US$",
"after": "$35 million).Andrew L. Slayman. Geneva Seizure. Archaeology. May 3, 1998, updated September 14, 1998 In 1997, Giacomo Medici was arrested; his operation is believed to be \"one of the largest and most sophisticated antiquities networks in the world, responsible for illegally digging up and spiriting away thousands of top-drawer pieces and passing them on to the most elite end of the international art market.\"Men's Vogue, November/December 2006, Vol. 2, No. 3, pg. 46. Medici was sentenced in 2004 by a Rome court to ten years in prison and a fine of 10 million euros, \"the largest penalty ever meted out for antiquities crime in Italy.\" In another, unrelated case in 1999, the Getty had to hand over three antiquities to Italy after determining they were stolen. The objects included a Greek red-figure kylix from the 5th century BC signed by the painter, Onesimos, and the potter, Euphronios, looted from the Etruscan site of Cerveteri; a torso of the god Mithra from the 2nd century AD; and the head of a youth by the Greek sculptor Polykleitos.Andrew L. Slayman. Getty Returns Italian Artifacts. Archaeology. Volume 52 Number 3, May/June 1999 According to the New York Times, the Getty refused for several years to return the antiquities to their rightful owners.Alessandra Stanley. Getty to Give 3 Artifacts Back to Italy. New York Times. February 4, 1999 Yet another case emerged in 2007, when Italy's art-theft investigation squad discovered a hidden cache of ancient marble carvings depicting early gladiators, the lower portion of a marble statue of a man in a toga and a piece of a column. Italian Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli used the case to underline the importance of these artifacts for Italy.Rare gladiator marbles discovered in major Italian art bust. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 24, 2007 Looting of South East Asia During their occupation of Indochina, the French government removed various statues and other objects from the region. During its existence, the Khmer Empire was regularly raided by its neighbours, which resulted in its cultural heritage being distributed widely across the region.Briggs, Palmer. Ancient Khmer Empire The major historian of the Khmer Empire, Lawrence Palmer Briggs, regularly mentions these raids—for example, the sack of Angkor in 1430–31 by the Siamese who carried off their loot to Ayutthaya,Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p258 after which \"people fled from the 'great and glorious capital' of Khmer civilisation as if it were ridden with plague\".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p261 Consequently, the cultural heritage of the region was already widely spread by the time the French founded their protectorate in IndoChina in 1864. Briggs describes Preah Khan Kompong Svay as \"shamefully looted\" in the late 19th century by Louis Delaporte, \"who carried the spoils away to French museums (thus beginning the systematic looting of Cambodian temples for the benefit of public and private collections of Europe and America)\".Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p 222 He also describes how French tourists well into the 20th century carried off many statues.Briggs, Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire, p77 Therefore, by the early 20th century it was rare to find Khmer objects in situ and local and foreign collectors, particularly in France, had built up collections of Khmer objects. Many objects from the region were exported to Europe and elsewhere and ended up in museums such as the Guimet. During the second world war, whilst France was occupied by Nazi Germany, the Indochina region was controlled variously by the Japanese, locally, and after the war, the French regained control. There followed a period of 35 years of disruption and warfare, including Dien Ben Phu and the Vietnam war. Thereafter Cambodia fell under the control of the notorious Khmer Rouge regime. Some objects left the country during that period, either to save them from destruction or for looting purposes. Reports have suggested that where objects have been moved, local officials and armed forces (both before and after the periods of turmoil) were responsible.see movie Angkor for Sale directed Adrian Maben 1997 In 1992, a report in The Christian Science Monitor described art experts' concerns about a \"rampant degradation of archeological sites and an accelerating trade in stolen artifacts sweeping Southeast Asia\" as a consequence of war in Cambodia and instability in the region.Tefft, Sheila. \"Plundering of Artifacts Sweeps Asia\", The Christian Science Monitor, 15 October 1992. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Statues were being stripped from Angkor Wat and other sites by smuggling rings often working in collusion with military and political officials, including a major network in Chiang Mai run by a former government minister. The British-born Thai-based collector Douglas Latchford says that when he and other collectors traversed Cambodia and Thailand in the 1960s, buying and trading Cambodian antiquities, they were not concerned about provenance, but regarded themselves as rescuers of artefacts that otherwise might have been neglected or destroyed.Mashberg, Tom, \"Claims of Looting Shadow Expert in Khmer Art\", The New York Times, 12 December 2012. Many of the objects they purchased were later donated or sold to museums. In the 2000s, evidence that the artefacts had been looted persuaded a number of major museums around the world to return the objects to Cambodia.