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Lieutenant General Pradeep Chandran Nair is a serving general officer of the Indian Army. He currently serves as the 21st Director General of Assam Rifles commissioned in Sikh Regiment in 1985.

Lieutenant General Pradeep Chandran Nair is a serving general officer of the Indian Army. He currently serves as the 21st Director General of Assam Rifles . He did his schooling from Sainik School, Satara and joined National Defence Academy, Khadakwasala in 1982. He was commissioned into 18th Sikh Regiment on 14 Dec 1985, which he later commanded at Faizabad and in Sub Sector Haneef (Siachen Glacier). He has served extensively in the North East in Nagaland, Manipur, Assam and Sikkim. He commanded a Brigade in Manipur, where he was awarded the Yudh Seva Medal and was the Inspector General of Assam Rifles (North) in Nagaland for which he was decorated with the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. He also has been awarded the Chief of Army Staff Commendation Card on three occasions. He has had instructional appointments at Infantry School Mhow, Headquarters Indian Military Training Team and has been a Directing Staff at Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. He has served in the Army Headquarters as a Colonel, Major General and Lieutenant General. He has also served as Brigadier General Staff in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa Area and in the Defence Intelligence Agency. In his last assignment at the Army Headquarters, he was the Director General Recruiting, responsible for recruiting officers and men in the Indian Army.

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Abdul Bari Khan (born; 1961) (Urdu: پروفیسر ڈاکٹر عبدالباری خان) is a Pakistani cardiology specialist and philanthropist. He is the founder and the current CEO of Indus Hospital and Health Network. Early life and education Dr. Khan was born in 1961 in Karachi. He received his MBBS from Dow Medical College. Awards and honors Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2019) Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (2015) Eisenhower Fellowship (2004) Asian Leadership Award (Lifetime Achievement Award) Hall of Fame - DOW Graduate Association of North America Honorary Trustee of Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust

Abdul Bari Khan (born; 1961) (Urdu: پروفیسر ڈاکٹر عبدالباری خان) is a Pakistani cardiology specialist and philanthropist. He is the founder and CEO of Indus Hospital and Health Network. Early life and education Khan was born in 1961 in Karachi. He received his MBBS from Dow Medical College. Awards and honours Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2019) Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (2015) Eisenhower Fellowship (2004) Asian Leadership Award (Lifetime Achievement Award) Hall of Fame - DOW Graduate Association of North America Honorary Trustee of Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust

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Saima Mohsin is a British Pakistani journalist & presenter born and bred in South London - most recently she has been an International CNN URL born on 19 June 1976.

Saima Mohsin is a British Pakistani journalist & presenter born and bred in South London - most recently she has been an International Correspondent for CNN URL

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With the advent of faster travel, distance has less effect than it did in the past, except where places previously connected by now-abandoned railways, for example, have fallen off the beaten path. Advances in communications technology, such as telegraphs, telephones, broadcasting, and internet, have further decreased the effects of distance. Distance decay is evident in town/city centres. It can refer to various things which decline with greater distance from the center of the Central Business District (CBD): density of pedestrian traffic street quality quality of shops (depending on definitions of 'quality' and 'center') height of buildings price of land Distance decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far .

Mathematical models Applications Distance decay is evident in town/city centres. It can refer to various things which decline with greater distance from the center of the Central Business District (CBD): density of pedestrian traffic street quality quality of shops (depending on definitions of 'quality' and 'center') height of buildings price of land Distance decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far . With the advent of faster travel, distance has less effect than it did in the past, except where places previously connected by now-abandoned railways, for example, have fallen off the beaten path. Advances in communications technology, such as telegraphs, telephones, broadcasting, and internet, have further decreased the effects of distance .

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With the advent of faster travel , distance has less effect than it did in the past, except where places previously connected by now-abandoned railways, for example, have fallen off the beaten path . Advances in communications technology, such as telegraphs, telephones, broadcasting, and internet, have further decreased the effects of distance .

With the advent of faster travel and communications technology, such as telegraphs, telephones, broadcasting, and internet, the effects of distance have been reduced, a trend known as time-space convergence.. Exceptions include places previously connected by now-abandoned railways, for example, have fallen off the beaten path .

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List of Hurro-Hittite sukkals God Corresponding sukkal Notes Allani (Sun goddess of the Earth) A vizier is mentioned in the text CTH 371P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 109 Piotr Taracha doesn't list the name of the vizier in his discussion of her court. Aruna ImpaluriG. Frantz-Szabó, Impaluri [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 5, 1980, p. 74H. A. Hoffner, Hittite myths (2nd ed.), 1998, p. 41 Ally of Kumarbi in myths. Hebat Takiti,G. Wilhelm, Takitu [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 13, 2011, p. 417 Tiyabenti Takiti was tasked with finding out if Teshub is alive in the Ullikummi myth by her mistress. According to Gary Beckman whether Tiyabenti is male or female uncertain.G. Beckman, The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644), KTEMA 24, 1999, p. 37 Ḫešui ḪupuštukarV. Haas, Ḫupuštukar [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 4, 1975, p. 501 Ḫešui was a Hurro-Hittite war god,A. Kammenhauber, Ḫešui, Ḫišue [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 4, 1975, p. 369-370 similar to Zababa. Kumarbi MukišānuG. Wilhelm, Mukišānu [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 8, 1993, p. 412-413 Named after Mukish.A. Archi, The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman, 2013, p. 12 Pirengir Ilabrat/NinshuburP. Taracha, Pirengir [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 10, 2005, p. 571 Likely via syncretism with Inanna. Šauška Ninatta and KulittaG . Frantz-Szabó, Kulitta, Ninatta und [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol. 6, 1983, p. 303-304G. Wilhelm, The Hurrians, 1989, p. 52 Later incorporated into the entourage of Ishtar in her temple the city of Ashur under the Akkadian names dNi-ni-tum and dKu-li-it-tum ] Šimige LipparumaG. Frantz-Szabó, Lipparuma [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 7, 1990, p. 30A. Archi, The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman, 2013, p. 11 Equated with Bunene.P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 127 Tarhunna Wasezzili and "storm god of the countryside"P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 Wasezzili was described as "hero of the gods" in Hittite texts. Teshub Tashmishu (Šuwaliyat)P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 Teshub's older brother according to the Kumarbi cycle. Sometimes quated with Ninurta in Anatolia.P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 In a trilingual Ugaritic version of An-Anum god list and in a document from Emar posibly identified with Papsukkal instead; instances of conflation with Aštabi are known as well.M. Dijkstra, Ishtar seduces the Sea-serpent. A New Join in the Epic of Hedammu (KUB 36, 56+95) and its meaning for the battle between Baal and Yam in Ugaritic Tradition, Ugarit-Forschungen 43, 2011, p. 78: "Hurrian war god Astabi, who in turn is often assimilated with Teššup’s brother and vizier Tašmišu/Šuwaliya in the Hittite Anatolian world" - also footnote 74: "Perhaps he is also mentioned in the Ugaritic trilingual list An-Anum § 42 as dPAP.SUKKAL [ta-aš]-mi-iš [da-aš-]mi-šu as also in Emar (Laroche, Glossaire, 259) PAP.SUKKAL = dTa-aš-mi-šu-un"

List of Hurro-Hittite sukkals God Corresponding sukkal Notes Allani (Sun goddess of the Earth) A vizier is mentioned in the text CTH 371P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 109 Piotr Taracha doesn't list the name of the vizier in his discussion of her court. Aruna ImpaluriG. Frantz-Szabó, Impaluri [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 5, 1980, p. 74H. A. Hoffner, Hittite myths (2nd ed.), 1998, p. 41 Ally of Kumarbi in myths. Hebat Takiti,G. Wilhelm, Takitu [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 13, 2011, p. 417 Tiyabenti Takiti was tasked with finding out if Teshub is alive in the Ullikummi myth by her mistress. According to Gary Beckman whether Tiyabenti is male or female uncertain.G. Beckman, The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644), KTEMA 24, 1999, p. 37 Ḫešui ḪupuštukarV. Haas, Ḫupuštukar [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 4, 1975, p. 501 Ḫešui was a Hurro-Hittite war god,A. Kammenhauber, Ḫešui, Ḫišue [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 4, 1975, p. 369-370 similar to Zababa. Kumarbi MukišānuG. Wilhelm, Mukišānu [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 8, 1993, p. 412-413 Named after Mukish.A. Archi, The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman, 2013, p. 12 Pirengir Ilabrat/NinshuburP. Taracha, Pirengir [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 10, 2005, p. 571 Likely via syncretism with Inanna. Šauška Ninatta and Kulitta;G . Frantz-Szabó, Kulitta, Ninatta und [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol. 6, 1983, p. 303-304G. Wilhelm, The Hurrians, 1989, p. 52 Undurumma Ninatta and Kulitta were later incorporated into the entourage of Ishtar in her temple the city of Ashur under the Akkadian names dNi-ni-tum and dKu-li-it-tum . Undurumma is explicitly identified as a sukkal in one text.M. C. Trémouille, Šauška, Šawuška A. Philologisch · Šauška, Šawuška A. Philological in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol. 12, 2011, p. 102 Šimige LipparumaG. Frantz-Szabó, Lipparuma [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 7, 1990, p. 30A. Archi, The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman, 2013, p. 11 Equated with Bunene.P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 127 Tarhunna Wasezzili and "storm god of the countryside"P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 Wasezzili was described as "hero of the gods" in Hittite texts. Teshub Tashmishu (Šuwaliyat)P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 Teshub's older brother according to the Kumarbi cycle. Sometimes quated with Ninurta in Anatolia.P. Taracha, Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, 2009, p. 55 In a trilingual Ugaritic version of An-Anum god list and in a document from Emar posibly identified with Papsukkal instead; instances of conflation with Aštabi are known as well.M. Dijkstra, Ishtar seduces the Sea-serpent. A New Join in the Epic of Hedammu (KUB 36, 56+95) and its meaning for the battle between Baal and Yam in Ugaritic Tradition, Ugarit-Forschungen 43, 2011, p. 78: "Hurrian war god Astabi, who in turn is often assimilated with Teššup’s brother and vizier Tašmišu/Šuwaliya in the Hittite Anatolian world" - also footnote 74: "Perhaps he is also mentioned in the Ugaritic trilingual list An-Anum § 42 as dPAP.SUKKAL [ta-aš]-mi-iš [da-aš-]mi-šu as also in Emar (Laroche, Glossaire, 259) PAP.SUKKAL = dTa-aš-mi-šu-un"

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Playing Style Navratil is known for his exceptional footwork and court coverage. Specifically on defense, Navratil is able to return shots from his opponents that were seemingly winners. Although not known for his exceptional power, Navratil is able to take control of points immediately with his infamous serve, which creates a huge amount of topspin serve . This serve often forces weak returns out of his opponents, allowing Navratil to close in on the net and take control of the point from there. However, due to the risk involved in Navratil's serve, Navratil faults on his service more than the average professional player. The biggest weakness in Navratil's game comes from his predictability. The biggest contrast in Ben Johns 's game versus Navratil's, is that Johns is able to add strokes to his game that his opponents just do not foresee, often catching them off-guard. What Navratil lacks in craftiness, he makes up for in his consistent and powerful groundstrokes.

Playing Style Navratil is known for his exceptional footwork and court coverage. Specifically on defense, Navratil is able to return shots from his opponents that , against most players, would be winners. Although not known for his exceptional power, Navratil is able to take control of points immediately with his infamous chainsaw serve, which creates a large amount of topspin . This serve often forces weak returns out of his opponents, allowing Navratil to close in on the net and take control of the point from there. However, due to the risk involved in Navratil's serve, Navratil faults on his service more than the average professional player. The biggest weakness in Navratil's game comes from his predictability. The biggest contrast between the playing style of Navratil and Ben Johns is that Johns is able to add strokes to his game that his opponents do not foresee, often catching them off-guard. What Navratil lacks in craftiness, he makes up for in his consistent and powerful groundstrokes.

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The term Quran code (also known as Code 19) refers to the claim that the Quranic text contains a hidden mathematically complex code. Advocates think that the code represents a mathematical proof of the divine authorship of the Quran and they also think that it can be used to identify orthographic errors within the Quranic text. Proponents of the Quran code claim that the Quran code is based on statistical procedures compared to the Bible code, which is ostensibly based on steganography. However, as with all numerology, this claim has not been confirmed by any independent mathematical or scientific institute . Critics see this claim as scientifically untenable .

The term Quran code (also known as Code 19) refers to the claim that the Quranic text contains a hidden mathematically complex code. Advocates think that the code represents a mathematical proof of the divine authorship of the Quran and they also think that it can be used to identify orthographic errors within the Quranic text. Proponents of the Quran code claim that the Quran code is based on statistical procedures compared to the Bible code, which is ostensibly based on steganography. However, this claim has not been confirmed by any independent mathematical or scientific institute .

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The Boule The Boule is a large spherical steel building, 25 meters in diameter, an icon for CEMES . The construction of the Boule was initiated by Gaston Dupouy, and the building was inaugurated in 1959 by General de Gaulle . It was designed to house the 1-million-volt electron microscope that operated from 1960 to 1991. The original microscope was later dismantled, but the electron accelerator has been preserved and still stands under the vault of the sphere. The "Centre d’Élaboration de Matériaux et d’Etudes Structurales" (CEMES) is a CNRS laboratory located in Toulouse, France. External links CEMES, official website References

The BouleAn icon for CEMES The "Centre d’Élaboration de Matériaux et d’Etudes Structurales" (CEMES) is a CNRS laboratory located in Toulouse, France. The Boule The Boule is a large spherical steel building, 25 meters in diameter, an icon for CEMES. The construction of the Boule was initiated by Gaston Dupouy, and the building was inaugurated in 1959 by General de Gaulle. It was designed to house the 1-million-volt electron microscope that operated from 1960 to 1991. The original microscope was later dismantled, but the electron accelerator has been preserved and still stands under the vault of the sphere. References External links CEMES, official website

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Concept The relationship between basic concepts of epistemology.|300x300px While applied epistemology is considered a new term, it has been used in the past as was the case of David Hume's application in his argument against the belief in miracles. Applied epistomology is informed by skepticism in philosophy, as it maintains that things should not be taken at face value - that, in reflection, what people knew as "truths" could turn out to be false. Applied epistemology has been concerned with practical questions about truth, knowledge, and other epistemic values but these are not all social questions. It asks questions about what we know and are justified in believing. Psychology Applied epistemology focuses on the study of particular epistemic problems and processes and is characterized as part of an empirical field. These established its relevance to the field of psychology and cognitive science. For instance, it addresses how cognitive agents go about constructing epistemically adequate representations of the world. The content of the psychological experts or therapists' cognitive organization or "knowing" processes has been described as applied epistemology and that it allows a better understanding of a patient's problems. It also represents part of the knowledge system in which interventions that facilitate change are drawn. Law Legal epistemology is considered a form of applied epistemology as it evaluates whether legal systems of investigation that seeks the truth are structured in a manner that actually lead to justified and true beliefs. Applied epistemics allows the legal system to draw from philosophy. For instance, David Hume stated that, "we entertain a suspicion concerning any matter of fact, when the witnesses contradict each other; when they are but few, or a doubtful character; when they have an interest in what they affirm; when they deliver their testimony with hesitation, or on the contrary, with too violent asseverations." This generic view is said to allow legal procedure the effective evaluation of testimonies.

Concept The relationship between basic concepts of epistemology.|300x300px While applied epistemology is considered a new term, it has been used in the past as was the case of how David Hume used the concept in his argument against belief in miracles. Applied epistomology is informed by skepticism in philosophy, as it maintains that things should not be taken at face value - that, in reflection, what people knew as "truths" could turn out to be false. Applied epistemology has been concerned with practical questions about truth, knowledge, and other epistemic values but these are not all social questions. It asks questions about what we know and are justified in believing. Psychology Applied epistemology is relevant to the field of psychology and cognitive science as it focuses on the study of particular epistemic problems and processes and is characterized as part of an empirical field. It addresses how cognitive agents go about constructing epistemically adequate representations of the world. The content of the psychological experts or therapists' cognitive organization or "knowing" processes has also been described as applied epistemology . This system of knowing allows a better understanding of a patient's problems. It also represents part of the knowledge system in which interventions that facilitate change can be drawn. Law Legal epistemology is considered a form of applied epistemology for its evaluation of whether legal systems of investigation that seeks the truth are structured in a manner that actually lead to justified and true beliefs. Applied epistemics allows the legal system to draw from philosophy. For instance, David Hume stated that, "we entertain a suspicion concerning any matter of fact, when the witnesses contradict each other; when they are but few, or a doubtful character; when they have an interest in what they affirm; when they deliver their testimony with hesitation, or on the contrary, with too violent asseverations." This generic view is said to allow legal procedure the effective evaluation of testimonies.

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The main domains of applied epistemology include education and pedagogy, therapy, politics, science and technology, arts, and artificial intelligence. Informal Logic According to Mark Battersby, the method of critical thinking or informal logic can be considered a form of applied epistemology. This method involves the assessment of the strength of evidences that afford conclusions can only be made if the domain within which the argument is presented is taken into account. For Battersby, this constitutes applied epistemology, since it is about grounding assessments of arguments as they occur within them. It is argued that rather than rules of logic, epistemological norms constitute the philosophical core of informal logic and that there is a close parallel between informal logic and applied ethics. These factors, according to Battersby , make informal logic applied epistemology . Law Legal epistemology is considered a form of applied epistemology for its evaluation of whether legal systems of investigation that seeks the truth are structured in a manner that actually lead to justified and true beliefs. Applied epistemics allows the legal system to draw from philosophy. For instance, David Hume stated that, "we entertain a suspicion concerning any matter of fact, when the witnesses contradict each other; when they are but few, or a doubtful character; when they have an interest in what they affirm; when they deliver their testimony with hesitation, or on the contrary, with too violent asseverations." This generic view is said to allow legal procedure the effective evaluation of testimonies .

The following table demonstrates the place of applied epistemology in relation to epistemology and to the parallels between ethics and epistemology covering a specific topic: +LevelEthics topic examples by levelEpistemology topic examples by levelMeta-ethics/epistemologyMeaning of "Good"Meaning of "Know"Normative ethics/epistemologyUtilitarianism vs. deontologyRationalism vs. empiricismApplied ethics/epistemologyCriteria for morality acceptable euthanasiaCriteria for accepting a causal claim The main domains of applied epistemology include education and pedagogy, therapy, politics, science and technology, arts, and artificial intelligence. Informal Logic According to Mark Battersby, the method of critical thinking or informal logic can be considered a form of applied epistemology. This method involves the assessment of the strength of evidences that afford conclusions can only be made if the domain within which the argument is presented is taken into account. For Battersby, this constitutes applied epistemology, since it is about grounding assessments of arguments as they occur within them. It is argued that rather than rules of logic, epistemological norms constitute the philosophical core of informal logic and that there is a close parallel between informal logic and applied ethics. Based on these factors, scholars such as Battersby and Mark Weinstein maintain that informal logic should be classified as applied epistemology instead of logic . Law Legal epistemology is considered a form of applied epistemology for its evaluation of whether legal systems of investigation that seeks the truth are structured in a manner that actually lead to justified and true beliefs. Applied epistemics allows the legal system to draw from philosophy. For instance, David Hume stated that, "we entertain a suspicion concerning any matter of fact, when the witnesses contradict each other; when they are but few, or a doubtful character; when they have an interest in what they affirm; when they deliver their testimony with hesitation, or on the contrary, with too violent asseverations." This generic view is said to allow legal procedure the effective evaluation of testimonies . Philosophy Applied epistemology is also used in evaluating philosophical issues. This is the case when empirical perspective is applied to test philosophical theories. While this approach does not eliminate analytic and conceptual issues, it can make them clearer. It also increases the probability of theorists to examine evidences that tend to be overlooked .

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Outer space A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space.On April 29, 2013, scientists

Case Study : Mamta's Treatment According to the latest research done by WHO it was found that the variant of this disease by which didi was affected cause her Severe Bakchodi Disorder and the treatment was not known so far but today it was found that she can be treated with a special type of grass "Kukurmutta" which grows when a dog piss on the ground.She knew this very early so she used to say khela hobe so that the grass would be cut down and she couldn't be treated

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Although the UK helped develop EU standards for animal welfare, agricultural and fisheries products and food safety for many years, in the Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU, the UK negotiators rejected the option to continue to do so. The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement has no such provision (except in respect of Northern Ireland) and consequently exports of live animals and food from the UK to the EU are subject to the EU's long-standing controls on import of such products from countries outside the European Economic Area and Switzerland. Animal welfare In March 2021 the Ulster Society for the Prevention Cruelty to Animals (USPCA) lobby group advocated for the extension of the CVA to the UK, because border control delays are stressful to the animals, and the Northern Ireland Protocol (NIP) is the lever to improvements since the UK has left the province within the EU single market. The Union of European Veterinary Practitioners noticed first that the suggestion of the Eurogroup for animals to this effect, and second that in February 2021 EU Commission Vice President Maroš Šefčovič that the "EU would be prepared to look at a bilateral veterinary agreement with the British government" over this issue.

Although the UK helped develop EU standards for animal welfare, agricultural and fisheries products and food safety for many years, in the Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU, the UK negotiators rejected the option to continue to do so. The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (EU-UK TCA) has no such provision (except in respect of Northern Ireland) and consequently exports of live animals and food from the UK to the EU are subject to the EU's long-standing controls on import of such products from countries outside the European Economic Area and Switzerland. In June 2021 report, "a broad coalition of food industry groups, vets, and environmental health professionals" called for a new UK-EU veterinary agreement to avoid a "catastrophic drop" in food exports to the EU. Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol The Northern Ireland Protocol (as it is more usually called) is a section of the EU-UK TCA that makes provision for Northern Ireland to have full access to both the EU Single Market and the UK Internal Market. However, goods (notably animals and animal products) being shipped from Great Britain to Northern Ireland are subject to the same non-tariff barriers to trade as for GB shipments to the EU. This Irish Sea border is controversial among Northern Ireland's Unionists who see it as a stepping stone to Irish reunification against their will. In February 2021, the Financial Times reported that the DUP's Edwin Poots at the time Northern Ireland's agriculture minister had written to George Eustice, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, to describe the maximum alignment approach as a 'key ask' in reducing the protocol’s impact. 'This could be achieved, for example, by dynamic alignment with relevant parts of the EU acquis and the UK joining the common veterinary area (as in the Swiss/EU arrangement),' he wrote in the letter copied to Scottish and Welsh governments. Animal welfare In March 2021 the Ulster Society for the Prevention Cruelty to Animals (USPCA) lobby group advocated for the extension of the CVA to the UK, because border control delays are stressful to the animals, and the Northern Ireland Protocol (NIP) is the lever to improvements since the UK has left the province within the EU single market. The Union of European Veterinary Practitioners noticed first that the suggestion of the 'Eurogroup for Animals' to this effect, and second that in February 2021 European Commission Vice President Maroš Šefčovič that the "EU would be prepared to look at a bilateral veterinary agreement with the British government" over this issue.

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Trade friction In late May 2021 Specialty Food Magazine quoted a trade policy advisor at the British Meat Processors Association thus: "The consequences of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement and the Northern Ireland Protocol have resulted in an inevitable increase in trade friction even to trade within the UK... Anything to reduce this friction must be welcomed." The BMPA saw that " the only long-term solution for these trade issues will be to reach a veterinary agreement in which the UK and the EUare in a CVA . " Said the BMPA: The CVA " could be achieved in a way that would not compromise our negotiating position on trade deals with other countries as it would focus on plant and animal health rules rather than food standards."

Trade friction In late May 2021 Specialty Food Magazine quoted a trade policy advisor at the British Meat Processors Association thus: "The consequences of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement and the Northern Ireland Protocol have resulted in an inevitable increase in trade friction even to trade within the UK... Anything to reduce this friction must be welcomed." The BMPA believes that the only long-term solution for these trade issues will be to reach a veterinary agreement with the EU . " The CVA could be achieved in a way that would not compromise our negotiating position on trade deals with other countries ", the BMPA said, " as it would focus on plant and animal health rules rather than food standards."

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Publications In September 2020, DeBhairduin published Why the moon travels , a collection of folktales from the Irish Traveller community retold. The book is illustrated by Leanne McDonagh, an artist and Traveller . It incorporates elements of the Gammon language. DeBhairduin collected over 100 stories, with 20 being included in this volume. It is believed to be the first book written and illustrated by Travellers about Traveller folklore. DeBhairduin has spoken about the difficulties of transitioning these oral stories to the written form, and the complications which arise regarding authority. The book was published and co-edited by Gráinne O'Toole of Skein Press, who first encountered DeBhairduin writing on his blog, Keeping A Campfire. DeBhairduin consulted with his family and friends about the stories as they appeared in the final text. Awards In 2019, DeBhairduin won the Traveller Pride Award for Enterprise and Employment. DeBhairduin and McDonagh were awarded a Judges' Special Award prize at the 2021 Children's Books Ireland for Why the moon travels.

Publications In September 2020, DeBhairduin published Why the moon travels ' , a collection of folktales from the Irish Traveller community retold. The book is illustrated by Leanne McDonagh, an artist and Traveller , see www.skeinpress.com/shop/ . It incorporates elements of the Gammon language. DeBhairduin collected over 100 stories, with 20 being included in this volume. It is believed to be the first book written and illustrated by Travellers about Traveller folklore. DeBhairduin has spoken about the difficulties of transitioning these oral stories to the written form, and the complications which arise regarding authority. The book was published and co-edited by Fionnuala Cloke and Gráinne O'Toole of Skein Press, see www.SkeinPress.com, who first encountered DeBhairduin writing on his blog, Keeping A Campfire. DeBhairduin consulted with his family and friends about the stories as they appeared in the final text. Awards In 2019, DeBhairduin won the Traveller Pride Award for Enterprise and Employment. DeBhairduin and McDonagh were awarded a Judges' Special Award prize at the 2021 Children's Books Ireland for Why the moon travels. ''

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HGC was founded by Hank Pellissier, who stated in an interview that the organization "works toward a world with humanist values that respects science, secular education, sustainability, kindness, peace and democracy". The nonprofit provides secular support to at-risk populations internationally, via educational opportunities, technological solutions, health assistance and small business grants. HGC's work funds secular education, humanist students, women ’ s collectives, orphans, safe houses, and helplines. It also offers internships in Africa & India Development. History HGC ’ s original name was the Brighter Brains Institute, founder Hank Pellissier launched its activities in 2015 by starting the "world’s first atheist orphanage" in Muhokya, Uganda. The director - Bwambale Robert Musubaho - was orphaned himself at the age of five; he renounced religion in the early 2000’s after researching his doubts and finding community on the internet. BBI raised enough money via crowdfunding to also build two ‘humanist’ primary schools and a secondary school near the orphanage. Freedom From Religion Foundation described the schools as “groundbreaking” . In 2020-2021 , BBI changed its name to Humanist Global Charity and expanded internationally. Projects HGC provides about $100,000 a year for humanitarian aid projects. In addition to founding and supporting several humanist schools and orphanages in Uganda, HGC has funded sixteen humanist clinics that provided free medicine, works to dispel belief in witch doctors in superstitious communities, and distributes sanitary pads (AFRIPads) in Africa, India, and Nepal. HGC has partnered with women ’ s collectives and LGBTQ organizations to emphasize equality and provide sex education, family planning, and birth control.

HGC was founded by Hank Pellissier, who stated in an interview that the organization "works toward a world with humanist values that respects science, secular education, sustainability, kindness, peace and democracy". The nonprofit provides secular support to at-risk populations internationally, via educational opportunities, technological solutions, health assistance and small business grants. HGC's work funds secular education, humanist students, women ' s collectives, orphans, safe houses, and helplines. It also offers internships in Africa & India Development. History HGC ' s original name was the Brighter Brains Institute, founder Hank Pellissier launched its activities in 2015 by starting the "world’s first atheist orphanage" in Muhokya, Uganda. The director - Bwambale Robert Musubaho - was orphaned himself at the age of five; he renounced religion in the early 2000s after researching his doubts and finding community on the internet. BBI raised enough money via crowdfunding to also build two ‘humanist’ primary schools and a secondary school near the orphanage. Freedom From Religion Foundation described the schools as "groundbreaking" . In 2020–2021 , BBI changed its name to Humanist Global Charity and expanded internationally. Projects HGC provides about $100,000 a year for humanitarian aid projects. In addition to founding and supporting several humanist schools and orphanages in Uganda, HGC has funded sixteen humanist clinics that provided free medicine, works to dispel belief in witch doctors in superstitious communities, and distributes sanitary pads (AFRIPads) in Africa, India, and Nepal. HGC has partnered with women ' s collectives and LGBTQ organizations to emphasize equality and provide sex education, family planning, and birth control.

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The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (National Cancer Institute, abbreviated INCan) is a hospital center administered by the Mexican Secretariat of Health which specializes in the treatment of cancers . It is one of 12 specialized hospitals that provide public health services and train new resident doctors. It was created in 1946. Historia at official INCan web site

The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (National Cancer Institute, abbreviated INCan) is a public institution administered by the Mexican Secretariat of Health which specializes in the treatment of cancer . It is one of 12 specialized hospitals that provides public health services and trains new resident doctors. It was created on November 25, 1946 by then-President Manuel Ávila Camacho. Historia at official INCan web site

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Practices In order to worship Sanghyang Tunggal, Kapitayan adherents provide offerings in the form of Tu-mpeng, Tu-mpi (cake made of flour), Tumbu (square basket made of woven bamboo for flower holders), Tu-ak (wine), Tu-kung (a kind of chicken) to be offered to Sanghyang Single whose magical power is hidden in everything that is believed to have supernatural powers such as tu-ngkub, tu-nda, wa-tu, tu-gu, tu-nggak, tu-k, tu-ban, tu-rumbukan, tu-tuk. Kapitayan followers who have the intention of doing Tu-ju (divination) or other urgent needs, will worship Sanghyang Tunggal with a special offering called Tu-mbal .Sunyoto (2017). p. 16-17. In praying to Sanghyang Taya in the sanggar, the Kapitayan clergy follow certain rules: at first, the worshiping clergyman performs Tu-lajeg (standing still) facing Tutu-k (alcove hole) with both hands raised up to present Sanghyang Taya in Tutu-d (heart). After feeling Sanghyang Taya residing in the heart, both hands were lowered and clasped to the chest right to the heart. This position is called self-defense (holding one's personal self). The Tu-lajeg process is carried out in a relatively long time. After the Tu-lajeg is finished, the prayer is continued with the Tu-ngkul position (bent down looking down) which is also carried out for a relatively long time. Then proceed again with the Tu-lumpak position (kneeling with both heels occupied). Finally, the To-ndhem position is performed (prostrate like a baby in its mother's stomach). While performing Tu-lajeg, Tu-ngkul, Tu-lumpak, and To-ndhem for more than an hour, the Kapitayan spiritualists with all their feelings tried to maintain the continuity of the existence of Sanghyang Taya which had been buried in Tutu-d (heart).

Practices In order to worship Sanghyang Tunggal, Kapitayan adherents provide offerings in the form of tu-mpeng, tu-mpi (cake made of flour), tumbu (square basket made of woven bamboo for flower holders), tu-ak (wine), tu-kung (a kind of chicken) to be offered to Sanghyang Single whose magical power is hidden in everything that is believed to have supernatural powers such as tu-ngkub, tu-nda, wa-tu, tu-gu, tu-nggak, tu-k, tu-ban, tu-rumbukan, tu-tuk. Kapitayan followers who have the intention of doing tu-ju (divination) or other urgent needs, will worship Sanghyang Tunggal with a special offering called tu-mbal .Sunyoto (2017). p. 16-17. In praying to Sanghyang Taya in the sanggar, the Kapitayan clergy follow certain rules: at first, the worshiping clergyman performs tu-lajeg (standing still) facing tutu-k (alcove hole) with both hands raised up to present Sanghyang Taya in tutu-d (heart). After feeling Sanghyang Taya residing in the heart, both hands were lowered and clasped to the chest right to the heart. This position is called self-defense (holding one's personal self). The tu-lajeg process is carried out in a relatively long time. After the tu-lajeg is finished, the prayer is continued with the tu-ngkul position (bent down looking down) which is also carried out for a relatively long time. Then proceed again with the tu-lumpak position (kneeling with both heels occupied). Finally, the to-ndhem position is performed (prostrate like a baby in its mother's stomach). While performing tu-lajeg, tu-ngkul, tu-lumpak, and to-ndhem for more than an hour, the Kapitayan spiritualists with all their feelings tried to maintain the continuity of the existence of Sanghyang Taya which had been buried in tutu-d (heart).

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Category:American football Category:Berlin Thunder seasons Category:European League of Footbal

Category:American football teams in Poland Category:American football Category:European League of Footbal

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Signal Processing Processing seismic records in the water column broadly follows the same steps as processing geological data. The techniques have been adapted from methods commonly used in seismic imaging of the solid Earth, and can be divided into two key stages. First, noise is removed in order to reveal clear reflections from oceanic structure. Secondly, seismic records are geometrically corrected to yield a stacked image. Inverting for Temperature and Salinity Combined with its imagery, processed seismic data can be used to extract other quantitative information about the ocean. So far, seismic oceanography has been used to extract distributions of temperature, and salinity, and therefore density and other important properties. There is a range of approaches that can be used to extract this information. For example, Paramo and Holbrook (2005) extracted temperature gradients in the Norwegian Sea using the Amplitude Versus Offset methods. The distributions of physical properties were limited to one-dimension however. More recently, there has been a move toward two-dimensional technique. Cord Papenberg et al. (2010) presented high-resolution two-dimensional temperature and salinity distributions. These fields were derived using an iterative inversion that combines seismic and physical oceanographic data. Since then, more complex inversions have been presented that are based on Monte Carlo inversion techniques, amongst others. Spectral Analysis for Vertical Mixing Rates Aside from temperature and salinity distributions, seismic data of the ocean can also be used to extract mixing rates through spectral analysis. This process is based on the assumption that reflections, which show undulations at a number of scales, track the internal wave field. Therefore, the vertical displacement of these undulations can give a measure of the vertical mixing rates of the ocean. This technique was fist developed using data from the Norwegian Sea and showed the enhancement of internal wave energy close to the continental slope. Since 2005, the techniques have been further developed, adapted, and automated so that any seismic section may be converted into a two-dimensional distribution of mixing rates . Re

Signal processing Processing seismic records in the water column broadly follows the same steps as processing geological data. The techniques have been adapted from methods commonly used in seismic imaging of the solid Earth, and can be divided into two key stages. First, noise is removed in order to reveal clear reflections from oceanic structure. Secondly, seismic records are geometrically corrected to yield a stacked image. Inverting for temperature and salinity Combined with its imagery, processed seismic data can be used to extract other quantitative information about the ocean. So far, seismic oceanography has been used to extract distributions of temperature, and salinity, and therefore density and other important properties. There is a range of approaches that can be used to extract this information. For example, Paramo and Holbrook (2005) extracted temperature gradients in the Norwegian Sea using the Amplitude Versus Offset methods. The distributions of physical properties were limited to one-dimension however. More recently, there has been a move toward two-dimensional technique. Cord Papenberg et al. (2010) presented high-resolution two-dimensional temperature and salinity distributions. These fields were derived using an iterative inversion that combines seismic and physical oceanographic data. Since then, more complex inversions have been presented that are based on Monte Carlo inversion techniques, amongst others. Spectral analysis for vertical mixing rates Aside from temperature and salinity distributions, seismic data of the ocean can also be used to extract mixing rates through spectral analysis. This process is based on the assumption that reflections, which show undulations at a number of scales, track the internal wave field. Therefore, the vertical displacement of these undulations can give a measure of the vertical mixing rates of the ocean. This technique was fist developed using data from the Norwegian Sea and showed the enhancement of internal wave energy close to the continental slope. Since 2005, the techniques have been further developed, adapted, and automated so that any seismic section may be converted into a two-dimensional distribution of mixing rates . References Seismic Oceanography :Category:Ear

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On October 28, 1924, Ivan Zaitsev was arrested by the United State Political Directorate and spent 7 months in Butyrskaya Prison. On January 2, 1925, by the decision of a Special Meeting at the Collegium of the United State Political Directorate, he received 3 years in camps. In June 1925, he was sent in a convoy to Solovetsky Camp and on June 16 he arrived at the Kemsky Transit Point, and then on June 18 with a group of prisoners he was sent to Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Here he began working as a forestry overseer in the forestry during forest cleaning operations, later worked on unloading icebreakers in the White Sea, on watch at the Solovetsky Mayak, and also got on "general work" for refusing the offer of the camp leadership to write a note about the civil war for the magazine "Solovetsky Islands". In September 1926, he first ended up in a punishment cell, and then for three months in a isolation cell. He is one of the few surviving eyewitnesses who visited the "Sekirka" – in the punishment cell in the temple on Sekirnaya Gora. In April 1926, excerpts from Zaitsev's memoirs "From the Recently Experienced" were published in No. 4 and No. 5 of the journal "Solovetsky Islands" (the monthly journal of the United State Political Directorate). Alternative version In 2017, Vladimir Markovchin, a Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, said that, according to declassified documents, after arriving in the Soviet Union, Zaitsev began to cooperate with the United State Political Directorate in carrying out an operation to withdraw from Shanghai to Soviet Union of ships of the Kolchak Military Squadron. This operation was successfully carried out.

