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66510748	3	Emily Dawson was an academic in the field of Science and Technology Studies. She is currently an Associate Professor at UCL in the Department of Science & Technology Studies .She has resigned due to infection of coronavirus .	Emily Dawson is an academic in the field of Science and Technology Studies. She is currently an Associate Professor at UCL in the Department of Science & Technology Studies .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "was", "after": "is", "start_char_pos": 13, "end_char_pos": 16 }, { "type": "D", "before": ".She has resigned due to infection of coronavirus", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 174, "end_char_pos": 223 } ]	[ 0, 76, 175 ]
665434	1	In popular culture Fake shrunken head in the Knight Bus, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort). In Herman Melville's whaling novel Moby-Dick, Ishmael meets the cannibal harpooneer Queequeg as he returns from a day of selling shrunken heads. In Tintin and the Broken Ear Tintin and explorer Ridgewell are threatened with having their heads shrunk after being capture by Amazon Indigenous people. In Willard Price's 1949 novel Amazon Adventure, a Jivaro chief describes the process of shrinking heads to the story's protagonists, Hal and Roger Hunt. The 1959 film, "The Four Skulls Of Jonathan Drake" Dr. Emil Zurich (Henry Daniell) seeks to take revenge on the descendants of the Drake family, whose ancestors were responsible for a tribal massacre two hundred years past. In 1975, Whiting (a Milton Bradley company) released Vincent Price's Shrunken Head Apple Sculpture Kit. In the 1988 film Beetlejuice, Harry the Hunter, who is waiting in the Netherworld Waiting Room, has a shrunken head (his own). Later, the titular character has his 'living' and still attached head magically shrunken in the Waiting Room apparently by the same Jivaro man who shrunk Harry's head. In the 1989 episode "Grand Deceptions", Columbo discusses a shrunken head that the antagonist has in his office. One of the North American television commercials for the 1990 video game Dr. Mario featured head shrinking, as well as a cover of the song Witch Doctor with slightly different URL A child receives a shrunken head as a Christmas gift in the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas. The titular head of R.L. Stine's Goosebumps #39, How I Got My Shrunken Head (released in 1996) is a shrunken head. The novel was adapted as the two-part Season Four premiere of the television series Goosebumps. In the Goosebumps film, a shrunken head is seen on the staff of a Mulgani. In the 1990 video game The Secret of Monkey Island a shrunken head guides Guybrush Threepwood to find LeChuck's Ghost Ship. In the 2000 video game Diablo 2 and its 2012 sequel, one of the character classes uses shrunken heads as an equippable item in place of a shield. In the 2001 Dreamcast game Ooga Booga, shrunken heads are used as throwable weapons by the Kahunas. In the PC game Heroes of Newerth, a shrunken head is a purchasable item that grants the owner magic immunity for 10 seconds. In the 2001 film The Mummy Returns, shrunken heads make an appearance and provide dark comic relief. In James Rollins's 2002 novel Amazonia, Dr. Favre's Shuar mistress, Tshui, is described as a "witch" who concocts poisons, brews psychoactive tea, and maintains a large collection of shrunken heads. Her process of shrinking one such trophy, which she wears around her neck, is described in great detail. In the 2002 episode of the American-Canadian cartoon Ed, Edd, n Eddy titled "X Marks the Ed", Eddy gets his first pimple and accidentally has his head shrunk by Rolf in an attempt to rid himself of it. In the 2004 film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Lenny Henry voices Dre Head, a Jamaican shrunken head on the magical Knight Bus . In the 2007 film Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Jack Sparrow's father shows Jack a shrunken head when he asks how his mother is. Jack then comments, "She looks great!". In Tess Gerritsen's 7th instalment of Rizzoli & Isles series - The Keepsake - published in 2008, shrunken heads are discovered in a hidden section of Crispin Museum. There are detailed explanations on the history of tsantsas as well as how they are made. In the 2009 film The Princess and the Frog, singing shrunken heads appear as part of Dr. Facilier's legion of voodoo servants during his musical number Friends on the Other Side, as well as him showing a shrunken head, explaining "I'm a royal myself on my mother's side." In the 2010 video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, shrunken heads appear as random loot, rewards for investing in shops, and are required for completion of a certain quest. In the 2012 film Hotel Transylvania and its two sequels, the shrunken heads (voiced by Luenell and Jim Wise) serve as the "Do Not Disturb" signs where they would quote "do not disturb" when a person passes them. One sarcastic one hangs outside of Mavis' room. In James Ellroy's 2014 novel Perfidia, shrunken heads are displayed, sold, and worn by multiple characters, including Los Angeles police and other officials. In the 2014 Dutch tv series Hollands Hoop, the mentally disturbed Dimitri has a habit of shrinking the heads of the people that he has killed. In the 2018 game, Red Dead Redemption 2, the player can find and loot a shrunken head from a cabin.	In popular culture Fake shrunken head in the Knight Bus, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort). In Herman Melville's whaling novel Moby-Dick, Ishmael meets the cannibal harpooneer Queequeg as he returns from a day of selling shrunken heads. In Tintin and the Broken Ear Tintin and explorer Ridgewell are threatened with having their heads shrunk after being capture by Amazon Indigenous people. In Willard Price's 1949 novel Amazon Adventure, a Jivaro chief describes the process of shrinking heads to the story's protagonists, Hal and Roger Hunt. The 1959 film, "The Four Skulls Of Jonathan Drake" Dr. Emil Zurich (Henry Daniell) seeks to take revenge on the descendants of the Drake family, whose ancestors were responsible for a tribal massacre two hundred years past. In 1975, Whiting (a Milton Bradley company) released Vincent Price's Shrunken Head Apple Sculpture Kit. In the 1988 film Beetlejuice, Harry the Hunter, who is waiting in the Netherworld Waiting Room, has a shrunken head (his own). Later, the titular character has his 'living' and still attached head magically shrunken in the Waiting Room apparently by the same Jivaro man who shrunk Harry's head. In the 1989 episode "Grand Deceptions", Columbo discusses a shrunken head that the antagonist has in his office. One of the North American television commercials for the 1990 video game Dr. Mario featured head shrinking, as well as a cover of the song Witch Doctor with slightly different URL A child receives a shrunken head as a Christmas gift in the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas. The titular head of R.L. Stine's Goosebumps #39, How I Got My Shrunken Head (released in 1996) is a shrunken head. The novel was adapted as the two-part Season Four premiere of the television series Goosebumps. In the Goosebumps film, a shrunken head is seen on the staff of a Mulgani. In the 1990 video game The Secret of Monkey Island a shrunken head guides Guybrush Threepwood to find LeChuck's Ghost Ship. In the 2000 video game Diablo 2 and its 2012 sequel, one of the character classes uses shrunken heads as an equippable item in place of a shield. In the 2001 Dreamcast game Ooga Booga, shrunken heads are used as throwable weapons by the Kahunas. In the PC game Heroes of Newerth, a shrunken head is a purchasable item that grants the owner magic immunity for 10 seconds. In the 2001 film The Mummy Returns, shrunken heads make an appearance and provide dark comic relief. In James Rollins's 2002 novel Amazonia, Dr. Favre's Shuar mistress, Tshui, is described as a "witch" who concocts poisons, brews psychoactive tea, and maintains a large collection of shrunken heads. Her process of shrinking one such trophy, which she wears around her neck, is described in great detail. In the 2002 episode of the American-Canadian cartoon Ed, Edd, n Eddy titled "X Marks the Ed", Eddy gets his first pimple and accidentally has his head shrunk by Rolf in an attempt to rid himself of it. In the 2004 film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Lenny Henry voices Dre Head, a Jamaican accented shrunken head on the magical Knight Bus . The same film features three more shrunken heads, voiced by Brian Bowles and Peter Serafinowicz, inside the wizard pub The Three Broomsticks. The shrunken heads were created for the film but Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling greatly enjoyed the idea and endorsed the addition in an interview featured on the DVD extras . In the 2007 film Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Jack Sparrow's father shows Jack a shrunken head when he asks how his mother is. Jack then comments, "She looks great!". In Tess Gerritsen's 7th instalment of Rizzoli & Isles series - The Keepsake - published in 2008, shrunken heads are discovered in a hidden section of Crispin Museum. There are detailed explanations on the history of tsantsas as well as how they are made. In the 2009 film The Princess and the Frog, singing shrunken heads appear as part of Dr. Facilier's legion of voodoo servants during his musical number Friends on the Other Side, as well as him showing a shrunken head, explaining "I'm a royal myself on my mother's side." In the 2010 video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, shrunken heads appear as random loot, rewards for investing in shops, and are required for completion of a certain quest. In the 2012 film Hotel Transylvania and its two sequels, the shrunken heads (voiced by Luenell and Jim Wise) serve as the "Do Not Disturb" signs where they would quote "do not disturb" when a person passes them. One sarcastic one hangs outside of Mavis' room. In James Ellroy's 2014 novel Perfidia, shrunken heads are displayed, sold, and worn by multiple characters, including Los Angeles police and other officials. In the 2014 Dutch tv series Hollands Hoop, the mentally disturbed Dimitri has a habit of shrinking the heads of the people that he has killed. In the 2018 game, Red Dead Redemption 2, the player can find and loot a shrunken head from a cabin.	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "accented", "start_char_pos": 3092, "end_char_pos": 3092 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ". The same film features three more shrunken heads, voiced by Brian Bowles and Peter Serafinowicz, inside the wizard pub The Three Broomsticks. The shrunken heads were created for the film but Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling greatly enjoyed the idea and endorsed the addition in an interview featured on the DVD extras", "start_char_pos": 3133, "end_char_pos": 3133 } ]	[ 0, 120, 265, 419, 572, 796, 900, 1027, 1195, 1308, 1590, 1705, 1801, 1876, 2000, 2146, 2246, 2371, 2472, 2671, 2776, 2978, 3275, 3315, 3481, 3570, 3659, 3842, 4018, 4230, 4278, 4436, 4579 ]
665440	1	Use of the phrase The expression, "dead man's hand", appears to have had some currency in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although no one connected it to Hickok until the 1920s.<ref URL "Was Wild Bill Hickok Holding the Dead Mans Hand When He Was Slain]; The Straight Dope article; retrieved March 2013.</ref> The earliest detailed reference to it was 1886, where it was described as a "full house consisting of three jacks and a pair of tens". Discussion ; July 3, 1886, article in the Grand Forks Daily Herald; at Linguist List online; retrieved February 2013. Jacks and sevens are called the dead man's hand in the 1903 Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences.Cora Linn Morrison Daniels, et al; editor; Volume 2. The 1907 edition of Hoyle's Games '' refers to the hand as Jacks and eights. Edmond Hoyle and editors; Hoyle's Games; 1907; p. 405 Hickok's hand What is currently considered the dead man's hand card combination received its notoriety from a legend that it was the five-card stud or five-card draw hand, held by James Butler Hickok (better known as "Wild Bill" Hickok) when he was shot in the back of the head by Jack McCall on August 2, 1876, in Nuttal & Mann's Saloon at Deadwood, Dakota Territory. Hickok's final hand purportedly included the aces and eights of both black suits. Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers; Frank J. Wilstach; 1926. Hickok biographer Joseph Rosa wrote about the make-up of the hand: "The accepted version is that the cards were the ace of spades, the ace of clubs, two black eights, and the queen of clubs as the 'kicker'."Wild Bill Hickok: Gunfighter; Joseph G. Rosa; p. 163. Rosa, however, said that no contemporaneous source can be found for this exact hand.Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and his Myth; Joseph Rosa; 1996. The solidification in gamers' parlance of the dead man's hand as two pairs, black aces and eights, did not come about until after the 1926 publication of Wilstach's book 50 years after Hickok's death.	Use of the phrase The expression, "dead man's hand", appears to have had some currency in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although no one connected it to Hickok until the 1920s.<ref URL "Was Wild Bill Hickok Holding the Dead Mans Hand When He Was Slain]; The Straight Dope article; retrieved March 2013.</ref> The earliest detailed reference to it was 1886, where it was described as a "full house consisting of three jacks and a pair of tens". Discussion ; July 3, 1886, article in the Grand Forks Daily Herald; at Linguist List online; retrieved February 2013. Jacks and sevens are called the dead man's hand in the 1903 Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences.Cora Linn Morrison Daniels, et al; editor; Volume 2. The 1907 edition of Hoyle's Games refers to the hand as Jacks and eights. Edmond Hoyle and editors; Hoyle's Games; 1907; p. 405 Hickok's hand What is currently considered the dead man's hand card combination received its notoriety from a legend that it was the five-card stud or five-card draw hand, held by James Butler Hickok (better known as "Wild Bill" Hickok) when he was shot in the back of the head by Jack McCall on August 2, 1876, in Nuttal & Mann's Saloon at Deadwood, Dakota Territory. Hickok's final hand purportedly included the aces and eights of both black suits. Hickok biographer Joseph Rosa wrote about the make-up of the hand: "The accepted version is that the cards were the ace of spades, the ace of clubs, two black eights, and the queen of clubs as the 'kicker'."Wild Bill Hickok: Gunfighter; Joseph G. Rosa; p. 163. Rosa, however, said that no contemporaneous source can be found for this exact hand.Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and his Myth; Joseph Rosa; 1996. The solidification in gamers' parlance of the dead man's hand as two pairs, black aces and eights, did not come about until after the 1926 publication of author Frank Wilstach's 1926 book, Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers'', 50 years after Hickok's death.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "''", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 784, "end_char_pos": 786 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers; Frank J. Wilstach; 1926.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1332, "end_char_pos": 1400 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "author Frank", "start_char_pos": 1959, "end_char_pos": 1959 }, { "type": "R", "before": "book", "after": "1926 book, Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers'',", "start_char_pos": 1971, "end_char_pos": 1975 } ]	[ 0, 185, 262, 289, 452, 465, 520, 545, 570, 697, 731, 749, 826, 852, 867, 1249, 1331, 1375, 1394, 1607, 1637, 1653, 1746, 1785, 1798 ]
66550830	1	Sources and archaeology 150px\|Statue of Posidonius. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. The practitioners of the sacrifices are named only by Strabo, but the rites themselves are included in the work of Diodorus, Titus Livius and Plutarch, at least the first two being likely based on previous chronicles by Posidonius. Spanish and Portuguese archaeology, rich in findings related to mantic practices, offers corroboation , such as the inhumation of a probable human victim under the walls of Bletisama (current Ledesma), meant to consecrate the building. As human sacrifice is a controversial topic, interpretation of those classical sources has been done with caution due to its disputable objectivity,Guerrero Ayuso, V. M. (1983). En torno a los sacrificios humanos en la antigüedad. Maina, ISSN 0211-2116, Nº. 7, págs. 32-37. which makes equally possible that the rites are either ethnocentrist inventions against barbarian peoples or strange but truthful customs. In this case, Hispanic historians concede that the sources' s possible hostile tone, like Strabo himself, does not necessarily imply a total fabrication of the mentioned rituals, which could have been exceptional, even frequent events. The testimonies show an inner coherence that, despite their diversity, supports it..Santos, M. J. (2007). El sacrificio en el occidente de la Hispania romana: para un nuevo análisis de los ritos de tradición indoeuropea. Palaeohispanica 7, pp. 175-217. They have also considered that Greeks and Romans themselves acknowledge the realization of human sacrifice in their own cultures, it being notable the case of the prisoners sacrificed by burial after the Battle of Cannae (226 BC) or during the Roman-Gallic wars (216 and 114-113 BC). Authors have also noted similarities between the Lusitanian rite and the one attributed to other Indo-Europeans. Of Gaul druids, Diodorus recounts that they divined the same way: after killing the victim with a thrust to the body, they auscultated the form of his fall, the flow of blood and the convulsions of their members. Priestesses of the Cimbri also purportedly examined the entrails of prisoners, whom they previously drained off their blood by slaughter. Even Eurasian Scythians, whose customs are described by Herodotus, sport strong similarities with Lusitanians, as they would also sacrifice prisoners to Ares and would amputate the right arm as an offering. Immolation of horses and goats or sheeps , also an Scythian ritual, resembles Roman suovetauriliaBlázquez Martínez, J. M. (2001). La Religión Celta en Hispania. Celtas y Vettones, Ávila, 171-181 (también en J.M.ª Blázquez, El Mediterráneo y España en la antigüedad. Historia, religión y arte, Madrid 2003, 405-416). and Indian sautramani. Hieroscope 170px\|Druids. Picture by Neuville, 1883. For several authors, the sacrificers named hieroscopes by Strabo might have been members of a hypothetical priestly office within the religion of northern Hispania, possibly related to Celtic druidism given the similarities of their divinatory practices.Cardete del Olmo, M. C. (2006). El sacrificio humano: víctimas en el monte Liceo. ’Ilu. Revista De Ciencias De Las Religiones, 11, 93 - 115.García Quintela, M. V. (1991). El sacrificio humano adivinatorio céltico y la religión de los lusitanos. POLIS, Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica [ISSN 1130-0728] 3, pp. 25-37. Those priests might have shared other trascendent functions, such as herbology, astronomy and creation of calendars, as well as the rituals of incubation associated to sanctuaries of the god Endovelicus. Historians attached to this theory reasone that the wide archaeological evidence of temples, sanctuaries, nemeta and rituals in Hispania could not be understood without a religious staff that keeped and managed them, especially given the level of social development of Hispanic cultures. They also cite findings such as the Vetton necropolis of La Osera (Ávila), the Luzaga's Bronze and the Botorrita plaque as possible additional evidence. An inscription on Queiriz, Beira Alta that reads ouatius has been identified by Quintela as the term vates (ouates''), associated to Gaul prophets and philosophers. Hieroscopes have been also compared not only to druids, but also Greek and Roman haruspices.	Sources and archaeology 150px\|Statue of Posidonius. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. The practitioners of the sacrifices are named only by Strabo, but the rites themselves are included in the work of Diodorus, Titus Livius and Plutarch, at least the first two being likely based on previous chronicles by Posidonius. Spanish and Portuguese archaeology, rich in findings related to mantic practices, offers corroboration , such as the inhumation of a probable human victim under the walls of Bletisama (current Ledesma), meant to consecrate the building. As human sacrifice is a controversial topic, interpretation of those classical sources has been done with caution due to its disputable objectivity,Guerrero Ayuso, V. M. (1983). En torno a los sacrificios humanos en la antigüedad. Maina, ISSN 0211-2116, Nº. 7, págs. 32-37. which makes equally possible that the rites are either ethnocentrist inventions against barbarian peoples or strange but truthful customs. In this case, Hispanic historians concede that the sources' possible hostile tone, like Strabo himself, does not necessarily imply a total fabrication of the mentioned rituals, which could have been exceptional, even frequent events. The testimonies show an inner coherence that, despite their diversity, supports it..Santos, M. J. (2007). El sacrificio en el occidente de la Hispania romana: para un nuevo análisis de los ritos de tradición indoeuropea. Palaeohispanica 7, pp. 175-217. They have also considered that Greeks and Romans themselves acknowledge the realization of human sacrifice in their own cultures, it being notable the case of the prisoners sacrificed by burial after the Battle of Cannae (226 BC) or during the Roman-Gallic wars (216 and 114-113 BC). Authors have also noted similarities between the Lusitanian rite and the one attributed to other Indo-Europeans. Of Gaul druids, Diodorus recounts that they divined the same way: after killing the victim with a thrust to the body, they auscultated the form of his fall, the flow of blood and the convulsions of their members. Priestesses of the Cimbri also purportedly examined the entrails of prisoners, whom they previously drained off their blood by slaughter. Even Eurasian Scythians, whose customs are described by Herodotus, sport strong similarities with Lusitanians, as they would also sacrifice prisoners to Ares and would amputate the right arm as an offering. Immolation of horses and goats or sheep , also an Scythian ritual, resembles Roman suovetauriliaBlázquez Martínez, J. M. (2001). La Religión Celta en Hispania. Celtas y Vettones, Ávila, 171-181 (también en J.M.ª Blázquez, El Mediterráneo y España en la antigüedad. Historia, religión y arte, Madrid 2003, 405-416). and Indian sautramani. Hieroscope 170px\|Druids. Picture by Neuville, 1883. For several authors, the sacrificers named hieroscopes by Strabo might have been members of a hypothetical priestly office within the religion of northern Hispania, possibly related to Celtic druidism given the similarities of their divinatory practices.Cardete del Olmo, M. C. (2006). El sacrificio humano: víctimas en el monte Liceo. ’Ilu. Revista De Ciencias De Las Religiones, 11, 93 - 115.García Quintela, M. V. (1991). El sacrificio humano adivinatorio céltico y la religión de los lusitanos. POLIS, Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica [ISSN 1130-0728] 3, pp. 25-37. Those priests might have shared other transcendent functions, such as herbology, astronomy and creation of calendars, as well as the rituals of incubation associated to sanctuaries of the god Endovelicus. Historians attached to this theory reason that the wide archaeological evidence of temples, sanctuaries, nemeta and rituals in Hispania could not be understood without a religious staff that kept and managed them, especially given the level of social development of Hispanic cultures. They also cite findings such as the Vetton necropolis of La Osera (Ávila), the Luzaga's Bronze and the Botorrita plaque as possible additional evidence. An inscription on Queiriz, Beira Alta that reads ouatius has been identified by Quintela as the term vates (ouates''), associated to Gaul prophets and philosophers. Hieroscopes have been also compared not only to druids, but also Greek and Roman haruspices.	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66554	1	Definition Dietary fiber is defined to be plant components that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. In the late 20th century, only lignin and some polysaccharides were known to satisfy this definition, but in the early 21st century, resistant starch and oligosaccharides were included as dietary fiber components. The most accepted definition of dietary fiber is “ all polysaccharides and lignin, which are not digested by the endogenous secretion of the human digestive tract ,” and currently, most animal nutritionists are using either a physiological definition “ the dietary components resistant to degradation by mammalian enzymes ” or a chemical definition “ the sum of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin .” Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers. Other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids, which are sources of energy for colonocytes. A diet rich in dietary fiber and whole grains may lower rates of coronary heart disease, colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes.	Definition Dietary fiber is defined to be plant components that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. In the late 20th century, only lignin and some polysaccharides were known to satisfy this definition, but in the early 21st century, resistant starch and oligosaccharides were included as dietary fiber components. The most accepted definition of dietary fiber is " all polysaccharides and lignin, which are not digested by the endogenous secretion of the human digestive tract ". Currently, most animal nutritionists are using either a physiological definition , " the dietary components resistant to degradation by mammalian enzymes ", or a chemical definition , " the sum of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin ". Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers. Other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids, which are sources of energy for colonocytes. A diet rich in dietary fiber and whole grains may lower rates of coronary heart disease, colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "“", "after": "\"", "start_char_pos": 375, "end_char_pos": 376 }, { "type": "R", "before": ",” and currently,", "after": "\". Currently,", "start_char_pos": 489, "end_char_pos": 506 }, { "type": "R", "before": "“", "after": ", \"", "start_char_pos": 577, "end_char_pos": 578 }, { "type": "R", "before": "”", "after": "\",", "start_char_pos": 648, "end_char_pos": 649 }, { "type": "R", "before": "“", "after": ", \"", "start_char_pos": 675, "end_char_pos": 676 }, { "type": "R", "before": ".”", "after": "\".", "start_char_pos": 732, "end_char_pos": 734 } ]	[ 0, 111, 325, 734, 835, 988 ]
665584	1	Muluku is the creator god of the Benue-Congo-speaking Makua and Banayi people of Mozambique. Muluku created men and women, and gave them the art of using tools, but the humans were disobedient. So Muluku called up monkey and she monkey. He gave them tools, and the monkeys used them well. So Muluku cut off the tails of the monkeys and fastened them to the man and the woman, saying to the monkeys, "Be men," and to the humans, "Be monkeys." Category:African mythology Category:Creator gods bl	Muluku is the creator god of the Benue–Congo-speaking Makua and Banayi people of Mozambique. Muluku created men and women, and gave them the art of using tools, but the humans were disobedient. So Muluku called up monkey and she monkey. He gave them tools, and the monkeys used them well. So Muluku cut off the tails of the monkeys and fastened them to the man and the woman, saying to the monkeys, "Be men," and to the humans, "Be monkeys." Category:African mythology Category:Creator god	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Benue-Congo-speaking", "after": "Benue–Congo-speaking", "start_char_pos": 33, "end_char_pos": 53 }, { "type": "D", "before": "gods", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 486, "end_char_pos": 490 }, { "type": "R", "before": "bl", "after": "god", "start_char_pos": 491, "end_char_pos": 493 } ]	[ 0, 92, 193, 236, 288 ]
665584	2	Muluku is the creator god of the Benue–Congo-speaking Makua and Banayi people of Mozambique. Muluku created men and women , and gave them the art of using tools, but the humans were disobedient. So Muluku called up monkey and she monkey . He gave them tools , and the monkeys used them well. So Muluku cut off the tails of the monkeys and fastened them to the man and the woman, saying to the monkeys , "Be men , " and to the humans , "Be monkeys . " Category: African mythology Category:Creator god	Muluku is the creator god of the Benue–Congo-speaking Makua and Banayi people of Mozambique. Muluku created men and women and gave them the art of using tools, but the humans were disobedient. So Muluku called up monkey and she-monkey . He gave them tools and the monkeys used them well. So Muluku cut off the tails of the monkeys and fastened them to the man and the woman, saying to the monkeys "Be men " and to the humans "Be monkeys " . Category: Bantu mythology Category:Creator gods Category:Maku	[ { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 122, "end_char_pos": 123 }, { "type": "R", "before": "she monkey", "after": "she-monkey", "start_char_pos": 226, "end_char_pos": 236 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 258, "end_char_pos": 259 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 401, "end_char_pos": 402 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 411, "end_char_pos": 412 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 433, "end_char_pos": 434 }, { "type": "D", "before": ".", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 447, "end_char_pos": 448 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ".", "start_char_pos": 451, "end_char_pos": 451 }, { "type": "R", "before": "African", "after": "Bantu", "start_char_pos": 462, "end_char_pos": 469 }, { "type": "R", "before": "god", "after": "gods Category:Maku", "start_char_pos": 497, "end_char_pos": 500 } ]	[ 0, 92, 194, 238, 291 ]
66560210	1	Defeat by Samudragupta The early portion of the Prayag prashasti of Samudragupta mentions that Samudragupta "uprooted" three kings: Achyuta, Nagasena, and another ruler, whose name is lost in the damaged portion of the inscription. According to the inscription, Samudragupta reinstated these rulers after they sought his forgiveness. References	The early portion of the Prayag prashasti of Samudragupta mentions that Samudragupta "uprooted" three kings: Achyuta, Nagasena, and another ruler, whose name is lost in the damaged portion of the inscription. According to the inscription, Samudragupta reinstated these rulers after they sought his forgiveness. References Sources	[ { "type": "D", "before": "Defeat by Samudragupta", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 22 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Sources", "start_char_pos": 345, "end_char_pos": 345 } ]	[ 0, 231, 333 ]
66573124	1	Rina Akter is a Bangladeshi sex worker turned humanitarian. She was recognised as one of the BBC's 100 Women in 2020 for her work when she was organising 400 meals a day during the COVID-19 pandemic for unemployed Dhaka sex workers. Category:Bangladeshi people Category:Sex workers Category:BBC 100 Women Category:Living people Category: Year of birthmissing (living people	Rina Akter (born c.1988) is a Bangladeshi sex worker turned humanitarian. She was recognised as one of the BBC's 100 Women in 2020 for her work when she was organising 400 meals a day during the COVID-19 pandemic for unemployed Dhaka sex workers. Category:Bangladeshi people Category:Sex workers Category:BBC 100 Women Category:Living people Category: 1988 birth	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "(born c.1988)", "start_char_pos": 11, "end_char_pos": 11 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Year of birthmissing (living people", "after": "1988 birth", "start_char_pos": 339, "end_char_pos": 374 } ]	[ 0, 60, 233 ]
66590724	1	Ibrahim Nuhu Chibsah born (11 April 1952) is a Ghanaian Politician and a member of the First Parliament of the Fourth Republic representing the Old Tafo Suame Constituency in the Ashanti Region of Ghana .Ghana Parliamentary Register 1992–1996	Ibrahim Nuhu Chibsah born (11 April 1952) is a Ghanaian politician and a member of the first Parliament of the fourth Republic representing the Old Tafo Suame constituency in the Ashanti region .Ghana Parliamentary Register 1992–1996	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Politician", "after": "politician", "start_char_pos": 56, "end_char_pos": 66 }, { "type": "R", "before": "First", "after": "first", "start_char_pos": 87, "end_char_pos": 92 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Fourth", "after": "fourth", "start_char_pos": 111, "end_char_pos": 117 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Constituency", "after": "constituency", "start_char_pos": 159, "end_char_pos": 171 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Region of Ghana", "after": "region", "start_char_pos": 187, "end_char_pos": 202 } ]	[ 0, 204 ]
666923	1	Released on May 23, 1997, the film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals and action sequences, but criticized the writing and character development. The film was a box office success, grossing over $618 million worldwide, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1997. It earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Jurassic Park III, was released on July 18, 2001. Plot Four years after the events on Isla Nublar, an upper-class British family docks their yacht and has come ashore on nearby Isla Sorna, unaware that the island contains genetically engineered dinosaurs. Their daughter wanders off and is attacked by a group of Compsognathus, but is saved by her father and yacht crew. An ailing John Hammond invites disgraced mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm to his residence to discuss the recent incident. Hammond's company InGen, which created the dinosaurs, is now headed by Hammond's nephew Peter Ludlow, who used the incident to take control of the company from Hammond. Ian learns that InGen originally cloned the dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, but the island was abandoned during a hurricane and the animals were released into the wild to fend for themselves. Ludlow wants to exploit the island's creatures to save InGen from bankruptcy. Hammond asks Ian to join a team who will document the dinosaurs in their natural habitat, in order to encourage a policy of non-interference. Ian's girlfriend, paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding, was hired and is already on Isla Sorna. Upon hearing this, Ian reluctantly agrees to go to the island, but only to retrieve Sarah. Ian travels there with Eddie Carr, an equipment specialist and engineer, and Nick Van Owen, a video documentarian and activist. They find Sarah amidst a herd of Stegosaurus, but she is insistent on staying to continue her research. Ian is shocked when he discovers that his daughter Kelly has stowed away with the team in a trailer, which serves as their mobile base. Ludlow and a mercenary team arrive on the island to capture dinosaurs, with help from big-game hunters Roland Tembo and Ajay Sidhu, Roland's second-in-command Dieter Stark, and paleontologist Dr. Robert Burke. Malcolm's group realizes that Ludlow and the InGen team are planning to take the captured specimens back to the mainland and to an unfinished Jurassic Park attraction in San Diego, which Hammond abandoned in favor of the park on Isla Nublar. Nick and Sarah free the captured dinosaurs, allowing the animals to wreak havoc across the InGen team's camp. On the way back to the trailer, Nick rescues an injured Tyrannosaurus rex infant that Roland tried to use as bait to hunt its male parent. Nick and Sarah treat the infant for a broken leg, but the Tyrannosaurus adults arrive. They reclaim their infant, destroy the trailer, and devour Eddie during his attempt to rescue the group. Ian, Sarah, Nick, and Kelly are subsequently rescued by Ludlow's team, and are forced to work together with them after learning that they've lost all their communicative equipment as well. They elect to walk en-masse to a distant abandoned InGen base to call for help. During a break, Stark goes into the wilderness alone to relieve himself and is killed by a group of Compsognathus. After the team sets up a camp for the night, they are ambushed by the Tyrannosaurus adults: Burke is devoured, and everyone else flees into a field of long grass containing a pack of Velociraptors, where Ajay and the others are all killed. Ian, Sarah, Kelly, and Nick manage to reach the InGen base, fight off three Velociraptors, and successfully radio for helicopter extraction. After being rescued, Nick reveals that he stole Roland's ammunition to prevent him from killing his intended trophy, but while passing overhead, they notice that Roland sedated the male Tyrannosaurus. As more InGen personnel arrive on the island to secure the male and the infant, Roland declines a job offer at the San Diego park from Ludlow, reflecting on Ajay's death and the morality of Ludlow's scheme. The male Tyrannosaur on his rampage through San Diego. In San Diego, Ian and Sarah attempt to meet with Ludlow in order to prevent him from unveiling the attraction. Before they can do this, the ship carrying the male Tyrannosaurus suddenly crashes into the docks. The crew is found dead, and the Tyrannosaurus is accidentally released and it begins to roam freely through the city, causing major traffic disruptions, eating a family's dog and killing a man who sought refuge in a store. Ian and Sarah locate the infant at the attraction and retrieve it, using it to lure the male back to the docks. Ludlow pursues the couple onto the ship, and tries to catch the infant within the cargo hold, but he is cornered by the male, which breaks his leg, incapacitating him before being mauled to death by the infant. Sarah uses a tranquilizer gun to sedate the male, while Ian seals the cargo hold doors. In the aftermath, with both dinosaurs on their way back to Isla Sorna and Ian, Sarah and Kelly in their home, Hammond appears in a televised news interview to announce that the American and Costa Rican governments have declared the island a nature preserve. Cast Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist who finds himself reluctantly drawn into another encounter with Hammond and dinosaurs. Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding: Malcolm's girlfriend and a behavioral paleontologist. Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo: A big-game hunter who adheres to his own strict moral code. Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow: Hammond's greedy, scheming and rich nephew who has recently been appointed CEO of InGen. He wants to build a San Diego version of Jurassic Park. Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: The former CEO of InGen who takes steps to redeem himself and preserve Isla Sorna. Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen: An experienced documentarian, photojournalist and environmentalist. Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis: Malcolm's daughter who stows away in the support trailer to be with him. Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark: The second-in-command of the InGen group under the control of Roland Tembo. Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu: Roland Tembo's hunting partner. Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr: A field equipment expert. Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke: The InGen hunters' paleontologist Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy: Lex's younger brother, Hammond's grandson. Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy: Tim's older sister, Hammond's granddaughter. Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman: daughter of a wealthy family who stumble upon Isla Sorna. Production Pre-production After the release of the novel, Jurassic Park in 1990, Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel. Having never written one, he initially refused. While shooting the novel's film adaptation, director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel were made, it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA lost during the events of the first film. Talk of a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park, which was a financial success. Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton, who wrote the previous film, to talk about possible ideas for a sequel. The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel. In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel to both the novel and film, saying he had a story idea for another novel, which would then be adapted into a film. At the time, Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel's film adaptation, as he planned to take a year off from directing. In March 1995, Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the sequel, scheduled for release later that year, although he declined to specify its title or plot. At the time of this announcement, Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation, with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997. Spielberg was busy with his new DreamWorks studio and had not decided if he would direct the film, saying, "I'd love to direct it, but I just have to see. My life is changing." A production team was assembled in spring 1995, as Crichton was finishing the second novel, titled The Lost World; simultaneously, Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay. Crichton's novel was published in September 1995, while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995. Joe Johnston, who offered to direct the film adaptation, eventually directed the following film, Jurassic Park III (2001). The Lost World: Jurassic Park had nearly 1,500 storyboards, which aided in the precise planning needed to shoot scenes involving action, dinosaurs, and special-effects. Writing The plot for Crichton's Lost World novel involves a second island with dinosaurs but no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA, which was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV. After the film adaptation of The Lost World was announced, Koepp received letters of advice from children who were interested in the film. According to Koepp, one letter read, "As long as you have the T. rex and the Velociraptor, everything else is fine. But, whatever you do, don't have a long boring part at the beginning that has nothing to do with the island." Koepp retained the letter as "sort of a reminder." Koepp also took a suggestion from the letter to add Stegosaurus into the script. After the novel was finished, Crichton was not consulted about the sequel film, and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script. Kathleen Kennedy, the film's executive producer, and producer of Jurassic Park, said, "In the same way Michael doesn't see writing as a collaboration, Steven went off and did his own movie. When Michael turned the book over to Steven, he knew his work was finished." By the time Crichton had finished his novel, Spielberg and Koepp had already been discussing ideas for the film for more than a year. For the adaptation, Koepp attempted to combine the ideas that he and Spielberg devised along with those from Crichton's novel. Spielberg said that the middle portion of the novel was lacking in story narrative, but that Crichton's "set-up was excellent, and he certainly put us on the right road." Koepp had a year to write the script before the start of filming. To prepare before writing the script, Spielberg was more insistent that Koepp watch the 1925 film, The Lost World, than he was on having him read Crichton's novel, which Koepp also did. During an early meeting with Koepp, Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs, the script for the new film should involve humans who are "gatherers" (observers of the dinosaurs) and "hunters" (who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo). Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari! — about African animals being captured for zoos — had "a big influence" on The Lost Worlds script. Spielberg and Koepp discarded many of the novel's scenes and ideas, choosing instead to devise a new story while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked: a second island populated with dinosaurs, and a scene where half of a two-part trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes. Also retained was the idea of parenting and nurturing behavior among dinosaurs, as well as a baby T. rex and a child who stows away in the trailer. The character of Robert Burke is based on paleontologist Robert Bakker, who believes that T. rex was a predator. Rival paleontologist Jack Horner, the film's technical advisor, viewed the dinosaur as being protective and not inherently aggressive. Horner requested that the character of Burke be eaten by the T. rex, although Bakker enjoyed the scene and believed that it vindicated his theory that T. rex was a predator. Crichton's novel revolves around Malcolm's team and a rival team led by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn, which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams. Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation, including Lewis Dodgson, the leader of the Biosyn team, and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne, whose characteristics were partially implemented in the film's version of Eddie. Two new characters not featured in the novel were Nick and Roland. For these characters, Koepp chose the surnames Tembo and Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs, "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner", by Warren Zevon. Koepp said "since Roland is a mercenary in the song, that seemed like a good name for the hunter-for-hire in our movie. While I was at it, I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis' last name Van Owen, like in the song." Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee raptors, similar to a sequence in the novel. An alternate version of the scene was added to the 2015 film, Jurassic World. While Crichton's novel featured two child characters, Kelly and Arby, Koepp combined them into a single character also named Kelly. Arby is a black character, and black actress Vanessa Lee Chester was chosen to play Kelly in the film. Initially, Kelly was to be a student of Ian Malcolm's, although Koepp had difficulty making this idea work, saying that Malcolm "would never teach grade school, so I thought maybe he was tutoring her. Why? Maybe he got a drunk driving ticket, and he had to do community service, so he's tutoring at this inner-city high school." Koepp scrapped this idea because of its similarity to the 1995 film Dangerous Minds. Because the film would deal with dinosaur nurturing, Koepp realized that the parenting element should also extend to the human characters. Spielberg approved Koepp's idea to have Kelly as Malcolm's daughter, although they initially were unsure about a black actress playing the daughter of a white parent. Spielberg has two adopted black children, and he and Koepp soon decided to retain the idea. Koepp wanted to write an explanation into the script about the discrepancy in skin color, but he dropped this idea as he could not think of a way to address it in a simple manner. Koepp referred to Crichton's original Jurassic Park novel for some scenes that would be added into the film adaptation of The Lost World. Dieter's death scene was inspired by John Hammond's death in the first novel, where Procompsognathus kill him. The film's opening scene came from an early chapter in the first novel that was not used in the film adaptation, where a Procompsognathus bites a girl on a beach. The first novel also included a scene where characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex; this scene was not used in the first film but was added into The Lost World: Jurassic Park, for the scene in which the T. rex eats Burke. Early scripts had featured two Pteranodon sequences, including one in which Malcolm and his group would escape raptors by hang-gliding off a cliff, only to encounter a Pteranodon. Another sequence, once planned as the film's ending, involved an aerial battle where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna. Spielberg also considered having the Pteranodons swoop down and carry off humans and animals in their large beaks, an idea that was rejected by Horner. This version of the story featured a larger worker's village on the island, whereas the final version of the village was only a quarter of what was initially designed. For more than a year, Spielberg and Koepp were unsure whether to include a scene involving a dinosaur in a city. Koepp believed that such a scene would only work for a short period of time before becoming unbelievable. Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have the T. rex rampage through San Diego, saying, "We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to." He was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland, and he believed that audiences would enjoy the San Diego rampage. Initially, Spielberg wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film but later decided to add it to the second one when he realized he would probably not direct another film in the series. The sequence is similar to an attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World, adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name, both of which inspired the title for Crichton's novel. For the rampage sequence, Spielberg referenced monster films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Gorgo. Koepp's first draft of the new third act was completed a week after talking with Spielberg, although it would continue to go through revisions. Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film. Producers Colin Wilson and Gerald Molen wanted the Pteranodons to remain in the story, but the creatures ultimately received only a small appearance in the film's ending shot. Casting In November 1994, Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the first film. In 1995, Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess, in which she appeared. Chester later recalled, "As I was signing an autograph for him, he told me one day he'd put me in a film." Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World: Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm's daughter, Kelly. Pete Postlethwaite was cast after Spielberg saw his performance in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father. Art Malik turned down a role in the film. In April 1996, Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum. Spielberg had admired Moore's performance in The Fugitive. Two months later, Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast. In August 1996, it was announced Vince Vaughn had joined the cast. Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn's performance in the film Swingers, which he saw after the filmmakers asked his permission to use music from his earlier film, Jaws. After meeting with Spielberg, Vaughn was cast without having to do a screen test. Indian actor M. R. Gopakumar was initially cast as Ajay Sidhu in August 1996, but was unable to participate in the project because of trouble acquiring a work visa in time for filming. He was one of six people considered for the role, which ultimately went to actor Harvey Jason. Filming Production designer Rick Carter traveled to Hawaii, then Puerto Rico, New Zealand, and Australia to scout possible filming locations. Costa Rica and South America were never considered, as filming would have taken place during the local area's rainy season. However, the film ultimately did use tropical sound effects that were recorded in Costa Rica. By February 1996, northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location. While the first film had been shot in Kauai, Hawaii, the filmmakers wanted to shoot the sequel in a different location with new scenery. New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to better represent a real dinosaur environment, although Crichton wanted the film to be shot on Kauai. In August 1996, it was announced that Humboldt County, California, had been chosen instead of New Zealand, where filming would have been too costly. Humboldt County offered financial incentives that would keep the film's production costs lower. Oregon had been considered before Humboldt County was chosen. Filming locations in Humboldt County would include the redwood forests of Eureka, California. This location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats, but forests like the ones in Eureka. Filming began on September 5, 1996, at Fern Canyon, part of California's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Production continued in northern California for two weeks at locations such as Eureka, Patrick's Point State Park, and private property in Fieldbrook. Filming in Humboldt County concluded on September 19, 1996. Throughout the fall of 1996, filming continued on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood. The Site B workers village was also constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour. Because of limited stage space in Hollywood, the production crew had to alternate between the different stages at Universal, with stages being redecorated when not in use to prepare for future filming. A 1997 Fleetwood Southwind Storm RV was used to depict the mobile trailer lab. Several trailers were created for filming. Scenes involving the trailer lab were shot in Eureka, followed by filming at Universal. For shots in which half of the trailer dangles from a cliff, a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal's parking garage, and the trailer was dangled against the mountainside using a 95-ton crane. Before the trailer is shoved off the cliff, it is attacked by the T. rex adults who slam their heads into the vehicle. Animatronic versions of the adults were used for this scene, and the damage to the trailer was authentically caused by the animatronics rather than through computer effects. Shots involving both the animatronic T. rexes and the trailer together were filmed on Universal's Stage 24. Other shots involving the trailer were filmed on Stage 27. A portion of the trailer scene was filmed in a continuous take using a 26-foot crane arm. The camera would track actor Richard Schiff as his character travels through part of the trailer to throw rope down to the other characters, who are stuck in the other portion of the trailer as it dangles over the side of the cliff. This shot required precise timing to get right, and a dolly track also had to be built into the stage. While filming inside the trailer, the camera would lose focus because of interference from some piece of the electronic equipment inside the vehicle. After 15 failed takes, the film crew was close to giving up on the shot, until a remote-focus mechanism was mounted onto the camera. Ultimately, the film crew managed to get three good takes over the course of nine hours. Another issue resulted from the scene taking place during a storm, as the artificial rain fogged the camera lens, and the camera's rain deflectors failed. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, "You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time — that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take." Spielberg wanted his long-time cinematographer Dean Cundey to return for The Lost World after working on the previous film, although Cundey was busy preparing to direct Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, so Spielberg chose Janusz Kamiński instead. Kamiński had worked with Spielberg on Schindler's List, and he gave The Lost World a darker, more artistic look over its predecessor, leading to a "more elegant and rich" approach focused on contrast and shadow."Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray Much of the film takes place at night, and Kamiński looked at the films Alien and Blade Runner for visual reference. Koepp was the film's second unit director, having volunteered for the position in hopes of gaining more directorial experience. Second unit work consisted of establishing shots, such as people marching across Isla Sorna, and helicopter shots. When Spielberg was unavailable for filming because of a family commitment in New York, Koepp also took over the first unit for eight days of filming, during the shoot at Universal's sound stages. Spielberg monitored the filming process through satellite video in New York during his week off. Dinosaur cage and InGen vehicle used during filming The InGen hunters' base camp was constructed on Stage 12. On Stage 23, a large ravine was constructed for a scene in which a T. rex chases characters into a small cave hidden behind a waterfall. Special-effects expert Michael Lantieri constructed the artificial waterfall, and the scene was shot using a Steadicam. Spielberg estimated that nearly half of the film was shot using Steadicam, as it was useful for the film's abundance of chase scenes. For the scene in which raptors attack the InGen team in a field of long grass, Lantieri and a team started growing real grass a year earlier on eight acres, located in Newhall, California. The acreage allowed for any potential reshoots to be done, as any grass that was flattened during filming would not come back up. The scene was filmed in early November 1996. The T. rex rampage through San Diego was also filmed during November. Although the sequence takes place in San Diego, only one scene was shot there. In it, an InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city. The other sequences were all shot in Burbank, California. An eight-scale dock and miniature ship were created for the scene in which the T. rex arrives in San Diego. One scene has the T. rex ramming into a driving bus which then crashes into a Blockbuster Video. The video store was built as a set on an empty lot in Burbank. The San Diego scenes were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy; Spielberg noted that, "It looked like road-repair work was going on." Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus, with Koepp credited as the "Unlucky Bastard" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Scenes involving Hammond's residence were shot during the final week of filming, at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena, California. A scene where Vaughn's character emerges from a lake was also shot in Pasadena. In October 1996, it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, where the film's opening sequence was to be shot. In early December 1996, plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled. Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11, 1996. However, in mid-December 1996, plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot. Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20, 1996, with plans to finish two days later. Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time, and had visited the production, the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew. The film was shot on a budget of $ 73 million. Roger Ebert, who gave the first film three stars, gave The Lost World only two, writing, "It can be said that the creatures in this film transcend any visible signs of special effects and seem to walk the earth, but the same realism isn't brought to the human characters, who are bound by plot conventions and action formulas." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars and said, "I was disappointed as much as I was thrilled because 'The Lost World' lacks a staple of Steven Spielberg's adventure films: exciting characters. [...] Even in the original 'Jurassic Park,' the dinosaurs — not to mention the human beings — had more distinct personalities than they have here. Save for superior special effects, 'The Lost World' comes off as recycled material." Later reviews have also been mixed. In 2015, Matt Goldberg of Collider wrote that the film feels "like the work of a Spielberg protégé. All the beats are in place, but it ’ s an imitation". He considered the film inferior to its predecessor. In 2018, Brian Silliman of Syfy Wire cited the film as a rare example of a film adaptation that is better than its novel counterpart. In particular, he praised the addition of Postlethwaite and his character. Ebiri Bilge of Vulture reviewed the film in 2020, praising the horror elements and writing that it "might be Spielberg's nastiest film — a truly demented series of mostly wordless action and horror setpieces whose technical proficiency is matched only by their cruelty." However, Jacob Hall of /Film negatively compared it to Spielberg's 1984 film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, writing that The Lost World transforms "intelligent characters into bumbling idiots", increases "the volume and the chaos while dialing back the mystery and the awe", and replaces "excitement with violence and cruelty."	Released on May 23, 1997, the film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals and action sequences, but criticized the writing and character development. The film was a box office success, grossing over $618 million worldwide, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1997. It earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Jurassic Park III, was released on July 18, 2001. Plot Four years after the events on Isla Nublar, an upper-class British family docks their yacht and has come ashore on nearby Isla Sorna, unaware that the island contains genetically engineered dinosaurs. Their daughter wanders off and is attacked by a group of Compsognathus, but is saved by her father and yacht crew. An ailing John Hammond invites disgraced mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm to his residence to discuss the recent incident. Hammond's company InGen, which created the dinosaurs, is now headed by Hammond's nephew Peter Ludlow, who used the incident to take control of the company from Hammond. Ian learns that InGen originally cloned the dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, but the island was abandoned during a hurricane and the animals were released into the wild to fend for themselves. Ludlow wants to exploit the island's creatures to save InGen from bankruptcy. Hammond asks Ian to join a team who will document the dinosaurs in their natural habitat, in order to encourage a policy of non-interference. Ian's girlfriend, paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding, was hired and is already on Isla Sorna. Upon hearing this, Ian reluctantly agrees to go to the island, but only to retrieve Sarah. Ian travels there with Eddie Carr, an equipment specialist and engineer, and Nick Van Owen, a video documentarian and activist. They find Sarah amidst a herd of Stegosaurus, but she is insistent on staying to continue her research. Ian is shocked when he discovers that his daughter Kelly has stowed away with the team in a trailer, which serves as their mobile base. Ludlow and a mercenary team arrive on the island to capture dinosaurs, with help from big-game hunters Roland Tembo and Ajay Sidhu, Roland's second-in-command Dieter Stark, and paleontologist Dr. Robert Burke. Malcolm's group realizes that Ludlow and the InGen team are planning to take the captured specimens back to the mainland and to an unfinished Jurassic Park attraction in San Diego, which Hammond abandoned in favor of the park on Isla Nublar. Nick and Sarah free the captured dinosaurs, allowing the animals to wreak havoc across the InGen team's camp. On the way back to the trailer, Nick rescues an injured Tyrannosaurus rex infant that Roland tried to use as bait to hunt its male parent. Nick and Sarah treat the infant for a broken leg, but the Tyrannosaurus adults arrive. They reclaim their infant, destroy the trailer, and devour Eddie during his attempt to rescue the group. Ian, Sarah, Nick, and Kelly are subsequently rescued by Ludlow's team, and are forced to work together with them after learning that they've lost all their communicative equipment as well. They elect to walk en-masse to a distant abandoned InGen base to call for help. During a break, Stark goes into the wilderness alone to relieve himself and is killed by a group of Compsognathus. After the team sets up a camp for the night, they are ambushed by the Tyrannosaurus adults: Burke is devoured, and everyone else flees into a field of long grass containing a pack of Velociraptors, where Ajay and the others are all killed. Ian, Sarah, Kelly, and Nick manage to reach the InGen base, fight off three Velociraptors, and successfully radio for helicopter extraction. After being rescued, Nick reveals that he stole Roland's ammunition to prevent him from killing his intended trophy, but while passing overhead, they notice that Roland sedated the male Tyrannosaurus. As more InGen personnel arrive on the island to secure the male and the infant, Roland declines a job offer at the San Diego park from Ludlow, reflecting on Ajay's death and the morality of Ludlow's scheme. The male Tyrannosaur on his rampage through San Diego. In San Diego, Ian and Sarah attempt to meet with Ludlow in order to prevent him from unveiling the attraction. Before they can do this, the ship carrying the male Tyrannosaurus suddenly crashes into the docks. The crew is found dead, and the Tyrannosaurus is accidentally released and it begins to roam freely through the city, causing major traffic disruptions, eating a family's dog and killing a man who sought refuge in a store. Ian and Sarah locate the infant at the attraction and retrieve it, using it to lure the male back to the docks. Ludlow pursues the couple onto the ship, and tries to catch the infant within the cargo hold, but he is cornered by the male, which breaks his leg, incapacitating him before being mauled to death by the infant. Sarah uses a tranquilizer gun to sedate the male, while Ian seals the cargo hold doors. In the aftermath, with both dinosaurs on their way back to Isla Sorna and Ian, Sarah and Kelly in their home, Hammond appears in a televised news interview to announce that the American and Costa Rican governments have declared the island a nature preserve. Cast Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist who finds himself reluctantly drawn into another encounter with Hammond and dinosaurs. Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding: Malcolm's girlfriend and a behavioral paleontologist. Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo: A big-game hunter who adheres to his own strict moral code. Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow: Hammond's greedy, scheming and rich nephew who has recently been appointed CEO of InGen. He wants to build a San Diego version of Jurassic Park. Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: The former CEO of InGen who takes steps to redeem himself and preserve Isla Sorna. Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen: An experienced documentarian, photojournalist and environmentalist. Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis: Malcolm's daughter who stows away in the support trailer to be with him. Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark: The second-in-command of the InGen group under the control of Roland Tembo. Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu: Roland Tembo's hunting partner. Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr: A field equipment expert. Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke: The InGen hunters' paleontologist Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy: Lex's younger brother, Hammond's grandson. Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy: Tim's older sister, Hammond's granddaughter. Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman: daughter of a wealthy family who stumble upon Isla Sorna. Production Pre-production After the release of the novel, Jurassic Park in 1990, Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel. Having never written one, he initially refused. While shooting the novel's film adaptation, director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel were made, it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA lost during the events of the first film. Talk of a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park, which was a financial success. Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton, who wrote the previous film, to talk about possible ideas for a sequel. The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel. In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel to both the novel and film, saying he had a story idea for another novel, which would then be adapted into a film. At the time, Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel's film adaptation, as he planned to take a year off from directing. In March 1995, Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the sequel, scheduled for release later that year, although he declined to specify its title or plot. At the time of this announcement, Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation, with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997. Spielberg was busy with his new DreamWorks studio and had not decided if he would direct the film, saying, "I'd love to direct it, but I just have to see. My life is changing." A production team was assembled in spring 1995, as Crichton was finishing the second novel, titled The Lost World; simultaneously, Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay. Crichton's novel was published in September 1995, while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995. Joe Johnston, who offered to direct the film adaptation, eventually directed the following film, Jurassic Park III (2001). The Lost World: Jurassic Park had nearly 1,500 storyboards, which aided in the precise planning needed to shoot scenes involving action, dinosaurs, and special-effects. Writing The plot for Crichton's Lost World novel involves a second island with dinosaurs but no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA, which was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV. After the film adaptation of The Lost World was announced, Koepp received letters of advice from children who were interested in the film. According to Koepp, one letter read, "As long as you have the T. rex and the Velociraptor, everything else is fine. But, whatever you do, don't have a long boring part at the beginning that has nothing to do with the island." Koepp retained the letter as "sort of a reminder." Koepp also took a suggestion from the letter to add Stegosaurus into the script. After the novel was finished, Crichton was not consulted about the sequel film, and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script. Kathleen Kennedy, the film's executive producer, and producer of Jurassic Park, said, "In the same way Michael doesn't see writing as a collaboration, Steven went off and did his own movie. When Michael turned the book over to Steven, he knew his work was finished." By the time Crichton had finished his novel, Spielberg and Koepp had already been discussing ideas for the film for more than a year. For the adaptation, Koepp attempted to combine the ideas that he and Spielberg devised along with those from Crichton's novel. Spielberg said that the middle portion of the novel was lacking in story narrative, but that Crichton's "set-up was excellent, and he certainly put us on the right road." Koepp had a year to write the script before the start of filming. To prepare before writing the script, Spielberg was more insistent that Koepp watch the 1925 film, The Lost World, than he was on having him read Crichton's novel, which Koepp also did. During an early meeting with Koepp, Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs, the script for the new film should involve humans who are "gatherers" (observers of the dinosaurs) and "hunters" (who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo). Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari! – about African animals being captured for zoos – had "a big influence" on The Lost Worlds script. Spielberg and Koepp discarded many of the novel's scenes and ideas, choosing instead to devise a new story while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked: a second island populated with dinosaurs, and a scene where half of a two-part trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes. Also retained was the idea of parenting and nurturing behavior among dinosaurs, as well as a baby T. rex and a child who stows away in the trailer. The character of Robert Burke is based on paleontologist Robert Bakker, who believes that T. rex was a predator. Rival paleontologist Jack Horner, the film's technical advisor, viewed the dinosaur as being protective and not inherently aggressive. Horner requested that the character of Burke be eaten by the T. rex, although Bakker enjoyed the scene and believed that it vindicated his theory that T. rex was a predator. Crichton's novel revolves around Malcolm's team and a rival team led by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn, which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams. Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation, including Lewis Dodgson, the leader of the Biosyn team, and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne, whose characteristics were partially implemented in the film's version of Eddie. Two new characters not featured in the novel were Nick and Roland. For these characters, Koepp chose the surnames Tembo and Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs, "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner", by Warren Zevon. Koepp said "since Roland is a mercenary in the song, that seemed like a good name for the hunter-for-hire in our movie. While I was at it, I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis' last name Van Owen, like in the song." Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee raptors, similar to a sequence in the novel. An alternate version of the scene was added to the 2015 film, Jurassic World. While Crichton's novel featured two child characters, Kelly and Arby, Koepp combined them into a single character also named Kelly. Arby is a black character, and black actress Vanessa Lee Chester was chosen to play Kelly in the film. Initially, Kelly was to be a student of Ian Malcolm's, although Koepp had difficulty making this idea work, saying that Malcolm "would never teach grade school, so I thought maybe he was tutoring her. Why? Maybe he got a drunk driving ticket, and he had to do community service, so he's tutoring at this inner-city high school." Koepp scrapped this idea because of its similarity to the 1995 film Dangerous Minds. Because the film would deal with dinosaur nurturing, Koepp realized that the parenting element should also extend to the human characters. Spielberg approved Koepp's idea to have Kelly as Malcolm's daughter, although they initially were unsure about a black actress playing the daughter of a white parent. Spielberg has two adopted black children, and he and Koepp soon decided to retain the idea. Koepp wanted to write an explanation into the script about the discrepancy in skin color, but he dropped this idea as he could not think of a way to address it in a simple manner. Koepp referred to Crichton's original Jurassic Park novel for some scenes that would be added into the film adaptation of The Lost World. Dieter's death scene was inspired by John Hammond's death in the first novel, where Procompsognathus kill him. The film's opening scene came from an early chapter in the first novel that was not used in the film adaptation, where a Procompsognathus bites a girl on a beach. The first novel also included a scene where characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex; this scene was not used in the first film but was added into The Lost World: Jurassic Park, for the scene in which the T. rex eats Burke. Early scripts had featured two Pteranodon sequences, including one in which Malcolm and his group would escape raptors by hang-gliding off a cliff, only to encounter a Pteranodon. Another sequence, once planned as the film's ending, involved an aerial battle where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna. Spielberg also considered having the Pteranodons swoop down and carry off humans and animals in their large beaks, an idea that was rejected by Horner. This version of the story featured a larger worker's village on the island, whereas the final version of the village was only a quarter of what was initially designed. For more than a year, Spielberg and Koepp were unsure whether to include a scene involving a dinosaur in a city. Koepp believed that such a scene would only work for a short period of time before becoming unbelievable. Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have the T. rex rampage through San Diego, saying, "We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to." He was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland, and he believed that audiences would enjoy the San Diego rampage. Initially, Spielberg wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film but later decided to add it to the second one when he realized he would probably not direct another film in the series. The sequence is similar to an attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World, adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name, both of which inspired the title for Crichton's novel. For the rampage sequence, Spielberg referenced monster films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Gorgo. Koepp's first draft of the new third act was completed a week after talking with Spielberg, although it would continue to go through revisions. Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film. Producers Colin Wilson and Gerald Molen wanted the Pteranodons to remain in the story, but the creatures ultimately received only a small appearance in the film's ending shot. Casting In November 1994, Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the first film. In 1995, Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess, in which she appeared. Chester later recalled, "As I was signing an autograph for him, he told me one day he'd put me in a film." Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World: Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm's daughter, Kelly. Pete Postlethwaite was cast after Spielberg saw his performance in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father. Art Malik turned down a role in the film. In April 1996, Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum. Spielberg had admired Moore's performance in The Fugitive. Two months later, Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast. In August 1996, it was announced Vince Vaughn had joined the cast. Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn's performance in the film Swingers, which he saw after the filmmakers asked his permission to use music from his earlier film, Jaws. After meeting with Spielberg, Vaughn was cast without having to do a screen test. Indian actor M. R. Gopakumar was initially cast as Ajay Sidhu in August 1996, but was unable to participate in the project because of trouble acquiring a work visa in time for filming. He was one of six people considered for the role, which ultimately went to actor Harvey Jason. Filming Production designer Rick Carter traveled to Hawaii, then Puerto Rico, New Zealand, and Australia to scout possible filming locations. Costa Rica and South America were never considered, as filming would have taken place during the local area's rainy season. However, the film ultimately did use tropical sound effects that were recorded in Costa Rica. By February 1996, northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location. While the first film had been shot in Kauai, Hawaii, the filmmakers wanted to shoot the sequel in a different location with new scenery. New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to better represent a real dinosaur environment, although Crichton wanted the film to be shot on Kauai. In August 1996, it was announced that Humboldt County, California, had been chosen instead of New Zealand, where filming would have been too costly. Humboldt County offered financial incentives that would keep the film's production costs lower. Oregon had been considered before Humboldt County was chosen. Filming locations in Humboldt County would include the redwood forests of Eureka, California. This location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats, but forests like the ones in Eureka. Filming began on September 5, 1996, at Fern Canyon, part of California's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Production continued in northern California for two weeks at locations such as Eureka, Patrick's Point State Park, and private property in Fieldbrook. Filming in Humboldt County concluded on September 19, 1996. Throughout the fall of 1996, filming continued on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood. The Site B workers village was also constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour. Because of limited stage space in Hollywood, the production crew had to alternate between the different stages at Universal, with stages being redecorated when not in use to prepare for future filming. A 1997 Fleetwood Southwind Storm RV was used to depict the mobile trailer lab. Several trailers were created for filming. Scenes involving the trailer lab were shot in Eureka, followed by filming at Universal. For shots in which half of the trailer dangles from a cliff, a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal's parking garage, and the trailer was dangled against the mountainside using a 95-ton crane. Before the trailer is shoved off the cliff, it is attacked by the T. rex adults who slam their heads into the vehicle. Animatronic versions of the adults were used for this scene, and the damage to the trailer was authentically caused by the animatronics rather than through computer effects. Shots involving both the animatronic T. rexes and the trailer together were filmed on Universal's Stage 24. Other shots involving the trailer were filmed on Stage 27. A portion of the trailer scene was filmed in a continuous take using a 26-foot crane arm. The camera would track actor Richard Schiff as his character travels through part of the trailer to throw rope down to the other characters, who are stuck in the other portion of the trailer as it dangles over the side of the cliff. This shot required precise timing to get right, and a dolly track also had to be built into the stage. While filming inside the trailer, the camera would lose focus because of interference from some piece of the electronic equipment inside the vehicle. After 15 failed takes, the film crew was close to giving up on the shot, until a remote-focus mechanism was mounted onto the camera. Ultimately, the film crew managed to get three good takes over the course of nine hours. Another issue resulted from the scene taking place during a storm, as the artificial rain fogged the camera lens, and the camera's rain deflectors failed. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, "You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time – that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take." Spielberg wanted his long-time cinematographer Dean Cundey to return for The Lost World after working on the previous film, although Cundey was busy preparing to direct Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, so Spielberg chose Janusz Kamiński instead. Kamiński had worked with Spielberg on Schindler's List, and he gave The Lost World a darker, more artistic look over its predecessor, leading to a "more elegant and rich" approach focused on contrast and shadow."Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray Much of the film takes place at night, and Kamiński looked at the films Alien and Blade Runner for visual reference. Koepp was the film's second unit director, having volunteered for the position in hopes of gaining more directorial experience. Second unit work consisted of establishing shots, such as people marching across Isla Sorna, and helicopter shots. When Spielberg was unavailable for filming because of a family commitment in New York, Koepp also took over the first unit for eight days of filming, during the shoot at Universal's sound stages. Spielberg monitored the filming process through satellite video in New York during his week off. Dinosaur cage and InGen vehicle used during filming The InGen hunters' base camp was constructed on Stage 12. On Stage 23, a large ravine was constructed for a scene in which a T. rex chases characters into a small cave hidden behind a waterfall. Special-effects expert Michael Lantieri constructed the artificial waterfall, and the scene was shot using a Steadicam. Spielberg estimated that nearly half of the film was shot using Steadicam, as it was useful for the film's abundance of chase scenes. For the scene in which raptors attack the InGen team in a field of long grass, Lantieri and a team started growing real grass a year earlier on eight acres, located in Newhall, California. The acreage allowed for any potential reshoots to be done, as any grass that was flattened during filming would not come back up. The scene was filmed in early November 1996. The T. rex rampage through San Diego was also filmed during November. Although the sequence takes place in San Diego, only one scene was shot there. In it, an InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city. The other sequences were all shot in Burbank, California. An eight-scale dock and miniature ship were created for the scene in which the T. rex arrives in San Diego. One scene has the T. rex ramming into a driving bus which then crashes into a Blockbuster Video. The video store was built as a set on an empty lot in Burbank. The San Diego scenes were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy; Spielberg noted that, "It looked like road-repair work was going on." Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus, with Koepp credited as the "Unlucky Bastard" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Scenes involving Hammond's residence were shot during the final week of filming, at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena, California. A scene where Vaughn's character emerges from a lake was also shot in Pasadena. In October 1996, it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, where the film's opening sequence was to be shot. In early December 1996, plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled. Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11, 1996. However, in mid-December 1996, plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot. Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20, 1996, with plans to finish two days later. Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time, and had visited the production, the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew. The film was shot on a budget of $ 73 million. Roger Ebert, who gave the first film three stars, gave The Lost World only two, writing, "It can be said that the creatures in this film transcend any visible signs of special effects and seem to walk the earth, but the same realism isn't brought to the human characters, who are bound by plot conventions and action formulas." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars and said, "I was disappointed as much as I was thrilled because 'The Lost World' lacks a staple of Steven Spielberg's adventure films: exciting characters. [...] Even in the original 'Jurassic Park,' the dinosaurs – not to mention the human beings – had more distinct personalities than they have here. Save for superior special effects, 'The Lost World' comes off as recycled material." Later reviews have also been mixed. In 2015, Matt Goldberg of Collider wrote that the film feels "like the work of a Spielberg protégé. All the beats are in place, but it ' s an imitation". He considered the film inferior to its predecessor. In 2018, Brian Silliman of Syfy Wire cited the film as a rare example of a film adaptation that is better than its novel counterpart. In particular, he praised the addition of Postlethwaite and his character. Ebiri Bilge of Vulture reviewed the film in 2020, praising the horror elements and writing that it "might be Spielberg's nastiest film – a truly demented series of mostly wordless action and horror setpieces whose technical proficiency is matched only by their cruelty." However, Jacob Hall of /Film negatively compared it to Spielberg's 1984 film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, writing that The Lost World transforms "intelligent characters into bumbling idiots", increases "the volume and the chaos while dialing back the mystery and the awe", and replaces "excitement with violence and cruelty."	[ { "type": "R", "before": "$618 million worldwide, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1997. It earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Jurassic Park III, was released on July 18, 2001. Plot Four years after the events on Isla Nublar, an upper-class British family docks their yacht and has come ashore on nearby Isla Sorna, unaware that the island contains genetically engineered dinosaurs. Their daughter wanders off and is attacked by a group of Compsognathus, but is saved by her father and yacht crew. An ailing John Hammond invites disgraced mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm to his residence to discuss the recent incident. Hammond's company InGen, which created the dinosaurs, is now headed by Hammond's nephew Peter Ludlow, who used the incident to take control of the company from Hammond. Ian learns that InGen originally cloned the dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, but the island was abandoned during a hurricane and the animals were released into the wild to fend for themselves. Ludlow wants to exploit the island's creatures to save InGen from bankruptcy. Hammond asks Ian to join a team who will document the dinosaurs in their natural habitat, in order to encourage a policy of non-interference. Ian's girlfriend, paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding, was hired and is already on Isla Sorna. Upon hearing this, Ian reluctantly agrees to go to the island, but only to retrieve Sarah. Ian travels there with Eddie Carr, an equipment specialist and engineer, and Nick Van Owen, a video documentarian and activist. They find Sarah amidst a herd of Stegosaurus, but she is insistent on staying to continue her research. Ian is shocked when he discovers that his daughter Kelly has stowed away with the team in a trailer, which serves as their mobile base. Ludlow and a mercenary team arrive on the island to capture dinosaurs, with help from big-game hunters Roland Tembo and Ajay Sidhu, Roland's second-in-command Dieter Stark, and paleontologist Dr. Robert Burke. Malcolm's group realizes that Ludlow and the InGen team are planning to take the captured specimens back to the mainland and to an unfinished Jurassic Park attraction in San Diego, which Hammond abandoned in favor of the park on Isla Nublar. Nick and Sarah free the captured dinosaurs, allowing the animals to wreak havoc across the InGen team's camp. On the way back to the trailer, Nick rescues an injured Tyrannosaurus rex infant that Roland tried to use as bait to hunt its male parent. Nick and Sarah treat the infant for a broken leg, but the Tyrannosaurus adults arrive. They reclaim their infant, destroy the trailer, and devour Eddie during his attempt to rescue the group. Ian, Sarah, Nick, and Kelly are subsequently rescued by Ludlow's team, and are forced to work together with them after learning that they've lost all their communicative equipment as well. They elect to walk en-masse to a distant abandoned InGen base to call for help. During a break, Stark goes into the wilderness alone to relieve himself and is killed by a group of Compsognathus. After the team sets up a camp for the night, they are ambushed by the Tyrannosaurus adults: Burke is devoured, and everyone else flees into a field of long grass containing a pack of Velociraptors, where Ajay and the others are all killed. Ian, Sarah, Kelly, and Nick manage to reach the InGen base, fight off three Velociraptors, and successfully radio for helicopter extraction. After being rescued, Nick reveals that he stole Roland's ammunition to prevent him from killing his intended trophy, but while passing overhead, they notice that Roland sedated the male Tyrannosaurus. As more InGen personnel arrive on the island to secure the male and the infant, Roland declines a job offer at the San Diego park from Ludlow, reflecting on Ajay's death and the morality of Ludlow's scheme. The male Tyrannosaur on his rampage through San Diego. In San Diego, Ian and Sarah attempt to meet with Ludlow in order to prevent him from unveiling the attraction. Before they can do this, the ship carrying the male Tyrannosaurus suddenly crashes into the docks. The crew is found dead, and the Tyrannosaurus is accidentally released and it begins to roam freely through the city, causing major traffic disruptions, eating a family's dog and killing a man who sought refuge in a store. Ian and Sarah locate the infant at the attraction and retrieve it, using it to lure the male back to the docks. Ludlow pursues the couple onto the ship, and tries to catch the infant within the cargo hold, but he is cornered by the male, which breaks his leg, incapacitating him before being mauled to death by the infant. Sarah uses a tranquilizer gun to sedate the male, while Ian seals the cargo hold doors. In the aftermath, with both dinosaurs on their way back to Isla Sorna and Ian, Sarah and Kelly in their home, Hammond appears in a televised news interview to announce that the American and Costa Rican governments have declared the island a nature preserve. Cast Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist who finds himself reluctantly drawn into another encounter with Hammond and dinosaurs. Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding: Malcolm's girlfriend and a behavioral paleontologist. Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo: A big-game hunter who adheres to his own strict moral code. Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow: Hammond's greedy, scheming and rich nephew who has recently been appointed CEO of InGen. He wants to build a San Diego version of Jurassic Park. Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: The former CEO of InGen who takes steps to redeem himself and preserve Isla Sorna. Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen: An experienced documentarian, photojournalist and environmentalist. Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis: Malcolm's daughter who stows away in the support trailer to be with him. Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark: The second-in-command of the InGen group under the control of Roland Tembo. Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu: Roland Tembo's hunting partner. Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr: A field equipment expert. Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke: The InGen hunters' paleontologist Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy: Lex's younger brother, Hammond's grandson. Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy: Tim's older sister, Hammond's granddaughter. Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman: daughter of a wealthy family who stumble upon Isla Sorna. Production Pre-production After the release of the novel, Jurassic Park in 1990, Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel. Having never written one, he initially refused. While shooting the novel's film adaptation, director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel were made, it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA lost during the events of the first film. Talk of a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park, which was a financial success. Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton, who wrote the previous film, to talk about possible ideas for a sequel. The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel. In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel to both the novel and film, saying he had a story idea for another novel, which would then be adapted into a film. At the time, Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel's film adaptation, as he planned to take a year off from directing. In March 1995, Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the sequel, scheduled for release later that year, although he declined to specify its title or plot. At the time of this announcement, Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation, with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997. Spielberg was busy with his new DreamWorks studio and had not decided if he would direct the film, saying, \"I'd love to direct it, but I just have to see. My life is changing.\" A production team was assembled in spring 1995, as Crichton was finishing the second novel, titled The Lost World; simultaneously, Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay. Crichton's novel was published in September 1995, while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995. Joe Johnston, who offered to direct the film adaptation, eventually directed the following film, Jurassic Park III (2001). The Lost World: Jurassic Park had nearly 1,500 storyboards, which aided in the precise planning needed to shoot scenes involving action, dinosaurs, and special-effects. Writing The plot for Crichton's Lost World novel involves a second island with dinosaurs but no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA, which was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV. After the film adaptation of The Lost World was announced, Koepp received letters of advice from children who were interested in the film. According to Koepp, one letter read, \"As long as you have the T. rex and the Velociraptor, everything else is fine. But, whatever you do, don't have a long boring part at the beginning that has nothing to do with the island.\" Koepp retained the letter as \"sort of a reminder.\" Koepp also took a suggestion from the letter to add Stegosaurus into the script. After the novel was finished, Crichton was not consulted about the sequel film, and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script. Kathleen Kennedy, the film's executive producer, and producer of Jurassic Park, said, \"In the same way Michael doesn't see writing as a collaboration, Steven went off and did his own movie. When Michael turned the book over to Steven, he knew his work was finished.\" By the time Crichton had finished his novel, Spielberg and Koepp had already been discussing ideas for the film for more than a year. For the adaptation, Koepp attempted to combine the ideas that he and Spielberg devised along with those from Crichton's novel. Spielberg said that the middle portion of the novel was lacking in story narrative, but that Crichton's \"set-up was excellent, and he certainly put us on the right road.\" Koepp had a year to write the script before the start of filming. To prepare before writing the script, Spielberg was more insistent that Koepp watch the 1925 film, The Lost World, than he was on having him read Crichton's novel, which Koepp also did. During an early meeting with Koepp, Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs, the script for the new film should involve humans who are \"gatherers\" (observers of the dinosaurs) and \"hunters\" (who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo). Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari! — about African animals being captured for zoos — had \"a big influence\" on The Lost Worlds script. Spielberg and Koepp discarded many of the novel's scenes and ideas, choosing instead to devise a new story while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked: a second island populated with dinosaurs, and a scene where half of a two-part trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes. Also retained was the idea of parenting and nurturing behavior among dinosaurs, as well as a baby T. rex and a child who stows away in the trailer. The character of Robert Burke is based on paleontologist Robert Bakker, who believes that T. rex was a predator. Rival paleontologist Jack Horner, the film's technical advisor, viewed the dinosaur as being protective and not inherently aggressive. Horner requested that the character of Burke be eaten by the T. rex, although Bakker enjoyed the scene and believed that it vindicated his theory that T. rex was a predator. Crichton's novel revolves around Malcolm's team and a rival team led by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn, which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams. Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation, including Lewis Dodgson, the leader of the Biosyn team, and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne, whose characteristics were partially implemented in the film's version of Eddie. Two new characters not featured in the novel were Nick and Roland. For these characters, Koepp chose the surnames Tembo and Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs, \"Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner\", by Warren Zevon. Koepp said \"since Roland is a mercenary in the song, that seemed like a good name for the hunter-for-hire in our movie. While I was at it, I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis' last name Van Owen, like in the song.\" Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee raptors, similar to a sequence in the novel. An alternate version of the scene was added to the 2015 film, Jurassic World. While Crichton's novel featured two child characters, Kelly and Arby, Koepp combined them into a single character also named Kelly. Arby is a black character, and black actress Vanessa Lee Chester was chosen to play Kelly in the film. Initially, Kelly was to be a student of Ian Malcolm's, although Koepp had difficulty making this idea work, saying that Malcolm \"would never teach grade school, so I thought maybe he was tutoring her. Why? Maybe he got a drunk driving ticket, and he had to do community service, so he's tutoring at this inner-city high school.\" Koepp scrapped this idea because of its similarity to the 1995 film Dangerous Minds. Because the film would deal with dinosaur nurturing, Koepp realized that the parenting element should also extend to the human characters. Spielberg approved Koepp's idea to have Kelly as Malcolm's daughter, although they initially were unsure about a black actress playing the daughter of a white parent. Spielberg has two adopted black children, and he and Koepp soon decided to retain the idea. Koepp wanted to write an explanation into the script about the discrepancy in skin color, but he dropped this idea as he could not think of a way to address it in a simple manner. Koepp referred to Crichton's original Jurassic Park novel for some scenes that would be added into the film adaptation of The Lost World. Dieter's death scene was inspired by John Hammond's death in the first novel, where Procompsognathus kill him. The film's opening scene came from an early chapter in the first novel that was not used in the film adaptation, where a Procompsognathus bites a girl on a beach. The first novel also included a scene where characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex; this scene was not used in the first film but was added into The Lost World: Jurassic Park, for the scene in which the T. rex eats Burke. Early scripts had featured two Pteranodon sequences, including one in which Malcolm and his group would escape raptors by hang-gliding off a cliff, only to encounter a Pteranodon. Another sequence, once planned as the film's ending, involved an aerial battle where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna. Spielberg also considered having the Pteranodons swoop down and carry off humans and animals in their large beaks, an idea that was rejected by Horner. This version of the story featured a larger worker's village on the island, whereas the final version of the village was only a quarter of what was initially designed. For more than a year, Spielberg and Koepp were unsure whether to include a scene involving a dinosaur in a city. Koepp believed that such a scene would only work for a short period of time before becoming unbelievable. Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have the T. rex rampage through San Diego, saying, \"We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to.\" He was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland, and he believed that audiences would enjoy the San Diego rampage. Initially, Spielberg wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film but later decided to add it to the second one when he realized he would probably not direct another film in the series. The sequence is similar to an attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World, adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name, both of which inspired the title for Crichton's novel. For the rampage sequence, Spielberg referenced monster films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Gorgo. Koepp's first draft of the new third act was completed a week after talking with Spielberg, although it would continue to go through revisions. Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film. Producers Colin Wilson and Gerald Molen wanted the Pteranodons to remain in the story, but the creatures ultimately received only a small appearance in the film's ending shot. Casting In November 1994, Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the first film. In 1995, Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess, in which she appeared. Chester later recalled, \"As I was signing an autograph for him, he told me one day he'd put me in a film.\" Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World: Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm's daughter, Kelly. Pete Postlethwaite was cast after Spielberg saw his performance in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father. Art Malik turned down a role in the film. In April 1996, Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum. Spielberg had admired Moore's performance in The Fugitive. Two months later, Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast. In August 1996, it was announced Vince Vaughn had joined the cast. Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn's performance in the film Swingers, which he saw after the filmmakers asked his permission to use music from his earlier film, Jaws. After meeting with Spielberg, Vaughn was cast without having to do a screen test. Indian actor M. R. Gopakumar was initially cast as Ajay Sidhu in August 1996, but was unable to participate in the project because of trouble acquiring a work visa in time for filming. He was one of six people considered for the role, which ultimately went to actor Harvey Jason. Filming Production designer Rick Carter traveled to Hawaii, then Puerto Rico, New Zealand, and Australia to scout possible filming locations. Costa Rica and South America were never considered, as filming would have taken place during the local area's rainy season. However, the film ultimately did use tropical sound effects that were recorded in Costa Rica. By February 1996, northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location. While the first film had been shot in Kauai, Hawaii, the filmmakers wanted to shoot the sequel in a different location with new scenery. New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to better represent a real dinosaur environment, although Crichton wanted the film to be shot on Kauai. In August 1996, it was announced that Humboldt County, California, had been chosen instead of New Zealand, where filming would have been too costly. Humboldt County offered financial incentives that would keep the film's production costs lower. Oregon had been considered before Humboldt County was chosen. Filming locations in Humboldt County would include the redwood forests of Eureka, California. This location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats, but forests like the ones in Eureka. Filming began on September 5, 1996, at Fern Canyon, part of California's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Production continued in northern California for two weeks at locations such as Eureka, Patrick's Point State Park, and private property in Fieldbrook. Filming in Humboldt County concluded on September 19, 1996. Throughout the fall of 1996, filming continued on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood. The Site B workers village was also constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour. Because of limited stage space in Hollywood, the production crew had to alternate between the different stages at Universal, with stages being redecorated when not in use to prepare for future filming. A 1997 Fleetwood Southwind Storm RV was used to depict the mobile trailer lab. Several trailers were created for filming. Scenes involving the trailer lab were shot in Eureka, followed by filming at Universal. For shots in which half of the trailer dangles from a cliff, a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal's parking garage, and the trailer was dangled against the mountainside using a 95-ton crane. Before the trailer is shoved off the cliff, it is attacked by the T. rex adults who slam their heads into the vehicle. Animatronic versions of the adults were used for this scene, and the damage to the trailer was authentically caused by the animatronics rather than through computer effects. Shots involving both the animatronic T. rexes and the trailer together were filmed on Universal's Stage 24. Other shots involving the trailer were filmed on Stage 27. A portion of the trailer scene was filmed in a continuous take using a 26-foot crane arm. The camera would track actor Richard Schiff as his character travels through part of the trailer to throw rope down to the other characters, who are stuck in the other portion of the trailer as it dangles over the side of the cliff. This shot required precise timing to get right, and a dolly track also had to be built into the stage. While filming inside the trailer, the camera would lose focus because of interference from some piece of the electronic equipment inside the vehicle. After 15 failed takes, the film crew was close to giving up on the shot, until a remote-focus mechanism was mounted onto the camera. Ultimately, the film crew managed to get three good takes over the course of nine hours. Another issue resulted from the scene taking place during a storm, as the artificial rain fogged the camera lens, and the camera's rain deflectors failed. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, \"You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time — that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take.\" Spielberg wanted his long-time cinematographer Dean Cundey to return for The Lost World after working on the previous film, although Cundey was busy preparing to direct Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, so Spielberg chose Janusz Kamiński instead. Kamiński had worked with Spielberg on Schindler's List, and he gave The Lost World a darker, more artistic look over its predecessor, leading to a \"more elegant and rich\" approach focused on contrast and shadow.\"Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World\", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray Much of the film takes place at night, and Kamiński looked at the films Alien and Blade Runner for visual reference. Koepp was the film's second unit director, having volunteered for the position in hopes of gaining more directorial experience. Second unit work consisted of establishing shots, such as people marching across Isla Sorna, and helicopter shots. When Spielberg was unavailable for filming because of a family commitment in New York, Koepp also took over the first unit for eight days of filming, during the shoot at Universal's sound stages. Spielberg monitored the filming process through satellite video in New York during his week off. Dinosaur cage and InGen vehicle used during filming The InGen hunters' base camp was constructed on Stage 12. On Stage 23, a large ravine was constructed for a scene in which a T. rex chases characters into a small cave hidden behind a waterfall. Special-effects expert Michael Lantieri constructed the artificial waterfall, and the scene was shot using a Steadicam. Spielberg estimated that nearly half of the film was shot using Steadicam, as it was useful for the film's abundance of chase scenes. For the scene in which raptors attack the InGen team in a field of long grass, Lantieri and a team started growing real grass a year earlier on eight acres, located in Newhall, California. The acreage allowed for any potential reshoots to be done, as any grass that was flattened during filming would not come back up. The scene was filmed in early November 1996. The T. rex rampage through San Diego was also filmed during November. Although the sequence takes place in San Diego, only one scene was shot there. In it, an InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city. The other sequences were all shot in Burbank, California. An eight-scale dock and miniature ship were created for the scene in which the T. rex arrives in San Diego. One scene has the T. rex ramming into a driving bus which then crashes into a Blockbuster Video. The video store was built as a set on an empty lot in Burbank. The San Diego scenes were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy; Spielberg noted that, \"It looked like road-repair work was going on.\" Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus, with Koepp credited as the \"Unlucky Bastard\" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Scenes involving Hammond's residence were shot during the final week of filming, at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena, California. A scene where Vaughn's character emerges from a lake was also shot in Pasadena. In October 1996, it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, where the film's opening sequence was to be shot. In early December 1996, plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled. Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11, 1996. However, in mid-December 1996, plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot. Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20, 1996, with plans to finish two days later. Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time, and had visited the production, the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew. The film was shot on a budget of $", "after": "$618 million worldwide, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1997. It earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Jurassic Park III, was released on July 18, 2001. Plot Four years after the events on Isla Nublar, an upper-class British family docks their yacht and has come ashore on nearby Isla Sorna, unaware that the island contains genetically engineered dinosaurs. Their daughter wanders off and is attacked by a group of Compsognathus, but is saved by her father and yacht crew. An ailing John Hammond invites disgraced mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm to his residence to discuss the recent incident. Hammond's company InGen, which created the dinosaurs, is now headed by Hammond's nephew Peter Ludlow, who used the incident to take control of the company from Hammond. Ian learns that InGen originally cloned the dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, but the island was abandoned during a hurricane and the animals were released into the wild to fend for themselves. Ludlow wants to exploit the island's creatures to save InGen from bankruptcy. Hammond asks Ian to join a team who will document the dinosaurs in their natural habitat, in order to encourage a policy of non-interference. Ian's girlfriend, paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding, was hired and is already on Isla Sorna. Upon hearing this, Ian reluctantly agrees to go to the island, but only to retrieve Sarah. Ian travels there with Eddie Carr, an equipment specialist and engineer, and Nick Van Owen, a video documentarian and activist. They find Sarah amidst a herd of Stegosaurus, but she is insistent on staying to continue her research. Ian is shocked when he discovers that his daughter Kelly has stowed away with the team in a trailer, which serves as their mobile base. Ludlow and a mercenary team arrive on the island to capture dinosaurs, with help from big-game hunters Roland Tembo and Ajay Sidhu, Roland's second-in-command Dieter Stark, and paleontologist Dr. Robert Burke. Malcolm's group realizes that Ludlow and the InGen team are planning to take the captured specimens back to the mainland and to an unfinished Jurassic Park attraction in San Diego, which Hammond abandoned in favor of the park on Isla Nublar. Nick and Sarah free the captured dinosaurs, allowing the animals to wreak havoc across the InGen team's camp. On the way back to the trailer, Nick rescues an injured Tyrannosaurus rex infant that Roland tried to use as bait to hunt its male parent. Nick and Sarah treat the infant for a broken leg, but the Tyrannosaurus adults arrive. They reclaim their infant, destroy the trailer, and devour Eddie during his attempt to rescue the group. Ian, Sarah, Nick, and Kelly are subsequently rescued by Ludlow's team, and are forced to work together with them after learning that they've lost all their communicative equipment as well. They elect to walk en-masse to a distant abandoned InGen base to call for help. During a break, Stark goes into the wilderness alone to relieve himself and is killed by a group of Compsognathus. After the team sets up a camp for the night, they are ambushed by the Tyrannosaurus adults: Burke is devoured, and everyone else flees into a field of long grass containing a pack of Velociraptors, where Ajay and the others are all killed. Ian, Sarah, Kelly, and Nick manage to reach the InGen base, fight off three Velociraptors, and successfully radio for helicopter extraction. After being rescued, Nick reveals that he stole Roland's ammunition to prevent him from killing his intended trophy, but while passing overhead, they notice that Roland sedated the male Tyrannosaurus. As more InGen personnel arrive on the island to secure the male and the infant, Roland declines a job offer at the San Diego park from Ludlow, reflecting on Ajay's death and the morality of Ludlow's scheme. The male Tyrannosaur on his rampage through San Diego. In San Diego, Ian and Sarah attempt to meet with Ludlow in order to prevent him from unveiling the attraction. Before they can do this, the ship carrying the male Tyrannosaurus suddenly crashes into the docks. The crew is found dead, and the Tyrannosaurus is accidentally released and it begins to roam freely through the city, causing major traffic disruptions, eating a family's dog and killing a man who sought refuge in a store. Ian and Sarah locate the infant at the attraction and retrieve it, using it to lure the male back to the docks. Ludlow pursues the couple onto the ship, and tries to catch the infant within the cargo hold, but he is cornered by the male, which breaks his leg, incapacitating him before being mauled to death by the infant. Sarah uses a tranquilizer gun to sedate the male, while Ian seals the cargo hold doors. In the aftermath, with both dinosaurs on their way back to Isla Sorna and Ian, Sarah and Kelly in their home, Hammond appears in a televised news interview to announce that the American and Costa Rican governments have declared the island a nature preserve. Cast Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist who finds himself reluctantly drawn into another encounter with Hammond and dinosaurs. Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding: Malcolm's girlfriend and a behavioral paleontologist. Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo: A big-game hunter who adheres to his own strict moral code. Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow: Hammond's greedy, scheming and rich nephew who has recently been appointed CEO of InGen. He wants to build a San Diego version of Jurassic Park. Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: The former CEO of InGen who takes steps to redeem himself and preserve Isla Sorna. Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen: An experienced documentarian, photojournalist and environmentalist. Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis: Malcolm's daughter who stows away in the support trailer to be with him. Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark: The second-in-command of the InGen group under the control of Roland Tembo. Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu: Roland Tembo's hunting partner. Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr: A field equipment expert. Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke: The InGen hunters' paleontologist Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy: Lex's younger brother, Hammond's grandson. Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy: Tim's older sister, Hammond's granddaughter. Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman: daughter of a wealthy family who stumble upon Isla Sorna. Production Pre-production After the release of the novel, Jurassic Park in 1990, Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel. Having never written one, he initially refused. While shooting the novel's film adaptation, director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel were made, it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA lost during the events of the first film. Talk of a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park, which was a financial success. Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton, who wrote the previous film, to talk about possible ideas for a sequel. The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel. In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel to both the novel and film, saying he had a story idea for another novel, which would then be adapted into a film. At the time, Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel's film adaptation, as he planned to take a year off from directing. In March 1995, Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the sequel, scheduled for release later that year, although he declined to specify its title or plot. At the time of this announcement, Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation, with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997. Spielberg was busy with his new DreamWorks studio and had not decided if he would direct the film, saying, \"I'd love to direct it, but I just have to see. My life is changing.\" A production team was assembled in spring 1995, as Crichton was finishing the second novel, titled The Lost World; simultaneously, Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay. Crichton's novel was published in September 1995, while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995. Joe Johnston, who offered to direct the film adaptation, eventually directed the following film, Jurassic Park III (2001). The Lost World: Jurassic Park had nearly 1,500 storyboards, which aided in the precise planning needed to shoot scenes involving action, dinosaurs, and special-effects. Writing The plot for Crichton's Lost World novel involves a second island with dinosaurs but no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA, which was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV. After the film adaptation of The Lost World was announced, Koepp received letters of advice from children who were interested in the film. According to Koepp, one letter read, \"As long as you have the T. rex and the Velociraptor, everything else is fine. But, whatever you do, don't have a long boring part at the beginning that has nothing to do with the island.\" Koepp retained the letter as \"sort of a reminder.\" Koepp also took a suggestion from the letter to add Stegosaurus into the script. After the novel was finished, Crichton was not consulted about the sequel film, and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script. Kathleen Kennedy, the film's executive producer, and producer of Jurassic Park, said, \"In the same way Michael doesn't see writing as a collaboration, Steven went off and did his own movie. When Michael turned the book over to Steven, he knew his work was finished.\" By the time Crichton had finished his novel, Spielberg and Koepp had already been discussing ideas for the film for more than a year. For the adaptation, Koepp attempted to combine the ideas that he and Spielberg devised along with those from Crichton's novel. Spielberg said that the middle portion of the novel was lacking in story narrative, but that Crichton's \"set-up was excellent, and he certainly put us on the right road.\" Koepp had a year to write the script before the start of filming. To prepare before writing the script, Spielberg was more insistent that Koepp watch the 1925 film, The Lost World, than he was on having him read Crichton's novel, which Koepp also did. During an early meeting with Koepp, Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs, the script for the new film should involve humans who are \"gatherers\" (observers of the dinosaurs) and \"hunters\" (who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo). Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari! – about African animals being captured for zoos – had \"a big influence\" on The Lost Worlds script. Spielberg and Koepp discarded many of the novel's scenes and ideas, choosing instead to devise a new story while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked: a second island populated with dinosaurs, and a scene where half of a two-part trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes. Also retained was the idea of parenting and nurturing behavior among dinosaurs, as well as a baby T. rex and a child who stows away in the trailer. The character of Robert Burke is based on paleontologist Robert Bakker, who believes that T. rex was a predator. Rival paleontologist Jack Horner, the film's technical advisor, viewed the dinosaur as being protective and not inherently aggressive. Horner requested that the character of Burke be eaten by the T. rex, although Bakker enjoyed the scene and believed that it vindicated his theory that T. rex was a predator. Crichton's novel revolves around Malcolm's team and a rival team led by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn, which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams. Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation, including Lewis Dodgson, the leader of the Biosyn team, and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne, whose characteristics were partially implemented in the film's version of Eddie. Two new characters not featured in the novel were Nick and Roland. For these characters, Koepp chose the surnames Tembo and Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs, \"Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner\", by Warren Zevon. Koepp said \"since Roland is a mercenary in the song, that seemed like a good name for the hunter-for-hire in our movie. While I was at it, I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis' last name Van Owen, like in the song.\" Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee raptors, similar to a sequence in the novel. An alternate version of the scene was added to the 2015 film, Jurassic World. While Crichton's novel featured two child characters, Kelly and Arby, Koepp combined them into a single character also named Kelly. Arby is a black character, and black actress Vanessa Lee Chester was chosen to play Kelly in the film. Initially, Kelly was to be a student of Ian Malcolm's, although Koepp had difficulty making this idea work, saying that Malcolm \"would never teach grade school, so I thought maybe he was tutoring her. Why? Maybe he got a drunk driving ticket, and he had to do community service, so he's tutoring at this inner-city high school.\" Koepp scrapped this idea because of its similarity to the 1995 film Dangerous Minds. Because the film would deal with dinosaur nurturing, Koepp realized that the parenting element should also extend to the human characters. Spielberg approved Koepp's idea to have Kelly as Malcolm's daughter, although they initially were unsure about a black actress playing the daughter of a white parent. Spielberg has two adopted black children, and he and Koepp soon decided to retain the idea. Koepp wanted to write an explanation into the script about the discrepancy in skin color, but he dropped this idea as he could not think of a way to address it in a simple manner. Koepp referred to Crichton's original Jurassic Park novel for some scenes that would be added into the film adaptation of The Lost World. Dieter's death scene was inspired by John Hammond's death in the first novel, where Procompsognathus kill him. The film's opening scene came from an early chapter in the first novel that was not used in the film adaptation, where a Procompsognathus bites a girl on a beach. The first novel also included a scene where characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex; this scene was not used in the first film but was added into The Lost World: Jurassic Park, for the scene in which the T. rex eats Burke. Early scripts had featured two Pteranodon sequences, including one in which Malcolm and his group would escape raptors by hang-gliding off a cliff, only to encounter a Pteranodon. Another sequence, once planned as the film's ending, involved an aerial battle where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna. Spielberg also considered having the Pteranodons swoop down and carry off humans and animals in their large beaks, an idea that was rejected by Horner. This version of the story featured a larger worker's village on the island, whereas the final version of the village was only a quarter of what was initially designed. For more than a year, Spielberg and Koepp were unsure whether to include a scene involving a dinosaur in a city. Koepp believed that such a scene would only work for a short period of time before becoming unbelievable. Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have the T. rex rampage through San Diego, saying, \"We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to.\" He was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland, and he believed that audiences would enjoy the San Diego rampage. Initially, Spielberg wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film but later decided to add it to the second one when he realized he would probably not direct another film in the series. The sequence is similar to an attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World, adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name, both of which inspired the title for Crichton's novel. For the rampage sequence, Spielberg referenced monster films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Gorgo. Koepp's first draft of the new third act was completed a week after talking with Spielberg, although it would continue to go through revisions. Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film. Producers Colin Wilson and Gerald Molen wanted the Pteranodons to remain in the story, but the creatures ultimately received only a small appearance in the film's ending shot. Casting In November 1994, Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the first film. In 1995, Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess, in which she appeared. Chester later recalled, \"As I was signing an autograph for him, he told me one day he'd put me in a film.\" Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World: Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm's daughter, Kelly. Pete Postlethwaite was cast after Spielberg saw his performance in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father. Art Malik turned down a role in the film. In April 1996, Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum. Spielberg had admired Moore's performance in The Fugitive. Two months later, Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast. In August 1996, it was announced Vince Vaughn had joined the cast. Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn's performance in the film Swingers, which he saw after the filmmakers asked his permission to use music from his earlier film, Jaws. After meeting with Spielberg, Vaughn was cast without having to do a screen test. Indian actor M. R. Gopakumar was initially cast as Ajay Sidhu in August 1996, but was unable to participate in the project because of trouble acquiring a work visa in time for filming. He was one of six people considered for the role, which ultimately went to actor Harvey Jason. Filming Production designer Rick Carter traveled to Hawaii, then Puerto Rico, New Zealand, and Australia to scout possible filming locations. Costa Rica and South America were never considered, as filming would have taken place during the local area's rainy season. However, the film ultimately did use tropical sound effects that were recorded in Costa Rica. By February 1996, northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location. While the first film had been shot in Kauai, Hawaii, the filmmakers wanted to shoot the sequel in a different location with new scenery. New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to better represent a real dinosaur environment, although Crichton wanted the film to be shot on Kauai. In August 1996, it was announced that Humboldt County, California, had been chosen instead of New Zealand, where filming would have been too costly. Humboldt County offered financial incentives that would keep the film's production costs lower. Oregon had been considered before Humboldt County was chosen. Filming locations in Humboldt County would include the redwood forests of Eureka, California. This location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats, but forests like the ones in Eureka. Filming began on September 5, 1996, at Fern Canyon, part of California's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Production continued in northern California for two weeks at locations such as Eureka, Patrick's Point State Park, and private property in Fieldbrook. Filming in Humboldt County concluded on September 19, 1996. Throughout the fall of 1996, filming continued on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood. The Site B workers village was also constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour. Because of limited stage space in Hollywood, the production crew had to alternate between the different stages at Universal, with stages being redecorated when not in use to prepare for future filming. A 1997 Fleetwood Southwind Storm RV was used to depict the mobile trailer lab. Several trailers were created for filming. Scenes involving the trailer lab were shot in Eureka, followed by filming at Universal. For shots in which half of the trailer dangles from a cliff, a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal's parking garage, and the trailer was dangled against the mountainside using a 95-ton crane. Before the trailer is shoved off the cliff, it is attacked by the T. rex adults who slam their heads into the vehicle. Animatronic versions of the adults were used for this scene, and the damage to the trailer was authentically caused by the animatronics rather than through computer effects. Shots involving both the animatronic T. rexes and the trailer together were filmed on Universal's Stage 24. Other shots involving the trailer were filmed on Stage 27. A portion of the trailer scene was filmed in a continuous take using a 26-foot crane arm. The camera would track actor Richard Schiff as his character travels through part of the trailer to throw rope down to the other characters, who are stuck in the other portion of the trailer as it dangles over the side of the cliff. This shot required precise timing to get right, and a dolly track also had to be built into the stage. While filming inside the trailer, the camera would lose focus because of interference from some piece of the electronic equipment inside the vehicle. After 15 failed takes, the film crew was close to giving up on the shot, until a remote-focus mechanism was mounted onto the camera. Ultimately, the film crew managed to get three good takes over the course of nine hours. Another issue resulted from the scene taking place during a storm, as the artificial rain fogged the camera lens, and the camera's rain deflectors failed. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, \"You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time – that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take.\" Spielberg wanted his long-time cinematographer Dean Cundey to return for The Lost World after working on the previous film, although Cundey was busy preparing to direct Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, so Spielberg chose Janusz Kamiński instead. Kamiński had worked with Spielberg on Schindler's List, and he gave The Lost World a darker, more artistic look over its predecessor, leading to a \"more elegant and rich\" approach focused on contrast and shadow.\"Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World\", The Lost World: Jurassic Park Blu-Ray Much of the film takes place at night, and Kamiński looked at the films Alien and Blade Runner for visual reference. Koepp was the film's second unit director, having volunteered for the position in hopes of gaining more directorial experience. Second unit work consisted of establishing shots, such as people marching across Isla Sorna, and helicopter shots. When Spielberg was unavailable for filming because of a family commitment in New York, Koepp also took over the first unit for eight days of filming, during the shoot at Universal's sound stages. Spielberg monitored the filming process through satellite video in New York during his week off. Dinosaur cage and InGen vehicle used during filming The InGen hunters' base camp was constructed on Stage 12. On Stage 23, a large ravine was constructed for a scene in which a T. rex chases characters into a small cave hidden behind a waterfall. Special-effects expert Michael Lantieri constructed the artificial waterfall, and the scene was shot using a Steadicam. Spielberg estimated that nearly half of the film was shot using Steadicam, as it was useful for the film's abundance of chase scenes. For the scene in which raptors attack the InGen team in a field of long grass, Lantieri and a team started growing real grass a year earlier on eight acres, located in Newhall, California. The acreage allowed for any potential reshoots to be done, as any grass that was flattened during filming would not come back up. The scene was filmed in early November 1996. The T. rex rampage through San Diego was also filmed during November. Although the sequence takes place in San Diego, only one scene was shot there. In it, an InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city. The other sequences were all shot in Burbank, California. An eight-scale dock and miniature ship were created for the scene in which the T. rex arrives in San Diego. One scene has the T. rex ramming into a driving bus which then crashes into a Blockbuster Video. The video store was built as a set on an empty lot in Burbank. The San Diego scenes were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy; Spielberg noted that, \"It looked like road-repair work was going on.\" Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus, with Koepp credited as the \"Unlucky Bastard\" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Scenes involving Hammond's residence were shot during the final week of filming, at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena, California. A scene where Vaughn's character emerges from a lake was also shot in Pasadena. In October 1996, it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, where the film's opening sequence was to be shot. In early December 1996, plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled. Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11, 1996. However, in mid-December 1996, plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot. Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20, 1996, with plans to finish two days later. Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time, and had visited the production, the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew. 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66703574	1	The 2020 protests in Mauritius was massive rallies and nonviolent demonstrations held in Mauritius after a Japanese tanker oil spillin the ocean. Protesters came in 3 waves of marches , 29-31 August, 12-13 September and September 14-15. Strikers led protesters to March in streets in the country to protest the oil tanker crisis in July. Demonstrator’s main demands was to send in a statement and separate probe to question the oil spill crisis . Protests 100,000 marched in the capital of Mauritius against the government’s response to the oil spill, calling on an investigation into the spill. Protesters also chanted and protested with banners and placards in other towns. Demonstrators called for an uprising against the spill, asking the government to respond to the spill. Protesters denounced the report of dozens of dolphins dead, calling also for an investigation into the deaths of the dolphins. Category:Protests in Mauritius Category	The 2020 protests in Mauritius were a series of large rallies and nonviolent demonstrations held in Mauritius following the MV Wakashio oil spill. Protests came in three waves of marches on 29-31 August, 12-13 September and September 14-15. Demonstrator’s main demanded that the Mauritian government launch an inquiry into the cause of the oil spill . Protests An estimated 100,000 people marched to the capital of Mauritius in protest of the government’s response to the oil spill, calling on an investigation into the spill. Protesters also chanted and protested with banners and placards in other towns. Demonstrators called for an uprising against the spill, asking the government to respond to the spill. Protesters denounced the report of dozens of dolphins dead, calling also for an investigation into the deaths of the dolphins. Category:Protests in Mauritius Category :2020 protests Category:2020 in Mauritius Category:History of Mauritius Category:August 2020 events in Afri	[ { "type": "R", "before": "was massive", "after": "were a series of large", "start_char_pos": 31, "end_char_pos": 42 }, { "type": "R", "before": "after a Japanese tanker oil spillin the ocean. Protesters came in 3", "after": "following the MV Wakashio oil spill. Protests came in three", "start_char_pos": 99, "end_char_pos": 166 }, { "type": "R", "before": ",", "after": "on", "start_char_pos": 184, "end_char_pos": 185 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Strikers led protesters to March in streets in the country to protest the oil tanker crisis in July.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 237, "end_char_pos": 337 }, { "type": "R", "before": "demands was to send in a statement and separate probe to question the oil spill crisis", "after": "demanded that the Mauritian government launch an inquiry into the cause of the oil spill", "start_char_pos": 358, "end_char_pos": 444 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "An estimated", "start_char_pos": 456, "end_char_pos": 456 }, { "type": "R", "before": "marched in", "after": "people marched to", "start_char_pos": 465, "end_char_pos": 475 }, { "type": "R", "before": "against", "after": "in protest of", "start_char_pos": 501, "end_char_pos": 508 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ":2020 protests Category:2020 in Mauritius Category:History of Mauritius Category:August 2020 events in Afri", "start_char_pos": 947, "end_char_pos": 947 } ]	[ 0, 145, 236, 337, 596, 676, 779, 906 ]
66710498	1	Kamappa (also known as Kholomodumo) is a mythical creature from the Sotho people of Southern Africa. It is described as a shapeless, gluttonous monster that swallows everything living it comes by and gets larger and larger the more it swallows. It has multiple sharp tongues which it uses as weapons. Kammapa is the main antagonist in the story of Ditaolane where the monster is symbolic of all that holds back humanity and is killed by the hero. Etymology and origins Kammapa is possibly a synonym and descendant of Khodumodumo. Khodumodumo is an archaic Sotho term, most likely meaning “great noise”. Archeologist believe Kamappa is influenced by the San people's python god. There are parallels, common themes and motifs, that in this myth and other stories from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.	Kammapa (also known as Kholomodumo) is a mythical creature from the Sotho people of Southern Africa. It is described as a shapeless, gluttonous monster that swallows everything living it comes by and gets larger and larger the more it swallows. It has multiple sharp tongues which it uses as weapons. Kammapa is the main antagonist in the story of Ditaolane where the monster is symbolic of all that holds back humanity and is killed by the hero. Etymology and origins Kammapa is possibly a synonym and descendant of Khodumodumo. Khodumodumo is an archaic Sotho term, most likely meaning “great noise”. Archeologist believe Kammapa is influenced by the San people's python god. There are parallels, common themes and motifs, that in this myth and other stories from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Kamappa", "after": "Kammapa", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 7 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Kamappa", "after": "Kammapa", "start_char_pos": 624, "end_char_pos": 631 } ]	[ 0, 100, 244, 300, 446, 529, 602, 677 ]
66722	1	Deciduous woody plants 258x258px\|Typical autumnal foliage in the mountainous regions of Brazil. Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil. The deciduous characteristic has developed repeatedly among woody plants. Trees include maple, many oaks and nothofagus, elm, beech, aspen, and birch, among others, as well as a number of coniferous genera, such as larch and Metasequoia. Deciduous shrubs include honeysuckle, viburnum, and many others. Most temperate woody vines are also deciduous, including grapes, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, wisteria, etc. The characteristic is useful in plant identification; for instance in parts of Southern California and the American Southeast, deciduous and evergreen oak species may grow side by side. Regions Forests where a majority of the trees lose their foliage at the end of the typical growing season are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in many areas worldwide and have distinctive ecosystems, understory growth, and soil dynamics. Temperate deciduous forest biomes are plant communities distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalayas, Europe and for cultivation purposes in Oceania. They have formed under climatic conditions which have great seasonable temperature variability with growth occurring during warm summers and leaf drop in autumn and dormancy during cold winters. These seasonally distinctive communities have diverse life forms that are impacted greatly by the seasonality of their climate, mainly temperature and precipitation rates. These varying and regionally different ecological conditions produce distinctive forest plant communities in different regions. Deciduous trees were introduced to the temperate regions of Australia where they are used as ornamental plants, as seen here at a suburban street in Sydney.\|202x202pxTropical and subtropical deciduous forest biomes have developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. Leaf drop is not seasonally dependent as it is in temperate climates, and can occur any time of year and varies by region of the world. Even within a small local area there can be variations in the timing and duration of leaf drop; different sides of the same mountain and areas that have high water tables or areas along streams and rivers can produce a patchwork of leafy and leafless trees.	Deciduous woody plants The deciduous characteristic has developed repeatedly among woody plants. Trees include maple, many oaks and nothofagus, elm, beech, aspen, and birch, among others, as well as a number of coniferous genera, such as larch and Metasequoia. Deciduous shrubs include honeysuckle, viburnum, and many others. Most temperate woody vines are also deciduous, including grapes, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, wisteria, etc. The characteristic is useful in plant identification; for instance in parts of Southern California and the American Southeast, deciduous and evergreen oak species may grow side by side. Regions Deciduous trees were introduced to the temperate regions of Australia where they are used as ornamental plants, as seen here at a suburban street in Sydney. Forests where a majority of the trees lose their foliage at the end of the typical growing season are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in many areas worldwide and have distinctive ecosystems, understory growth, and soil dynamics. Temperate deciduous forest biomes are plant communities distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalayas, Europe and for cultivation purposes in Oceania. They have formed under climatic conditions which have great seasonable temperature variability with growth occurring during warm summers and leaf drop in autumn and dormancy during cold winters. These seasonally distinctive communities have diverse life forms that are impacted greatly by the seasonality of their climate, mainly temperature and precipitation rates. These varying and regionally different ecological conditions produce distinctive forest plant communities in different regions. Tropical and subtropical deciduous forest biomes have developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. Leaf drop is not seasonally dependent as it is in temperate climates, and can occur any time of year and varies by region of the world. Even within a small local area there can be variations in the timing and duration of leaf drop; different sides of the same mountain and areas that have high water tables or areas along streams and rivers can produce a patchwork of leafy and leafless trees.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "258x258px\|Typical autumnal foliage in the mountainous regions of Brazil. 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6673576	1	Roi Mata was a powerful 12th century Melanesian chief from what is now Vanuatu. His elaborate grave, containing the bodies of over 25 members of his retinue, was discovered by French archaeologist in 1967 and inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2008. Garanger was able to locate the grave on Eretoka island by analyzing local folklore. According to legend, when Roi Mata conquered the land, his first goal was to unite the tribes to form an army. Vanuatu A to Z Retrieved August 25, 2006. "Roy Mata", Encyclopædia Britannica "Roymata - Ancient King of Vanuatu", Vanuatu Tourism Office Category:History of Vanuatu Category:Vanuatuan chiefs Category:Deaths by poisoning Category:People murdered in Vanuatu Category:Vanuatuan murder victims Category:World Heritage Sites in Vanuatu Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown Category: 17th-century ruler	Roi Mata (or Roy Mata, Roymata) was a powerful 13th century Melanesian chief from what is now Vanuatu. His elaborate grave, containing the bodies of over 25 members of his retinue, was discovered by French archaeologist in 1967 and inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2008. Garanger was able to locate the grave on Eretoka island by analyzing local folklore. According to legend, when Roi Mata conquered the land, his first goal was to unite the tribes to form an army. Vanuatu A to Z Retrieved August 25, 2006. "Roy Mata", Encyclopædia Britannica "Roymata - Ancient King of Vanuatu", Vanuatu Tourism Office Category:History of Vanuatu Category:Vanuatuan chiefs Category:Deaths by poisoning Category:People murdered in Vanuatu Category:Vanuatuan murder victims Category:World Heritage Sites in Vanuatu Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown Category: 13th-century ruler	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "(or Roy Mata, Roymata)", "start_char_pos": 9, "end_char_pos": 9 }, { "type": "R", "before": "12th", "after": "13th", "start_char_pos": 25, "end_char_pos": 29 }, { "type": "R", "before": "17th-century", "after": "13th-century", "start_char_pos": 856, "end_char_pos": 868 } ]	[ 0, 80, 255, 340, 451, 493 ]
66745338	1	Flora Capensis is a book that described the flora found in colonial South Africa, encompassing the Cape Colony, Kaffraria and the Colony of Natal, as it was known during the second half of the 19th century. Creating the book was suggested by the famous English botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker. William Henry Harvey and Otto Wilhelm Sonder took up the work of writing the Flora Capensis. The first three volumes were published between 1860 and 1865 by Hodges, Smith and Co. in Dublin, and A.S. Robertson in Capetown. The final part was published in 1933, edited by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer .	Flora Capensis is a book that described the flora found in colonial South Africa, encompassing the Cape Colony, Kaffraria and the Colony of Natal, as it was known during the second half of the 19th century. Creating the book was suggested by the famous English botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker. William Henry Harvey and Otto Wilhelm Sonder took up the work of writing the first three volumes of the Flora Capensis, which were published between 1860 and 1865 by Hodges, Smith and Co. in Dublin, and A.S. Robertson in Capetown. Parts 4 to 7 were edited by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer and issued over the following decades, with the final part published in 1933.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "Flora Capensis. The", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 375, "end_char_pos": 394 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "of the Flora Capensis, which", "start_char_pos": 415, "end_char_pos": 415 }, { "type": "R", "before": "The final part was published in 1933,", "after": "Parts 4 to 7 were", "start_char_pos": 521, "end_char_pos": 558 }, { "type": "R", "before": ".", "after": "and issued over the following decades, with the final part published in 1933.", "start_char_pos": 599, "end_char_pos": 600 } ]	[ 0, 206, 297, 390, 520 ]
66753243	1	History Establishment The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Cheiftain, Ainanshe URL ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5 The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria.The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 1850, Volume 9, p.133 At the battle of Haro Dhiig (Lake of Blood) in the Hawd, the victorious Habr Yunis had captured the Sultan of the Rer Haroun Ogaden with many lives lost on both sides. The captured Sultan sent a message to Hersi saying as a notable he should be spared. In response, Hersi replied with Laba Gob Kii Beer Jilicsan Baa Jaba meaning, amongst two counterparts the soft-hearted shall perish and the captive Sultan was subsequently executed.The Unknown Horn of Africa, Frank Linsly James, pg.335 First Civil War Despite the great successes of Hersi Aman and new territory acquired, the other branches of the Rer Sugule grew wary of his increasing power as a ruler and stood to challenge him, fearing his unchecked leadership. The wise Guled Haji, another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule, had a fallout with Sultan Hersi, and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay the traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all-out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule.War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.169 Haji Guled in 1906. The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle after some early clashes and later his commander Warsame would also fall. Warsame's sister lamented to her son Ali for the loss of Hersi, her husband Geid and other relatives in this poem recorded separately by both Phillip Paulitschke and Robecchi Brichetti.Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 228. Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders.The Unknown Horn of Africa: An Exploration From Berbera to the Leopard River, 1888 The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided the country between them.Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 1885, Volume 7, p.627 Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually chose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death.Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21, p.161 Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis.British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 79–82, 1912. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Early Dervish Era Sultan Nur & Habar Yunis horsemen 1896 Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921. p. 24 by Roy Irons Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 4. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899.Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 8. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. Incorporation into British Somaliland Sultan Nur continued and would be heavily involved as a key figure of the Dervish movement and the main signatory of the Treaty of Illig in 1905 that granted them large tracts of today's Nugaal and the port of Eyl from the Italians to use.Il Benadir, Vico Mantegazza. 1908. pp. 323–324 Following Sultan Nur's death in 1907 he was entombmed in Taleh the headquarters of the movement and his son Dolal Nur was crowned by the Dervish Habr Yunis clans while Sultan Madar Hersi the more established and powerful of the two eventually would become the uncontested Sultan as Dolal died prematurely in 1917 and left no heirs .British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 82, 1912. With the widespread involvement of the British in the interior against the Dervish the once defacto independent interior clans were brought under British administration and the Habr Yunis Sultanate would end. Economy 300 px\|Map of the Daallo Mountain Ranges and coastal Sanaag showing the Musa Arreh (Habar Yunis) settled in Maydh in the year 1860 The Habr Yunis Sultanate had strong economy and controlled two routes to the major port of Berbera leading from the Jerato and Sheikh mountain passes into the Hawd and Ogaden country. The key city of Burao was the Trade was significant and bolstered during the period that a Habr Yunis man Sharmarke Ali Saleh had established himself as Emir of Berbera and Zeila. The eastern sections of the Habr Yunis had coastal access and several ports of their own. They attained a lot of frankincense in the mountains south of Maydh and Harshaw. Arab and Banyan merchants would visit Maydh for commerce before continuing on to the larger ports such as Berbera and Zeila. Maydh was the preeminent export point for large hides the town had dialogue with Berbera with a large amount of cross trade occurring usually by dhow. As well alongside other northern Somalis and Isaaqs in particular, the Habr Yunis were significant traders in Yemen with Frederick Hunter giving an 1877 account of their trade.Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41. Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house. Administration Sultans of the Habr Yunis exercised power both indirectly and directly through allied Akils and leaders of the various subclans of the wider clan and by leading the Habr Yunis in battle against rivals. The seat of Habr Yunis Sultans was deliberately chosen in Wadhan and later Burao along the caravan route in order to have a firm grip on trade and also ensure a steady stream of taxes from passing traders. New information would be passed along these trade routes and the Sultans would be well informed of occurrences as the Somalis have a penchant for being informed about things. Explorer Ricahrd Burton in his 1854 journey to Harar heard from local Somalis who told him the latest reports from the ongoing Crimean War.First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Richard Francis Burton, pg 188 The capitals of Wadhan and Burao served as important watering places for both merchants and nomads alike and access to them was crucial for orderly trade from the Hawd and Ogaden regions to Berbera.A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, pg.187 According to the current Sultan Osman Ali, the oldest son of a Sultan is the rightful heir, but if he does not fill the requirements another son can be selected. A Sultan has to be religious, an eloquent speaker, courageous, and has to be fertile. A guurti of 40 leading elders from the Habr Yunis subclans would come to make this decision on the successor.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Sultans would receive a yearly tribute or saado of livestock imposed on the rest of the Habr Yunis.The Journal of The anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland\| Vol.21 p. 161 Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: Official Publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum Vol.17 p. 76 Sultan Osman Ali states that the Sultan distributed the livestock amongst the Habr Yunis to the less fortunate and needy as a form of welfare.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Rulers The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. NameReign FromReign Till1 Ainasha Hersi (traditional chief)2Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha (first sultan)3Sultan Diriyeh Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha 4Sultan Hersi Aman Sultan Diriyeh5Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman Sultan Diriyeh 6Sultan Awad Sultan Diiriye7Sultan Dolal Sultan Nur8Sultan Madar Hersi Sultan Diiriye Legacy Amongst the Habr Yunis the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Ainashe Sultans although no longer ruling vast territory and with separate Habr Yunis subclans having their own Sultans still remain status the recognized leaders of the Habr Yunis. The current Sultan is Osman Ali Madar who is active in social issues in modern day Somaliland. References	History Origins The Habr Yunis are part of the Garhajis confederation who are part of the Ishaq clan The father of the Rer Sugelleh dynasty is Ainashe Hersi a chief of the HabrYunis. Ethnographie Nordost-afrikas pp.45. Philip Paulitscheke. Publisher: D. Reimer. 1893Ainashe was the son of Ismail Arre and a women of the Ali Sayid clan He had seven brothers: Said, Fahiya, Hildid, Warsame, Yusuf, Ali and Abdi whom they shared the same mother and are together known as the Ba Ali in reference to their mother's clan.Tribes of British Somaliland, 1941, pp. 10. Ainanshe would go on to become the Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe.Genealogies of the Somal. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896. Establishment After the fall of the Adal Sultanate many successor states were established in Somaliland such as the HabrYunis and Eidagale. Before this The Isaaq clan were ruled by the Habar Jelo or Toljeclo dynasty. The Tol Jeclo claim descent from sheikh Isaaq’s Harari wife. later the Eidgaale would be more successful invading many territories, this would cause the decline of the Tol Jeclo. The Eidgaale then developed in to the Isaaq Sultanate. The Isaaq sultanate then launched a campaign against the Tol Jeclo rulers and defeated their Garad who was named Dhuh Barar. Later onwards the Isaaq Sultanate penetrated further into the AbsameTerritory and with this the Habr Yunis broke of under their chief Ainashe Hersi. the Habr Yunis developed their own Sultanate led by Sugulleh URL ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5 The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria.The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 1850, Volume 9, p.133 At the battle of Haro Dhiig (Lake of Blood) in the Hawd, the victorious Habr Yunis had captured the Sultan of the Rer Haroun Ogaden with many lives lost on both sides. The captured Sultan sent a message to Hersi saying as a notable he should be spared. In response, Hersi replied with Laba Gob Kii Beer Jilicsan Baa Jaba meaning, amongst two counterparts the soft-hearted shall perish and the captive Sultan was subsequently executed.The Unknown Horn of Africa, Frank Linsly James, pg.335 Hersi then resumed his conquest and penetrated further into Ogaden lands taking Dollo. In Dollo Hersi took grazing lands and wells, as well as thousands of camels, he then proceeded to invade the lands of other Darood clans such as the Reer Cabdalle and Reer Makahil forcing them to flee to Hiraan. Ali Dhuh referred to these wars as the Guba wars due to the defeat of the Ogaden clans. Ethiopian, British interference Whilst Hersi was invading Ogaden the British and Ethiopian empires were getting worried due to the Habr Yunis expansion. The Ethiopians saw the Ogaden as their servants and gateway to Muslim territory. Whilst the British saw Ogaden as a major state. Upon one occasion Hersi raided and took 1330 camels from the Ogaden, however the British and Ethiopians warned them and told them to return the camels to their owners. The Habr Yunis who were smaller then the British and Ethiopians obliged and returned the camels and promised to not lead any raids in Ogaden. Despite their promise they continued to raid Ogaden. Historian sigebery Uhlig commenting on the Guba poems writes the following: From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and the looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scatterring of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with the clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem". Eastern Expansion (Warsangli,Dhulbhante,Habr Awal) The Habr Yunis would than focus on the Darood clans that inhabited eastern Somali-land, such as the Dhulbahante and Warsangli, the Habr Yunis were much more powerful looting Dhulbhante territory taking camels and land. The Dhulbahante put up no resistance, and feared the Habr Gerhajis (Habr Yunis) so much so that they didn’t even avenge their casualties and instead intermarried with the Habr Yunis. The Ismail Arreh clan which were part of the Habr Yunis expanded from Berbera to Gulay, whilst the Muse Arreh Expanded far in to Warsangli Territory, and served as a border between the Habr Yunis and Majeerteen (Majeerteen Sultanate). Hersi is one of the most notable sultans and was a great king that penetrated far into Ogaden (Darood). The sultan would expand to Zeyla and Berbera, Deimoli the three cities being the urban centres of the Cisse and Habr Awal. First Civil War Despite the great successes of Hersi Aman and new territory acquired, the other branches of the Rer Sugule grew wary of his increasing power as a ruler and stood to challenge him, fearing his unchecked leadership. The wise Guled Haji, another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule, had a fallout with Sultan Hersi, and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay the traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all-out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule.War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.169 Haji Guled in 1906. War continued with the Rer Sugeleh and the Ba Awal, one of the Ba Awal warriors Warsame attacked the Rer Sugeleh and killed three men, he also captured a respected young noblemen named Jama Amume Jama was the grandson of Deria Sugulleh Ainashe. Due to his Nobility he was released, later Jama then led a battle against the Ba Awal, Jama severely wounded Warsame. He then praised his horse Hamar who had performed well, and recited the following poem. Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 227-228.Col aloosan Xamarow haddii xalay la ugaanshay Heensaha hadddaan kugu itibay goor aleyl dhexe ah Indhaalaha haddaan kuu xidh-xidhay suuman la adkeeyay Isha bari hadii loo kiciyo awrtii reer Sugule Kuwii lays aqoon jiray haddii lagu ogaan duulay Abaanduule Guuleed (Guled Haji) hadii ubaxa loo gooyay Waa boqor agtiisa'e hadday "ililidii" yeedh'dhay Usha Daba-xidh ooddiyo haddii laysu wada giijay Eebada haddii laysku riday ilig-jartii hooto Abdikayba intii hore hadaan dabo adeegaayay Kolku ina qolyaeedkii sidii aarka nagu qayshay Anigoo aqoon jirin haddii lay ogeysiiyay Onkad baxay la moodyow kolkan amarka qaadsiiyay Doc aroorka uguma tago orodka saydhshaaye Oogada hadduu igala maray agabarkuu joogo Anna Awlaxaan siday haddaan oofta midig gooyay Kol haddaan Warsame aayiroon Baho agoonteeyay Kol haddaan ugaaskii ka dilay u ololiyeynaayay Kol hadaan ka oon baxay afku aramigu jiifay Alxamdu lilaa Eebaw haddaan umalkii qaar reebayHersi died in that battle and later Warsame would also fall. Warsame's sister lamented to her son Ali for the loss of Hersi, her husband Geid and other relatives in this poem recorded separately by both Phillip Paulitschke and Robecchi Brichetti.Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 228. Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders.The Unknown Horn of Africa: An Exploration From Berbera to the Leopard River, 1888 The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided the country between them.Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 1885, Volume 7, p.627 Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually chose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death.Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21, p.161 Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis.British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 79–82, 1912. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Early Dervish Era Sultan Nur & Habar Yunis horsemen 1896 Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921. p. 24 by Roy Irons Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 4. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899.Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 8. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. Incorporation into British Somaliland Early encounters with Britain started in 1882 duirng which was during the time of Sultan Nur. During his time the British had invaded Yemeni islands, and had a interest for the Habr Yunis and the Isaaq Sultanate due to their rich ports the British would establish them self’s in Berbera the Capital of the HabarAwal.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243,Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi After establishing a base in Somaliland the British would proceed to attack the Dervish on neighbouring cities such as Taleh. Sultan Nur continued the Dervish Campaign and would be heavily involved as a key figure of the Dervish movement and the main signatory of the Treaty of Illig in 1905 that granted them large tracts of today's Nugaal and the port of Eyl from the Italians to use.Il Benadir, Vico Mantegazza. 1908. pp. 323–324 Following Sultan Nur's death in 1907 he was entombmed in Taleh the headquarters of the movement and his son Dolal Nur was crowned by the Dervish Habr Yunis clans while Sultan Madar who was much more powerful often raided the Ba Awal domain. Later Sultan Dolal Nur died prematurely and was left with no ai Rs however his cousin Jama Hersi succeeded him .British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 82, 1912. Cosmos: communicazioni sui progressi recenti e notevoli della geografia e delle scienze affini di Guido Cora p. 201 With the widespread involvement of the British in the interior against the Dervish the once defacto independent interior clans were brought under British administration and the Habr Yunis Sultanate would end. Economy 300 px\|Map of the Daallo Mountain Ranges and coastal Sanaag showing the Musa Arreh (Habar Yunis) settled in Maydh in the year 1860 The Habr Yunis Sultanate had strong economy and controlled two routes to the major port of Berbera leading from the Jerato and Sheikh mountain passes into the Hawd and Ogaden country. The key city of Burao was the Trade was significant and bolstered during the period that a Habr Yunis man Sharmarke Ali Saleh had established himself as Emir of Berbera and Zeila. The eastern sections of the Habr Yunis had coastal access and several ports of their own. They attained a lot of frankincense in the mountains south of Maydh and Harshaw. Arab and Banyan merchants would visit Maydh for commerce before continuing on to the larger ports such as Berbera and Zeila. Maydh was the preeminent export point for large hides the town had dialogue with Berbera with a large amount of cross trade occurring usually by dhow. As well alongside other northern Somalis and Isaaqs in particular, the Habr Yunis were significant traders in Yemen with Frederick Hunter giving an 1877 account of their trade.Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41. Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house. Administration Sultans of the Habr Yunis exercised power both indirectly and directly through allied Akils and leaders of the various subclans of the wider clan and by leading the Habr Yunis in battle against rivals. The seat of Habr Yunis Sultans was deliberately chosen in Wadhan and later Burao along the caravan route in order to have a firm grip on trade and also ensure a steady stream of taxes from passing traders. New information would be passed along these trade routes and the Sultans would be well informed of occurrences as the Somalis have a penchant for being informed about things. Explorer Ricahrd Burton in his 1854 journey to Harar heard from local Somalis who told him the latest reports from the ongoing Crimean War.First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Richard Francis Burton, pg 188 The capitals of Wadhan and Burao served as important watering places for both merchants and nomads alike and access to them was crucial for orderly trade from the Hawd and Ogaden regions to Berbera.A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, pg.187 According to the current Sultan Osman Ali, the oldest son of a Sultan is the rightful heir, but if he does not fill the requirements another son can be selected. A Sultan has to be religious, an eloquent speaker, courageous, and has to be fertile. A guurti of 40 leading elders from the Habr Yunis subclans would come to make this decision on the successor.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Sultans would receive a yearly tribute or saado of livestock imposed on the rest of the Habr Yunis.The Journal of The anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland\| Vol.21 p. 161 Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: Official Publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum Vol.17 p. 76 Sultan Osman Ali states that the Sultan distributed the livestock amongst the Habr Yunis to the less fortunate and needy as a form of welfare.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Rulers The Habr Yunis Sultanate had 8 rulers throughout it's duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. NameReign FromReign Till1 Ainasha Hersi (traditional chief)2Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha (first sultan)3Sultan Diriyeh Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha 4Sultan Hersi Aman Sultan Diriyeh5Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman Sultan Diriyeh 6Sultan Awad Sultan Diiriye7Sultan Dolal Sultan Nur8Sultan Madar Hersi Sultan Diiriye Legacy Amongst the Habr Yunis the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Ainashe Sultans although no longer ruling vast territory and with separate Habr Yunis subclans having their own Sultans still remain status the recognized leaders of the Habr Yunis. The current Sultan is Osman Ali Madar who is active in social issues in modern day Somaliland. References	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Establishment", "after": "Origins", "start_char_pos": 8, "end_char_pos": 21 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in", "after": "are part of the Garhajis confederation who are part of the Ishaq clan The father of the Rer Sugelleh dynasty is Ainashe Hersi a chief of the HabrYunis. Ethnographie Nordost-afrikas pp.45. Philip Paulitscheke. Publisher: D. Reimer. 1893Ainashe was the son of Ismail Arre and a women of the Ali Sayid clan He had seven brothers: Said, Fahiya, Hildid, Warsame, Yusuf, Ali and Abdi whom they shared the same mother and are together known as the Ba Ali in reference to their mother's clan.Tribes of British Somaliland, 1941, pp. 10. Ainanshe would go on to become the Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe.Genealogies of the Somal. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.", "start_char_pos": 37, "end_char_pos": 216 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Establishment After the fall of the Adal Sultanate many successor states were established in Somaliland such as the HabrYunis and Eidagale. Before this The Isaaq clan were ruled by the Habar Jelo or Toljeclo dynasty. The Tol Jeclo claim descent from sheikh Isaaq’s Harari wife. later the Eidgaale would be more successful invading many territories, this would cause the decline of the Tol Jeclo. The Eidgaale then developed in to the Isaaq Sultanate. The Isaaq sultanate then launched a campaign against the Tol Jeclo rulers and defeated their Garad who was named Dhuh Barar. Later onwards the Isaaq Sultanate penetrated further into the AbsameTerritory and with this", "start_char_pos": 217, "end_char_pos": 217 }, { "type": "D", "before": "17th century. With time the", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 222, "end_char_pos": 249 }, { "type": "R", "before": "and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their", "after": "broke of under their chief Ainashe Hersi. the Habr Yunis developed their", "start_char_pos": 261, "end_char_pos": 370 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Cheiftain, Ainanshe", "after": "Sugulleh", "start_char_pos": 392, "end_char_pos": 454 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Hersi then resumed his conquest and penetrated further into Ogaden lands taking Dollo. In Dollo Hersi took grazing lands and wells, as well as thousands of camels, he then proceeded to invade the lands of other Darood clans such as the Reer Cabdalle and Reer Makahil forcing them to flee to Hiraan. Ali Dhuh referred to these wars as the Guba wars due to the defeat of the Ogaden clans.", "start_char_pos": 1533, "end_char_pos": 1533 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Ethiopian, British interference", "start_char_pos": 1534, "end_char_pos": 1534 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Whilst Hersi was invading Ogaden the British and Ethiopian empires were getting worried due to the Habr Yunis expansion. The Ethiopians saw the Ogaden as their servants and gateway to Muslim territory. Whilst the British saw Ogaden as a major state. Upon one occasion Hersi raided and took 1330 camels from the Ogaden, however the British and Ethiopians warned them and told them to return the camels to their owners. The Habr Yunis who were smaller then the British and Ethiopians obliged and returned the camels and promised to not lead any raids in Ogaden. Despite their promise they continued to raid Ogaden.", "start_char_pos": 1535, "end_char_pos": 1535 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Historian sigebery Uhlig commenting on the Guba poems writes the following:", "start_char_pos": 1536, "end_char_pos": 1536 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and the looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scatterring of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with the clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem\".", "start_char_pos": 1537, "end_char_pos": 1537 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Eastern Expansion (Warsangli,Dhulbhante,Habr Awal)", "start_char_pos": 1538, "end_char_pos": 1538 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "The Habr Yunis would than focus on the Darood clans that inhabited eastern Somali-land, such as the Dhulbahante and Warsangli, the Habr Yunis were much more powerful looting Dhulbhante territory taking camels and land. The Dhulbahante put up no resistance, and feared the Habr Gerhajis (Habr Yunis) so much so that they didn’t even avenge their casualties and instead intermarried with the Habr Yunis. The Ismail Arreh clan which were part of the Habr Yunis expanded from Berbera to Gulay, whilst the Muse Arreh Expanded far in to Warsangli Territory, and served as a border between the Habr Yunis and Majeerteen (Majeerteen Sultanate). Hersi is one of the most notable sultans and was a great king that penetrated far into Ogaden (Darood). The sultan would expand to Zeyla and Berbera, Deimoli the three cities being the urban centres of the Cisse and Habr Awal.", "start_char_pos": 1539, "end_char_pos": 1539 }, { "type": "R", "before": "The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle after some early clashes and later his commander", "after": "War continued with the Rer Sugeleh and the Ba Awal, one of the Ba Awal warriors Warsame attacked the Rer Sugeleh and killed three men, he also captured a respected young noblemen named Jama Amume Jama was the grandson of Deria Sugulleh Ainashe. Due to his Nobility he was released, later Jama then led a battle against the Ba Awal, Jama severely wounded Warsame. He then praised his horse Hamar who had performed well, and recited the following poem. Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 227-228.Col aloosan Xamarow haddii xalay la ugaanshay Heensaha hadddaan kugu itibay goor aleyl dhexe ah Indhaalaha haddaan kuu xidh-xidhay suuman la adkeeyay Isha bari hadii loo kiciyo awrtii reer Sugule Kuwii lays aqoon jiray haddii lagu ogaan duulay Abaanduule Guuleed (Guled Haji) hadii ubaxa loo gooyay Waa boqor agtiisa'e hadday \"ililidii\" yeedh'dhay Usha Daba-xidh ooddiyo haddii laysu wada giijay Eebada haddii laysku riday ilig-jartii hooto Abdikayba intii hore hadaan dabo adeegaayay Kolku ina qolyaeedkii sidii aarka nagu qayshay Anigoo aqoon jirin haddii lay ogeysiiyay Onkad baxay la moodyow kolkan amarka qaadsiiyay Doc aroorka uguma tago orodka saydhshaaye Oogada hadduu igala maray agabarkuu joogo Anna Awlaxaan siday haddaan oofta midig gooyay Kol haddaan Warsame aayiroon Baho agoonteeyay Kol haddaan ugaaskii ka dilay u ololiyeynaayay Kol hadaan ka oon baxay afku aramigu jiifay Alxamdu lilaa Eebaw haddaan umalkii qaar reebayHersi died in that battle and later", "start_char_pos": 2275, "end_char_pos": 2374 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Sultan Nur continued", "after": "Early encounters with Britain started in 1882 duirng which was during the time of Sultan Nur. During his time the British had invaded Yemeni islands, and had a interest for the Habr Yunis and the Isaaq Sultanate due to their rich ports the British would establish them self’s in Berbera the Capital of the HabarAwal.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243,Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi After establishing a base in Somaliland the British would proceed to attack the Dervish on neighbouring cities such as Taleh. Sultan Nur continued the Dervish Campaign", "start_char_pos": 6241, "end_char_pos": 6261 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Hersi the more established and powerful of the two eventually would become the uncontested Sultan as Dolal died prematurely in 1917 and left no heirs", "after": "who was much more powerful often raided the Ba Awal domain. 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66753243	2	History Origins The Habr Yunis are part of the Garhajis confederation who are part of the Ishaq clan The father of the Rer Sugelleh dynasty is Ainashe Hersi a chief of the HabrYunis. Ethnographie Nordost-afrikas pp.45. Philip Paulitscheke. Publisher: D. Reimer. 1893Ainashe was the son of Ismail Arre and a women of the Ali Sayid clan He had seven brothers: Said, Fahiya, Hildid, Warsame, Yusuf, Ali and Abdi whom they shared the same mother and are together known as the Ba Ali in reference to their mother's clan.Tribes of British Somaliland, 1941, pp. 10. Ainanshe would go on to become the Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe.Genealogies of the Somal. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896. Establishment After the fall of the Adal Sultanate many successor states were established in Somaliland such as the HabrYunis and Eidagale. Before this The Isaaq clan were ruled by the Habar Jelo or Toljeclo dynasty. The Tol Jeclo claim descent from sheikh Isaaq’s Harari wife. later the Eidgaale would be more successful invading many territories, this would cause the decline of the Tol Jeclo. The Eidgaale then developed in to the Isaaq Sultanate . The Isaaq sultanate then launched a campaign against the Tol Jeclo rulers and defeated their Garad who was named Dhuh Barar. Later onwards the Isaaq Sultanate penetrated further into the AbsameTerritory and with this the Habr Yunis broke of under their chief Ainashe Hersi. the Habr Yunis developed their own Sultanate led by Sugulleh URL ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5 The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria.The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 1850, Volume 9, p.133 At the battle of Haro Dhiig (Lake of Blood) in the Hawd, the victorious Habr Yunis had captured the Sultan of the Rer Haroun Ogaden with many lives lost on both sides. The captured Sultan sent a message to Hersi saying as a notable he should be spared. In response, Hersi replied with Laba Gob Kii Beer Jilicsan Baa Jaba meaning, amongst two counterparts the soft-hearted shall perish and the captive Sultan was subsequently executed.The Unknown Horn of Africa, Frank Linsly James, pg.335 Hersi then resumed his conquest and penetrated further into Ogaden lands taking Dollo. In Dollo Hersi took grazing lands and wells, as well as thousands of camels, he then proceeded to invade the lands of other Darood clans such as the Reer Cabdalle and Reer Makahil forcing them to flee to Hiraan. Ali Dhuh referred to these wars as the Guba wars due to the defeat of the Ogaden clans. Ethiopian, British interference%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Whilst Hersi was invading Ogaden the British and Ethiopian empires were getting worried due to the Habr Yunis expansion. The Ethiopians saw the Ogaden as their servants and gateway to Muslim territory. Whilst the British saw Ogaden as a major state. Upon one occasion Hersi raided and took 1330 camels from the Ogaden, however the British and Ethiopians warned them and told them to return the camels to their owners. The Habr Yunis who were smaller then the British and Ethiopians obliged and returned the camels and promised to not lead any raids in Ogaden. Despite their promise they continued to raid Ogaden. Historian sigebery Uhlig commenting on the Guba poems writes the following:%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and the looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scatterring of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with the clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem". Eastern Expansion (Warsangli,Dhulbhante,Habr Awal)%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% The Habr Yunis would than focus on the Darood clans that inhabited eastern Somali-land, such as the Dhulbahante and Warsangli, the Habr Yunis were much more powerful looting Dhulbhante territory taking camels and land. The Dhulbahante put up no resistance, and feared the Habr Gerhajis (Habr Yunis) so much so that they didn’t even avenge their casualties and instead intermarried with the Habr Yunis. The Ismail Arreh clan which were part of the Habr Yunis expanded from Berbera to Gulay, whilst the Muse Arreh Expanded far in to Warsangli Territory, and served as a border between the Habr Yunis and Majeerteen (Majeerteen Sultanate). Hersi is one of the most notable sultans and was a great king that penetrated far into Ogaden (Darood). The sultan would expand to Zeyla and Berbera, Deimoli the three cities being the urban centres of the Cisse and Habr Awal. First Civil War Despite the great successes of Hersi Aman and new territory acquired, the other branches of the Rer Sugule grew wary of his increasing power as a ruler and stood to challenge him, fearing his unchecked leadership. The wise Guled Haji, another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule, had a fallout with Sultan Hersi, and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay the traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all-out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule.War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.169 Haji Guled in 1906. War continued with the Rer Sugeleh and the Ba Awal, one of the Ba Awal warriors Warsame attacked the Rer Sugeleh and killed three men, he also captured a respected young noblemen named Jama Amume Jama was the grandson of Deria Sugulleh Ainashe. Due to his Nobility he was released, later Jama then led a battle against the Ba Awal, Jama severely wounded Warsame. He then praised his horse Hamar who had performed well, and recited the following poem. Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 227-228.Col aloosan Xamarow haddii xalay la ugaanshay Heensaha hadddaan kugu itibay goor aleyl dhexe ah Indhaalaha haddaan kuu xidh-xidhay suuman la adkeeyay Isha bari hadii loo kiciyo awrtii reer Sugule Kuwii lays aqoon jiray haddii lagu ogaan duulay Abaanduule Guuleed (Guled Haji) hadii ubaxa loo gooyay Waa boqor agtiisa'e hadday "ililidii" yeedh'dhay Usha Daba-xidh ooddiyo haddii laysu wada giijay Eebada haddii laysku riday ilig-jartii hooto Abdikayba intii hore hadaan dabo adeegaayay Kolku ina qolyaeedkii sidii aarka nagu qayshay Anigoo aqoon jirin haddii lay ogeysiiyay Onkad baxay la moodyow kolkan amarka qaadsiiyay Doc aroorka uguma tago orodka saydhshaaye Oogada hadduu igala maray agabarkuu joogo Anna Awlaxaan siday haddaan oofta midig gooyay Kol haddaan Warsame aayiroon Baho agoonteeyay Kol haddaan ugaaskii ka dilay u ololiyeynaayay Kol hadaan ka oon baxay afku aramigu jiifay Alxamdu lilaa Eebaw haddaan umalkii qaar reebayHersi died in that battle and later Warsame would also fall. Warsame's sister lamented to her son Ali for the loss of Hersi, her husband Geid and other relatives in this poem recorded separately by both Phillip Paulitschke and Robecchi Brichetti.Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 228. Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders.The Unknown Horn of Africa: An Exploration From Berbera to the Leopard River, 1888 The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided the country between them.Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 1885, Volume 7, p.627 Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually chose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death.Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21, p.161 Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis.British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 79–82, 1912. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Early Dervish Era Sultan Nur & Habar Yunis horsemen 1896 Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921. p. 24 by Roy Irons Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 4. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899.Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 8. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. Incorporation into British Somaliland Early encounters with Britain started in 1882 duirng which was during the time of Sultan Nur . During his time the British had invaded Yemeni islands, and had a interest for the Habr Yunis and the Isaaq Sultanate due to their rich ports the British would establish them self’s in Berbera the Capital of the HabarAwal.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243,Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi After establishing a base in Somaliland the British would proceed to attack the Dervish on neighbouring cities such as Taleh. Sultan Nur continued the Dervish Campaign and would be heavily involved as a key figure of the Dervish movement and the main signatory of the Treaty of Illig in 1905 that granted them large tracts of today's Nugaal and the port of Eyl from the Italians to use.Il Benadir, Vico Mantegazza. 1908. pp. 323–324 Following Sultan Nur's death in 1907 he was entombmed in Taleh the headquarters of the movement and his son Dolal Nur was crowned by the Dervish Habr Yunis clans while Sultan Madar who was much more powerful often raided the Ba Awal domain. Later Sultan Dolal Nur died prematurely and was left with no ai Rs however his cousin Jama Hersi succeeded him .British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 82, 1912. Cosmos: communicazioni sui progressi recenti e notevoli della geografia e delle scienze affini di Guido Cora p. 201 With the widespread involvement of the British in the interior against the Dervish the once defacto independent interior clans were brought under British administration and the Habr Yunis Sultanate would end. Economy 300 px\|Map of the Daallo Mountain Ranges and coastal Sanaag showing the Musa Arreh (Habar Yunis) settled in Maydh in the year 1860 The Habr Yunis Sultanate had strong economy and controlled two routes to the major port of Berbera leading from the Jerato and Sheikh mountain passes into the Hawd and Ogaden country. The key city of Burao was the Trade was significant and bolstered during the period that a Habr Yunis man Sharmarke Ali Saleh had established himself as Emir of Berbera and Zeila. The eastern sections of the Habr Yunis had coastal access and several ports of their own. They attained a lot of frankincense in the mountains south of Maydh and Harshaw. Arab and Banyan merchants would visit Maydh for commerce before continuing on to the larger ports such as Berbera and Zeila. Maydh was the preeminent export point for large hides the town had dialogue with Berbera with a large amount of cross trade occurring usually by dhow. As well alongside other northern Somalis and Isaaqs in particular, the Habr Yunis were significant traders in Yemen with Frederick Hunter giving an 1877 account of their trade.Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41. Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house. Administration Sultans of the Habr Yunis exercised power both indirectly and directly through allied Akils and leaders of the various subclans of the wider clan and by leading the Habr Yunis in battle against rivals. The seat of Habr Yunis Sultans was deliberately chosen in Wadhan and later Burao along the caravan route in order to have a firm grip on trade and also ensure a steady stream of taxes from passing traders. New information would be passed along these trade routes and the Sultans would be well informed of occurrences as the Somalis have a penchant for being informed about things. Explorer Ricahrd Burton in his 1854 journey to Harar heard from local Somalis who told him the latest reports from the ongoing Crimean War.First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Richard Francis Burton, pg 188 The capitals of Wadhan and Burao served as important watering places for both merchants and nomads alike and access to them was crucial for orderly trade from the Hawd and Ogaden regions to Berbera.A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, pg.187 According to the current Sultan Osman Ali, the oldest son of a Sultan is the rightful heir, but if he does not fill the requirements another son can be selected. A Sultan has to be religious, an eloquent speaker, courageous, and has to be fertile. A guurti of 40 leading elders from the Habr Yunis subclans would come to make this decision on the successor.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Sultans would receive a yearly tribute or saado of livestock imposed on the rest of the Habr Yunis.The Journal of The anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland\| Vol.21 p. 161 Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: Official Publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum Vol.17 p. 76 Sultan Osman Ali states that the Sultan distributed the livestock amongst the Habr Yunis to the less fortunate and needy as a form of welfare.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Rulers The Habr Yunis Sultanate had 8 rulers throughout it's duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. NameReign FromReign Till1 Ainasha Hersi (traditional chief)2Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha (first sultan)3Sultan Diriyeh Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha 4Sultan Hersi Aman Sultan Diriyeh5Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman Sultan Diriyeh 6Sultan Awad Sultan Diiriye7Sultan Dolal Sultan Nur8Sultan Madar Hersi Sultan Diiriye Legacy Amongst the Habr Yunis the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Ainashe Sultans although no longer ruling vast territory and with separate Habr Yunis subclans having their own Sultans still remain status the recognized leaders of the Habr Yunis. The current Sultan is Osman Ali Madar who is active in social issues in modern day Somaliland. References	History Establishment The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Cheiftain, Ainanshe URL ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5 The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria.The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 1850, Volume 9, p.133 At the battle of Haro Dhiig (Lake of Blood) in the Hawd, the victorious Habr Yunis had captured the Sultan of the Rer Haroun Ogaden with many lives lost on both sides. The captured Sultan sent a message to Hersi saying as a notable he should be spared. In response, Hersi replied with Laba Gob Kii Beer Jilicsan Baa Jaba meaning, amongst two counterparts the soft-hearted shall perish and the captive Sultan was subsequently executed.The Unknown Horn of Africa, Frank Linsly James, pg.335 %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% First Civil War Despite the great successes of Hersi Aman and new territory acquired, the other branches of the Rer Sugule grew wary of his increasing power as a ruler and stood to challenge him, fearing his unchecked leadership. The wise Guled Haji, another prominent member and elder of the Rer Sugule, had a fallout with Sultan Hersi, and his son was killed by one of Hersis' sons. Hersi's son approached his father and implored him to pay the traditional mag compensation to Guled for the loss of his child. Hersi arrogantly rebuffed his son and all-out conflict would break out between Ba Awal (Hersi's branch) and Baho Sugule branches of the Rer Sugule.War and Peace: An Anthology of Somali literature, p.169 Haji Guled in 1906. The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle after some early clashes and later his commander Warsame would also fall. Warsame's sister lamented to her son Ali for the loss of Hersi, her husband Geid and other relatives in this poem recorded separately by both Phillip Paulitschke and Robecchi Brichetti.Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 228. Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders.The Unknown Horn of Africa: An Exploration From Berbera to the Leopard River, 1888 The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided the country between them.Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 1885, Volume 7, p.627 Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually chose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death.Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 21, p.161 Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis.British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 79–82, 1912. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Early Dervish Era Sultan Nur & Habar Yunis horsemen 1896 Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921. p. 24 by Roy Irons Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 4. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899.Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899-1901. P. 8. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. Incorporation into British Somaliland Sultan Nur continued and would be heavily involved as a key figure of the Dervish movement and the main signatory of the Treaty of Illig in 1905 that granted them large tracts of today's Nugaal and the port of Eyl from the Italians to use.Il Benadir, Vico Mantegazza. 1908. pp. 323–324 Following Sultan Nur's death in 1907 he was entombmed in Taleh the headquarters of the movement and his son Dolal Nur was crowned by the Dervish Habr Yunis clans while Sultan Madar Hersi the more established and powerful of the two eventually would become the uncontested Sultan as Dolal died prematurely in 1917 and left no heirs .British Somaliland by Drake Brockman, pages 82, 1912. With the widespread involvement of the British in the interior against the Dervish the once defacto independent interior clans were brought under British administration and the Habr Yunis Sultanate would end. Economy 300 px\|Map of the Daallo Mountain Ranges and coastal Sanaag showing the Musa Arreh (Habar Yunis) settled in Maydh in the year 1860 The Habr Yunis Sultanate had strong economy and controlled two routes to the major port of Berbera leading from the Jerato and Sheikh mountain passes into the Hawd and Ogaden country. The key city of Burao was the Trade was significant and bolstered during the period that a Habr Yunis man Sharmarke Ali Saleh had established himself as Emir of Berbera and Zeila. The eastern sections of the Habr Yunis had coastal access and several ports of their own. They attained a lot of frankincense in the mountains south of Maydh and Harshaw. Arab and Banyan merchants would visit Maydh for commerce before continuing on to the larger ports such as Berbera and Zeila. Maydh was the preeminent export point for large hides the town had dialogue with Berbera with a large amount of cross trade occurring usually by dhow. As well alongside other northern Somalis and Isaaqs in particular, the Habr Yunis were significant traders in Yemen with Frederick Hunter giving an 1877 account of their trade.Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41. Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house. Administration Sultans of the Habr Yunis exercised power both indirectly and directly through allied Akils and leaders of the various subclans of the wider clan and by leading the Habr Yunis in battle against rivals. The seat of Habr Yunis Sultans was deliberately chosen in Wadhan and later Burao along the caravan route in order to have a firm grip on trade and also ensure a steady stream of taxes from passing traders. New information would be passed along these trade routes and the Sultans would be well informed of occurrences as the Somalis have a penchant for being informed about things. Explorer Ricahrd Burton in his 1854 journey to Harar heard from local Somalis who told him the latest reports from the ongoing Crimean War.First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Richard Francis Burton, pg 188 The capitals of Wadhan and Burao served as important watering places for both merchants and nomads alike and access to them was crucial for orderly trade from the Hawd and Ogaden regions to Berbera.A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, pg.187 According to the current Sultan Osman Ali, the oldest son of a Sultan is the rightful heir, but if he does not fill the requirements another son can be selected. A Sultan has to be religious, an eloquent speaker, courageous, and has to be fertile. A guurti of 40 leading elders from the Habr Yunis subclans would come to make this decision on the successor.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Sultans would receive a yearly tribute or saado of livestock imposed on the rest of the Habr Yunis.The Journal of The anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland\| Vol.21 p. 161 Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: Official Publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum Vol.17 p. 76 Sultan Osman Ali states that the Sultan distributed the livestock amongst the Habr Yunis to the less fortunate and needy as a form of welfare.Suldaan Cismaan Cali Madar Interview, SAAB TV, 18/05/2017. URL Rulers The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. NameReign FromReign Till1 Ainasha Hersi (traditional chief)2Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha (first sultan)3Sultan Diriyeh Sultan Sugulleh Ainasha 4Sultan Hersi Aman Sultan Diriyeh5Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman Sultan Diriyeh 6Sultan Awad Sultan Diiriye7Sultan Dolal Sultan Nur8Sultan Madar Hersi Sultan Diiriye Legacy Amongst the Habr Yunis the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Ainashe Sultans although no longer ruling vast territory and with separate Habr Yunis subclans having their own Sultans still remain status the recognized leaders of the Habr Yunis. The current Sultan is Osman Ali Madar who is active in social issues in modern day Somaliland. References	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Origins", "after": "Establishment", "start_char_pos": 8, "end_char_pos": 15 }, { "type": "D", "before": "are part of the Garhajis confederation who are part of the Ishaq clan The father of the Rer Sugelleh dynasty is Ainashe Hersi a chief of the HabrYunis. Ethnographie Nordost-afrikas pp.45. Philip Paulitscheke. Publisher: D. Reimer. 1893Ainashe was the son of Ismail Arre and a women of the Ali Sayid clan He had seven brothers: Said, Fahiya, Hildid, Warsame, Yusuf, Ali and Abdi whom they shared the same mother and are together known as the Ba Ali in reference to their mother's clan.Tribes of British Somaliland, 1941, pp. 10. Ainanshe would go on to become the Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe.Genealogies of the Somal. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 31, "end_char_pos": 1086 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Establishment After the fall of the Adal Sultanate many successor states were established in Somaliland such as the HabrYunis and Eidagale. Before this The Isaaq clan were ruled by the Habar Jelo or Toljeclo dynasty. The Tol Jeclo claim descent from sheikh Isaaq’s Harari wife. later the Eidgaale would be more successful invading many territories, this would cause the decline of the Tol Jeclo. The Eidgaale then developed in to the Isaaq Sultanate . The Isaaq sultanate then launched a campaign against the Tol Jeclo rulers and defeated their Garad who was named Dhuh Barar. Later onwards the Isaaq Sultanate penetrated further into the AbsameTerritory and with this", "after": "Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in", "start_char_pos": 1087, "end_char_pos": 1755 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "17th century. With time the", "start_char_pos": 1760, "end_char_pos": 1760 }, { "type": "R", "before": "broke of under their chief Ainashe Hersi. the Habr Yunis developed their", "after": "and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their", "start_char_pos": 1772, "end_char_pos": 1844 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Sugulleh", "after": "Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Cheiftain, Ainanshe", "start_char_pos": 1866, "end_char_pos": 1874 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Hersi then resumed his conquest and penetrated further into Ogaden lands taking Dollo. In Dollo Hersi took grazing lands and wells, as well as thousands of camels, he then proceeded to invade the lands of other Darood clans such as the Reer Cabdalle and Reer Makahil forcing them to flee to Hiraan. Ali Dhuh referred to these wars as the Guba wars due to the defeat of the Ogaden clans.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 2953, "end_char_pos": 3339 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Ethiopian, British interference", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 3340, "end_char_pos": 3371 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Whilst Hersi was invading Ogaden the British and Ethiopian empires were getting worried due to the Habr Yunis expansion. The Ethiopians saw the Ogaden as their servants and gateway to Muslim territory. Whilst the British saw Ogaden as a major state. Upon one occasion Hersi raided and took 1330 camels from the Ogaden, however the British and Ethiopians warned them and told them to return the camels to their owners. The Habr Yunis who were smaller then the British and Ethiopians obliged and returned the camels and promised to not lead any raids in Ogaden. Despite their promise they continued to raid Ogaden.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 3401, "end_char_pos": 4013 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Historian sigebery Uhlig commenting on the Guba poems writes the following:", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 4014, "end_char_pos": 4089 }, { "type": "D", "before": "From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and the looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scatterring of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with the clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem\".", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 4119, "end_char_pos": 4964 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Eastern Expansion (Warsangli,Dhulbhante,Habr Awal)", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 4965, "end_char_pos": 5015 }, { "type": "D", "before": "The Habr Yunis would than focus on the Darood clans that inhabited eastern Somali-land, such as the Dhulbahante and Warsangli, the Habr Yunis were much more powerful looting Dhulbhante territory taking camels and land. The Dhulbahante put up no resistance, and feared the Habr Gerhajis (Habr Yunis) so much so that they didn’t even avenge their casualties and instead intermarried with the Habr Yunis. The Ismail Arreh clan which were part of the Habr Yunis expanded from Berbera to Gulay, whilst the Muse Arreh Expanded far in to Warsangli Territory, and served as a border between the Habr Yunis and Majeerteen (Majeerteen Sultanate). Hersi is one of the most notable sultans and was a great king that penetrated far into Ogaden (Darood). The sultan would expand to Zeyla and Berbera, Deimoli the three cities being the urban centres of the Cisse and Habr Awal.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 5045, "end_char_pos": 5908 }, { "type": "R", "before": "War continued with the Rer Sugeleh and the Ba Awal, one of the Ba Awal warriors Warsame attacked the Rer Sugeleh and killed three men, he also captured a respected young noblemen named Jama Amume Jama was the grandson of Deria Sugulleh Ainashe. Due to his Nobility he was released, later Jama then led a battle against the Ba Awal, Jama severely wounded Warsame. He then praised his horse Hamar who had performed well, and recited the following poem. Rendiconti by Reale Accademia dei Lincei; Reale Osservatorio del Campidoglio published 1885. Page 227-228.Col aloosan Xamarow haddii xalay la ugaanshay Heensaha hadddaan kugu itibay goor aleyl dhexe ah Indhaalaha haddaan kuu xidh-xidhay suuman la adkeeyay Isha bari hadii loo kiciyo awrtii reer Sugule Kuwii lays aqoon jiray haddii lagu ogaan duulay Abaanduule Guuleed (Guled Haji) hadii ubaxa loo gooyay Waa boqor agtiisa'e hadday \"ililidii\" yeedh'dhay Usha Daba-xidh ooddiyo haddii laysu wada giijay Eebada haddii laysku riday ilig-jartii hooto Abdikayba intii hore hadaan dabo adeegaayay Kolku ina qolyaeedkii sidii aarka nagu qayshay Anigoo aqoon jirin haddii lay ogeysiiyay Onkad baxay la moodyow kolkan amarka qaadsiiyay Doc aroorka uguma tago orodka saydhshaaye Oogada hadduu igala maray agabarkuu joogo Anna Awlaxaan siday haddaan oofta midig gooyay Kol haddaan Warsame aayiroon Baho agoonteeyay Kol haddaan ugaaskii ka dilay u ololiyeynaayay Kol hadaan ka oon baxay afku aramigu jiifay Alxamdu lilaa Eebaw haddaan umalkii qaar reebayHersi died in that battle and later", "after": "The Sultan Hersi himself would be killed in battle after some early clashes and later his commander", "start_char_pos": 6644, "end_char_pos": 8172 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Early encounters with Britain started in 1882 duirng which was during the time of Sultan Nur . During his time the British had invaded Yemeni islands, and had a interest for the Habr Yunis and the Isaaq Sultanate due to their rich ports the British would establish them self’s in Berbera the Capital of the HabarAwal.Under the flag: and Somali coast stories by Walsh, Langton Prendergast. p. 243,Somali Coast administration Report of the protectorate 1892–1893, Bombay Castle, NAY, New Delhi After establishing a base in Somaliland the British would proceed to attack the Dervish on neighbouring cities such as Taleh. Sultan Nur continued the Dervish Campaign", "after": "Sultan Nur continued", "start_char_pos": 12039, "end_char_pos": 12698 }, { "type": "R", "before": "who was much more powerful often raided the Ba Awal domain. 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6675	1	The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditional values or practices of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as organized religion, parliamentary government, and property rights. Adherents of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes [conservatism] has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". .	The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditions and values of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek to conserve a range of things such as the natural environment, classical and vernacular architecture, organized religion, parliamentary government, and property rights. Adherents of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes [conservatism] has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "traditional values or practices", "after": "traditions and values", "start_char_pos": 63, "end_char_pos": 94 }, { "type": "R", "before": "preserve", "after": "conserve", "start_char_pos": 190, "end_char_pos": 198 }, { "type": "R", "before": "institutions such as", "after": "things such as the natural environment, classical and vernacular architecture,", "start_char_pos": 210, "end_char_pos": 230 } ]	[ 0, 147, 297, 387, 400, 427, 443, 492, 517, 650 ]
6675	2	The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditions and values of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek to conserve a range of things such as the natural environment, classical and vernacular architecture, organized religion, parliamentary government, and property rights . Adherents of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes [conservatism] has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". .	The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditions and values of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek to conserve a range of things such as organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government, family values, the natural environment, and classical and vernacular architectureigion . Adherents of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes [conservatism] has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". .	[ { "type": "D", "before": "the natural environment, classical and vernacular architecture,", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 215, "end_char_pos": 278 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "property rights,", "start_char_pos": 299, "end_char_pos": 299 }, { "type": "R", "before": "and property rights", "after": "family values, the natural environment, and classical and vernacular architectureigion", "start_char_pos": 326, "end_char_pos": 345 } ]	[ 0, 137, 347, 437, 450, 477, 493, 542, 567, 700 ]
6675	3	Personality psychology research has shown that conservatism is positively correlated to conscientiousness and negatively correlated with openness to new experiences.Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychological Science, 30, 711–727.Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29, 807–840. Because conscientiousness is positively related to job performance,Brown, T. J., Mowen, J. C., Donavan, D. T., & Licata, J. W. (2002). The customer orientation of service workers: Personality trait effects on self-and supervisor performance ratings. Journal ofMarketing Research, 39, 110–119.Neal, A., Yeo, G., Koy, A., & Xiao, T. (2012). Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 175–192. a 2021 study found that conservative (vs. liberal) service workers earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips .Davidson, A., & Theriault, D. A. (2021). How Consumer Experience Is Shaped by the Political Orientation of Service Providers. Journal of Consumer Psychology.	Personality psychology research has shown that conservatism is positively correlated to conscientiousness and negatively correlated with openness to new experiences.Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychological Science, 30, 711–727.Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29, 807–840. Because conscientiousness is positively related to job performance,Brown, T. J., Mowen, J. C., Donavan, D. T., & Licata, J. W. (2002). The customer orientation of service workers: Personality trait effects on self-and supervisor performance ratings. Journal ofMarketing Research, 39, 110–119.Neal, A., Yeo, G., Koy, A., & Xiao, T. (2012). Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 175–192. a 2021 study found that conservative service workers earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips than liberal ones .Davidson, A., & Theriault, D. A. (2021). How Consumer Experience Is Shaped by the Political Orientation of Service Providers. Journal of Consumer Psychology.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "(vs. liberal)", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1111, "end_char_pos": 1124 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "than liberal ones", "start_char_pos": 1184, "end_char_pos": 1184 } ]	[ 0, 165, 184, 269, 323, 359, 423, 547, 582, 717, 832, 875, 921, 1024, 1186, 1226, 1311 ]
66760064	1	Mohamed Yalouh is a Moroccan inventor and scientist known for his works in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Mechanical Engineering. He won the International Invention Innovation Competition in Canada (iCAN) in 2020. Yalouh’s Hexa-Stroke Engine was named the invention with the best design and conceptualized representation. He won numerous other titles from innovation expositions and contests around the world, such as the International Innovation & Invention Competition in Taiwan. Yalouh was recently recognized on the IFIA’s list of notable inventors for his innovations. He co-founded Waind, a student-led research and development project aimed at exploring innovative solutions to global problems through Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Computer Vision. The startup aims to build a R&D network of student communities worldwide to explore new hard-tech innovation . At 14 years old, Mohamed learned about different elements of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. At 15 years old, he drafted his own patent application for “The Hexa-Stroke Engine” ( H.R.R.E ) This invention is a 6-stroke and multi-powerstroke diesel automotive engine, predominantly relating to Felix Wankel’s Triangle Rotary Engine from 1954. Yalouh’s H. R.R.E stands distinctive with few similar models. Some of the features it possesses include low fuel consumption, powerful coordinated power strokes, lighter in weight, environment friendly, lower weight-to-power ratios, neutral temperature across its housing, and so on. These were set to bring a conceptual, innovative solution to minimize emissions and reduce the carbon footprint, and yet perform more efficiently with an overall far exceeding performance than its previous versions.	Mohamed Yalouh is a Moroccan inventor known for his works in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Mechanical Engineering. He won the International Invention Innovation Competition in Canada (iCAN) in 2020. Yalouh’s " Hexa-Stroke Engine " was named the invention with the best design and conceptualized representation. He won numerous other titles from innovation expositions and contests around the world, such as the International Innovation & Invention Competition in Taiwan. Yalouh was recently recognized on the IFIA’s list of notable inventors for his innovations. He co-founded Waind, a student-led research and development project aimed at exploring innovative solutions to global problems through Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Computer Vision. The startup aims to build a R&D network of student communities worldwide to explore new hard-tech innovations . At 14 years old, Mohamed learned about different elements of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. At 15 years old, he drafted his own patent application for “The Hexa-Stroke Engine” - the improved version of the H.R.R.E . This invention is a 6-stroke and multi power stroke diesel automotive engine, predominantly relating to Felix Wankel’s Triangle Rotary Engine from 1954. Yalouh’s H. S.E or H. R.R.E stands noteworthy with few similar models. Some of the features it possesses include low fuel consumption, powerful coordinated power strokes, lighter in weight, environment friendly, lower power-to-weight ratios, neutral temperature across its housing, and so on. These were set to bring a conceptual, innovative solution to minimize emissions and reduce the carbon footprint, and yet perform more efficiently with an overall far exceeding performance than its previous versions.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "and scientist", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 38, "end_char_pos": 51 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "\"", "start_char_pos": 239, "end_char_pos": 239 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "\"", "start_char_pos": 259, "end_char_pos": 259 }, { "type": "R", "before": "innovation", "after": "innovations", "start_char_pos": 889, "end_char_pos": 899 }, { "type": "R", "before": "(", "after": "- the improved version of the", "start_char_pos": 1086, "end_char_pos": 1087 }, { "type": "R", "before": ")", "after": ".", "start_char_pos": 1096, "end_char_pos": 1097 }, { "type": "R", "before": "multi-powerstroke", "after": "multi power stroke", "start_char_pos": 1131, "end_char_pos": 1148 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "S.E or H.", "start_char_pos": 1262, "end_char_pos": 1262 }, { "type": "R", "before": "distinctive", "after": "noteworthy", "start_char_pos": 1276, "end_char_pos": 1287 }, { "type": "R", "before": "weight-to-power", "after": "power-to-weight", "start_char_pos": 1460, "end_char_pos": 1475 } ]	[ 0, 145, 229, 339, 499, 591, 790, 901, 1001, 1249, 1312, 1534 ]
66772685	1	Glory to Rome is a 2005 card-based board game designed by Ed Carter and Carl Chudyk and published by Cambridge Games. It had received positive reviews, but in 2010s it has become infamous due to being out of print which led to grossly inflated prices in the secondary market.	Glory to Rome is a 2005 card-based board game designed by Ed Carter and Carl Chudyk and published by Cambridge Games. It received positive reviews, but in 2010s it became infamous due to being out of print which led to greatly inflated prices in the secondary market.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "had", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 121, "end_char_pos": 124 }, { "type": "R", "before": "has become", "after": "became", "start_char_pos": 168, "end_char_pos": 178 }, { "type": "R", "before": "grossly", "after": "greatly", "start_char_pos": 227, "end_char_pos": 234 } ]	[ 0, 117 ]
66807526	1	Representation in Art Medieval Art Representation of Blind people in Medieval art often is portrayed with leased dogs. Some examples include: Modern Art In Modern Art many different mediums have been used to portray visual impairments. Influence on Artists Modern Art Edgar Degas was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings. In 1870, he began noticing signs of decreasing vision which is attested to retinal degeneration. The blurriness of his later paintings is usually attributed to his condition.	Representation by era Medieval Representation of Blind people in Medieval art often is portrayed with leased dogs. Some examples include: Modern In Modern art many different mediums have been used to portray visual impairments. Influence on artists Modern Edgar Degas was a French impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings. In 1870, he began noticing signs of decreasing vision which is attested to retinal degeneration. The blurriness of his later paintings is usually attributed to his condition.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "in Art", "after": "by era", "start_char_pos": 15, "end_char_pos": 21 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Art", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 31, "end_char_pos": 34 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Art In Modern Art", "after": "In Modern art", "start_char_pos": 149, "end_char_pos": 166 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Artists", "after": "artists", "start_char_pos": 249, "end_char_pos": 256 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Art", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 264, "end_char_pos": 267 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Impressionist", "after": "impressionist", "start_char_pos": 293, "end_char_pos": 306 } ]	[ 0, 118, 235, 363, 460 ]
66807526	2	Medieval Representation of Blind people in Medieval art often is portrayed with leased dogs. Some examples include: Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish Renaissance Painter , produced the parable of the blind leading the blind in 1568. Rembrandt, 17th Century Dutch Painter , often depicted scenes from the apocryphal Book of Tobit, which tells the story of a blind patriarch who is healed by his son, Tobias, with the help of the archangel Raphael. Diego Velázquez, 17th Century Spanish Painter , created the image of a blind woman and represented her visual impairment by portraying her with her eyes closed. Blind Magistrate Sir John Fielding was painted by Nathaniel Hone in 1762, with a black band above his eyes. This was common amongst images of the blind in the 18th Century. George Whitefield painted by John Wollaston in 1742 includes his visual impairment of a squint, as a result of measles in childhood. The Blind girl painted by John Everett Millais displays two beggars, one of whom is a blind musician. Claude Monet was a French Painter and founder of Impressionism. He is widely known for his Water Lilies series. From 1912 - 1922, his vision declined due to cataracts. This affected the colour perception of his images which makes many of his paintings appear slightly blurry and yellowish in tone.	Medieval Representation of blind people in Medieval art often is portrayed with leased dogs. Some examples include: Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish Renaissance painter , produced the parable of the blind leading the blind in 1568. Rembrandt, 17th Century Dutch painter , often depicted scenes from the apocryphal Book of Tobit, which tells the story of a blind patriarch who is healed by his son, Tobias, with the help of the archangel Raphael. Diego Velázquez, 17th Century Spanish painter , created the image of a blind woman and represented her visual impairment by portraying her with her eyes closed. Blind Magistrate Sir John Fielding was painted by Nathaniel Hone in 1762, with a black band above his eyes. This was common amongst images of the blind in the 18th Century. George Whitefield painted by John Wollaston in 1742 includes his visual impairment of a squint, as a result of measles in childhood. The Blind Girl painted by John Everett Millais displays two beggars, one of whom is a blind musician. Claude Monet was a French painter and founder of Impressionism. He is widely known for his Water Lilies series. From 1912 - 1922, his vision declined due to cataracts. This affected the colour perception of his images which makes many of his paintings appear slightly blurry and yellowish in tone.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Blind", "after": "blind", "start_char_pos": 27, "end_char_pos": 32 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Painter", "after": "painter", "start_char_pos": 162, "end_char_pos": 169 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Painter", "after": "painter", "start_char_pos": 263, "end_char_pos": 270 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Painter", "after": "painter", "start_char_pos": 485, "end_char_pos": 492 }, { "type": "R", "before": "girl", "after": "Girl", "start_char_pos": 924, "end_char_pos": 928 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Painter", "after": "painter", "start_char_pos": 1042, "end_char_pos": 1049 } ]	[ 0, 92, 232, 446, 607, 715, 780, 913, 1015, 1079, 1127, 1183 ]
668100	1	Teachers and instructors usually have a lesson plan which dictates the structure of the teaching. A group of lessons may be linked together in a unit plan, scheme, or work. The detail of the plan may vary with some being a simple list of what is going to be taught in a lesson with others working including much more detail, such as a time plan and the learning aims and objectives. Student teachers and beginning teachers are usually advised to put a great amount of detail into the written plan. This ensures that the plan will be cohesive, that all the components of a successful lesson are taken care of, and that one has a checklist to ensure that practicalities are taken care of (e.g., resources, scheduling, and classroom management considerations). Furthermore, beginning teachers are often advised to script some sections for themselves, such as questions they might ask the students in order to get a discussion going at the beginning of the lesson. The expectation is that the teachers can and should depart from the script when appropriate; improvisation is definitely encouraged and the fact of having written it out in advance ensures that an adequate amount of thought has been put into it ahead of time. Another reason for including a great amount of detail is that student teachers are often required to submit lesson plans in advance to their mentor teachers or professors in order to receive feedback on their ideas. When creating the lesson plan it is usual to look at the following: The aims (the broader goals of the lesson, what it is reaching towards) The objectives (the specific, measurable outcomes of the lesson – the particular skills or knowledge students should have acquired by its conclusion) The number of attendees and the student-teacher ratio The previous knowledge of the learners (which may or may not be the same for all) and how this will be activated at the start of the lesson The motivation of the learners (school students, for example, have no choice but to attend so the teacher must build some kind of motivation into the lesson) The time required for each section of teaching and learning The resources required and available Catering for the different needs (cultural differences, learning styles, special needs) of the individuals How the lesson is to be evaluated	EVERYONE KNOWS RE IS THE WORST LESSON EVER SO Teachers and instructors usually have a lesson plan TO MAKE IT MORE BORING which dictates the structure of the teaching. A group of lessons may be linked together in a unit plan, scheme, or work. The detail of the plan may vary with some being a simple list of what is going to be taught in a lesson with others working including much more detail, such as a time plan and the learning aims and objectives. Student teachers and beginning teachers are usually advised to put a great amount of detail into the written plan. This ensures that the plan will be cohesive, that all the components of a successful lesson are taken care of, and that one has a checklist to ensure that practicalities are taken care of (e.g., resources, scheduling, and classroom management considerations). Furthermore, beginning teachers are often advised to script some sections for themselves, such as questions they might ask the students in order to get a discussion going at the beginning of the lesson. The expectation is that the teachers can and should depart from the script when appropriate; improvisation is definitely encouraged and the fact of having written it out in advance ensures that an adequate amount of thought has been put into it ahead of time. Another reason for including a great amount of detail is that student teachers are often required to submit lesson plans in advance to their mentor teachers or professors in order to receive feedback on their ideas. When creating the lesson plan it is usual to look at the following: The aims (the broader goals of the lesson, what it is reaching towards) The objectives (the specific, measurable outcomes of the lesson – the particular skills or knowledge students should have acquired by its conclusion) The number of attendees and the student-teacher ratio The previous knowledge of the learners (which may or may not be the same for all) and how this will be activated at the start of the lesson The motivation of the learners (school students, for example, have no choice but to attend so the teacher must build some kind of motivation into the lesson) The time required for each section of teaching and learning The resources required and available Catering for the different needs (cultural differences, learning styles, special needs) of the individuals How the lesson is to be evaluated	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "EVERYONE KNOWS RE IS THE WORST LESSON EVER SO", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 0 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "TO MAKE IT MORE BORING", "start_char_pos": 53, "end_char_pos": 53 } ]	[ 0, 99, 174, 384, 499, 759, 962, 1055, 1222, 1438, 1644, 1728, 1864 ]
66812531	1	The Hidden City () is a 2018 documentary film directed by Víctor Moreno. The film explores the underground structures and systems beneath Madrid, Spain, including sewers, train tunnels, subterranean rivers, and man-made caverns . An international co-production between Spain, Germany and France, The Hidden City premiered at the Seville European Film Festival in November 2018.	The Hidden City () is a 2018 documentary film directed by Víctor Moreno. The film explores the underground infrastructure beneath Madrid, Spain, including sewers, pipes, walls, train tunnels, and man-made corridors, featuring maintenance workers, commuters, and animals . An international co-production between Spain, Germany and France, The Hidden City premiered at the Seville European Film Festival in November 2018. Synopsis The Hidden City is comprised primarily of footage of subterranean structures and systems beneath Madrid, Spain, both filmed by director of photography José Ángel Alayón and by surveillance cameras. Elements presented include train tracks and tunnels; sewer pipes and dripping brick walls; underground workers; animals—such as an owl, cockroaches, rats, and feral cats; human commuters travelling by metro; and microscopic views of microorganisms in sewage water. The film features no dialogue aside from occasional commands received by portable communicators.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "structures and systems", "after": "infrastructure", "start_char_pos": 107, "end_char_pos": 129 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "pipes, walls,", "start_char_pos": 171, "end_char_pos": 171 }, { "type": "D", "before": "subterranean rivers,", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 187, "end_char_pos": 207 }, { "type": "R", "before": "caverns", "after": "corridors, featuring maintenance workers, commuters, and animals", "start_char_pos": 221, "end_char_pos": 228 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Synopsis The Hidden City is comprised primarily of footage of subterranean structures and systems beneath Madrid, Spain, both filmed by director of photography José Ángel Alayón and by surveillance cameras. Elements presented include train tracks and tunnels; sewer pipes and dripping brick walls; underground workers; animals—such as an owl, cockroaches, rats, and feral cats; human commuters travelling by metro; and microscopic views of microorganisms in sewage water. The film features no dialogue aside from occasional commands received by portable communicators.", "start_char_pos": 379, "end_char_pos": 379 } ]	[ 0, 72, 230 ]