\"In 2012, Latchford was identified in [US] federal court records as a middleman in the trafficking of looted antiquities from Southeast Asia. Authorities allege Latchford knowingly purchased two looted Khmer sculptures from “an organized looting network” and conspired with the London auction house Spink to obtain false export permits for them. The case was a civil lawsuit, and Latchford was not charged with a crime. But after a lengthy legal battle, Sotheby’s agreed to return its sculpture to Cambodia. Soon after, the Norton Simon Museum, Christie’s auction house and the Metropolitan Museum of Art all returned sculptures tied to Latchford.\" Chasing Aphrodite: \"The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas\" (originally posted 1 February 2015) Among the objects sold or donated to major museums by Latchford are a number of rare ancient Khmer statues, reportedly looted from the temple site of Koh Ker in Cambodia, and at least two Indian seated Kushan Buddhas, looted from the ancient Indian city of Mathura. One of the seated Buddhas was originally offered—via Manhattan dealer Nancy Wiener—to Canada's Royal Ontario Museum, but they ultimately declined to buy it, owing to its dubious provenance. In 2000 it was bought by the National Gallery of Australia, but subsequent investigations exposed the seated Buddha as a looted artwork, and it has since been repatriated to India. Other US museums reported to have received looted Asian artefacts from Latchford include the Denver Museum of Art, the Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth, Texas, and the Norton Simon Museum.Chasing Aphrodite: \"The Met Returns Two Khmer Statues to Cambodia, Citing Clear Evidence Of Looting\" (posted 3 May 2013) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as \"The Kneeling Attendants\", which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992.\"Metropolitan Museum of Art to Return Two Khmer Sculptures to Cambodia\", metmuseum.org A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received \"dispositive\" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the United States.Felch, Jason, \"Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues\", Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In 2015, the Cleveland Museum of Art voluntarily returned to Cambodia a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman, after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted—the statue's head having appeared on the market in Bangkok in 1968 during the Vietnam War and its body having appeared on the market in 1972 during the Cambodian Civil War. The museum's director said, \"Our research revealed a very real likelihood that it was removed from a site enormously important to the kingdom of Cambodia during a terrible time and its return was completely consistent with the highest legal and fiduciary standards.\"Litt, Steven. \"Cleveland Museum of Art returns Hanuman sculpture to Cambodia, saying new evidence indicates it was probably looted\", cleveland.com, 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Tess Davis, an archaeologist and lawyer for the Antiquities Coalition, praised the museum's decision but said, “The Hanuman first surfaced on the market while Cambodia was in the midst of a war and facing genocide. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know.”Tharoor, Kanishk. \"Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures\", theguardian.com, 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016. Looting of Poland Throne of Stanisław August Poniatowski displayed in the Moscow Kremlin. The throne was looted after the collapse of the November Uprising in the 1830s. In the 1920s, the Soviet government returned it to Poland, yet it was deliberately destroyed by the Germans during World War II.\"The last king of Poland was Stanisław August Poniatowski. His royal throne, or mainly its backrest, was decorated with eagles beautifully embroidered in gold and silver, symbolizing Poland. When the Germans seized Warsaw in World War II, the governor of German-occupied Poland ordered the eagles taken down and presented to German officers as a souvenir.\" The Załuski Library, the first public library in Poland, was founded by two brothers, Józef Andrzej Załuski, crown referendary and bishop of Kiev, and Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, crown chancellor and bishop of Cracow. The library was considered one of the most important libraries of the world, featuring a collection of about 400,000 printed items, manuscripts, artworks, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens. Located in Warsaw's Daniłowiczowski Palace, it was looted in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 by Russian troops on orders from Russian Tsarina Catherine II; the stolen artworks were transported to St. Petersburg and became part of the Russian Imperial Library, which was founded one year later. Although some pieces were returned by the Soviet Union in 1921 and were burned during the Warsaw Uprising against German forces, other parts of the collection have still not been returned by Russia. Polish scientists have been allowed to access and study the objects.What's On. Library Anniversary. The Warsaw Voice. August 18, 1997. The Polish Crown Jewels were removed by the Prussians in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the collapse of the November Uprising, literary and art treasures were removed from Poland. Poland regained some of the artefacts after the Treaty of Riga, comprising the furnishings of the Warsaw Castle and the Wawel Castle. During the Second World War, Germany tried to destroy Poland completely and exterminate its population as well as culture. Countless art objects were looted, as Germany systematically carried out a plan of looting prepared even before the start of hostilities (see also Nazi plunder). Twenty-five museums and many other facilities were destroyed. The total cost of German theft and