On October 28, 1924, Ivan Zaitsev was arrested by the Joint State Political Directorate and spent 7 months in Butyrskaya Prison. On January 2, 1925, by the decision of a Special Meeting at the Collegium of the Joint State Political Directorate, he received 3 years in camps. In June 1925, he was sent in a convoy to Solovetsky Camp and on June 16 he arrived at the Kemsky Transit Point, and then on June 18 with a group of prisoners he was sent to Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Here he began working as a forestry overseer in the forestry during forest cleaning operations, later worked on unloading icebreakers in the White Sea, on watch at the Solovetsky Mayak, and also got on "general work" for refusing the offer of the camp leadership to write a note about the civil war for the magazine "Solovetsky Islands". In September 1926, he first ended up in a punishment cell, and then for three months in a isolation cell. He is one of the few surviving eyewitnesses who visited the "Sekirka" – in the punishment cell in the temple on Sekirnaya Gora. In April 1926, excerpts from Zaitsev's memoirs "From the Recently Experienced" were published in No. 4 and No. 5 of the journal "Solovetsky Islands" (the monthly journal of the Joint State Political Directorate). Alternative version In 2017, Vladimir Markovchin, a Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, said that, according to declassified documents, after arriving in the Soviet Union, Zaitsev began to cooperate with the Joint State Political Directorate in carrying out an operation to withdraw from Shanghai to Soviet Union of ships of the Kolchak Military Squadron. This operation was successfully carried out.

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Ivan Matveyevich Zaitsev ( September 13, 1879 – November 22 , 1934) was an Orenburg Cossack, Major General (1919), a participant in the First World War, Commander of the 4th Isetsk–Stavropol Regiment of the Orenburg Cossack Army and Commander of Russian Troops in Khiva, Commissar of the Provisional Government in Khiva Possessions, Acting Chief of Staff of the Turkestan Military Organization, a participant in the Civil War on the side of the White Movement.Ivan Zaitsev. Sakharov Center Biography Ivan Matveyevich Zaitsev was born in September 1879 (according to other sources – September 21 , 1877) in the village of Karagayskaya of the 2nd (Verkhneuralsky) Military Department (Orenburg Cossack Army), in the family of a village teacher. In 1894, he graduated from a four–grade city school in Verkhneuralsk and became a stanitsa teacher of the Fominsk United Cossack school. In 1895, he passed the exam for a second category volunteer and a year later, on September 1 , 1896, he was enrolled as a cadet in the Orenburg Cossack Cadet School . In the school he was in charge of the Zeikhhaus . He graduated from college in 1898, the first in his graduation, for which he was awarded the prize of Prince Eugene Romanovsky, Duke of Leuchtenberg, in the amount of 100 rubles. Upon graduation, he was promoted to the rank of corpsman and was assigned to the 2nd Orenburg Cossack Voivode of the Nagoy Regiment, stationed in Warsaw. After serving in this regiment for more than a year and a half, in the rank of cornet he was assigned to Helsingfors and served in the Separate Orenburg Cossack Division.Andrey Ganin. "Solovki" by Ivan Matveevich Zaitsev In 1906, with the rank of sotnik, he successfully passed the entrance exams and entered the Nikolaevsky Academy of the General Staff. Simultaneously with him , but a course older, his future colleagues also studied at the Academy : the future Military Ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army Alexander Dutov, the future Chief of Staff of the Southern Army Ivan Tonkikh and the future Chief of Supply of the Southern Army Sergei Schepikhin. He graduated from the Academy in the second category and was not assigned to the General Staff. He passed additional exams at the Academy for the right to teach military administration and geodesy in military schools and, returning to his native land in the summer of 1909, entered the service as an officer–educator in the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps , by the beginning of the First World War – with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Participation in the First World War Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Zaitsev went to the front of the First World War voluntarily, having requested permission from Emperor Nicholas II and received the Highest Permission, although, being an officer–educator of the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps, he was not obliged to serve at the front. He was appointed to the staff of the 1st Orenburg Cossack His Imperial Highness the Heir to the Tsarevich Regiment . During the years of the Great War, he served as a senior staff officer of the regiment, assistant regiment commander in combat units, then temporarily Commander of the 7th Don Cossack Regiment, first assistant Commander of the 11th Orenburg Cossack Regiment, Chairman of the Regimental Court in the 12th Orenburg Cossack Regiment. Was shell –shocked . During the war, he was awarded the Order of Saint George, 4th Degree, Saint George's Arms, the Order of Saint Stanislav, 2nd Degree With Swords, the Order of Saint Anna, 2nd Degree With Swords, the Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Degree, with Swords and a Bow. The end of the First World War was met by the regiment commander with the rank of colonel. Upon learning of this decision of the committee, Colonel Zaitsev was forced to flee, but five days later he was found in Askhabad and arrested. On February 21 , 1918, a revolutionary court sentenced him to death, but the execution was replaced by ten years of solitary confinement in the Tashkent Fortress, where he was imprisoned on February 26. Zaitsev fled from the fortress four and a half months later – on July 1 , 1918. The escape was organized with the help of the Turkestan Military Organization, which, according to Zaitsev himself, "had connections and people everywhere". By the way, the Turkestan Military Organization also took care of Zaitsev's wife, sending her to Chimkent with a reliable guide on the day of her husband's escape. Once free, Zaitsev immediately became a member of this underground officers' organization as the acting chief of staff. After the defeat of the main structures of the Turkestan Military Organization by the bodies of the Turkestan Extraordinary Commission, Zaitsev, while trying to get to the ataman Dutov, was arrested, but not identified, and on December 24 , 1918, was released under police supervision. In April 1919, under the guise of a simple worker, he crossed the line of the Orenburg Front in the Bokhachevo Area and went to the location of the Separate Orenburg Army of Lieutenant General Alexander Dutov. Soon he became Chief of Staff of the Orenburg Military District, then – acting Chief of Staff of Ataman Dutov, from October 1919 – Chief of Staff of the Dutov's Orenburg Army. By order of the Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander–in–Chief Admiral Alexander Kolchak of September 20 , 1919, he was promoted to the rank of Major General. On January 6 , 1920, after being defeated in battles with the Red Army, Dutov's Orenburg Army was officially disbanded. In early February 1920, Ivan Zaitsev was sent to China as Dutov's plenipotentiary representative in Beijing and Shanghai. On October 28 , 1924, Ivan Zaitsev was arrested by the Joint State Political Directorate and spent 7 months in Butyrskaya Prison. On January 2 , 1925, by the decision of a Special Meeting at the Collegium of the Joint State Political Directorate, he received 3 years in camps. In June 1925, he was sent in a convoy to Solovetsky Camp and on June 16 he arrived at the Kemsky Transit Point, and then on June 18 with a group of prisoners he was sent to Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Here he began working as a forestry overseer in the forestry during forest cleaning operations, later worked on unloading icebreakers in the White Sea, on watch at the Solovetsky Mayak, and also got on "general work" for refusing the offer of the camp leadership to write a note about the civil war for the magazine "Solovetsky Islands". In September 1926, he first ended up in a punishment cell, and then for three months in a isolation cell. He is one of the few surviving eyewitnesses who visited the "Sekirka" – in the punishment cell in the temple on Sekirnaya Gora. On February 3 , 1928, after serving his main sentence, Ivan Zaitsev was sent into exile in Komi for 3 years. On August 3 , 1928, he fled from under the supervision of the State Political Administration from the transfer point in the city of Ust–Sysolsk and wandered around the country for more than seven months. On September 17 , 1928, Ivan Zaitsev, using forged documents of land surveyor Pavel Golubev, got a job in the district land administration of the Amur District. On February 26 , 1929, he crossed the Soviet–Chinese border near the Poyarkovo Railway Station and came to live in Shanghai. Alternative version In 2017, Vladimir Markovchin , a Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, said that, according to declassified documents, after arriving in the Soviet Union, Zaitsev began to cooperate with the Joint State Political Directorate in carrying out an operation to withdraw from Shanghai to Soviet Union of ships of the Kolchak Military Squadron. This operation was successfully carried out. According to Markovchin, Zaitsev's arrest was just a fake , as was his escape from exile to China , but in reality Zaitsev was sent to China as an agent of Soviet intelligence.Spy Game of the Soviet Union: Declassified Materials About the "Most Betrayed Traitor" In the same year, this version was refuted by Zaitsev's biographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Andrei Ganin , in a special article as inconsistent with the cited documents. According to Ganin, General Zaitsev made the decision to fight Bolshevism "from within", infiltrating the leadership of the Red Army. Chinese period of life Since 1929, Ivan Zaitsev lived in Shanghai , was actively involved in journalism and writing books. So, in May 1931 , he wrote and published a book of memoirs "Solovki " about the time spent in the camp on Solovki. His life in Shanghai was extremely complicated by the extremely hostile attitude of part of the Russian public living in Shanghai. On June 15 , 1930, Ivan Zaitsev tried to contact the head of the department of the Russian All–Military Union in Shanghai, Lieutenant General Mikhail Dieterichs , and filed a report in his name about the true goals of his trip to the Soviet Union, but Dieterichs told him "about the loss of the report with documents". Thus, it became almost impossible for Ivan Zaitsev to achieve his official rehabilitation. By order of the leading center of the Russian All–People's Party of Nationalists, he was appointed head of its Far Eastern Department. On November 22 , 1934, Ivan Zaitsev committed suicide. On October 8 , 1993, he was posthumously rehabilitated. Family Wife – Zaitseva (Metneva) Alexandra Semyonovna. The spouses did not have children.

Ivan Matveyevich Zaitsev ( , 1 September 1879 – 22 November 1934) was an Orenburg Cossack, Major General (1919), a participant in the First World War, Commander of the 4th Isetsk–Stavropol Regiment of the Orenburg Cossack Army and Commander of Russian Troops in Khiva, Commissar of the Provisional Government in Khiva Possessions, Acting Chief of Staff of the Turkestan Military Organization, a participant in the Civil War on the side of the White Movement.Ivan Zaitsev. Sakharov Center Biography Ivan Matveyevich Zaitsev was born in September 1879 (according to other sources – 21 September 1877) in the village of of the 2nd (Verkhneuralsky) Military Department (Orenburg Cossack Army), in the family of a village teacher. In 1894, he graduated from a four–grade city school in Verkhneuralsk and became a teacher of the Fominsk United Cossack school. In 1895, Zaitsev passed the exam for a second category volunteer and a year later, on 1 September 1896, he was enrolled as a cadet in the . In the school he was in charge of the armory . He graduated from college in 1898, the first in his graduation, for which he was awarded the prize of Prince Eugene Romanovsky, Duke of Leuchtenberg, in the amount of 100 rubles. Upon graduation, he was promoted to the rank of corpsman and was assigned to the 2nd Orenburg Cossack Voivode of the Nagoy Regiment, stationed in Warsaw. After serving in this regiment for more than a year and a half, in the rank of cornet he was assigned to Helsingfors and served in the Separate Orenburg Cossack Division.Andrey Ganin. "Solovki" by Ivan Matveevich Zaitsev In 1906, with the rank of sotnik, Zaitsev successfully passed the entrance exams and entered the Nikolaevsky Academy of the General Staff. Studying at the academy at the same time , but a course above him, were several of his future colleagues : the future Military Ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army Alexander Dutov, the future Chief of Staff of the Southern Army and the future Chief of Supply of the Southern Army . Zaitsev graduated from the Academy in the second category and was not assigned to the General Staff. He passed additional exams at the Academy for the right to teach military administration and geodesy in military schools and, returning to his native land in the summer of 1909, entered the service as an officer–educator in the , by the beginning of the First World War – with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Participation in the First World War Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Zaitsev went to the front of the First World War voluntarily, having requested permission from Emperor Nicholas II and received the Highest Permission, although, being an officer–educator of the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps, he was not obliged to serve at the front. He was appointed to the staff of the . During the years of the Great War, he served as a senior staff officer of the regiment, assistant regiment commander in combat units, then temporarily Commander of the 7th Don Cossack Regiment, first assistant Commander of the 11th Orenburg Cossack Regiment, Chairman of the Regimental Court in the 12th Orenburg Cossack Regiment. Zaitsev suffered from shell shock during the war . During the war, he was awarded the Order of Saint George, 4th Degree, Saint George's Arms, the Order of Saint Stanislav, 2nd Degree With Swords, the Order of Saint Anna, 2nd Degree With Swords, the Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Degree, with Swords and a Bow. The end of the First World War was met by the regiment commander with the rank of colonel. Upon learning of this decision of the committee, Colonel Zaitsev was forced to flee, but five days later he was found in Askhabad and arrested. On 21 February 1918, a revolutionary court sentenced him to death, but the execution was replaced by ten years of solitary confinement in the Tashkent Fortress, where he was imprisoned on 26 February. Zaitsev fled from the fortress four and a half months later – on 1 July 1918. The escape was organized with the help of the Turkestan Military Organization, which, according to Zaitsev himself, "had connections and people everywhere". By the way, the Turkestan Military Organization also took care of Zaitsev's wife, sending her to Chimkent with a reliable guide on the day of her husband's escape. Once free, Zaitsev immediately became a member of this underground officers' organization as the acting chief of staff. After the defeat of the main structures of the Turkestan Military Organization by the bodies of the Turkestan Extraordinary Commission, Zaitsev, while trying to get to the ataman Dutov, was arrested, but not identified, and on 24 December 1918, was released under police supervision. In April 1919, under the guise of a simple worker, he crossed the line of the Orenburg Front in the Bokhachevo Area and went to the location of the Separate Orenburg Army of Lieutenant General Alexander Dutov. Soon he became Chief of Staff of the Orenburg Military District, then – acting Chief of Staff of Ataman Dutov, from October 1919 – Chief of Staff of the Dutov's Orenburg Army. By order of the Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander–in–Chief Admiral Alexander Kolchak of 20 September 1919, he was promoted to the rank of Major General. On 6 January 1920, after being defeated in battles with the Red Army, Dutov's Orenburg Army was officially disbanded. In early February 1920, Ivan Zaitsev was sent to China as Dutov's plenipotentiary representative in Beijing and Shanghai. On 28 October 1924, Ivan Zaitsev was arrested by the Joint State Political Directorate and spent 7 months in Butyrskaya Prison. On 2 January 1925, by the decision of a Special Meeting at the Collegium of the Joint State Political Directorate, he was sentenced to three years in camps. In June 1925, he was sent in a convoy to Solovetsky Camp and on 16 June he arrived at the Kemsky Transit Point, and then on 18 June with a group of prisoners he was sent to Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Here he began working as a forestry overseer in the forestry during forest cleaning operations, later worked on unloading icebreakers in the White Sea, on watch at the Solovetsky Mayak, and also got on "general work" for refusing the offer of the camp leadership to write a note about the civil war for the magazine "Solovetsky Islands". In September 1926, he first ended up in a punishment cell, and then for three months in a isolation cell. He is one of the few surviving eyewitnesses who visited the "Sekirka" – in the punishment cell in the temple on Sekirnaya Gora. On 3 February 1928, after serving his main sentence, Ivan Zaitsev was sent into exile in Komi for three years. On 3 August 1928, he fled from under the supervision of the State Political Administration from the transfer point in the city of Ust–Sysolsk and wandered around the country for more than seven months. On 17 September 1928, Ivan Zaitsev, using forged documents of land surveyor Pavel Golubev, got a job in the district land administration of the Amur District. On 26 February 1929, he crossed the Soviet–Chinese border near the Poyarkovo Railway Station and came to live in Shanghai. Alternative version In 2017, , a Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, said that, according to declassified documents, after arriving in the Soviet Union, Zaitsev began to cooperate with the Joint State Political Directorate in carrying out an operation to withdraw from Shanghai to Soviet Union of ships of the Kolchak Military Squadron. This operation was successfully carried out. According to Markovchin, Zaitsev's arrest was a cover story , as was his escape from exile to China . In reality Zaitsev was sent to China as an agent of Soviet intelligence.Spy Game of the Soviet Union: Declassified Materials About the "Most Betrayed Traitor" This version was refuted the same year by Zaitsev's biographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, , in a special article as inconsistent with the cited documents. According to Ganin, General Zaitsev made the decision to fight Bolshevism "from within", infiltrating the leadership of the Red Army. Chinese period of life Ivan Zaitsev lived in Shanghai from 1929, and was actively involved in journalism and writing books. In May 1931 he wrote and published a book of memoirs entitled Solovki about the time spent in the camp on Solovki. His life in Shanghai was complicated by the extremely hostile attitude of part of the Russian public living in Shanghai. On 15 June 1930, Ivan Zaitsev tried to contact the head of the department of the Russian All-Military Union in Shanghai, Lieutenant General Mikhail Diterikhs , and filed a report in his name about the true goals of his trip to the Soviet Union, but Diterikhs told him "about the loss of the report with documents". Thus, it became almost impossible for Zaitsev to secure his official rehabilitation. By order of the leading center of the Russian All–People's Party of Nationalists, he was appointed head of its Far Eastern Department. On 22 November 1934, Ivan Zaitsev committed suicide. On 8 October 1993, he was posthumously rehabilitated. Family He married Alexandra Semyonovna Zaitseva (née Metneva). They did not have children.

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14th century Year Date Event 1492 27 October Christopher Columbus arrives in Cuba and claims the island for Spain. 15th century Year Date Event 1508 Sebastián de Ocampo circumnavigates Cuba, confirming that it is an island. 1510 Spanish set out from Hispaniola. The conquest of Cuba begins. 1511 The first governor of Cuba, the Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar leads a group of settlers in Baracoa. 1512 Indigenous Cuban resistance leader Hatuey is burned at the stake. 1514 Havana founded as San Cristóbal de la Habana. 1523 Emperor Charles V authorizes 4,000 gold pesos for the construction of cotton mills. 1527 The first African slaves arrive in Cuba. 1532 The first slave rebellion is crushed. 1537 A French fleet briefly occupies Havana. French corsairs blockade Santiago de Cuba. 1542 The Spanish crown abandons the encomienda colonial land settlement system. 1553 The Governor of Cuba relocates to Havana. 1555 French campaign against the Sudan usam 1578 French corsairs plunder Baracoa. 1586 The English privateer Francis Drake lands at Cape San Antonio but does not attack. 1597 Construction of the Morro Castle fortress is completed above the eastern entrance to Havana harbor. 16th century Year Date Event 1603 Authorities decree that the sale of tobacco to foreigners is punishable by death. 1607 Havana is named capital of Cuba. 1628 A Dutch fleet led by Piet Heyn plunders the Spanish fleet in Havana harbor. 1649 An epidemic of yellow fever kills a third of the island's European population.C Cumo.The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History Page 356 URL 1662 An English fleet captained by Christopher Myngs captures Santiago de Cuba to open up trade with Jamaica. 1670 The English withdraw after Spain recognises England's ownership of Jamaica. becomes Governor of Cuba. He serves for ten years. 17th century Year Date Event 1728 The University of Havana is founded. 1734 begins a 12-year tenure as Governor of Cuba. 1741 British Admiral Edward Vernon briefly captures Guantánamo Bay, renaming it Cumberland Bay, during the War of Jenkins' Ear. His troops withdraw after being decimated by fevers and raids from Spanish troops. 1747 Francisco Antonio Cagigal de la Vega begins a 13-year tenure as Governor of Cuba. 1748 Construction of Havana cathedral is completed. 12 October Battle of Havana. Skirmishes between British and Spanish fleets end indecisively on a strategic level. 1762 5 March A massive British expedition leaves Portsmouth to capture Havana. 30 July British troops capture Havana during the Seven Years' War. 1763 British troops suffer atrocious losses to disease. They cede Cuba to Spain in the Treaty of Paris. 1793 Some 30,000 French refugees from a slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which becomes the Haitian revolution, arrive in Cuba. 1799 Salvador de Muro y Salazar becomes Governor of Cuba 1799–1812. 18th century Year Date Event 1812 Juan Ruíz de Apodaca becomes governor of Cuba 1812–17. 1819 22 April Settlers from Bordeaux and Louisiana found the first European settlement at Cienfuegos. 1843 Leopoldo O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan becomes governor of Cuba 1843–48. 1844 Known as the Year of the Lash, when an uprising of black slaves was brutally suppressed. 1851 The filibustering Lopez Expedition was defeated by Spanish authorities. 1853 28 January José Martí is born in Havana. 1868 The first war of Cuban independence, also known as the Ten Years' War, begins. It lasts until 1878. 10 October Revolutionaries under the leadership of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes proclaim Cuban independence. 1869 10 April An assembly of rebels against Spanish rule adopts the Guáimaro Constitution, which remains nominally in effect until the end of the Ten Years' War. 1878 10 February The Pact of Zanjón, promising the end of slavery in Cuba, ends the Ten Years' War. 1879 August A second uprising ("The Little War"), engineered by Antonio Maceo and Calixto García, begins. It is quelled by superior Spanish forces in the autumn of 1880. 1886 October 7th Slavery is abolished in Cuba. 1895 23 February The Cuban revolution is relaunched under the leadership of José Martí and General Máximo Gómez y Báez. 19 May José Martí is killed by Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos. September Spanish Captain-General Arsenio Martínez Campos is defeated at Peralejo and leaves Cuba in January 1887. 1896 Cuban rebels led by Antonio Maceo and Maximo Gomez execute a successful invasion along the length of the island. Maceo is killed by Spanish forces in December. 1897 Calixto Garcia takes a series of strategic fort complexes in the East, leaving the Spanish confined to coastal cities there. 1898 15 February The battleship USS Maine explodes and sinks while anchored in Havana harbor. 10 December The Treaty of Paris between Spain and the U.S. ends the Spanish–American War. Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba. 1899 1 January The Spanish colonial government withdraws and the last captain General Alfonso Jimenez Castellano hands over power to the North American Military Governor, General John Ruller Brooke. 23 December Leonard Wood becomes U.S. Provisional Governor of Cuba. 19th century Year Date Event 1901 5 March The U.S. Platt Amendment stipulates the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops. 12 June The Constitutional Convention adopts the 1901 Constitution in its final form, including the provisions of the Platt Amendment. 1902 20 May The Cuban Republic is established under the 1901 Constitution. Tomás Estrada Palma takes office as president. 1906 29 September Under attack from defeated political rivals, President Tomás Estrada Palma seeks U.S. intervention and U.S. troops reoccupy Cuba under Provisional Governor William Howard Taft. 13 October Charles Magoon becomes Provisional Governor of Cuba 1909 28 January U.S. occupation ends. José Miguel Gómez of the Liberal Party becomes president. 1912 May–June The Gómez government suppresses the Negro Rebellion, a revolt on the part of Afro-Cubans. 1913 20 May The presidency of Mario García Menocal begins. 1917 7 April Cuba enters World War I on the side of the Allies. Upon Menocal's reelection, José Miguel Gómez and other Liberals launch a revolt known as the Chambelona War. The U.S. intervenes on behalf of Menocal's government. 1921 20 May Alfredo Zayas becomes president. 1925 23 March By the Hay-Quesada Treaty, the U.S. recognizes Cuban sovereignty over the Isle of Pines. 20 May Gerardo Machado becomes president. 1926 13 August Fidel Castro is born in the province of Holguín. 1928 10 January Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the Communist Party in Cuba, is murdered in Mexico. 14 June Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, is born in Rosario, Argentina. 1931 10 August Old Mambi warriors Carlos Mendieta and Mario García Menocal land forces at Rio Verde in an attempt to overthrow Gerardo Machado. They are defeated by 14 August in military operations that include the first use of military aviation in Cuba. 1933 12 August Gerardo Machado is forced to leave Cuba in the face of violent opposition on the part of ABC and Antonio Guiteras Holmes, a general strike, and pressure from senior officers of Cuban Armed Forces and U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles. A provisional government is established, with Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as president. 4 September A group of military officers that includes Fulgencio Batista launches the Sergeants' Revolt and topples the provisional government. 5 September The five-day, five-man coalition government called the Pentarchy of 1933 lasted through Sept. 9. 10 September Ramón Grau (one of the pentarchy) becomes president and continues the One Hundred Days Government. 2 October Enlisted men and sergeants loyal to Batista, joined by radical elements, force Army Officers from the Hotel Nacional in heavy fighting. 9 November Blas Hernández, his followers, and some ABC members make a stand in old Atarés Castle. They are defeated by Batista loyalists. Hernández surrenders and is murdered. 1934 January 16 The One Hundred Days Government ends; Carlos Hevia serves briefly as president. January 18 Manuel Márquez Sterling is president for a few hours, followed by Carlos Mendieta. 16 June ABC holds a demonstration at the Havana festival and its march is attacked by radical forces, including those of Antonio Guiteras. 1935 8 May Leading radical Antonio Guiteras is betrayed and dies fighting Batista forces. 1938 September The Communist party is legalized again. 1940 10 October The 1940 Constitution, signed by the members of the Constitutional Assembly on 1 July, takes effect. It is suspended in 1952. 1941 9–11 December Cuba declares war on Japan, Germany, and Italy. 1943 The Soviet Union opens an embassy in Havana. Its first ambassador is Andrei Gromyko. 1951 5 August Eduardo Chibás, leader of the Ortodoxo party and mentor of Fidel Castro, commits suicide during a live radio broadcast. 1952 10 March Former president Batista, supported by the army, seizes power once more. 1953 26 July Some 160 revolutionaries under the command of Fidel Castro launch an attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba. 16 October On trial for his role in the attack on the Moncada barracks, Fidel Castro defends himself with a speech later published as "History Will Absolve Me". 1954 September Che Guevara arrives in Mexico City. November Batista dissolves parliament and is elected constitutional president unopposed. 1955 May Batista issues an amnesty that frees Fidel and other members of his movement from prison. June Brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro are introduced to Che Guevara in Mexico City. 1956 29 April Autentico Assault on Goicuria Barracks in Matanzas fails. Ex-president Prío exiled to Miami. November The yacht Granma sets out from Mexico to Cuba with 82 men on board, including Raúl Castro, Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos. 2 December The Granma lands in Oriente Province. 1957 17 January Castro's guerrillas score their first success by sacking an army outpost on the south coast, and start gaining followers in both Cuba and abroad. 13 March University students mount an attack on the Presidential Palace in Havana. Batista forewarned. Attackers mostly killed, others flee and are betrayed. 28 May Castro's 26 July movement, reinforced by militia led by Frank Pais, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero. 19 July Calixto Sánchez White leads a landing from the boat Corinthia at Cabonico in north Oriente of Auténtico and are defeated. 30 July Local police kill Frank País, a leader of the 26 July movement, in the streets of Santiago de Cuba. 5 September Forces loyal to Batista crush a naval revolt at Cayo Loco Naval Base in Cienfuegos. 1958 February Raúl Castro takes leadership of about 500 pre-existing Escopeteros guerrillas and opens a front in the Sierra de Cristal on Oriente's north coast. 13 March U.S. suspends shipments of arms to Batista's forces. 17 March Castro calls for a general revolt. 9 April A general strike, organized by the 26 July movement, is partially observed. May Batista sends an army of 10,000 into the Sierra Maestra to destroy Castro's 300 armed guerrillas and their supporters. By August, the rebels had defeated the army's advance and captured a huge amount of weaponry. 20–30 November Thirty key positions at Guisa are taken. In the following month most cities in Oriente fall to rebel hands. December Guevara, William Alexander Morgan, and forces of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, an organization of university students, attack Santa Clara. 28 December Rebel forces take Santa Clara. 31 December Camilo Cienfuegos leads revolutionary guerrillas to victory in Yaguajay; Huber Matos enters Santiago. 1959 1 January President Batista resigns and flees the country. Fidel Castro's column enters Santiago de Cuba. Raul Castro starts mass executions of captured military. Various urban rebels, mainly associated with Directorio, seize Havana 2 January Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos arrive in Havana. 5 January Manuel Urrutia named President of Cuba 8 January Fidel Castro arrives at Havana, speaks to crowds at Camp Columbia. 16 February Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba. March Fabio Grobart is present at a series of meetings with Castro brothers, Guevara and Valdes at Cojimar 20 April Fidel Castro speaks at Princeton University, New Jersey. Dr. Castro's Princeton Visit , 20–21 April 1959 by Thomas E. Bogenschild 17 May The Cuban government enacts the Agrarian Reform Law which limits land ranches or less if other agricultural land, no payment is made. 17 July Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado becomes President of Cuba, replacing Manuel Urrutia forced to resign by Fidel Castro. Dorticós serves until 2 December 1976 28 October Plane carrying Camilo Cienfuegos disappears during a night flight from Camagüey to Havana. He is presumed dead. 11 December Trial of revolutionary Huber Matos begins. Matos is found guilty of "treason and sedition". 1960 4 March The French freighter La Coubre explodes while unloading in Havana harbor, and Fidel Castro calls it sabotage by the U.S. on 5 March. 17 March U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower orders CIA director Allen Dulles to train Cuban exiles for a covert invasion of Cuba. 6 April U.S. Secretary of State Lester Mallory outlines objectives of embargo in a memo: "...inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government". 5 July All U.S. businesses and commercial property in Cuba is nationalized at the direction of the Cuban government. 19 October U.S. imposes embargo prohibiting all exports to Cuba except foodstuffs and medical supplies. 31 October Nationalization of all U.S. property is completed. 26 December Operation Peter Pan (Operación Pedro Pan) begins, an operation transporting 14,000 children of parents opposed to the new government. The scheme continues until U.S. airports are closed to Cuban flights during 1962. 1961 US Trade embargo on Cuba. 1 January Cuban government initiates national literacy scheme. March Former rebel comandante Humberto Sorí Marin and Catholic leaders shot. 15 April Bay of Pigs invasion. 18 April Nikita Khrushchev writes to John F. Kennedy to end U.S. aggression against Cuba. 1962 31 January Cuba expelled from the Organization of American States. 17 August Central Intelligence Agency Director John McCone suggests that the Soviet Union is constructing offensive missile installations in Cuba. 29 August At a news conference, U.S. President John F. Kennedy tells reporters: "I'm not for invading Cuba at this time... an action like that... could lead to very serious consequences for many people." 31 August President Kennedy is informed that the 29 August U-2 mission confirms the presence of surface-to-air missile batteries in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis 16 October McGeorge Bundy informs President Kennedy that evidence shows Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy immediately gathers a group that becomes known as "ExComm", the Executive Committee of the National Security Council. 22 October President Kennedy addresses the nation on television, announcing a blockade on arms shipments to Cuba. 23 October U.S. establishes air and sea blockade in response to photographs of Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba. U.S. threatens to invade Cuba if the bases are not dismantled and warns that a nuclear attack launched from Cuba would be considered a Soviet attack requiring full retaliation. 28 October Khrushchev agrees to remove offensive weapons from Cuba and the U.S. agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and promises not to invade Cuba. 1962 21 November U.S. ends Cuban blockade, satisfied that all bases are removed and Soviet jets will leave the island by 20 December. 1963 October 2nd Agrarian reform. November Compulsory military service introduced. 1964 OAS enforce embargo against Cuba. 1965 3 October The Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) become the governing Communist Party of Cuba. 28 September Fidel announces Cubans can emigrate, which launches the Camarioca boatlift and airlift. 1967 9 October Che Guevara executed in La Higuera, Bolivia. 1968 March All private bars and restaurants are finally closed down. 1972 Cuba becomes a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). 1974 Maternity leave bill introduced by the Cuban government. 1975 The Soviet Union engages in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. The Family Code bill establishes the official goal of equal participation in the home. July OAS lifts the trade embargo and other sanctions. 1976 March South African forces backing the UNITA rebel force withdraw from Angola. It is regarded as a victory for Cuban forces. 15 February A referendum endorses the 1976 Constitution, which institutionalizes the principles of the Cuban Revolution. It takes effect of 24 February. 6 October Two time bombs destroy Cubana Flight 455 departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. Evidence implicated several CIA-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP. 2 December Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba. 1977 1 January Political and administrative division divides Cuba into fourteen provinces, 168 municipalities and the special municipality of Isla de la Juventud. May Fifty Cuban military personnel sent to Ethiopia. 1979 21 October Huber Matos is released from prison after serving out his full term. 1980 April–October The Mariel Boatlift. Cuban authorities allow up to 125,000 people to depart Cuba by boat from Mariel harbor for the U.S. The Cuban and U.S. governments agree to halt the exodus in October. 7 June U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders the U.S. Justice Department to expel any Cubans who committed "serious crimes" in Cuba. 1983 25 October United States invades the island of Grenada and clash with Cuban troops. 1984 Cuba reduces its troop strength in Ethiopia to approximately 3,000 from 12,000. 1987 Law #62 on the Penal Code introduced recognising discrimination based on any reason and the violation of the right of equality as a crime. 1989 12 July Prominent general in the Cuban armed forces Arnaldo Ochoa is executed after allegations of involvement in drug smuggling. 17 September The last Cuban troops leave Ethiopia. 1990 23 March The U.S. launches TV Marti. 1991 May Cuba removed all troops from Angola. 26 December The Soviet Union formally dissolved ended the Cold War which meant the loss of full economic and military aid to Cuba, causing a negative impact on the Cuban economy. 1992 July The National Assembly of Cuba passes the Constitutional Reform Law allowing for direct elections to the assembly by the Cuban people every five years.Cuba : Elections and Events 1990–2001 1993 6 November The Cuban government opens state enterprises to private investment. 1996 February Cuban authorities arrest or detain at least 150 dissidents, marking the most widespread crackdown on opposition groups since the early 1960s. 24 February Cuban fighter jets shoot down two US-registered civilian aircraft over international waters, killing four men. 12 March In the U.S., the Helms-Burton Act extends the U.S. embargo against Cuba to foreign companies. 1998 21 January Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit the island. 1999 Christian anti-abortion activist Oscar Elías Biscet is detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings in Havana and Matanzas. 5 November Six-year/old Elián González is found clinging to an inner tube in the Straits of Florida. 2000 14 December Russian President Vladimir Putin visits Cuba and signs accords aimed at boosting bilateral ties. 20st century 2001 23 June Fidel Castro almost faints following a televised speech. 2002 January Russia's last military base in Cuba, at Lourdes, closes. 6 May U.S. Under Secretary of State John R. Bolton accuses Cuba of trying to develop biological weapons, adding the country to Washington's list of "axis of evil" countries. 12 May Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter visits Cuba. He praises the Varela project and criticizes the U.S. embargo. 2003 April The Cuban government arrests 78 writers and dissidents, blaming U.S. provocation and interference from James Cason, the chief of the United States Interests Section in Havana. 2005 20 May Around 200 dissidents hold a public meeting, which its organizers call the first such gathering since the 1959 revolution. 7 July Hurricane Dennis causes widespread destruction in Cuba and leaves 16 people dead. 2006 31 July Raúl Castro assumes the duties of president of Cuba while Fidel Castro recovers from an emergency operation. 2008 19 February Fidel Castro resigns as President of Cuba. 24 February Raúl is elected President by the National Assembly. 2014 17 December U.S. President Barack Obama and Raúl Castro re-establish diplomatic ties between the two countries. 2016 20 March U.S. President Barack Obama begins a three-day visit to Cuba. 2016 25 November The death of Fidel Castro is announced. "The commander in chief of the Cuban revolution died at 22:29 hours this evening [03:29 GMT 25 November]."