66812531	2	The Hidden City () is a 2018 documentary film directed by Víctor Moreno. The film explores the underground infrastructure beneath Madrid, Spain, including sewers, pipes, walls, train tunnels, and man-made corridors, featuring maintenance workers, commuters, and animals .	The Hidden City () is a 2018 documentary film directed by Víctor Moreno. The film explores the underground infrastructure beneath Madrid, Spain, including sewers, pipes, train tunnels, and man-made corridors, with appearances by maintenance workers, animals, and commuters .	[ { "type": "D", "before": "walls,", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 170, "end_char_pos": 176 }, { "type": "R", "before": "featuring", "after": "with appearances by", "start_char_pos": 216, "end_char_pos": 225 }, { "type": "R", "before": "commuters, and animals", "after": "animals, and commuters", "start_char_pos": 247, "end_char_pos": 269 } ]	[ 0, 72 ]
668335	1	Video games too have featured star-crossed couples across different genres, particularly role-playing video games: Zack Fair and Aerith Gainsborough from Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII , the prequel game of Final Fantasy VII, can be cited as a well-known star-crossed love story. Stefi (2008 ). Tidus and Yuna from Final Fantasy X have also been called star-crossed lovers. Zero and Iris from Mega Man X4 are another notable example .Danesi (2013) .	Video games too have featured star-crossed couples across different genres, particularly role-playing video games: Cloud Strife and Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII have been cited as a well-known star-crossed love story. Danesi (2013 ). Tidus and Yuna from Final Fantasy X have also been called star-crossed lovers. Zero and Iris from Mega Man X4 are another notable example .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Zack Fair", "after": "Cloud Strife", "start_char_pos": 115, "end_char_pos": 124 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Crisis Core:", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 154, "end_char_pos": 166 }, { "type": "R", "before": ", the prequel game of Final Fantasy VII, can be", "after": "have been", "start_char_pos": 185, "end_char_pos": 232 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Stefi (2008", "after": "Danesi (2013", "start_char_pos": 280, "end_char_pos": 291 }, { "type": "D", "before": ".Danesi (2013)", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 433, "end_char_pos": 447 } ]	[ 0, 279, 294, 373 ]
668335	2	Video games too have featured star-crossed couples across different genres, particularly role-playing video games: Cloud Strife and Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII have been cited as a well-known star-crossed love story.Danesi (2013). Tidus and Yuna from Final Fantasy X have also been called star-crossed lovers. Zero and Iris from Mega Man X4 are another notable example .	Video games too have featured star-crossed couples across different genres, particularly role-playing video games: Tidus and Yuna from Final Fantasy X have also been called star-crossed lovers. Zero and Iris from Mega Man X4 are another notable example .Danesi (2013) .	[ { "type": "D", "before": "Cloud Strife and Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII have been cited as a well-known star-crossed love story.Danesi (2013).", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 115, "end_char_pos": 245 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ".Danesi (2013)", "start_char_pos": 384, "end_char_pos": 384 } ]	[ 0, 231, 245, 324 ]
66838950	1	Inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the Spartacist uprising in Germany, labour unions in Canada grew increasingly militant.Campbell, Peter. "Understanding the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Canadian left and the moment Of socialist possibility in 1919." Labour/Le Travail, no. 64, 2009, p. 51+. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214451830/GPS?u=ko_k12pr_d29&sid=GPS&xid=04bab208. Accessed 20 February 2021. The revolt commenced with the Vancouver general strike on 2 August 1918. The general strike was violently suppressed by the military, and union offices were ransacked. Victor Midgley, the leader of the strike, was thrown out of a window, and forced to kiss the British Flag.SEAGER, ALLEN, and DAVID ROTH. “British Columbia and the Mining West: A Ghost of a Chance.” The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925, edited by CRAIG HERON, University of Toronto Press, 1998, pp. 231–267. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442682566.11. Accessed 20 February 2021. The suppression of the strike enraged the labour movement, with many labour leaders and union locals calling for revolution against the Canadian government. At the September 1918 national conference of The Trades and Labour Congress (TLC), the umbrella organization to which Canadian Unions belonged, A.S Wells, leader of the BC Federation of Labour said "we will have to have our industrial organization similar to that which has proven of such benefit in Russia." The growing radicalism was denounced by TLC.Campbell, Peter. "Understanding the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Canadian left and the moment Of socialist possibility in 1919." Labour/Le Travail, no. 64, 2009, p. 51+. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214451830/GPS?u=ko_k12pr_d29&sid=GPS&xid=04bab208. Accessed 20 February 2021.	Inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the Spartacist uprising in Germany, labour unions in Canada grew increasingly militant.Campbell, Peter. "Understanding the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Canadian left and the moment Of socialist possibility in 1919." Labour/Le Travail, no. 64, 2009, p. 51+. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214451830/GPS?u=ko_k12pr_d29&sid=GPS&xid=04bab208. Accessed 20 February 2021. The revolt commenced with the Vancouver general strike on 2 August 1918. The general strike was violently suppressed by the military, and union offices were ransacked. Victor Midgley, the leader of the strike, was thrown out of a window, and forced to kiss the British Flag.SEAGER, ALLEN, and DAVID ROTH. “British Columbia and the Mining West: A Ghost of a Chance.” The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925, edited by CRAIG HERON, University of Toronto Press, 1998, pp. 231–267. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442682566.11. Accessed 20 February 2021. The suppression of the strike enraged the labour movement, with many labour leaders and union locals calling for revolution against the Canadian government. At the September 1918 national conference of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada (TLC), the umbrella organization to which Canadian Unions belonged, A.S Wells, leader of the BC Federation of Labour said "we will have to have our industrial organization similar to that which has proven of such benefit in Russia." The growing radicalism was denounced by TLC.Campbell, Peter. "Understanding the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Canadian left and the moment Of socialist possibility in 1919." Labour/Le Travail, no. 64, 2009, p. 51+. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214451830/GPS?u=ko_k12pr_d29&sid=GPS&xid=04bab208. Accessed 20 February 2021.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "The Trades and Labour Congress", "after": "the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada", "start_char_pos": 1204, "end_char_pos": 1234 } ]	[ 0, 138, 154, 414, 441, 514, 609, 716, 807, 920, 974, 1001, 1158, 1467, 1512, 1528, 1788 ]
6688136	1	Dominic Kalipersad is a veteran journalist who, after more than 40 years in media, remains one of the most recognizable faces in Trinidad and Tobago. In the age of digital media, he became the country's first Group Media news leader when he assumed the position of Group Head of News at Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) Limited in Port-of-Spain for ten years. There, he annually maintained the Number One position of the company's flagship television arm, CCN TV6, and took its digital media platforms to leadership position . Mr. Kalipersad was previously the Editor-in-Chief of the Trinidad Guardian newspaper which he modernized from its old broadsheet format into a "broadloid" newspaper format . Before that, he was the Programme Director at Trinidad Broadcasting Company Ltd after serving as News Director there. Mr Kalipersad is best known as the principal news anchor of 'Panorama' , the 7:00 pm flagship newscast of the now defunct Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT), from the late 1970s to early 1990s. He was later Programme Director at the Trinidad Broadcasting Company Ltd , and the News Director and anchor at CCN TV6 . While heading the Trinidad Guardian for eleven years, he also served at Cable News Channel Three (CNC3) as a news anchor , filling in for then news anchor Carla Foderingham . Mr. Kalipersad is widely regarded as the journalist most feared by politicians. He has had explosive interviews with politicians like Attorney General Anand Ramlogan and Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar , and is even known to have pulled a live interview with Health Minister Jerry Narace off the air. In addition , his television commentaries, like 'Lord, Put A Hand!', were respected for their biting, incisive, profound style . In 1990, Dominic Kalipersad was one of the hostages at Trinidad and Tobago Television during the Jamaat al Muslimeen's coup attempt. He famously refused to be specially selected for release in an exchange negotiated between the then NAR government and the hostage-takers, declaring: "I am not leaving unless everyone (his fellow hostages) else leaves!" %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Ironically, it was a decision that saved his life as, it is reported, the hostage-takers had planned to " take him out " , if he had accepted the deal. Mr. Kalipersad, a BBC-trained professional, broke the story of the assassination of state prosecutor Dana Seetahal SC on May 4, 2014, and was first on the air with the story at six o'clock that morning. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% He remains the longest-serving broadcast journalist , still on the air in 2018, and still commanding the respect of modern audiences.	Dominic Kalipersad is a veteran journalist , and one of the most recognizable faces in Trinidad and Tobago. He is the Group Head of News at Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) Limited in Port-of-Spain , where he has taken the flagship television arm, CCN TV6, under his wing . Mr. Kalipersad was previously the Editor In Chief of the Trinidad Guardian newspaper (24 January 2007) Soondarsingh vs Raphael A tale of two presidents, Trinidad Guardian, Retrieved December 10, 2010 (article notes subject with that title for the paper) which he modernized from its old broadsheet format into a tabloid . He was also the Programme Director at Trinidad Broadcasting Company Ltd after serving as News Director there. Mr Kalipersad is best known as the principal news anchor of Panorama , the 7:00 pm flagship newscast of the now defunct Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT), from the late 1970s to early 1990s. He was later Programme Director at the Trinidad Broadcasting Company , and the News Director and anchor at CCN TV6 , the position of which he is again the holder. While heading the Trinidad Guardian for eleven years, he also served at Cable News Channel Three (CNC3) as a news anchor filling in for then news anchor , Carla Foderingham with Shelly Dass . Mr. Kalipersad is widely regarded as the journalist most feared by politicians. He has had explosive interviews with politicians like Attorney General Anand Ramlogan and Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar and is even known to have pulled a live interview with Health Minister Jerry Narace off the air. In addition his television commentaries, 'Lord, Put A Hand!', are respected for their biting, incisive, profound style , In 1990, Dominic Kalipersad was one of the hostages at Trinidad and Tobago Television during the Jamaat al Muslimeen's coup attempt. Baldeosingh, Kevin (27 July 2008). Journalist recalls TT’s ‘Days of Wrath’. Trinidad Tobago's Newsday, Retrieved December 10, 2010 He famously refused to be specially selected for release in an exchange negotiated between the then NAR government and the hostage-takers, declaring: "I am not leaving unless everyone (his fellow hostages) else leaves!" %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Ironically, it was a decision that saved his life as, it is reported, the hostage-takers had planned to ' take him out ' , if he had accepted the deal. Mr. Kalipersad, a BBC-trained professional, broke the story of the assassination of state prosecutor Dana Seetahal SC on May 4, 2014, and was on the air with the story at six o'clock that morning. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% He remains the longest-serving broadcast journalist still on the air in 2014 and still commanding the respect of modern audiences.	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66888961	1	The Joy of Satan Ministries have maintained some popularity as a significant Theistic Satanist sect since their creation . They have also been the topic of significant controversy for their anti-Semitic beliefs and founder's former involvement in the National Socialist Movement. After the adoption of anti-Judaic sentiment, sympathy towards National Socialism was also incorporated, in turn, furthering anti-Semitic theories within their ideology. It was revealed that Clifford Herrington, chairman of the National Socialist Movement, was the husband of Maxine Dietrich , exposing the split in the NSM's religious orientation and leading to a major debate and conflict within the NSM and JoS. Beliefs Extraterrestrials Joy of Satan presents various extraterrestrial theories, inspired from some of the writings of Zecharia Sitchin. They affirm Satan and the Demons of the Goetia are sentient and powerful extraterrestrial beings responsible for the creation of humanity, and whose origins pre-dated Abrahamic religions. They're also identified as Nephilim from the Hebrew bible. According to sociologist of religion, Massimo Introvigne, "Maxine Dietrich derived from these theories the ideas of a mortal struggle between enlightened aliens and a monstrous extra-terrestrial race, the Reptilians."	Despite Joy of Satan Ministries maintaining some popularity as a significant Theistic Satanist sect since their creation , they have also been the topic of significant controversy for their anti-Semitic beliefs and founder's former involvement in the National Socialist Movement. After the adoption of anti-Judaic sentiment, sympathy towards National Socialism was also incorporated, in turn, furthering anti-Semitic theories within their ideology. In 2004, it was revealed that Clifford Herrington, chairman of the National Socialist Movement, was the husband of Maxine Dietrich which exposed the split in the NSM's religious orientation and lead to a major debate and conflict within the NSM and JoS. Despite the events, and controversy attained, Joy of Satan continued to persist and maintain popularity and significance as a theistic Satanic sect. Extraterrestrials Joy of Satan presents various extraterrestrial theories, inspired from some of the writings of Zecharia Sitchin. They affirm Satan and the Demons of the Goetia are sentient and powerful extraterrestrial beings responsible for the creation of humanity, and whose origins pre-dated Abrahamic religions. They're also identified as Nephilim from the Hebrew bible. According to sociologist of religion, Massimo Introvigne, "Maxine Dietrich derived from these theories the ideas of a mortal struggle between enlightened aliens and a monstrous extra-terrestrial race, the Reptilians."	[ { "type": "R", "before": "The", "after": "Despite", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 3 }, { "type": "R", "before": "have maintained", "after": "maintaining", "start_char_pos": 28, "end_char_pos": 43 }, { "type": "R", "before": ". They", "after": ", they", "start_char_pos": 121, "end_char_pos": 127 }, { "type": "R", "before": "It", "after": "In 2004, it", "start_char_pos": 449, "end_char_pos": 451 }, { "type": "R", "before": ", exposing", "after": "which exposed", "start_char_pos": 571, "end_char_pos": 581 }, { "type": "R", "before": "leading", "after": "lead", "start_char_pos": 631, "end_char_pos": 638 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Despite the events, and controversy attained, Joy of Satan continued to persist and maintain popularity and significance as a theistic Satanic sect.", "start_char_pos": 694, "end_char_pos": 694 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Beliefs", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 695, "end_char_pos": 702 } ]	[ 0, 122, 279, 448, 693, 833, 1021, 1080 ]
66888961	2	After the adoption of anti-Judaic sentiment, sympathy towards National Socialism was also incorporated, in turn, furthering anti-Semitic theories within their ideology. In 2004 , it was revealed that Clifford Herrington, chairman of the National Socialist Movement, was the husband of Maxine Dietrich which exposed the split in the NSM's religious orientation and lead to a major debate and conflict within the NSM and JoS. Despite the events, and controversy attained, Joy of Satan continued to persist and maintain popularity and significance as a theistic Satanic sect.	After the adoption of anti-Judaic sentiment, sympathy towards National Socialism was also incorporated, in turn, furthering anti-Semitic theories within their ideology. It was revealed in 2004 that Clifford Herrington, chairman of the National Socialist Movement, was the husband of Maxine Dietrich . This revelation exposed the split in the NSM's religious orientation and lead to a major debate and conflict within the NSM and JoS. Despite the events, and controversy attained, Joy of Satan continued to persist and maintain popularity and significance as a theistic Satanic sect.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "In", "after": "It was revealed in", "start_char_pos": 169, "end_char_pos": 171 }, { "type": "D", "before": ", it was revealed", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 177, "end_char_pos": 194 }, { "type": "R", "before": "which", "after": ". This revelation", "start_char_pos": 301, "end_char_pos": 306 } ]	[ 0, 168, 423 ]
66897602	1	Mohamed ben Zamoum (born in Boghni on 1795 and died also in Boghni on 1843) was a Kabyle marabout who participated to the Algerian resistance against the French conquest of Algeria. His grandson Ali ben Zamoum also played a major role in the Kabyle resistance against French troupes coloniales, since 1844 til 1848. Just after the surrender of Dey Hussein on 5 July 1830 and the capitulation of the Casbah of Algiers, Sheikh Mohamed ben Zamoum organized with the marabouts of Kabylia and Mitidja a meeting of the heads of the zawiyas in the Bordj Tamentfoust in date of 26 July. Allegiance to Ben Zamoum The tribes of Mitidja and Kabylia then signed a treaty of allegiance to Sheikh ben Zamoum dated 26 July 1830 where he was proclaimed leader of the popular resistance against the forces of the French Army. When on 18 November 1830, a second column of 7,000 French soldiers invaded the town of Blida, and they found it almost deserted because most of the population had fled to the mountain of Chréa on the injunction of Sheikh ben Zamoum.	Mohamed ben Zamoum (born in Boghni on 1795 and died also in Boghni on 1843) was a Kabyle marabout who participated in the Algerian resistance against the French conquest of Algeria. His grandson Ali ben Zamoum also played a major role in the Kabyle resistance against French troupes coloniales, from 1844 to 1848. Just after the surrender of Dey Hussein on 5 July 1830 and the capitulation of the Casbah of Algiers, Sheikh Mohamed ben Zamoum organized with the marabouts of Kabylia and Mitidja a meeting of the heads of the zawiyas in the Bordj Tamentfoust on 26 July. Allegiance to Ben Zamoum The tribes of Mitidja and Kabylia then signed a treaty of allegiance to Sheikh ben Zamoum dated 26 July 1830 , where he was proclaimed leader of the popular resistance against the forces of the French Army. When on 18 November 1830, a second column of 7,000 French soldiers invaded the town of Blida, they found it almost deserted because most of the population had fled to the mountain of Chréa on the injunction of Sheikh ben Zamoum.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "to", "after": "in", "start_char_pos": 115, "end_char_pos": 117 }, { "type": "R", "before": "since", "after": "from", "start_char_pos": 295, "end_char_pos": 300 }, { "type": "R", "before": "til", "after": "to", "start_char_pos": 306, "end_char_pos": 309 }, { "type": "R", "before": "in date of", "after": "on", "start_char_pos": 559, "end_char_pos": 569 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ",", "start_char_pos": 713, "end_char_pos": 713 }, { "type": "D", "before": "and", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 904, "end_char_pos": 907 } ]	[ 0, 181, 315, 578, 809 ]
6690902	1	The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents. The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or within the person through point of contact, biological monitoring, or biomarkers. The point of contact approach indicates the total concentration reaching the host, while biological monitoring and the use of biomarkers infer the dosage of the pollutant through the determination of the body burden. The respondents often record their daily activities and locations during the measurement of the pollutants to identify the potential sources, microenvironments, or human activities contributing the pollutant exposure. An advantage of the direct approach is that the exposures through multiple media (air, soil, water, food, etc.) are accounted for through one study technique. The disadvantages include the invasive nature of the data collection and associated costs. Point of contact is continuous measure of the contaminant reaching the target through all routes. See also	The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents. The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or within the person through point of contact, biological monitoring, or biomarkers. In a workplace setting, methods of workplace exposure monitoring are used. The point of contact approach indicates the total concentration reaching the host, while biological monitoring and the use of biomarkers infer the dosage of the pollutant through the determination of the body burden. The respondents often record their daily activities and locations during the measurement of the pollutants to identify the potential sources, microenvironments, or human activities contributing the pollutant exposure. An advantage of the direct approach is that the exposures through multiple media (air, soil, water, food, etc.) are accounted for through one study technique. The disadvantages include the invasive nature of the data collection and associated costs. Point of contact is continuous measure of the contaminant reaching the target through all routes. See also Workplace exposure monitoring	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "In a workplace setting, methods of workplace exposure monitoring are used.", "start_char_pos": 266, "end_char_pos": 266 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Workplace exposure monitoring", "start_char_pos": 1059, "end_char_pos": 1059 } ]	[ 0, 125, 265, 483, 701, 860, 951, 1049 ]
66912759	1	Education Siddharth grew up in , India where his father was a senior bureaucrat in the Indian Railways. He attended and graduated in 2000. Garg then attended Indian Institute of Technology, Madras where he received his Bachelor of Technology degree in 2004. He then attended Stanford University for his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering 2005. For his doctoral research, he attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he received his PhD in 2009. His doctoral advisor was Diana Marculescu and his dissertation, entitled System-level modeling and mitigation of the impact of process variations on digital integrated circuits, received Carnegie Mellon's Angel G. Jordan Award for outstanding thesis contribution.	Education Siddharth grew up in New Delhi , India where his father was a senior bureaucrat in the Indian Railways. He attended DPS R.K. Puram and graduated in 2000. Garg then attended Indian Institute of Technology, Madras where he received his Bachelor of Technology degree in 2004. He then attended Stanford University for his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering 2005. For his doctoral research, he attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he received his PhD in 2009. His doctoral advisor was Diana Marculescu and his dissertation, entitled System-level modeling and mitigation of the impact of process variations on digital integrated circuits, received Carnegie Mellon's Angel G. Jordan Award for outstanding thesis contribution.	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "New Delhi", "start_char_pos": 31, "end_char_pos": 31 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "DPS R.K. Puram", "start_char_pos": 117, "end_char_pos": 117 } ]	[ 0, 104, 140, 259, 361, 463 ]
66912759	2	Education Siddharth grew up in New Delhi, India where his father was a senior bureaucrat in the Indian Railways. He attended DPS R.K. Puram and graduated in 2000. Garg then attended Indian Institute of Technology, Madras where he received his Bachelor of Technology degree in 2004. He then attended Stanford University for his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering 2005. For his doctoral research, he attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he received his PhD in 2009. His doctoral advisor was Diana Marculescu and his dissertation, entitled System-level modeling and mitigation of the impact of process variations on digital integrated circuits, received Carnegie Mellon's Angel G. Jordan Award for outstanding thesis contribution. Career Following Garg's postdoctoral work, he became an Assistant Professor at University of Waterloo from 2010 to 2014, before moving to New York University Tandon School of Engineering, where he is currently an Institute Associate Professor. His research interests bridge machine learning and cybersecurity. His research group has investigated how artificial intelligence can be exploited by malicious actors. They found that it is possible to embed behavior in artificial intelligence algorithms, for example those used for speech recognition, that can emerge in response to certain signals. Garg and his team showed that they could train an image recognition algorithm to interpret a stop sign as a speed limit signal by placing a post-it note over it. When such behavior is programmed by malicious actors, it's known as a "backdoor." They are working to understand different backdoors in order to develop ways to proactively detect them. Garg has also worked to develop manufacturing protocols for computer chips to make them resistant to hacking attempts.	Education Garg attended Indian Institute of Technology, Madras where he received his Bachelor of Technology degree in 2004. He then attended Stanford University for his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering 2005. For his doctoral research, he attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he received his PhD in 2009. His doctoral advisor was Diana Marculescu and his dissertation, entitled System-level modeling and mitigation of the impact of process variations on digital integrated circuits, received Carnegie Mellon's Angel G. Jordan Award for outstanding thesis contribution. Career Following Garg's postdoctoral work, he became an Assistant Professor at University of Waterloo from 2010 to 2014, before moving to New York University Tandon School of Engineering, where he is currently an Associate Professor. His research interests bridge machine learning and cybersecurity. His research group has investigated how artificial intelligence can be exploited by malicious actors. They found that it is possible to embed behavior in artificial intelligence algorithms, for example those used for speech recognition, that can emerge in response to certain signals. Garg and his team showed that they could train an image recognition algorithm to interpret a stop sign as a speed limit signal by placing a post-it note over it. When such behavior is programmed by malicious actors, it's known as a "backdoor." They are working to understand different backdoors in order to develop ways to proactively detect them. Garg has also worked to develop manufacturing protocols for computer chips to make them resistant to hacking attempts.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Siddharth grew up in New Delhi, India where his father was a senior bureaucrat in the Indian Railways. He attended DPS R.K. Puram and graduated in 2000. Garg then", "after": "Garg", "start_char_pos": 10, "end_char_pos": 172 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Institute", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 963, "end_char_pos": 972 } ]	[ 0, 112, 162, 281, 383, 485, 749, 993, 1059, 1161, 1344, 1506, 1588, 1692 ]
66919930	1	With the accentuation of the terrorist threats of death which fell on him in Thénia, he, who had assumed all the prayers of Salat Fadjr until Salat Isha, Imam Brahim had to leave the city of Thenia and go into exile in the heights of Kouba in the city of Algiers in April URL The Salafist terrorists then took advantage of the curfew established during the night to break up Imam Brahim's home and to steal his imposing library containing book URL Despite his old age and his forced exile in Algiers, Imam Brahim continued with the proven religious notabilities of the capital to weave fans of hope despite the calamities that bloodied the URL	With the accentuation of the terrorist threats of death which fell on him in Thénia, he, who had assumed all the prayers of Salat Fadjr until Salat Isha, Imam Brahim had to leave the city of Thenia and go into exile in the heights of Kouba in the city of Algiers in April 1993. The Salafist terrorists then took advantage of the curfew established during the night to break up Imam Brahim's home and to steal his imposing library containing book jewels. Despite his old age and his forced exile in Algiers, Imam Brahim continued with the proven religious notabilities of the capital to weave fans of hope despite the calamities that bloodied the country.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "1993.", "start_char_pos": 272, "end_char_pos": 275 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "jewels.", "start_char_pos": 444, "end_char_pos": 447 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "country.", "start_char_pos": 640, "end_char_pos": 643 } ]	[ 0, 84, 153 ]
66922855	1	At present, Krinitsyn is being treated at the Chernyakhovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital in Chernyakhovsk, Russia. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs offered the government of newly-independent Latvia to return the convict, but the offer was categorically refused. In popular culture Documentary "Bullet for the Maestro" from "The investigation was conducted..." (in Russian) Documentary "Kill the composer" from "Legends of the Soviet Investigation" (in Russian) Literature F. Razzakov. Encyclopedia of Crime: Bandits from the Seventies. 2008. — 890 с. — ISBN: 978-5-699-27142-9. (in Russian) Category:Living people Category:1938 births Category:20th-century criminals Category:Soviet serial killers Category:Soviet criminals Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity Category:Robbers Category:People from Mosco	At present, Krinitsyn is being treated at the Chernyakhovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital in Chernyakhovsk, Russia. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs offered the government of newly-independent Latvia to return the convict, but the offer was categorically refused. See also List of serial killers by country In popular culture Documentary "Bullet for the Maestro" from "The investigation was conducted..." (in Russian) Documentary "Kill the composer" from "Legends of the Soviet Investigation" (in Russian) Literature F. Razzakov. Encyclopedia of Crime: Bandits from the Seventies. 2008. — 890 с. — ISBN: 978-5-699-27142-9. (in Russian) Category:Living people Category:1938 births Category:20th-century criminals Category:Soviet serial killers Category:Soviet criminals Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity Category:Robbers Category:People from Mosco	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "See also List of serial killers by country", "start_char_pos": 303, "end_char_pos": 303 } ]	[ 0, 114, 302, 526, 577 ]
66957823	1	Category:1836 births Category:Algerian people Category:People from Boumerdès Province Category:1898 deaths Category:Deaths in Algeria Category:French Algeria Category:1870s in Alger	Category:1836 births Category:Algerian people Category:People from Naciria Category:People from Naciria District Category:People from Boumerdès Province Category:Kabyle people Category:1898 deaths Category:Deaths in Algeria Category:French Algeria Category:1870s in Alger	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Naciria Category:People from Naciria District Category:People from", "start_char_pos": 67, "end_char_pos": 67 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Category:Kabyle people", "start_char_pos": 87, "end_char_pos": 87 } ]	[ 0 ]
669670	1	In countries that hold equality important, clustering occurs between groups because of polarizing factors such as religion, wealth or ethnocentrism. Clustering is often considered an enriching part of free cultures in which one can visit a Chinatown or a French quarter for restaurant choices. Other sociologists assert that clustering of like minded individuals leads to political polarity and intolerance of contrary opinions, as the United States has allegedly been trending since the 1950s. Bill Bishop, Robert G. Cushing, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) URL , References See also Cuzick–Edwards test Chinatown French quarter Category:Demographics Category:Sociological terminolog	In countries that hold equality important, clustering occurs between groups because of polarizing factors such as religion, wealth or ethnocentrism. Clustering is often considered an enriching part of free cultures in which one can visit a Chinatown or a French quarter for restaurant choices. Other sociologists assert that clustering of like minded individuals leads to political polarity and intolerance of contrary opinions, as the United States has allegedly been trending since the 1950s. References	[ { "type": "D", "before": "Bill Bishop, Robert G. Cushing, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) URL ,", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 495, "end_char_pos": 642 }, { "type": "D", "before": "See also Cuzick–Edwards test Chinatown French quarter", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 654, "end_char_pos": 707 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Category:Demographics Category:Sociological terminolog", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 708, "end_char_pos": 762 } ]	[ 0, 148, 293, 494 ]
66978170	1	Characteristics Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation, including, but not limited to conjugative transposons, regardless of their particular conjugation and integration mechanisms. Some immobile genomic Pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate. ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes. All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are a key factor for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome that is co-promoted by small DNA-binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element . Prevalence Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but computer-based analyses of bacterial genomes indicate they are widespread among many microorganisms.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs spread antibiotics and metal ions resistance genes across multiple prokaryotic lineages. ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules, e.g. genomic islands .	Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but computer-based analyses of bacterial genomes indicate they are widespread among many microorganisms. ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs spread antibiotics and metal ions resistance genes across multiple prokaryotic lineages. ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules, e.g. genomic islands. Characteristics Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation, including, but not limited to conjugative transposons, regardless of their particular conjugation and integration mechanisms. Some immobile genomic Pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate. ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes. All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are a key factor for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome that is co-promoted by small DNA-binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% .	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66978170	2	Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements present in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In a donor cell, ICEs are located primarily on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipient cells via bacterial conjugation. Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but computer-based analyses of bacterial genomes indicate they are widespread among many microorganisms. ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs spread antibiotics and metal ions resistance genes across multiple prokaryotic lineages. ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules , e.g. genomic islands. Characteristics Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation , including, but not limited to conjugative transposons, regardless of their particular conjugation and integration mechanisms . Some immobile genomic Pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate. ICEs combine certain features of the following mobile genetic elements: Bacteriophages that have the ability to insert into and excise from bacterial chromosomes ; Transposons that, besides the characteristics of insertion and excision , can additionally be subject to horizontal gene transfer via conjugation ; Conjugative plasmids that transfer from donor to recipient bacteria via conjugation. In contrast to plasmids and phages, integrative and conjugative elements cannot remain in an extrachromosomal form in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells , and they replicate only with the chromosome they reside in. ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes. All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are a key factor for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome that is co-promoted by small DNA-binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element.	Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In a donor cell, ICEs are located primarily on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipient cells via bacterial conjugation. Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but in silico analysis of bacterial genomes indicate these elements are widespread among many microorganisms. ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs may spread antibiotic and metal ion resistance genes across prokaryotic phyla. In addition, ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules such as genomic islands. Characteristics Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation abilities, including conjugative transposons, regardless of the particular conjugation and integration mechanism by which they act . Some immobile genomic pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate. ICEs combine certain features of the following mobile genetic elements: Bacteriophages that have the ability to insert into and excise from bacterial chromosomes . Transposons that, besides their inherent transposable activity , can additionally be subject to horizontal gene transfer via conjugation . Conjugative plasmids that transfer from donor to recipient bacteria via conjugation. In contrast to plasmids and phages, integrative and conjugative elements cannot remain in an extrachromosomal form in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells and replicate only with the chromosome they reside in. ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes. All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are essential for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome that is co-promoted by small DNA-binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element.	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66980877	1	Background This was the first CART event at California Speedway since Greg Moore was killed in the same race a year earlier. In the interim period, track management pulled up the grass along the backstretch and paved over the entire area. In addition, tire barriers were placed along the retaining wall where Moore’s accident had occurred to protect from potential catastrophic damage. Championship Entering the race, the points race was tight and several drivers were able to contend for the championship. The points leader was Gil de Ferran, driving the # 2 Marlboro Team Penske Reynard-Honda. Adrian Fernandez, the defending winner of the Marlboro 500 in the #40 Tecate/Quaker State Reynard-Ford for Patrick Racing was second place by five points. Fernandez had also won the previous week’s event in Australia, while de Ferran was taken out in a crash on lap 1. Further back, but needing help, were Paul Tracy in the Team KOOL Green #26 Reynard-Honda and rookie Kenny Brack in the Shell Oil #8 Team Rahal Reynard-Ford. Tied for third, nineteen points behind de Ferran, they would both have needed to score the maximum amount of points available in the race and have de Ferran and Fernandez both finish without recording a point. URL For the first time in four seasons, a new championship team was guaranteed to be crowned. Target Chip Ganassi Racing, which had won the last four CART titles with Jimmy Vasser, Alex Zanardi, and Juan Pablo Montoya, entered the race with both Vasser and defending series champion Montoya far out of title contention; Vasser was 22 points behind de Ferran and Montoya 30, and neither driver would have been able to catch him. URL	Background This was the first CART event at California Speedway since Greg Moore was killed in a major accident during the same race a year earlier. In the interim period, track management pulled up the grass along the backstretch and paved over the entire area. In addition, tire barriers were placed along the retaining wall where Moore’s accident had occurred to protect from potential catastrophic damage. Championship Entering the race, the points race was tight and several drivers were able to contend for the championship. The points leader was Gil de Ferran, driving the # 3 Marlboro Team Penske Reynard-Honda. Adrian Fernandez, the defending winner of the Marlboro 500 in the #40 Tecate/Quaker State Reynard-Ford for Patrick Racing was second place by five points. Fernandez had also won the previous week’s event in Australia, while de Ferran was taken out in a crash on lap 1 with 1999 series champion Juan Pablo Montoya. Further back, but needing help, were Paul Tracy in the Team KOOL Green #26 Reynard-Honda and rookie Kenny Brack in the Shell Oil #8 Team Rahal Reynard-Ford. Tied for third, nineteen points behind de Ferran, they would both have needed to score the maximum amount of points available in the race and have de Ferran and Fernandez both finish without recording a point. URL Tracy had also been involved in a wreck in the Australia race, as Oriol Servia hopped a curb in a chicane at the Surfer’s Paradise street course and T-boned the #26; Tracy had been running second in series points entering the event. For the first time in four seasons, a new championship team was guaranteed to be crowned. Target Chip Ganassi Racing, which had won the last four CART titles with Jimmy Vasser, Alex Zanardi, and Montoya, entered the race with both Vasser and defending series champion Montoya far out of title contention; Vasser was 22 points behind de Ferran and Montoya 30, and neither driver would have been able to catch him. URL	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "a major accident during", "start_char_pos": 95, "end_char_pos": 95 }, { "type": "R", "before": "2", "after": "3", "start_char_pos": 559, "end_char_pos": 560 }, { "type": "R", "before": "1.", "after": "1 with 1999 series champion Juan Pablo Montoya.", "start_char_pos": 863, "end_char_pos": 865 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Tracy had also been involved in a wreck in the Australia race, as Oriol Servia hopped a curb in a chicane at the Surfer’s Paradise street course and T-boned the #26; Tracy had been running second in series points entering the event.", "start_char_pos": 1237, "end_char_pos": 1237 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Juan Pablo", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1433, "end_char_pos": 1443 } ]	[ 0, 125, 239, 386, 507, 596, 751, 1022, 1232, 1327, 1553 ]
66984	1	Criticisms Reforestation competes with other land uses, such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space, for further economic growth. Reforestation often has the tendency to create large fuel loads, resulting in significantly hotter combustion than fires involving low brush or grasses. Reforestation can divert large amounts of water from other activities. Reforesting sometimes results in extensive canopy creation that prevents growth of diverse vegetation in the shadowed areas and generating soil conditions that hamper other types of vegetation. Trees used in some reforesting efforts (e.g., Eucalyptus globulus) tend to extract large amounts of moisture from the soil, preventing the growth of other plants. There is also the risk that, through a forest fire or insect outbreak, much of the stored carbon in a reforested area could make its way back to the atmosphere. Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century. This causes an increase of about a factor of four in the frequency of fires due to longer and hotter dry seasons. The European Commission found that, in terms of environmental services, it is better to avoid deforestation than to allow for deforestion to subsequently reforest, as the former leads to irreversible effects in terms of biodiversity loss and soil degradation. Furthermore the probability that legacy carbon will be released from soil is higher in younger boreal forest. Global greenhouse gas emissions caused by damage to tropical rainforests may be have been underestimated by a factor of six. Additionally the effects of af- or reforestation will be farther in the future than those of proforestation. It takes much longer − several decades − for the benefits for global warming to manifest to the same carbon sequestration benefits from mature trees in tropical forests and hence from limiting deforestation. Some researchers note that instead of planting entirely new areas, reconnecting forested areas and restoring the edges of forest, to protect their mature core and make them more resilient and longer-lasting, should be prioritized.	Criticism Competition with other land uses Reforestation competes with other land uses, such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space, for further economic growth. Reforestation can divert large amounts of water from other activities. A map created by the World Resources Institute in collaboration with the IUCN identifies 2 billion hectares for potential forest restoration. It is criticised for including 900 million hectares of grasslands. Environmental risks Reforestation often has the tendency to create large fuel loads, resulting in significantly hotter combustion than fires involving low brush or grasses. Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century. This causes an increase of about a factor of four in the frequency of fires due to longer and hotter dry seasons. Effects on biodiversity Reforesting sometimes results in extensive canopy creation that prevents growth of diverse vegetation in the shadowed areas and generating soil conditions that hamper other types of vegetation. Trees used in some reforesting efforts (e.g., Eucalyptus globulus) tend to extract large amounts of moisture from the soil, preventing the growth of other plants. The European Commission found that, in terms of environmental services, it is better to avoid deforestation than to allow for deforestion to subsequently reforest, as the former leads to irreversible effects in terms of biodiversity loss and soil degradation. Carbon stocks There is also the risk that, through a forest fire or insect outbreak, much of the stored carbon in a reforested area could make its way back to the atmosphere. Furthermore the probability that legacy carbon will be released from soil is higher in younger boreal forest. Global greenhouse gas emissions caused by damage to tropical rainforests may be have been underestimated by a factor of six. Additionally the effects of af- or reforestation will be farther in the future than those of proforestation. It takes much longer − several decades − for the benefits for global warming to manifest to the same carbon sequestration benefits from mature trees in tropical forests and hence from limiting deforestation. Some researchers note that instead of planting entirely new areas, reconnecting forested areas and restoring the edges of forest, to protect their mature core and make them more resilient and longer-lasting, should be prioritized.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Criticisms", "after": "Criticism", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 10 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Competition with other land uses", "start_char_pos": 11, "end_char_pos": 11 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "can divert large amounts of water from other activities. A map created by the World Resources Institute in collaboration with the IUCN identifies 2 billion hectares for potential forest restoration. 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66989083	1	Martyr Aïchaoui died as a martyr (shahid) in 1959 during a clash with the French army in the Zbarbar mountains among the Khachna Massif between Ammal and Lakhdaria in zone 1 of the historic Wilaya 4. Baptizations In June 2012, eight military promotions from the El Harrach Higher School of Equipment were named after Aïchaoui. Journalism Award An Algerian prize to reward deserving journalists was instituted on 4 May 2011 and bore the name of Aïchaoui. External links Bibliography References	Death Aïchaoui died as a martyr (shahid) in 1959 during a clash with the French army in the Zbarbar mountains among the Khachna Massif between Ammal and Lakhdaria in zone 1 of the historic Wilaya 4. Honours In June 2012, eight military promotions from the El Harrach Higher School of Equipment were named after Aïchaoui. An Algerian prize to reward deserving journalists was instituted on 4 May 2011 and bore the name of Aïchaoui. Bibliography References External links	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Martyr", "after": "Death", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 6 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Baptizations", "after": "Honours", "start_char_pos": 200, "end_char_pos": 212 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Journalism Award", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 327, "end_char_pos": 343 }, { "type": "D", "before": "External links", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 454, "end_char_pos": 468 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "External links", "start_char_pos": 493, "end_char_pos": 493 } ]	[ 0, 326, 453 ]
66989083	2	Death Aïchaoui died as a martyr (shahid) in 1959 during a clash with the French army in the Zbarbar mountains among the Khachna Massif between Ammal and Lakhdaria in zone 1 of the historic Wilaya 4. Aïchaoui took refuge with his group of resistance fighters in a cave in which the French released toxic gases which ended up killing him with his combatants. His body was not found after his death in the cave which was surrounded by French soldiers .	Death Aïchaoui was killed in a 1959 clash with the French army in the Khachna mountains, between Ammal and Lakhdaria . He and his group of resistance fighters took refuge in a cave , and the French killed them in a gas attack .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "died as a martyr (shahid) in", "after": "was killed in a", "start_char_pos": 15, "end_char_pos": 43 }, { "type": "D", "before": "during a", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 49, "end_char_pos": 57 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Zbarbar mountains among the Khachna Massif", "after": "Khachna mountains,", "start_char_pos": 92, "end_char_pos": 134 }, { "type": "D", "before": "in zone 1 of the historic Wilaya 4.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 163, "end_char_pos": 198 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Aïchaoui took refuge with", "after": ". He and", "start_char_pos": 199, "end_char_pos": 224 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "took refuge", "start_char_pos": 258, "end_char_pos": 258 }, { "type": "D", "before": "in which the French released toxic gases which ended up killing him with his combatants.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 269, "end_char_pos": 357 }, { "type": "R", "before": "His body was not found after his death in the cave which was surrounded by French soldiers", "after": ", and the French killed them in a gas attack", "start_char_pos": 358, "end_char_pos": 448 } ]	[ 0, 198, 357 ]
66989083	3	Honours In June 2012, eight military promotions from the El Harrach Higher School of Equipment were named after Aïchaoui. A middle school was baptized in the name of Shahid Mohamed Aïchaoui upon his inauguration in his hometown of Si Mustapha in 2003. A public square in the commune of Kouba within the Algérois region was baptized in 1967 in the name of Shahid Mohamed Aïchaoui . An Algerian prize to reward deserving journalists was instituted on 4 May 2011 and bore the name of Aïchaoui. This annual prize aims to reward the efforts of Algerian journalists who have revealed individual or collective skills in the wake of the development of this media profession in Algeria.	Honours In June 2012, eight promotions from the El Harrach Higher School of Equipment were named after Aïchaoui. A public square in Kouba was named for him in 1967, and a middle school in his hometown of Si Mustapha was named for him in 2003. An annual Algerian journalism prize in Aïchaoui 's name was established on 4 May 2011.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "military", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 28, "end_char_pos": 36 }, { "type": "R", "before": "A middle school was baptized in the name of Shahid Mohamed Aïchaoui upon his inauguration in his", "after": "A public square in Kouba was named for him in 1967, and a middle school in his", "start_char_pos": 122, "end_char_pos": 218 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "was named for him in 2003. An annual Algerian journalism prize", "start_char_pos": 243, "end_char_pos": 243 }, { "type": "D", "before": "2003.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 247, "end_char_pos": 252 }, { "type": "D", "before": "A public square in the commune of Kouba within the Algérois region was baptized in 1967 in the name of Shahid Mohamed", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 253, "end_char_pos": 370 }, { "type": "D", "before": ".", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 380, "end_char_pos": 381 }, { "type": "R", "before": "An Algerian prize to reward deserving journalists was instituted", "after": "'s name was established", "start_char_pos": 382, "end_char_pos": 446 }, { "type": "D", "before": "2011 and bore the name of Aïchaoui.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 456, "end_char_pos": 491 }, { "type": "R", "before": "This annual prize aims to reward the efforts of Algerian journalists who have revealed individual or collective skills in the wake of the development of this media profession in Algeria.", "after": "2011.", "start_char_pos": 492, "end_char_pos": 678 } ]	[ 0, 121, 252, 381, 491 ]
66989221	1	In July, hundreds of people were evicted from their shacks in Bakay and a week later the police came to Shanyrak. Knowing that the threat of eviction was imminent, 1,500 residents decided to resist and in the ensuing conflict, four policemen were taken hostage. Three were released and the other was covered in petrol and set alight, later dying of his injuries. Order was only restored when 600 more police arrived and the following year, 23 men were sentenced for their participation in the riot. The 23 included Aron Atabek, who was jailed for 18 years. Whilst in prison, he wrote a book criticising Nursultan Nazarbayev and his administration called The Heart of Eurasia which was smuggled out and published in 2012. In consequence, Atabek was placed in solitary confinement, leading to protests from PEN International. President Nursultan Nazarbayev quickly ordered that the homes were legalized, but by 2010 this had not happened. A new program was established in 2012, called Affordable Housing 2020, only to become embroiled in a corruption scandal. Most of the Shanyrak squatters remained in place and in 2010, attempted to storm a council meeting in protest at how long their claims for land tenure were taking.	In July, hundreds of people were evicted from their shacks in Bakay and a week later the police came to Shanyrak. Knowing that the threat of eviction was imminent, 1,500 residents decided to resist and in the ensuing conflict, four policemen were taken hostage. Three were released and the other was covered in petrol and set alight, later dying of his injuries. Order was only restored when 600 more police arrived and the following year, 23 men were sentenced for their participation in the riot. The 23 included Aron Atabek, who was jailed for 18 years. Whilst in prison, he wrote a book criticising President Nursultan Nazarbayev and his administration called The Heart of Eurasia which was smuggled out and published in 2012. In consequence, Atabek was placed in solitary confinement, leading to protests from PEN International. Nazarbayev ordered that the homes were legalized, but by 2010 this had still not happened. A new program was established in 2012, called Affordable Housing 2020, only to become embroiled in a fresh corruption scandal. Most of the Shanyrak squatters remained in place and attempted to storm a council meeting in 2010, to protest at how long their claims for land tenure were taking.	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "President", "start_char_pos": 603, "end_char_pos": 603 }, { "type": "R", "before": "President Nursultan Nazarbayev quickly", "after": "Nazarbayev", "start_char_pos": 825, "end_char_pos": 863 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "still", "start_char_pos": 924, "end_char_pos": 924 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "fresh", "start_char_pos": 1040, "end_char_pos": 1040 }, { "type": "D", "before": "in 2010,", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1114, "end_char_pos": 1122 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "2010, to", "start_char_pos": 1163, "end_char_pos": 1163 } ]	[ 0, 113, 261, 362, 498, 556, 721, 824, 938, 1060 ]