destruction of Polish art is estimated at 20 billion dollars, or an estimated 43\\% of Polish cultural heritage; over 516,000 individual art pieces were looted (including 2,800 paintings by European painters; 11,000 paintings by Polish painters; 1,400 sculptures, 75,000 manuscripts, 25,000 maps, 90,000 books including over 20,000 printed before 1800, and hundreds of thousands of other items of artistic and historical value). Rewindykacja dóbr kultury Soviet troops afterward contributed to the plunder as well. Looting of Latin and South America The looting of Central and South America by the conquistadors is one of the best-known plunders in the world. Roger Atwood writes in Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World: \"Mayan stonework became one of those things that good art museums in America just had to have, and looters in the jungles of southern Mexico and Guatemala worked overtime to meet the demand.\"Atwood, Roger. Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World. St. Martin's Press. November 18, 2004Colin Woodard. \"Destructive Looting Threatens Archaeological Work at Maya Sites\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. October 20, 2000 Jeremy McDermott. \"Looting a lost civilization. Maya scholars in race with thieves\". San Francisco Chronicle. June 7, 2001Princine Lewis. \"Archaeologists partnership with Maya villagers pays off in looters' conviction\". Vanderbilt Register. June 23, 2004 (See: Maya stelae#Looting) Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history. Graves are often looted before the archaeologists can reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan, or Europe. Guillermo Cock, a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: \"The true problem is the looters,\" he said. \"If we leave the cemetery it is going to be destroyed in a few weeks.\"John Roach. \"Dozens of Inca Mummies Discovered Buried in Peru\". National Geographic News, March 11, 2004 Looting of Spain Peninsular War During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Joseph I planned to host the best art of Spain in a museum, so he ordered to collect all possible art works. In 1810, 1000 paintings were looted in Seville by the French Army. Most paintings came from religious buildings. Over 180 paintings were stolen by Marshal Soult, including some of Murillo. El Escorial in Madrid also suffered from looting, were many precious artworks were amassed by the occupant army. When Joseph I was leaving Spain, he abandoned more than 200 paintings from the Spanish royal collection. Some of these paintings were gifted to the Duke of Wellington by Ferdinand VII. The best known looted piece is The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables. It was looted by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult in 1813 and taken to France. Later, in 1852, it was bought by the Louvre. Vichy Regime made an exchange of artwork with Spanish Government and returned to Spain. Looting of Africa The looting of African art primarily came about as a result of the Scramble for Africa, which saw many European powers colonize the African continent. A notable example of looted African art is the Benin Bronzes, sacked from the Kingdom of Benin (now southern Nigeria); thousands of these bronze artworks were taken from the Benin royal palace by the British during the Benin Expedition of 1897. Other looted African artefacts include the Rosetta Stone, a key to translating hieroglyphs, which was rediscovered during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria before being claimed by the British. Another example is the Maqdala treasures, taken by the British from Ethiopia. 20th century During the 1970s most of the looting was undetected and unpunished. There was no actual legislation that protected archaeological sites, nor there were enforcers of the law in that places. Since 1978, there has been a tremendous development in the framework of legal protection of cultural heritage. 21st century In the decade of the 2010s there has been several cases of looters with metal detectors in archaeological sites. Looting by perpetrator Looting by the British Empire The transformation of theft and plunder as an incentive for troops to institutionalized, indiscriminate looting following military conflict can be observed in the wake of British conquest in Asia, Africa and India. According to one scholar, the looting of artifacts for \"both personal and institutional reasons\" became \"increasingly important in the process of \"othering\" Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new 'temples of Empire'.\" Looting, not necessarily of art, became an instrument for the projection of power and the British imperial desire to gather and provide information about the \"exotic\" cultures and primitive tribes.Michael Carrington. Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4. Younghusband Mission to Tibet, Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), pp 81–109 Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Michael Carrington. A Ph. D (British Library) One of the most famous examples is the case of the personal initiative by the British ambassador of removing, with the permission of the Ottoman government, the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens; many years later they were sold to the British Museum. Other examples include the Benin Bronzes, which were looted by the British from the Kingdom of Benin (now Southern Nigeria) in 1897. Famously, the Rosetta Stone and various other artefacts were taken as war plunder from the French, who had removed them from their Egyptian setting during the French occupation under Napoleon. Looting by Napoleon Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross was looted in 1806 by