15th century Year Date Event 1492 27 October Christopher Columbus arrives in Cuba and claims the island for Spain. 16th century Year Date Event 1508 Sebastián de Ocampo circumnavigates Cuba, confirming that it is an island. 1510 Spanish set out from Hispaniola. The conquest of Cuba begins. 1511 The first governor of Cuba, the Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar leads a group of settlers in Baracoa. 1512 Indigenous Cuban resistance leader Hatuey is burned at the stake. 1514 Havana founded as San Cristóbal de la Habana. 1523 Emperor Charles V authorizes 4,000 gold pesos for the construction of cotton mills. 1527 The first African slaves arrive in Cuba. 1532 The first slave rebellion is crushed. 1537 A French fleet briefly occupies Havana. French corsairs blockade Santiago de Cuba. 1542 The Spanish crown abandons the encomienda colonial land settlement system. 1553 The Governor of Cuba relocates to Havana. 1555 French campaign against the Sudan usam 1578 French corsairs plunder Baracoa. 1586 The English privateer Francis Drake lands at Cape San Antonio but does not attack. 1597 Construction of the Morro Castle fortress is completed above the eastern entrance to Havana harbor. 17th century Year Date Event 1603 Authorities decree that the sale of tobacco to foreigners is punishable by death. 1607 Havana is named capital of Cuba. 1628 A Dutch fleet led by Piet Heyn plunders the Spanish fleet in Havana harbor. 1649 An epidemic of yellow fever kills a third of the island's European population.C Cumo.The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History Page 356 URL 1662 An English fleet captained by Christopher Myngs captures Santiago de Cuba to open up trade with Jamaica. 1670 The English withdraw after Spain recognises England's ownership of Jamaica. becomes Governor of Cuba. He serves for ten years. 18th century Year Date Event 1728 The University of Havana is founded. 1734 begins a 12-year tenure as Governor of Cuba. 1741 British Admiral Edward Vernon briefly captures Guantánamo Bay, renaming it Cumberland Bay, during the War of Jenkins' Ear. His troops withdraw after being decimated by fevers and raids from Spanish troops. 1747 Francisco Antonio Cagigal de la Vega begins a 13-year tenure as Governor of Cuba. 1748 Construction of Havana cathedral is completed. 12 October Battle of Havana. Skirmishes between British and Spanish fleets end indecisively on a strategic level. 1762 5 March A massive British expedition leaves Portsmouth to capture Havana. 30 July British troops capture Havana during the Seven Years' War. 1763 British troops suffer atrocious losses to disease. They cede Cuba to Spain in the Treaty of Paris. 1793 Some 30,000 French refugees from a slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which becomes the Haitian revolution, arrive in Cuba. 1799 Salvador de Muro y Salazar becomes Governor of Cuba 1799–1812. 19th century Year Date Event 1812 Juan Ruíz de Apodaca becomes governor of Cuba 1812–17. 1819 22 April Settlers from Bordeaux and Louisiana found the first European settlement at Cienfuegos. 1843 Leopoldo O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan becomes governor of Cuba 1843–48. 1844 Known as the Year of the Lash, when an uprising of black slaves was brutally suppressed. 1851 The filibustering Lopez Expedition was defeated by Spanish authorities. 1853 28 January José Martí is born in Havana. 1868 The first war of Cuban independence, also known as the Ten Years' War, begins. It lasts until 1878. 10 October Revolutionaries under the leadership of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes proclaim Cuban independence. 1869 10 April An assembly of rebels against Spanish rule adopts the Guáimaro Constitution, which remains nominally in effect until the end of the Ten Years' War. 1878 10 February The Pact of Zanjón, promising the end of slavery in Cuba, ends the Ten Years' War. 1879 August A second uprising ("The Little War"), engineered by Antonio Maceo and Calixto García, begins. It is quelled by superior Spanish forces in the autumn of 1880. 1886 October 7th Slavery is abolished in Cuba. 1895 23 February The Cuban revolution is relaunched under the leadership of José Martí and General Máximo Gómez y Báez. 19 May José Martí is killed by Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos. September Spanish Captain-General Arsenio Martínez Campos is defeated at Peralejo and leaves Cuba in January 1887. 1896 Cuban rebels led by Antonio Maceo and Maximo Gomez execute a successful invasion along the length of the island. Maceo is killed by Spanish forces in December. 1897 Calixto Garcia takes a series of strategic fort complexes in the East, leaving the Spanish confined to coastal cities there. 1898 15 February The battleship USS Maine explodes and sinks while anchored in Havana harbor. 10 December The Treaty of Paris between Spain and the U.S. ends the Spanish–American War. Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba. 1899 1 January The Spanish colonial government withdraws and the last captain General Alfonso Jimenez Castellano hands over power to the North American Military Governor, General John Ruller Brooke. 23 December Leonard Wood becomes U.S. Provisional Governor of Cuba. 20th century Year Date Event 1901 5 March The U.S. Platt Amendment stipulates the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops. 12 June The Constitutional Convention adopts the 1901 Constitution in its final form, including the provisions of the Platt Amendment. 1902 20 May The Cuban Republic is established under the 1901 Constitution. Tomás Estrada Palma takes office as president. 1906 29 September Under attack from defeated political rivals, President Tomás Estrada Palma seeks U.S. intervention and U.S. troops reoccupy Cuba under Provisional Governor William Howard Taft. 13 October Charles Magoon becomes Provisional Governor of Cuba 1909 28 January U.S. occupation ends. José Miguel Gómez of the Liberal Party becomes president. 1912 May–June The Gómez government suppresses the Negro Rebellion, a revolt on the part of Afro-Cubans. 1913 20 May The presidency of Mario García Menocal begins. 1917 7 April Cuba enters World War I on the side of the Allies. Upon Menocal's reelection, José Miguel Gómez and other Liberals launch a revolt known as the Chambelona War. The U.S. intervenes on behalf of Menocal's government. 1921 20 May Alfredo Zayas becomes president. 1925 23 March By the Hay-Quesada Treaty, the U.S. recognizes Cuban sovereignty over the Isle of Pines. 20 May Gerardo Machado becomes president. 1926 13 August Fidel Castro is born in the province of Holguín. 1928 10 January Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the Communist Party in Cuba, is murdered in Mexico. 14 June Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, is born in Rosario, Argentina. 1931 10 August Old Mambi warriors Carlos Mendieta and Mario García Menocal land forces at Rio Verde in an attempt to overthrow Gerardo Machado. They are defeated by 14 August in military operations that include the first use of military aviation in Cuba. 1933 12 August Gerardo Machado is forced to leave Cuba in the face of violent opposition on the part of ABC and Antonio Guiteras Holmes, a general strike, and pressure from senior officers of Cuban Armed Forces and U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles. A provisional government is established, with Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as president. 4 September A group of military officers that includes Fulgencio Batista launches the Sergeants' Revolt and topples the provisional government. 5 September The five-day, five-man coalition government called the Pentarchy of 1933 lasted through Sept. 9. 10 September Ramón Grau (one of the pentarchy) becomes president and continues the One Hundred Days Government. 2 October Enlisted men and sergeants loyal to Batista, joined by radical elements, force Army Officers from the Hotel Nacional in heavy fighting. 9 November Blas Hernández, his followers, and some ABC members make a stand in old Atarés Castle. They are defeated by Batista loyalists. Hernández surrenders and is murdered. 1934 January 16 The One Hundred Days Government ends; Carlos Hevia serves briefly as president. January 18 Manuel Márquez Sterling is president for a few hours, followed by Carlos Mendieta. 16 June ABC holds a demonstration at the Havana festival and its march is attacked by radical forces, including those of Antonio Guiteras. 1935 8 May Leading radical Antonio Guiteras is betrayed and dies fighting Batista forces. 1938 September The Communist party is legalized again. 1940 10 October The 1940 Constitution, signed by the members of the Constitutional Assembly on 1 July, takes effect. It is suspended in 1952. 1941 9–11 December Cuba declares war on Japan, Germany, and Italy. 1943 The Soviet Union opens an embassy in Havana. Its first ambassador is Andrei Gromyko. 1951 5 August Eduardo Chibás, leader of the Ortodoxo party and mentor of Fidel Castro, commits suicide during a live radio broadcast. 1952 10 March Former president Batista, supported by the army, seizes power once more. 1953 26 July Some 160 revolutionaries under the command of Fidel Castro launch an attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba. 16 October On trial for his role in the attack on the Moncada barracks, Fidel Castro defends himself with a speech later published as "History Will Absolve Me". 1954 September Che Guevara arrives in Mexico City. November Batista dissolves parliament and is elected constitutional president unopposed. 1955 May Batista issues an amnesty that frees Fidel and other members of his movement from prison. June Brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro are introduced to Che Guevara in Mexico City. 1956 29 April Autentico Assault on Goicuria Barracks in Matanzas fails. Ex-president Prío exiled to Miami. November The yacht Granma sets out from Mexico to Cuba with 82 men on board, including Raúl Castro, Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos. 2 December The Granma lands in Oriente Province. 1957 17 January Castro's guerrillas score their first success by sacking an army outpost on the south coast, and start gaining followers in both Cuba and abroad. 13 March University students mount an attack on the Presidential Palace in Havana. Batista forewarned. Attackers mostly killed, others flee and are betrayed. 28 May Castro's 26 July movement, reinforced by militia led by Frank Pais, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero. 19 July Calixto Sánchez White leads a landing from the boat Corinthia at Cabonico in north Oriente of Auténtico and are defeated. 30 July Local police kill Frank País, a leader of the 26 July movement, in the streets of Santiago de Cuba. 5 September Forces loyal to Batista crush a naval revolt at Cayo Loco Naval Base in Cienfuegos. 1958 February Raúl Castro takes leadership of about 500 pre-existing Escopeteros guerrillas and opens a front in the Sierra de Cristal on Oriente's north coast. 13 March U.S. suspends shipments of arms to Batista's forces. 17 March Castro calls for a general revolt. 9 April A general strike, organized by the 26 July movement, is partially observed. May Batista sends an army of 10,000 into the Sierra Maestra to destroy Castro's 300 armed guerrillas and their supporters. By August, the rebels had defeated the army's advance and captured a huge amount of weaponry. 20–30 November Thirty key positions at Guisa are taken. In the following month most cities in Oriente fall to rebel hands. December Guevara, William Alexander Morgan, and forces of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, an organization of university students, attack Santa Clara. 28 December Rebel forces take Santa Clara. 31 December Camilo Cienfuegos leads revolutionary guerrillas to victory in Yaguajay; Huber Matos enters Santiago. 1959 1 January President Batista resigns and flees the country. Fidel Castro's column enters Santiago de Cuba. Raul Castro starts mass executions of captured military. Various urban rebels, mainly associated with Directorio, seize Havana 2 January Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos arrive in Havana. 5 January Manuel Urrutia named President of Cuba 8 January Fidel Castro arrives at Havana, speaks to crowds at Camp Columbia. 16 February Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba. March Fabio Grobart is present at a series of meetings with Castro brothers, Guevara and Valdes at Cojimar 20 April Fidel Castro speaks at Princeton University, New Jersey. Dr. Castro's Princeton Visit , 20–21 April 1959 by Thomas E. Bogenschild 17 May The Cuban government enacts the Agrarian Reform Law which limits land ranches or less if other agricultural land, no payment is made. 17 July Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado becomes President of Cuba, replacing Manuel Urrutia forced to resign by Fidel Castro. Dorticós serves until 2 December 1976 28 October Plane carrying Camilo Cienfuegos disappears during a night flight from Camagüey to Havana. He is presumed dead. 11 December Trial of revolutionary Huber Matos begins. Matos is found guilty of "treason and sedition". 1960 4 March The French freighter La Coubre explodes while unloading in Havana harbor, and Fidel Castro calls it sabotage by the U.S. on 5 March. 17 March U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower orders CIA director Allen Dulles to train Cuban exiles for a covert invasion of Cuba. 6 April U.S. Secretary of State Lester Mallory outlines objectives of embargo in a memo: "...inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government". 5 July All U.S. businesses and commercial property in Cuba is nationalized at the direction of the Cuban government. 19 October U.S. imposes embargo prohibiting all exports to Cuba except foodstuffs and medical supplies. 31 October Nationalization of all U.S. property is completed. 26 December Operation Peter Pan (Operación Pedro Pan) begins, an operation transporting 14,000 children of parents opposed to the new government. The scheme continues until U.S. airports are closed to Cuban flights during 1962. 1961 US Trade embargo on Cuba. 1 January Cuban government initiates national literacy scheme. March Former rebel comandante Humberto Sorí Marin and Catholic leaders shot. 15 April Bay of Pigs invasion. 18 April Nikita Khrushchev writes to John F. Kennedy to end U.S. aggression against Cuba. 1962 31 January Cuba expelled from the Organization of American States. 17 August Central Intelligence Agency Director John McCone suggests that the Soviet Union is constructing offensive missile installations in Cuba. 29 August At a news conference, U.S. President John F. Kennedy tells reporters: "I'm not for invading Cuba at this time... an action like that... could lead to very serious consequences for many people." 31 August President Kennedy is informed that the 29 August U-2 mission confirms the presence of surface-to-air missile batteries in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis 16 October McGeorge Bundy informs President Kennedy that evidence shows Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy immediately gathers a group that becomes known as "ExComm", the Executive Committee of the National Security Council. 22 October President Kennedy addresses the nation on television, announcing a blockade on arms shipments to Cuba. 23 October U.S. establishes air and sea blockade in response to photographs of Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba. U.S. threatens to invade Cuba if the bases are not dismantled and warns that a nuclear attack launched from Cuba would be considered a Soviet attack requiring full retaliation. 28 October Khrushchev agrees to remove offensive weapons from Cuba and the U.S. agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and promises not to invade Cuba. 1962 21 November U.S. ends Cuban blockade, satisfied that all bases are removed and Soviet jets will leave the island by 20 December. 1963 October 2nd Agrarian reform. November Compulsory military service introduced. 1964 OAS enforce embargo against Cuba. 1965 3 October The Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) become the governing Communist Party of Cuba. 28 September Fidel announces Cubans can emigrate, which launches the Camarioca boatlift and airlift. 1967 9 October Che Guevara executed in La Higuera, Bolivia. 1968 March All private bars and restaurants are finally closed down. 1972 Cuba becomes a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). 1974 Maternity leave bill introduced by the Cuban government. 1975 The Soviet Union engages in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. The Family Code bill establishes the official goal of equal participation in the home. July OAS lifts the trade embargo and other sanctions. 1976 March South African forces backing the UNITA rebel force withdraw from Angola. It is regarded as a victory for Cuban forces. 15 February A referendum endorses the 1976 Constitution, which institutionalizes the principles of the Cuban Revolution. It takes effect of 24 February. 6 October Two time bombs destroy Cubana Flight 455 departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. Evidence implicated several CIA-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP. 2 December Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba. 1977 1 January Political and administrative division divides Cuba into fourteen provinces, 168 municipalities and the special municipality of Isla de la Juventud. May Fifty Cuban military personnel sent to Ethiopia. 1979 21 October Huber Matos is released from prison after serving out his full term. 1980 April–October The Mariel Boatlift. Cuban authorities allow up to 125,000 people to depart Cuba by boat from Mariel harbor for the U.S. The Cuban and U.S. governments agree to halt the exodus in October. 7 June U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders the U.S. Justice Department to expel any Cubans who committed "serious crimes" in Cuba. 1983 25 October United States invades the island of Grenada and clash with Cuban troops. 1984 Cuba reduces its troop strength in Ethiopia to approximately 3,000 from 12,000. 1987 Law #62 on the Penal Code introduced recognising discrimination based on any reason and the violation of the right of equality as a crime. 1989 12 July Prominent general in the Cuban armed forces Arnaldo Ochoa is executed after allegations of involvement in drug smuggling. 17 September The last Cuban troops leave Ethiopia. 1990 23 March The U.S. launches TV Marti. 1991 May Cuba removed all troops from Angola. 26 December The Soviet Union formally dissolved ended the Cold War which meant the loss of full economic and military aid to Cuba, causing a negative impact on the Cuban economy. 1992 July The National Assembly of Cuba passes the Constitutional Reform Law allowing for direct elections to the assembly by the Cuban people every five years.Cuba : Elections and Events 1990–2001 1993 6 November The Cuban government opens state enterprises to private investment. 1996 February Cuban authorities arrest or detain at least 150 dissidents, marking the most widespread crackdown on opposition groups since the early 1960s. 24 February Cuban fighter jets shoot down two US-registered civilian aircraft over international waters, killing four men. 12 March In the U.S., the Helms-Burton Act extends the U.S. embargo against Cuba to foreign companies. 1998 21 January Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit the island. 1999 Christian anti-abortion activist Oscar Elías Biscet is detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings in Havana and Matanzas. 5 November Six-year/old Elián González is found clinging to an inner tube in the Straits of Florida. 2000 14 December Russian President Vladimir Putin visits Cuba and signs accords aimed at boosting bilateral ties. 21st century 2001 23 June Fidel Castro almost faints following a televised speech. 2002 January Russia's last military base in Cuba, at Lourdes, closes. 6 May U.S. Under Secretary of State John R. Bolton accuses Cuba of trying to develop biological weapons, adding the country to Washington's list of "axis of evil" countries. 12 May Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter visits Cuba. He praises the Varela project and criticizes the U.S. embargo. 2003 April The Cuban government arrests 78 writers and dissidents, blaming U.S. provocation and interference from James Cason, the chief of the United States Interests Section in Havana. 2005 20 May Around 200 dissidents hold a public meeting, which its organizers call the first such gathering since the 1959 revolution. 7 July Hurricane Dennis causes widespread destruction in Cuba and leaves 16 people dead. 2006 31 July Raúl Castro assumes the duties of president of Cuba while Fidel Castro recovers from an emergency operation. 2008 19 February Fidel Castro resigns as President of Cuba. 24 February Raúl is elected President by the National Assembly. 2014 17 December U.S. President Barack Obama and Raúl Castro re-establish diplomatic ties between the two countries. 2016 20 March U.S. President Barack Obama begins a three-day visit to Cuba. 2016 25 November The death of Fidel Castro is announced. "The commander in chief of the Cuban revolution died at 22:29 hours this evening [03:29 GMT 25 November]."

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20th century Year Date Event 1901 5 March The U.S. Platt Amendment stipulates the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops. 12 June The Constitutional Convention adopts the 1901 Constitution in its final form, including the provisions of the Platt Amendment. 1902 20 May The Cuban Republic is established under the 1901 Constitution. Tomás Estrada Palma takes office as president. 1906 29 September Under attack from defeated political rivals, President Tomás Estrada Palma seeks U.S. intervention and U.S. troops reoccupy Cuba under Provisional Governor William Howard Taft. 13 October Charles Magoon becomes Provisional Governor of Cuba 1909 28 January U.S. occupation ends. José Miguel Gómez of the Liberal Party becomes president. 1912 May–June The Gómez government suppresses the Negro Rebellion, a revolt on the part of Afro-Cubans. 1913 20 May The presidency of Mario García Menocal begins. 1917 7 April Cuba enters World War I on the side of the Allies. Upon Menocal's reelection, José Miguel Gómez and other Liberals launch a revolt known as the Chambelona War. The U.S. intervenes on behalf of Menocal's government. 1921 20 May Alfredo Zayas becomes president. 1925 23 March By the Hay-Quesada Treaty, the U.S. recognizes Cuban sovereignty over the Isle of Pines. 20 May Gerardo Machado becomes president. 1926 13 August Fidel Castro is born in the province of Holguín. 1928 10 January Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the Communist Party in Cuba, is murdered in Mexico. 14 June Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, is born in Rosario, Argentina. 1931 10 August Old Mambi warriors Carlos Mendieta and Mario García Menocal land forces at Rio Verde in an attempt to overthrow Gerardo Machado. They are defeated by 14 August in military operations that include the first use of military aviation in Cuba. 1933 12 August Gerardo Machado is forced to leave Cuba in the face of violent opposition on the part of ABC and Antonio Guiteras Holmes, a general strike, and pressure from senior officers of Cuban Armed Forces and U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles. A provisional government is established, with Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as president. 4 September A group of military officers that includes Fulgencio Batista launches the Sergeants' Revolt and topples the provisional government. 5 September The five-day, five-man coalition government called the Pentarchy of 1933 lasted through Sept. 9. 10 September Ramón Grau (one of the pentarchy) becomes president and continues the One Hundred Days Government. 2 October Enlisted men and sergeants loyal to Batista, joined by radical elements, force Army Officers from the Hotel Nacional in heavy fighting. 9 November Blas Hernández, his followers, and some ABC members make a stand in old Atarés Castle. They are defeated by Batista loyalists. Hernández surrenders and is murdered. 1934 January 16 The One Hundred Days Government ends; Carlos Hevia serves briefly as president. January 18 Manuel Márquez Sterling is president for a few hours, followed by Carlos Mendieta. 16 June ABC holds a demonstration at the Havana festival and its march is attacked by radical forces, including those of Antonio Guiteras. 1935 8 May Leading radical Antonio Guiteras is betrayed and dies fighting Batista forces. 1938 September The Communist party is legalized again. 1940 10 October The 1940 Constitution, signed by the members of the Constitutional Assembly on 1 July, takes effect. It is suspended in 1952. 1941 9–11 December Cuba declares war on Japan, Germany, and Italy. 1943 The Soviet Union opens an embassy in Havana. Its first ambassador is Andrei Gromyko. 1951 5 August Eduardo Chibás, leader of the Ortodoxo party and mentor of Fidel Castro, commits suicide during a live radio broadcast. 1952 10 March Former president Batista, supported by the army, seizes power once more. 1953 26 July Some 160 revolutionaries under the command of Fidel Castro launch an attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba. 16 October On trial for his role in the attack on the Moncada barracks, Fidel Castro defends himself with a speech later published as "History Will Absolve Me". 1954 September Che Guevara arrives in Mexico City. November Batista dissolves parliament and is elected constitutional president unopposed. 1955 May Batista issues an amnesty that frees Fidel and other members of his movement from prison. June Brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro are introduced to Che Guevara in Mexico City. 1956 29 April Autentico Assault on Goicuria Barracks in Matanzas fails. Ex-president Prío exiled to Miami. November The yacht Granma sets out from Mexico to Cuba with 82 men on board, including Raúl Castro, Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos. 2 December The Granma lands in Oriente Province. 1957 17 January Castro's guerrillas score their first success by sacking an army outpost on the south coast, and start gaining followers in both Cuba and abroad. 13 March University students mount an attack on the Presidential Palace in Havana. Batista forewarned. Attackers mostly killed, others flee and are betrayed. 28 May Castro's 26 July movement, reinforced by militia led by Frank Pais, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero. 19 July Calixto Sánchez White leads a landing from the boat Corinthia at Cabonico in north Oriente of Auténtico and are defeated. 30 July Local police kill Frank País, a leader of the 26 July movement, in the streets of Santiago de Cuba. 5 September Forces loyal to Batista crush a naval revolt at Cayo Loco Naval Base in Cienfuegos. 1958 February Raúl Castro takes leadership of about 500 pre-existing Escopeteros guerrillas and opens a front in the Sierra de Cristal on Oriente's north coast. 13 March U.S. suspends shipments of arms to Batista's forces. 17 March Castro calls for a general revolt. 9 April A general strike, organized by the 26 July movement, is partially observed. May Batista sends an army of 10,000 into the Sierra Maestra to destroy Castro's 300 armed guerrillas and their supporters. By August, the rebels had defeated the army's advance and captured a huge amount of weaponry. 20–30 November Thirty key positions at Guisa are taken. In the following month most cities in Oriente fall to rebel hands. December Guevara, William Alexander Morgan, and forces of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, an organization of university students, attack Santa Clara. 28 December Rebel forces take Santa Clara. 31 December Camilo Cienfuegos leads revolutionary guerrillas to victory in Yaguajay; Huber Matos enters Santiago. 1959 1 January President Batista resigns and flees the country. Fidel Castro's column enters Santiago de Cuba. Raul Castro starts mass executions of captured military. Various urban rebels, mainly associated with Directorio, seize Havana 2 January Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos arrive in Havana. 5 January Manuel Urrutia named President of Cuba 8 January Fidel Castro arrives at Havana, speaks to crowds at Camp Columbia. 16 February Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba. March Fabio Grobart is present at a series of meetings with Castro brothers, Guevara and Valdes at Cojimar 20 April Fidel Castro speaks at Princeton University, New Jersey. Dr. Castro's Princeton Visit , 20–21 April 1959 by Thomas E. Bogenschild 17 May The Cuban government enacts the Agrarian Reform Law, seizing large (mostly corporate and foreign) holdings of agricultural land and redistributing it to smaller land owners. The new holdings are limited to . 17 July Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado becomes President of Cuba, replacing Manuel Urrutia forced to resign by Fidel Castro. Dorticós serves until 2 December 1976 28 October Plane carrying Camilo Cienfuegos disappears during a night flight from Camagüey to Havana. He is presumed dead. 11 December Trial of revolutionary Huber Matos begins. Matos is found guilty of "treason and sedition". 1960 4 March The French freighter La Coubre explodes while unloading in Havana harbor, and Fidel Castro calls it sabotage by the U.S. on 5 March. 17 March U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower orders CIA director Allen Dulles to train Cuban exiles for a covert invasion of Cuba. 6 April U.S. Secretary of State Lester Mallory outlines objectives of embargo in a memo: "...inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government ". 5 July All U.S. businesses and commercial property in Cuba is nationalized at the direction of the Cuban government. 19 October U.S. imposes embargo prohibiting all exports to Cuba except foodstuffs and medical supplies. 31 October Nationalization of all U.S. property is completed. 26 December Operation Peter Pan (Operación Pedro Pan) begins, an operation transporting 14,000 children of parents opposed to the new government. The scheme continues until U.S. airports are closed to Cuban flights during 1962. 1961 US Trade embargo on Cuba. 1 January Cuban government initiates national literacy scheme. March Former rebel comandante Humberto Sorí Marin and Catholic leaders shot. 15 April Bay of Pigs invasion. 18 April Nikita Khrushchev writes to John F. Kennedy to end U.S. aggression against Cuba. 1962 31 January Cuba expelled from the Organization of American States. 17 August Central Intelligence Agency Director John McCone suggests that the Soviet Union is constructing offensive missile installations in Cuba. 29 August At a news conference, U.S. President John F. Kennedy tells reporters: "I'm not for invading Cuba at this time... an action like that... could lead to very serious consequences for many people." 31 August President Kennedy is informed that the 29 August U-2 mission confirms the presence of surface-to-air missile batteries in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis 16 October McGeorge Bundy informs President Kennedy that evidence shows Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy immediately gathers a group that becomes known as "ExComm ", the Executive Committee of the National Security Council. 22 October President Kennedy addresses the nation on television, announcing a blockade on arms shipments to Cuba. 23 October U.S. establishes air and sea blockade in response to photographs of Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba. U.S. threatens to invade Cuba if the bases are not dismantled and warns that a nuclear attack launched from Cuba would be considered a Soviet attack requiring full retaliation. 28 October Khrushchev agrees to remove offensive weapons from Cuba and the U.S. agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and promises not to invade Cuba. 1962 21 November U.S. ends Cuban blockade, satisfied that all bases are removed and Soviet jets will leave the island by 20 December. 1963 October 2nd Agrarian reform. November Compulsory military service introduced. 1964 OAS enforce embargo against Cuba. 1965 3 October The Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) become the governing Communist Party of Cuba. 28 September Fidel announces Cubans can emigrate, which launches the Camarioca boatlift and airlift. 1967 9 October Che Guevara executed in La Higuera, Bolivia. 1968 March All private bars and restaurants are finally closed down. 1972 Cuba becomes a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). 1974 Maternity leave bill introduced by the Cuban government. 1975 The Soviet Union engages in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. The Family Code bill establishes the official goal of equal participation in the home. July OAS lifts the trade embargo and other sanctions. 1976 March South African forces backing the UNITA rebel force withdraw from Angola. It is regarded as a victory for Cuban forces. 15 February A referendum endorses the 1976 Constitution, which institutionalizes the principles of the Cuban Revolution. It takes effect of 24 February. 6 October Two time bombs destroy Cubana Flight 455 departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. Evidence implicated several CIA-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP. 2 December Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba. 1977 1 January Political and administrative division divides Cuba into fourteen provinces, 168 municipalities and the special municipality of Isla de la Juventud. May Fifty Cuban military personnel sent to Ethiopia. 1979 21 October Huber Matos is released from prison after serving out his full term. 1980 April–October The Mariel Boatlift. Cuban authorities allow up to 125,000 people to depart Cuba by boat from Mariel harbor for the U.S. The Cuban and U.S. governments agree to halt the exodus in October. 7 June U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders the U.S. Justice Department to expel any Cubans who committed "serious crimes" in Cuba. 1983 25 October United States invades the island of Grenada and clash with Cuban troops. 1984 Cuba reduces its troop strength in Ethiopia to approximately 3,000 from 12,000. 1987 Law #62 on the Penal Code introduced recognising discrimination based on any reason and the violation of the right of equality as a crime. 1989 12 July Prominent general in the Cuban armed forces Arnaldo Ochoa is executed after allegations of involvement in drug smuggling. 17 September The last Cuban troops leave Ethiopia. 1990 23 March The U.S. launches TV Marti. 1991 May Cuba removed all troops from Angola. 26 December The Soviet Union formally dissolved ended the Cold War which meant the loss of full economic and military aid to Cuba, causing a negative impact on the Cuban economy. 1992 July The National Assembly of Cuba passes the Constitutional Reform Law allowing for direct elections to the assembly by the Cuban people every five years.Cuba : Elections and Events 1990–2001 1993 6 November The Cuban government opens state enterprises to private investment. 1996 February Cuban authorities arrest or detain at least 150 dissidents, marking the most widespread crackdown on opposition groups since the early 1960s. 24 February Cuban fighter jets shoot down two US-registered civilian aircraft over international waters, killing four men. 12 March In the U.S., the Helms-Burton Act extends the U.S. embargo against Cuba to foreign companies. 1998 21 January Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit the island. 1999 Christian anti-abortion activist Oscar Elías Biscet is detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings in Havana and Matanzas. 5 November Six-year/old Elián González is found clinging to an inner tube in the Straits of Florida. 2000 14 December Russian President Vladimir Putin visits Cuba and signs accords aimed at boosting bilateral ties.

20th century Year Date Event 1901 5 March The U.S. Platt Amendment stipulates the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops. 12 June The Constitutional Convention adopts the 1901 Constitution in its final form, including the provisions of the Platt Amendment. 1902 20 May The Cuban Republic is established under the 1901 Constitution. Tomás Estrada Palma takes office as president. 1906 29 September Under attack from defeated political rivals, President Tomás Estrada Palma seeks U.S. intervention and U.S. troops reoccupy Cuba under Provisional Governor William Howard Taft. 13 October Charles Magoon becomes Provisional Governor of Cuba 1909 28 January U.S. occupation ends. José Miguel Gómez of the Liberal Party becomes president. 1912 May–June The Gómez government suppresses the Negro Rebellion, a revolt on the part of Afro-Cubans. 1913 20 May The presidency of Mario García Menocal begins. 1917 7 April Cuba enters World War I on the side of the Allies. Upon Menocal's reelection, José Miguel Gómez and other Liberals launch a revolt known as the Chambelona War. The U.S. intervenes on behalf of Menocal's government. 1921 20 May Alfredo Zayas becomes president. 1925 23 March By the Hay-Quesada Treaty, the U.S. recognizes Cuban sovereignty over the Isle of Pines. 20 May Gerardo Machado becomes president. 1926 13 August Fidel Castro is born in the province of Holguín. 1928 10 January Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the Communist Party in Cuba, is murdered in Mexico. 14 June Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, is born in Rosario, Argentina. 1931 10 August Old Mambi warriors Carlos Mendieta and Mario García Menocal land forces at Rio Verde in an attempt to overthrow Gerardo Machado. They are defeated by 14 August in military operations that include the first use of military aviation in Cuba. 1933 12 August Gerardo Machado is forced to leave Cuba in the face of violent opposition on the part of ABC and Antonio Guiteras Holmes, a general strike, and pressure from senior officers of Cuban Armed Forces and U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles. A provisional government is established, with Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as president. 4 September A group of military officers that includes Fulgencio Batista launches the Sergeants' Revolt and topples the provisional government. 5 September The five-day, five-man coalition government called the Pentarchy of 1933 lasted through Sept. 9. 10 September Ramón Grau (one of the pentarchy) becomes president and continues the One Hundred Days Government. 2 October Enlisted men and sergeants loyal to Batista, joined by radical elements, force Army Officers from the Hotel Nacional in heavy fighting. 9 November Blas Hernández, his followers, and some ABC members make a stand in old Atarés Castle. They are defeated by Batista loyalists. Hernández surrenders and is murdered. 1934 January 16 The One Hundred Days Government ends; Carlos Hevia serves briefly as president. January 18 Manuel Márquez Sterling is president for a few hours, followed by Carlos Mendieta. 16 June ABC holds a demonstration at the Havana festival and its march is attacked by radical forces, including those of Antonio Guiteras. 1935 8 May Leading radical Antonio Guiteras is betrayed and dies fighting Batista forces. 1938 September The Communist party is legalized again. 1940 10 October The 1940 Constitution, signed by the members of the Constitutional Assembly on 1 July, takes effect. It is suspended in 1952. 1941 9–11 December Cuba declares war on Japan, Germany, and Italy. 1943 The Soviet Union opens an embassy in Havana. Its first ambassador is Andrei Gromyko. 1951 5 August Eduardo Chibás, leader of the Ortodoxo party and mentor of Fidel Castro, commits suicide during a live radio broadcast. 1952 10 March Former president Batista, supported by the army, seizes power once more. 1953 26 July Some 160 revolutionaries under the command of Fidel Castro launch an attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba. 16 October On trial for his role in the attack on the Moncada barracks, Fidel Castro defends himself with a speech later published as "History Will Absolve Me". 1954 September Che Guevara arrives in Mexico City. November Batista dissolves parliament and is elected constitutional president unopposed. 1955 May Batista issues an amnesty that frees Fidel and other members of his movement from prison. June Brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro are introduced to Che Guevara in Mexico City. 1956 29 April Autentico Assault on Goicuria Barracks in Matanzas fails. Ex-president Prío exiled to Miami. November The yacht Granma sets out from Mexico to Cuba with 82 men on board, including Raúl Castro, Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos. 2 December The Granma lands in Oriente Province. 1957 17 January Castro's guerrillas score their first success by sacking an army outpost on the south coast, and start gaining followers in both Cuba and abroad. 13 March University students mount an attack on the Presidential Palace in Havana. Batista forewarned. Attackers mostly killed, others flee and are betrayed. 28 May Castro's 26 July movement, reinforced by militia led by Frank Pais, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero. 19 July Calixto Sánchez White leads a landing from the boat Corinthia at Cabonico in north Oriente of Auténtico and are defeated. 30 July Local police kill Frank País, a leader of the 26 July movement, in the streets of Santiago de Cuba. 5 September Forces loyal to Batista crush a naval revolt at Cayo Loco Naval Base in Cienfuegos. 1958 February Raúl Castro takes leadership of about 500 pre-existing Escopeteros guerrillas and opens a front in the Sierra de Cristal on Oriente's north coast. 13 March U.S. suspends shipments of arms to Batista's forces. 17 March Castro calls for a general revolt. 9 April A general strike, organized by the 26 July movement, is partially observed. May Batista sends an army of 10,000 into the Sierra Maestra to destroy Castro's 300 armed guerrillas and their supporters. By August, the rebels had defeated the army's advance and captured a huge amount of weaponry. 20–30 November Thirty key positions at Guisa are taken. In the following month most cities in Oriente fall to rebel hands. December Guevara, William Alexander Morgan, and forces of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, an organization of university students, attack Santa Clara. 28 December Rebel forces take Santa Clara. 31 December Camilo Cienfuegos leads revolutionary guerrillas to victory in Yaguajay; Huber Matos enters Santiago. 1959 1 January President Batista resigns and flees the country. Fidel Castro's column enters Santiago de Cuba. Raul Castro starts mass executions of captured military. Various urban rebels, mainly associated with Directorio, seize Havana 2 January Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos arrive in Havana. 5 January Manuel Urrutia named President of Cuba 8 January Fidel Castro arrives at Havana, speaks to crowds at Camp Columbia. 16 February Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba. March Fabio Grobart is present at a series of meetings with Castro brothers, Guevara and Valdes at Cojimar 20 April Fidel Castro speaks at Princeton University, New Jersey. Dr. Castro's Princeton Visit , 20–21 April 1959 by Thomas E. Bogenschild 17 May The Cuban government enacts the Agrarian Reform Law, seizing large (mostly corporate and foreign) holdings of agricultural land and redistributing it to smaller land owners. The new holdings are limited to . 17 July Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado becomes President of Cuba, replacing Manuel Urrutia , who is forced to resign by Fidel Castro. Dorticós serves until 2 December 1976 28 October Plane carrying Camilo Cienfuegos disappears during a night flight from Camagüey to Havana. He is presumed dead. 11 December Trial of revolutionary Huber Matos begins. Matos is found guilty of "treason and sedition". 1960 4 March The French freighter La Coubre explodes while unloading in Havana harbor, and Fidel Castro calls it sabotage by the U.S. on 5 March. 17 March U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower orders CIA director Allen Dulles to train Cuban exiles for a covert invasion of Cuba. 6 April U.S. Secretary of State Lester Mallory outlines objectives of embargo in a memo: "...inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government ." 5 July All U.S. businesses and commercial property in Cuba are nationalized at the direction of the Cuban government. 19 October U.S. imposes embargo prohibiting all exports to Cuba except foodstuffs and medical supplies. 31 October Cuban nationalization of all U.S. property in Cuba is completed. 26 December Operation Peter Pan (Operación Pedro Pan) begins, an operation transporting to the U.S. 14,000 children of parents opposed to the new government. The scheme continues until U.S. airports are closed to Cuban flights during 1962. 1961 U.S. trade embargo on Cuba. 1 January Cuban government initiates national literacy scheme. March Former rebel comandante Humberto Sorí Marin and Catholic leaders shot. 15 April Bay of Pigs invasion. 18 April Nikita Khrushchev writes to John F. Kennedy to end U.S. aggression against Cuba. 1962 31 January Cuba expelled from the Organization of American States. 17 August Central Intelligence Agency Director John McCone suggests that the Soviet Union is constructing offensive missile installations in Cuba. 29 August At a news conference, U.S. President John F. Kennedy tells reporters: "I'm not for invading Cuba at this time... an action like that... could lead to very serious consequences for many people." 31 August President Kennedy is informed that the 29 August U-2 mission confirms the presence of surface-to-air missile batteries in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis 16 October McGeorge Bundy informs President Kennedy that evidence shows Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy immediately gathers a group that becomes known as "ExComm ," the Executive Committee of the National Security Council. 22 October President Kennedy addresses the nation on television, announcing a blockade on arms shipments to Cuba. 23 October U.S. establishes air and sea blockade in response to photographs of Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba. U.S. threatens to invade Cuba if the bases are not dismantled and warns that a nuclear attack launched from Cuba would be considered a Soviet attack requiring full retaliation. 28 October Khrushchev agrees to remove offensive weapons from Cuba , and the U.S. agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and promises not to invade Cuba. 1962 21 November U.S. ends Cuban blockade, satisfied that all bases are removed and Soviet jets will leave the island by 20 December. 1963 October 2nd Agrarian reform. November Compulsory military service introduced. 1964 OAS enforce embargo against Cuba. 1965 3 October The Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) become the governing Communist Party of Cuba. 28 September Fidel announces Cubans can emigrate, which launches the Camarioca boatlift and airlift. 1967 9 October Che Guevara executed in La Higuera, Bolivia. 1968 March All private bars and restaurants are finally closed down. 1972 Cuba becomes a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). 1974 Maternity leave bill introduced by the Cuban government. 1975 The Soviet Union engages in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. The Family Code bill establishes the official goal of equal participation in the home. July OAS lifts the trade embargo and other sanctions. 1976 March South African forces backing the UNITA rebel force withdraw from Angola. It is regarded as a victory for Cuban forces. 15 February A referendum endorses the 1976 Constitution, which institutionalizes the principles of the Cuban Revolution. It takes effect of 24 February. 6 October Two time bombs destroy Cubana Flight 455 departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. Evidence implicated several CIA-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP. 2 December Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba. 1977 1 January Political and administrative division divides Cuba into fourteen provinces, 168 municipalities and the special municipality of Isla de la Juventud. May Fifty Cuban military personnel sent to Ethiopia. 1979 21 October Huber Matos is released from prison after serving out his full term. 1980 April–October The Mariel Boatlift. Cuban authorities allow up to 125,000 people to depart Cuba by boat from Mariel harbor for the U.S. The Cuban and U.S. governments agree to halt the exodus in October. 7 June U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders the U.S. Justice Department to expel any Cubans who committed "serious crimes" in Cuba. 1983 25 October United States invades the island of Grenada and clash with Cuban troops. 1984 Cuba reduces its troop strength in Ethiopia to approximately 3,000 from 12,000. 1987 Law #62 on the Penal Code introduced recognising discrimination based on any reason and the violation of the right of equality as a crime. 1989 12 July Prominent general in the Cuban armed forces Arnaldo Ochoa is executed after allegations of involvement in drug smuggling. 17 September The last Cuban troops leave Ethiopia. 1990 23 March The U.S. launches TV Marti. 1991 May Cuba removed all troops from Angola. 26 December The Soviet Union formally dissolved ended the Cold War which meant the loss of full economic and military aid to Cuba, causing a negative impact on the Cuban economy. 1992 July The National Assembly of Cuba passes the Constitutional Reform Law allowing for direct elections to the assembly by the Cuban people every five years.Cuba : Elections and Events 1990–2001 1993 6 November The Cuban government opens state enterprises to private investment. 1996 February Cuban authorities arrest or detain at least 150 dissidents, marking the most widespread crackdown on opposition groups since the early 1960s. 24 February Cuban fighter jets shoot down two US-registered civilian aircraft over international waters, killing four men. 12 March In the U.S., the Helms-Burton Act extends the U.S. embargo against Cuba to foreign companies. 1998 21 January Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit the island. 1999 Christian anti-abortion activist Oscar Elías Biscet is detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings in Havana and Matanzas. 5 November Six-year/old Elián González is found clinging to an inner tube in the Straits of Florida. 2000 14 December Russian President Vladimir Putin visits Cuba and signs accords aimed at boosting bilateral ties.