67006520	1	Orogenic gold deposits are a type of hydrothermal mineral deposit. More than 75\% of the gold recovered by humans through history belongs to the class of orogenic gold deposits. Rock structure is the primary control of orogenic gold mineralization at all scales, as it controls both the transport and deposition processes of the mineralized fluids, creating structural pathways of high permeability and focussing deposition to structurally controlled locations. General Overview Orogenic gold deposits are hosted by shear zones in orogenic belts, specifically in metamorphosed fore-arc and back-arc regions and were formed during syn- to late metamorphic stages of orogeny. Formation of orogenic gold deposits is related to structural evolution and structural geometry of lithospheric crust, as hydrothermal fluids migrate through pre-existing and active discontinuities (faults, shear zones, lithological boundaries) generated by tectonic processes. These discontinuities provide pathways and channel fluid flow, not only of ore-bearing fluids, but also of fluids transporting metallic elements such as silver, arsenic, mercury and antimony and gases, as well as melts. Gold-bearing fluids precipitate at an upper-crustal level between 3 and 15 km depth (possibly up to 20 km depth), forming vertically extensive quartz veins, typically below the transition of greenschist- to amphibolite metamorphic facies. Fluid Source In magmatic systems, ores and host rocks are derived from the same fluid. In the case of hydrothermal fluids, host rocks are younger than the predominantly aqueous fluids that carry and deposit metals and thus complicate defining a host rock associated with gold fluid formation. A number of rock types have been suggested as the source of orogenic gold, but due to the variability of host rocks in Earth’s history and deposit-scale, their relation to Earth-scale gold formation processes is unclear. Furthermore, age dating of the deposits and their host rocks shows that there are large time gaps in their formation. Age dating indicates that mineralization took place 10 to 100 Ma after the formation of the host rocks. These temporal gaps suggest an overall genetic independence of the fluid formation and that of local lithologies. Mineralogy and Geochemistry Geochemical studies on quartz veins are important to determine temperature, pressure, at which the veins were generated, and the chemical signature of fluids. Obviously, quartz is the dominant mineral in the veins. Ore bodies of orogenic gold deposits are generally defined by ≤ 3–5\% sulfide minerals, most commonly arsonopyrite in metasedimentary hostrocks and pyrite/pyrrothite in meta-igneous rocks, and ≤ 5–15\% carbonate minerals, such as ankerite, dolomite and calcite. A common characteristic of almost all orogenic gold lodes is the presence of widespread carbonate alteration zones, notably ankerite, ferroan dolomite, siderite and calcite. The tendency of gold to be preferentially transported as a sulfide complex also explain the near absence of base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in the same mineral systems, because these metals form complexes with chlor rather than sulfur. Genetic Models Orogenic gold deposits formed in metamorphosed terranes of all ages that have little in common except for being sites of complexity and low mean stress. For this reason, a discussion of the gold deposit formation in a universal genetic model is most difficult and several models have been considered. The fundamental control of the chemical signature of orogenic gold fluids can most likely be found in the processes that take place in the source region. Therefore, the discussion about genetic models of orogenic gold deposits concentrates on the possible source of gold-bearing fluids. Tectonics and Gold Formation Although efforts have been made to define a specific deformation structure associated with the formation of orogenic gold deposits, no specific structure could be identified. Rather, there are various types of faults hosting gold deposits. Nevertheless, orogenic gold deposits have a number of repetitive structural geometries that control ore-fluid formation, transport, and precipitation. Geodynamik Setting and Architecture Large-scale lithospheric deformation structures correlate with gold endowment, and active structural permeability in the crust is controlled by the prevailing tectonic stress field. There is an increasing body of evidence that the formation of orogenic gold deposits is tied to specific geodynamic settings, primary orogenic belts. Orogenic gold deposits show a spatial relationship to structural discontinuities, including faults, fractures, dilatation zones and shear zones. The ore- hosting structures are subsidiary faults or shear zones (mostly D3–D4 in a D1 to D4 structural sequence), which are always related to a major regional-scale deformation structures, such as lithospheric boundaries and suture zones. The deformation structures hosting the gold deposits are typically discordant with respect to the stratigraphic layering of the host rocks. The mineralised structures indicate syn- to post-mineralisation displacements, such as slicken-sides formed under hydrothermal conditions. The geometry of vein systems is primarily influenced by a combination of dynamic stress changes and fluid pressure variations. Examples Australia Mother Lode Homestak Ores Category:Mining templates	An orogenic gold deposit is a type of hydrothermal mineral deposit. More than 75\% of the gold recovered by humans through history belongs to the class of orogenic gold deposits. Rock structure is the primary control of orogenic gold mineralization at all scales, as it controls both the transport and deposition processes of the mineralized fluids, creating structural pathways of high permeability and focussing deposition to structurally controlled locations. Overview Orogenic gold deposits are hosted by shear zones in orogenic belts, specifically in metamorphosed fore-arc and back-arc regions and were formed during syn- to late metamorphic stages of orogeny. Formation of orogenic gold deposits is related to structural evolution and structural geometry of lithospheric crust, as hydrothermal fluids migrate through pre-existing and active discontinuities (faults, shear zones, lithological boundaries) generated by tectonic processes. These discontinuities provide pathways and channel fluid flow, not only of ore-bearing fluids, but also of fluids transporting metallic elements such as silver, arsenic, mercury and antimony and gases, as well as melts. Gold-bearing fluids precipitate at an upper-crustal level between 3 and 15 km depth (possibly up to 20 km depth), forming vertically extensive quartz veins, typically below the transition of greenschist- to amphibolite metamorphic facies. Fluid source In magmatic systems, ores and host rocks are derived from the same fluid. In the case of hydrothermal fluids, host rocks are younger than the predominantly aqueous fluids that carry and deposit metals and thus complicate defining a host rock associated with gold fluid formation. A number of rock types have been suggested as the source of orogenic gold, but due to the variability of host rocks in Earth’s history and deposit-scale, their relation to Earth-scale gold formation processes is unclear. Furthermore, age dating of the deposits and their host rocks shows that there are large time gaps in their formation. Age dating indicates that mineralization took place 10 to 100 Ma after the formation of the host rocks. These temporal gaps suggest an overall genetic independence of the fluid formation and that of local lithologies. Mineralogy and geochemistry Geochemical studies on quartz veins are important to determine temperature, pressure, at which the veins were generated, and the chemical signature of fluids. Obviously, quartz is the dominant mineral in the veins. Ore bodies of orogenic gold deposits are generally defined by ≤ 3–5\% sulfide minerals, most commonly arsonopyrite in metasedimentary hostrocks and pyrite/pyrrothite in meta-igneous rocks, and ≤ 5–15\% carbonate minerals, such as ankerite, dolomite and calcite. A common characteristic of almost all orogenic gold lodes is the presence of widespread carbonate alteration zones, notably ankerite, ferroan dolomite, siderite and calcite. The tendency of gold to be preferentially transported as a sulfide complex also explain the near absence of base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in the same mineral systems, because these metals form complexes with chlor rather than sulfur. Genetic models Orogenic gold deposits formed in metamorphosed terranes of all ages that have little in common except for being sites of complexity and low mean stress. For this reason, a discussion of the gold deposit formation in a universal genetic model is most difficult and several models have been considered. The fundamental control of the chemical signature of orogenic gold fluids can most likely be found in the processes that take place in the source region. Therefore, the discussion about genetic models of orogenic gold deposits concentrates on the possible source of gold-bearing fluids. Tectonics and gold formation Although efforts have been made to define a specific deformation structure associated with the formation of orogenic gold deposits, no specific structure could be identified. Rather, there are various types of faults hosting gold deposits. Nevertheless, orogenic gold deposits have a number of repetitive structural geometries that control ore-fluid formation, transport, and precipitation. Geodynamic setting and architecture Large-scale lithospheric deformation structures correlate with gold endowment, and active structural permeability in the crust is controlled by the prevailing tectonic stress field. There is an increasing body of evidence that the formation of orogenic gold deposits is tied to specific geodynamic settings, primary orogenic belts. Orogenic gold deposits show a spatial relationship to structural discontinuities, including faults, fractures, dilatation zones and shear zones. The ore- hosting structures are subsidiary faults or shear zones (mostly D3–D4 in a D1 to D4 structural sequence), which are always related to a major regional-scale deformation structures, such as lithospheric boundaries and suture zones. The deformation structures hosting the gold deposits are typically discordant with respect to the stratigraphic layering of the host rocks. The mineralised structures indicate syn- to post-mineralisation displacements, such as slickensides formed under hydrothermal conditions. The geometry of vein systems is primarily influenced by a combination of dynamic stress changes and fluid pressure variations. Examples Australia Mother Lode Homestak	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Orogenic gold deposits are", "after": "An orogenic gold deposit is", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 26 }, { "type": "D", "before": "General", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 462, "end_char_pos": 469 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Source", "after": "source", "start_char_pos": 1416, "end_char_pos": 1422 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Geochemistry", "after": "geochemistry", "start_char_pos": 2275, "end_char_pos": 2287 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Models", "after": "models", "start_char_pos": 3176, "end_char_pos": 3182 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Gold Formation", "after": "gold formation", "start_char_pos": 3785, "end_char_pos": 3799 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Geodynamik Setting and Architecture", "after": "Geodynamic setting and architecture", "start_char_pos": 4191, "end_char_pos": 4226 }, { "type": "R", "before": "slicken-sides", "after": "slickensides", "start_char_pos": 5171, "end_char_pos": 5184 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Ores Category:Mining templates", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 5390, "end_char_pos": 5420 } ]	[ 0, 66, 177, 461, 673, 950, 1170, 1409, 1496, 1702, 1923, 2041, 2145, 2259, 2446, 2502, 2764, 2938, 3167, 3335, 3483, 3637, 3770, 3974, 4039, 4190, 4408, 4558, 4703, 4943, 5083, 5222, 5349 ]
670092	1	In Mande mythology, Faro purified the earth by sacrificing himself to atone for his twin Pemba's sin.Long, Charles H. (1963). Alpha: "The Myths of Creation", New York City : George Braziller.Sproul, Barbara C. (1979). "Primal Myths", HarperOne - HarperCollins Publishers. .	In Mande mythology, Asher purified the earth by sacrificing all the thots to atone for his twin Zanes sin.Long, Charles H. (1963). Alpha: "The Myths of Creation", New York City : George Braziller.Sproul, Barbara C. (1979). "Primal Myths", HarperOne - HarperCollins Publishers. .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Faro", "after": "Asher", "start_char_pos": 20, "end_char_pos": 24 }, { "type": "R", "before": "himself", "after": "all the thots", "start_char_pos": 59, "end_char_pos": 66 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Pemba's", "after": "Zanes", "start_char_pos": 89, "end_char_pos": 96 } ]	[ 0, 101, 125, 191, 217 ]
670092	2	In Mande mythology, Asher purified the earth by sacrificing all the thots to atone for his twin Zanes sin.Long, Charles H. (1963). Alpha: "The Myths of Creation", New York City : George Braziller.Sproul, Barbara C. (1979). "Primal Myths", HarperOne - HarperCollins Publishers. .	In Mande mythology, Faro purified the earth by sacrificing himself to atone for his twin Pemba's sin.Long, Charles H. (1963). Alpha: "The Myths of Creation", New York City : George Braziller.Sproul, Barbara C. (1979). "Primal Myths", HarperOne - HarperCollins Publishers. .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Asher", "after": "Faro", "start_char_pos": 20, "end_char_pos": 25 }, { "type": "R", "before": "all the thots", "after": "himself", "start_char_pos": 60, "end_char_pos": 73 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Zanes", "after": "Pemba's", "start_char_pos": 96, "end_char_pos": 101 } ]	[ 0, 106, 130, 196, 222 ]
67024528	1	Biography Estermann was born in 1956 in Sursee, in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. He completed his studies in theology and philosophy in Switzerland and the Netherlands, completing the doctoral degree in philosophy at the University of Utrect with a thesis on Leibniz. From 2004 to 2012, Estermann worked in La Paz, Bolivia as an investigator for the Instituto Superior Ecuménico Andino de Teología (ISEAT), a major university in San Andreas. In this period, Estermann devoted his investigations to Andean philosophy and theology, researching and developing intercultural methodologies for religious and philosophical sciences. Thought While Estermann was trained in occidental thought, he soon came to be interested in non-European philosophy, especially the philosophies of Latin American peoples. In this evolution, works of Emmanuel Lévinas and Johann Baptist Metz were decisive. Beginning in the 1990s, Estermann devoted his attention primarily to indigenous knowledges of Latin America. Category:1956 births Category: Living people Category: Philosop	Biography Estermann was born in 1956 in Sursee, in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. He completed his studies in theology and philosophy in Switzerland and the Netherlands, completing the doctoral degree in philosophy at the University of Utrecht with a thesis on Leibniz. From 2004 to 2012, Estermann worked in La Paz, Bolivia , as an investigator for the Instituto Superior Ecuménico Andino de Teología (ISEAT), a major university in San Andreas. In this period, Estermann devoted his investigations to Andean philosophy and theology, researching and developing intercultural methodologies for religious and philosophical sciences. Thought While Estermann was trained in Occidental thought, he soon came to be interested in non-European philosophy, especially the philosophies of Latin American peoples. In this evolution, works of Emmanuel Lévinas and Johann Baptist Metz were decisive. Beginning in the 1990s, Estermann devoted his attention primarily to indigenous knowledges of Latin America. 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67026640	1	Early career Urdia was born on September 15, 1906 in the small town of Vedidkari in the western part of Georgia. After seven years in the military service of the Red Army he was admitted to the 11th School of Military Pilots (also known as Voroshilovgrad Military Aviation School) in Ukrainian SSR where he qualified as a military pilot. From 1933, he relocated with his family to Uman and served in various aviation units, progressing from a junior pilot to the rank of Air Force Major. In Uman he worked as the flight instructor at the 202nd Training Airbase (202-я учебная авиабаза) and held training exercises for the military pilots at the Zaporozhie Technical College of Aviation (Запорожский авиационный техникум) until 1938.Collective of authors. Светлая память Варлам Александрович Урдия // newspaper «Красная Звезда». — Moscow: Красная Звезда, 1945. Urdia gained his first combat experience as the fighter pilot during the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 at the battle of Grodno against the Polish units under General Wacław Przeździecki. During the same year on December 20, 1939 Urdia was transferred to the military air base of Lodeynoye Pole in the squadron of 275th Fighter Aviation Regiment where he took part in the air raids on the Finnish army positions during the Soviet aggression against Finland. In the course of the war, the Soviet command used the fighter aviation units to support the advance of the Red Army infantry and carry out the bombing raids on supply trains behind the Finnish defence lines. On May 19, 1940 Urdia was awarded with the Order of the Red Star and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant colonel for his role in the war against Finland. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Urdia was briefly posted in the North Caucasus to train as the bomber pilot in Chechnya at the newly established Grozny Military Flight School of Rifle Bombardiers (Грозненская военная авиационная школа стрелков-бомбардиров) located on the small airbase near the city of Grozny. World War II Soviet PS-84 plane in 1941 At the onset of the German attack on the Soviet Union in July 1941, Urdia was deployed to the warfront within newly formed 101st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Defence Division (101-я истребительная авиационная дивизия).Soviet Newspaper «Pravda». — Moscow: «Правда», 19 February 1943.Order of the Commander Military Air Force of the Red Army № 700733 от 4 October 1941 In the 101st regiment Urdia was assigned to the squadron of PS-84 bomber aircraft on the Voronezh Front during the Soviet effort to repel the German advance on the city of Voronezh which was a gateway to Hitler's main objective of Stalingrad.Collection of Authors. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of Division, collection of military biographies / V.P. Goremikin. — М.: Kuchkovo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 302 - 304, 354 - 356, 109 - 111, 262 - 264, 157 - 158. — . The PS-84 aircraft had flown with Aeroflot as a passenger plane but since the outbreak of the war it was primary used in military operations. The aircraft was renamed to Lisunov Li-2 in 1942 and equipped with a 12.7 mm (.50 in) UBK heavy machine gun and used for supply transportation and aerial bombing. The newly remodeled plane was able to carry smaller bombs inside its fuselage which were released from the freight hatch by the crew. However, its ability to maneuver inflight was limited and vulnerable to the anti bomber attacks by the German Messerschmitt Me 262 fighters with its roller-coaster aerial tactics. Between March and December 1942, Urdia flew PS-84/Li-2 aircraft for more than eleven nighttime bombing raids on the German positions by targeting Wehrmacht's artillery batteries, infantry dugouts and supply lines. His nighttime bombing raids were successful in inflicting losses on the motorized units of the Wehrmacht.Collection of Authors. Коллектив авторов. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of division. Collection of Military biographies / V.P. Goremkin. — M.: Kuchvo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 263. — . For his role in the bombing raids on enemy positions has earned him the Order of the Patriotic War First Class and promotion to the rank of Colonel. By the end of August 1942, Urdia flew number of missions on the Li-2 aircraft to supply the Soviet troops and continue aerial assaults on Wehrmacht's 6th Army which has reached Voronezh during the early stages of Operation Blau.Collection of Authors. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of Division, collection of military biographies / V.P. Goremikin. — М.: Kuchkovo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 156. — . The primary aim of the commander of 101st division Major general Ivan Evsevev was to provide air cover for the Soviet ground troops during their counterattack on Stalingrad in October 1942. 100 лет со дня рождения Героя Советского Союза И. И. Евсевьева (1910-1991) / Л. И. Бузова // Алтайский край, 2010 : календарь знаменательных и памятных дат / Управление Алтайского края по культуре, Алтайская краевая универсальная научная библиотека им. В. Я. Шишкова; [редкол.: В. С. Олейник (отв. ред.) и др. ; отв. за вып. Т. И. Чертова ; сост. Е. В. Лукинец и др.]. — Барнаул, 2009. — С. 108-112. — Библиогр.: с. 112. Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft (Shturmovik), 1943 Preparing Lavochkin La-5 FNs for takeoff In September 1942, Evsevev was reassigned to command the 8th Fighter Aviation Corpus of the Anti-Aircraft Defence (8-й истребительный авиационный корпус ПВО) in the Battle of the Caucasus where the German forces launched the Operation Edelweiss to reach the Baku oil fields. In December, Evsevev transferred Urdia and other highly skilled pilots to the Caucasus where the situation was volatile as the German 4th Mountain Division of the Army Group A made territorial gains in the midst of anti-Soviet insurgency by the Chechen resistance under the leadership of Khasan Israilov.N.A. Antipenko. "Towards the main direction" (Memoirs of the Deputy Commander of the Front). — Мoscow: Nauka, 1967. However, after the German defeat in Stalingrad the Wehrmacht began to retreat and establish a defensive line known as Kuban bridgehead in the Taman Peninsula from where the German command planned another attack on the Caucasus in order to finish the objective of capturing Baku. In April–July 1943, the German Luftwaffe began massive aerial assault over the Taman Peninsula in an attempt gain air superiority and provide cover support for German troops on the defence line.Collection of authors. The combat composition of the Soviet Army. Part III. (January — December 1943 г.) / G.T. Zavizion. — Military Directorate of the General Staff. — Moscow: Order of the Red Banner Military Publications by the Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union, 1972.Tsentral'nyy Arkhiv Ministerstva Oborony Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Journal of Combat operations (01.07.1945). Pamiyat Naroda. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. During the air battle of Kuban on the North Caucasus front where more than 2,000 aircraft from both sides engaged in one of the largest aerial battles of the war, Urdia was reassigned to piloting of ground-attack aircraft (Sturmovik) Ilyushin Il-2.Крещение огнём. Воздушные бои на Кубани, апрель-июнь 1943 года. (3-й истребительный авиакорпус в воздушных боях на Кубани). Евгений Порфирьев. Краснодар, 2013 год. In the series of large scale aerial battles, the Soviet pilots which included Urdia's Ilyushin Il-2 aircraft were confronted by the Luftwaffes' Messerschmitt 109 fighters, Junkers Ju 87, Heinkel He 111 and twin-engined multirole combat aircraft Junkers Ju 88. In the course of the entire battle the Soviets lost more than 1100 aircraft while German air-to-air combat losses were much lower. However by July 1943, the Luftwaffe exhausted and no longer able to withstand the countless counteroffensive measures by the Soviets halted its attack, hence ending the battle and finally losing the objective of gaining air superiority over the entire region. For his role in the Kuban air battle Urdia was awarded with the Order of the Patriotic War First Class for the second time and went on flying Ilyushin Il-2 attacking 1st Panzer Army and Luftwaffe bombers which were providing air cover for the retreating SS divisions.V.A. Anokhin, M. U. Bikov. Vse istrebitelnie aviopolki Stalina. Pervaya Polnaya Encyclopedia. — Nauchno-popularnoe izdanie. — Moskwa: Iauza-press, 2014. — p. 944 — .Collection of authors/ newspaper «Krasnaya Zvezda». — Moscow: Krasnaya Zvezda, 1943.Коллектив авторов. Перечень № 11 соединений, частей и подразделений войск ПВО страны, входивших в состав Действующей армии в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941 – 1945 годов / Завизион. — Министерство обороны СССР. Военно-научное управление Генерального Штаба. — Москва: Воениздат, 1973. — Т. Директива Генерального штаба 1973 г. № ДГШ-044. — 112 с. Orders and decorations Order of the Red Star (19.05.1940) Order of the Patriotic War (1st class - 13.06.1942) Order of the Patriotic War (1st class - 14.02.1943) Order of the Red Banner (03.11.1944)	Early career Urdia was born on September 15, 1906 in the small town of Vedidkari in the western part of Georgia. After seven years in the military service of the Red Army he was admitted to the 11th School of Military Pilots (also known as Voroshilovgrad Military Aviation School) in Ukrainian SSR where he qualified as a military pilot. From 1933, he relocated with his family to Uman and served in various aviation units, progressing from a junior pilot to the rank of Air Force Major. In Uman he worked as the flight instructor at the 202nd Training Airbase (202-я учебная авиабаза) and held training exercises for the military pilots at the Zaporozhie Technical College of Aviation (Запорожский авиационный техникум) until 1938.Collective of authors. Светлая память Варлам Александрович Урдия // newspaper «Красная Звезда». — Moscow: Красная Звезда, 1945. Urdia gained his first combat experience as the fighter pilot during the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 at the battle of Grodno against the Polish units under General Wacław Przeździecki. During the same year on December 20, 1939 Urdia was transferred to the military air base of Lodeynoye Pole in the squadron of 275th Fighter Aviation Regiment where he took part in the air raids on the Finnish army positions during the Soviet aggression against Finland. In the course of the war, the Soviet command used the fighter aviation units to support the advance of the Red Army infantry and carry out the bombing raids on supply trains behind the Finnish defence lines. On May 19, 1940 Urdia was awarded with the Order of the Red Star and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant colonel for his role in the war against Finland. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Urdia was briefly posted in the North Caucasus to train as the bomber pilot in Chechnya at the newly established Grozny Military Flight School of Rifle Bombardiers (Грозненская военная авиационная школа стрелков-бомбардиров) located on the small airbase near the city of Grozny. World War II Soviet PS-84 plane in 1941 At the onset of the German attack on the Soviet Union in July 1941, Urdia was deployed to the warfront within newly formed 101st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Defence Division (101-я истребительная авиационная дивизия).Soviet Newspaper «Pravda». — Moscow: «Правда», 19 February 1943.Order of the Commander Military Air Force of the Red Army № 700733 от 4 October 1941 In the 101st regiment Urdia was assigned to the squadron of PS-84 bomber aircraft on the Voronezh Front during the Soviet effort to repel the German advance on the city of Voronezh which was a gateway to Hitler's main objective of Stalingrad.Collection of Authors. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of Division, collection of military biographies / V.P. Goremikin. — М.: Kuchkovo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 302 - 304, 354 - 356, 109 - 111, 262 - 264, 157 - 158. — . The PS-84 aircraft had flown with Aeroflot as a passenger plane but since the outbreak of the war it was primary used in military operations. The aircraft was renamed to Lisunov Li-2 in 1942 and equipped with a 12.7 mm (.50 in) UBK heavy machine gun and used for supply transportation and aerial bombing. The newly remodeled plane was able to carry smaller bombs inside its fuselage which were released from the freight hatch by the crew. However, its ability to maneuver inflight was limited and vulnerable to the anti bomber attacks by the German Messerschmitt Me 262 fighters with its roller-coaster aerial tactics. Between March and December 1942, Urdia flew PS-84/Li-2 aircraft for more than eleven nighttime bombing raids on German positions targeting artillery batteries, infantry dugouts and supply lines. His nighttime bombing raids were successful in inflicting losses on the motorized units of the Wehrmacht.Collection of Authors. Коллектив авторов. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of division. Collection of Military biographies / V.P. Goremkin. — M.: Kuchvo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 263. — . For his role in the bombing raids on enemy positions has earned him the Order of the Patriotic War First Class and promotion to the rank of Colonel. By the end of August 1942, Urdia flew number of missions on the Li-2 aircraft to supply the Soviet troops and continue aerial assaults on Wehrmacht's 6th Army which has reached Voronezh during the early stages of Operation Blau.Collection of Authors. The Great Patriotic War: Commanders of Division, collection of military biographies / V.P. Goremikin. — М.: Kuchkovo pole, 2014. — Vol. 2. — p. 156. — . The primary aim of the commander of 101st division Major general Ivan Evsevev was to provide air cover for the Soviet ground troops during their counterattack on Stalingrad in October 1942. 100 лет со дня рождения Героя Советского Союза И. И. Евсевьева (1910-1991) / Л. И. Бузова // Алтайский край, 2010 : календарь знаменательных и памятных дат / Управление Алтайского края по культуре, Алтайская краевая универсальная научная библиотека им. В. Я. Шишкова; [редкол.: В. С. Олейник (отв. ред.) и др. ; отв. за вып. Т. И. Чертова ; сост. Е. В. Лукинец и др.]. — Барнаул, 2009. — С. 108-112. — Библиогр.: с. 112. Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft (Shturmovik), 1943 Preparing Lavochkin La-5 FNs for takeoff In September 1942, Evsevev was reassigned to command the 8th Fighter Aviation Corpus of the Anti-Aircraft Defence (8-й истребительный авиационный корпус ПВО) in the Battle of the Caucasus where the German forces launched the Operation Edelweiss to reach the Baku oil fields. In December, Evsevev transferred Urdia and other highly skilled pilots to the Caucasus where the situation was volatile as the German 4th Mountain Division of the Army Group A made territorial gains in the midst of anti-Soviet insurgency by the Chechen resistance under the leadership of Khasan Israilov.N.A. Antipenko. "Towards the main direction" (Memoirs of the Deputy Commander of the Front). — Мoscow: Nauka, 1967. However, after the German defeat in Stalingrad the Wehrmacht began to retreat and establish a defensive line known as Kuban bridgehead in the Taman Peninsula from where the German command planned another attack on the Caucasus in order to finish the objective of capturing Baku. In April–July 1943, the German Luftwaffe began a massive aerial assault over the Taman Peninsula in an attempt gain air superiority and provide cover support for German troops on the defence line.Collection of authors. The combat composition of the Soviet Army. Part III. (January — December 1943 г.) / G.T. Zavizion. — Military Directorate of the General Staff. — Moscow: Order of the Red Banner Military Publications by the Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union, 1972.Tsentral'nyy Arkhiv Ministerstva Oborony Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Journal of Combat operations (01.07.1945). Pamiyat Naroda. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. During the air battle of Kuban on the North Caucasus front where more than 2,000 aircraft from both sides engaged in one of the largest aerial battles of the war, Urdia was reassigned to piloting of ground-attack aircraft (Sturmovik) Ilyushin Il-2.Крещение огнём. Воздушные бои на Кубани, апрель-июнь 1943 года. (3-й истребительный авиакорпус в воздушных боях на Кубани). Евгений Порфирьев. Краснодар, 2013 год. In the series of large scale aerial battles, Soviet aircraft including Urdia's Ilyushin Il-2 were confronted by Messerschmitt 109 fighters, Junkers Ju 87, Heinkel He 111 and twin-engined multirole combat aircraft Junkers Ju 88s. In the course of the entire battle the Soviets lost more than 1100 aircraft while German air-to-air combat losses were much lower. However by July 1943, the Luftwaffe was exhausted and no longer able to withstand the countless counteroffensive measures by the Soviets halted its attack, hence ending the battle and finally losing the objective of gaining air superiority over the entire region. For his role in the Kuban air battle Urdia was awarded with the Order of the Patriotic War First Class for the second time and went on flying Ilyushin Il-2 attacking 1st Panzer Army and Luftwaffe bombers which were providing air cover for the retreating SS divisions.V.A. Anokhin, M. U. Bikov. Vse istrebitelnie aviopolki Stalina. Pervaya Polnaya Encyclopedia. — Nauchno-popularnoe izdanie. — Moskwa: Iauza-press, 2014. — p. 944 — .Collection of authors/ newspaper «Krasnaya Zvezda». — Moscow: Krasnaya Zvezda, 1943.Коллектив авторов. Перечень № 11 соединений, частей и подразделений войск ПВО страны, входивших в состав Действующей армии в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941 – 1945 годов / Завизион. — Министерство обороны СССР. Военно-научное управление Генерального Штаба. — Москва: Воениздат, 1973. — Т. Директива Генерального штаба 1973 г. № ДГШ-044. — 112 с. Orders and decorations Urdia received the following orders and decorations: Order of the Red Star (19.05.1940) Order of the Patriotic War (1st class – 13.06.1942) Order of the Patriotic War (1st class – 14.02.1943) Order of the Red Banner (03.11.1944)	[ { "type": "R", "before": "the German positions by targeting Wehrmacht's", "after": "German positions targeting", "start_char_pos": 3630, "end_char_pos": 3675 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "a", "start_char_pos": 6311, "end_char_pos": 6311 }, { "type": "R", "before": "the Soviet pilots which included", "after": "Soviet aircraft including", "start_char_pos": 7362, "end_char_pos": 7394 }, { "type": "D", "before": "aircraft", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 7417, "end_char_pos": 7425 }, { "type": "D", "before": "the Luftwaffes'", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 7445, "end_char_pos": 7460 }, { "type": "R", "before": "88.", "after": "88s.", "start_char_pos": 7573, "end_char_pos": 7576 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "was", "start_char_pos": 7744, "end_char_pos": 7744 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Urdia received the following orders and decorations:", "start_char_pos": 8862, "end_char_pos": 8862 }, { "type": "R", "before": "-", "after": "–", "start_char_pos": 8936, "end_char_pos": 8937 }, { "type": "R", "before": "-", "after": "–", "start_char_pos": 8988, "end_char_pos": 8989 } ]	[ 0, 112, 337, 487, 732, 754, 859, 1060, 1330, 1538, 1691, 2015, 2282, 2308, 2346, 2673, 2695, 2797, 2824, 3040, 3203, 3337, 3517, 3731, 3837, 3859, 3878, 3927, 3979, 4004, 4177, 4406, 4428, 4530, 4557, 5039, 5083, 5096, 5112, 5192, 5564, 5884, 5961, 5984, 6263, 6459, 6481, 6524, 6580, 6735, 6798, 6841, 6857, 6904, 7153, 7168, 7276, 7295, 7316, 7576, 7707, 7968, 8262, 8299, 8329, 8359, 8452, 8485, 8503, 8703, 8838 ]
6702718	1	Demographic evolution Category:Cities and towns in Lombard	Tresivio hosts a Roman Catholic sanctursry dedicated to the Black Madonna whose relic is kept into the Temple. The sanctuary was built in the 17th century on the model of the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto. Demographic evolution Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy Category:Satanis	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Tresivio hosts a Roman Catholic sanctursry dedicated to the Black Madonna whose relic is kept into the Temple. The sanctuary was built in the 17th century on the model of the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto.", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 0 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Lombard", "after": "Lombardy", "start_char_pos": 52, "end_char_pos": 59 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Category:Satanis", "start_char_pos": 60, "end_char_pos": 60 } ]	[ 0 ]
67032591	1	alt=\|A view of Pahargarh Fort built by Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar in 1446. Pahargarh estate was a Zamindari estate under the surganty of Lodi Dynasty from year 1446-1947 (502 years) and later under Mughal Empire, Jhansi Estate and, British Raj. Pahargarh is located in Madhya Pradesh, in Morena District. It was ruled by the Sakarwar Rajputs of Maharaja Zamindar family of Pahargarh who were the descendants of Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar or his grandson Maharaja Kam Dev Misir. When Kam Dev Misir shifted to Ghazipur District in 1530 the estate was handled by his second, third, and fourth sons' family. Half of their family went with Kam Dev in Ghazipur District in Uttar Pradesh and half lived here. The First ruler of Pahargarh estate was Rao Anup Dev Sikandar. Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar was originally a ruler of Fatehpur Sikri estate but he captured the parts of Morena, Gwalior and Jhansi and established Pahargarh and built Pahargarh Fort.	alt=\|A view of Pahargarh Fort built by Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar in 1446. Pahargarh estate was a Zamindari estate under the surganty of Lodi Dynasty from year 1446-1457 and later under Mughal Empire, Jhansi Estate and, British Raj. Pahargarh is located in Madhya Pradesh, in Morena District. It was ruled by the Sakarwar Rajputs of Maharaja Zamindar family of Pahargarh who were the descendants of Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar or his grandson Maharaja Kam Dev Misir. When Kam Dev Misir shifted to Ghazipur District in 1530 the estate was handled by his second, third, and fourth sons' family. Half of their family went with Kam Dev in Ghazipur District in Uttar Pradesh and half lived here. The First ruler of Pahargarh estate was Rao Anup Dev Sikandar. Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar was originally a ruler of Fatehpur Sikri estate but he captured the parts of Morena, Gwalior and Jhansi and established Pahargarh and built Pahargarh Fort.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "1446-1947 (502 years)", "after": "1446-1457", "start_char_pos": 155, "end_char_pos": 176 } ]	[ 0, 69, 299, 467, 593, 691, 754 ]
67032591	2	alt=\|A view of Pahargarh Fort built by Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar in 1446. Pahargarh estate was a Zamindari estate under the surganty of Lodi Dynasty from year 1441-1457 and later under Mughal Empire, Jhansi Estate and, British Raj. Pahargarh is located in Madhya Pradesh, in Morena District. It was ruled by the Sakarwar Rajputs of Maharaja Zamindar family of Pahargarh who were the descendants of Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar or his grandson Maharaja Kam Dev sikarwar . When Kam Dev sikarwar shifted to Ghazipur District in 1530 the estate was handled by his second, third, and fourth sons' family. Half of their family went with Kam Dev in Ghazipur District in Uttar Pradesh and half lived here. The First ruler of Pahargarh estate was Rao Anup Dev Sikandar. Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar was originally a ruler of Fatehpur Sikri estate but he captured the parts of Morena, Gwalior and Jhansi and established Pahargarh and built Pahargarh Fort.	alt=\|A view of Pahargarh Fort built by Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar in 1446. Pahargarh estate was a Zamindari estate under the surganty of Lodi Dynasty from year 1441-1457 and later under Mughal Empire, Jhansi State and, British Raj. Pahargarh is located in Madhya Pradesh, in Morena District. It was ruled by the Sakarwar Rajputs of Maharaja Zamindar family of Pahargarh who were the descendants of Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar or his grandson Maharaja Kam Dev Sikarwar . When Kam Dev Sikarwar shifted to Ghazipur District in 1530 the estate was handled by his second, third, and fourth sons' family. Half of their family went with Kam Dev in Ghazipur District in Uttar Pradesh and half lived here. The First ruler of Pahargarh estate was Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar who was originally a ruler of Viajypur Sikri (Fatehpur Sikri) but later captured parts of Morena, Gwalior and Jhansi and established Pahargarh and built Pahargarh Fort.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Estate", "after": "State", "start_char_pos": 203, "end_char_pos": 209 }, { "type": "R", "before": "sikarwar", "after": "Sikarwar", "start_char_pos": 449, "end_char_pos": 457 }, { "type": "R", "before": "sikarwar", "after": "Sikarwar", "start_char_pos": 473, "end_char_pos": 481 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Sikandar. Rao Anup Dev Sikarwar", "after": "Sikarwar who", "start_char_pos": 740, "end_char_pos": 771 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Fatehpur Sikri estate but he captured the", "after": "Viajypur Sikri (Fatehpur Sikri) but later captured", "start_char_pos": 798, "end_char_pos": 839 } ]	[ 0, 69, 287, 459, 588, 686, 749 ]
6703545	1	The Show 'N Tell GE filed the SHOW 'N TELL trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1967 with its first use in commerce listed as Oct. 3, 1964. The name of the toy appears as Show'N Tell in some texts. was a toy combination record player and filmstrip viewer manufactured by General Electric from October 1964 to the 1970s at GE's Utica, NY facility. It resembled a television set, but had a record player on the top. Records and slides were sold for it in combination (known as Picturesound programs). The slide strips, a flat plastic key 11 inches long containing a strip of 16mm color film, was inserted into the top of the device. As the record played (typically telling a story), the slide strip, through which the images were projected on the screen, would automatically advance to illustrate it. The mechanism by which the slide advanced was purely mechanical, and was based on the rotation of the turntable, so proper operation required manually spinning it a few revolutions before beginning the presentation. The original selling price of the unit was $29.95 and Picturesound programs sold for 99 cents with "a library of five programs" selling for $4.95.	The Show 'N Tell GE filed the SHOW 'N TELL trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1967 with its first use in commerce listed as Oct. 3, 1964. The name of the toy appears as Show'N Tell in some texts. is a toy combination record player and filmstrip viewer manufactured by General Electric from October 1964 to the 1970s at GE's Utica, NY facility. It resembles a television set, but has a record player on the top. Records and slides were sold for it in combination (known as Picturesound programs). The slide strips, a flat plastic key 11 inches long containing a strip of 16mm color film, are inserted into the top of the device. As the record played (typically telling a story), the slide strip, through which the images were projected on the screen, automatically advance to illustrate it. The mechanism by which the slide advanced is purely mechanical, and was based on the rotation of the turntable, so proper operation required manually spinning it a few revolutions before beginning the presentation. The original selling price of the unit was $29.95 and Picturesound programs sold for 99 cents with "a library of five programs" selling for $4.95.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "was", "after": "is", "start_char_pos": 225, "end_char_pos": 228 }, { "type": "R", "before": "resembled", "after": "resembles", "start_char_pos": 377, "end_char_pos": 386 }, { "type": "R", "before": "had", "after": "has", "start_char_pos": 409, "end_char_pos": 412 }, { "type": "R", "before": "was", "after": "are", "start_char_pos": 617, "end_char_pos": 620 }, { "type": "D", "before": "would", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 780, "end_char_pos": 785 }, { "type": "R", "before": "was", "after": "is", "start_char_pos": 868, "end_char_pos": 871 } ]	[ 0, 166, 373, 440, 525, 657, 825, 1041 ]
6703615	1	EBP is a gene associated with Conradi-Hünermann syndrome, and codes for the emopamil binding protein . See also emopamil	Emopamil binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EBP gene, located on the X chromosome . Clinical significance Mutations in EBP cause Conradi–Hünermann syndrome. See also Emopamil	[ { "type": "R", "before": "EBP is a gene associated with Conradi-Hünermann syndrome, and codes for the emopamil binding protein", "after": "Emopamil binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EBP gene, located on the X chromosome", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 100 }, { "type": "R", "before": "See also emopamil", "after": "Clinical significance Mutations in EBP cause Conradi–Hünermann syndrome.", "start_char_pos": 103, "end_char_pos": 120 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "See also Emopamil", "start_char_pos": 121, "end_char_pos": 121 } ]	[ 0, 102 ]
67037141	1	Natural risks or nature risks become material for businesses in the following three ways: "When businesses depend directly on nature for operations , supply chain performance, real estate asset values, physical security and business continuity" "When the direct and indirect impacts of business activities on nature loss can trigger negative consequences, such as losing customers or entire markets, legal action and regulatory changes that affect financial performance" "When nature loss causes disruption to society and the markets within which businesses operate, which can manifest as both physical and market risks" The loss of nature can also contribute to systemic geopolitical risk because nature’s assets and services, such as clean air, plentiful fresh water, fertile soils, a stable climate, provide vital public goods on which human societies rely for their functioning. An example is tropical deforestation. It is a key source of nature risk for sectors that either have an impact or dependency on tropical forests. Nature risks impact: They could increase policy and regulatory intervention. As a result, in response to these risks, some sectors of the economy might have to face big shifts in asset values or higher costs of doing business for companies that generate negative impacts on nature. For example, in 2018 Indonesia’s president issued a three-year moratorium on clearing primary forests and peatlands for land-use activities such as palm oil plantations and logging, and this was made permanent in 2019. The moratorium is forecast to reduce Indonesia’s economic growth and negatively affect other macroeconomic indicators such as gross national expenditure (GNE) and welfare. Sumatra, Indonesia’s largest palm oil-producing region, is expected to be worst affected, with a predicted -2\% deviation from its baseline GDP by 2030. As consumers and the market react to nature risks, leading to supply and demand patterns shifted, many products/services, technologies and business models are emerged and disrupted the established business community. For example, meat and fish alternatives, including synthetic proteins, will increasingly replace traditional meat products. The demand for cow products will decrease by 70\% by 2030, and by 80–90\% by 2035, with a total cost in excess of $100 billion to meat producers and their supply chains. Customers, clients, and the wider public will hold many companies accountable for any natural capital decline or biodiversity loss and sue them for such losses. These shifts in public sentiment can result in lower brand value, loss of customer base and profits or further increases in insurance premiums (in the case of legal action). This trend of social awareness on nature-related issues is on the rise. For instance, in 2010, Greenpeace launched a campaign against Nestlé’s KitKat brand to raise awareness about the brand’s sourcing of palm oil from deforested Indonesian rainforests. Nestlé’s stock subsequently decreased by 4\%. See also Crisis management Key risk indicators Risk management Risk management tools Risk modeling Country risk Model risk Political risk Valuation risk Moral hazard Reputational risk	Natural risks or nature risks are risks recognized in risk management that are related to the loss of natural assets. They may impact businesses or economies by impacting directly on operations or by negatively affecting society in a way that then creates market risks. The loss of nature can also contribute to systemic geopolitical risk because nature’s assets and services, such as clean air, plentiful fresh water, fertile soils, a stable climate, provide vital public goods on which human societies rely for their functioning. An example is tropical deforestation. It is a key source of nature risk for sectors that either have an impact or dependency on tropical forests. Examples of impacts Nature risks can increase policy and regulatory intervention. As a result, in response to these risks, some sectors of the economy might have to face big shifts in asset values or higher costs of doing business for companies that generate negative impacts on nature. For example, in 2018 Indonesia’s president issued a three-year moratorium on clearing primary forests and peatlands for land-use activities such as palm oil plantations and logging, and this was made permanent in 2019. The moratorium is forecast to reduce Indonesia’s economic growth and negatively affect other macroeconomic indicators such as gross national expenditure (GNE) and welfare. Sumatra, Indonesia’s largest palm oil-producing region, is expected to be worst affected, with a predicted -2\% deviation from its baseline GDP by 2030. As consumers and the market react to nature risks, leading to supply and demand patterns shifted, novel products/services, technologies and business models emerge and may disrupt the established business community. For example, meat and fish alternatives, including synthetic proteins, will increasingly replace traditional meat products. The demand for cow products will decrease by 70\% by 2030, and by 80–90\% by 2035, with a total cost in excess of $100 billion to meat producers and their supply chains. Customers, clients, and the wider public will hold many companies accountable for any natural capital decline or biodiversity loss and sue them for such losses. These shifts in public sentiment can result in lower brand value, loss of customer base and profits or further increases in insurance premiums (in the case of legal action). This trend of social awareness on nature-related issues is on the rise. For instance, in 2010, Greenpeace launched a campaign against Nestlé’s KitKat brand to raise awareness about the brand’s sourcing of palm oil from deforested Indonesian rainforests. Nestlé’s stock subsequently decreased by 4\%. 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67038728	1	BeRider is the provider of shared electric scooters in the capital city of the Czech Republic, Prague. The service was officially launched on September 3rd , 2019. History BeRider has been officially launched on September 3rd , 2019. The project was preceded by analysis to identify how scooter sharing should work properly in Prague. The long-term task of ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab is to find eco-friendly solutions in the field of micromobility and project BeRider thus contributes to transforming ŠKODA AUTO into a company delivering smart mobility solutions according to the motto SIMPLY CLEVER. The 2020 season started on March 1st. At that time, the COVID-19 pandemic began in the Czech Republic. BeRider joined the #SKODAAUTOPomaha initiative in April 2020 and provided its electric scooters to health care professionals for more than a month completely free of charge. More than 300 doctors, nurses, and other medical staff took advantage of this offer. All other users were also able to ride for free for a week at the end of April 2020. In June 2020, BeRider introduced a new application to simplify the use of the service. The same month, BeRider organized its first scooter school under the guidance of a professional instructor in order to prepare users for safe driving in urban traffic. In July 2020, BeRider launched its own e-shop offering helmets, scooter gloves, discounted minute packages, and scooter school vouchers, as well as masks with the BeRider logo. Category:Transport Category:Scooter sharing Category:Scooter sharing companies Category:Micromobility Category:Electric scooters __FORCETOC_abstract	BeRider is the provider of shared electric scooters in the capital city of the Czech Republic, Prague. The service was officially launched on September 3 , 2019. History BeRider has been officially launched on September 3 , 2019. The project was preceded by analysis to identify how scooter sharing should work properly in Prague. The long-term task of ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab is to find eco-friendly solutions in the field of micromobility and project BeRider thus contributes to transforming ŠKODA AUTO into a company delivering smart mobility solutions according to the motto SIMPLY CLEVER. The 2020 season started on March 1. At that time, the COVID-19 pandemic began in the Czech Republic. BeRider joined the #SKODAAUTOPomaha initiative in April 2020 and provided its electric scooters to health care professionals for more than a month completely free of charge. More than 300 doctors, nurses, and other medical staff took advantage of this offer. All other users were also able to ride for free for a week at the end of April 2020. In June 2020, BeRider introduced a new application to simplify the use of the service. The same month, BeRider organized its first scooter school under the guidance of a professional instructor in order to prepare users for safe driving in urban traffic. In July 2020, BeRider launched its own e-shop offering helmets, scooter gloves, discounted minute packages, and scooter school vouchers, as well as masks with the BeRider logo. Category:Transport Category:Scooter sharing Category:Scooter sharing companies Category:Micromobility Category:Electric scooter	[ { "type": "R", "before": "3rd", "after": "3", "start_char_pos": 152, "end_char_pos": 155 }, { "type": "R", "before": "3rd", "after": "3", "start_char_pos": 222, "end_char_pos": 225 }, { "type": "R", "before": "1st.", "after": "1.", "start_char_pos": 626, "end_char_pos": 630 }, { "type": "R", "before": "scooters __FORCETOC_abstract", "after": "scooter", "start_char_pos": 1592, "end_char_pos": 1620 } ]	[ 0, 102, 163, 233, 334, 592, 630, 695, 869, 954, 1039, 1126, 1294, 1471 ]
67045160	1	: Category:Philosophy : Category:Criticism : Category:English-language books : Category:2002 non-fictio	Category:Criticism Category:Philosophy Category:Criticism Category:English-language books Category:2002 non-fiction books Category:2002 non-fictio	[ { "type": "R", "before": ":", "after": "Category:Criticism", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 1 }, { "type": "D", "before": ":", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 22, "end_char_pos": 23 }, { "type": "D", "before": ":", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 43, "end_char_pos": 44 }, { "type": "R", "before": ":", "after": "Category:2002 non-fiction books", "start_char_pos": 77, "end_char_pos": 78 } ]	[ 0 ]
6704750	1	In 1939 the tense international situation caused the inclusion of tests, necessary to prepare young people for service in the Red Army , and to prepare all the population for the possible war. Such disciplines as "crawling over", "speedy foot march", "throwing a bunch of grenades", "rope (also pole and tree) climbing", "carrying over a cartridge box", various martial arts were introduced. Most of them were removed in post-World War II revisions. Only "throwing a grenade" and "50 m small bore rifle shooting" (men only) remained.	In 1939 the tense international situation caused the inclusion of tests, necessary to prepare young people for service in the Soviet Armed Forces , and to prepare all the population for the possible war. Such disciplines as "crawling over", "speedy foot march", "throwing a bunch of grenades", "rope (also pole and tree) climbing", "carrying over a cartridge box", various martial arts were introduced. Most of them were removed in post-Second World War revisions. Only "throwing a grenade" and "50 m small bore rifle shooting" (men only) remained.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Red Army", "after": "Soviet Armed Forces", "start_char_pos": 126, "end_char_pos": 134 }, { "type": "R", "before": "post-World War II", "after": "post-Second World War", "start_char_pos": 421, "end_char_pos": 438 } ]	[ 0, 192, 391, 449 ]
67052748	1	Category:Living people Category:LGBT people from the United Kingdom Category: British botanists Category:British forensic scientists Category:Alumni of the University of Reading Category:People from Warwickshire Category:Year of birth missing (living peop	Category:Living people Category:LGBT people from the United Kingdom Category: LGBT scientists Category:LGBT scientists from the United Kingdom Category: British botanists Category:British forensic scientists Category:Alumni of the University of Reading Category:People from Warwickshire Category:Year of birth missing (living peop	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "LGBT scientists Category:LGBT scientists from the United Kingdom Category:", "start_char_pos": 78, "end_char_pos": 78 } ]	[ 0 ]