French soldiers from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Germany; current location: Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Napoleon's conquests in Europe were followed by a systematic attempt, later more tentatively echoed by Hitler, to take the finest works of art of conquered nations back to the Louvre in Paris for a grand central museum of all Europe. Napoleon boasted: Many works were returned after his fall, but many others were not, and remain in France. Many works confiscated from religious institutions under the French occupation now form the backbone of national museums: \"Napoleon's art-loot depots became the foundation of Venice's Accademia, Milan's Brera galleries. His brother Louis founded Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum; brother Joseph started Madrid's Prado\" (for the Spanish royal collection).Masterpieces of the Louvre. Time magazine. June 30, 1958 Napoleonic commander and Marechal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult stole in 1810 six large pictures painted by Murillo in 1668 for the Hospital de la Caridad in Seville. One painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington; a second looted painting, The Healing of the Paralytic, is in the National Gallery in London; only two of the original paintings have returned to Seville. Another French general looted several pictures, including four Claudes and Rembrandt's Descent from the Cross, from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1806. The stolen goods were later bought by the Empress Josephine and subsequently by the tsar. Ever since 1918, when Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, have German negotiators demanded the return of the paintings. This has been refused; the pictures still remain in the Hermitage. Looting by the Union and Confederate Armies during the American Civil War On November 7, 1863, Edward D. Townsend of the Union army wrote General Order No. 360: “Satisfactory evidence having been produced to the War Department that a bronze equestrian statue, unlawfully taken from a private house in Fredericksburg, at the time of the capture of that place by the Union forces, was the private property of Mr. Douglas Gordon, of that city, it is— .Ordered: That it be restored to Mrs. Annie C. Thomas, the sister of Mr. Gordon, who has made application therefor.”O'Brien, Thomas M., and Oliver Diefendorf. General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Derby & Miller, 1864, p. 603. Some of Gordon's works of art were recovered through Lafayette C. Baker, chief of the Union secret police.Baker, Lafayette Curry. History of the United States Secret Service. Philadelphia, PA: King & Baird, Printers, 1867, p. 259-260. The United States Congress enacted legislation allowing for claims to be filed for property losses on July 4, 1864. Claims were restricted to loyal citizens. Looting by Nazi Germany General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, accompanied by General Omar N. Bradley and Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr., inspects art treasures hidden in a salt mine in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945 the Third Reich engaged in the biggest art theft in history, starting in 1933 with the Jewish population of Germany. During World War II, the Nazis set up special departments \"for a limited time for the seizure and securing of objects of cultural value\",Letter from Rosenberg to the Reich Commissioner for the East and Reich Commissioner for the Ukraine, April 27, 1942 , as cited in: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session, Document 153-PS, Exhibit USA-381 especially in the Occupied Eastern Territories, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Hungary and Greece. The Russian imperial residences around St. Petersburg were thoroughly looted and deliberately blown up, so that their restoration is still under way. The Catherine Palace and Peterhof were reduced to smoldering ruins; among the innumerable trophies was the world-famous Amber Room.Peter Bruhn: Das Bernsteinzimmer in Zarskoje Selo bei Sankt-Petersburg, 2nd edition. Berlin, 2004 . In an updated version also available as bibliographical database Das Bernsteinzimmer von Zarskoje Selo Medieval churches of Novgorod and Pskov, with their unique 12th-century frescoes, were systematically plundered and reduced to piles of rubble. Major museums around Moscow, including Yasnaya Polyana, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, and New Jerusalem, faced a similar fate, with their architectural integrity irrevocably impaired. The legal framework and the language of the instructions used by Germany resembles the Lieber Code, but in the Nuremberg Trial proceedings, the victorious Allied armies applied different standards and sentenced the Nazis involved as war criminals. Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, detailing the Jurisdiction and General Principles, declares the \"plunder of public or private property\" a war crime,Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, II. Jurisdiction and General Principles, Article 6. Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. while the Lieber Code and the actions of the Allied armies in the aftermath of World War II allowed or tolerated the looting. The main objective of the looting is made clear by Dr. Muhlmann, responsible for the securing of all Polish art treasures: \"I confirm that the art treasures ... would not have remained in Poland in case of a German victory, but they would have been used to complement German artistic property.\"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 4. Twenty-Second Day. December 18, 1945, Morning Session . Yale.