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The 33rd International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) was a five-day event held in Manila,National Capital Region, Commonwealth of the Philippines from February 3–7, 1937. The event, held by the Catholic Church, was a eucharistic congress, which is a largescale gathering of Catholics that focuses on the Eucharist and other items of Catholic faith. The event theme was The Eucharistic Apostolate in the Missions. The event was sponsored by Archbishop Michael J. O'Doherty, the Primate of the Philippines, and was the first IEC held in the Philippines, it is regarded as the first Asian IEC, however the 8th IEC was held in Jerusalem in 1893. Cardinal Dennis Joseph Dougherty, Archbishop of Philadelphia served as the papal legate for the event, whiched marked the first time a Catholic Cardinal set foot in the Philippines. The event had an estimated attendance of 1,500,000 Catholics from 52 countries. Large events were held throughout the area, venues included ___.The congress is considered a major event in the history of the Philippines, with it being the first major international event held in the Philippines since the start of the Commonwealth government in 1935. rians comparing the size of the event to the city's world's fairs. It is also regarded as an important occurrence in the history of the Catholic Church in the United States, as it demonstrated the size and power of the church in the historically Protestant United States. Background Eucharistic congresses are largescale events held by the Catholic Church that focus on the Eucharist and involve discussions on Catholic theology and the importance of the sacrament. The events include liturgies and discussions regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. International Eucharistic Congresses have been held by the church since 1881. In 1935, the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and Pope Pius XI agreed the 33rd IEC would be held in Manila. 15 million (82\%) of the population of the Philippines were Catholic, and was regarded as the only Christian nation of the East. In 19__, Cardinal George Mundelein asked Pope Pius XI to declare Chicago the host city for the next International Eucharistic Congress. In February the following year, Mundelein announced that the Pope had approved the proposition. With this, Manila would serve as the first city in the Philippines to host a congress. The selection was also seen as a sign of the growing importance of Chicago, which, according to a 2019 article published by the University of Saint Mary of the Lake, was still considered "mission territory" until 1908. Mundelein also hoped that holding the congress in Chicago would demonstrate the strength of the Catholic Church in the city, where much of the political power was held by Protestant elites. At the time, Chicago was home to a Catholic population of approximately 880,000, prompting historian Thomas Doherty to refer to the city as "the nation's most Catholic city." Preparations for the event The Luneta Hotel hosted the delegates due to being adjacent to the main venue Luneta Park (now Rizal Park). Papal Legate, Cardinal Dennis Joseph Dougherty, Archbishop of Philadelphia Bishop Thomas Louis Heylen, Bishop of Namur, President of the Permanent Committee of International Eucharistic Congress Bishop Guglielmo Piani, Apostolic Delegate (Nuncio) to the Philippines Archbishop Michael J. O'Doherty, Archbishop of Manila, Primate of the Philippines, and Sponsor of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes, Archbishop of Cebu Archbishop Victor Colomban Dreyer, Apostolic Delegate to Indochina, and Titular Archbishop of Adulis Bishop William Finneman, President of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress Bishop Andrew Defebvre, Vicar Apostolic of Ningpo (Ningbo) Bishop Eugenio Artaraz, Vicar Apostolic of Bac-ninh Bishop León Angel Olano y Urteaga, Bishop of Guam Bishop Ignazio Canazei, Vicar Apostolic of Shiuchow (Chaozhou) Bishop Zenón Arámburu Urquiola, Vicar Apostolic of Wuhu Bishop George de Yonghe, Vicar Apostolic of Yunan Bishop Thomas K. Corman, Bishop of Reno Bishop Theodore Labrador Fraile, Vicar Apostolic of Funing Bishop Pieter Jan Willekens, Vicar Apostolic of Batavia (Jakarta) Bishop Adrien Pierre Devals, Bishop of Malacca Bishop Antoine-Pierre-Jean Fourquet, Vicar Apostolic of Canton (Guangzhou) Bishop Hermann Schoppelrey, Vicar Apostolic of Sinyangchow (Xinyang) Bishop George Weig, Vicar Apostolic of Tsingtau (Qingdao) Bishop Simon Zhu Kai-min, Vicar Apostolic of Haimen Bishop Arnoldus Johannes Hubertus Aerts, Titular Bishop of Apollonia Bishop Theodor Buddenbrock, Vicar Apostolic of Lanchow (Lanzhou) Bishop Henri-Aimé-Anatole Prunier, Bishop of Salem, India

The 33rd International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) was a five-day event held in Manila,National Capital Region, Commonwealth of the Philippines from February 3–7, 1937. The event, held by the Catholic Church, was a eucharistic congress, which is a largescale gathering of Catholics that focuses on the Eucharist and other items of Catholic faith. The event theme was The Eucharistic Apostolate in the Missions. The event was sponsored by Archbishop Michael J. O'Doherty, the Primate of the Philippines, and was the first IEC held in the Philippines, it is regarded as the first Asian IEC, however the 8th IEC was held in Jerusalem , Ottoman Syria, Ottoman Empire, in 1893. Cardinal Dennis J. Dougherty, Archbishop of Philadelphia served as the papal legate for the event, whiched marked the first time a Catholic Cardinal set foot in the Philippines. The event had an estimated attendance of 1,500,000 Catholics from 52 countries. Large events were held throughout the area, venues included ___.The congress is considered a major event in the history of the Philippines, with it being the first major international event held in the Philippines since the start of the Commonwealth government in 1935. Background Eucharistic congresses are largescale events held by the Catholic Church that focus on the Eucharist and involve discussions on Catholic theology and the importance of the sacrament. The events include liturgies and discussions regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. International Eucharistic Congresses have been held by the church since 1881. In 1935, the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and Pope Pius XI agreed the 33rd IEC would be held in Manila. With this, Manila would serve as the first city in the Philippines to host a congress. At the time 15 million (82\%) of the population of the Philippines were Catholic, and the Philippines was regarded as the only Christian nation of the East. Preparations for the event The Luneta Hotel hosted the delegates due to being adjacent to the main venue Luneta Park (now Rizal Park). Papal Legate, Cardinal Dennis J. Dougherty, Archbishop of Philadelphia Bishop Thomas L. Heylen, Bishop of Namur, President of the Permanent Committee of International Eucharistic Congress Bishop Guglielmo Piani, Apostolic Delegate (Nuncio) to the Philippines Archbishop Michael J. O'Doherty, Archbishop of Manila, Primate of the Philippines, and Sponsor of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes, Archbishop of Cebu Archbishop Victor Colomban Dreyer, Apostolic Delegate to Indochina, and Titular Archbishop of Adulis Bishop William Finneman, President of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress Bishop Andrew Defebvre, Vicar Apostolic of Ningpo (Ningbo) Bishop Eugenio Artaraz, Vicar Apostolic of Bac-ninh Bishop León Angel Olano y Urteaga, Bishop of Guam Bishop Ignazio Canazei, Vicar Apostolic of Shiuchow (Chaozhou) Bishop Zenón Arámburu Urquiola, Vicar Apostolic of Wuhu Bishop George de Yonghe, Vicar Apostolic of Yunan Bishop Thomas K. Corman, Bishop of Reno Bishop Theodore Labrador Fraile, Vicar Apostolic of Funing Bishop Pieter Jan Willekens, Vicar Apostolic of Batavia (Jakarta) Bishop Adrien Pierre Devals, Bishop of Malacca Bishop Antoine-Pierre-Jean Fourquet, Vicar Apostolic of Canton (Guangzhou) Bishop Hermann Schoppelrey, Vicar Apostolic of Sinyangchow (Xinyang) Bishop George Weig, Vicar Apostolic of Tsingtau (Qingdao) Bishop Simon Zhu Kai-min, Vicar Apostolic of Haimen Bishop Arnoldus Johannes Hubertus Aerts, Titular Bishop of Apollonia Bishop Theodor Buddenbrock, Vicar Apostolic of Lanchow (Lanzhou) Bishop Henri-Aimé-Anatole Prunier, Bishop of Salem, India

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Impact and legacy The next IEC in the Philippines would be 79 years later, the 51st IEC held in Cebu City.

Impact and legacy The next IEC in the Philippines would be 79 years later, at the 2016 International Eucharistic Congress held in Cebu City.

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Olumide Makanjuola (born June 7) is a Nigerian human rights activist, writer, film producer, social entrepreneur and LGBTQI advocate. He was the executive director for The Initiative for Equal rights (TIERS) and presently the program director for Initiative Sankofa d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ISDAO), a regional activist-led organization supporting an inclusive society free from violence and injustice through funding to local organisation. Category: 1987 births Category: Living people Category:LGBT people from Nigeria Category:LGBT rights activists from Nigeria __FORCETOC _\end{abstract

Olumide Makanjuola (born June 7) is a Nigerian human rights activist, writer, film producer, LGBTQI advocate. and social entrepreneur. He was the executive director for The Initiative for Equal rights (TIERS) and presently the program director for Initiative Sankofa d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ISDAO), a regional activist-led organization supporting an inclusive society free from violence and injustice through funding to local organisation. Category: Living people Category:LGBT people from Nigeria Category:LGBT rights activists from Nigeria __FORCETOC __ Category:Activism Category:Innovators Category:West Afri

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WeekDateTime (CET)OpponentResultRecordVenueTVRecap1June 1918:00at Wrocław PanthersL 39–550–1Wrocław Olympic StadiumMore Than Sports TVRecap2June 2715:00Barcelona DragonsW 40–121–1SüdstadionProSieben Maxx, Esport3Recap3July 415:00at Leipzig KingsW 48–472– 1Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark4July 1018 :00Frankfurt GalaxySüdstadion5July 2515:00at Stuttgart SurgeGazi-Stadion auf der Waldau6July 3115:00Wrocław PanthersSüdstadion7August 719:00at Barcelona DragonsEstadi MunicipalEsport38August 2118:00Leipzig KingsSüdstadion9August 2815:00Stuttgart SurgeSüdstadion10September 515:00at Frankfurt GalaxyPSD Bank Arena Source: europeanleague.football

WeekDateTime (CET)OpponentResultRecordVenueTVRecap1June 1918:00at Wrocław PanthersL 39–550–1Wrocław Olympic StadiumMore Than Sports TVRecap2June 2715:00Barcelona DragonsW 40–121–1SüdstadionProSieben Maxx, Esport3Recap3July 415:00at Leipzig KingsW 48–472– 1Alfred-Kunze-SportparkRecap4July 1115 :00Frankfurt GalaxySüdstadionMore Than Sports TV5July 2515:00at Stuttgart SurgeGazi-Stadion auf der Waldau6July 3115:00Wrocław PanthersSüdstadion7August 719:00at Barcelona DragonsEstadi MunicipalEsport38August 2118:00Leipzig KingsSüdstadion9August 2815:00Stuttgart SurgeSüdstadion10September 515:00at Frankfurt GalaxyPSD Bank Arena Source: europeanleague.football

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WeekDateTime (CET)OpponentResultRecordVenueTVRecap1June 2015:00at Hamburg Sea DevilsL 15–170–1Stadion HoheluftProSieben MaxxRecap2June 2715:00at Stuttgart SurgeW 42–201–1Gazi-Stadion auf der WaldauMore Than Sports TVRecap3July 415:00Wrocław PanthersW 22–132–1PSD Bank ArenaProSieben Maxx4July 10TBDat Cologne CenturionsSüdstadion5July 18TBDBarcelona DragonsPSD Bank ArenaEsport36August 1TBDStuttgart SurgePSD Bank Arena7August 8TBDHamburg Sea DevilsPSD Bank Arena8August 14TBDat Wrocław PanthersOlympic Stadium9August 28TBDat Barcelona DragonsEstadi MunicipalEsport310September 5TBDCologne CenturionsPSD Bank Arena Source: europeanleague.football

WeekDateTime (CET)OpponentResultRecordVenueTVRecap1June 2015:00at Hamburg Sea DevilsL 15–170–1Stadion HoheluftProSieben MaxxRecap2June 2715:00at Stuttgart SurgeW 42–201–1Gazi-Stadion auf der WaldauMore Than Sports TVRecap3July 415:00Wrocław PanthersW 22–132–1PSD Bank ArenaProSieben MaxxRecap4July 1115:00at Cologne CenturionsSüdstadionMore Than Sports TV5July 18TBDBarcelona DragonsPSD Bank ArenaEsport36August 1TBDStuttgart SurgePSD Bank Arena7August 8TBDHamburg Sea DevilsPSD Bank Arena8August 14TBDat Wrocław PanthersOlympic Stadium9August 28TBDat Barcelona DragonsEstadi MunicipalEsport310September 5TBDCologne CenturionsPSD Bank Arena Source: europeanleague.football

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1. John / Johnny Doran (nicknamed The Hen); deceased. 2. Patrick Doran (nicknamed Hadley); deceased. 3. Mary Doran (nicknamed Girl); deceased. 4. James Doran (nicknamed Cheese); living . 5. Anne Doran (rosanne?) (nicknamed Nan); deceased. 6. Eileen Doran; living . 7. Margeret Doran (nicknamed Maggy); living. 8. Myles Doran; living . 9. Bridget Doran (nicknamed Ick); living. Several of Johnny Doran's daughters emigrated to America whereas most of his children migrated to mainland UK where they live to this day.

1. John / Johnny Doran (nicknamed The Hen); deceased. 2. Patrick Doran (nicknamed Hadley); deceased. 3. Mary Doran (nicknamed Girl); deceased. 4. James Doran (nicknamed Cheese); deceased . 5. Anne Doran (rosanne?) (nicknamed Nan); deceased. 6. Eileen Doran; deceased . 7. Margeret Doran (nicknamed Maggy); living. 8. Myles Doran; deceased . 9. Bridget Doran (nicknamed Ick); living. Two of Johnny Doran's daughters emigrated to America whereas most of his children migrated to mainland UK where they live to this day.

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Since 2014 Sri Lanka's foreign debt begun a sharp rise, reaching 42.9\% of the country's GDP in the year 2019. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic induced global recession accelerated the crisis and by 2021 the foreign debt rose to 101\% of the nation's GDP causing an economic collapse. The vast majority of the foreign debt is owed to China. Between 2005 and 2015, Colombo borrowed billions from China, accumulating a mountain of debt for expensive infrastructure projects. In 2021 Sri Lana 's Government officoially declared the worst economic crisis in the country in 73 years. Local news papers have depicted cartoons of Sri Lanka pleading for cash from neighboring SAARC countries. Indian observers have noted that the Colombo Port Project with China has accelerated the debt crisis. According to Chinese state media, it is the largest project by China in Sri Lanka with a total value of the project at $1.4 billion. Sri Lanka's Energy Minister Udaya Gammanpila acknowledged the crisis could lead to a financial terror. In 2020 a New York-based agency said Sri Lanka's existing funding sources did not appear sufficient to cover its debt servicing needs estimated at just over $4.0 billion in 2021. According to economist BELLWETHER "To solve Sri Lanka’s ‘budgetary problem’ in repaying debt, Treasuries auctions have to succeed. When that is done, the ‘transfer problem’ of foreign exchange will be automatically solved. But this is beyond the ken of Keynesians. Instead with failed Treasury bill auctions filled with printed money under Modern Monetary Theory the country is slipping deeper into imbalances." To resolve the debt crisis BELLWETHER noted that Sri Lanka needs a credible fiscal plan and monetary policy, taxes have to be hiked in order to repay debt, and terest rates and opening of imports will allow taxes to flow back to the Treasury. While it is possible to raise rates and generate dollars to repay foreign debt by curtailing domestic credit, it is not practical to do it on an ongoing basis for many years. If investors see foreign reserves going up after debt repayments confidence may could come back. But it is a painful affair, which may or may not work given the current ideology.

Since 2014 Sri Lanka's foreign debt begun a sharp rise, reaching 42.9\% of the country's GDP in the year 2019. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic induced global recession accelerated the crisis and by 2021 the foreign debt rose to 101\% of the nation's GDP causing an economic collapse. The vast majority of the foreign debt is owed to China. Between 2005 and 2015, Colombo borrowed billions from China, accumulating a mountain of debt for expensive infrastructure projects. In 2021 Sri Lanka 's Government officially declared the worst economic crisis in the country in 73 years. Local news papers have depicted cartoons of Sri Lanka pleading for cash from neighboring SAARC countries. Indian observers have noted that the Colombo Port Project with China has accelerated the debt crisis. According to Chinese state media, it is the largest project by China in Sri Lanka with a total value of the project at $1.4 billion. Sri Lanka's Energy Minister Udaya Gammanpila acknowledged the crisis could lead to a financial terror. In 2020 a New York-based agency said Sri Lanka's existing funding sources did not appear sufficient to cover its debt servicing needs estimated at just over $4.0 billion in 2021. According to economist BELLWETHER "To solve Sri Lanka’s ‘budgetary problem’ in repaying debt, Treasuries auctions have to succeed. When that is done, the ‘transfer problem’ of foreign exchange will be automatically solved. But this is beyond the ken of Keynesians. Instead with failed Treasury bill auctions filled with printed money under Modern Monetary Theory the country is slipping deeper into imbalances." To resolve the debt crisis BELLWETHER noted that Sri Lanka needs a credible fiscal plan and monetary policy, taxes have to be hiked in order to repay debt, and interest rates and opening of imports will allow taxes to flow back to the Treasury. While it is possible to raise rates and generate dollars to repay foreign debt by curtailing domestic credit, it is not practical to do it on an ongoing basis for many years. If investors see foreign reserves going up after debt repayments confidence may could come back. But it is a painful affair, which may or may not work given the current ideology.

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Vasyl Lomachenko vs. Masayoshi Nakatani is an upcoming lightweight professional boxing match contested between three-division former unified lightweight world champion Vasyl Lomachenko, and lightweight contender Masayoshi Nakatani. The bout is set for June 26, 2021, at the Virgin Hotels Las Vegas in Paradise, Nevada. Lomachenko agreed to a comeback fight against Nakatani in Las Vegas. The bout will be aired on ESPN+ in the US and Sky Sports in the UK and Ireland. It will go head to head with Gervonta Davis' light welterweight clash with Mario Barrios on Showtime PPV in Atlanta, Georgia taking place on the same night. The fight will be only the second time in Lomachenko's professional career that a world title will not be on the line. Fight card Weight Classvs.MethodRoundTimeNotesLightweight Vasyl Lomachenkovs. Masayoshi Nakatani - (12)Middleweight Janibek Alimkhanulyvs. Rob Brant - (10) Heavyweight Guido Vianellovs. Marlon Williams - (4) Welterweight Giovani Santillanvs. Cecil McCallaBantamweight Robert Rodriguezvs. Luis Fernando Saavedra - (6)Bantamweight Jaime Jassovs. Floyd Diaz - (4)Super bantamweight Subaru Muratavs. Keven Monroy - (4) DeMichael Harrisvs. Jonatan Hernan Godoy

Vasyl Lomachenko vs. Masayoshi Nakatani was a lightweight professional boxing match contested between three-division former unified lightweight world champion Vasyl Lomachenko, and lightweight contender Masayoshi Nakatani. The bout took place on June 26, 2021, at the Virgin Hotels Las Vegas in Paradise, Nevada. Lomachenko won the fight by ninth-round technical knockout. Lomachenko agreed to a comeback fight against Nakatani in Las Vegas. The bout will be aired on ESPN+ in the US and Sky Sports in the UK and Ireland. It went head to head with Gervonta Davis' light welterweight clash with Mario Barrios on Showtime PPV in Atlanta, Georgia taking place on the same night. The fight was only the second time in Lomachenko's professional career that a world title was not on the line. Fight card Weight Classvs.MethodRoundTimeNotesLightweight Vasyl Lomachenkovs. Masayoshi NakataniTKO 9 (12)Middleweight Janibek Alimkhanulyvs. Rob BrantRTD 8 (10) 3:00Heavyweight Guido Vianellovs. Marlon WilliamsTKO 2 (4) 0:01Welterweight Giovani Santillanvs. Cecil McCallaBantamweight Robert Rodriguezvs. Luis Fernando Saavedra - (6)Bantamweight Jaime Jassovs. Floyd Diaz - (4)Super bantamweight Subaru Muratavs. Keven Monroy - (4) DeMichael Harrisvs. Jonatan Hernan Godoy

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Fight card Weight Classvs.MethodRoundTimeNotesLightweight Vasyl Lomachenkovs. Masayoshi NakataniTKO 9 (12)Middleweight Janibek Alimkhanulyvs. Rob BrantRTD 8 (10)3 : 00Heavyweight Guido Vianellovs. Marlon WilliamsTKO 2 (4)0 :01Welterweight Giovani Santillanvs. Cecil McCallaBantamweight Robert Rodriguezvs. Luis Fernando Saavedra - (6)Bantamweight Jaime Jassovs. Floyd Diaz - (4)Super bantamweight Subaru Muratavs. Keven Monroy - (4) DeMichael Harrisvs . Jonatan Hernan Godoy

Fight card Weight Classvs.MethodRoundTimeNotesLightweight Vasyl Lomachenkodef. Masayoshi NakataniTKO9/121 : 48Middleweight Janibek Alimkhanulydef. Rob BrantRTD8/103: 00Heavyweight Guido Vianellodef. Marlon WilliamsTKO2/40 :01Welterweight Giovani Santillandef. Cecil McCallaUD8/8Bantamweight Luis Fernando Saavedradef. Robert RodriguezUD6/6Bantamweight Floyd Diazdef. Jaime JassoUD4/4Super bantamweight Subaru Muratadef. Keven MonroyTKO2/41:42Lightweight DeMichael Harrisdef . Jonatan Hernan GodoyRTD3/43:00

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Category: 2006 deaths Category:French models Category:1907 births Category:Monegasque people Category:Shoe designers Category:French emigrants to the United States Category:American people of Russian descent Category:French people of Russian descen

Category: 1907 births Category: 2006 deaths Category:French female models Category:Monegasque people Category:Shoe designers Category:French emigrants to the United States Category:American people of Russian descent Category:French people of Russian descen

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On February 14, 1846, Freeborn was on the pilot boat Blossom, cruising at sea outside Mantoloking, New Jersey, when he sighted the packet ship John Minturn from New Orleans. Pilot Freeborn went on board the John Minturn to guide her safely to port but ran into trouble when trying to guide the ship in a terrible icy hurricane. The ship was pushed toward the Jersey Shore and ran ashore on Squan Beach. Thirty-eight out of fifty-one persons perished including Thomas Freeborne. The disaster was commemorated in an 1846 lithograph by James D. Smillie and one by Nathaniel Currier of Currier and Ives, which shows visitors to Green-Wood paying respects at the monument to pilot Thomas Freeborn.

On February 14, 1846, Freeborn was on the pilot boat Blossom, cruising at sea outside Mantoloking, New Jersey, when he sighted the packet ship John Minturn from New Orleans. Pilot Freeborn went on board the John Minturn to guide her safely to port but ran into trouble when trying to guide the ship in a terrible icy hurricane. The ship was pushed toward the Jersey Shore and ran ashore on Squan Beach. Thirty-eight out of fifty-one persons perished including Thomas Freeborne. Freeborn's death was commemorated in two 1846 lithographs; one by James D. Smillie and another by Nathaniel Currier of Currier and Ives, which show visitors to Green-Wood paying respects at the monument to pilot Thomas Freeborn.

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For Garau, the sculpture finds form in its own nothingness.

For Garau, the sculpture assets its conformation in its own nothingness.

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The Armenian Cycling Federation ( in Armenian: Հայաստանի հեծանվային մարզաձևերի ֆեդերացիա) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Armenia. It is a member of the UCI and the UEC . The federation operates the Yerevan Velodrome, where its headquarters is located. Armenian track cyclist Edgar Stepanyan competed successfully at the 2015 and 2018 European Track Championships, where he won two gold medals at junior and under-23 level. References Armenia Category:Cycle racing organizations Cycling Category

The Armenian Cycling Federation ( Armenian: Հայաստանի հեծանվային մարզաձևերի ֆեդերացիա) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Armenia. It is a member of the International Cycling Union and the European Cycling Union . The federation operates the Yerevan Velodrome, where its headquarters are located. Armenian track cyclist Edgar Stepanyan competed successfully at the 2015 and 2018 European Track Championships, where he won two gold medals at junior and under-23 level.

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Relation with endemic and epidemic diseases Multiple sporadic infections that occur steadily and with no major fluctuation with respect to time and place are referred to as endemic disease. But what is considered a low-level endemic and sporadic in one country can be considered an outbreak (or epidemic) in another. In the same country, an increase in occurrence of one disease with very many sporadic clusters can be considered a seasonal fluctuation of an endemic disease, but the same amount of occurrence for another disease traceable to a single shared source exposure or an infectious agent may be considered an epidemic. Thus, an infectious disease can occur as an epidemic in one setting or population and as sporadic or endemic in another setting or population. Molecular epidemiologist Lee Riley stated that most sporadic infections are actually part of unrecognized outbreaks and that what appears to be endemic disease occurrence (from a traditional population-based epidemiology approach) actually consists of multiple small outbreaks (from a molecular epidemiology approach) where seemingly unrelated i.e. sporadic cases are in reality epidemiologically related (belonging to the same genotype of an infecting agent). Riley considers the differentiation of a disease occurrence as endemic or epidemic to be not really meaningful. According to Riley, since most so-called sporadic occurrences of an endemic disease are actually small epidemics, rapid public health interventions against such occurrences can be made in the same way as they are done for recognized acute epidemics (i.e. epidemic in the traditional sense).

Relation with endemic and epidemic diseases According to molecular epidemiologist Lee Riley, multiple sporadic infections that occur steadily and with no major fluctuation with respect to time and place are referred to as endemic disease. But what is considered a low-level endemic and sporadic in one country can be considered an outbreak (or epidemic) in another. In the same country, an increase in occurrence of one disease with very many sporadic clusters can be considered a seasonal fluctuation of an endemic disease, but the same amount of occurrence for another disease traceable to a single shared source exposure or an infectious agent may be considered an epidemic. Thus, an infectious disease can occur as an epidemic in one setting or population and as sporadic or endemic in another setting or population. Riley claims that most sporadic infections are actually part of unrecognized outbreaks and that what appears to be endemic disease occurrence (from a traditional population-based epidemiology approach) actually consists of multiple small outbreaks (from a molecular epidemiology approach) where seemingly unrelated i.e. sporadic cases are in reality epidemiologically related (belonging to the same genotype of an infecting agent). Riley considers the differentiation of a disease occurrence as endemic or epidemic to be not really meaningful. According to Riley, since most so-called sporadic occurrences of an endemic disease are actually small epidemics, rapid public health interventions against such occurrences can be made in the same way as they are done for recognized acute epidemics (i.e. epidemic in the traditional sense).

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He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University and completed his MD and PhD at Stanford University. For his post-doctoral work he trained with David Baltimore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology . He is an academic founder of CRISPR Therapeutics and Graphite Bio.

He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University and completed his MD and PhD at Stanford University. For his post-doctoral work he trained with David Baltimore at MIT and Caltech . He is an academic founder of CRISPR Therapeutics and Graphite Bio.

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Wilkins Infectious Diseases Hospital is Zimbabwe's main hospital for treating and testing infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or URL The hospital is the main isolation and treatment center as well as the main vaccination center for coronavirus in URL In 2020 the hospital was said to be incapacitated to handle coronavirus patients fully after death of media personality Zororo Makamba, the son of James Makamba and he was the first coronavirus patient to be officially recorded in the country. The family revealed that the main center did not have ventilators, power sockets, had limited oxygen and had no medicines. There was speculation opposition members who claimed the ruling party wanted to rennovate the place for the use of the political elite and other VIP URL However the hospital received donations worth US$500 000 from the Chinese business community based in Zimbabwe and Chinese Embassy in Zimbabwe for upgrading its URL

Wilkins Infectious Diseases Hospital is Zimbabwe's main hospital for treating and testing infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. The hospital is the main isolation and treatment center as well as the main vaccination center for coronavirus in Zimbabwe. In 2020 the hospital was said to be incapacitated to handle coronavirus patients fully after death of media personality Zororo Makamba, the son of James Makamba and he was the first coronavirus patient to be officially recorded in the country. The family revealed that the main center did not have ventilators, power sockets, had limited oxygen and had no medicines. There was speculation opposition members who claimed the ruling party wanted to rennovate the place for the use of the political elite and other VIP patients. However the hospital received donations worth US$500 000 from the Chinese business community based in Zimbabwe and Chinese Embassy in Zimbabwe for upgrading its facilities.

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“Mess. The zero phase can be called a mess because it contains no linkages between the system's elements. Such a definition of mess as ‘a disorderly, un-tidy, or dirty state of things’ we find in Webster's New World Dictionary. (...) Chaos. Mess should not be confused with the next phase, chaos, as this term is understood today. Arguably, chaos is the first phase of indeterminism that displays sufficient order to talk of the general problem of system development. The chaos phase is characterized by some ordering of accumulated statistical data and the emergence of the basic rules of interactions of inputs and outputs (not counting boundary conditions). Even such a seemingly limited ordering makes it possible to fix systemic regularities of the sort shown by Feigenbaum numbers and strange attractors. (...) Different types of orderings in the chaos phase may be brought together under the notion of directing, for they point to a possible general direction of system development and even its extreme states. But even if a general path is known, enormous difficulties remain in linking algorithmically the present state with the final one and in operationalizing the algorithms. These objectives are realized in the next two large phases that I call predispositioning and programming. (...) Programming. When linkages between states are established through reactive procedures, either by table functions or analytically, it is often assumed that each state is represented only by essentials. For instance, the production function in economics ties together inputs and outputs in physical terms. When a system is represented as an equilibrium or an optimization model, the original and conjugated parameters are stated explicitly; in economics, they are products (resources) and prices, respectively.9 Deterministic economic models have been extensively formalized; they assume full knowledge of inputs, outputs, and existing technologies. (...) Predispositioning (...) exhibits less complete linkages between system's elements than programming but more complete than chaos.” Katsenelinboigen, Aron. The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications: Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, 1997 , p.p.19-20) Katsenelinboigen outlines two extreme cases of the spectrum of values—fully conditional and fully unconditional—and says that, in actuality, they are ineffectual in evaluating the material and so are sometimes replaced by semiconditional or semiunconditional valuations, which are distinguished by their differing degrees of conditionality. He defines fully conditional values as those based on complete and consistent linkages among all four preconditions.” V. Ulea, The Concept of Dramatic Genre and The Comedy of A New Type. Chess, Literature, and Film. Southern Illinois University Press, 2002 , pp144–145 “The difference between these two approaches is clearly manifested in the various translations of the Torah. For instance, The Holy Scriptures (1955), a new translation based on the masoretic text (a vast body of the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible), translates the commandment as ‘Thou shalt not commit murder.’ In The Holy Bible, commonly known as the authorized (King James) version (The Gideons International, 1983), this commandment is translated as ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ (...) The difference between unconditional and semi-unconditional evaluations will become more prominent if we use the same example of ‘Thou shalt not kill and ‘Thou shalt not murder’ to illustrate the conduct of man in accordance with his precepts. In an extreme case, one who follows ‘Thou shalt not kill’ will allow himself to be killed before he kills another. These views are held by one of the Hindu sects in Sri Lanka (the former Ceylon). To the best of my knowledge, the former prime minister of Ceylon, Solomon Bandaranaike (1899-1959), belonged to this sect. He did not allow himself to kill an attacker and was murdered. As he lay bleeding to death, he did crawl over to the murderer and knock the pistol from his hand before it could be used against his wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She later became the prime minister of Ceylon-Sri Lanka.” 135-36 Katsenelinboigen states that the evaluative category for indeterministic systems is based on subjectivity. "This pioneering approach to the evaluative process is the subject of Katsenelinboigen’s work on indeterministic systems. The roots of one’s subjective evaluation lie in the fact that the executor cannot be separated from the evaluator, who evaluates the system in accordance with his or her own particular ability to develop it. This can be observed in chess, in which the same position is evaluated differently by different chess players, or in literature with regard to hermeneutics." p. 36 Katsenelinboigen clearly explains why subjectivity of the managerial decision is inevitable: “The original subjective evaluation of the situation by the decision-maker is critical in the creative strategic management. Subjectivity of the managerial decisions is inevitable due to the intrinsically indeterministic nature of the strategic management, meaning that the subjectivity arises not just because of the lack of scientific foundation in business management. The effective approach to the strategic decision-making, as demonstrated in the game of chess, presupposes that each player has a unique, individual vision of his strategic position. To make it more systematic, one should not substitute the player’s intuition with some objective laws that relate essential and positional parameters, but rather complement the intuition with the statistical analysis.” p. 164 Calculus of predispositions, a basic part of predispositioning theory, belongs to the indeterministic procedures. “The key component of any indeterministic procedure is the evaluation of a position. Since it is impossible to devise a deterministic chain linking the inter-mediate state with the outcome of the game, the most complex component of any indeterministic method is assessing these intermediate stages. It is precisely the function of predispositions to assess the impact of an intermediate state upon the future course of development.” p.33 According to Katsenelinboigen, calculus of predispositions is another method of computing probability. Both methods may lead to the same results and, thus, can be interchangeable. However, it is not always possible to interchange them since computing via frequencies requires availability of statistics, possibility to gather the data as well as having the knowledge of the extent to which one can interlink the system's constituent elements. Also, no statistics can be obtained on unique events and, naturally, in such cases the calculus of predispositions becomes the only option. The procedure of calculating predispositions is linked to two steps – dissection of the system on its constituent elements and integration of the analyzed parts in a new whole. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system is structured by two basic types of parameters – material and positional. The material parameters constitute the skeleton of the system. Relationships between them form positional parameters. The calculus of predispositions primarily deals with analyzing the system's material and positional parameters as independent variables and measuring them in unconditional valuations. First and foremost, the weight function includes not only material parameters as independent (controlling) variables, but also positional (relational) parameters. The valuations of material and positional parameters composing the weight function are, to a certain extent, unconditional; that is, they are independent of the specific conditions, but do take into account the rules of the game and statistics (experience).” 35

“Mess. The zero phase can be called a mess because it contains no linkages between the system's elements. Such a definition of mess as ‘a disorderly, un-tidy, or dirty state of things’ we find in Webster's New World Dictionary. (...) Chaos. Mess should not be confused with the next phase, chaos, as this term is understood today. Arguably, chaos is the first phase of indeterminism that displays sufficient order to talk of the general problem of system development. The chaos phase is characterized by some ordering of accumulated statistical data and the emergence of the basic rules of interactions of inputs and outputs (not counting boundary conditions). Even such a seemingly limited ordering makes it possible to fix systemic regularities of the sort shown by Feigenbaum numbers and strange attractors. (...) Different types of orderings in the chaos phase may be brought together under the notion of directing, for they point to a possible general direction of system development and even its extreme states. But even if a general path is known, enormous difficulties remain in linking algorithmically the present state with the final one and in operationalizing the algorithms. These objectives are realized in the next two large phases that I call predispositioning and programming. (...) Programming. When linkages between states are established through reactive procedures, either by table functions or analytically, it is often assumed that each state is represented only by essentials. For instance, the production function in economics ties together inputs and outputs in physical terms. When a system is represented as an equilibrium or an optimization model, the original and conjugated parameters are stated explicitly; in economics, they are products (resources) and prices, respectively.9 Deterministic economic models have been extensively formalized; they assume full knowledge of inputs, outputs, and existing technologies. (...) Predispositioning (...) exhibits less complete linkages between system's elements than programming but more complete than chaos.” Katsenelinboigen, Aron. The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications: Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, 1997 Katsenelinboigen outlines two extreme cases of the spectrum of values—fully conditional and fully unconditional—and says that, in actuality, they are ineffectual in evaluating the material and so are sometimes replaced by semiconditional or semiunconditional valuations, which are distinguished by their differing degrees of conditionality. He defines fully conditional values as those based on complete and consistent linkages among all four preconditions.” V. Ulea, The Concept of Dramatic Genre and The Comedy of A New Type. Chess, Literature, and Film. Southern Illinois University Press, 2002 “The difference between these two approaches is clearly manifested in the various translations of the Torah. For instance, The Holy Scriptures (1955), a new translation based on the masoretic text (a vast body of the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible), translates the commandment as ‘Thou shalt not commit murder.’ In The Holy Bible, commonly known as the authorized (King James) version (The Gideons International, 1983), this commandment is translated as ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ (...) The difference between unconditional and semi-unconditional evaluations will become more prominent if we use the same example of ‘Thou shalt not kill and ‘Thou shalt not murder’ to illustrate the conduct of man in accordance with his precepts. In an extreme case, one who follows ‘Thou shalt not kill’ will allow himself to be killed before he kills another. These views are held by one of the Hindu sects in Sri Lanka (the former Ceylon). To the best of my knowledge, the former prime minister of Ceylon, Solomon Bandaranaike (1899-1959), belonged to this sect. He did not allow himself to kill an attacker and was murdered. As he lay bleeding to death, he did crawl over to the murderer and knock the pistol from his hand before it could be used against his wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She later became the prime minister of Ceylon-Sri Lanka.” Katsenelinboigen states that the evaluative category for indeterministic systems is based on subjectivity. "This pioneering approach to the evaluative process is the subject of Katsenelinboigen’s work on indeterministic systems. The roots of one’s subjective evaluation lie in the fact that the executor cannot be separated from the evaluator, who evaluates the system in accordance with his or her own particular ability to develop it. This can be observed in chess, in which the same position is evaluated differently by different chess players, or in literature with regard to hermeneutics." Katsenelinboigen clearly explains why subjectivity of the managerial decision is inevitable: “The original subjective evaluation of the situation by the decision-maker is critical in the creative strategic management. Subjectivity of the managerial decisions is inevitable due to the intrinsically indeterministic nature of the strategic management, meaning that the subjectivity arises not just because of the lack of scientific foundation in business management. The effective approach to the strategic decision-making, as demonstrated in the game of chess, presupposes that each player has a unique, individual vision of his strategic position. To make it more systematic, one should not substitute the player’s intuition with some objective laws that relate essential and positional parameters, but rather complement the intuition with the statistical analysis.” Calculus of predispositions, a basic part of predispositioning theory, belongs to the indeterministic procedures. “The key component of any indeterministic procedure is the evaluation of a position. Since it is impossible to devise a deterministic chain linking the inter-mediate state with the outcome of the game, the most complex component of any indeterministic method is assessing these intermediate stages. It is precisely the function of predispositions to assess the impact of an intermediate state upon the future course of development.” According to Katsenelinboigen, calculus of predispositions is another method of computing probability. Both methods may lead to the same results and, thus, can be interchangeable. However, it is not always possible to interchange them since computing via frequencies requires availability of statistics, possibility to gather the data as well as having the knowledge of the extent to which one can interlink the system's constituent elements. Also, no statistics can be obtained on unique events and, naturally, in such cases the calculus of predispositions becomes the only option. The procedure of calculating predispositions is linked to two steps – dissection of the system on its constituent elements and integration of the analyzed parts in a new whole. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system is structured by two basic types of parameters – material and positional. The material parameters constitute the skeleton of the system. Relationships between them form positional parameters. The calculus of predispositions primarily deals with analyzing the system's material and positional parameters as independent variables and measuring them in unconditional valuations. First and foremost, the weight function includes not only material parameters as independent (controlling) variables, but also positional (relational) parameters. The valuations of material and positional parameters composing the weight function are, to a certain extent, unconditional; that is, they are independent of the specific conditions, but do take into account the rules of the game and statistics (experience).”