6705582	1	The British colony of Maryland was the first to pass an anti-miscegenation law (1664). In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th century, many American states passed anti-miscegenation laws, often based on controversial interpretations of the Bible, particularly the story of Phinehas. Typically a felony, these laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between persons of different races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of adultery or fornication would be brought against them instead. Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alaska, Hawaii, and the federal District of Columbia did not pass anti-miscegenation laws. In 1883, the constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Pace v. Alabama.	The Province of Maryland passed the first anti-miscgenation law in colonial America in 1664. In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th century, many American states passed anti-miscegenation laws, often based on controversial interpretations of the Bible, particularly the story of Phinehas. Typically a felony, these laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between persons of different races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of adultery or fornication would be brought against them instead. Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alaska, Hawaii, and the federal District of Columbia did not pass anti-miscegenation laws. In 1883, the constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Pace v. Alabama.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "British colony of Maryland was the first to pass an anti-miscegenation law (1664).", "after": "Province of Maryland passed the first anti-miscgenation law in colonial America in 1664.", "start_char_pos": 4, "end_char_pos": 86 } ]	[ 0, 86, 277, 435, 616, 788 ]
67060941	1	Squatting in Fiji is defined as being "a resident of a dwelling which is illegal according to planning by-laws regardless of whether the landowner has given consent". As of 2018 an estimated 20\% of the total population was squatting, including people living on land owned by indigenous clans with informal permission (Fijian language: vakavanua ). Most squatters are on the larger islands such as Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. In Fiji, 87\% of the land mass is owned by indigenous clans under the Native Land Register (Fijian language: Vola ni Kawa Bula). The state owns 6\% and the remaining 7\% can be bought and sold. Originally, most squatting occurred on state land and now tribal lands are also squatted. Squatters on tribal lands tend to do so with informal permission (Fijian: vakavanua ), whereas squatters on the remaining 13\% are more akin to the global view of squatters. The looseness in the definition of who is squatting can make it harder to generate accurate statistics. Informal settlements are found on larger islands such as Vanua Levu and Viti Levu, where most of the population of Fiji lives. A 2003 report found the ethnicity of squatters was roughly half indigenous Fijian and half Indo-Fijian. When agricultural licenses were not renewed from the 1990s onwards, this displaced former farmers who the government attempted to rehouse . Another crisis was caused by the decline of the garment industry in the 2000s. Many people then started squatting in Lautoka and Suva, often living in areas where there are environmental dangers.	Squatting in Fiji is defined as being "a resident of a dwelling which is illegal according to planning by-laws regardless of whether the landowner has given consent". As of 2018 an estimated 20\% of the total population was squatting, including people living on land owned by indigenous clans with informal permission (Fijian language: Vakavanua ). Most squatters are on the larger islands such as Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. In Fiji, 87\% of the land mass is owned by indigenous clans under the Native Land Register (Fijian language: Vola ni Kawa Bula). The state owns 6\% and the remaining 7\% can be bought and sold. Originally, most squatting occurred on state land and now tribal lands are also squatted. Squatters on tribal lands tend to do so with informal permission (Fijian: Vakavanua ), whereas squatters on the remaining 13\% are more akin to the global view of squatters. The looseness in the definition of who is squatting can make it harder to generate accurate statistics. Informal settlements are found on larger islands such as Vanua Levu and Viti Levu, where most of the population of Fiji lives. A 2003 report found the ethnicity of squatters was roughly half indigenous Fijian and half Indo-Fijian. When agricultural licenses were not renewed from the 1990s onwards, this displaced former farmers who the government attempted to rehouse and another crisis was caused by the decline of the garment industry in the 2000s. Many people then started squatting in Lautoka and Suva, often living in areas where there are environmental dangers.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "vakavanua", "after": "Vakavanua", "start_char_pos": 336, "end_char_pos": 345 }, { "type": "R", "before": "vakavanua", "after": "Vakavanua", "start_char_pos": 782, "end_char_pos": 791 }, { "type": "R", "before": ". Another", "after": "and another", "start_char_pos": 1355, "end_char_pos": 1364 } ]	[ 0, 166, 348, 423, 552, 617, 707, 881, 985, 1112, 1216, 1356, 1435 ]
67061952	1	The Narrators is a monthly true storytelling show and podcast from Denver, Colorado hosted by Ron S. Doyle and Buntport Theater's Erin Rollman, and founded in 2010 by standup comedian Andrew Orvedahl. Live Event The monthly show takes place every third Wednesday of the month at Buntport Theater in Denver , Colorado . During the COVID-19 pandemic, the show shifted to virtual shows and outdoor performances at the EXDO Events Center in Denver. The Narrators also hosts a variety of special events in partnership with other organizations. Podcast The Narrators produces a weekly companion podcast that features selected stories from the show's live events. The podcast was named one of "Ten Essential Denver Podcasts" by Westword in 2016 and one of “ 9 Essential Denver Podcasts You Should Be Listening To ” by 303 Magazine in 2019. As of 2021, the podcast is produced by Ron S. Doyle, Karen Wachtel, Scott Carney, Jessi Whitten, and Sydney Crain. Notable Performers Adam Cayton-Holland Alex Landau Alexander Chee Amber Tozer Andrew Orvedahl Aparna Nancherla Baron Vaughn Ben Roy Beth Stelling Cameron Esposito Candi CdeBaca Chris Fairbanks Chris Garcia Dave Ross David Gborie Dessa Dr. Kevin Fitzgerald Drennon Davis Hutch Harris Josh Blue Ken Arkind Kyle Kinane Lonnie MF Allen Magic Cyclops Maria Thayer Matt Braunger Milk Blossoms Porlolo R. Alan Brooks Ramon Rivas Rick Griffith Ron Lynch Sean Patton Sonya Eddy Stephen Graham Jones The Flobots The Nix Bros. Whitmer Thomas Yvie Oddly	The Narrators is a monthly true storytelling show and podcast from Denver, Colorado , hosted by Ron S. Doyle and Buntport Theater's Erin Rollman, and founded in 2010 by standup comedian Andrew Orvedahl. Live event The monthly show takes place every third Wednesday of the month at Buntport Theater in Denver . During the COVID-19 pandemic, the show shifted to virtual shows and outdoor performances at the EXDO Events Center in Denver. The Narrators also hosts a variety of special events in partnership with other organizations. Podcast The Narrators produces a weekly companion podcast that features selected stories from the show's live events. The podcast was named one of "Ten Essential Denver Podcasts" by Westword in 2016 and one of " 9 Essential Denver Podcasts You Should Be Listening To " by 303 Magazine in 2019. As of 2021, the podcast is produced by Ron S. Doyle, Karen Wachtel, Scott Carney, Jessi Whitten, and Sydney Crain. Notable performers Adam Cayton-Holland Alex Landau Alexander Chee Amber Tozer Andrew Orvedahl Aparna Nancherla Baron Vaughn Ben Roy Beth Stelling Cameron Esposito Candi CdeBaca Chris Fairbanks Chris Garcia Dave Ross David Gborie Dessa Dr. Kevin Fitzgerald Drennon Davis Flobots Hutch Harris Josh Blue Ken Arkind Kyle Kinane Lonnie MF Allen Magic Cyclops Maria Thayer Matt Braunger Milk Blossoms Porlolo R. Alan Brooks Ramon Rivas Rick Griffith Ron Lynch Sean Patton Sonya Eddy Stephen Graham Jones The Nix Bros. Whitmer Thomas Yvie Oddly	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ",", "start_char_pos": 84, "end_char_pos": 84 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Event", "after": "event", "start_char_pos": 207, "end_char_pos": 212 }, { "type": "D", "before": ", Colorado", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 307, "end_char_pos": 317 }, { "type": "R", "before": "“", "after": "\"", "start_char_pos": 750, "end_char_pos": 751 }, { "type": "R", "before": "”", "after": "\"", "start_char_pos": 807, "end_char_pos": 808 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Performers", "after": "performers", "start_char_pos": 957, "end_char_pos": 967 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Flobots", "start_char_pos": 1219, "end_char_pos": 1219 }, { "type": "D", "before": "The Flobots", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1440, "end_char_pos": 1451 } ]	[ 0, 201, 319, 445, 539, 657, 833, 948, 968, 1465 ]
67066331	1	Challenges Socio-cultural groups are nowadays heavily involved in local politics and they are generally headed by lobbyists. Some of these lobbyists have even been political nominees on the board of several para-statal bodies and government organisations. There is also an absence of financial audits of these organisations although they receive substantial government funding. Critics have suggested that the government should enact fundamental changes in order to remove the involvement of socio-cultural groups in politics and to ensure that they return to their original objectives of promoting religious and cultural values only. One suggestion is to stop all government funding to these groups. Another suggestion is that the socio-cutural groups should be subjected to regular financial audits. The government increased the annual value of grants to religious organisations, which include the socio-cultuyral groups, from Rs 93 Million to Rs 103 Million. List of Socio-Cultural Groups There are a large number of socio-cultural associations which receive direct funding from the government of Mauritius. Each group is associated with a particular religion or ethnic group. Each group's political allegiance changes depending on local conditions and deals that have been made with the main official political parties of Mauritius in exchange for positions as board members in state-run companies, or for promised concessions or change in legislation to favour the group's members. The predominant groups include the following:	Modern trends and features Socio-cultural groups are nowadays heavily involved in local politics and they are generally headed by lobbyists. Some of these lobbyists have even been political nominees on the board of several para-statal bodies and government organisations. There is also an absence of financial audits of these organisations although they receive substantial government funding. There are a large number of socio-cultural associations which receive direct funding from the government of Mauritius. Each group is associated with a particular religion or ethnic group. Each group's political allegiance changes depending on local conditions and deals that have been made with the main official political parties of Mauritius in exchange for positions as board members in state-run companies, or for promised concessions or change in legislation to favour the group's members. Critics have suggested that the government should enact fundamental changes in order to remove the involvement of socio-cultural groups in politics and to ensure that they return to their original objectives of promoting religious and cultural values only. One suggestion is to stop all government funding to these groups. Another suggestion is that the socio-cutural groups should be subjected to regular financial audits. The government increased the annual value of grants to religious organisations, which include the socio-cultuyral groups, from Rs 93 Million to Rs 103 Million. List of Socio-Cultural Groups The predominant groups include the following:	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Challenges", "after": "Modern trends and features", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 10 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "There are a large number of socio-cultural associations which receive direct funding from the government of Mauritius. Each group is associated with a particular religion or ethnic group. Each group's political allegiance changes depending on local conditions and deals that have been made with the main official political parties of Mauritius in exchange for positions as board members in state-run companies, or for promised concessions or change in legislation to favour the group's members.", "start_char_pos": 378, "end_char_pos": 378 }, { "type": "D", "before": "There are a large number of socio-cultural associations which receive direct funding from the government of Mauritius. Each group is associated with a particular religion or ethnic group. Each group's political allegiance changes depending on local conditions and deals that have been made with the main official political parties of Mauritius in exchange for positions as board members in state-run companies, or for promised concessions or change in legislation to favour the group's members.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 993, "end_char_pos": 1487 } ]	[ 0, 124, 255, 377, 635, 701, 802, 962, 1111, 1180, 1487 ]
67070773	1	Tooley Crater is approximately 7 km wide, close to the south pole of the moon . It is located within a permanently shadowy area of Shoemaker Crater. It is therefore one of the cooler areas of the Moon. The act of naming the Tooley Crater pays homage to the numerous accomplishments and indelible contributions Tooley made to NASA's exploration community during his 34 years of service. Tooley oversaw LRO's successful launch in 2009.	Tooley Crater is approximately 7 km wide, close to the south pole of the Moon . It is located within a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater. It is therefore one of the cooler areas of the Moon. The act of naming Tooley Crater pays homage to the numerous accomplishments and indelible contributions Craig Tooley made to NASA's exploration community during his 34 years of service. Tooley oversaw LRO's successful launch in 2009.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "moon", "after": "Moon", "start_char_pos": 73, "end_char_pos": 77 }, { "type": "R", "before": "shadowy", "after": "shadowed", "start_char_pos": 115, "end_char_pos": 122 }, { "type": "D", "before": "the", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 220, "end_char_pos": 223 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Craig", "start_char_pos": 310, "end_char_pos": 310 } ]	[ 0, 79, 148, 201, 386 ]
6707204	1	The Baluba are one of the Bantu peoples of Central Africa. Their creation deity's name is Kabezya-Mpungu. Creation myth of Kabezya-Mpungu The Baluba creation story makes a connection between God's invisibility or unavailability , and the endowment of humans with a soul or divine component longing for God. References Carl Einstein (Ed.) 1925: Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden; Rowohlt, 1925. Neuausgabe (1980) MEDUSA Verlag Wölk + Schmid, Berlin. (in German) Charlotte Leslau, Wolf Leslau (Ed.): African Folk Tales''; Mount Vernon, 1963, N.Y. : Peter Pauper Press Category: African mythology Category:Creation myths Category:Traditional African religion	The Baluba are one of the Bantu peoples of Central Africa. Their creator deity's name is Kabezya-Mpungu. Creation myth of Kabezya-Mpungu The Baluba creation story makes a connection between God's invisibility or unavailability and the endowment of humans with a soul or divine component longing for God. References Carl Einstein (Ed.) 1925: Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden; Rowohlt, 1925. Neuausgabe (1980) MEDUSA Verlag Wölk + Schmid, Berlin. (in German) Charlotte Leslau, Wolf Leslau (Ed.): African Folk Tales''; Mount Vernon, 1963, N.Y. : Peter Pauper Press Category: Bantu mythology Category:Creation myth	[ { "type": "R", "before": "creation", "after": "creator", "start_char_pos": 65, "end_char_pos": 73 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 228, "end_char_pos": 229 }, { "type": "R", "before": "African", "after": "Bantu", "start_char_pos": 576, "end_char_pos": 583 }, { "type": "R", "before": "myths Category:Traditional African religion", "after": "myth", "start_char_pos": 612, "end_char_pos": 655 } ]	[ 0, 58, 105, 306, 378, 393, 448, 519 ]
67099074	1	Murder On April 7, 1987, Nick De Noia was shot in the face with a high caliber pistol while sitting at his desk in his Manhattan office by man hired by Ray Colon, accomplice to Steve Banerjee . The murder of Nick DeNoia was orchestrated by Banerjee along with the burning of a competitor's Red Onion nightclub. Banerjee plead guilty to murder, arson and RICO charges in July 1994. Chippendales was owned by Steve Banerjee who bought a failing backgammon nightclub "Destiny II" in 1975 and renamed it "Chippendales". Under a plea bargain, Banerjee plead guilty to be sentenced to 26 years in URL Banerjee committed suicide while awaiting final sentencing in prison. Chippendales remained with Banerjee's wife.	Murder On April 7, 1987, 3:40 PM, Nick De Noia was shot in the face with a large caliber pistol while sitting at his 15th floor office desk at 264 West 40th Street, Manhattan located near the garment district. He was shot by a man hired by Ray Colon, who was an accomplice to Steve Banerjee . At the time, De Noia no longer worked for Banerjee but had a licensing arrangement through a company called Chippendales Universal to use the name Chippendales for tour engagements. Banerjee was dissatisfied with the business arrangement which was memorialized on a cocktail napkin. Banerjee tried unsuccessfully to break the contract in New York courts . The murder of Nick DeNoia was orchestrated by Banerjee along with the burning of a competitor's Red Onion nightclub. Banerjee plead guilty to murder, arson and RICO charges in July 1994. Chippendales was owned by Steve Banerjee who bought a failing backgammon nightclub "Destiny II" in 1975 and renamed it "Chippendales". Under a plea bargain, Banerjee plead guilty to be sentenced to 26 years in URL Banerjee committed suicide while awaiting final sentencing in prison. Chippendales remained with Banerjee's wife.	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "3:40 PM,", "start_char_pos": 25, "end_char_pos": 25 }, { "type": "R", "before": "high", "after": "large", "start_char_pos": 67, "end_char_pos": 71 }, { "type": "R", "before": "desk in his Manhattan office by", "after": "15th floor office desk at 264 West 40th Street, Manhattan located near the garment district. He was shot by a", "start_char_pos": 108, "end_char_pos": 139 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "who was an", "start_char_pos": 164, "end_char_pos": 164 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ". At the time, De Noia no longer worked for Banerjee but had a licensing arrangement through a company called Chippendales Universal to use the name Chippendales for tour engagements. Banerjee was dissatisfied with the business arrangement which was memorialized on a cocktail napkin. Banerjee tried unsuccessfully to break the contract in New York courts", "start_char_pos": 194, "end_char_pos": 194 } ]	[ 0, 196, 313, 383, 518, 667 ]
6710001	1	A large deportation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864 and it was mostly completed by 1867.Kazemzadeh 1974 Only a small percentage accepted to surrender and resettle within the Russian Empire. The remaining Circassian populations who refused to surrender were thus variously dispersed, resettled, tortured, and most of the time, killed en masse .. "One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse" .	A large deportation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864 and it was mostly completed by 1867.Kazemzadeh 1974 Only a small percentage accepted to convert to Christianity and resettle within the Russian Empire. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus variously dispersed, resettled, tortured, and most of the time, killed en masse .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "surrender", "after": "convert to Christianity", "start_char_pos": 188, "end_char_pos": 197 }, { "type": "D", "before": "to surrender", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 287, "end_char_pos": 299 }, { "type": "D", "before": ".. \"One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse\"", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 390, "end_char_pos": 491 } ]	[ 0, 136, 237, 392 ]
6710001	2	The Circassian genocide (; ; ) was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, forced migration,Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century), Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015 and expulsion of 800,000–1,500,000 Muslim Circassians (at least 80\% of the total population) from their homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus alongside the Black Sea. This occurred in the aftermath of the Russo-Circassian War in the second half of the 19th century. It has been recorded that during the events, the Russian and Cossack forces used various brutal methods to entertain themselves, such as tearing the bellies of pregnant women and removing the baby inside, then feeding the babies to dogs. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and justified their killing and use in scientific experiments and allowed Russian soldiers to rape 7 years and older Circassian girls. The displaced people were settled primarily to the Ottoman Empire. A large portion of indigenous peoples of the region were ethnically cleansedMemoirs of Dmitry Milyutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", as quoted in W. Richmond The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008 from their homeland at the end of the Russo-Circassian War by Russia. The peoples planned for removal were mainly the Circassians (or Adyghe) , Ubykhs, and Abaza, but Abkhaz, Arshtins, Chechens and Ossetians were also heavily affected. Other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected to a degree such as Avars and Ingush . A large deportation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864 and it was mostly completed by 1867.Kazemzadeh 1974 Only a small percentage accepted to convert to Christianity and resettle within the Russian Empire. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus variously dispersed, resettled, tortured, and most of the time, killed en masse. An unknown number of deportees died during the process. Some died from epidemics among crowds of deportees both while awaiting departure and while languishing in their Ottoman Black Sea ports of arrival. Others were killed when ships underway sank during storms.King, 2007 Calculations including those taking into account the Russian government's own archival figures have estimated a loss of 80\%–97\%Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. Page 132: ". If we assume that Berzhe’s middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov’s campaign, or were deported."Sarah A.S. Isla Rosser-Owen, MA Near and Middle Eastern Studies (thesis). The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers. Page 16: "... with one estimate showing that the indigenous population of the entire north-western Caucasus was reduced by a massive 94 percent". Text of citation: "The estimates of Russian historian Narochnitskii, in Richmond, ch. 4, p. 5. Stephen Shenfield notes a similar rate of reduction with less than 10 percent of the Circassians (including the Abkhazians) remaining. (Stephen Shenfield, "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?", in The Massacre in History, p. 154.)" of the Circassian nation in the process. , Georgia was the only country to recognize the Circassian genocide , while Chechnya and Jordan were countries whose state officials mentioned the genocide but did not pass an official resolution to recognize it . Russia, however, actively denies the Circassian genocide, and classifies the events as a simple migration of "undeveloped barbaric peoples". Russian nationalists in the Caucasus region continue to celebrate the day on 21 May each year as a "holy conquest day", when the Circassian deportation was launched. Circassians commemorate 21 May every year as a day of mourning commemorating the Circassian genocide. On 21 May, Circassians from all over the world fill the streets and protest the Russian government, Circassian banners and flags are a common sight in certain regions of cities such as Istanbul and Amman during these events.	The Circassian genocide (; ; ) was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, forced migration,Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century), Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015 and expulsion of 800,000–1,500,000 Muslim Circassians (at least 80\% of the total population) from their homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus alongside the Black Sea. This occurred in the aftermath of the Russo-Circassian War in the second half of the 19th century. It has been recorded that during the events, the Russian and Cossack forces used various brutal methods to entertain themselves, such as tearing the bellies of pregnant women and removing the baby inside, then feeding the babies to dogs. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and justified their killing and use in scientific experiments and allowed Russian soldiers to rape 7 years and older Circassian girls. Only a small percentage accepted to convert to Christianity and resettle within the Russian Empire. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus variously dispersed, resettled, tortured, and most of the time, killed en masse. A large portion of indigenous peoples of the region were ethnically cleansed.Memoirs of Dmitry Milyutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", as quoted in W. Richmond The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008 The peoples planned for removal were mainly the Circassians , Ubykhs, and Abazins, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected to a degree . A large deportation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864 and it was mostly completed by 1867.Kazemzadeh 1974 An unknown number of deportees died during the process. Some died from epidemics among crowds of deportees both while awaiting departure and while languishing in their Ottoman Black Sea ports of arrival. Others were killed when ships underway sank during storms.King, 2007 Calculations including those taking into account the Russian government's own archival figures have estimated a loss of 80\%–97\%Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. Page 132: ". If we assume that Berzhe’s middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov’s campaign, or were deported."Sarah A.S. Isla Rosser-Owen, MA Near and Middle Eastern Studies (thesis). The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers. Page 16: "... with one estimate showing that the indigenous population of the entire north-western Caucasus was reduced by a massive 94 percent". Text of citation: "The estimates of Russian historian Narochnitskii, in Richmond, ch. 4, p. 5. Stephen Shenfield notes a similar rate of reduction with less than 10 percent of the Circassians (including the Abkhazians) remaining. (Stephen Shenfield, "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?", in The Massacre in History, p. 154.)" of the Circassian nation in the process. The displaced people were settled primarily to the Ottoman Empire. , Georgia was the only country to recognize the Circassian genocide . Russia, however, actively denies the Circassian genocide, and classifies the events as a simple migration . Russian nationalists in the Caucasus region continue to celebrate the day on 21 May each year as a "holy conquest day", when the Circassian deportation was launched. Circassians commemorate 21 May every year as a day of mourning commemorating the Circassian genocide. On 21 May, Circassians from all over the world fill the streets and protest the Russian government, Circassian banners and flags are a common sight in certain regions of cities such as Istanbul and Amman during these events.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "The displaced people were settled primarily to the Ottoman Empire.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1044, "end_char_pos": 1110 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Only a small percentage accepted to convert to Christianity and resettle within the Russian Empire. 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6714117	1	In a study of two-stage screening, children were prescreened with Frankenburg’s Revised Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire and 421 with suspect scores were given the Denver II and evaluated by independent examiners. In children under 18 months the prevalence of abnormality was 0.19 on diagnostic tests, and the Denver II had a positive predictive value of 0.36, a negative predictive value of 0.90, a sensitivity of 0.67, and a specificity of 0.72. The authors concluded that a suspect Denver II “should lead to careful monitoring and rescreening unless provider or parental concern suggests the need for immediate referral.” Among children 18–72 months old, the prevalence of abnormality was 0.43 and the positive predictive value of the Denver II was 0.77, negative predictive value of 0.89, sensitivity 0.86, and specificity of 0.81. The authors concluded that in their program a suspect Denver II should usually result in referral. (Positive predictive value meant the probability that a child with a suspect Denver II would be diagnosed as abnormal when evaluated; negative predictive value meant the probability that a child with a normal Denver II would be diagnosed as normal when evaluated.)	In a study of two-stage screening, children were prescreened with Frankenburg’s Revised Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire and 421 with suspect scores were given the Denver II and evaluated by independent examiners. In children under 18 months the prevalence of abnormality was 0.19 on diagnostic tests, and the Denver II had a positive predictive value of 0.36, a negative predictive value of 0.90, a sensitivity of 0.67, and a specificity of 0.72. The authors concluded that a suspect Denver II “should lead to careful monitoring and rescreening unless provider or parental concern suggests the need for immediate referral.” Among children 18–72 months old, the prevalence of abnormality was 0.43 , the positive predictive value was 0.77, the negative predictive value was 0.89, the sensitivity was 0.86, and the specificity was 0.81. The authors concluded that in their program a suspect Denver II should usually result in a referral. (Positive predictive value meant the probability that a child with a suspect Denver II would be diagnosed as abnormal when evaluated; negative predictive value meant the probability that a child with a normal Denver II would be diagnosed as normal when evaluated.)	[ { "type": "R", "before": "and", "after": ",", "start_char_pos": 705, "end_char_pos": 708 }, { "type": "D", "before": "of the Denver II", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 739, "end_char_pos": 755 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "the", "start_char_pos": 766, "end_char_pos": 766 }, { "type": "R", "before": "of", "after": "was", "start_char_pos": 793, "end_char_pos": 795 }, { "type": "R", "before": "sensitivity", "after": "the sensitivity was", "start_char_pos": 802, "end_char_pos": 813 }, { "type": "R", "before": "specificity of", "after": "the specificity was", "start_char_pos": 824, "end_char_pos": 838 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "a", "start_char_pos": 934, "end_char_pos": 934 } ]	[ 0, 221, 455, 632, 844, 944, 1078 ]
67141971	1	The Emirate of Say was an Islamic state founded in 1825 by Alfa Mohamed Diobo, a Qadiriyya Sufi leader who came to Say from Djenné (Mali) in 1810. Though Diobo was no conqueror, his control over Say was ensured by both his clerical renown and the diplomatic protection of the Sokoto Empire, also founded by a Fulani Qadiriyya Sufi cleric , Usman Dan Fodio. In its heyday, the emirate of Say was widely known from Gao to Gaya as a center for Islamic learning and piety. It is reputed to have had at one time 30,000 inhabitants and to have launched its own trans-Saharan caravans. The city of Say has retained from those days a traditional government held by the descendants Of Diobo in the office of "al/aize" (literally, son of the cleric, in zarma). They are as follows; Alfa Mohamed Diobo (1825—1834), Boubacar Modibo (1834–1860), Abdourahman (1860–1872), Moulaye (1872–1874), Abdoulwahidou (1874–1878), Saliha Alfa Baba (1878–1885), Amadou Satourou Modibo (1885—1893), Halirou Abdoulwahabi (1893—1894).	The Emirate of Say was an Islamic state founded in 1825 by Alfa Mohamed Diobo, a marabout who came to Say from Djenné (Mali) in 1810. Though Diobo was no conqueror, his control over Say was ensured by both his clerical renown and the diplomatic protection of the Sokoto Empire, also founded by a Fulani , Usman Dan Fodio. In its heyday, the emirate was widely known from Gao to Gaya as a center for Islamic learning and piety. It is reputed to have launched its own trans-Saharan caravans. The city of Say has retained from those days a traditional government held by the descendants Of Diobo in the office of "al/aize" (literally, son of the cleric, in zarma). They are as follows; Alfa Mohamed Diobo (1825—1834), Boubacar Modibo (1834–1860), Abdourahman (1860–1872), Moulaye (1872–1874), Abdoulwahidou (1874–1878), Saliha Alfa Baba (1878–1885), Amadou Satourou Modibo (1885—1893), Halirou Abdoulwahabi (1893—1894).	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Qadiriyya Sufi leader", "after": "marabout", "start_char_pos": 81, "end_char_pos": 102 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Qadiriyya Sufi cleric", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 316, "end_char_pos": 337 }, { "type": "D", "before": "of Say", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 384, "end_char_pos": 390 }, { "type": "D", "before": "to have had at one time 30,000 inhabitants and", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 483, "end_char_pos": 529 } ]	[ 0, 146, 356, 468, 578, 750, 771 ]
67141971	2	The Emirate of Say was an Islamic state founded in 1825 by Alfa Mohamed Diobo, a marabout who came to Say from Djenné (Mali) in 1810. Though Diobo was no conqueror, his control over Say was ensured by both his clerical renown and the diplomatic protection of the Sokoto Empire, also founded by a Fulani , Usman Dan Fodio. In its heyday, the emirate was widely known from Gao to Gaya as a center for Islamic learning and piety. It is reputed to have launched its own trans-Saharan caravans. The city of Say has retained from those days a traditional government held by the descendants Of Diobo in the office of "al/aize" (literally, son of the cleric, in zarma). They are as follows; Alfa Mohamed Diobo (1825—1834), Boubacar Modibo (1834–1860), Abdourahman (1860–1872), Moulaye (1872–1874), Abdoulwahidou (1874–1878), Saliha Alfa Baba (1878–1885), Amadou Satourou Modibo (1885—1893), Halirou Abdoulwahabi (1893—1894).	The Emirate of Say was an Islamic state founded in 1825 by Alfa Mohamed Diobo, a Qadiriyya Sufi leader who came to Say from Djenné (Mali) in 1810. Though Diobo was no conqueror, his control over Say was ensured by both his clerical renown and the diplomatic protection of the Sokoto Empire, also founded by a Fulani Qadiriyya Sufi cleric , Usman Dan Fodio. In its heyday, the emirate of Say was widely known from Gao to Gaya as a center for Islamic learning and piety. It is reputed to have had at one time 30,000 inhabitants and to have launched its own trans-Saharan caravans. The city of Say has retained from those days a traditional government held by the descendants Of Diobo in the office of "al/aize" (literally, son of the cleric, in zarma). They are as follows; Alfa Mohamed Diobo (1825—1834), Boubacar Modibo (1834–1860), Abdourahman (1860–1872), Moulaye (1872–1874), Abdoulwahidou (1874–1878), Saliha Alfa Baba (1878–1885), Amadou Satourou Modibo (1885—1893), Halirou Abdoulwahabi (1893—1894).	[ { "type": "R", "before": "marabout", "after": "Qadiriyya Sufi leader", "start_char_pos": 81, "end_char_pos": 89 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Qadiriyya Sufi cleric", "start_char_pos": 303, "end_char_pos": 303 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "of Say", "start_char_pos": 350, "end_char_pos": 350 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "to have had at one time 30,000 inhabitants and", "start_char_pos": 443, "end_char_pos": 443 } ]	[ 0, 133, 322, 428, 492, 664, 685 ]
67149771	1	First expedition In the first expedition of the Commission , Low was appointed as leader of the team . He was assigned to look for Filaria perstans (later renamed Mansonella perstans), a small roundworm transmitted by flies, as a possible cause of sleeping sickness. Low had previously in 1901 established that another roundworm Filaria bancrofti (later renamed was the cause of elephantiasis in humans. Since the initial discovery of Mansion in 1878 that F. bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus), it was believed that roundworms and insects were associated with the sleeping sickness. Castellani was assigned to investigate bacteria as the possible etiology; while Christy was to make epidemiological studies. The team arrived at Entebbe and set up a laboratory there in the mid 1902. There were frictions between the team members, and Christy, who was regarded as playing only a minor role, resorted to idling his time trekking and hunting .	The first Commission Low was appointed as leader of the team in the first Commission, . He was assigned to look for Filaria perstans (later renamed Mansonella perstans), a small roundworm transmitted by flies, as a possible cause of sleeping sickness. Low had previously in 1901 established that another roundworm Filaria bancrofti (later renamed was the cause of elephantiasis in humans. Since the initial discovery of Mansion in 1878 that F. bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus), it was believed that roundworms and mosquitos were associated with the sleeping sickness. This was the main reason the Royal Society put the matter under its Malaria Committee. Castellani was assigned to investigate bacteria as another possible etiology; while Christy was to make epidemiological studies. The team arrived at Entebbe and set up a laboratory there in July 1902. There were frictions between the team members, and Christy, who was regarded as playing only a minor role, resorted to idling his time trekking and hunting . The first investigation lasted up to the end of the year until Low returned to London to become superintendent of the London School of Tropical Medicine. The team was described as an "ill-assorted group," and the expedition "a failure." The second Commission The Royal Society constituted the second Commission in the early 1903. With David Nunes Nabarro of the University College Hospital, was appointed "Head of the Commission" on 5 January. But Nabarro asked the Royal Society to make someone else as the head. David Bruce of the Royal Army Medical Corps was then appointed leader of the team. Bruce and Nabarro joined Castellani and Christy on 16 March. The Commission terminated in August as Bruce left Africa to work in Malta .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "First expedition In the first expedition of the Commission ,", "after": "The first Commission", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 60 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "in the first Commission,", "start_char_pos": 101, "end_char_pos": 101 }, { "type": "R", "before": "insects", "after": "mosquitos", "start_char_pos": 561, "end_char_pos": 568 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "This was the main reason the Royal Society put the matter under its Malaria Committee.", "start_char_pos": 613, "end_char_pos": 613 }, { "type": "R", "before": "the", "after": "another", "start_char_pos": 665, "end_char_pos": 668 }, { "type": "R", "before": "the mid", "after": "July", "start_char_pos": 800, "end_char_pos": 807 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ". The first investigation lasted up to the end of the year until Low returned to London to become superintendent of the London School of Tropical Medicine. The team was described as an \"ill-assorted group,\" and the expedition \"a failure.\"", "start_char_pos": 970, "end_char_pos": 970 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "The second Commission The Royal Society constituted the second Commission in the early 1903. With David Nunes Nabarro of the University College Hospital, was appointed \"Head of the Commission\" on 5 January. But Nabarro asked the Royal Society to make someone else as the head. David Bruce of the Royal Army Medical Corps was then appointed leader of the team. Bruce and Nabarro joined Castellani and Christy on 16 March. The Commission terminated in August as Bruce left Africa to work in Malta", "start_char_pos": 971, "end_char_pos": 971 } ]	[ 0, 103, 267, 404, 612, 687, 738, 813 ]
67149771	2	Starting from 1900 and lasting for two decades, there was an outbreak of human sleeping sickness in Uganda. The first case of human infection was recorded in 1898. It was particularly severe in 1901, with death toll estimated to about 20,000. More than 250,000 people died in the epidemic. The disease was then known as the "negro lethargy." The Commission The matter of Uganda epidemic was discussed in the Council of the Royal Society in 1902. At that time there was an international debate on the etiology of sleeping sickness with many favouring a contagious nature since the infection was spreading fast. Plans for investigation was placed in the hands of the Royal Society Malaria Committee. As proposed by Patrick Mansion , the most suitable investors were Aldo Castellani and George Carmichael Low, both from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine as former students of Mansion , and Cuthbert Christy, a medical officer on duty in Bombay, India. The Royal Society made the three-member Sleeping Sickness Commission on 10 May 1902. The first Commission Low was appointed as leader of the team in the first Commission, . He was assigned to look for Filaria perstans (later renamed Mansonella perstans), a small roundworm transmitted by flies, as a possible cause of sleeping sickness. Low had previously in 1901 established that another roundworm Filaria bancrofti (later renamed was the cause of elephantiasis in humans. Since the initial discovery of Mansion in 1878 that F. bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus), it was believed that roundworms and mosquitos were associated with the sleeping sickness. This was the main reason the Royal Society put the matter under its Malaria Committee. Castellani was assigned to investigate bacteria as another possible etiology; while Christy was to make epidemiological studies. The team arrived at Entebbe and set up a laboratory there in July 1902. There were frictions between the team members, and Christy, who was regarded as playing only a minor role, resorted to idling his time trekking and hunting. The first investigation lasted up to the end of the year until Low returned to London to become superintendent of the London School of Tropical Medicine. The team was described as an "ill-assorted group , " and the expedition "a failure." The second Commission The Royal Society constituted the second Commission in the early 1903. With David Nunes Nabarro of the University College Hospital, was appointed "Head of the Commission" on 5 January. But Nabarro asked the Royal Society to make someone else as the head. David Bruce of the Royal Army Medical Corps was then appointed leader of the team . Bruce and Nabarro joined Castellani and Christy on 16 March. The Commission terminated in August as Bruce left Africa to work in Malta .	Starting from 1900 and lasting for two decades, there was an outbreak of human sleeping sickness in Uganda. The outbreak originated in the Busoga kingdom in eastern Uganda. The first case of human infection was recorded in 1898. It was particularly severe in 1901, with death toll estimated to about 20,000. More than 250,000 people died in the epidemic. The disease was then known as the "negro lethargy." The Commission The matter of Uganda epidemic was discussed in the Council of the Royal Society in 1902. At that time there was an international debate on the etiology of sleeping sickness with many favouring a contagious nature since the infection was spreading fast. Plans for investigation was placed in the hands of the Royal Society Malaria Committee. As proposed by Patrick Manson , the most suitable investors were Aldo Castellani and George Carmichael Low, both from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine as former students of Manson , and Cuthbert Christy, a medical officer on duty in Bombay, India. The Royal Society made the three-member Sleeping Sickness Commission on 10 May 1902. The first Commission Low was appointed as leader the first Commission . He was assigned to look for Filaria perstans (later renamed Mansonella perstans), a small roundworm transmitted by flies, as a possible cause of sleeping sickness. Low had previously in 1901 established that another roundworm Filaria bancrofti (later renamed was the cause of elephantiasis in humans. Since the initial discovery of Manson in 1878 that F. bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus), it was believed that roundworms and mosquitos were associated with the sleeping sickness. This was the main reason the Royal Society put the matter under its Malaria Committee. Castellani was assigned to investigate a bacterium, Streptococcus, as another possible etiology; while Christy was to make epidemiological studies. The team arrived at Entebbe and set up a laboratory there in July 1902. Initially the laboratory was planned to set up at Jinja, which is closer to Busoga, where the outbreak occurred. But Entebbe was chosen for administrative reason and partly due to report of filaria in the region. There were frictions between the team members, and Christy, who was regarded as playing only a minor role, resorted to idling his time trekking and hunting. The team was described as an "ill-assorted group " and a "queer lot", and the expedition "a failure." Low, whose character was described as "truculent and prone to take offence," was soon dejected by the fact that filaria was not prevalent among the people with sleeping sickness, left Africa in October 1902, never to return. The second Commission The Royal Society constituted the second Commission in the early 1903. With David Nunes Nabarro of the University College Hospital, was appointed "Head of the Commission" on 5 January. But Nabarro , on concern that he was not senior to the other members in age and service, asked the Royal Society to make someone else as the head. Upon the request of the Royal Society, the British War Office appointed David Bruce of the Royal Army Medical Corps was then appointed leader of the team in February . Bruce and Nabarro joined Castellani and Christy on 16 March. The Commission terminated in August as Bruce left Africa with successful investigation .	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6716723	1	The Sherbro people are a native people of Sierra Leone, who speak the Sherbro language; they make up 1.9\% of Sierra Leone's population or 134,606. The Sherbro are found primarily in their homeland in Bonthe District, where they make up 40\% of the population, in coastal areas of Moyamba District, and in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, particularly in Freetown. During pre-colonial days, the Sherbro were one of the most dominant ethnic group in Sierra Leone, but in the early 21st century, the Sherbro comprise a small minority in the nation. The Sherbro speak their own language, called Sherbro language. The vast majority of Sherbro people are Christian .	The Sherbro people are a native people of Sierra Leone, who speak the Sherbro language; they make up 1.9\% of Sierra Leone's population or 134,606. The Sherbro are found primarily in their homeland in Bonthe District, where they make up 40\% of the population, in coastal areas of Moyamba District, and in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, particularly in Freetown. During pre-colonial days, the Sherbro were one of the most dominant ethnic group in Sierra Leone, but in the early 21st century, the Sherbro comprise a small minority in the nation. The Sherbro speak their own language, called Sherbro language. The Sherbro are devided into two main groups: the Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, and the Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. The Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, which is home to most of the Sherbro population of Sierra Leone, are a close ally of their neighbor the Mande people, and most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone speak the Mande language and they have integrated large amounts of the Mande tradition along with their native Sherbro tradition. However, the Sherbro in the Western Area (in and around Freetown) are traditionally allies of the Krio people; and Sherbro in the Western Area in Sierra Leone have also integrated large amounts of Krio tradition. Unlike most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, most Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone do not speak The Mande language. Politically the vast majority of Sherbro support the Sierra Leone People"s Party (SLPP). The current president of Sierra Leone Julius Maada Bio is an ethnic Sherbro .	[ { "type": "R", "before": "The vast majority of Sherbro people are Christian", "after": "The Sherbro are devided into two main groups: the Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, and the Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. The Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, which is home to most of the Sherbro population of Sierra Leone, are a close ally of their neighbor the Mande people, and most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone speak the Mande language and they have integrated large amounts of the Mande tradition along with their native Sherbro tradition. However, the Sherbro in the Western Area (in and around Freetown) are traditionally allies of the Krio people; and Sherbro in the Western Area in Sierra Leone have also integrated large amounts of Krio tradition. Unlike most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, most Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone do not speak The Mande language. Politically the vast majority of Sherbro support the Sierra Leone People\"s Party (SLPP). The current president of Sierra Leone Julius Maada Bio is an ethnic Sherbro", "start_char_pos": 611, "end_char_pos": 660 } ]	[ 0, 87, 147, 365, 547, 610 ]
67178651	1	A blue-collar scholar or blue-collar academic is a person who comes from a family or background of blue-collar workers who enters into the study and training of higher education as an undergraduate student or is an academician doing scholarly work to make their professional living. A common term used in understanding student who come from working class, or blue-collar families, is a first generation college student. These students are the first in their immediate family to attend a college or university. There are social impacts and struggles for students in higher-education who come from working-class families. In the case of blue-collar scholars who are professors, these people had previous careers that were defined by working-class principles or their parents have careers as blue-collar workers .	A blue-collar scholar or blue-collar academic is a person who comes from a family or background of blue-collar workers who enters into the study and training of higher education as an undergraduate student or is an academician doing scholarly work to make their professional living. A common term used in understanding student who come from working class, or blue-collar families, is a first generation college student. These students are the first in their immediate family to attend a college or university. There are social impacts and struggles for students in higher-education who come from working-class families. In the case of blue-collar scholars who are professors, these people may have had previous careers that were defined by working-class principles or their parents have careers as blue-collar workers . The majority of academic faculty do not come from blue-collar backgrounds, and in a survey of over 7,000 professors across disciplines, one study found that the median family childhood income of these faculty is ~23\% than the general population. In comparison to the general public, the study found that faculty are also 25 times more likely to have a parent who has a PhD .	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "may have", "start_char_pos": 689, "end_char_pos": 689 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ". The majority of academic faculty do not come from blue-collar backgrounds, and in a survey of over 7,000 professors across disciplines, one study found that the median family childhood income of these faculty is ~23\\% than the general population. In comparison to the general public, the study found that faculty are also 25 times more likely to have a parent who has a PhD", "start_char_pos": 810, "end_char_pos": 810 } ]	[ 0, 282, 419, 509, 619 ]
67178651	2	A blue-collar scholar or blue-collar academic is a person who comes from a family or background of blue-collar workers who enters into the study and training of higher education as an undergraduate student or is an academician doing scholarly work to make their professional living. A common term used in understanding student who come from working class, or blue-collar families, is a first generation college student. These students are the first in their immediate family to attend a college or university. There are social impacts and struggles for students in higher-education who come from working-class families. In the case of blue-collar scholars who are professors, these people may have had previous careers that were defined by working-class principles or their parents have careers as blue-collar workers. The majority of academic faculty do not come from blue-collar backgrounds, and in a survey of over 7,000 professors across disciplines, one study found that the median family childhood income of these faculty is ~23\% than the general population. In comparison to the general public, the study found that faculty are also 25 times more likely to have a parent who has a PhD. Ivy league schools, such as Harvard University, have mechanisms in place to attract and retain diverse students, and these include students from working-class families and first-generation college students. The University of Alabama has a program referred to Coca-Cola Scholars that provides financial support, mentorship, and organized curriculum to sustain and retain first-generation students. Blue-collar scholars celebrate a doctoral graduation Johnny Saldaña, a blue-collar qualitative scholar, wrote his "redneck manifesto" to illustrate the value of taking a blue-collar perspective on scholarly activity. In his manuscript Saldaña examines how labels, methods, theories, questions, and "bein' ethical" can all be viewed from one's blue collar roots. Saldaña's self-described "rant" argues that traditional scholars, those coming from the ivory tower, should "bring it down a notch." Research has found that first generation college students are more likely to experience imposter syndrome than peers, and it is likely that graduate students and professors who stem from blue-collar roots may experience relevant insecurities in their work. One view is that those from blue-collar families may have lacked the encouragement for their goals because those ambitions did not align with family expectations. Blue-collars positionality and perspectives stem from their upbringing and having parents who earned a living working in blue-collar or pink-collar type jobs. These may include parents who were police officers, engravers, post office workers, truck drivers, electricians, plumbers, school teachers, etc. The views and values of these professions do not always align with those views learned by blue-collar scholars that come from the ivory tower. Some blue-collar scholars argue their goal is to develop scholarly research that can be utilized to improve the lives of everyday people. One form of this work has been categorized as community engaged scholarship or community-based participatory research (CBPR), where partnerships are made with the participants of studies who can inform and guide the research through the entire process, and the findings of studies done by scholars will ultimately benefit the groups who were studied. Some forms of research that takes place in real-world settings has been dubbed, applied research, however the types of study designs and research published by applied research scholars, though practically based, does not always tap into the philosophies and belief systems of the working classes.	Blue-collar scholars celebrate a doctoral graduation A blue-collar scholar or blue-collar academic is a person who comes from a family or background of blue-collar workers who enters into the study and training of higher education as an undergraduate student or is an academician doing scholarly work to make their professional living. A common term used in understanding student who come from working class, or blue-collar families, is a first generation college student. These students are the first in their immediate family to attend a college or university. There are social impacts and struggles for students in higher-education who come from working-class families. In the case of blue-collar scholars who are professors, these people may have had previous careers that were defined by working-class principles or their parents have careers as blue-collar workers. The majority of academic faculty do not come from blue-collar backgrounds, and in a survey of over 7,000 professors across disciplines, one study found that the median family childhood income of these faculty is ~23\% than the general population. In comparison to the general public, the study found that faculty are also 25 times more likely to have a parent who has a PhD. Ivy league schools, such as Harvard University, have mechanisms in place to attract and retain diverse students, and these include students from working-class families and first-generation college students. The University of Alabama has a program referred to Coca-Cola Scholars that provides financial support, mentorship, and organized curriculum to sustain and retain first-generation students. Johnny Saldaña, a blue-collar qualitative scholar, wrote his "redneck manifesto" to illustrate the value of taking a blue-collar perspective on scholarly activity. In his manuscript Saldaña examines how labels, methods, theories, questions, and "bein' ethical" can all be viewed from one's blue collar roots. Saldaña's self-described "rant" argues that traditional scholars, those coming from the ivory tower, should "bring it down a notch." Research has found that first generation college students are more likely to experience imposter syndrome than peers, and it is likely that graduate students and professors who stem from blue-collar roots may experience relevant insecurities in their work. One view is that those from blue-collar families may have lacked the encouragement for their goals because those ambitions did not align with family expectations. Blue-collars positionality and perspectives stem from their upbringing and having parents who earned a living working in blue-collar or pink-collar type jobs. These may include parents who were police officers, engravers, post office workers, truck drivers, electricians, plumbers, school teachers, etc. The views and values of these professions do not always align with those views learned by blue-collar scholars that come from the ivory tower. Some blue-collar scholars argue their goal is to develop scholarly research that can be utilized to improve the lives of everyday people. One form of this work has been categorized as community engaged scholarship or community-based participatory research (CBPR), where partnerships are made with the participants of studies who can inform and guide the research through the entire process, and the findings of studies done by scholars will ultimately benefit the groups who were studied. Some forms of research that takes place in real-world settings has been dubbed, applied research, however the types of study designs and research published by applied research scholars, though practically based, does not always tap into the philosophies and belief systems of the working classes.	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Blue-collar scholars celebrate a doctoral graduation", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 0 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Blue-collar scholars celebrate a doctoral graduation", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 1592, "end_char_pos": 1644 } ]	[ 0, 283, 420, 510, 620, 819, 1066, 1194, 1401, 1591, 1808, 1953, 2086, 2343, 2506, 2665, 2810, 2953, 3091, 3442 ]