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12. One inventory of 39 volumes featuring the looted art and antiques, prepared by the Nazis and discussed during the Nuremberg trials, lists \"21,903 Works of Art: 5,281 paintings, pastels, water colors, drawings; 684 miniatures, glass and enamel paintings, illuminated books and manuscripts; 583 sculptures, terra cottas, medallions, and plaques; 2,477 articles of furniture of art historical value; 583 textiles (tapestries, rugs, embroideries, Coptic textiles); 5,825 objects of decorative art (porcelains, bronzes, faience, majolica, ceramics, jewelry, coins, art objects with precious stones); 1,286 East Asiatic art works (bronzes, sculpture, porcelains, paintings, folding screens, weapons); 259 art works of antiquity (sculptures, bronzes, vases, jewelry, bowls, engraved gems, terracottas).\" When Allied forces bombed Germany's cities and historic institutions, Germany \"began storing the artworks in salt mines and caves for protection from Allied bombing raids. These mines and caves offered the appropriate humidity and temperature conditions for artworks.\"Anne Rothfeld. Nazi Looted Art. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 2. Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3 Much of this art was recovered by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section of the Office of Military Government, United States, as detailed in a 1995 conference in New York and the published proceedings.Simpson, Elizabeth. The Spoils of War--World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the Bard Graduate Center, 1997. Looting by the Soviet Union The Eberswalde Hoard from Germany disappeared in 1945 from Berlin and was located in 2004 in a secret depot within Moscow's Pushkin Museum. Priam's treasure The Soviet Union engaged in systematic looting during World War II, particularly of Germany – seeing this as reparations for damage and looting done by Germany in the Soviet Union.Lee, Steven. (2005-05-17) Cultural divide exists over Russian war loot. The New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-11 The Soviets also looted other occupied territories; for example, looting by Soviets was common on the territories theoretically assigned to its ally, communist Poland.Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, , p.359Richard C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: the origins of the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 1995, , p.90 Even Polish Communists were uneasy, as in 1945, the future Chairman of the Polish Council of State, Aleksander Zawadzki, worried that the \"raping and looting by the Soviet army would provoke a civil war.\"Norman Davies, God's Playground, a History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 1982, , p.558 Soviet forces had engaged in plunder on the former eastern territories of Germany that were to be transferred to Poland, stripping it of anything of value. See also other copy online A recently recovered masterwork is Gustave Courbet's Femme nue couchée, looted in Budapest, Hungary, in 1945. Paintings, which were looted by Soviet troops, came also from private German collections by art collectors as Otto Gerstenberg, Bernhard Koehler, Friedrich Carl Siemens (1877–1952), Otto Krebs, Eduard von der Heydt, Eduard Lorenz Lorenz-Meyer or Paul Sachse.Beutekunst: Zurück in die Kindheit, spiegel.de, April 3 1995 In 1998, and after considerable controversy, Russia passed the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation, which allowed Russian institutions to keep art works and museum pieces looted during World War 2. Case studies A large number of institutions and museums have at various times been subject to both moral claims and legal claims concerning the provenance of their holdings subject to occasional review and challenge. One example of such a case study can be provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art's reputation which has experienced a series of allegations and lawsuits about its status as an occasional institutional buyer of looted and stolen antiquities. Since the 1990s the Met has been the subject of numerous investigative reports and books critical of the Met's laissez-faire attitude to acquisition.Peter Watson, Cecilia Todeschini (2007), The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy's Tomb Raiders to the World's Greatest MuseumsVernon Silver, The Lost Chalice: The Epic Hunt for a Priceless Masterpiece. Harper Collins Books, 2009. The Met has lost several major lawsuits, notably against the governments of Italy and Turkey, who successfully sought the repatriation of hundreds of ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern antiquities, with a total value in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In the late 1990s, long-running investigations by the Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale (TPC), the art crimes division of the Italian Carabinieri, accused the Metropolitan Museum of acquiring \"black market\" antiquities. TPC investigations in Italy revealed that many ancient Mediterranean objects acquired from the 1960s to the 1990s had been purchased, via a complex network of front companies and unscrupulous dealers, from the criminal gang led by Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici.\" The Met is also one of many institutional buyers known to have acquired looted artifacts from a Thai-based British \"collector\", Douglas Latchford.