6805053

2

“ Mess. The zero phase can be called a mess because it contains no linkages between the system's elements. Such a definition of mess as ‘a disorderly, un-tidy, or dirty state of things’ we find in Webster's New World Dictionary. (...) Chaos. Mess should not be confused with the next phase, chaos, as this term is understood today. Arguably, chaos is the first phase of indeterminism that displays sufficient order to talk of the general problem of system development. The chaos phase is characterized by some ordering of accumulated statistical data and the emergence of the basic rules of interactions of inputs and outputs (not counting boundary conditions). Even such a seemingly limited ordering makes it possible to fix systemic regularities of the sort shown by Feigenbaum numbers and strange attractors. (...) Different types of orderings in the chaos phase may be brought together under the notion of directing, for they point to a possible general direction of system development and even its extreme states. But even if a general path is known, enormous difficulties remain in linking algorithmically the present state with the final one and in operationalizing the algorithms. These objectives are realized in the next two large phases that I call predispositioning and programming. (...) Programming. When linkages between states are established through reactive procedures, either by table functions or analytically, it is often assumed that each state is represented only by essentials. For instance, the production function in economics ties together inputs and outputs in physical terms. When a system is represented as an equilibrium or an optimization model, the original and conjugated parameters are stated explicitly; in economics, they are products (resources) and prices, respectively.9 Deterministic economic models have been extensively formalized; they assume full knowledge of inputs, outputs, and existing technologies. (...) Predispositioning (...) exhibits less complete linkages between system's elements than programming but more complete than chaos. ” Katsenelinboigen, Aron. The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications: Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, 1997}} Unfortunately, predispositioning as a method as well as a predisposition as an intermediate stage have never been discussed by scholars, though there were some interesting intuitive attempts to deal with the formation of a predisposition. The game of chess, at this point, was one of the most productive fields in the study of predispositioning as a method. Owing to chess’ focus on the positional style, it elaborated a host of innovative strategies and tactics that Katsenelinboigen analyzed and systematized and made them a basis for his theory. To sum up, the main focus of predispositioning theory is on the intermediate stage of systems development, the stage that Katsenelinboigen proposed to call a "predisposition". This stage is distinguished by semi-complete and semi-consistent linkages between its elements. The most vital question when dealing with semi-complete and semi-consistent stages of the system is the question of its evaluation. To this end, Katsenelinboigen elaborated his structure of values, using the game of chess as a model. Katsenelinboigen outlines two extreme cases of the spectrum of values—fully conditional and fully unconditional—and says that, in actuality, they are ineffectual in evaluating the material and so are sometimes replaced by semiconditional or semiunconditional valuations, which are distinguished by their differing degrees of conditionality. He defines fully conditional values as those based on complete and consistent linkages among all four preconditions. ” V. Ulea, The Concept of Dramatic Genre and The Comedy of A New Type. Chess, Literature, and Film. Southern Illinois University Press, 2002}} “ The difference between these two approaches is clearly manifested in the various translations of the Torah. For instance, The Holy Scriptures (1955), a new translation based on the masoretic text (a vast body of the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible), translates the commandment as ‘Thou shalt not commit murder.’ In The Holy Bible, commonly known as the authorized (King James) version (The Gideons International, 1983), this commandment is translated as ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ (...) The difference between unconditional and semi-unconditional evaluations will become more prominent if we use the same example of ‘Thou shalt not kill and ‘Thou shalt not murder’ to illustrate the conduct of man in accordance with his precepts. In an extreme case, one who follows ‘Thou shalt not kill’ will allow himself to be killed before he kills another. These views are held by one of the Hindu sects in Sri Lanka (the former Ceylon). To the best of my knowledge, the former prime minister of Ceylon, Solomon Bandaranaike (1899-1959), belonged to this sect. He did not allow himself to kill an attacker and was murdered. As he lay bleeding to death, he did crawl over to the murderer and knock the pistol from his hand before it could be used against his wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She later became the prime minister of Ceylon-Sri Lanka. ” Katsenelinboigen clearly explains why subjectivity of the managerial decision is inevitable: “ The original subjective evaluation of the situation by the decision-maker is critical in the creative strategic management. Subjectivity of the managerial decisions is inevitable due to the intrinsically indeterministic nature of the strategic management, meaning that the subjectivity arises not just because of the lack of scientific foundation in business management. The effective approach to the strategic decision-making, as demonstrated in the game of chess, presupposes that each player has a unique, individual vision of his strategic position. To make it more systematic, one should not substitute the player’s intuition with some objective laws that relate essential and positional parameters, but rather complement the intuition with the statistical analysis. ” Calculus of predispositions, a basic part of predispositioning theory, belongs to the indeterministic procedures. “ The key component of any indeterministic procedure is the evaluation of a position. Since it is impossible to devise a deterministic chain linking the inter-mediate state with the outcome of the game, the most complex component of any indeterministic method is assessing these intermediate stages. It is precisely the function of predispositions to assess the impact of an intermediate state upon the future course of development. ” According to Katsenelinboigen, calculus of predispositions is another method of computing probability. Both methods may lead to the same results and, thus, can be interchangeable. However, it is not always possible to interchange them since computing via frequencies requires availability of statistics, possibility to gather the data as well as having the knowledge of the extent to which one can interlink the system's constituent elements. Also, no statistics can be obtained on unique events and, naturally, in such cases the calculus of predispositions becomes the only option. The procedure of calculating predispositions is linked to two steps – dissection of the system on its constituent elements and integration of the analyzed parts in a new whole. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system is structured by two basic types of parameters – material and positional. The material parameters constitute the skeleton of the system. Relationships between them form positional parameters. The calculus of predispositions primarily deals with analyzing the system's material and positional parameters as independent variables and measuring them in unconditional valuations. In order to quantify the evaluation of a position we need new techniques, which I have grouped under the heading of calculus of predispositions. This calculus is based on a weight function, which represents a variation on the well-known criterion of optimality for local extremum. This criterion incorporates material parameters and their conditional valuations. The following key elements distinguish the modified weight function from the criterion of optimality: First and foremost, the weight function includes not only material parameters as independent (controlling) variables, but also positional (relational) parameters. The valuations of material and positional parameters composing the weight function are, to a certain extent, unconditional; that is, they are independent of the specific conditions, but do take into account the rules of the game and statistics (experience). ”

" Mess. The zero phase can be called a mess because it contains no linkages between the system's elements. Such a definition of mess as ‘a disorderly, un-tidy, or dirty state of things’ we find in Webster's New World Dictionary. (...) Chaos. Mess should not be confused with the next phase, chaos, as this term is understood today. Arguably, chaos is the first phase of indeterminism that displays sufficient order to talk of the general problem of system development. The chaos phase is characterized by some ordering of accumulated statistical data and the emergence of the basic rules of interactions of inputs and outputs (not counting boundary conditions). Even such a seemingly limited ordering makes it possible to fix systemic regularities of the sort shown by Feigenbaum numbers and strange attractors. (...) Different types of orderings in the chaos phase may be brought together under the notion of directing, for they point to a possible general direction of system development and even its extreme states. But even if a general path is known, enormous difficulties remain in linking algorithmically the present state with the final one and in operationalizing the algorithms. These objectives are realized in the next two large phases that I call predispositioning and programming. (...) Programming. When linkages between states are established through reactive procedures, either by table functions or analytically, it is often assumed that each state is represented only by essentials. For instance, the production function in economics ties together inputs and outputs in physical terms. When a system is represented as an equilibrium or an optimization model, the original and conjugated parameters are stated explicitly; in economics, they are products (resources) and prices, respectively.9 Deterministic economic models have been extensively formalized; they assume full knowledge of inputs, outputs, and existing technologies. (...) Predispositioning (...) exhibits less complete linkages between system's elements than programming but more complete than chaos. " Katsenelinboigen, Aron. The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications: Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, 1997}} Unfortunately, predispositioning as a method as well as a predisposition as an intermediate stage have never been discussed by scholars, though there were some interesting intuitive attempts to deal with the formation of a predisposition. The game of chess, at this point, was one of the most productive fields in the study of predispositioning as a method. Owing to chess’ focus on the positional style, it elaborated a host of innovative strategies and tactics that Katsenelinboigen analyzed and systematized and made them a basis for his theory. To sum up, the main focus of predispositioning theory is on the intermediate stage of systems development, the stage that Katsenelinboigen proposed to call a "predisposition". This stage is distinguished by semi-complete and semi-consistent linkages between its elements. The most vital question when dealing with semi-complete and semi-consistent stages of the system is the question of its evaluation. To this end, Katsenelinboigen elaborated his structure of values, using the game of chess as a model. Katsenelinboigen outlines two extreme cases of the spectrum of values—fully conditional and fully unconditional—and says that, in actuality, they are ineffectual in evaluating the material and so are sometimes replaced by semiconditional or semiunconditional valuations, which are distinguished by their differing degrees of conditionality. He defines fully conditional values as those based on complete and consistent linkages among all four preconditions. " V. Ulea, The Concept of Dramatic Genre and The Comedy of A New Type. Chess, Literature, and Film. Southern Illinois University Press, 2002}} " The difference between these two approaches is clearly manifested in the various translations of the Torah. For instance, The Holy Scriptures (1955), a new translation based on the masoretic text (a vast body of the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible), translates the commandment as ‘Thou shalt not commit murder.’ In The Holy Bible, commonly known as the authorized (King James) version (The Gideons International, 1983), this commandment is translated as ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ (...) The difference between unconditional and semi-unconditional evaluations will become more prominent if we use the same example of ‘Thou shalt not kill and ‘Thou shalt not murder’ to illustrate the conduct of man in accordance with his precepts. In an extreme case, one who follows ‘Thou shalt not kill’ will allow himself to be killed before he kills another. These views are held by one of the Hindu sects in Sri Lanka (the former Ceylon). To the best of my knowledge, the former prime minister of Ceylon, Solomon Bandaranaike (1899-1959), belonged to this sect. He did not allow himself to kill an attacker and was murdered. As he lay bleeding to death, he did crawl over to the murderer and knock the pistol from his hand before it could be used against his wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She later became the prime minister of Ceylon-Sri Lanka. " Katsenelinboigen clearly explains why subjectivity of the managerial decision is inevitable: " The original subjective evaluation of the situation by the decision-maker is critical in the creative strategic management. Subjectivity of the managerial decisions is inevitable due to the intrinsically indeterministic nature of the strategic management, meaning that the subjectivity arises not just because of the lack of scientific foundation in business management. The effective approach to the strategic decision-making, as demonstrated in the game of chess, presupposes that each player has a unique, individual vision of his strategic position. To make it more systematic, one should not substitute the player’s intuition with some objective laws that relate essential and positional parameters, but rather complement the intuition with the statistical analysis. " Calculus of predispositions, a basic part of predispositioning theory, belongs to the indeterministic procedures. " The key component of any indeterministic procedure is the evaluation of a position. Since it is impossible to devise a deterministic chain linking the inter-mediate state with the outcome of the game, the most complex component of any indeterministic method is assessing these intermediate stages. It is precisely the function of predispositions to assess the impact of an intermediate state upon the future course of development. " According to Katsenelinboigen, calculus of predispositions is another method of computing probability. Both methods may lead to the same results and, thus, can be interchangeable. However, it is not always possible to interchange them since computing via frequencies requires availability of statistics, possibility to gather the data as well as having the knowledge of the extent to which one can interlink the system's constituent elements. Also, no statistics can be obtained on unique events and, naturally, in such cases the calculus of predispositions becomes the only option. The procedure of calculating predispositions is linked to two steps – dissection of the system on its constituent elements and integration of the analyzed parts in a new whole. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system is structured by two basic types of parameters – material and positional. The material parameters constitute the skeleton of the system. Relationships between them form positional parameters. The calculus of predispositions primarily deals with analyzing the system's material and positional parameters as independent variables and measuring them in unconditional valuations. " In order to quantify the evaluation of a position we need new techniques, which I have grouped under the heading of calculus of predispositions. This calculus is based on a weight function, which represents a variation on the well-known criterion of optimality for local extremum. This criterion incorporates material parameters and their conditional valuations. The following key elements distinguish the modified weight function from the criterion of optimality: First and foremost, the weight function includes not only material parameters as independent (controlling) variables, but also positional (relational) parameters. The valuations of material and positional parameters composing the weight function are, to a certain extent, unconditional; that is, they are independent of the specific conditions, but do take into account the rules of the game and statistics (experience). "

68051782

1

The Nesher Ramla Homo group are an extinct population of archaic humans who lived during the Middle Pleistocene in modern-day Israel. In 2010, evidence of a tool industry had been discovered during a year of archaeological excavations at the site. In 2021, the first Nesher Ramla Homo individual was identified from remains discovered during further excavations. Hershkovitz speculated that the specimen might be categorised as among the last survivors of a population that would contribute to the Neanderthals and East Asian Homo. Philip Rightmire of Harvard University did not agree with the findings, believing instead that properly, the skull should be categorised as among early Neanderthals. Rightmire also discussed the possibility of a Neanderthal population having migrated from Europe to the area. Artefacts More than 6,000 stone tools were excavated in the fossil-bearing sediment of the site. The Nesher Ramla Homo population mastered stone tool production technologies previously known among Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. The team led by Zaidner interpreted the presence of this tool industry as evidence of cultural interactions between Nesher Ramla populations and Homo sapiens populations.

Nesher Ramla Homo fossils- reconstruction of their location in the head The Nesher Ramla Homo group are an extinct population of archaic humans who lived during the Middle Pleistocene in modern-day Israel. In 2010, evidence of a tool industry had been discovered during a year of archaeological excavations at the site. In 2021, the first Nesher Ramla Homo individual was identified from remains discovered during further excavations. Hershkovitz speculated that the specimen might be categorised as among the last survivors of a population that would contribute to the Neanderthals and East Asian Homo. Philip Rightmire of Harvard University did not agree with the findings, believing instead that properly, the skull should be categorised as among early Neanderthals. Rightmire also discussed the possibility of a Neanderthal population having migrated from Europe to the area. Scan of the mandible (lower jaw) Nesher Ramla 2 Artefacts More than 6,000 stone tools were excavated in the fossil-bearing sediment of the site. The Nesher Ramla Homo population mastered stone tool production technologies previously known among Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. The team led by Zaidner interpreted the presence of this tool industry as evidence of cultural interactions between Nesher Ramla populations and Homo sapiens populations.

68072999

1

Like the trading council families of most other German imperial cities, the Nuremberg patrician families gradually embraced the Protestant faith since the Reformation in 1517 , even if some hesitated at first. As early as 1516, Luther's teacher Johann von Staupitz had made an impression on well-known citizens with his sermons in Nuremberg. After the Nuremberg Religious Discussion from March 3rd to 14th , 1525, organized by the council and led by councilor Christoph Scheurl , Nuremberg officially turned to Lutheran doctrine in several council resolutions . On April 21, 1525, the council banned Catholic masses. Coat of Arms Gallery See Also Patrizier Dance Statute%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Patriziat von Basel Literature%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Julie Meyer: Die Entstehung des Patriziats in Nürnberg. In: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg. (MVGN), Band 27, 1928, S. 1–96. (online) Gunther Friedrich: Bibliographie zum Patriziat der Reichsstadt Nürnberg. (= Nürnberger Forschungen. Band 27). Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg. Edelmann, Nürnberg 1994, ISBN 3-87191-203-4. Buchbesprechung durch Peter Zahn, in: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg. Band 82, 1995, S. 353–355, (online) Eugen Kusch: Nürnberg. Lebensbild einer Stadt. 5. Auflage. mit einem neuen Kapitel „1945–1989“ von Christian Köster. Verlag Nürnberger Presse Druckhaus Nürnberg, Nürnberg 1989, ISBN 3-920701-79-8. Christoph von Imhoff (Hrsg.): Berühmte Nürnberger aus neun Jahrhunderten. 2. Auflage. Hofmann, Nürnberg 1989, ISBN 3-87191-088-0. (Neuauflage: Edelmann Buchhandlung, 2000) Geschlechtsregister von Johann Gottfried Biedermann Geschlecht Buch deß Heiligen Reichs Stat Nürnberg von 1610 (digitale Sammlungen der Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek)%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Johannes Müllner: Die Annalen der Reichsstadt Nürnberg von 1623. Teil II: Von 1351–1469. Nürnberg 1972, S. 157–170. Chronologische Aufstellung der Genannten des Großen Rats der Stadt Nürnberg (1560–1670). Handschrift des 17. Jhdts, (Digitalisat) Michael Diefenbacher: Die Adelslandschaft – Burgen, Schlösser, Herrensitze, in: Wolfgang Wüst (Hrsg.): Bayerns Adel – Mikro- und Makrokosmos aristokratischer Lebensformen. Referate der internationalen und interdisziplinären Tagung. Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein, 26.-29. Mai 2016, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Bern u. a. (Peter Lang Verlag) 2017, S. 163–187. ISBN 978-3-631-73453-7. Weblinks%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Robert Giersch / Andreas Schlunk / Bertold von Haller: Burgen und Herrensitze in der Nürnberger Landschaft Genealogische Aufzeichnungen über Nürnberger Familien im Staatsarchiv Nürnberg References%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Category:Nuremberg Category:History of German

Like the trading council families of most other German imperial cities, the Nuremberg patrician families gradually embraced the Protestant faith since the Reformation in 1517 , even if some hesitated at first. As early as 1516, Luther's teacher Johann von Staupitz had made an impression on well-known citizens with his sermons in Nuremberg. After the Nuremberg Religious Discussion from March 3 to 14 , 1525, organized by the council and led by councilor Christoph Scheurl , Nuremberg officially turned to Lutheran doctrine in several council resolutions . On April 21, 1525, the council banned Catholic masses. Coat of Arms Gallery %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%%

680772

1

The effect in 1965 of the release by Yamasa of the Manpo-kei pedometer in Japan was significant. Soon after, the Japan 10,000-step Walking Association sprang up, which soon had chapters in all 47 prefectures, organising regular hikes that could be measured with the Yamasa device.

The effect in 1965 of the release by Yamasa of the Manpo-kei pedometer in Japan was significant. Soon after, the Japan 10,000-step Walking Association sprang up, which shortly had chapters in all 47 prefectures, organising regular walks that could be measured with the Yamasa device.

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Types Rapid Transfer Ports are used for contamination-free material transfer into and out of barrier systems such as RABS or isolators. They are considered the safest method for bidirectional transfer in aseptic or toxic work areas without restriction or violation of sterility. The basic design of RTP systems is often the same regardless of the manufacturer. Major differences can only be found in the degree of customization and in additional applications, such as whether solid orr liquide Stoffe eingebracht werden . Once the alpha and beta ports are connected by bayonet latches , the interlock is released, and the door can be opened inside the isolator. This allows rapid transfer of material between the container and containment without compromising cleanroom integrity. mini|Alpha-Ports an einem Isolator|alternativtext= Ein Sicherheitssystem verhindert den unsachgemäßen Gebrauch der Transferschleuse und gewährleistet einen hohen Personen- und Produktschutz. Die Tür des Alpha-Ports lässt sich nur dann öffnen, wenn der Beta-Port korrekt angedockt ist . Edelstahl-Beta-Behälter können mit einem angeschlossenen Sterilfilter in einem Autoklav sterilisiert werden. Die Luft wird hierbei durch gesättigten Dampf ersetzt, gekühlt und anschließend als Kondensat aus dem Container extrahiert. Behälter aus PE sind nicht autoklavierbar und werden in der Regel mit Gas oder per Gammabestrahlung sterilisiert . In den Beta-Container eingebaute Auszugssysteme ermöglichen es, den Container sicher zu be- und entladen. Instrumente und Komponenten wie Petrischalen, Vials oder Stopfen können so übertragen werden, die für den Prozess erforderlich sind . mini|alt=Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen|Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen Filtersystem Während des Abdockvorgangs bildet sich zwischen der Tür des Alpha-Ports und der Beta-Ausrüstung ein Vakuum, da die beiden Dichtungen auseinandergezogen werden. Um dieses Vakuum zu lösen und das Abdocken des Beta-Teils zu ermöglichen, ist eine sehr geringe Luftmenge erforderlich. Diese Luft wird durch ein Filtersystem zugeführt . Anforderungen Rapid Transfer Ports und andere sichere Transfersysteme werden benötigt, um Komponenten steril in den Isolator einzubringen. Die Transferschleusen kommen bei der Entwicklung und Produktion von Arzneimittel (Biopharmazeutika) und Impfstoffen zum Einsatz. Sie sollen deshalb den hohen Standards der pharmazeutischen Industrie genügen die Sterilkette während des aseptischen Transfers nicht unterbrechen einen hohen Personen- und Produktschutz gewährleisten eine hohe Prozesssicherheit sicherstellen dem Aspekt des hygenic-design folgen die leichte Reinigung ermöglichen . Der RTP wurde für den aseptische Transfer entwickelt. Um den Reinraumstatus aufrechtzuerhalten, ist die Dichtigkeit der Isolatoren und RABS-Systeme Teil der GMP Anforderungen. Transfersysteme sind kritische Stellen hinsichtlich der Dichtigkeit und müssen daher im Prüfverfahren neben weiteren kritischen Parametern auch Dichtigkeitsprüfungen standhalten . alt=Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail Schienensystems|mini|Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail-Schienensystems Siehe auch Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie Pharmazeutische Technologie Pharmahersteller Pharmaforschung Kategorie:Medizintechnik Kategorie:Maschinenbau Kategorie:Pharmazeutische Technologie Kategorie:Biotechnolo

Types Rapid Transfer Ports are used for contamination-free material transfer into and out of barrier systems such as RABS or isolators. They are considered the safest method for bidirectional transfer in aseptic or toxic work areas without restriction or violation of sterility. The basic design of RTP systems is often the same regardless of the manufacturer. Major differences can only be found in the degree of customization and in additional applications, such as whether solid or liquid substances are introduced . When the alpha and beta ports are connected by bayonet catches , the interlock is released, and the door can be opened inside the isolator. This allows rapid transfer of material between the container and containment without compromising cleanroom integrity. mini|Alpha-Ports an einem Isolator|alternativtext= A safety system prevents inappropriate use of the transfer lock and ensures a high level of personal and product protection. The door of the alpha port can only be opened when the beta port is correctly docked . Stainless steel beta containers can be sterilized in an autoclave with a sterile filter connected. The air is replaced by saturated steam, cooled and then extracted from the container as condensate. Containers made of PE cannot be autoclaved and are usually sterilized with gas or by gamma irradiation . Drawer systems installed in the beta container allow the container to be loaded and unloaded safely. Instruments and components such as Petri dishes, vials or stoppers can thus be transferred as required for the process . mini|alt=Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen|Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen Filter system During undocking, a vacuum forms between the door of the alpha port and the beta equipment as the two seals are pulled apart. A very small amount of air is required to release this vacuum and allow undocking of the beta section. This air is supplied through a filter system . Requirements Rapid Transfer Ports and other safe transfer systems are needed to insert components into the isolator in a sterile manner. The transfer ports are used in the development and production of drugs and vaccines. They should therefore meet the high standards of the pharmaceutical industry not interrupt the sterile chain during aseptic transfer ensure a high level of personal and product protection ensure a high level of process reliability follow the aspect of hygenic-design enable easy cleaning . The RTP was developed for aseptic transfer. To maintain cleanroom status, the tightness of isolators and RABS systems is part of the GMP requirements. Transfer systems are critical points in terms of tightness and must therefore withstand tightness tests in the test procedure, in addition to other critical parameters . alt=Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail Schienensystems|mini|Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail-Schienensystems Siehe auch Biotechnology Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical manufacturing Pharmaceutical research Category:Biotechnology Category:Life sciences industry Category:Engineering Category:Pharmaceutical industr

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alt= Informationsgrafik Rapid Transfer Port| mini|Alpha-Port-Transferschleuse: Informationsgrafik zum Rapid Transfer Port (RTP) A Rapid Transfer Port (RTP for short, also alpha-beta port system) is a transfer system that allows material to be rapidly transferred into and out of an isolator without contamination. mini|verweis=Special:FilePath/Edelstahl-Beta-Behälter.jpg|alt=Beta Container 316L|Beta-Transfer-Container aus Edelstahl The alpha port is integrated into the isolator, the mobile unit of the transfer system, the beta port (a stainless steel, plastic or aluminum container) can be docked. It is possible to open the door of the alpha port from the inside via glove intervention and thus to introduce material into the beta container. Undocking of the beta container can only be done when the door of the alpha port is closed. The hermetic seal is not broken during the process. Types Rapid Transfer Ports are used for contamination-free material transfer into and out of barrier systems such as RABS or isolators. They are considered the safest method for bidirectional transfer in aseptic or toxic work areas without restriction or violation of sterility. The basic design of RTP systems is often the same regardless of the manufacturer. Major differences can only be found in the degree of customization and in additional applications, such as whether solid or liquid substances are introduced. The alpha flange with door is permanently integrated into the isolator wall or embedded into the floor of the containment. alt=Schnittmodell eines Liquid-Beta-Transfer-Containers|mini|Schnittmodell eines Liquid-Beta-Transfer-Containers The alpha flange consists of a stainless steel flange and a door made mainly of plastic, which is attached to a hinge. Both parts are closed with a latch and fitted with a seal. In addition, the alpha flange is equipped with a mechanical safety mechanism that prevents the door from opening in the absence of a container. Beta port The second main component is the beta assembly, consisting of a canister with the beta flange and the beta door, which is sealed to the flange with a gasket. A 60° rotation docks the beta transfer container to the alpha port. alt=Schnittmodell eines Alpha-Port|mini|Schnittmodell eines Alpha-Ports Once the alpha and beta components are connected, they form a closed unit. The leak tightness is ensured by the lip seals of the newly created unit, which can be opened without interrupting the sterility containment. When the alpha and beta ports are connected by bayonet catches, the interlock is released, and the door can be opened inside the isolator. This allows rapid transfer of material between the container and containment without compromising cleanroom integrity. mini|Alpha-Ports an einem Isolator|alternativtext= A safety system prevents inappropriate use of the transfer lock and ensures a high level of personal and product protection. The door of the alpha port can only be opened when the beta port is correctly docked. Stainless steel beta containers can be sterilized in an autoclave with a sterile filter connected. The air is replaced by saturated steam, cooled and then extracted from the container as condensate. Containers made of PE cannot be autoclaved and are usually sterilized with gas or by gamma irradiation. Drawer systems installed in the beta container allow the container to be loaded and unloaded safely. Instruments and components such as Petri dishes, vials or stoppers can thus be transferred as required for the process. mini|alt=Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen|Transfer von Stopfen und Verschlüssen von pharmazeutischen Primärverpackungen The RTP was developed for aseptic transfer. To maintain cleanroom status, the tightness of isolators and RABS systems is part of the GMP requirements. Transfer systems are critical points in terms of tightness and must therefore withstand tightness tests in the test procedure, in addition to other critical parameters. alt=Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail Schienensystems|mini|Einbringen von Petrischalen mittels eines Rail-Schienensystems

alt= Information graphic explaining a Rapid Transfer Port| Information graphic explaining a Rapid Transfer Port A Rapid Transfer Port (RTP for short, also alpha-beta port system) is a transfer system that allows material to be rapidly transferred into and out of an isolator without contamination. The alpha port is integrated into the isolator, the mobile unit of the transfer system, the beta port (a stainless steel, plastic or aluminum container) can be docked. alt=Stainless steel beta container |Stainless steel beta container It is possible to open the door of the alpha port from the inside via glove intervention and thus to introduce material into the beta container. Undocking of the beta container can only be done when the door of the alpha port is closed. The hermetic seal is not broken during the process. Types alt=Cutaway view of a liquid beta transfer container|Cutaway view of a liquid beta transfer container Rapid Transfer Ports are used for contamination-free material transfer into and out of barrier systems such as RABS or isolators. They are considered the safest method for bidirectional transfer in aseptic or toxic work areas without restriction or violation of sterility. The basic design of RTP systems is often the same regardless of the manufacturer. Major differences can only be found in the degree of customization and in additional applications, such as whether solid or liquid substances are introduced. The alpha flange with door is permanently integrated into the isolator wall or embedded into the floor of the containment. The alpha flange consists of a stainless steel flange and a door made mainly of plastic, which is attached to a hinge. Both parts are closed with a latch and fitted with a seal. In addition, the alpha flange is equipped with a mechanical safety mechanism that prevents the door from opening in the absence of a container. Beta port alt=Cutaway View of an Alpha Port|Cutaway View of an Alpha Port The second main component is the beta assembly, consisting of a canister with the beta flange and the beta door, which is sealed to the flange with a gasket. A 60° rotation docks the beta transfer container to the alpha port. Once the alpha and beta components are connected, they form a closed unit. The leak tightness is ensured by the lip seals of the newly created unit, which can be opened without interrupting the sterility containment. alt=Alpha ports on an isolator|Alpha ports on an isolator When the alpha and beta ports are connected by bayonet catches, the interlock is released, and the door can be opened inside the isolator. This allows rapid transfer of material between the container and containment without compromising cleanroom integrity. A safety system prevents inappropriate use of the transfer lock and ensures a high level of personal and product protection. The door of the alpha port can only be opened when the beta port is correctly docked. alt=Transfer of stoppers and closures from pharmaceutical primary packaging|Transfer of stoppers and closures from pharmaceutical primary packaging Stainless steel beta containers can be sterilized in an autoclave with a sterile filter connected. The air is replaced by saturated steam, cooled and then extracted from the container as condensate. Containers made of PE cannot be autoclaved and are usually sterilized with gas or by gamma irradiation. alt=Insertion of Petri dishes by means of a drawer system|Insertion of Petri dishes by means of a drawer system Drawer systems installed in the beta container allow the container to be loaded and unloaded safely. Instruments and components such as Petri dishes, vials or stoppers can thus be transferred as required for the process. The RTP was developed for aseptic transfer. To maintain cleanroom status, the tightness of isolators and RABS systems is part of the GMP requirements. Transfer systems are critical points in terms of tightness and must therefore withstand tightness tests in the test procedure, in addition to other critical parameters.

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Legal basis The Prescription Drug User Fee Act was first passed in 1992 , and must be reauthorized every five years.

History Prior to the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), median approval times of New Drug Applications ranged between 21 and 29 months. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act was first passed in 1992 to facilitate the funding of the Food and Drug Administration while ensuring a more predictable timetable for drug approvals. Under the PDUFA regime, The PDUFA must be reauthorized every five years. The current version, PDUFA VI, was reauthorized as part of the Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act (FDARA) signed on 18 August 2017. The reauthorization will expire in September 2022.

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Chemotactic responses elicited by the ligand-receptor interactions are distinguished generally upon the optimal effective concentration(s) of the ligand. Nevertheless, correlation of the amplitude elicited and ratio of the responder cells compared to the total number are also characteristic features of the chemotactic signaling. Investigations of ligand families (e.g. amino acids or oligopeptides) proved that there is a fitting of ranges (amplitudes; number of responder cells) and chemotactic activities: chemoattractant moiety is accompanied with wide, while chemorepellent character narrow ranges. center|350 px|Chemotactic range fitting

alt=Chemotactic range fitting|Chemotactic range fitting Chemotactic range fitting: chemotactic responses elicited by the ligand-receptor interactions are distinguished generally upon the optimal effective concentration(s) of the ligand. Nevertheless, correlation of the amplitude elicited and ratio of the responder cells compared to the total number are also characteristic features of the chemotactic signaling. Investigations of ligand families (e.g. amino acids or oligopeptides) proved that there is a fitting of ranges (amplitudes; number of responder cells) and chemotactic activities: chemoattractant moiety is accompanied with wide, while chemorepellent character narrow ranges.

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Proline and its higher homolog pipecolic acid affect the secondary structure of protein. D-alpha-amino acid - L-alpha-amino acid sequence can induce beta hairpin. It suggested that acyclic secondary amino acids are more flexible than cyclic secondary amino acids in protein by Replacement of Pipecolic Acid by N-Methyl-L-alanine in Efrapeptin C.

Proline and its higher homolog pipecolic acid affect the secondary structure of protein. D-alpha-amino acid - L-alpha-amino acid sequence can induce beta hairpin. It suggested that acyclic secondary amino acids are more flexible than cyclic secondary amino acids in protein by replacement of pipecolic acid by N-methyl-L-alanine in efrapeptin C.

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The Legislative Council (upper house) debated the bill for almost 102 hours. Liberal Party MP Nick Goiran in particular spoke on each of the 186 clauses of the bill, causing sitting hours to be extended. The latest sitting ended at 1:00 am on a Thursday morning. This irritated leader of the upper house Sue Ellery and premier Mark McGowan, who accused Goiran of filibustering, the second time he had done so in 2019. Peter Collier, who was the leader of the opposition in the upper house, defended Goiran, saying "It's democracy at work and I'm very proud of the role of Nick Goiran , " and "It's an issue of life and death and this piece of legislation deserves ruthless scrutiny, which it received." The bill had 55 amendments, 25 of which were Goiran's. There were also about 400 amendments rejected. Reactions Critics said it was the most dangerous piece of euthanasia legislation enacted in Australia. Nick Goiran said "It's verifiably the case that this is the most dangerous legislation that's ever passed", and "We know from the other jurisdictions, particularly when self-administration is involved, that there are complications, whether that be regurgitating of the substance, asphyxiating, various complications that have happened including a few stories where people actually fall into a coma and then they come out of it." He also said it was inevitable that pro-euthanasia campaigners try and expand the law to make other types of cases eligible.

The Legislative Council (upper house) debated the bill for almost 102 hours. Liberal Party MP Nick Goiran in particular spoke on each of the 186 clauses of the bill, causing sitting hours to be extended. The latest sitting ended at 1:00 am on a Thursday morning. This irritated leader of the upper house Sue Ellery and premier Mark McGowan, who accused Goiran of filibustering, the second time he had done so in 2019. Peter Collier, who was the leader of the opposition in the upper house, defended Goiran, saying "It's democracy at work and I'm very proud of the role of Nick Goiran " , and "It's an issue of life and death and this piece of legislation deserves ruthless scrutiny, which it received." The bill had 55 amendments, 25 of which were Goiran's. There were also about 400 amendments rejected. Reactions Critics said it was the most dangerous piece of euthanasia legislation enacted in Australia. Goiran said "It's verifiably the case that this is the most dangerous legislation that's ever passed", and "We know from the other jurisdictions, particularly when self-administration is involved, that there are complications, whether that be regurgitating of the substance, asphyxiating, various complications that have happened including a few stories where people actually fall into a coma and then they come out of it." He also said it was inevitable that pro-euthanasia campaigners would try to expand the law to make other types of cases eligible.