67191949	1	The Tampere Islamic Congregation ( tatar : Tampere İslam Mahallesı, finnish : Tampereen Islamilainen Seurakunta) is an islamic congregation of Finnish Tatars in the city of Tampere. Since 2019, its name has been Tampereen tataariseurakunta (The Tampere Tatar Congregation) and is located in Hämeenkatu 29 A. History The early tatars in Tampere had a long-time wish to establish their own congregation in their city, where they could get together to pray, operate their own school education and in general, maintain their language and culture. Before establishing the congregation, tatars in Tampere belonged to Suomen Muhamettilainen Seurakunta ( Finland's Mohammedan Congregation). It later became Suomen Islam-seurakunta , (The Finnish-Islamic Congregation), which is located in Fredrikinkatu, Helsinki. Also, Tampereen Turkkilainen Yhdistys (The Tampere Turkish Society) was important for them during those times. A big financial contributor and the first chairman was a tatar-businessman named Ymär Sali.	The Tampere Islamic Congregation ( Tatar : Tampere İslam Mahallesı, Finnish : Tampereen Islamilainen Seurakunta) is an Islamic congregation of Finnish Tatars in the city of Tampere. Since 2019, its name has been Tampereen tataariseurakunta (The Tampere Tatar Congregation) . It's located in Hämeenkatu 29 A. History The early generations of Tatars in Tampere had a long-time wish to establish their own congregation in their city, through which they could get together to pray, operate their own school education and in general, maintain their language and culture. Before establishing the congregation, Tatars in Tampere belonged to Suomen Muhamettilainen Seurakunta ( The Finland Mohammedan Congregation). It later became Suomen Islam-seurakunta (The Finnish-Islamic Congregation), which is located in Fredrikinkatu, Helsinki. Also, Tampereen Turkkilainen Yhdistys (The Tampere Turkish Society) was important for them during those times. A big financial contributor and the first chairman was a Tatar-businessman named Ymär Sali.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "tatar", "after": "Tatar", "start_char_pos": 35, "end_char_pos": 40 }, { "type": "R", "before": "finnish", "after": "Finnish", "start_char_pos": 68, "end_char_pos": 75 }, { "type": "R", "before": "islamic", "after": "Islamic", "start_char_pos": 119, "end_char_pos": 126 }, { "type": "R", "before": "and is", "after": ". It's", "start_char_pos": 273, "end_char_pos": 279 }, { "type": "R", "before": "tatars", "after": "generations of Tatars", "start_char_pos": 326, "end_char_pos": 332 }, { "type": "R", "before": "where", "after": "through which", "start_char_pos": 416, "end_char_pos": 421 }, { "type": "R", "before": "tatars", "after": "Tatars", "start_char_pos": 581, "end_char_pos": 587 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Finland's", "after": "The Finland", "start_char_pos": 647, "end_char_pos": 656 }, { "type": "D", "before": ",", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 723, "end_char_pos": 724 }, { "type": "R", "before": "tatar-businessman", "after": "Tatar-businessman", "start_char_pos": 974, "end_char_pos": 991 } ]	[ 0, 181, 542, 682, 805, 916 ]
67197938	1	Rezki Zerarti (born in Taourga on 24 July 1938) is an Algerian URL He returned to Algeria after Independence in August 1962, and settled in the district of Pointe-Pescade (Raïs Hamidou) in Algiers, and opened his painting studio in the vicinity of the accommodation of the poet Jean Sénac who met him in URL Exhibitions Reski Zérarti takes part in the two “Algerian Painters” exhibitions organized in Algiers for the “Fêtes du 1er novembre 1963” then in Paris in URL His first personal exhibition was presented at Galerie 54 in 1964, and prefaced by URL He became a member of the UNAP, he participated in its salons and from 1967 to 1971 in the events of the group "Aouchem" (Tattoo) which brought together a dozen artists, poets and painters, notably with Baya, Denis Martinez and Choukri URL Awards In 1972, he received the first prize for the “10th anniversary of Independence” and in 1979, the second prize for the “25th anniversary of November 1, 1954”. In 2003, he obtained the 1st prize in the competition organized by the Asselah URL Activity resumption After a long absence from the art scene for nearly twenty years, Zerarti resumed exhibiting his paintings in URL	Rezki Zerarti (born in Taourga on 24 July 1938) is an Algerian painter. He returned to Algeria after Independence in August 1962, and settled in the district of Pointe-Pescade (Raïs Hamidou) in Algiers, and opened his painting studio in the vicinity of the accommodation of the poet Jean Sénac who met him in 1963. Exhibitions Reski Zérarti takes part in the two “Algerian Painters” exhibitions organized in Algiers for the “Fêtes du 1er novembre 1963” then in Paris in 1964. His first personal exhibition was presented at Galerie 54 in 1964, and prefaced by Sénac. He became a member of the UNAP, he participated in its salons and from 1967 to 1971 in the events of the group "Aouchem" (Tattoo) which brought together a dozen artists, poets and painters, notably with Baya, Denis Martinez and Choukri Mesli. Awards In 1972, he received the first prize for the “10th anniversary of Independence” and in 1979, the second prize for the “25th anniversary of November 1, 1954”. In 2003, he obtained the 1st prize in the competition organized by the Asselah foundation. Activity resumption After a long absence from the art scene for nearly twenty years, Zerarti resumed exhibiting his paintings in 1999.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "painter.", "start_char_pos": 63, "end_char_pos": 66 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "1963.", "start_char_pos": 304, "end_char_pos": 307 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "1964.", "start_char_pos": 463, "end_char_pos": 466 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "Sénac.", "start_char_pos": 550, "end_char_pos": 553 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "Mesli.", "start_char_pos": 790, "end_char_pos": 793 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "foundation.", "start_char_pos": 1038, "end_char_pos": 1041 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "1999.", "start_char_pos": 1171, "end_char_pos": 1174 } ]	[ 0, 47, 185, 375, 445, 674, 958 ]
67198582	1	Biography Ali Laskri was born in 1955 in the commune of Chabet el Ameur in the current Boumerdès Province within the lower URL He then began a professional career as a consulting administrator at the University of URL Political career Laskri joined the opposition Socialist Forces Front (FFS) party in January 1990, and was then elected chairman of the People's Municipal Assembly (APC) of the commune of Boumerdès during the 1990 Algerian local elections on 12 June 1990 and then a member of the FFS national council at the party's first congress in URL He was elected in 1993 as political coordinator of the FFS in the Boumerdès Province, when he already held the post of organics officer at the level of this URL He was then appointed in 1997 as national secretary of the party in charge of monitoring the world of work, then left this post at the end of URL On the occasion of the 1999 Algerian presidential election of 15 April 1999, Laskri held the post of campaign director for party president Hocine Aït Ahmed in the province of URL During the third FFS congress in 2000, he was elected chairman of the organizing committee, and in the meantime was the party's first federal secretary in the wilaya of URL During the 2002 Algerian local elections, he led the list of the People's Provincial Assembly (APW) of the FFS in the wilaya of Boumerdès, then was appointed in 2003 as national secretary in charge of solidarity, before being appointed to the position of first secretary of the party in 2004 where he will assume this responsibility until April URL He was again appointed as the first secretary of the FFS from 2011 to 2013, and was in the meantime elected during the 2012 Algerian legislative election on 10 May 2012 as a deputy of the FFS in the People's National Assembly (APN) representing the wilaya of URL On 17 March 2019, following the 2019 protests in Algeria, he resigned from his post as deputy with other elected members of the URL	Biography Ali Laskri was born in 1955 in the commune of Chabet el Ameur in the current Boumerdès Province within the lower Kabylia. He then began a professional career as a consulting administrator at the University of Boumerdès. Political career Laskri joined the opposition Socialist Forces Front (FFS) party in January 1990, and was then elected chairman of the People's Municipal Assembly (APC) of the commune of Boumerdès during the 1990 Algerian local elections on 12 June 1990 and then a member of the FFS national council at the party's first congress in 1991. He was elected in 1993 as political coordinator of the FFS in the Boumerdès Province, when he already held the post of organics officer at the level of this body. He was then appointed in 1997 as national secretary of the party in charge of monitoring the world of work, then left this post at the end of 1998. On the occasion of the 1999 Algerian presidential election of 15 April 1999, Laskri held the post of campaign director for party president Hocine Aït Ahmed in the province of Boumerdès. During the third FFS congress in 2000, he was elected chairman of the organizing committee, and in the meantime was the party's first federal secretary in the wilaya of Boumerdès. During the 2002 Algerian local elections, he led the list of the People's Provincial Assembly (APW) of the FFS in the wilaya of Boumerdès, then was appointed in 2003 as national secretary in charge of solidarity, before being appointed to the position of first secretary of the party in 2004 where he will assume this responsibility until April 2007. He was again appointed as the first secretary of the FFS from 2011 to 2013, and was in the meantime elected during the 2012 Algerian legislative election on 10 May 2012 as a deputy of the FFS in the People's National Assembly (APN) representing the wilaya of Boumerdès. On 17 March 2019, following the 2019 protests in Algeria, he resigned from his post as deputy with other elected members of the APN.	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67199849	1	Biography Arkab was born in 1966 and is from the village of Aït Salah in the municipality of Ammal in the Boumerdès URL Arkab was appointed as chairman of the company Sonelgaz from 30 August 2017 until he took office as Minister of Energy on 1 April URL Arkab took up his new functions at the head of the Ministry of Energy and Mining on 22 February URL	Biography Arkab was born in 1966 and is from the village of Aït Salah in the municipality of Ammal in the Boumerdès Province. Arkab was appointed as chairman of the company Sonelgaz from 30 August 2017 until he took office as Minister of Energy on 1 April 2019. Arkab took up his new functions at the head of the Ministry of Energy and Mining on 22 February 2021.	[ { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "Province.", "start_char_pos": 116, "end_char_pos": 119 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "2019.", "start_char_pos": 250, "end_char_pos": 253 }, { "type": "R", "before": "URL", "after": "2021.", "start_char_pos": 350, "end_char_pos": 353 } ]	[ 0 ]
67202046	1	Smell training or olfactory training is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous. It is used as a rehabilitative therapy to help people who have anosmia , a symptom of COVID-19. It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 meta-analysis. Efficacy Smell training likely achieves results because the olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb have neural plasticity and are able to regenerate. Along with olfactory implants, smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option. Critics have pointed to the small sample sizes in the studies and the potential for the observed improvements to have been the result of nerve regeneration that would have occurred without intervention as reason to be skeptical. Several individual studies have indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity. In 2017, the International and European Rhinologic Societies published a "Position paper on olfactory dysfunction", co-authored by over forty experts, which recommended smell training for treating loss of smell due to various conditions. In 2020, the British Rhinological Society published consensus guidelines for the treatment of smell loss due to COVID-19. Although no specific studies were available at that time, the expert panel made recommendations regarding treatment options and concluded that "olfactory training was recommended for all [COVID-19] patients with persistent loss of sense of smell of more than 2 weeks duration." In 2021 a meta-analysis was published that examined research studies of olfactory training for treating loss of smell as a consequence of a viral infection. It found clinically significant improvements and supported its use as a treatment option. As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children .	Smell training or olfactory training is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous. It is used as a rehabilitative therapy to help people who have anosmia or post-viral olfactory dysfunction , a symptom of COVID-19. It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 meta-analysis. Efficacy Along with olfactory implants, smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option. Critics have pointed to the small sample sizes in the studies and the potential for the observed improvements to have been the result of nerve regeneration that would have occurred without intervention as reason to be skeptical. Several individual studies have indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity. In 2021 a meta-analysis was published that examined research studies of olfactory training for treating loss of smell as a consequence of a viral infection. It found clinically significant improvements and supported its use as a treatment option. As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children. In 2017, the International and European Rhinologic Societies recommended smell training for treating loss of smell due to various conditions. In 2020, the British Rhinological Society published consensus guidelines for the treatment of smell loss due to COVID-19. Although no specific studies were available at that time, the expert panel made recommendations regarding treatment options and concluded that "olfactory training was recommended for all [COVID-19] patients with persistent loss of sense of smell of more than 2 weeks duration." 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67211775	3	The current designated Cities of Crafts and Folk Arts of UNESCO are: +CityCountryYearNotesAl-Ahsa2015Areguá2019Aswan2005Ayacucho2019Baguio2017Varied traditions in weaving, woodcarving, silver crafting, and tattooing and tattoo art.Ballarat2019Historical and modern reputation as a melting pot for various forms and traditions of Indigenous Australian art.Bamyan2015Unique history of crafts influenced by Muslim and Buddhist cultures that are still practiced in the area today.Bandar Abbas2019Barcelos2017Biella2019Cairo2017Caldas da Rainha2019Carrara2017World-renowned white marble that has influenced Carrara's development as a center of crafts in Tuscany and in Italy.Chiang Mai2017History as a trade center and a region of cultural diversity that has influenced a craft culture of pottery, silverwork, woodcarving, silk embroidery, and lacquerware.Chordeleg2017Unique precious metal work, footwear manufacturing, pottery, and toquilla straw weaving that has been passed down through generations through oral tradition.Durán2015Long history of syncretism between urban art and murals and traditional Ecuadorian art and craft.Fabriano2013Status as a center for crafts such as pottery, weaving, blacksmithing, and paper making since the 12th century. Gabrovo2017Hangzhou2012Icheon2010Historical and modern status as the center of Korea's ceramic and pottery crafting. Isfahan2015Jacmel2014Jaipur2015Historical crafts of jewelry making, carving, and painting that have been a center of trade since the early 18th century, with 53,500 workshops practicing these crafts today. Jingdezhen2014Jinju2019Joao Pessoa2017Kanazawa2009Kargopol2019Traditional textile embroidery, artisanal wood and bark carving, and clay-fired colored figures known as Kargopol toys, all of which form the most important sector of the city's economy today. Kütahya2017Limoges2017Lumbumbashi2015Unique copper and malachite crafts created in the city, with over 50 workshops dedicated to malachite carving.Madaba2017Largest number of mosaics discovered in their original location in the world, including its Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics and the oldest-surviving description of the Holy Land.Nassau2014Bahamian cultural and creative traditions of straw weaving and Junkanoo craftmaking formed from a blend of Indigenous and African cultural traditions.Ouagadougou2017Traditional craft of bronze and copper casting and crafting that forms a major sector of the city's economy even today.Paducah2013History and contributions to the craft of quilt making in the United States.Pekalongan2014Cultural history and importance of Batik crafts and cloths to the city and its identity.Porto-Novo2017History and unique practice of various crafts such as wickerwork, blacksmithing, pottery, and manufacturing of musical instruments in the city, with 42 historical craft guilds in the city.San Cristobal de Las Casas2015Preservation of Indigenous Mexican crafts and arts such as embroidery, pottery, blacksmithing, woodcarving, and amber craftmaking.Santa Fe2005Native American crafts of jewelry, pottery, and weaving and the trade fairs in these crafts that have become an integral part of the city's identity .Sharjah2019Sheki2017Status as the center of silk production and textiles in the Caucasus, as well as other traditional crafts such as wood-framed stained glass and pottery. Sokodé2017Sukhothai2019Culturally important artisanal products of gold and silver ornaments, textile weaving, and ceramic and Sangkhalok wares.Suzhou2014History and culture of crafts in embroidery, carving, papermaking, painting, printing, and calligraphy. Tamba-Sasayama2015Tetouan2017Trinidad2019Tunis2017Viljandi2019	The current designated Cities of Crafts and Folk Arts of UNESCO are: CityCountryYearNotesAl-Ahsa2015Ancient tradition of handicrafts, including textiles from palm trees, pottery, weaving, and joinery.Areguá2019Known for its pottery, home to 450 pottery workshops.Aswan2005Heritage of crafts and folk arts, including beadwork, tablecloth production, palm branch and leaf creations, as well as clay and needle-work products. Ayacucho2019Known for its various crafts such as retablo, tapestry, Huamanga stone carving, pottery, textiles and embroidery.Baguio2017Varied traditions in weaving, woodcarving, silver crafting, and tattooing and tattoo art.Ballarat2019Historical and modern reputation as a melting pot for various forms and traditions of Indigenous Australian art.Bamyan2015Unique history of crafts influenced by Muslim and Buddhist cultures that are still practiced in the area today.Bandar Abbas2019History of creative arts such as practical and marine crafts, local clothing, and local musical instruments.Barcelos2017Origin of the famous Rooster of Barcelos.Biella2019History of wool manufacturing and textile manufacturing. Cairo2017Ancient history of specializing in pottery, glassblowing, coppersmith, ceramic and jewelry.Caldas da Rainha2019Center of ceramic production.Carrara2017World-renowned white marble that has influenced Carrara's development as a center of crafts in Tuscany and in Italy.Chiang Mai2017History as a trade center and a region of cultural diversity that has influenced a craft culture of pottery, silverwork, woodcarving, silk embroidery, and lacquerware.Chordeleg2017Unique precious metal work, footwear manufacturing, pottery, and toquilla straw weaving that has been passed down through generations through oral tradition.Durán2015Long history of syncretism between urban art and murals and traditional Ecuadorian art and craft.Fabriano2013Status as a center for crafts such as pottery, weaving, blacksmithing, and paper making since the 12th century. Gabrovo2017One of the largest craft centers in Bulgaria, specifically in woodcarving and wool weaving.Hangzhou2012Ancient history of silk and tea production, as well as porcelain and bronze sculptures, known as China's Tea Capital. Icheon2010Historical and modern status as the center of Korea's ceramic and pottery crafting. Isfahan2015Various crafts including carpet weaving, metalwork, woodwork, ceramics, painting and inlay works of various kinds.Jacmel2014Traditions of painting, sculpture-making, and giant papier-mâché masks.Jaipur2015Historical crafts of jewelry making, carving, and painting that have been a center of trade since the early 18th century, with 53,500 workshops practicing these crafts today. Jingdezhen2014Called the "Porcelain Capital" for its ancient history of porcelain work.Jinju2019History of wooden furniture-making, ornamental knife-making, metal crafts and silk.João Pessoa2017Unique production of cotton fabric, as well as production of pottery, embroidery, and crochet.Kanazawa2009Samurai-inspired arts culture, unique craftwork such as the kaga-yuzen silk dying technique.Kargopol2019Traditional textile embroidery, artisanal wood and bark carving, and clay-fired colored figures known as Kargopol toys, all of which form the most important sector of the city's economy today. Kütahya2017Unique art of ceramic çini making which dominates the city's landscape.Limoges2017History of ceramics, enamel, and glass-making, as well as a more recently founded porcelain industry.Lumbumbashi2015Unique copper and malachite crafts created in the city, with over 50 workshops dedicated to malachite carving.Madaba2017Largest number of mosaics discovered in their original location in the world, including its Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics and the oldest-surviving description of the Holy Land.Nassau2014Bahamian cultural and creative traditions of straw weaving and Junkanoo craftmaking formed from a blend of Indigenous and African cultural traditions.Ouagadougou2017Traditional craft of bronze and copper casting and crafting that forms a major sector of the city's economy even today.Paducah2013History and contributions to the craft of quilt making in the United States.Pekalongan2014Cultural history and importance of Batik crafts and cloths to the city and its identity.Porto-Novo2017History and unique practice of various crafts such as wickerwork, blacksmithing, pottery, and manufacturing of musical instruments in the city, with 42 historical craft guilds in the city.San Cristobal de Las Casas2015Preservation of Indigenous Mexican crafts and arts such as embroidery, pottery, blacksmithing, woodcarving, and amber craftmaking.Santa Fe2005Native American crafts of jewelry, pottery, and weaving and the trade fairs in these crafts that have become an integral part of the city's identity , as well as Spanish colonial art such as folk dance, straw applique, and tinwork.Sharjah2019Traditional craft of "Talli" weaving.Sheki2017Status as the center of silk production and textiles in the Caucasus, as well as other traditional crafts such as wood-framed stained glass and pottery. Sokodé2017Renowned for its art of weaving.Sukhothai2019Culturally important artisanal products of gold and silver ornaments, textile weaving, and ceramic and Sangkhalok wares.Suzhou2014History and culture of crafts in embroidery, carving, papermaking, painting, printing, and calligraphy. Tamba-Sasayama2015Ancient history of unique tanba-yaki pottery, a source of local pride.Tetouan2017History of crafts such as Zellige, Taajira embroidery, encrusted and painted wood and wrought ironwork.Trinidad2019History of a fibre fabrics industry.Tunis2017Known for its artisan souks that line alleyways.Viljandi2019Various crafts including blacksmithing, ceramics, and wool.	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67226558	1	Othmane Senadjki () (born in Khemis El Khechna on May 23 , 1959 and died in Béni Messous on December 29 , 2010) was an Algerian journalist and editor-in-chief of El Khabar newspaper. El Khabar Senadjki continued his work in the newspaper Ech-Chaab until the Algerian constitution of February 23 , 1989 allowed professional journalists to found their own independent press titles. This is how he participated with several journalists from different backgrounds in the creation of the Arabic-speaking daily El Khabar on November 1 , 1990. He supervised the international affairs section in this newspaper before becoming deputy editor-in-chief Omar Ourtilane, and when the latter was assassinated by Salafist terrorism in Algeria on October 3 , 1995, it was Senadjki who replaced him in the post of editor-in-chief. He included the “Deep Algeria” page (), which was created specifically to follow up on people's concerns and convey their affairs and problems within the framework of neighborhood media bearing a news character, and providing a national service to citizens and public authorities. He indeed succumbed at dawn on Thursday, December 29 after complications from his state of health, leaving behind a widow and an orphan child. Indeed, as soon as he entered the intensive care room on Saturday, December 25 , steps were taken to transfer him to a foreign hospital, but death took him before his flight to France. This event was sponsored by the Direction de la Jeunesse et des Sports (DJS) and the Sport Coating Institution (IRS Deriche), and ended on May 5 , 2012 with the presentation of medals and cups to the winners. Symbolic gifts were offered by journalists from Boumerdès to Senadjki's family through colleagues from El Khabar newspaper in Boumerdès after the tournament won by the local press team.	Othmane Senadjki () (born in Khemis El Khechna on 23 May 1959 and died in Béni Messous on 29 December 2010) was an Algerian journalist and editor-in-chief of El Khabar newspaper. El Khabar Senadjki continued his work in the newspaper Ech-Chaab until the Algerian constitution of 23 February 1989 allowed professional journalists to found their own independent press titles. This is how he participated with several journalists from different backgrounds in the creation of the Arabic-speaking daily El Khabar on 1 November 1990. He supervised the international affairs section in this newspaper before becoming deputy editor-in-chief Omar Ourtilane, and when the latter was assassinated by Salafist terrorism in Algeria on 3 October 1995, it was Senadjki who replaced him in the post of editor-in-chief. He included the "Deep Algeria" page (), which was created specifically to follow up on people's concerns and convey their affairs and problems within the framework of neighborhood media bearing a news character, and providing a national service to citizens and public authorities. He indeed succumbed at dawn on Thursday, 29 December after complications from his state of health, leaving behind a widow and an orphan child. Indeed, as soon as he entered the intensive care room on Saturday, 25 December , steps were taken to transfer him to a foreign hospital, but death took him before his flight to France. This event was sponsored by the Direction de la Jeunesse et des Sports (DJS) and the Sport Coating Institution (IRS Deriche), and ended on 5 May 2012 with the presentation of medals and cups to the winners. Symbolic gifts were offered by journalists from Boumerdès to Senadjki's family through colleagues from El Khabar newspaper in Boumerdès after the tournament won by the local press team.	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67231914	1	Cast Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Sir James Brooke Dominic Monaghan as Colonel Arthur Crookshank Josie Ho as Madame Lim Hannah New as Elizabeth Crookshank Ralph Ineson as Sir Edward Beech Bront Palarae as Pengiran Indera Mahkota (Pengiran Mohammad Salleh ibnu Pengiran Sharifuddin) Shaheizy Sam as Subu Wan Hanafi Su as Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II, the 23rd Sultan of Brunei Peter John as Orang Kaya (Traditional Bruneian peerage title) Kahar Jini as Datu Patinggi Ali (Abang Ali bin Abang Amir) Atiqah Hasiholan as Princess Fatimah (Pengiran Anak Puteri Fatimah, the daughter of the 21st Sultan of Brunei) Otto Farrant as Charles Brooke, the cousin of James Brooke, also known as Charlie Yusuf Mahardika as Tujang, from Iban tribe, James Brooke personal bodyguard Samo Rafael as Pengiran Badaruddin	Cast Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Sir James Brooke Dominic Monaghan as Colonel Arthur Crookshank Josie Ho as Madame Lim Hannah New as Elizabeth Crookshank Ralph Ineson as Sir Edward Beech Bront Palarae as Pengiran Indera Mahkota (Pengiran Mohammad Salleh ibnu Pengiran Sharifuddin) Samo Rafael as Pengiran Badaruddin (historically, this character may refer to Pengiran Muda Hashim or Raja Muda Hashim, the Bruneian governor of Sarawak) Otto Farrant as Charles Brooke, the cousin of James Brooke, also known as Charlie Shaheizy Sam as Subu Wan Hanafi Su as Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II, the 23rd Sultan of Brunei Peter John as Orang Kaya (Traditional Bruneian peerage title) Kahar Jini as Datu Patinggi Ali (Abang Ali bin Abang Amir) Atiqah Hasiholan as Princess Fatimah (Pengiran Anak Puteri Fatimah, the daughter of the 21st Sultan of Brunei) Yusuf Mahardika as Tujang, from Iban tribe, James Brooke personal bodyguard	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Samo Rafael as Pengiran Badaruddin (historically, this character may refer to Pengiran Muda Hashim or Raja Muda Hashim, the Bruneian governor of Sarawak) Otto Farrant as Charles Brooke, the cousin of James Brooke, also known as Charlie", "start_char_pos": 277, "end_char_pos": 277 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Otto Farrant as Charles Brooke, the cousin of James Brooke, also known as Charlie", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 604, "end_char_pos": 685 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Samo Rafael as Pengiran Badaruddin", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 762, "end_char_pos": 796 } ]	[ 0, 276, 433 ]
67233436	1	Cultural amalgamation refers to the process of mixing cultures, and as such as been described as a more balanced type of cultural interaction then the process of cultural assimilation . Cultural amalgamation has also been described as equivalent to, or at least very similar to the melting pot theory .	Cultural amalgamation refers to the process of mixing cultures, and as such as been described as a more balanced type of cultural interaction then the process of cultural assimilation . It describes a blending of cultures, rather than one group eliminating another (acculturation) or one group mixing itself into another (assimilation). Cultural amalgamation has also been described as equivalent to, or at least very similar to the melting pot theory . The term is often used in studies on post–civil rights era United States and contemporary multiculturalism and multiracialism .	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "It describes a blending of cultures, rather than one group eliminating another (acculturation) or one group mixing itself into another (assimilation).", "start_char_pos": 186, "end_char_pos": 186 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ".", "start_char_pos": 302, "end_char_pos": 302 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "The term is often used in studies on post–civil rights era United States and contemporary multiculturalism and multiracialism", "start_char_pos": 303, "end_char_pos": 303 } ]	[ 0 ]
67234450	1	Mohamed Cherak () (born in Hammadi on August 14 , 1977 and died in Djasr Kasentina on November 17 , 2018) was an Algerian journalist and editor-in-chief. In order to put Bouteflika's fifth term project on a wheelchair, the presidential clan launched a retribution against El Khabar and the headlines of the Algerian independent press in a mock political battle under legal cover, because of El Khabar's editorial line that Cherak orchestrated with Bouteflika's opponents despite difficult circumstances and blackmail attempts. Death Cherak died in the morning of Saturday, November 17 , 2018 at age 41 after several days in a coma in intensive care at the Djasr Kasentina Hospital in Algiers. Cherak left a widow and three children. El Khabar newspaper organized Cherak's funeral on November 18 at its headquarters in Hydra, where Cherak's friends and colleagues, including media professionals, government officials, politicians and trade unionists, offered their condolences to the newspaper's family. Journalist Othman Lahiani wrote a lamentation poem dedicated to his friend Cherak on November 20. After Cherak's death, the La Radieuse association November 23 , 2018 paid him a moving tribute in his family home in Hammadi. The association's president, Kada Chafi, accompanied by Algerian football stars Lakhdar Belloumi, Mohamed Hansal, Mohamed Chaïb, Mohamed Kaci-Saïd, Fodil Megharia and Mustapha Kouici, gave two plane tickets to Cherak's parents so that they could perform an omra, their son's wish. The tribute took place in the presence of the entire Cherak family, friends of the late journalist, neighbors and residents of the Hammadi municipality. Cherak's colleagues and friends organized a November 24 commemorative assembly in the Tahar Djaout press house in Algiers, where journalists from several press titles, trade union activists and some loyal readers of the deceased's articles met.	Mohamed Cherak () (born in Hammadi on 14 August 1977 and died in Djasr Kasentina on 17 November 2018) was an Algerian journalist and editor-in-chief. To put Bouteflika's fifth term project on a wheelchair, the presidential clan launched a retribution against El Khabar and the headlines of the Algerian independent press in a mock political battle under legal cover, because of El Khabar's editorial line that Cherak orchestrated with Bouteflika's opponents despite difficult circumstances and blackmail attempts. Death Cherak died in the morning of Saturday, 17 November 2018 at age 41 after several days in a coma in intensive care at the Djasr Kasentina Hospital in Algiers. Cherak left a widow and three children. El Khabar newspaper organized Cherak's funeral on 18 November at its headquarters in Hydra, where Cherak's friends and colleagues, including media professionals, government officials, politicians and trade unionists, offered their condolences to the newspaper's family. Journalist Othman Lahiani wrote a lamentation poem dedicated to his friend Cherak on 20 November. After Cherak's death, the La Radieuse association 23 November 2018 paid him a moving tribute in his family home in Hammadi. The association's president, Kada Chafi, accompanied by Algerian football stars Lakhdar Belloumi, Mohamed Hansal, Mohamed Chaïb, Mohamed Kaci-Saïd, Fodil Megharia and Mustapha Kouici, gave two plane tickets to Cherak's parents so that they could perform an omra, their son's wish. The tribute took place in the presence of the entire Cherak family, friends of the late journalist, neighbors and residents of the Hammadi municipality. Cherak's colleagues and friends organized a 24 November commemorative assembly in the Tahar Djaout press house in Algiers, where journalists from several press titles, trade union activists and some loyal readers of the deceased's articles met.	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67237812	1	REDIRECT Clerk of the Crown (Great Britain	A Clerk of the Crown is a clerk who usually works for a monarch or such royal head of state. The term is mostly used in the United Kingdom to refer to the office of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, though the office has undergone different titles throughout history. Clerks of the Crown Great Britain Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Great Britain: the present Clerk of the Crown is the head of the Crown Office, which has custody of the Great Seal of the Realm, and has certain administrative functions, specially in relation to the preparation of royal documents such as warrants required to pass under the royal sign-manual, fiats, letters patent, etc. Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in England: the office was in use from 1331 until the Acts of Union in 1707, when the office's authority expanded to Great Britain. The office was aboblished during the Interregnum (1649–1660), but was re-established 1660 following the restoration of the monarchy. Clerk of the Commonwealth: Ireland Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper: Clerk of the Crown for Northern Ireland: Canada Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Canada: References Category:Crown Office Category:English law Category:Clerks Category:Interregnum (1649–1660	[ { "type": "R", "before": "REDIRECT", "after": "A", "start_char_pos": 0, "end_char_pos": 8 }, { "type": "R", "before": "(Great Britain", "after": "is a clerk who usually works for a monarch or such royal head of state. The term is mostly used in the United Kingdom to refer to the office of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, though the office has undergone different titles throughout history.", "start_char_pos": 28, "end_char_pos": 42 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerks of the Crown", "start_char_pos": 43, "end_char_pos": 43 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Great Britain", "start_char_pos": 44, "end_char_pos": 44 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Great Britain: the present Clerk of the Crown is the head of the Crown Office, which has custody of the Great Seal of the Realm, and has certain administrative functions, specially in relation to the preparation of royal documents such as warrants required to pass under the royal sign-manual, fiats, letters patent, etc.", "start_char_pos": 45, "end_char_pos": 45 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in England: the office was in use from 1331 until the Acts of Union in 1707, when the office's authority expanded to Great Britain. The office was aboblished during the Interregnum (1649–1660), but was re-established 1660 following the restoration of the monarchy.", "start_char_pos": 46, "end_char_pos": 46 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerk of the Commonwealth:", "start_char_pos": 47, "end_char_pos": 47 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Ireland", "start_char_pos": 48, "end_char_pos": 48 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper:", "start_char_pos": 49, "end_char_pos": 49 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Clerk of the Crown for Northern Ireland:", "start_char_pos": 50, "end_char_pos": 50 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Canada Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Canada:", "start_char_pos": 51, "end_char_pos": 51 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "References", "start_char_pos": 52, "end_char_pos": 52 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Category:Crown Office Category:English law Category:Clerks Category:Interregnum (1649–1660", "start_char_pos": 53, "end_char_pos": 53 } ]	[ 0 ]
6723837	1	Gorsedd Stones () are groups of standing stones constructed for the National Eisteddfod of Wales. They form an integral part of the druidic Gorsedd ceremonies of the Eisteddfod. The stones can be found as commemorative structures throughout Wales and are the hallmark of the National Eisteddfod having visited a community. centre\|500px\|Gorsedd Circle at Aberdare Park showing typical layout. The National Eisteddfod has been held in Aberdare three times, including the first in 1861 Origins An early Gorsedd was held by Iolo Morganwg at a location known as the "Rocking Stone" (in Welsh, "Y Maen Chwŷf") at Pentrebach, Pontypridd; Iolo, a stonemason by trade, constructed a stone circle around the central stone. Iolo had already held a similar ceremony in 1792 in London, also featuring a stone circle. It has been suggested that the "Gorse Stone", located on Stanton Moor in Derbyshire, has some connection with similar Druidic rituals of prehistoric times. Trivia A Gorsedd Circle is about to set up in Hungary as a symbol of strengthening relationships between Wales and Hungary, and as commemoration of The Bards of Wales. The circle will consist of 13 stones, each representing one martyr bard.	Gorsedd Circle at Aberdare Park showing typical layout. The National Eisteddfod has been held in Aberdare three times, including the first in 1861 Gorsedd Stones () are groups of standing stones constructed for the National Eisteddfod of Wales. They form an integral part of the druidic Gorsedd ceremonies of the Eisteddfod. The stones can be found as commemorative structures throughout Wales and are the hallmark of the National Eisteddfod having visited a community. Origins An early Gorsedd was held by Iolo Morganwg at a location known as the "Rocking Stone" (in Welsh, "Y Maen Chwŷf") at Pentrebach, Pontypridd; Iolo, a stonemason by trade, constructed a stone circle around the central stone. Iolo had already held a similar ceremony in 1792 in London, also featuring a stone circle. It has been suggested that the "Gorse Stone", located on Stanton Moor in Derbyshire, has some connection with similar Druidic rituals of prehistoric times. Bute Park, Cardiff\|thumb	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Circle at Aberdare Park showing typical layout. The National Eisteddfod has been held in Aberdare three times, including the first in 1861", "start_char_pos": 8, "end_char_pos": 8 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Gorsedd", "start_char_pos": 9, "end_char_pos": 9 }, { "type": "D", "before": "centre\|500px\|Gorsedd Circle at Aberdare Park showing typical layout. The National Eisteddfod has been held in Aberdare three times, including the first in 1861", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 325, "end_char_pos": 484 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Trivia", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 962, "end_char_pos": 968 }, { "type": "R", "before": "A Gorsedd Circle is about to set up in Hungary as a symbol of strengthening relationships between Wales and Hungary, and as commemoration of The Bards of Wales. The circle will consist of 13 stones, each representing one martyr bard.", "after": "Bute Park, Cardiff\|thumb", "start_char_pos": 969, "end_char_pos": 1202 } ]	[ 0, 99, 179, 393, 632, 714, 805, 961, 1129 ]
67243075	1	Category: Assassinated Algerian journalists Category:Kidnapped Algerian people Category:Assassinated Algerian people Category:Assassinated Algerian politicians Category:People murdered in Algeria Category:Algerian murder victims Category:Assassinated activists Category:People killed by Islamic terrorism Category: 1945 births Category: Algerian people Category:People from Beni Amrane Category:People from Thénia District Category:People from Boumerdès Province Category:Kabyle people Category:1994 deaths Category:Date of death unknown Category:Place of death unknown Category:Deaths in Algeria Category:Algerian writers Category:Algerian male writers Category:Algerian writers in French Category:20th-century Algerian writers Category:20th-century journalists Category:Columnists Category:Algerian politicians Category:20th-century Algerian politicians Category:Algerian Communist Party politicians Category:Algerian Berber politicians Category:Berber politicians Category:Algerian communists Category:Trade unionists Category:Algerian activis	Category: 1945 births Category:1994 deaths Category: Assassinated Algerian journalists Category:Kidnapped Algerian people Category:Assassinated Algerian people Category:Assassinated Algerian politicians Category:People murdered in Algeria Category:Algerian murder victims Category:Assassinated activists Category:People killed by Islamic terrorism Category: Algerian people Category:People from Beni Amrane Category:People from Thénia District Category:People from Boumerdès Province Category:Kabyle people Category:Date of death unknown Category:Place of death unknown Category:Deaths in Algeria Category:Algerian writers Category:Algerian male writers Category:Algerian writers in French Category:20th-century Algerian writers Category:20th-century journalists Category:Columnists Category:Algerian politicians Category:20th-century Algerian politicians Category:Algerian Communist Party politicians Category:Algerian Berber politicians Category:Berber politicians Category:Algerian communists Category:Trade unionists Category:Algerian activis	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "1945 births Category:1994 deaths Category:", "start_char_pos": 10, "end_char_pos": 10 }, { "type": "D", "before": "1945 births Category:", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 316, "end_char_pos": 337 }, { "type": "D", "before": "Category:1994 deaths", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 487, "end_char_pos": 507 } ]	[ 0, 54, 89, 127, 170, 206, 239, 271, 315, 337, 363, 396, 433, 473, 496, 517, 548 ]
67256476	1	MacMahon Squares is the name given to a recreational edge-matching puzzle first published by Captain Percy MacMahon in 1921, where 24 uniquely 3-colored squares are organized next to each other by matching color to create a 4 by 6 grid. Such puzzles have multiple variants, which are determined by restrictions on how to arrange the 24 squares. This game has also been commercialized in numerous physical forms, by various companies. History MacMahon squares was first published in Percy Alexander MacMahon's 1921 treatise New Mathematical Pastimes , consisting of the unique set of 24 squares that can be made by coloring the edges with one of three colors. As MacMahon Squares are isomorphically equivalent to edge-matching puzzles, they are NP-Complete Rules Each of the 24 squares, arranged in a 4 by 6 grid, are composed of 4 triangles. Each of the 4 triangles is assigned a color, to create 24 distinct squares. Alternatively, it can also be viewed as 24 squares consisting of each of the 24 possible permutations of 3 colors for the 4 edges. Squares can be rotated, but not flipped. There are a total of 24 distinct squares for 3 colors. For a given number of colors, the number of squares can be found by the expression Contact System MacMahon suggested, in his book, the ability to define which borders can contact one another, based on their colors. This is by some permutation of the 3 colors, described by Ca,b,c. Here, a, b, and c represent the shift in colors to which the first, second, and third colors can be matched to. A '1' it is matched to itself, and a '2' signifies that it must be matched with a different color. Analogous Puzzles MacMahon Squares, along with variations on the idea, was commercialized as Multimatch.	MacMahon Squares is the name given to a recreational edge-matching puzzle first published by Percy MacMahon in 1921, where 24 uniquely 3-colored squares are organized next to each other by matching color to create a 4 by 6 grid. Such puzzles have multiple variants, which are determined by restrictions on how to arrange the 24 squares. This game has also been commercialized in numerous physical forms, by various companies. The game MacMahon squares was first published in Percy Alexander MacMahon's 1921 treatise New Mathematical Pastimes . The original version consisted of one copy of each of the 24 different squares that can be made by coloring the edges of a square with one of three colors. (Here "different" means up to rotations.) The goal is to arrange the squares into a 4 by 6 grid so that when two squares share an edge, the common edge is the same color in both squares. The MacMahon Squares game is an example of an edge-matching puzzle. The family of such problems is NP-Complete. There are a total of 24 distinct squares for 3 colors. For a given number of colors, the number of squares can be found by the expression . Contact system In his book, MacMahon suggested the ability to define which borders can contact one another, based on their colors. This is by some permutation of the 3 colors, described by Ca,b,c. Here, a, b, and c represent the shift in colors to which the first, second, and third colors can be matched to. A '1' it is matched to itself, and a '2' signifies that it must be matched with a different color. Analogous puzzles MacMahon Squares, along with variations on the idea, was commercialized as Multimatch.	[ { "type": "D", "before": "Captain", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 93, "end_char_pos": 100 }, { "type": "R", "before": "History", "after": "The game", "start_char_pos": 434, "end_char_pos": 441 }, { "type": "R", "before": ", consisting of the unique set of", "after": ". 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67269537	1	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat , Pakistan. between the forces of the Nawab of Amb and the Wāli of Swat. The conflict was due to a border dispute . The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat . Due to Amb's powerful and well-trained army , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured , but later returned .Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 References Category:Barakzai dynasty Category:Buner District Category:History of Pakista	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat between the forces of Nawab of Amb and the Ruler of Swat. Press Bristish news paper "The times" Reports and other news paper of Bristish and the indian news. This conflict has been formed due to the dispute between the borders of Swat and the State of Amb. The Afghan Ruler were the alliance of Swat State . Due to Amb's powerful and well-trained army and the powerful command of the Canon Gun , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured . Therefore, Nawab of Amb makes Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah the ruler of Swat. Shortly afterwards, Nawab of Amb returned Swat to his ruler .Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 Reference	[ { "type": "D", "before": ", Pakistan.", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 58, "end_char_pos": 69 }, { "type": "D", "before": "the", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 92, "end_char_pos": 95 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Wāli", "after": "Ruler", "start_char_pos": 117, "end_char_pos": 121 }, { "type": "R", "before": "The conflict was due to a border dispute", "after": "Press Bristish news paper \"The times\" Reports and other news paper of Bristish and the indian news. This conflict has been formed due to the dispute between the borders of Swat and the State of Amb. The Afghan Ruler were the alliance of Swat State", "start_char_pos": 131, "end_char_pos": 171 }, { "type": "D", "before": "The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat .", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 174, "end_char_pos": 221 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "and the powerful command of the Canon Gun", "start_char_pos": 266, "end_char_pos": 266 }, { "type": "R", "before": ", but later returned", "after": ". Therefore, Nawab of Amb makes Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah the ruler of Swat. Shortly afterwards, Nawab of Amb returned Swat to his ruler", "start_char_pos": 347, "end_char_pos": 367 }, { "type": "D", "before": "References", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 555, "end_char_pos": 565 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Category:Barakzai dynasty Category:Buner District Category:History of Pakista", "after": "Reference", "start_char_pos": 566, "end_char_pos": 643 } ]	[ 0, 130, 173, 221, 369 ]
67269537	2	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat between the forces of Nawab of Amb and the Ruler of Swat. Press Bristish news paper "The times" Reports and other news paper of Bristish and the indian news. This conflict has been formed due to the disputebetween the borders of Swat and the State of Amb. The Afghan Ruler were the alliance of SwatState . Due to Amb's powerful and well-trained army and the powerful command of the Canon Gun , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured . Therefore, Nawab of Amb makes Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah the ruler of Swat. Shortly afterwards, Nawab of Amb returnedSwat to his ruler . Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 Reference	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat , Pakistan. between the forces of the Nawab of Amb and the Wāli of Swat. The conflict was due to a border dispute . The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat. Due to Amb's powerful and well-trained army , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab of Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured , but later returned . Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 References Category:Barakzai dynasty Category:Buner District Category:History of Pakista	[ { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": ", Pakistan.", "start_char_pos": 58, "end_char_pos": 58 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "the", "start_char_pos": 81, "end_char_pos": 81 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Ruler", "after": "Wāli", "start_char_pos": 103, "end_char_pos": 108 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Press Bristish news paper \"The times\" Reports and other news paper of Bristish and the indian news. This conflict has been formed due to the disputebetween the borders of Swat and the State of Amb. The Afghan Ruler were the alliance of SwatState", "after": "The conflict was due to a border dispute", "start_char_pos": 118, "end_char_pos": 363 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat.", "start_char_pos": 366, "end_char_pos": 366 }, { "type": "D", "before": "and the powerful command of the Canon Gun", "after": null, "start_char_pos": 411, "end_char_pos": 452 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "of", "start_char_pos": 494, "end_char_pos": 494 }, { "type": "R", "before": ". Therefore, Nawab of Amb makes Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah the ruler of Swat. Shortly afterwards, Nawab of Amb returnedSwat to his ruler", "after": ", but later returned", "start_char_pos": 534, "end_char_pos": 666 }, { "type": "R", "before": "Reference", "after": "References", "start_char_pos": 855, "end_char_pos": 864 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "Category:Barakzai dynasty Category:Buner District Category:History of Pakista", "start_char_pos": 865, "end_char_pos": 865 } ]	[ 0, 117, 217, 315, 365, 535, 607 ]
67269537	3	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat, Pakistan between the forces of the Nawab of Amb and the Wāli of Swat. The conflict was due to a border dispute. The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat. Due to Amb 's powerful and well-trained army , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab of Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured, but later returned. Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 References	The Battle of Chamla was fought in Buner District of Swat, Pakistan between the forces of the Nawab of Amb and the Wāli of Swat. The conflict was due to a border dispute. The rulers of Afghanistan were allies of Swat. The Army of Amb using Howitzer Artillery that make's a combat loss to the Army of Swat , the State of Swat surrendered to Nawab of Amb and the ruler of Swat was captured, but later returned. Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of IndiaSir Abdul Wadud, Wali of Swat) & Muhammad Asif Khan, The Story of Swat (1963), p. 143 When Nawab of Amb opened fire from howitzer and guns, the Swat state army became enraged and was running to quit the war. References	[ { "type": "R", "before": "Due to Amb 's powerful and well-trained army", "after": "The Army of Amb using Howitzer Artillery that make's a combat loss to the Army of Swat", "start_char_pos": 218, "end_char_pos": 262 }, { "type": "A", "before": null, "after": "When Nawab of Amb opened fire from howitzer and guns, the Swat state army became enraged and was running to quit the war.", "start_char_pos": 553, "end_char_pos": 553 } ]	[ 0, 128, 170, 217, 366 ]