\"Chasing Aphrodite. \"The Kushan Buddhas: Nancy Wiener, Douglas Latchford and New Questions about Ancient Buddhas\" (originally posted 1 February 2015) In 2013, the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as \"The Kneeling Attendants\" , which it had acquired from Latchford (in fragments) in 1987 and 1992. A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received \"dispositive\" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the USA.Jason Felch, \"Metropolitan Museum says it will return Cambodian statues\". Los Angeles Times, 3 May 2013 In addition to the ongoing investigations by the Italian police (TPC), lawsuits brought by the Governments of Italy, Turkey and Cambodia against the Metropolitan Museum of Art contend that the acquisition of the Euphronius krater may have demonstrated a pattern of less than rigorous investigation into the origin and legitimate provenance of highly desirable antiquities for the museum's collections. Examples include, the Cloisters Cross, a large Romanesque cross carved from walrus ivory, the Karun Treasure, also known as the Lydian Hoard, a collection of 200 gold, silver, bronze and earthenware objects, dating from the 7th Century BCE, and part of a larger haul of some 450 objects looted by local tomb robbers from four ancient royal tombs near Sardis, in Turkey in 1966–67.\"Gold hippocampus from Lydian Hoard found\". The History Blog, 28 November 2012 After a six-year legal battle that reportedly cost the Turkish government UK£25 million\"King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey\".Constanze Letch, The Guardian, 26 November 2012 the case ended dramatically after it was revealed that the minutes of the Met's own acquisition committee described how a curator had actually visited the looted burial mounds in Turkey to confirm the authenticity of the objects. The Met was forced to concede that staff had known the objects were stolen when it bought them, and the collection was repatriated to Turkey in 1993. The Morgantina treasure is a hoard of ornate Hellenistic silverware dated 3rd century BC, valued at perhaps up to US$",
"start_char_pos": 237,
"end_char_pos": 31079
}
] | [
0,
137,
250,
268,
284,
297,
375,
647,
707,
876,
1002,
1177,
1228,
1287,
1305,
1338,
1351,
1506,
1525,
1566,
1582,
1838,
1953,
2013,
2048,
2211,
2374,
2389,
2620,
2771,
2786,
2965,
3256,
3271,
3394,
3409,
3619,
3730,
3923,
4030,
4110,
4222,
4704,
4718,
4805,
4829,
5051,
5380,
5480,
5554,
5701,
5841,
6045,
6119,
6207,
6348,
6763,
6953,
7134,
7275,
7318,
7635,
7898,
8378,
8644,
8658,
8805,
8829,
9044,
9096,
9144,
9161,
9268,
9292,
9382,
9462,
9592,
9649,
9781,
9947,
10164,
10375,
10579,
10623,
10717,
10916,
10985,
11016,
11034,
11051,
11178,
11276,
11410,
11533,
11695,
11757,
11904,
12000,
12037,
12220,
12306,
12451,
12746,
12761,
12842,
12862,
12894,
12961,
12996,
13031,
13061,
13098,
13123,
13151,
13233,
13254,
13352,
13512,
13720,
13791,
13802,
13854,
14073,
14140,
14186,
14262,
14375,
14480,
14560,
14636,
14709,
14754,
14842,
14923,
15044,
15155,
15281,
15450,
15569,
15695,
15893,
15971,
16239,
16570,
16768,
16787,
16865,
17017,
17037,
17268,
17323,
17456,
17649,
17787,
17832,
18066,
18173,
18393,
18444,
18519,
18546,
18561,
18739,
18836,
18930,
18991,
19146,
19236,
19375,
19398,
19442,
19547,
19892,
19928,
20007,
20049,
20126,
20178,
20285,
20308,
20353,
20413,
20529,
20571,
20793,
20932,
21255,
21430,
21473,
21580,
21648,
21712,
21796,
22058,
22242,
22490,
22830,
22981,
23275,
23330,
23377,
23402,
23612,
23691,
23746,
23799,
23863,
23997,
24097,
24199,
24371,
24468,
24482,
24499,
24554,
24849,
24868,
24978,
25056,
25224,
25422,
25434,
25493,
25586,
25702,
26125,
26376,
26513,
26772,
26783,
26807,
26819,
26841,
26877,
27358,
27601,
27751,
27989,
28017,
28280,
28498,
28765,
28912,
28931,
29259,
29499,
29931,
30313,
30355,
30534,
30811,
30961,
31132,
31222,
31445,
31603
] |
7210930 | 1 | Embodied Imagination is a therapeutic and creative form of working with dreams and memories pioneered by Dutch Jungian psychoanalyst Robert BosnakBosnak, Robert. (2003).Bosnak, Robert. (2007). and based on principles first developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, especially in his work on alchemy,Jung in Schwartz-Salant, Nathan (Ed.). (1995). and on the work of American archetypal psychologist James Hillman, who focused on soul as a simultaneous multiplicity of autonomous states.Hillman, James. (1975). pp. 30-35. The technique of embodied imagination takes dreaming as the paradigm for all work with images. While dreaming, everyone experiences dreams as embodied events in time and space; that is, the dreamer is convinced that he or she is experiencing a real event in a real environment. Bosnak describes how a dream “ instantaneously presents a total world, so real that you are convinced you are awake. You don ’ t just think so, you know it in the same way you now know you are awake reading this book. ” Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 9. So from the perspective of dreaming, the image is a place , an environment in which we find ourselves .Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 9. Based on this notion, the dreamer can re-enter the landscape of the dream and flash back into its images to more fully and deeply explore and experience them. The dreamer explores the images of the dream while in a hypnagogic state, a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping. While in this state, the dreamer is asked a series of questions that help him or her to re-experience the dream by describing details of its landscape and image. Once fully immersed in the images that the dream environment presents, the dreamer is then also invited to feel and identify the feelings and sensations manifested in the body from a variety of dream perspectives. Perspectives explored are both that of the dream ego as well any “others” that appear in the dream. These “others” may be, for example, another person, an animal, or a physical object. Approaching dream figures in this way is consistent with archetypal psychologist James Hillman ’ s prescription for therapeutic work in regard to the phenomena