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The Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2019 was introduced to the Parliament of Western Australia on 7 August 2019. Other Members of Parliament, including Health Minister Roger Cook held back tears as the legislation passed. Premier Mark McGowan said on 10 December that it was a historic and important day for the state.

The Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2019 was introduced to the Parliament of Western Australia on 7 August 2019 by the Minister for Health, Roger Cook. Other Members of Parliament, including Roger Cook held back tears as the legislation passed. Premier Mark McGowan said on 10 December that it was a historic and important day for the state.

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Jane Selverstone is a geologist known for her research into the tectonic processesthat led to the formation of the Alps. Selverstone has a B.A. in geology from Princeton University (1978), a M.S. in geology from University of Colorado in Boulder (1981), and a Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1981). Following her Ph.D. Selverstone worked at the University of Colorado at Boulder (1992-1995) and then Harvard University (1986-1992) before accepting a position at the University of New Mexico in 1995. In 2000, Selverstone was promoted to professor and then she transitioned to research professor in 2010. AGU citation : Research Selverstone's research examines the interactions between water and rocks and the changes in rocks that occurs in the subsurface. Much of her research centered on the Eastern Alps (e.g., ) where her research focues on the processes that lead to the formation and breakdown of new mountains, or their orogenesis. Selverstone has also worked on chlorine stable isotopes which xxxx In 2010, Selverstone and colleagues discovered diamonds in the Italian Alps which were the first diamonds from an oceanic source found in the area. The geochemistry of the diamonds indicated that carbon release from the rocks was through dissolution could be a mechanism to transfer carbon from the mantle to the atmosphere. Selected publications Personal life Selverstone is married to the meteorologist David Gutzler and they have two children. Selverstone is also a photographer who works primarily in black and white. In 2006 Selverstone and Gutzler discussed their path through different research institutions as a dual-career couple. External links

Jane Selverstone is a geologist known for her research into tectonic processes, especially as they apply to the Eastern Alps. Selverstone has a B.A. in geology from Princeton University (1978), an M.S. in geology from University of Colorado in Boulder (1981), and a Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1981). Following her Ph.D. Selverstone worked at the University of Colorado at Boulder (1992-1995) and then Harvard University (1986-1992) before accepting a position at the University of New Mexico in 1995. In 2000, Selverstone was promoted to professor and she transitioned to research professor in 2010. In 2012, Selverstone was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the citation read : Research Selverstone's research examines the interactions between water and rocks and changes in rocks that occur in the subsurface. Much of her research centered on the Eastern Alps (e.g., ) where her research examines the processes that lead to the formation and breakdown of new mountains, or their orogenesis. Selverstone has also used stable isotopes of chlorine to examine small-scale fluid-rock interactions. In 2010, Selverstone and colleagues discovered diamonds in the Italian Alps which were the first diamonds from an oceanic source found in the area. The geochemistry of the diamonds indicated that carbon release from the rocks was through dissolution and therefore could be a mechanism to transfer carbon from the mantle to the atmosphere. Selected publications Personal life Selverstone is married to the meteorologist David Gutzler and they have two children. In 2006 Selverstone and Gutzler discussed their path through different research institutions as a dual-career couple. Selverstone is also a photographer primarily interested in black and white images. External links Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union Category:Fellows of the Geological Society of America Category:Princeton University alumni Category:University of Colorado Boulder alumni Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Category:University of New Mexico faculty Category:Women geologists Category:Photograp

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Contents The NBA's exposure draft features many contrasts to it's RMA predecessor. This includes the ability to set environmental limits, and the ability for planners to access activities based on outcomes .

Contents The NBA's exposure draft features many contrasts to it's RMA predecessor. This includes the ability to set environmental limits, the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the provisions to increase housing supply, and the ability for planners to access activities based on outcomes . A notable difference is the NBA's stronger attention to Māori involvement in decision making and Māori environmental issues. Greater emphasis is put on upholding the nation's founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi .

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Under the Act, over 100 District and Regional Plans , and regional policy statements , will be replaced by just 14 Plans. These Plans will be prepared by new Regional Council Planning Committees and their planning secretariat . The Planning Committee will be comprised of one person to represent the Minister of Conservation, appointed mana whenua representatives , and elected people from each District Council . The committee will have an array of responisibilities , including the ability to vote on plan changes, set environmental limits for the region, and consider recommendations from hearings. The planning secretariat would draft the plans and provide expert advice.

Under the Act, over 100 Plans and policy statements will be replaced by just 14 Plans. These Plans will be prepared by new Regional Council Planning Committees and their planning secretariats . The Planning Committee will be comprised of one person to represent the Minister of Conservation, appointed representatives of mana whenua , and elected people from each District within the region . The committee will have an array of responsibilities , including the ability to vote on plan changes, set environmental limits for the region, and consider recommendations from hearings. The planning secretariat would draft the plans and provide expert advice.

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In ] 2018, Llanquileo was elected president of the Center for Research and Defense of the South (CIDSUR, ). The organization, which is headquartered in the city of Temuco, is dedicated to protecting the human rights of indigenous Chileans. Political views Llanquileo favors the establishment of a plurinational state in Chile. She has criticized extractivism, stating that Chile must shift its development model away from dependence on resource extraction to one that respects natural resources. She has referred to the country's 1980 Constitution as a "constitution made by a group of white men in dictatorship, in which the people had no participation" .

In 2011, Llanquileo condemned the sentencing of human rights attorney Karina Riquelme Viveros to 21 days in jail for allegedly providing legal advice to Mapuche activists prior to receiving a law degree. Llanquileo described the sentencing as an act of political repression, stating that the "only reasonable explanation for such an unusual sentence]" is that Riquelme "had become a problem for prosecutors and police" through defending Mapuche activists. In 2018, Llanquileo was elected president of the Center for Research and Defense of the South (CIDSUR, ). The organization, which is headquartered in the city of Temuco, is dedicated to protecting the human rights of indigenous Chileans. Llanquileo has stated she has been subject to state repression during her time working at CIDSUR on behalf of Mapuche clients. Political views Llanquileo favors the establishment of a plurinational state in Chile. She has criticized extractivism, stating that Chile must shift its development model away from dependence on resource extraction to one that respects natural resources. She has referred to the country's 1980 Constitution as a "constitution made by a group of white men in dictatorship, in which the people had no participation" . On the subject of party politics, Llanquileo has criticized parties and politicians affiliated with the centre-left, arguing that the Concertación alliance has failed to advocate for indigenous communities. In a 2018 interview, Llanquileo stated that the approaches towards Mapuche communities undertaken by Michelle Bachelet (Socialist) and Sebastián Piñera (conservative independent) were roughly as antagonistic. However, she noted that Piñera's "much sharper" rhetoric has contributed to an environment in which police violence against Mapuche activists has flourished .

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Theory Absolute theory holds that space is a homogeneous structure with a free-standing existence and is independent of other things. The Newtonian arguments of this theory, particularly those concerned with the ontological status of space and time, had been related to the existence of God through the concepts of absolute space and absolute time. It was proposed that the universe was finite in extent and was said to have began in time(Khamara, p 6) . Additionally, space exists prior to the body or matter that occupies it and it was held that the universe - as a finite material - is merely situated within it. An absolute theory is the opposite of a relational theory .

Theory The absolute theory holds that space is a homogeneous structure with a free-standing existence and is independent of other things. The Newtonian arguments of this theory, particularly those concerned with the ontological status of space and time, had been related to the existence of God through the concepts of absolute space and absolute time. It was proposed that the universe was finite in extent and was said to have begun in time . Additionally, space exists prior to the body or matter that occupies it and it was held that the universe - as a finite material - is merely situated within it. Aside from Newton, the theory was also promoted by his followers during the 17th and 18th centuries such as Samuel Clarke and Roger Cotes. Related theories An absolute theory is the opposite of a relational theory ."Absolute and Relational Theories of Space and Motion" (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the main proponent of relational theory, argued that there is no absolute space and time. He maintained that space is not independent nor a container of the matter that occupies it, explaining that physical objects or forces are ordered spatially and that space is merely a system of relations. According to the relational theory, without objects, there is no space. Martin Heidegger’s own theory of space also opposes the absolute theory with his criticism that it is founded on metaphysical dichotomy of separated subject and object. The thinker maintained that this nature keeps absolute theory from explaining the true nature of space .

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Theory The absolute theory holds that space is a homogeneous structure with a free-standing existence and is independent of other things. The Newtonian arguments of this theory, particularly those concerned with the ontological status of space and time, had been related to the existence of God through the concepts of absolute space and absolute time. It was proposed that the universe was finite in extent and was said to have begun in time. Additionally, space exists prior to the body or matter that occupies it and it was held that the universe - as a finite material - is merely situated within it. Martin Heidegger’s own theory of space also opposes the absolute theory with his criticism that it is founded on metaphysical dichotomy of separated subject and object. The thinker maintained that this nature keeps absolute theory from explaining the true nature of space.

Theory The absolute theory holds that space is a homogeneous structure with a free-standing existence and is independent of other things. The Newtonian arguments of this theory, particularly those concerned with the ontological status of space and time, had been related to the existence of God through the concepts of absolute space and absolute time. It was proposed that the universe was finite in extent and was said to have begun in time. Additionally, space exists prior to the body or matter that occupies it and it was held that the universe – as a finite material – is merely situated within it. Martin Heidegger’s own theory of space also opposes the absolute theory with his criticism that it is founded on metaphysical dichotomy of separated subject and object. The thinker maintained that this nature keeps absolute theory from explaining the true nature of space. References Category:Philosophy of physics Category:Theor

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The Climate Crisis Advisory Group is an independent group of scientists which advises on climate change and biodiversity, headed by Sir David King. Members Laura Diaz Anadon Mercedes Bustamante Arunabha Ghosh%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Lavanya Rajamani References

The Climate Crisis Advisory Group (CCAG) is an independent group of scientists which advises on climate change and biodiversity, headed by Sir David King. The group is funded by the Centre for Climate Repair. Members Members of the CCAG are scientists from multiple disciplines that are all advocates for the environment. The group was formed so that every continent (besides Antarctica) was represented. All members volunteer their time to the group. Members include: Nerilie Abram Ade Adepitan - Presenter Laura Diaz Anadon %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Dr. Fatih Birol Mercedes Bustamante Dr. Robert W. Corell Dr. Arunabha Ghosh Sir David King - Chair Dr. Klaus Lackner Mark Maslin Dr. Tero Mustonen Lavanya Rajamani Johan Rockström Dr. Tara Shirvani - Associate Lorraine Whitmarsh Qi Ye References External Links List of CCAG Reports CCAG press releases CCAG Youtube channel where they stream their monthly meetings

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Cultural means which is related to particular society and its customs,arts and ideas. Activity is an activity which you spend time by doing something. So, Cultural activities means the sports or activities which contribute to or enhance the historical or social development, appreciation of members of the public. This means training and refinement of the intellect, interest, tastes and skills of a person. The UN established 21 May as World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. Benefits in schools students@workshop.JSS public school,malur They will vanish stage fear: Stage fear is common problem around world for many students, even for adults too .But the schools can help students to vanish stage fear at early age only. Increase self-confidence: When students get successful in cultural activities, it will help in boosting the self-confidence. Better academic performance: The students who are involved in cultural activities will have good academic performance. Health benefits The cultural activities have health benefits like lowering depression, anxiety etc. They will bring positive effects to people who have associated with dancing, acting, playing. The Cultural activities will help both mental and physical health.

Cultural means which is related to particular society and its customs,arts and ideas. Activity is an activity which one spends time by doing something. So, Cultural activities means the sports or activities which contribute to or enhance the historical or social development, appreciation of members of the public. This means training and refinement of the intellect, interest, tastes and skills of a person. The UN established 21 May as World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. Benefits in schools students@workshop.JSS public school,malur They will vanish stage fear: Stage fear is common problem around world for many students, even for adults too , but the schools can help students to vanish stage fear at early age only. Increase self-confidence: When students get successful in cultural activities, it will help in boosting the self-confidence. Better academic performance: The students who are involved in cultural activities will have good academic performance. Health benefits The cultural activities have health benefits like lowering depression, anxiety , etc. They will bring positive effects to people who have associated with dancing, acting, and playing. The Cultural activities will help both mental and physical health.

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Cultural means which is related to particular society and its customs,arts and ideas. Activity is an activity which one spends time by doing something. So, Cultural activities means the sports or activities which contribute to or enhance the historical or social development, appreciation of members of the public. This means training and refinement of the intellect, interest, tastes and skills of a person. The UN established 21 May as World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.

Cultural activities are sports or activities which contribute to or enhance the historical or social development, appreciation of members of the public. It is training and refinement of the intellect, interest, tastes and skills of a person. The UN established 21 May as World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.

68173537

1

Place-name evidence and the poem's preservation as part of the Book of Aneirin show it must have been composed somewhere in modern day Northern England or Southern Scotland, in one of the British kingdoms which controlled parts of that region between the 5th and the 11th century. The poem mentions a river called Derwenyd , deriving from the Brittonic , the origin of the modern river name Derwent which is found at various locations in Northern England. The mention of a rayadyr (modern Welsh rhaedr, "waterfall") on the Derwenyd also argues against the Durham Derwent, which has no waterfalls along its course. For this reason, and its proximity to mountains (vynyd in the poem) R.G. Gruffydd proposed the Cumbrian Derwent as the identity of Derwenyd , and this view is now generally accepted. The identity of the animal referred to in the text as llewyn has been widely debated by scholars. Some, such as Ifor Williams and John Koch, believed it to refer to the red fox, Gwyn Williams and T. Conran translated it as "wildcat", whereas still others, such as Alfred Owen Hughes Jarman and Eric Partridge, identified it as the Lynx. The presence of a lynx in 7th century Britain was initially thought to be unlikely as the animal was believed to have been extirpated from the island long before the historical period. However, radiocarbon dating of lynx bones discovered at Kinsey cave in Craven revealed that lynx were definitely present in the 5th century. Kinsey cave is only 80 km southwest of the Cumbrian Derwent, which is the most widely accepted location for the river Derwenyd mentioned in Dinogad's smock, making the survival of the lynx in the area into the seventh century plausible. Following the radiocarbon dating of the Kinsey cave bones, John Koch stated that, while he still believed llewyn to refer to a fox, the local extinction of the lynx meant that no words for it had survived into modern Celtic languages, and therefore it was not impossible that llewyn did indeed mean "lynx".

Place-name evidence and the poem's preservation as part of the Book of Aneirin show it must have been composed somewhere in modern day Northern England or Southern Scotland, in one of the British kingdoms which controlled parts of that region between the 5th and the 11th century. The poem mentions a river called Derwennyd , deriving from the Brittonic , the origin of the modern river name Derwent which is found at various locations in Northern England. The mention of a rayadyr (modern Welsh rhaedr, "waterfall") on the Derwennyd also argues against the Durham Derwent, which has no waterfalls along its course. For this reason, and its proximity to mountains (vynyd in the poem) R.G. Gruffydd proposed the Cumbrian Derwent as the identity of Derwennyd , and this view is now generally accepted. The identity of the animal referred to in the text as llewyn has been widely debated by scholars. Some, such as Ifor Williams and John Koch, believed it to refer to the red fox, Gwyn Williams and T. Conran translated it as "wildcat", whereas still others, such as Alfred Owen Hughes Jarman and Eric Partridge, identified it as the Lynx. The presence of a lynx in 7th century Britain was initially thought to be unlikely as the animal was believed to have been extirpated from the island long before the historical period. However, radiocarbon dating of lynx bones discovered at Kinsey cave in Craven revealed that lynx were definitely present in the 5th century. Kinsey cave is only 80 km southwest of the Cumbrian Derwent, which is the most widely accepted location for the river Derwennyd mentioned in Dinogad's smock, making the survival of the lynx in the area into the seventh century plausible. Following the radiocarbon dating of the Kinsey cave bones, John Koch stated that, while he still believed llewyn to refer to a fox, the local extinction of the lynx meant that no words for it had survived into modern Celtic languages, and therefore it was not impossible that llewyn did indeed mean "lynx".

68175724

1

The Ashanti Empire (1701-1957) had resisted attempts by Europeans, chiefly the British, to subjugate them. However, the British annexed neighbouring areas, together with the Fante. The Ashanti allied themselves with the Dutch against the British, who allied themselves with the Fante. Disputes between the Fante and Ashanti often lead to European involvement in local disputes, the first of which began in 1806 when the Ashanti–Fante War, also known as the Ghana War, broke out with the Ashanti being victorious, capturing the Assin chief Kwadwo Otibu who was charged with harbouring Oyoko grave robbers on charges by the Asantehene Osei Bonsu. Otibu had been held under British occupation at Anomabu fort, and was eventually surrendered to the Ashanti King with other captives as slaves by Colonel George Torrance when the Ashanti stormed the fort, killing 8,000 local Gold Coast residents outside the fort. A successive series of conflicts between the Ashanti and British took place from this time on. In 1811 the Ga–Fante War saw the defeat of the Ashanti by the Fante, with the Ashanti and Ga-Adangbe people successfully capturing the British fort of Tantamkweri. In 1814 the Ashanti launched an invasion of the Gold Coast, warring against the tribes and federacies allied with the British, which launched renogiations between the Ashanti and British, Dutch, Polish, and Danish authorities in the area. In 1817 the ACoM signed a new agreement accepting Ashanti reign in the Gold Coast, in accession for British control over nearby local Gold Coast residents to British Forts. A British delegate, Joseph Dupuis then arrived at Cape Coast in January 1819 who set out on the 9th of February 1820, and on the 28th arrived at Kumasi . After several meetings with the local king, a treaty was drawn up, which acknowledged the sovereignty of Ashanti over the territory of the Fanti, and left the Fante open to attack by the Ashanti. J. Hope Smith, the governor of Cape Coast, disowned the treaty, as betraying the Fante interests under British protection. Under Smiths advice, from 1821-1824 with the dissolution of ACoM the British in the Gold Coast began taking direct control of forts and dropped Dupuis treaty, once more supporting the URL Mid December of 1822, a biracial African-British sergeant from the Royal African Corps who acted as the agent between the British and the Asante was said to have shown 'disrespect' to the Asante King Osei Tutu Quamina. Captain Laing offerred to retrieve the Sergeant but was denied by McCarthy. Therefore at the Kings request, the Sergeant was captured and left in prison in Kumasi until the 1st February 1823, when again at the behest of the King, killed the Sergeant with orders 'to send the jawbone, skull, and one of the arms ... to [Osei]' by the following day from Anomabu, such actions being considered a declaration of war by the British. With this a small British group under the guidance of McCarthy went ahead to talk with the Ashanti, but instead 10 were killed, 39 wounded and led to a British retreat. The Ashanti then tried to negotiate with MacCarthy over claims for Fante land which as the Fante fell under British protection, such claims were rejected leading to the first Anglo Ashanti war in 1824. McCarthy who led the initial British attack of 500-1000 men, died in Accra when the Ashanti with a force of 10,000, won the battle and took McCarthy's skull, and encrusting it with gold they used it as a spoil of war. After the British victory at the Katamanso War, Accra and British prestige rose in the area, with the British no longer paying rent in the forts. With the MacClean treaty of 1831, all British territory became south of the River Prah. Kwaku Dua I encouraged trade with MacCleans administration but by 1852 disputes between the Ashanti and Fante began URL A large number of Yoruba people in this period had resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone, which was established to home Africans who had escaped the slave trade. In 1838 a number of Egba people returned with a knowledge of English and Christianity, helping to spread the Anglican and particularly Methodist presence in the Gold Coast. Egba cooperation against the neighbouring kingdom of Dahomey, which was a prominent player in the slave trade, particularly of Egba peoples who had fought against their enslavement by the Dahomenians between 1842-1853 was greatly assisted by Anglican missionaries who persuading the Egba to end the siege in exchange for their armed support against Dahomey. The export of West Africans to the Americas had decreased with the banning of slavery in Brazil in 1850 and the bombardment by the British of Lagos in an anti-slave raid. The British continued providing assistance to Gold Coast tribes who had been enslaved, but this would begin to be used as a pretext for British military presence and the eventual British annexation of the Gold Coast. In 1853 the British opened a consulate in Lagos, annexing the area as a British protectorate in 1861 after heightened tensions and British involvement in local disputes between neighbouring Gold Coast URL In 1863-1864 the second Anglo-Ashanti war (or Incident more accurately as no fighting took place) was fought. The war began when the British Governor refused to hand over Kwasi Gyani who turned to the British either because he had stolen a chunk of gold or because he an indentured servant of the Asantehene, to which the Ashanti took offence to Pines actions because Pine regarded Gyani as innocent, whilst under Ashanti law he was guilty of having not returned the nugget, which the Ashanti took to break their treaty with the BritishThe Ashanti War of 1900: A Study in Cultural Conflict Vol. 31, No. 2, B. Wasserman, 1961, p.168, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute In 1864 with the invasion by Dahomey of Abeokuta, the British began increasing their military presence in the Gold Coast, splitting the area they governed at the Yewa River between themselves and the URL Chronology of Ghanaian-British relations Early 1555 - John Lok a London merchant brought 5 Ghanaians, Binne, Anthonie and George, to London from Sharma to become interpretors to assist the English with trade in West Africa and in Gold with Ghana 1596 - Elizabeth I notes the presence of Blackamoores, the most common word for Black Britons in use at the time 1621-23 - William St John, the first Gold Coast governor is appointed 1688 - Aphra Behn's Oroonoko is published whose name perhaps derives from the Yoruba names of the Coromantee enslaved peoples at the time living in Dutch Surinam 1748 - William Ansah Sessarakoo arrives in England on a diplomatic mission on behalf of the Fante people 1752-1821 - The African Company of Merchants begins operations, building trading posts such as Fort Tantumquery and Fort Komenda and operated from Cape Coast Castle 1753 - The ACoM abducted 2 boys, Acqua and Sackee, bringing them to London as hostages in a bid to begin trade with the Gold Coast, whilst in London they were educated for the next 2 years, with a farewell banquet being held upon their return in 1755 and Fort William is built 1754 - Philip Quaque is brought to England by Rev Thomas Thompson, being educated and studying Theosophy at Oxford, returning to the Gold Coast in 1766-1816 with a salary of £50 annually 1765 - Quaque became the first African ordained as a minister within the Church of England 1772 - Ottobah Cugoano is taken to England by Alexander Campbell where he became a leading abolitionist and writer 1786 - Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor occurs Olaudah Equiano, member of the Abolitionist Sons of Africa 1787 - Sons of Africa are known to be active with Cugoano among them publishing his Thoughts and sentiments on the evil and wicked traffic of the slavery and commerce of the human species. 1807 - The British Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed, however English and American slave ships still operate under Spanish flags until URL 1814 - Charles MacCarthy, an avid advocate of the suppression of the slave trade, is appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, taking over the territory of the British Gold Coast in 1821 1816 - Thomas Edward Bowdich signed a treaty with the Asante recognising fort rents and British protection of Gold Coast residents 1819 - Bowdich after working for the ACoM in which he successfully made a study of Asante court life in Kumasi, convinced the British government to assume direct control over the area British Gold Coast 1821 - The British form the Gold Coast Colony & The ACoM is disbanded, in part for its failure to suppress and participation in the slave trade in West Africa 1823 - MacCarthy declares war on the Asanti after disagreements between them and the Fante, the British engaged the Asante along a tributary of the Pra River and the majority killed, with MacCarthy's head taken a trophy of war, he was succeeded by Charles Turner 1824 - After the Katamanso War, the British stopped paying rent for coastal forts to the Asante 1828 - The British decided to reduce their presence in the Gold Coast, only maintaining Cape Coast and Accra forts at the request of local merchants 1831 - George Maclean established a treaty with the Asante which effectively in return for gold allowed the Asante to continue in the slave trade, one of their primary trades at the URL 1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 is passed, with 2 British ships sent initially to cover the 20,000 mile long coastal waters of Western Africa to prevent slave ships passing to the Americas 1835 - Methodist Church Ghana is founded 1836-1841 - In a bid of fidelity to the April 1831 Maclean Treaty, two Asante Princes who had been taken hostage 5 years earlier; Prince Owusu-Ansa (1823-1884) and his cousin Prince Nkwantabisa (?-1859); travelled to England to learn English and to engage with the Fante as ambassadors between the Fante and Asante peoplesPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1840 - Through persistent writing, from July James Stephen prompted the Colonial Authorities in a bid to prevent the slave trade found to be operating under Macleans treaty the year prior, to place the Gold Coast forts authority from the Sierra Leone colonial authority and to become a colony in their own rightReport from the select Committee on the West Coast of Africa together with minutes of evidence Appendix and Index Part II, Colonies Africa, James Stephen, 1840, pp.131-153, Irish University Press, and under Macclean imports to England dramtically increased tenfold from 1830, Cowrie shells replacing Gold as currency 1841 - Under the behest of the new Asantehene Nana Kwaaku Dua (?-1867), Prince Osuwu Ansah and Prince Nkwantabisa were taken before Queen Victoria before returning to the Gold Coast, returning with the Niger expedition of 1841 to Kumase with a £100 annual allowance from the British in order to help the Missionary society in the Kumase area, leading to the establishment of 9 Methodist churches under Thomas Birch Freeman that yearPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1842 - Maclean is investigated for charges of by Richard Robert Madden, who found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some up to 4 years, on dubious grounds and without trial. Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, concluded Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the slave trade, and the Colonial Office became involved with Maclean relinquishing his post in 1844 1844 - Henry Worsley Hill Bond Treaty is signed established British law in the area, including the abolition of human sacrifice and panyarring Danish Gold Coast 1850-7 - James Bannerman is appointed as a justice of the Peace in the Gold Coast and the Gold Coast government separates from that of the Sierra Leonean government 1852-1861 - Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 occurs 1852-64 - The British implement a new poll tax among the Asante, causing widespread rioting when only 8\% went towards maintenance of the Gold Coast 1858 - Benjamin Pine established municipal Ordinance that gave towns the right to elect a council from chiefs and merchants for local government with courts for civil litigation and criminal URL 1863 - The Anglo-Ashanti war of 1863 begins 1866 - In January Lieutenant-Governor Colonel Conran demanded he would be suing the Asante for peace, angering Kwaku Dua I who broke off further negotiations with the British until they surrendered Gyani to the AsanteA Vanished Dynasty - Ashanti, 1921, Sir Francis Fuller, p.98, in turn John Aggrey (1808-1869) denounced British rule over the area being exiled to Sierra Leone in 1867-1869 1867 - Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867) redistributed forts along the Dutch and British Gold Coasts in order to assimilate both areas of influence. All forts to the east of Fort Elmina were now British, and all forts to the west Dutch, with the Denkyira, Wassaw and Kommenda rejecting the Dutch presence leading to further wars between the Kommenda and Dutch at Elmina Castle; The Akwamu freed W.H.Simpson after he attempted to settle the Asantehene stooling dispute of Kofi Karikari to avoid war with the British and the Gold Coast Colony was officially created 1868 - Fante Confederacy takes place, and Africanus Horton publishes West African Countries and Peoples, in which he suggested British influenced self-government, with a Fante kingdom and republic of Accra, recommending the abolition of slavery, the introduction of industrial schools and a resident at Kumasi be introduced 1872 - Elmina Castle, in a cession of talks stemming from 1869 were succeeded from the Dutch to the British 1873 - On 2 October, Garnet Wolseley became Governor of the British West African Settlements, and the Gold Coast on which he commanded an expedition to the Ashanti. 1874 - Wolseley made all his arrangements at the Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January, completing the campaign in 2 months and returned to Britain, which made him well-known in Britain. At the Battle of Amoaful Wolseley's expedition faced the numerically superior Chief Amankwatia's in battle. After 5 days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, Wolseley entered Kumasi, which he burned 1881 - John Ocansey arrives in London, travelling to Liverpool in pursuance of his fathers goods winning his case, publishing African Trading; or the trials of William Narh Ocansey that year 1887 - John Mensah Sarbah becomes the first British-Ghanaian to be called to the bar 1891 - Thomas Hutton-Mills Sr. travelled to London to study at Cambridge 1893 - J. E. Casely Hayford travels to London to study law at Cambridge being called in 1896 1897 - Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is formed 1900 - Yaa Asantewaa famously was defeated by the British War of the Golden Stool, albeit protecting the Golden Stool instead 1901 - Frederick Victor Nanka-Bruce travels to Edinburgh graduating in 1906 1916 - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) is formed 1917 - National Congress of British West Africa, one of the earliest Pan-African formal organisations, forms 1918 - Kobina Sekyi the Ghanaian nationalist and anti-colonialist writer studied Law at the University of London being called to the bar in 1918, with the founding of the African Progress Union by John Richard Archer 1920 - Samson Oppong and W.G.Waterworth began proselytizing, baptizing eventually around 10,000 new Wesleyan converts to Christianity 1925 - West African Students' Union is founded 1928 - Desmond Buckle enters university in London, only to began his politicial career as the first 'African communist' in Britain in the 1930's 1931-1951 - League of Coloured Peoples is founded 50 Carnaby Street was the Florence Mills Social Parlour in 1936 run by Amy Ashwood as a Pan-African meeting place, visited by J. B. Danquah 1945-1947 - Kwame Nkrumah resides in the UK founding the West African National Secretariat, Kojo Botsio and Joe Appiah also travel to study in England 1948 - Accra Riots, caused by a dispute over Veteran pay, occur in the leadup to the events which started the Ghanaian Independence movement and the arrest of the Big Six 1949 - Coussey Committee is formed to enable writing the draft of a constitution for Ghanaian self-rule in the Gold Coast, leading to the formation of the Convention People's Party by Nkrumah 1956 - British Togoland is incorporated into what is now Ghana Ghanaian Independence 1959 - James Barnor travels to England in time to photograph the Swinging sixties, having established himself at the Daily Graphic and Drum 1963 - Nana Kofi Obonyaa, born James Moxon, becomes the first white chief in Aburi 1967 - Margaret Busby co-founds Allison & Busby 1970 - Messages from Ghana appear in the African Writers Series 1981 - Following the 31 December takeover by Jerry Rawlings, Ghana left the Commonwealth 1987 - Lynda Chalker, the British minister of state for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, makes a successful visit to Ghana, securing further Aid for Ghanaian economic reform from the URL 1991 - Ozwald Boateng open his studio on Portobello road 1992 - The decentralization of Ghana occurs with a return to British policy theory of separation of central and local governmental URL 1993 - Ghana is readmitted to the URL 2002 - Paul Boateng becomes the first black Cabinet Minister, Ghana Awards Music UK established 2007 - Freema Agyeman plays Martha Jones in the BBC's Doctor Who 2010 - Sam Gyimah is elected 2011 - Abrantee Boateng launches his Afrobeats show over the radio 2017 - Edward Enninful is appointed Editor in Chief of British Vogue, making him the only Black editor in history to head any of the 26 International Vogue titles, Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah became the first black equerry for Elizabeth II 2018 - Aged 11, DJ Zel became the youngest DJ on UK radio at UniAfrik 2019 - Abena Oppong-Asare and Bell Ribeiro-Addy were elected to Parliament

The Ashanti Empire (1701-1957) had resisted attempts by Europeans, chiefly the British, to subjugate them. However, the British annexed neighbouring areas, together with the Fante. The Ashanti allied themselves with the Dutch against the British, who allied themselves with the Fante. Disputes between the Fante and Ashanti often lead to European involvement in local disputes, the first of which began in 1806 when the Ashanti–Fante War, also known as the Ghana War, broke out with the Ashanti being victorious, capturing the Assin chief Kwadwo Otibu who was charged with harbouring Oyoko grave robbers on charges by the Asantehene Osei Bonsu. Otibu had been held under British occupation at Anomabu fort, and was eventually surrendered to the Ashanti King with other captives as slaves by Colonel George Torrance when the Ashanti stormed the fort, killing 8,000 local Gold Coast residents outside the fort. A successive series of conflicts between the Ashanti and British took place from this time on. In 1811 the Ga–Fante War saw the defeat of the Ashanti by the Fante, with the Ashanti and Ga-Adangbe people successfully capturing the British fort of Tantamkweri. In 1814 the Ashanti launched an invasion of the Gold Coast, warring against the tribes and federacies allied with the British, which launched renogiations between the Ashanti and British, Dutch, Polish, and Danish authorities in the area. In 1817 the ACoM signed a new agreement accepting Ashanti reign in the Gold Coast, in accession for British control over nearby local Gold Coast residents to British Forts. A British delegate, Joseph Dupuis then arrived at Cape Coast in January 1819 who set out on the 9th of February 1820, and on the 28th arrived at Kumasi . After several meetings with the local king, a treaty was drawn up, which acknowledged the sovereignty of Ashanti over the territory of the Fanti, and left the Fante open to attack by the Ashanti. J. Hope Smith, the governor of Cape Coast, disowned the treaty, as betraying the Fante interests under British protection. Under Smiths advice, from 1821-1824 with the dissolution of ACoM the British in the Gold Coast began taking direct control of forts and dropped Dupuis treaty, once more supporting the Fante. Mid December of 1822, a biracial African-British sergeant from the Royal African Corps who acted as the agent between the British and the Asante was said to have shown 'disrespect' to the Asante King Osei Tutu Quamina. Captain Laing offerred to retrieve the Sergeant but was denied by McCarthy. Therefore at the Kings request, the Sergeant was captured and left in prison in Kumasi until the 1st February 1823, when again at the behest of the King, killed the Sergeant with orders 'to send the jawbone, skull, and one of the arms ... to [Osei]' by the following day from Anomabu, such actions being considered a declaration of war by the British. With this a small British group under the guidance of McCarthy went ahead to talk with the Ashanti, but instead 10 were killed, 39 wounded and led to a British retreat. The Ashanti then tried to negotiate with MacCarthy over claims for Fante land which as the Fante fell under British protection, such claims were rejected leading to the first Anglo Ashanti war in 1824. McCarthy who led the initial British attack of 500-1000 men, died in Accra when the Ashanti with a force of 10,000, won the battle and took McCarthy's skull, and encrusting it with gold they used it as a spoil of war. After the British victory at the Katamanso War, Accra and British prestige rose in the area, with the British no longer paying rent in the forts. With the MacClean treaty of 1831, all British territory became south of the River Prah. Kwaku Dua I encouraged trade with MacCleans administration but by 1852 disputes between the Ashanti and Fante began anew. A large number of Yoruba people in this period had resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone, which was established to home Africans who had escaped the slave trade. In 1838 a number of Egba people returned with a knowledge of English and Christianity, helping to spread the Anglican and particularly Methodist presence in the Gold Coast. Egba cooperation against the neighbouring kingdom of Dahomey, which was a prominent player in the slave trade, particularly of Egba peoples who had fought against their enslavement by the Dahomenians between 1842-1853 was greatly assisted by Anglican missionaries who persuading the Egba to end the siege in exchange for their armed support against Dahomey. The export of West Africans to the Americas had decreased with the banning of slavery in Brazil in 1850 and the bombardment by the British of Lagos in an anti-slave raid. The British continued providing assistance to Gold Coast tribes who had been enslaved, but this would begin to be used as a pretext for British military presence and the eventual British annexation of the Gold Coast. In 1853 the British opened a consulate in Lagos, annexing the area as a British protectorate in 1861 after heightened tensions and British involvement in local disputes between neighbouring Gold Coast leaders. In 1863-1864 the second Anglo-Ashanti war (or Incident more accurately as no fighting took place) was fought. The war began when the British Governor refused to hand over Kwasi Gyani who turned to the British either because he had stolen a chunk of gold or because he an indentured servant of the Asantehene, to which the Ashanti took offence to Pines actions because Pine regarded Gyani as innocent, whilst under Ashanti law he was guilty of having not returned the nugget, which the Ashanti took to break their treaty with the BritishThe Ashanti War of 1900: A Study in Cultural Conflict Vol. 31, No. 2, B. Wasserman, 1961, p.168, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute In 1864 with the invasion by Dahomey of Abeokuta, the British began increasing their military presence in the Gold Coast, splitting the area they governed at the Yewa River between themselves and the French. Chronology of Ghanaian-British relations Early 1555 - John Lok a London merchant brought 5 Ghanaians, Binne, Anthonie and George, to London from Sharma to become interpretors to assist the English with trade in West Africa and in Gold with Ghana 1596 - Elizabeth I notes the presence of Blackamoores, the most common word for Black Britons in use at the time 1621-23 - William St John, the first Gold Coast governor is appointed 1688 - Aphra Behn's Oroonoko is published whose name perhaps derives from the Yoruba names of the Coromantee enslaved peoples at the time living in Dutch Surinam 1748 - William Ansah Sessarakoo arrives in England on a diplomatic mission on behalf of the Fante people 1752-1821 - The African Company of Merchants begins operations, building trading posts such as Fort Tantumquery and Fort Komenda and operated from Cape Coast Castle 1753 - The ACoM abducted 2 boys, Acqua and Sackee, bringing them to London as hostages in a bid to begin trade with the Gold Coast, whilst in London they were educated for the next 2 years, with a farewell banquet being held upon their return in 1755 and Fort William is built 1754 - Philip Quaque is brought to England by Rev Thomas Thompson, being educated and studying Theosophy at Oxford, returning to the Gold Coast in 1766-1816 with a salary of £50 annually 1765 - Quaque became the first African ordained as a minister within the Church of England 1772 - Ottobah Cugoano is taken to England by Alexander Campbell where he became a leading abolitionist and writer 1786 - Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor occurs Olaudah Equiano, member of the Abolitionist Sons of Africa 1787 - Sons of Africa are known to be active with Cugoano among them publishing his Thoughts and sentiments on the evil and wicked traffic of the slavery and commerce of the human species. 1807 - The British Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed, however English and American slave ships still operate under Spanish flags until 1833 1814 - Charles MacCarthy, an avid advocate of the suppression of the slave trade, is appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, taking over the territory of the British Gold Coast in 1821 1816 - Thomas Edward Bowdich signed a treaty with the Asante recognising fort rents and British protection of Gold Coast residents 1819 - Bowdich after working for the ACoM in which he successfully made a study of Asante court life in Kumasi, convinced the British government to assume direct control over the area British Gold Coast 1821 - The British form the Gold Coast Colony & The ACoM is disbanded, in part for its failure to suppress and participation in the slave trade in West Africa 1823 - MacCarthy declares war on the Asanti after disagreements between them and the Fante, the British engaged the Asante along a tributary of the Pra River and the majority killed, with MacCarthy's head taken a trophy of war, he was succeeded by Charles Turner 1824 - After the Katamanso War, the British stopped paying rent for coastal forts to the Asante 1828 - The British decided to reduce their presence in the Gold Coast, only maintaining Cape Coast and Accra forts at the request of local merchants 1831 - George Maclean established a treaty with the Asante which effectively in return for gold allowed the Asante to continue in the slave trade, one of their primary trades at the time 1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 is passed, with 2 British ships sent initially to cover the 20,000 mile long coastal waters of Western Africa to prevent slave ships passing to the Americas 1835 - Methodist Church Ghana is founded 1836-1841 - In a bid of fidelity to the April 1831 Maclean Treaty, two Asante Princes who had been taken hostage 5 years earlier; Prince Owusu-Ansa (1823-1884) and his cousin Prince Nkwantabisa (?-1859); travelled to England to learn English and to engage with the Fante as ambassadors between the Fante and Asante peoplesPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1840 - Through persistent writing, from July James Stephen prompted the Colonial Authorities in a bid to prevent the slave trade found to be operating under Macleans treaty the year prior, to place the Gold Coast forts authority from the Sierra Leone colonial authority and to become a colony in their own rightReport from the select Committee on the West Coast of Africa together with minutes of evidence Appendix and Index Part II, Colonies Africa, James Stephen, 1840, pp.131-153, Irish University Press, and under Macclean imports to England dramtically increased tenfold from 1830, Cowrie shells replacing Gold as currency 1841 - Under the behest of the new Asantehene Nana Kwaaku Dua (?-1867), Prince Osuwu Ansah and Prince Nkwantabisa were taken before Queen Victoria before returning to the Gold Coast, returning with the Niger expedition of 1841 to Kumase with a £100 annual allowance from the British in order to help the Missionary society in the Kumase area, leading to the establishment of 9 Methodist churches under Thomas Birch Freeman that year 1842 - Maclean is investigated for charges of by Richard Robert Madden, who found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some up to 4 years, on dubious grounds and without trial. Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, concluded Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the slave trade, and the Colonial Office became involved with Maclean relinquishing his post in 1844 1844 - Henry Worsley Hill Bond Treaty is signed established British law in the area, including the abolition of human sacrifice and panyarring Danish Gold Coast 1850-7 - James Bannerman is appointed as a justice of the Peace in the Gold Coast and the Gold Coast government separates from that of the Sierra Leonean government 1852-1861 - Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 occurs 1852-64 - The British implement a new poll tax among the Asante, causing widespread rioting when only 8\% went towards maintenance of the Gold Coast 1858 - Benjamin Pine established municipal Ordinance that gave towns the right to elect a council from chiefs and merchants for local government with courts for civil litigation and criminal misdemeanors 1863 - The Anglo-Ashanti war of 1863 begins 1866 - In January Lieutenant-Governor Colonel Conran demanded he would be suing the Asante for peace, angering Kwaku Dua I who broke off further negotiations with the British until they surrendered Gyani to the AsanteA Vanished Dynasty - Ashanti, 1921, Sir Francis Fuller, p.98, in turn John Aggrey (1808-1869) denounced British rule over the area being exiled to Sierra Leone in 1867-1869 1867 - Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867) redistributed forts along the Dutch and British Gold Coasts in order to assimilate both areas of influence. All forts to the east of Fort Elmina were now British, and all forts to the west Dutch, with the Denkyira, Wassaw and Kommenda rejecting the Dutch presence leading to further wars between the Kommenda and Dutch at Elmina Castle; The Akwamu freed W.H.Simpson after he attempted to settle the Asantehene stooling dispute of Kofi Karikari to avoid war with the British and the Gold Coast Colony was officially created 1868 - Fante Confederacy takes place, and Africanus Horton publishes West African Countries and Peoples, in which he suggested British influenced self-government, with a Fante kingdom and republic of Accra, recommending the abolition of slavery, the introduction of industrial schools and a resident at Kumasi be introduced 1872 - Elmina Castle, in a cession of talks stemming from 1869 were succeeded from the Dutch to the British 1873 - On 2 October, Garnet Wolseley became Governor of the British West African Settlements, and the Gold Coast on which he commanded an expedition to the Ashanti. 1874 - Wolseley made all his arrangements at the Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January, completing the campaign in 2 months and returned to Britain, which made him well-known in Britain. At the Battle of Amoaful Wolseley's expedition faced the numerically superior Chief Amankwatia's in battle. After 5 days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, Wolseley entered Kumasi, which he burned 1881 - John Ocansey arrives in London, travelling to Liverpool in pursuance of his fathers goods winning his case, publishing African Trading; or the trials of William Narh Ocansey that year 1887 - John Mensah Sarbah becomes the first British-Ghanaian to be called to the bar 1891 - Thomas Hutton-Mills Sr. travelled to London to study at Cambridge 1893 - J. E. Casely Hayford travels to London to study law at Cambridge being called in 1896 1897 - Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is formed 1900 - Yaa Asantewaa famously was defeated by the British War of the Golden Stool, albeit protecting the Golden Stool instead 1901 - Frederick Victor Nanka-Bruce travels to Edinburgh graduating in 1906 1916 - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) is formed 1917 - National Congress of British West Africa, one of the earliest Pan-African formal organisations, forms 1918 - Kobina Sekyi the Ghanaian nationalist and anti-colonialist writer studied Law at the University of London being called to the bar in 1918, with the founding of the African Progress Union by John Richard Archer 1920 - Samson Oppong and W.G.Waterworth began proselytizing, baptizing eventually around 10,000 new Wesleyan converts to Christianity 1925 - West African Students' Union is founded 1928 - Desmond Buckle enters university in London, only to began his politicial career as the first 'African communist' in Britain in the 1930's 1931-1951 - League of Coloured Peoples is founded 50 Carnaby Street was the Florence Mills Social Parlour in 1936 run by Amy Ashwood as a Pan-African meeting place, visited by J. B. Danquah 1945-1947 - Kwame Nkrumah resides in the UK founding the West African National Secretariat, Kojo Botsio and Joe Appiah also travel to study in England 1948 - Accra Riots, caused by a dispute over Veteran pay, occur in the leadup to the events which started the Ghanaian Independence movement and the arrest of the Big Six 1949 - Coussey Committee is formed to enable writing the draft of a constitution for Ghanaian self-rule in the Gold Coast, leading to the formation of the Convention People's Party by Nkrumah 1956 - British Togoland is incorporated into what is now Ghana Ghanaian Independence 1959 - James Barnor travels to England in time to photograph the Swinging sixties, having established himself at the Daily Graphic and Drum 1963 - Nana Kofi Obonyaa, born James Moxon, becomes the first white chief in Aburi 1967 - Margaret Busby co-founds Allison & Busby 1970 - Messages from Ghana appear in the African Writers Series 1981 - Following the 31 December takeover by Jerry Rawlings, Ghana left the Commonwealth 1987 - Lynda Chalker, the British minister of state for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, makes a successful visit to Ghana, securing further Aid for Ghanaian economic reform from the URL 1991 - Ozwald Boateng open his studio on Portobello road 1992 - The decentralization of Ghana occurs with a return to British policy theory of separation of central and local governmental institutions 1993 - Ghana is readmitted to the Commonwealth 2002 - Paul Boateng becomes the first black Cabinet Minister, Ghana Awards Music UK established 2007 - Freema Agyeman plays Martha Jones in the BBC's Doctor Who 2010 - Sam Gyimah is elected 2011 - Abrantee Boateng launches his Afrobeats show over the radio 2017 - Edward Enninful is appointed Editor in Chief of British Vogue, making him the only Black editor in history to head any of the 26 International Vogue titles, Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah became the first black equerry for Elizabeth II 2018 - Aged 11, DJ Zel became the youngest DJ on UK radio at UniAfrik 2019 - Abena Oppong-Asare and Bell Ribeiro-Addy were elected to Parliament

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Agbowó is an African literary journal publishing poetry, fiction, essays, drama and visual art. The journal has published several works of literary and visual art since its launch in 2017 as well as three issues - X, Limits, Memory - of an annual, themed magazine. Published by Agbowó In 2020, Agbowó started its publishing imprint to support creative Africans in publishing their works in other permanent forms like books, anthologies, video and audio books. So far, Published has produced three anthologies. The Fire That Is Dreamed of: The Young African Poets Anthology curated by Ernest O. Ògúnyẹmí, SÉDUCTION du VERRE | Xaron Ire x Agbowó, and In Her Words Anthology, African Women’s Perspective on Gender Equality. Issue Covers

Agbowó is an African literary journal publishing poetry, fiction, essays, drama and visual art. The journal has published several works of literary and visual art since its launch in 2017 as well as three issues — X, Limits, Memory — of an annual, themed magazine. Published by Agbowó In 2020, Agbowó started its publishing imprint to support creative Africans in publishing their works in other permanent forms like books, anthologies, video and audio books. So far, Published has produced three anthologies. The Fire That Is Dreamed of: The Young African Poets Anthology curated by Ernest O. Ògúnyẹmí, SÉDUCTION du VERRE | Xaron Ire x Agbowó, and In Her Words Anthology, African Women’s Perspective on Gender Equality.

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Life Paul Kariuki Njiru was born in Kathunguri and ordained to the priesthood on March 1, 1993. Pope Benedict XVI nominated him Bishop of Embu on May 9, 2009. He was ordained on July 25. The consecrating bishops were Archbishop John Kardinal Njue of Nairobi, Peter J. Kairo, Archbishop of Nyeri, and Anthony Muheria, Bishop of Kitui. Publications Video of Bishop Njiru celebrating Mass

Seminary formation and studies Paul Kariuki Njiru was in Kyeni, Embu and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Embu on March 1, 1993. After schooling, he studied at St. Joseph’s seminary and then St. Thomas Aquinas seminary in Nairobi. In 1991 the Pontifical Urbanian University awarded him a Bachelor’s degree for his studies while in Kenya. As a parish priest, he worked in Kairuri parish and served as diocesan youth chaplain. He was the education secretary for Catholic schools in the Diocese of Embu. Having studied for six years in Rome, he was then awarded an S.T.L. (1999) and an S.T.D. (2002) in Biblical Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Bishop of Embu Pope Benedict XVI nominated him Bishop of Embu on May 9, 2009. He was ordained on July 25. The consecrating bishops were Archbishop John Kardinal Njue of Nairobi, Peter J. Kairo, Archbishop of Nyeri, and Anthony Muheria, Bishop of Kitui. He is chairman of the Catholic Health Commission of Kenya, a commission formed by the Kenyan Bishops' Conference. As chairman, he has oversight of the 58 hospitals, 83 health centers, 311 dispensaries, and 17 medical training institutions owned and operated by the Catholic Church in Kenya. Publications Video of Bishop Njiru celebrating Mass References

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Seminary formation and studies Paul Kariuki Njiru was in Kyeni, Embu and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Embu on March 1, 1993. After schooling, he studied at St. Joseph’s seminary and then St. Thomas Aquinas seminary in Nairobi. In 1991 the Pontifical Urbanian University awarded him a Bachelor’s degree for his studies while in Kenya. As a parish priest, he worked in Kairuri parish and served as diocesan youth chaplain. He was the education secretary for Catholic schools in the Diocese of Embu . Having studied for six years in Rome, he was then awarded an S.T.L. (1999) and an S.T.D. (2002) in Biblical Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University.

Seminary formation and studies Paul Kariuki Njiru was born in Kyeni, Embu . After schooling, he studied at St. Joseph’s seminary and then St. Thomas Aquinas seminary in Nairobi. In 1991 the Pontifical Urban University awarded him a Bachelor’s degree for his studies while in Kenya. He was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Embu on March 1, 1993. As a parish priest, he worked in Kairuri parish and served as diocesan youth chaplain. He was the education secretary for Catholic schools in Embu Diocese . Having studied for six years in Rome, he was then awarded an S.T.L. (1999) and an S.T.D. (2002) in Biblical Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University.

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The World Anti-Doping Agency relaxed its policy towards cannabis in 2013, increasing from 15 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL the level of THC metabolite allowed in urine before an athlete is considered to have failed a drug test. Said WADA Director of Communications Julie Masse: "We wanted to focus on the athletes that abuse the substance in competition. This should exclude cases where marijuana is not used in competition." The 150 ng/mL threshold also allows for a 180 ng/mL "Decision Limit" to be used to account for any uncertainties in measurement above a certain level of URL In 2016, Eugene Monroe and Derrick Morgan became the first two active NFL players to publicly challenge the league's policy towards cannabis, citing the neuroprotective properties of cannabis as well as its use as a pain reliever and opioid alternative. Retired players that have been active in advocating for a policy change include Jim McMahon, Jake Plummer, Kyle Turley, Nate Jackson, Eben Britton, Leonard Marshall, and Marvin Washington . In 2016 several of these active and retired players signed a letter penned by Doctors for Cannabis Regulation requesting that the NFL change its policy regarding URL Snowboarding A gold medal in men's snowboarding was temporarily rescinded at the 1998 Winter Olympics after Canadian Ross Rebagliati tested positive for cannabis . A drug test showed that he had 17.8 ng/mL of THC metabolite in his system, slightly higher than the 15 ng/mL threshold used by the International Ski Federation. The IOC executive board voted 3–2 to disqualify him from competition on February 11, 1998, which the Canadian Olympic Association immediately appealed. Rebagliati maintained his innocence and said that he had tested positive due to exposure to secondhand smoke. On February 13 an appeals court ruled in Rebagliati's favor, due to the fact that cannabis had not been officially banned by the IOC (it was banned shortly thereafter in April) and therefore the IOC had no authority to strip the medal. No charges were filed against Rebagliati after he was questioned by Japanese police for seven hours regarding the matter. He was put on the No Fly List and banned from entering the U.S. , however, which prevented him from participating in future competitions such as the X Games.

The World Anti-Doping Agency relaxed its policy towards cannabis in 2013, increasing from 15 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL the level of THC metabolite allowed in urine before an athlete is considered to have failed a drug test. Said WADA Director of Communications Julie Masse: "We wanted to focus on the athletes that abuse the substance in competition. This should exclude cases where marijuana is not used in competition." The 150 ng/mL threshold also allows for a 180 ng/mL "Decision Limit" to be used to account for any uncertainties in measurement above a certain level of confidence. In 2016, Eugene Monroe and Derrick Morgan became the first two active NFL players to publicly challenge the league's policy towards cannabis, citing the neuroprotective properties of cannabis as well as its use as a pain reliever and opioid alternative. Retired players that have been active in advocating for a policy change include Jim McMahon, Jake Plummer, Kyle Turley, Nate Jackson, Eben Britton, Leonard Marshall, Marvin Washington, and Todd Herremans . In 2016 several of these active and retired players signed a letter penned by Doctors for Cannabis Regulation requesting that the NFL change its policy regarding cannabis. Snowboarding A gold medal in men's snowboarding was temporarily rescinded at the 1998 Winter Olympics after Canadian Ross Rebagliati tested positive for cannabis use . A drug test showed that he had 17.8 ng/mL of THC metabolite in his system, slightly higher than the 15 ng/mL threshold used by the International Ski Federation. The IOC executive board voted 3–2 to disqualify him from competition on February 11, 1998, which the Canadian Olympic Association immediately appealed. Rebagliati maintained his innocence and said that he had tested positive due to exposure to secondhand smoke. On February 13 an appeals court ruled in Rebagliati's favor, due to the fact that cannabis had not been officially banned by the IOC (it was banned shortly thereafter in April) and therefore the IOC had no authority to strip the medal. No charges were filed against Rebagliati after he was questioned by Japanese police for seven hours regarding the matter. He was put on the No Fly List and banned from entering the United States , however, which prevented him from participating in future competitions such as the X Games.

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Doping in sport List of drugs banned by WADA Legality of cannabis

Doping in sport List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency Legality of cannabis

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Donn Smith (Master Of Masters) is a Canadian author, coach, speaker and master. Donn Smith (Master Of Masters) is know for his Neurological and Cellular process called: Instant And Permanent Transformation

Raising Humanities Consciousness From Its Existing 210 Ratings To 700+ Before The End Of DEC. 2021 Donn Smith (Master Of Masters) is a Canadian author, coach, speaker and master. Donn Smith (Master Of Masters) is know for his Neurological and Cellular process called: Instant And Permanent Transformation . Biography DONN Smith is from Prince Edward Island, Canada. Over 40 years, he has Cracked the Code to TRANSFORM humanities toxic programs INSTANTLY. Referen

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Category:Pay TV Category:Network Category:Mass media Category:Pay TV Category:Channel Category:Mass medi

Category:Pay television Category:Network Category:Mass media Category:Channel Category:Mass medi

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In the foreword to Crush, competition judge Louise Glück hails the "cumulative, driving, apocalyptic power, [and] purgatorial recklessness ” of Siken’s poems. She notes, “ Books of this kind dream big ... . They restore to poetry that sense of crucial moment and crucial utterance which may indeed be the great genius of the form. ”

In the foreword to Crush, competition judge Louise Glück wrote that the poems contained "cumulative, driving, apocalyptic power, [and] purgatorial recklessness ", and that " Books of this kind dream big ... They restore to poetry that sense of crucial moment and crucial utterance which may indeed be the great genius of the form. "

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DP Education or Dhammika Perera Education is a virtual online classroom and online learning platform for Grade 3 to 13 students, running on YouTube. DP Education was established to cover missing maths and science lessons for the Sri Lankan school and university students under being the covid-19 pandemic. History DP Education is mean the shorten of Dhammika Perera Education, Lainched in 18, October 2019. It is a virtual classroom and online learning platform for grade 3-13 students and university students. DP Education teaches Maths, Science in Sinhala, Tamil and English. as well for the university studies. DP Education was established to cover missing maths and science lessons for the Sri Lankan school and university students under being the covid-19 pandemic. Reference

DP Education or Dhammika Perera Education is a virtual online classroom and online learning platform for Grade 3 to 13 students, running on YouTube. DP Education was established to cover missing maths and science lessons for the Sri Lankan school and university students under being the COVID-19 pandemic. History DP Education is mean the shorten of Dhammika Perera Education, Lainched in 18, October 2019. It is a virtual classroom and online learning platform for grade 3-13 students and university students. DP Education teaches Maths, Science in Sinhala, Tamil and English. as well for the university studies. DP Education was established to cover missing maths and science lessons for the Sri Lankan school and university students under being the COVID-19 pandemic. References

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Katsutada Sezawa (, August 21, 1895 - April 23, 1944) was a Japanese geophysicist (Seismologist). He was from Ishikawa Prefecture . Sezawa was the director of the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. He is a laureate of Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (1931).

Katsutada Sezawa (, August 21, 1895 - April 23, 1944) was a Japanese geophysicist (Seismologist). Sezawa's key work was on the mathematical aspects of wave transmission in media of different viscosities and the Sezawa wave mode of surface waves is named after him. Sezawa was born in Ishikawa Prefecture where his father was a judge. He graduated in 1921 from the Imperial University of Tokyo in shipbuilding and became a professor at the university in 1928. Sezawa became the director of the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. His key work was on theoretical aspects of seismic wave transmission in different media. He was able to calculate differences in the structure of the earth based on seismic observations. He also predicted the existence of surface waves which are now termed as Sezawa waves. He was awarded the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (1931).

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Prior to the classical era, and continuing for some non-literate societies into modern times, dreams were considered a vehicle used by gods to reveal truths to sleeping humans. Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were the best way to receive divine revelation, and thus they would induce (or "incubate") dreams. They went to sanctuaries and slept on special "dream beds" in hope of receiving advice, comfort, or healing from the gods. Sigmund Freud, well-known to many for his innovative interpretations of dreams, wrote that dreams "serve the purpose of prolonging sleep instead of waking up. Dreams are the GUARDIANS of sleep and not its disturbers."

Prior to the classical era, and continuing for some non-literate societies into modern times, dreams were considered a vehicle used by gods to reveal truths to sleeping humans. Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were the best way to receive divine revelation, and thus they would induce (or "incubate") dreams. They went to sanctuaries and slept on special "dream beds" in hope of receiving advice, comfort, or healing from the gods. Sigmund Freud, whose dream studies focused on interpreting dreams, not explaining how or why humans dream, did comment that dreams "serve the purpose of prolonging sleep instead of waking up. Dreams are the GUARDIANS of sleep and not its disturbers." Following the 1953 publication of the Aserinsky and Kleitman paper, which announced REM sleep as a distinct phase of sleep and associated REM to dreams, dream research has sought grounding in the methods of conventional modern science.

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Phoenician-Berber beliefs The Phoenicians were originally a Semitic people that inhabited the coasts of modern Lebanon and Tunisia. They were seafarers and they founded Carthage in 814 BC. They later gave birth to the so-called Punic culture which had its roots in the Berber and Phoenician cultures. Some scholars distinguish the relationships between the Phoenicians and the Berbers in two phases: Before the Battle of Himera (480 BC) When the Phoenicians established in Northwest Africa, they stayed in the coastal regions to avoid wars with the Berbers. They maintained their deities which they brought from their homelands. The early Carthaginians had two important deities, Baal and Astarte.

Phoenician-Berber beliefs The Phoenicians were originally a Semitic people that inhabited the coast of modern Lebanon , and later also of Tunisia. The Phoenicians of Lebanon were seafarers and they founded Carthage in 814 BC. They later gave birth to the so-called Punic culture , which had its roots in the Berber and Phoenician cultures. Some scholars distinguish the relationships between the Phoenicians and the Berbers in two phases: Before the Battle of Himera (480 BC) When Phoenicians settled in Northwest Africa, they stayed in the coastal regions to avoid wars with the Berbers. They maintained their deities which they brought from their homeland. Therefore, early Carthaginians had two important Phoenician deities, Baal and Astarte.

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The Greeks of Cyrenaica seemed also to have adopted some Berber customs and intermarried with the Berber women. Herodotus (Book IV 120) reported that the Libyans taught the Greeks how to yoke four horses to a chariot ( Romans will use these Lybian chariots later, but through Greek taught ). The Cyrenaican Greeks built temples for the Libyan god Ammon instead of their original god Zeus. They later identified their supreme god Zeus with the Libyan Ammon.Oric Bates, The Eastern Libyans. Some of them continued worshipping Ammon himself. Ammon's cult was so widespread among the Greeks that even Alexander the Great decided to be declared as the son of Zeus in the Siwan temple by the Libyan priests of Ammon.Mohammed Chafik, revue Tifinagh...

The Greeks of Cyrenaica seemed also to have adopted some Berber customs and intermarried with the Berber women. Herodotus (Book IV 120) reported that the Libyans taught the Greeks how to yoke four horses to a chariot ( the Romans used these Libyan chariots later, after they were taught to do so by the Greeks ). The Cyrenaican Greeks built temples for the Libyan god Ammon instead of their original god Zeus. They later identified their supreme god Zeus with the Libyan Ammon.Oric Bates, The Eastern Libyans. Some of them continued worshipping Ammon himself. Ammon's cult was so widespread among the Greeks that even Alexander the Great decided to be declared as the son of Zeus in the Siwan temple by the Libyan priests of Ammon.Mohammed Chafik, revue Tifinagh...

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SCOR-Associated Programs IIOE International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) resulted from the first annual SCOR meeting, held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1957. The meeting identified the Indian Ocean as the least known component in the global ocean system and so that a campaign of focused observations would be of great benefit. The initiative commenced in 1959 and observational work carried on until 1965.Knauss, J.A., 1961. The International Indian Ocean Expedition. Science, 134(3491), pp.1674-1676. TOGA the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Study (TOGA) was coordinated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and made great observation-based advances in understanding of El Niño and improved skills in predicting the occurrence of El Niño events. Hayes, S.P., Mangum, L.J., Picaut, J., Sumi, A. and Takeuchi, K., 1991. TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72(3), pp.339-347. WOCE The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) ran from 1990-2002 and aimed to gather more ocean observations in a way that enabled improved modelling tools. GEOTRACES The GEOTRACES programme was solely sponsored by SCOR and continues to advance knowledge of the oceanic contribution to global biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes.SCOR Working Group, 2007. GEOTRACES–An international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Geochemistry, 67(2), pp.85-131. JGOFS The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study focused on the role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle and completed its work in 2003. JGOFS was co-sponsored by SCOR and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). GLOBEC The Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics project, completed in 2009, focused on the relationship between physical and biological variability in the ocean and how global change might impact the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, with particular emphasis on important fisheries. GLOBEC was co-sponsored by SCOR, IGBP, and IOC. IMBER SCOR and IGBP developed the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project that promotes integrated marine research through a range of research topics towards sustainable, productive and healthy oceans at a time of global change, for the benefit of society. SOLAS Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is sponsored by SCOR, IGBP, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP). It is global and multidisciplinary in its approach to understanding the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere.Harvey, M.J., Law, C.S., Smith, M.J., Hall, J.A., Abraham, E.R., Stevens, C.L., Hadfield, M.G., Ho, D.T., Ward, B., Archer, S.D. and Cainey, J.M., 2011. The SOLAS air–sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) 2004. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(6), pp.753-763. Additionally, SOLAS seeks to link ocean-atmosphere interactions with climate and people. GEOHAB Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms project examines the ecological and oceanographic conditions that cause harmful algal blooms and promote their development. It is supported by SCOR and IOC. IQOE International Quiet Ocean Experiment (co-sponsored by the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) and designed to examine questions around human activities affecting the global ocean soundscape compared with natural changes over geologic time. IIOE-2 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (co-sponsored by IOC and the Indian Ocean GOOS program) was a major global scientific program which will engage the international scientific community in collaborative oceanographic and atmospheric research from coastal environments to the deep sea over the period 2015-2020. SOOS The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) facilitated by both SCOR and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, supports observations, the associated science community and data access, with a focus on the Southern Ocean.Meredith, M.P., Mazloff, M., Sallee, J.B., Newman, L., Wahlin, A., Williams, M.J.M., Garabato, A.C.N., Swart, S., Monteiro, P., Mata, M.M. and Schmidtko, S., 2015. The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(7), pp.S157-S160. Selected SCOR Working URL WG 162 :Developing an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) WG 161 :Respiration in the Mesopelagic Ocean (ReMO): Reconciling ecological, biogeochemical and model estimates WG 160 :Analysing ocean turbulence observations to quantify mixing (ATOMIX) WG 159 :Roadmap for a Standardised Global Approach to Deep-Sea Biology for the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (DeepSeaDecade) WG 158 : Coordinated Global Research Assessment of Seagrass System (C-GRASS) WG 157 : Toward a new global view of marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases (MetaZooGene) WG 156 :Active Chlorophyll fluorescence for autonomous measurements of global marine primary productivity WG 155 :Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change WG 154 :Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS) WG 153 :Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM) WG 152 :Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) WG 151 :Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP) WG 150 :Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Transfer (TOMCAT) WG 148 :International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) WG 149 :Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will biota respond to a changing ocean? WG 147 :Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT) WG 146 :Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 :decades later (RiO5) WG 144 :Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation WG 142 :Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders WG 141 :Sea-Surface Microlayers WG 140 :Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) WG 139 :Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean WG 138 :Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes (with IGBP) WG 137 :Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series WG 136 :Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System (with WCRP and IAPSO) WG 135 :Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and its Impact on the Ocean Carbon Cycles WG 134 :The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean WG 133 :OceanScope WG 132 :Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems (with LOICZ) WG 131 :The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling WG 130 :Automatic Visual Plankton Identification WG 129 :Deep Ocean Exchanges with the Shelf WG 128 :Natural and Human-Induced Hypoxia and Consequences for Coastal Areas WG 127 :Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater WG 126 :Role of Viruses in Marine Ecosystems WG 125 :Global Comparisons of Zooplankton Time Series WG 124 :Analyzing the Links Between Present Oceanic Processes and Paleo-Records (LINKS) WG 123 :Reconstruction of Past Ocean Circulation (PACE) WG 122 :Mechanisms of Sediment Retention in Estuaries WG 121 :Ocean Mixing WG 120 :Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation: The Phaeocystis spp. Cluster as a Model WG 119 :Quantitative Ecosystem Indicators for Fisheries Management WG 118 :New Technologies for Observing Marine Life WG 117 :Synthesis of Decadal to Millennial Climate Records of the Past 80ky WG 116 :Sediment Trap and234Th Methods for Carbon Export Flux Determination WG 115 :Standards for the Survey and Analysis of Plankton WG 114 :Transport and Reaction in Permeable Marine Sediments WG 113 :Evolution of the Asian Monsoon in Marine Records: Comparison Between Indian and East Asian Subsystems WG 112 :Magnitude of Submarine Groundwater Discharge and its Influence on Coastal Oceanographic Processes WG 111 :Coupling Waves, Currents, and Winds in Coastal Models WG 110 :Intercomparison and Validation of Ocean-Atmosphere Flux Fields WG 109 :Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater WG 108 :Double Diffusion WG 107 :Improved Global Bathymetry WG 106 :Relative Sea Level and Muddy Coasts of the World WG 105 :The Impact of World Fisheries Harvests on the Stability and Diversity of Marine Ecosystems WG 104 :Coral Reef Responses to Global Change: The Role of Adaptation WG 103 :The Role of Wave Breaking on Upper Ocean Dynamics WG 102 :Comparative Salinity and Density of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Basins WG 101 :Influence of Sea State on the Atmospheric Drag Coefficient WG 100 :Sediment Coring for International Global Change Research WG 99 :Linked Mass and Energy Fluxes at Ridge Crests WG 98 :Worldwide Large-scale Fluctuations of Sardine and Anchovy Populations WG 97 :Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms WG 96 :Acoustic Monitoring of the World Ocean WG 95 :Sediment Suspension and Sea Bed Properties WG 94 :Altimeter Data and In-situ Current Observations WG 93 :Pelagic Biogeography WG 92 :Ocean / Atmosphere Palaeochemistry WG 91 :Chemical Evolution and Origin of Life in Marine Hydrothermal Systems WG 90 :Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Sensor Technology WG 89 :Sea Level and Erosion of the World’s Coastlines WG 88 :Intercalibration of Drifting Buoys (formerly * WG 66) WG 87 :Fine-Scale Distribution of Gelatinous Planktonic Animals WG 86 :Ecology of Sea Ice WG 85 :Experimental Ecosystems WG 84 :Hydrothermal Emanations at Plate Boundaries WG 83 :Wave Modelling WG 82 :Polar Deep Sea Palaeoenvironments WG 81 :Deep Water Palaeoceanography WG 80 :Role of Phase Transfer Processes in the Cycling of Trace Metals in Estuaries WG 79 :Geological Variations in Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle WG 78 :Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments in Seawater WG 77 :Laboratory Tests Related to Basic Physical Measurements at Sea WG 76 :Ecology of the Deep Sea Floor WG 75 :Methodology for Oceanic CO2 :Measurements WG 74 :General Circulation of the Southern Ocean WG 73 :Ecological Theory in Relation to Biological Oceanography (formerly * WG 59) WG 72 :The Ocean as a Source and Sink for Atmospheric Constituents (formerly * WG 44) WG 71 :Particulate Biogeochemical Processes WG 70 :Remote Measurements of the Oceans from Satellites WG 69 :Small-Scale Oceanic Turbulence WG 68 :North Atlantic Circulation WG 67 :Oceanography, Marine Ecology and Living Resources WG 66 :Oceanic Application of Drifting Buoys WG 65 :Coastal Off-Shore Ecosystems Relationships WG 64 :Oceanic Atoll Drilling WG 63 :Marine Geochronological Methods WG 62 :Carbon Budget of the Ocean WG 61 :Sedimentation Processes at Continental Margins WG 60 :Mangrove Ecosystems WG 59 :Mathematical Models in Biological Oceanography WG 58 :Arctic Ocean Heat Budget WG 57 :Coastal and Estuarine Regimes WG 56 :Equatorial Upwelling Systems WG 55 :Prediction of El Niño WG 54 :Southern Ocean Ecosystems and their Living Resources WG 53 :Evolution of the South Atlantic WG 52 :Estimation of Micro-Nekton Abundance WG 51 :Evaluation of CTD Data WG 50 :Biological Effects of Ocean Variability WG 49 :Mathematical Modelling of Oceanic Processes WG 48 :The Influence of the Ocean on Climate WG 47 :Oceanographic Programmes During FGGE WG 46 :River Inputs to Ocean Systems WG 45 :Marine Pollution Research WG 44 :Ocean-Atmosphere Materials Exchange WG 43 :Oceanography Related to GATE WG 42 :Pollution of the Baltic WG 41 :Morphological Mapping of the Ocean Floor WG 40 :Palaeo-Oceanography WG 39 :Scientific Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment WG 38 :Ocean Processes in the Antarctic WG 37 :Marine Plankton and Sediments WG 36 :Coastal Upwelling Processes WG 35 :Methods of Quantitative Ecology of Coral Reefs WG 34 :Internal Dynamics of the Ocean WG 32 :Biological Data Inventories WG 31 :East Atlantic Continental Margins WG 30 :Scientific Aspects of International Ocean Research WG 29 :Monitoring in Biological Oceanography WG 28 :Air-Sea Interaction WG 27 :Tides of the Open Sea WG 26 :Implementation of UN Resolution on Resources of the Sea WG 25 :Nutrient Chemistry WG 24 :Estimation of Primary Production under Special Conditions WG 23 :Zooplankton Laboratory Methods WG 22 :Marine Pollution WG 21 :Continuous Current Velocity Measurements WG 20 :Radiocarbon Estimation of Primary Production WG 19 :Micropalaeontology of Bottom Sediments WG 18 :Biological Data (joint with ACMRR) WG 17 :Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments (joint with UNESCO) WG 16 :General Problems of Intercalibration and Standardization WG 15 :Photosynthetic Radiant Energy (joint with UNESCO and IAPO) WG 14 :General Scientific Framework WG 13 :Zooplankton Sampling Methods (joint with ICES and UNESCO) WG 12 :Abstracts and Bibliographies WG 11 :Atlases WG 10 :Oceanographic Tables and Standards (joint with ICES, IAPO, UNESCO* reconstituted as the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards JPOTS%DIFDELCMD < ]%%% ) WG 9 :Fisheries Oceanography WG 8 :Radio-aids to Navigation WG 7 :World Data Centres WG 6 :Chemical Oceanography WG 4 :Physical Properties of Sea Water WG 3 :Measurements of the Productivity of the Sea and of the Standing Crops of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton (renamed Biological Production of the Sea) WG 2 :Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean WG 1 :Radioactivity in the Ocean

SCOR-associated programs IIOE International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) resulted from the first annual SCOR meeting, held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1957. The meeting identified the Indian Ocean as the least known component in the global ocean system and so that a campaign of focused observations would be of great benefit. The initiative commenced in 1959 and observational work carried on until 1965.Knauss, J.A., 1961. The International Indian Ocean Expedition. Science, 134(3491), pp.1674-1676. TOGA the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Study (TOGA) was coordinated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and made great observation-based advances in understanding of El Niño and improved skills in predicting the occurrence of El Niño events. Hayes, S.P., Mangum, L.J., Picaut, J., Sumi, A. and Takeuchi, K., 1991. TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72(3), pp.339-347. WOCE The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) ran from 1990-2002 and aimed to gather more ocean observations in a way that enabled improved modelling tools. GEOTRACES The GEOTRACES programme was solely sponsored by SCOR and continues to advance knowledge of the oceanic contribution to global biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes.SCOR Working Group, 2007. GEOTRACES–An international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Geochemistry, 67(2), pp.85-131. JGOFS The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study focused on the role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle and completed its work in 2003. JGOFS was co-sponsored by SCOR and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). GLOBEC The Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics project, completed in 2009, focused on the relationship between physical and biological variability in the ocean and how global change might impact the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, with particular emphasis on important fisheries. GLOBEC was co-sponsored by SCOR, IGBP, and IOC. IMBER SCOR and IGBP developed the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project that promotes integrated marine research through a range of research topics towards sustainable, productive and healthy oceans at a time of global change, for the benefit of society. SOLAS Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is sponsored by SCOR, IGBP, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP). It is global and multidisciplinary in its approach to understanding the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere.Harvey, M.J., Law, C.S., Smith, M.J., Hall, J.A., Abraham, E.R., Stevens, C.L., Hadfield, M.G., Ho, D.T., Ward, B., Archer, S.D. and Cainey, J.M., 2011. The SOLAS air–sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) 2004. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(6), pp.753-763. Additionally, SOLAS seeks to link ocean-atmosphere interactions with climate and people. GEOHAB Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms project examines the ecological and oceanographic conditions that cause harmful algal blooms and promote their development. It is supported by SCOR and IOC. IQOE International Quiet Ocean Experiment (co-sponsored by the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) and designed to examine questions around human activities affecting the global ocean soundscape compared with natural changes over geologic time. IIOE-2 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (co-sponsored by IOC and the Indian Ocean GOOS program) was a major global scientific program which will engage the international scientific community in collaborative oceanographic and atmospheric research from coastal environments to the deep sea over the period 2015-2020. SOOS The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) facilitated by both SCOR and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, supports observations, the associated science community and data access, with a focus on the Southern Ocean.Meredith, M.P., Mazloff, M., Sallee, J.B., Newman, L., Wahlin, A., Williams, M.J.M., Garabato, A.C.N., Swart, S., Monteiro, P., Mata, M.M. and Schmidtko, S., 2015. The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(7), pp.S157-S160. %DIFDELCMD < & %%% SCOR working groups The committee frequently designates working groups for specific topics with the remit to "deliberate on a narrowly focused topic and develop a peer-reviewed publication and / %DIFDELCMD < ]%%% or some other product that will advance the topic". As of 2021, there have been 161 working URL

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Noruwa Agho Noruwa Agho (b. May 30, 1989) is a former NCAA basketball star at Columbia. Agho also founded Ingenuity Trading LLC, a quantitative trading platform leveraging range, reversal, and breakout phases across all major URL Unfortunately - for the NCAA defenders - his 59\% 3-point average is video game territory. Agho averaged 51.9 percent overall for a team-high 17.9 URL

Noruwa Agho (b. May 30, 1989) is a former NCAA basketball star at Columbia. Agho also founded Ingenuity Trading LLC, a quantitative trading platform leveraging range, reversal, and breakout phases across all major URL Agho's phenomenal campaign featured a 59\% 3-point average and many accolades including the crown for most points in the NCAA.. Agho averaged 51.9 percent overall for a team-high 17.9 points.