of psychic multiplicity. Drawing upon Carl Jung ’ s realization that “ the ego complex is not the only complex in the psyche, ” Hillman described the psyche to be not a singular unified whole defined by the ego point of view, but rather a self-organizing multiplicity of autonomous selves.Hillman, James. (1975). p. 31. In the technique of embodied imagination, for each of these “selves” or “states” representing various perspectives, the dreamer then feels, identifies, and locates the feelings and sensations in his or her body. At the conclusion of the dreamwork session, the dreamer simultaneously holds in conscious awareness these differentiated and complex states of embodied feeling and sensation. The act of holding these multiple disparate states at the same time creates a psychical tension from which a completely new image or feeling state spontaneously emerges from the dreamer's psyche. This new image or state presents a completely new and previously unknown awareness to the dreamer, one through which the dreamer often feels changed, transformed, or greatly expanded in the ability to embody and feel intensely. After working with a dream in this way, one dreamer, a woman whose name is Ariel, later reflected, “ That dreamwork warded off my seasonal depression which always starts in the autumn. I could already feel it creeping up at the time of the dream. And with the dreamwork it just stopped and retreated and never came back. I didn ’ t have it all winter. ” Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 134. Ariel ’ s transformation is typical of those who practice this method of working with dreams. Using the technique of embodied imagination in dreamwork, the body becomes the theater for a vivid complexity of states, which leads along "alchemical" lines to profound psychical transformation. How embodied imagination is practiced Professional societies for the practice of embodied imagination On November 3, 2006, the International Society for Embodied Imagination was founded at a conference in Guangzhou, China. See also Alchemy Archetypal psychology Contemporary dream interpretation Dreams Dreamwork Carl Jung James Hillman Polytheistic myth as psychology Further reading Bosnak, Robert. (October 2003). Embodied imagination, Journal of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Volume 39, Number 4. Bosnak, Robert. (2007). Embodiment: Creative imagination in medicine, art and travel. London: Routledge. Bosnak, Robert. (Spring 2006). Sulphur dreaming. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Volume 74, pp. 91–106. Bromberg, Philip M. (October 2003). On being one ’ s dream: Some reflections on Robert Bosnak ’s “ Embodied imagination. ” Journal of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Volume 39, Number 4. Corbin, Henry. (1972). Mundus imaginalis, or the Imaginary and the Imaginal (Ruth Horine, Trans.). Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, pp. 1–19. Hillman, James. (1975). Re-visioning psychology. New York: Harper and Row. Schwartz-Salant, Nathan, Ed. (1995). Jung on alchemy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Sonenberg, Janet. (2003). Dreamwork for actors. London/New York: Routledge. | Embodied imagination is a therapeutic and creative form of working with dreams and memories pioneered by Dutch Jungian psychoanalyst Robert BosnakBosnak, Robert. (2003).Bosnak, Robert. (2007). and based on principles first developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, especially in his work on alchemy,Jung in Schwartz-Salant, Nathan (Ed.). (1995). and on the work of American archetypal psychologist James Hillman, who focused on soul as a simultaneous multiplicity of autonomous states.Hillman, James. (1975). pp. 30-35. The technique of embodied imagination takes dreaming as the paradigm for all work with images. While dreaming, everyone experiences dreams as embodied events in time and space; that is, the dreamer is convinced that he or she is experiencing a real event in a real environment. Bosnak describes how a dream " instantaneously presents a total world, so real that you are convinced you are awake. You don ' t just think so, you know it in the same way you now know you are awake reading this book. " Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 9. So from the perspective of dreaming, the image is a place .Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 9. Based on this notion, the dreamer can re-enter the landscape of the dream and flash back into its images to more fully and deeply explore and experience them. The dreamer explores the images of the dream while in a hypnagogic state, a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping. While in this state, the dreamer is asked a series of questions that help him or her to re-experience the dream by describing details of its landscape and image. Once fully immersed in the images that the dream environment presents, the dreamer is then also invited to feel and identify the feelings and sensations manifested in the body from a variety of dream perspectives. Perspectives explored are both that of the dream ego as well any "others" that appear in the dream. These "others" may be, for example, another person, an animal, or a physical object. Approaching dream figures in this way is consistent with archetypal psychologist James Hillman ' s prescription for therapeutic work in regard to the phenomena of psychic multiplicity. Drawing upon Carl Jung ' s realization that " the ego complex is not the only complex in the psyche, " Hillman described the psyche to be not a singular unified whole defined by the ego point of view, but rather a self-organizing multiplicity of autonomous selves.Hillman, James. (1975). p. 31. In the technique of embodied imagination, for