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Etymology A farm in 1794 The word "peasant" is derived from the 15th-century French word païsant, meaning one from the pays, or countryside; ultimately from the Latin pagus, or outlying administrative district.Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary p. 846, 866.

shannan thinks cameron should pass away

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shannan thinks cameron should pass away.i agree shannon he should

Etymology A farm in 1794 The word "peasant" is derived from the 15th-century French word païsant, meaning one from the pays, or countryside; ultimately from the Latin pagus, or outlying administrative district.Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary p. 846, 866.

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Polyamory is a sexual preference that is practiced by some people in the United States. Polyamory constitutes 4 to 5 percent of people living in the United States. URL This equates to about 17.5 million people. 20 percent of the US population has practiced it at some point of their life in the United States. URL This is almost 70 million people. There is a storng belief that polyamory is severly undercounted. It was once thought to be a lifestyle of white liberals, URL but in actuality it is a cross section of America. URL URL In a study, polyamorous couples tend to identify as bisexual and pan sexual. URL Acceptance Polyamory is also called ethical non-monogamy or consensual non-monogamy. Polyamorous couples tend to identify more as being bisexual or pansexual than heterosexual. URL A 2016 study showed that only half of all millennials want a completely monogamous relationship. URL 1 in 6 Americans find that polyamory to be acceptable. URL Men 21\% versus women 13\% are more likely to accept polyamory lifestyle. URL Polyamourous is a growing segment of the American society, it is small, but among millennials it is already larger than both Gay and Lesbians, with 4 million versus 3 million combined. URL Polyamory is also a growing group within the African American community. URL Category:Interpersonal relationships Category:Intimate relationships Category:Love Category:Sexual fidelity Category:Sexuality and society

Polyamory is a sexual preference that is practiced by some people in the United States. Polyamory constitutes 4 to 5 percent of people living in the United States. This equates to about 17.5 million people. 20 percent of the US population has practiced it at some point of their life in the United States. This is almost 70 million people. There is a storng belief that polyamory is severly undercounted. It was once thought to be a lifestyle of white liberals, but in actuality it is a cross section of America. In a study, polyamorous couples tend to identify as bisexual and pan sexual. Acceptance Polyamory is also called ethical non-monogamy or consensual non-monogamy. Polyamorous couples tend to identify more as being bisexual or pansexual than heterosexual. A 2016 study showed that only half of all millennials want a completely monogamous relationship. 1 in 6 Americans find that polyamory to be acceptable. Men 21\% versus women 13\% are more likely to accept polyamory lifestyle. Polyamourous is a growing segment of the American society, it is small, but among millennials it is already larger than both Gay and Lesbians, with 4 million versus 3 million combined. Polyamory is also a growing group within the African American community. Category:Interpersonal relationships Category:Intimate relationships Category:Love Category:Sexual fidelity Category:Sexuality and so

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Armenia, History of Art history Aruba, History of Ascension Island, History of Asia, History of Assyria Atomic Age Australia, History of Prehistory Before 1788 1788-1850 1851-1900 1901-1945 Since 1945 Austria, History of Aviation history Axial Age Azerbaijan, History of Aztecs U Uganda, History of Ukraine, History of United States, History of Diplomatic history Military history Technological and industrial history Economic history Cultural history Women's history Timeline Pre-Columbian era Colonial period American Revolutionary War 1776-1789 1789-1849 1849-1865 1865-1918 1918-1945 1945-1964 1964-1980 1980-1991 1991-present United Kingdom, History of Universal history Uruguay, History of USSR, History of the Uzbekistan, History of

Armenia, History of Art history Aruba, History of Ascension Island, History of Asia, History of Assyria Atomic Age Australia, History of Prehistory Before 1788 1788–1850 1851–1900 1901–1945 Since 1945 Austria, History of Aviation history Axial Age Azerbaijan, History of Aztecs U Uganda, History of Ukraine, History of United States, History of Diplomatic history Military history Technological and industrial history Economic history Cultural history Women's history Timeline Pre-Columbian era Colonial period American Revolutionary War 1776–1789 1789–1849 1849–1865 1865–1918 1918–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–present United Kingdom, History of Universal history Uruguay, History of USSR, History of the Uzbekistan, History of

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The Dictionnaire Infernal () is a book on demonology, describing demons organised in hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Auguste Simon Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book; perhaps the most famous is the 1863 edition, which included sixty-nine illustrations by Louis Le Breton depicting the appearances of several of the demons. Many but not all of these images were later used in S. L. MacGregor Mathers's edition of The Lesser Key of Solomon.

The Dictionnaire infernal () is a book on demonology, describing demons organised in hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book; perhaps the most famous is the 1863 edition, which included sixty-nine illustrations by Louis Le Breton depicting the appearances of several of the demons. Many but not all of these images were later used in S. L. MacGregor Mathers's edition of The Lesser Key of Solomon.

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Organisation transmediale was founded by Hartmut Horst and Micky Kwella in 1988. From 2001 to 2007, art historian and curator Andreas Broeckmann took over the artistic direction of the festival. He was superseded by media and arts researcher Stephen Kovats, who led transmediale until 2011. As of April 2011, curator and media researcher Kristoffer Gansing has been the artistic director of the festival. Dr. Nora O Murchú will take over as artistic director in 2021.Nora O Murchú new artistic director of transmediale starting from 2021, May 2, 2019 Places Until 1992, VideoFilmFest took place at MedienOperative as well as Deutsche Akademie der Künste in East Berlin. In 1993, it moved to Podewil, which is also where the transmediale offices have been located since 1997. From 2002 to 2005, Haus der Kulturen der Welt became the festival's main location. In 2006, transmediale relocated to Akademie der Künste, only to return to Haus der Kulturen der Welt in 2008, where it has remained since .

Organisation transmediale was founded by Hartmut Horst and Micky Kwella in 1988. From 2001 to 2007, art historian and curator Andreas Broeckmann took over the artistic direction of the festival. He was superseded by media and arts researcher Stephen Kovats, who led transmediale until 2011. As of April 2011, curator and media researcher Kristoffer Gansing has been the artistic director of the festival. Dr. Nora O Murchú took over as artistic director in 2021.Nora O Murchú new artistic director of transmediale starting from 2021, May 2, 2019 Places Until 1992, VideoFilmFest took place at MedienOperative as well as Deutsche Akademie der Künste in East Berlin. In 1993, it moved to Podewil, which is also where the transmediale offices have been located from 1997 to 2020. In 2020 the office moved to silent green Kulturquartier, where the festival also opened its first own project space 'transmediale studio'. From 2002 to 2005, Haus der Kulturen der Welt became the festival's main location. In 2006, transmediale relocated to Akademie der Künste, only to return to Haus der Kulturen der Welt in 2008. In addition to Haus der Kulturen der Welt, the festival edition 2021–22 takes place in various locations like transmediale studio, Kunstraum Kreuzberg/Bethanien and Betonhalle, silent green .

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In June 2010, RFF was awarded the FEEM 20th Anniversary Prize in Environmental Economics by the European-based Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. The award recognized RFF as a "key driver of market-based environmental policy . " Funding RFF is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. In fiscal year 2010, RFF's operating revenue was $11.04 million, most of which came from individual and corporate contributions, foundation and government grants, and investment income.RFF 2010 Annual Report. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, the George Kaiser Family Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation comprised RFF's top five donors in 2009.Business Guide to Partnering with NGOs and the United Nations 2007/2008: A report by the UN Global Compact and Dalberg Global Development Advisors, pp. 502–505. The organization's research programs make up the bulk of its expenses, amounting to 76.8 percent in 2010. Notable RFF research Several influential scholars from RFF's early years helped shape environmental policies worldwide. John Krutilla was a central figure at RFF from 1955 to 1988. In his 1967 paper "Conservation Reconsidered," Krutilla described the economic value of undisturbed natural environments like rivers and forests. Published in the American Economic Review, the paper became "a benchmark in the economics of conservation" and provided a basis for including preservation benefits in policy analysis.Saxon, Wolfgang. "John Krutilla, 81, Economist Who Focused on Environment" (Obituary), The New York Times, July 20, 2003. Allen Kneese joined RFF in 1961, and his work on water quality management led him to argue that market-based incentives like pollution taxes, which left it up to each polluter to find the cheapest and easiest way to comply, were more efficient than conventional regulation at reducing pollution and costs to the economy, and avoided distortions in international trade.E.g. d'Arge, Ralph C., and Allen V. Kneese. "Environmental Quality and International Trade." International Organization 26, no. 2 (1972): 419–465, doi:10.1017/S0020818300003398; Kneese, Allen V., Sidney E. Rolfe, and Joseph W. Harned. Managing the environment: international economic cooperation for pollution control. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971. Revolutionary in the 1960s, Kneese's ideas laid the groundwork for the sulfur dioxide emissions-trading program established by Congress in 1990 to curb acid rain. He left in Resources for the Future in 1974.Rauch, Jonathan. "Ideas Change the World – and One Think Tank Quietly Did", Reason Magazine, October 4, 2002. Hans Landsberg began his work at RFF in 1960, specializing in energy and mineral economics. His contributions included lead-authorship of Resources in America's Future (1963), a thousand-page volume examining the role of natural resources in the U.S. economy and projecting their long-term availability.In Appreciation: Dr. Hans Landsberg Resources, Fall 2001. Issue 145; p17. Both this and another 1963 RFF publication, Scarcity and Growth, set out the idea that growth was a bigger problem than natural resource shortages.Portney, Paul. "50th Anniversary Symposium and Gala Dinner: Welcoming Remarks", October 15, 2002. Marion Clawson, a long-time RFF scholar and a former acting president of the institution, was a pioneer in the field of resource economics who had a major influence on government policies over public lands and forest management. His 1975 book Forests for Whom and for What? examined ways to balance timber production, recreation, and ecology in the use of federal forest land. He was an early advocate of sustainability in management of natural environments and preservation of wilderness areas RFF also conducted pathbreaking research on the allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum. Harvey J. Levin's book The Invisible Resource: Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum(1971), advocated a market-based approach. Twenty years later, the Federal Communications Commission began licensing and auctioning these airwaves accordingly. Leadership Richard Newell joined RFF as president on September 1, 2016. He was previously the Gendell Professor of Energy and Environmental Economics at Duke University and Founding Director of its Energy Initiative and Energy Data Analytics Lab. From 2009 to 2011, he served as the administrator of the US Energy Information Administration, the agency responsible for official US government energy statistics and analysis. He also served as the senior economist for energy and environment on the President's Council of Economic Advisers and was a senior fellow, and later a board member, at RFF. Philip R. Sharp served as president from 2005 to 2016. Before joining RFF, Sharp served 10 terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana (1975 to 1995). He then joined the faculty of the John F. Kennedy School of Government and the Institute of Politics at Harvard University. As of 2010, Sharp is co-chair of the Energy Board of the Keystone Center and serves on the Board of Directors of the Duke Energy Corporation and the Energy Foundation. He is also a member of the Cummins Science and Technology Advisory Council and serves on the Advisory Board of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations and on the External Advisory Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative.Phil Sharp Resources for the Future. He is a member of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future and the U.S. Partnership for Renewable Energy Finance. He was an inaugural inductee into the Energy Efficiency Forum Hall of Fame in 2009. Paul R. Portney served as president of RFF from 1995 to 2005. Portney joined the research staff of RFF in 1972. From 1986 to 1989 he headed two of its research divisions, and in 1989 he became its vice president. In June 2005, Portney became dean of the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. One journalist assessed Portney's tenure at RFF by saying that "he never shied away from using the facts to challenge business interests that reflexively opposed all regulation, or environmental groups that never met one they didn’t like." Pearlstein, Steven. "Think Tank Leader's Principle Wisdom Will Be Missed", Washington Post, June 15, 2005. Recent and current projects In July 2011, RFF's Center for Energy Economics and Policy (CEEP) launched an initiative to identify the priority risks associated with the hydraulic fracturing of shale formations and recommend strategies for responsible development. This analysis, made possible by a $ 1.2 million grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, will be the first independent, broad assessment of the key risks associated with the shale gas development process. The CEEP research team, led by RFF Research Director and Senior Fellow Alan Krupnick, will survey expert opinion and public perception to deter¬mine the most significant risks and the behaviors of industry and regulators that influence those risks. Pairing these findings to an analysis of existing state and federal policies will lead to recommendations for how to improve the management of shale gas development. In 2010, RFF and the National Energy Policy Institute released a comprehensive economic analysis of more than 35 available policy options for reducing U.S. oil consumption and curbing carbon dioxide emissions through 2030. Combining a standardized modeling approach and the judgments of top academic experts from around the country, Toward a New National Energy Policy: Assessing the Options provides a rigorous “ apples-to apples ” comparison of how different policies rank in terms of such quantitative measures as costs and ability to reduce CO2 emissions and barrels of oil consumed. External links Resources for the Future

In June 2010, RFF was awarded the FEEM 20th Anniversary Prize in Environmental Economics by the European-based Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. The award recognized RFF as a "key driver of market-based environmental policy " . Funding RFF is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. In fiscal year 2010, RFF's operating revenue was $11.04 million, most of which came from individual and corporate contributions, foundation and government grants, and investment income.RFF 2010 Annual Report. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, the George Kaiser Family Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation comprised RFF's top five donors in 2009.Business Guide to Partnering with NGOs and the United Nations 2007/2008: A report by the UN Global Compact and Dalberg Global Development Advisors, pp. 502–505. The organization's research programs make up the bulk of its expenses, amounting to 76.8 percent in 2010. Notable RFF research Several influential scholars from RFF's early years helped shape environmental policies worldwide. John Krutilla was a central figure at RFF from 1955 to 1988. In his 1967 paper "Conservation Reconsidered," Krutilla described the economic value of undisturbed natural environments like rivers and forests. Published in the American Economic Review, the paper became "a benchmark in the economics of conservation" and provided a basis for including preservation benefits in policy analysis.Saxon, Wolfgang. "John Krutilla, 81, Economist Who Focused on Environment" (Obituary), The New York Times, July 20, 2003. Allen Kneese joined RFF in 1961, and his work on water quality management led him to argue that market-based incentives like pollution taxes, which left it up to each polluter to find the cheapest and easiest way to comply, were more efficient than conventional regulation at reducing pollution and costs to the economy, and avoided distortions in international trade.E.g. d'Arge, Ralph C., and Allen V. Kneese. "Environmental Quality and International Trade." International Organization 26, no. 2 (1972): 419–465, doi:10.1017/S0020818300003398; Kneese, Allen V., Sidney E. Rolfe, and Joseph W. Harned. Managing the environment: international economic cooperation for pollution control. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971. Revolutionary in the 1960s, Kneese's ideas laid the groundwork for the sulfur dioxide emissions-trading program established by Congress in 1990 to curb acid rain. He left in Resources for the Future in 1974.Rauch, Jonathan. "Ideas Change the World – and One Think Tank Quietly Did", Reason Magazine, October 4, 2002. Hans Landsberg began his work at RFF in 1960, specializing in energy and mineral economics. His contributions included lead-authorship of Resources in America's Future (1963), a thousand-page volume examining the role of natural resources in the U.S. economy and projecting their long-term availability.In Appreciation: Dr. Hans Landsberg Resources, Fall 2001. Issue 145; p17. Both this and another 1963 RFF publication, Scarcity and Growth, set out the idea that growth was a bigger problem than natural resource shortages.Portney, Paul. "50th Anniversary Symposium and Gala Dinner: Welcoming Remarks", October 15, 2002. Marion Clawson, a long-time RFF scholar and a former acting president of the institution, was a pioneer in the field of resource economics who had a major influence on government policies over public lands and forest management. His 1975 book Forests for Whom and for What? examined ways to balance timber production, recreation, and ecology in the use of federal forest land. He was an early advocate of sustainability in management of natural environments and preservation of wilderness areas RFF also conducted pathbreaking research on the allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum. Harvey J. Levin's book The Invisible Resource: Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum (1971), advocated a market-based approach. Twenty years later, the Federal Communications Commission began licensing and auctioning these airwaves accordingly. Leadership Richard Newell joined RFF as president on September 1, 2016. He was previously the Gendell Professor of Energy and Environmental Economics at Duke University and Founding Director of its Energy Initiative and Energy Data Analytics Lab. From 2009 to 2011, he served as the administrator of the US Energy Information Administration, the agency responsible for official US government energy statistics and analysis. He also served as the senior economist for energy and environment on the President's Council of Economic Advisers and was a senior fellow, and later a board member, at RFF. Philip R. Sharp served as president from 2005 to 2016. Before joining RFF, Sharp served 10 terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana (1975 to 1995). He then joined the faculty of the John F. Kennedy School of Government and the Institute of Politics at Harvard University. As of 2010, Sharp is co-chair of the Energy Board of the Keystone Center and serves on the Board of Directors of the Duke Energy Corporation and the Energy Foundation. He is also a member of the Cummins Science and Technology Advisory Council and serves on the Advisory Board of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations and on the External Advisory Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative.Phil Sharp Resources for the Future. He is a member of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future and the U.S. Partnership for Renewable Energy Finance. He was an inaugural inductee into the Energy Efficiency Forum Hall of Fame in 2009. Paul R. Portney served as president of RFF from 1995 to 2005. Portney joined the research staff of RFF in 1972. From 1986 to 1989 he headed two of its research divisions, and in 1989 he became its vice president. In June 2005, Portney became dean of the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. One journalist assessed Portney's tenure at RFF by saying that "he never shied away from using the facts to challenge business interests that reflexively opposed all regulation, or environmental groups that never met one they didn't like".Pearlstein, Steven. "Think Tank Leader's Principle Wisdom Will Be Missed", Washington Post, June 15, 2005. Recent and current projects In July 2011, RFF's Center for Energy Economics and Policy (CEEP) launched an initiative to identify the priority risks associated with the hydraulic fracturing of shale formations and recommend strategies for responsible development. This analysis, made possible by a $ 1.2 million grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, will be the first independent, broad assessment of the key risks associated with the shale gas development process. The CEEP research team, led by RFF Research Director and Senior Fellow Alan Krupnick, will survey expert opinion and public perception to determine the most significant risks and the behaviors of industry and regulators that influence those risks. Pairing these findings to an analysis of existing state and federal policies will lead to recommendations for how to improve the management of shale gas development. In 2010, RFF and the National Energy Policy Institute released a comprehensive economic analysis of more than 35 available policy options for reducing U.S. oil consumption and curbing carbon dioxide emissions through 2030. Combining a standardized modeling approach and the judgments of top academic experts from around the country, Toward a New National Energy Policy: Assessing the Options provides a rigorous " apples-to apples " comparison of how different policies rank in terms of such quantitative measures as costs and ability to reduce CO2 emissions and barrels of oil consumed. External links

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A big difference in gameplay between the two games is that rugby league has shed from its laws several opportunities for possession to be contested that rugby union has retained: contesting the ball after the tackle, on the ground in rucks and through mauls. When the ball goes into touch, possession in rugby union is contested through a line-out, while in rugby league a scrum restarts play. URL |access-date=21 November 2009 URL |archive-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead </ref> As the ball is in play more and there are fewer players (13 compared to 15) to cover the field it has been implied that rugby league is the more physically demanding sport.

A big difference in gameplay between the two games is that rugby league has shed from its laws several opportunities for possession to be contested that rugby union has retained: contesting the ball after the tackle, on the ground in rucks and through mauls. When the ball goes into touch, possession in rugby union is contested through a line-out, while in rugby league a scrum restarts play. The lesser focus on contesting possession means there are fewer stoppages of play in rugby league, with the ball typically in play for 50 out of the 80 minutes compared to around 35 for professional rugby union. As the ball is in play more and there are fewer players (13 compared to 15) to cover the field it has been implied that rugby league is the more physically demanding sport.

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This is for discussion of differences Sir Anthony Richard Wagner, Garter Principal King of Arms, wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) "and in social status is one step down from the Landed gentry, but above, say, a husbandman".Wagner, Sir Anthony R., English Genealogy, Oxford University Press, 1960, pp. 125–130. Often it was hard to distinguish minor landed gentry from the wealthier yeomen, and wealthier husbandmen from the poorer yeomen. Yeoman vs European Peasant This is for discussion of differences 1500-1600 This is for discussion of the spread of the yeomen stratum: as some yeomen overlapped into the newly-emerging gentry through wealth & marriage; others merged with the merchants & professions of the towns through education; some became local officials in the counties; and still others maintained their original identity as farmers Yeomen were often constables of their parish, and sometimes chief constables of the district, shire or hundred. Many yeomen held the positions of bailiffs for the High Sheriff or for the shire or hundred. Other civic duties would include churchwarden, bridge warden, and other warden duties. It was also common for a yeoman to be an overseer for his parish. Yeomen, whether working for a lord, king, shire, knight, district or parish, served in localised or municipal police forces raised by or led by the landed gentry. Some of these roles, in particular those of constable and bailiff, were carried down through families. Yeomen often filled ranging, roaming, surveying, and policing roles. In districts remoter from landed gentry and burgesses, yeomen held more official power: this is attested in statutes of the reign of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547), indicating yeomen along with knights and squires as leaders for certain purposes. 1600-1800 This is for discussion of the effect of the English Civil War; the exploration%DIFDELCMD < & %%% founding of the American colonies by Merchant Adventurer Companies; also introduction of the "middling sort"

Sir Anthony Richard Wagner, Garter Principal King of Arms, wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) "and in social status is one step down from the Landed gentry, but above, say, a husbandman".Wagner, Sir Anthony R., English Genealogy, Oxford University Press, 1960, pp. 125–130. Often it was hard to distinguish minor landed gentry from the wealthier yeomen, and wealthier husbandmen from the poorer yeomen. 1500-1600 As some yeomen overlapped into the newly-emerging gentry through wealth & marriage; others merged with the merchants & professions of the towns through education; some became local officials in the counties; and still others maintained their original identity as farmers Yeomen were often constables of their parish, and sometimes chief constables of the district, shire or hundred. Many yeomen held the positions of bailiffs for the High Sheriff or for the shire or hundred. Other civic duties would include churchwarden, bridge warden, and other warden duties. It was also common for a yeoman to be an overseer for his parish. Yeomen, whether working for a lord, king, shire, knight, district or parish, served in localised or municipal police forces raised by or led by the landed gentry. Some of these roles, in particular those of constable and bailiff, were carried down through families. Yeomen often filled ranging, roaming, surveying, and policing roles. In districts remoter from landed gentry and burgesses, yeomen held more official power: this is attested in statutes of the reign of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547), indicating yeomen along with knights and squires as leaders for certain purposes. %DIFDELCMD < & %%%

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Malabar Nasrani tradition 250px|A church of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Kerala, South India still following the Jewish Christian tradition of keeping the Holy of Holies veiled by a red curtain in the tradition of the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem, much like their Orthodox counterparts viz. the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church and the Indian Orthodox Church. The Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians) from Kerala, South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition.Ross, Israel J. (1979). "Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala". Asian Music. 11 (1): 80–98. In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time. The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar. It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual. The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana (derived from the Syriac word "Qurobo" meaning "sacrifice" ).

Malabar Nasrani tradition 250px|A church of the Syro-Malabar Church in Kerala, South India still following the Jewish Christian tradition of keeping the Holy of Holies veiled by a red curtain in the tradition of the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem, much like their Orthodox counterparts viz. the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church and the Indian Orthodox Church. The Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians) from Kerala, South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition.Ross, Israel J. (1979). "Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala". Asian Music. 11 (1): 80–98. In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time. The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar. It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual. The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana ).

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Seventh-Day Adventist Church Seventh-Day Adventism (SDA) believes that the Holy of Holies on Earth was a copy of the true tabernacle in heaven, and this view can also be seen in other Christian denominations. Because in Hebrews, God commands Moses to make sure that all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the Mount Sinai (Heb 8:2,5). After " The Great Disappointment, " preacher O. R. L. Crosier, Hiram Edson, and F. B. Hahn published new insights into Christ's sanctuary ministry which Jesus began to minister in the heavenly sanctuary after His ascension (Heb 9:24). Seventh-Day Adventism (SDA) believes that just as the high priest completed the special ministry on Yom Kippur and blessed the Israelites. Christ will come and bless his people after cleaning the Holy of Holies in heaven (Heb 9:23).

Seventh-Day Adventist Church Seventh-Day Adventism (SDA) believes that the Holy of Holies on Earth was a copy of the true tabernacle in heaven, and this view can also be seen in other Christian denominations. Because in Hebrews, God commands Moses to make sure that all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the Mount Sinai (Heb 8:2,5). After the " Great Disappointment " , preacher O. R. L. Crosier, Hiram Edson, and F. B. Hahn published new insights into Christ's sanctuary ministry which Jesus began to minister in the heavenly sanctuary after His ascension (Heb 9:24). Seventh-Day Adventism (SDA) believes that just as the high priest completed the special ministry on Yom Kippur and blessed the Israelites. Christ will come and bless his people after cleaning the Holy of Holies in heaven (Heb 9:23).

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Don Wiley disappeared on November 15, 2001 ; his body was found in the Mississippi River a month later and his death was ruled to be an accident.

Don Wiley disappeared on November 15, 2001 after falling off a bridge near Memphis, Tennessee ; his body was found in the Mississippi River 300 miles downstream in Vidalia, Louisiana a month later and his death was ruled to be an accident.

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Caligula was also extremely insane as he ordered his troops to collect seashells and wage war on the sea, when he was actually going to invade Britain. He also made his horse Incitatus consul and Incitatus had a stable the size of a palace and ate hay with nuggets of gold inside. Caligula also dressed as gods and goddesses and made people act mad in his presence when he was dressed like this. He was also very paranoid and whoever told him a fib had their hands hacked to stumps. He also had very bizarre speeches. In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted, however. On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, the next Roman emperor. Although the Julio-Julio-Claudian Dynasty dynasty continued to rule the empire until the fall of his nephew Nero in 68, Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line.

In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted, however. On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, the next Roman emperor. Although the Julio-Claudian dynasty continued to rule the empire until the fall of his nephew Nero in 68, Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line.

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The Visite du Branchage takes place in each Parish twice a year to check that occupiers of houses and land bordering on public roads have undertaken the 'branchage'. On the Visite du Branchage the Connétable , assisted by the members of the Roads Committee, Roads Inspectors and the Centeniers , will visit the roads of his parish accompanied by the Vingteniers in their respective Vingtaines to ensure that the branchage has been completed. Occupiers of land may be fined up to £50 for each infraction unless - the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 12 feet over main roads and by-roads; the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 8 feet over footpaths; and all trimmings have been removed from the road. If the branchage has not been completed the occupier will be required to undertake the work and, if it is not carried out, the Parish may arrange for the work to be done and charge the occupier the cost of that work.

The Visite du Branchage takes place in each parish twice a year to check that occupiers of houses and land bordering on public roads have undertaken the 'branchage'. On the Visite du Branchage the connétable , assisted by the members of the Roads Committee, Roads Inspectors and the centeniers , will visit the roads of his parish accompanied by the vingteniers in their respective Vingtaines to ensure that the branchage has been completed. Occupiers of land may be fined up to £50 for each infraction unless - the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 12 feet over main roads and by-roads; the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 8 feet over footpaths; and all trimmings have been removed from the road. If the branchage has not been completed the occupier will be required to undertake the work and, if it is not carried out, the parish may arrange for the work to be done and charge the occupier the cost of that work.

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Overview The SSCI citation database covers some 3,000 of the world's leading academic journals in the social sciences across more than 50 disciplines. It is made available online through the Web of Science service for a fee. The database records which articles are cited by other articles. The Master Journal List provides users with the ability to search for journals that have been indexed. "The Master Journal List is an invaluable tool to help you to find the right journal for your needs across multiple indices hosted on the Web of Science platform. Spanning all disciplines and regions, Web of Science Core Collection is at the heart of the Web of Science platform. Curated with care by an expert team of in-house editors, Web of Science Core Collection includes only journals that demonstrate high levels of editorial rigor and best practice. As well as the Web of Science Core Collection, you can search across the following specialty collections: Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Zoological Record, and Current Contents Connect, as well as the Chemical Information products."This platform also provides a large database for training and guidance, which can be accessed here. References External links Citation Indexing and Indexes. In ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization

Overview The SSCI citation database covers some 3,000 academic journals in the social sciences across more than 50 disciplines. It is made available online through the Web of Science service for a fee. The database records which articles are cited by other articles. The Master Journal List provides users with the ability to search for journals that have been indexed. References

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Overview The debate was a dialogue between texts and followers; Foucault and Habermas did not actually debate in person, though they were considering a formal one in the U.S. before Foucault's death in 1984. Habermas' essay , Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present (1984) was altered before release in order to account for Foucault's inability to reply. The publication of Foucault's Collège de France lectures over the past decade has also served to recast the Foucault–Habermas debate since the Ashenden and Owen volume. The lectures on biopolitics and governmentality, as well as Foucault's relation to Kant and neoliberalism has resulted in a number of scholars revisiting questions over normativity, resistance and critique in Foucault's work. See also Books Rationality and Power%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Topics Cassirer–Heidegger debate Gadamer–Derrida debate Positivism dispute Power (social and political) Rationality Searle–Derrida debate Notes%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% References David Ingram (1994) "Foucault and Habermas on the Subject of Reason," in Gary Gutting, ed. (1994). The Cambridge Companion to Foucault Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 215–61. Michael Kelly, ed. (1994), Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, Category:Continental philosophy Category:Philosophical debates Category:Philosophical arguments Category:Michel Foucault Category:Jürge

Overview The debate was a dialogue between texts and followers; Foucault and Habermas did not actually debate in person, though they were considering a formal one in the U.S. before Foucault's death in 1984. Habermas' essay Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present (1984) was altered before release in order to account for Foucault's inability to reply. Habermas wrote: The publication of Foucault's Collège de France lectures over the past decade has also served to recast the Foucault–Habermas debate since the Ashenden and Owen volume. The lectures on biopolitics and governmentality, as well as Foucault's relation to Kant and neoliberalism has resulted in a number of scholars revisiting questions over normativity, resistance and critique in Foucault's work. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%%

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Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, ( ; 19 October 1897 – 14 April 1994) was a Pakistani organic chemist specialising in natural products, and a professor of the chemistry at the University of Karachi. Siddiqui studied philosophy at Aligarh Muslim University and later studied chemistry at Frankfurt University, where he received his PhD in 1927. On return to British India, he worked at the Tibbia College Delhi and the Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. He later moved to Pakistan and worked in the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and went on to establish the Pakistan National Science Council and was appointed as its first chairman in 1961. In the same year he became the Fellow of the Royal Society. He later also co-founded Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and after retirement from the government, he founded the Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry. Siddiqui is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rauvolfia, and various other flora. As the founder director of H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, he revolutionised the research on pharmacology of various domestic plants found in South Asia to extract novel chemical substances of medicinal importance.Akhtar (1996), pp. 400–417 During his career, Siddiqui published more than 300 research papers and obtained 40 patents mainly from the field of natural product chemistry. In addition to his scientific talents, Siddiqui was also an avid painter, a poet, and a great connoisseur of Western music. His paintings were exhibited in the United States, Germany, India, and Pakistan.

Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, ( ; 19 October 1897 – 14 April 1994) was a Pakistani organic chemist specialising in natural products, and a professor of chemistry at the University of Karachi. Siddiqui studied philosophy at Aligarh Muslim University and later studied chemistry at Frankfurt University, where he received his PhD in 1927. On return to British India, he worked at the Tibbia College Delhi and the Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. He later moved to Pakistan and worked in the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . He went on to establish the Pakistan National Science Council and was appointed as its first chairman in 1961. In the same year he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He later co-founded the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and after retirement from the government, he founded the Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry. Siddiqui is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rauvolfia, and various other flora. As the founder director of H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, he revolutionised research of the pharmacology of various domestic plants found in South Asia to extract novel chemical substances of medicinal importance.Akhtar (1996), pp. 400–417 During his career, Siddiqui published more than 300 research papers and obtained 40 patents mainly from the field of natural product chemistry. In addition to his scientific talents, Siddiqui was also an avid painter, poet, and a great connoisseur of Western music. His paintings were exhibited in the United States, Germany, India, and Pakistan.

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Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping people to serve as sailors by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as crimps . The related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britain's Royal Navy.

Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping women to serve as hookers by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as Shanghainese . The related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britain's Royal Navy.

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Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping women to serve as hookers by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as Shanghainese . The related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britain's Royal Navy.

Shanghaiing or crimping is the practice of kidnapping people to serve as sailors by coercive techniques such as trickery, intimidation, or violence. Those engaged in this form of kidnapping were known as crimps . The related term press gang refers specifically to impressment practices in Great Britain's Royal Navy.

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His works The Crisis of Hungarian Democracy. ValóságReality, it is Hungarian journal. October 1945 (Hungarian) The Paralysis of International Institutions and the Remedies. A Study of Self-Determination, Concord among the Major Powers, and Political Arbitration.With an Introduction by Bernard Crick. The Harvester Press, Hassocks, 1976. XI, 152 p. (English) Misère des petits États d'Europe de l'Est. L'Harmattan, 1986 (out of print); Albin Michel, Paris, 1993, (the current edition). (French ) Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination: Selected Writings. Edited by Károly Nagy. Translated by András Boros-Kazai. Columbia University Press, New York, 1991. The Art of Peacemaking: The Political Essays of István Bibó. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.

His works The Crisis of Hungarian Democracy. ValóságReality, it is Hungarian journal. October 1945 (Hungarian) The poverty of Eastern European small states (A kelet-európai kisállamok nyomorúsága, Új Magyarország, Bp., 1946 ); Misère des petits États d'Europe de l'Est. L'Harmattan, 1986 (out of print); Albin Michel, Paris, 1993, (the current edition). The Paralysis of International Institutions and the Remedies. A Study of Self-Determination, Concord among the Major Powers, and Political Arbitration. With an Introduction by Bernard Crick. The Harvester Press, Hassocks, 1976. XI, 152 p. (English ) Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination: Selected Writings. Edited by Károly Nagy. Translated by András Boros-Kazai. Columbia University Press, New York, 1991. The Art of Peacemaking: The Political Essays of István Bibó. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.

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Publications Celia Green, The Human Evasion Celia Green, The Decline and Fall of Science Celia Green, Advice to Clever Children Fabian Tassano, The Power of Life or Death: Medical Coercion and the Euthanasia Debate Celia Green, The Lost Cause: An Analysis of Causation Celia Green, Letters from Exile: Observations on a Culture in Decline Fabian Tassano, Mediocracy: Inversions and Deceptions in an Egalitarian Culture Charles McCreery, Perception and Hallucination: The Case for Continuity

Publications Books Celia Green, Advice to Clever Children. ISBN 978-0953677221 Celia Green, The Lost Cause: An Analysis of Causation. ISBN 978-0953677214 Celia Green, Letters from Exile: Observations on a Culture in Decline. ISBN 978-0953677238 Celia Green, The Human Evasion. ISBN 978-0953677245 Celia Green, The Decline and Fall of Science . ISBN 978-0953677252 Charles McCreery, The Abolition of Genius. Foreword by Professor H.J. Eysenck, PhD, DSc. Fabian Tassano, The Power of Life or Death: Medical Coercion and the Euthanasia Debate . ISBN 978-0953677207 Fabian Tassano, Mediocracy: Inversions and Deceptions in an Egalitarian Culture . ISBN 978-0953677269 Other publications Celia Green, 'Hindrances to the progress of research' Celia Green, 'Freedom and the exceptional child' Charles McCreery, ' Perception and Hallucination: The Case for Continuity ' Charles McCreery, 'Dreams and Psychosis: a New Look at an Old Hypothesis' Charles McCreery, 'The Chi-square test' Charles McCreery, 'Probability and Bayes' Theorem' Charles McCreery, 'Analysis of Variance' Charles McCreery, 'Mean, median, mode and skewness' Charles McCreery, 'The t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test' Fabian Tassano, 'The meaning of mediocracy' Fabian Tassano, 'The new academia' Fabian Tassano, 'Legal certainty' Fabian Tassano, 'Legal uncertainty and counter-terrorism' Fabian Tassano, 'Scapegoating the older generation' Fabian Tassano, 'Fairness and the triple lock'