each of these "selves" or "states" representing various perspectives, the dreamer then feels, identifies, and locates the feelings and sensations in his or her body. At the conclusion of the dreamwork session, the dreamer simultaneously holds in conscious awareness these differentiated and complex states of embodied feeling and sensation. The act of holding these multiple disparate states at the same time creates a psychical tension from which a completely new image or feeling state spontaneously emerges from the dreamer's psyche. This new image or state presents a completely new and previously unknown awareness to the dreamer, one through which the dreamer often feels changed, transformed, or greatly expanded in the ability to embody and feel intensely. After working with a dream in this way, one dreamer, a woman whose name is Ariel, later reflected, " That dreamwork warded off my seasonal depression which always starts in the autumn. I could already feel it creeping up at the time of the dream. And with the dreamwork it just stopped and retreated and never came back. I didn ' t have it all winter. " Bosnak, Robert. (2007). p. 134. Ariel ' s transformation is typical of those who practice this method of working with dreams. Using the technique of embodied imagination in dreamwork, the body becomes the theater for a vivid complexity of states, which leads along "alchemical" lines to profound psychical transformation. Practice Professional societies On November 3, 2006, the International Society for Embodied Imagination was founded at a conference in Guangzhou, China. See also Alchemy Archetypal psychology Carl Jung Contemporary dream interpretation James Hillman Polytheistic myth as psychology Further reading Bosnak, Robert. (October 2003). Embodied imagination, Journal of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Volume 39, Number 4. Bosnak, Robert. (2007). Embodiment: Creative imagination in medicine, art and travel. London: Routledge. Bosnak, Robert. (Spring 2006). Sulphur dreaming. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Volume 74, pp. 91–106. Bromberg, Philip M. (October 2003). On being one ' s dream: Some reflections on Robert Bosnak 's " Embodied imagination. " Journal of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Volume 39, Number 4. Corbin, Henry. (1972). Mundus imaginalis, or the Imaginary and the Imaginal (Ruth Horine, Trans.). Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, pp. 1–19. Hillman, James. (1975). Re-visioning psychology. New York: Harper and Row. Schwartz-Salant, Nathan, Ed. (1995). Jung on alchemy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Sonenberg, Janet. (2003). Dreamwork for actors. London/New York: Routledge. | [
{
"type": "R",
"before": "Imagination",
"after": "imagination",
"start_char_pos": 9,
"end_char_pos": 20
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 828,
"end_char_pos": 829
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 924,
"end_char_pos": 925
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "”",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 1017,
"end_char_pos": 1018
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": ", an environment in which we find ourselves",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 1107,
"end_char_pos": 1150
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“others”",
"after": "\"others\"",
"start_char_pos": 1910,
"end_char_pos": 1918
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“others”",
"after": "\"others\"",
"start_char_pos": 1951,
"end_char_pos": 1959
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 2125,
"end_char_pos": 2126
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 2238,
"end_char_pos": 2239
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 2259,
"end_char_pos": 2260
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "”",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 2316,
"end_char_pos": 2317
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“selves” or “states”",
"after": "\"selves\" or \"states\"",
"start_char_pos": 2570,
"end_char_pos": 2590
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "“",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 3420,
"end_char_pos": 3421
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 3649,
"end_char_pos": 3650
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "”",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 3673,
"end_char_pos": 3674
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 3713,
"end_char_pos": 3714
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "How embodied imagination is practiced",
"after": "Practice",
"start_char_pos": 3997,
"end_char_pos": 4034
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "for the practice of embodied imagination",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 4058,
"end_char_pos": 4098
},
{
"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Carl Jung",
"start_char_pos": 4259,
"end_char_pos": 4259
},
{
"type": "D",
"before": "Dreams Dreamwork Carl Jung",
"after": null,
"start_char_pos": 4294,
"end_char_pos": 4320
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’",
"after": "'",
"start_char_pos": 4768,
"end_char_pos": 4769
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "’s “",
"after": "'s \"",
"start_char_pos": 4813,
"end_char_pos": 4817
},
{
"type": "R",
"before": "”",
"after": "\"",
"start_char_pos": 4840,
"end_char_pos": 4841
}
] | [
0,
161,
184,
486,
501,
520,
615,
697,
798,
915,
1016,
1034,
1167,
1340,
1468,
1630,
1844,
1944,
2029,
2214,
2479,
2494,
2509,
2721,
2896,
3092,
3320,
3505,
3567,
3641,
3672,
3690,
3706,
3800,
3996,
4219,
4398,
4414,
4513,
4583,
4602,
4618,
4633,
4651,
4718,
4754,
4839,
4925,
5001,
5075,
5091,
5124,
5150,
5187,
5247,
5265,
5295
] |