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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballawoods & Ballahick & Mill Road

who was once employed as crossing keeper and used to walk the line collecting blackberries for making jam between the train services. The original crossing keeper's house, which had been derelict for many years, was demolished in February 2018 as part of a new development taking place near the railway line. Ballahick A level crossing the northerly side of Ballasalla station, which was automated in 2002; prior to this the crossing was manned, and featured traditional crossing gates. The road it carries over the railway line leads only to a private dwelling. 54.100°N 4.612°W Mill Road A small

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 38, "sc": 7, "ep": 38, "ec": 581}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Mill Road

level-crossing situated on the southerly side of Castletown railway station and consisting of a basic wooden hut for the gatekeeper to the side of the line. Being located close by the town it was never "fully manned" but merely attended at the relevant train times in latter years. By 2002 the crossing was automated but the small hut remained in place, though unused. The crossing serves a private dwelling which is clearly visible from the passing train, and is a large mill (now defunct) and farmhouse. 54.078°N 4.652°W. In early 2014 the original crossing lodge was

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 38, "sc": 581, "ep": 42, "ec": 293}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Mill Road & School Hill

removed for full restoration by volunteers of the Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association and is currently stored in the goods shed at Port St. Mary awaiting funding to proceed. The group hope to return to the restored building to the site by the springof 2017. School Hill A temporary station was established here in 2012 when the railway operated out of season school trains during a bus drivers' dispute; the temporary platform was made from scaffolding and a marquee erected as a waiting area; the site was cleared in 2013 and stands close to the marshalling area

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

School Hill & Kentraugh & Ballagawne

of the Billown Circuit of the Southern 100 motorcycle races. Kentraugh A small farm track which had, until 2002, a seasonally manned level crossing. Until automation there was a creosoted shed for the crossing keeper, but the crossing was rarely manned between trains and staff usually attended at the relevant train times on the timetable. The crossing is located between the stations at Colby and Level on the southern portion of the line. 54.092°N 4.715°W Ballagawne A level crossing situated between the stations of Level and Port St Mary on south line of the railway which remains open

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 50, "sc": 120, "ep": 50, "ec": 697}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballagawne

today. It consists of a crossing keepers' lodge which is now disused since the introduction of automatic crossing barriers in 2002 and provides access to the farm of the same name through means of through road which connects the "back" Colby road to the main coast road. The crossing lodge is larger than many others on the railway and was substantial enough to have provided residential accommodation for the keeper in the past, effectively being twice the size of the original structure. This is clear upon viewing the building from a passing train. 54.088°N 4.730°W The

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballagawne & Four Roads

lodge was sold privately in February 2015. Four Roads Bissecting the main coastal road between Castletown and Port Erin, this crossing still boasts its own stone-built gatekeepers' hut and the gatekeepers' house remains extant on the southern side of the line although this is now a private residence. A roundabout further up the highway has also gained this title, taken from the railway's crossing.54.084°N 4.736°W. The small lodge here was restored by the volunteers of the Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association in 2013 at which time it was fitted with bilingual running in board (now also

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 54, "sc": 552, "ep": 58, "ec": 433}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Four Roads & Pulrose Racecourse

reading Kiare Raaidyn), new fencing and the whole area smartened up considerably. Similar works have also been carried out at other former manned occupational crossings along the line. Pulrose Racecourse An early level crossing point, later being replaced by a road bridge carrying the Pulrose Road, this was initially made into a request stop titled simply 'Racecourse' serving the nearby horse racing circuit on the site of today's National Sports Centre; during the construction of the sporting arena and nearby housing estate sidings were laid here for construction trains to deposit building materials, resulting in the bridge being

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Pulrose Racecourse & Quarterbridge & Ballacraine

of dual construction, though one aperture was never used. Quarterbridge This was the point where the railway crossed the main road for the first time and was initially provided with a standard stone-built lodge which remains extant today albeit derelict; later a crossing keepers' house was constructed and the site became a short-lived request stop in connection with motorcycle events (the famous T.T. circuit is next to the railway at this point. Long after closure an access road was established on the trackbed, opening in 1988, commencing from this point. Ballacraine Originally a level crossing point for the St.

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 66, "sc": 45, "ep": 70, "ec": 231}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballacraine & Gravel Pits

John's to Foxdale Road, this was briefly another request stop, again in connection with the T.T. races, being a short walk from the popular observation point at Ballacraine Crossroads, where scenes in the George Formby film No Limit! where filmed. It remained a manned level crossing until the closure of the railway and the stone lodge remains in situ today. Gravel Pits Immediately before entering St. John's Station there was a short spur leading to the railway's sand and gravel pits, itself served by a narrow gauge railway with hand-propelled hopper wagons, visible on several period images of the

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Gravel Pits & Glenfaba Mill & Knockaloe Branch

station. The spur remained in place long after it ceased operation as did the plant machinery on the site. Glenfaba Mill A large rustic watermill which is passed by trains and remains in situ today although out of use for many years; this was a popular place for the railway to use for commercial postcards and several were produced featuring the mill and its associated bridge. Knockaloe Branch During the Great War a spur was constructed from the main line to the alien internment camp at Knockaloe Farm, worked exclusively by the former Manx Northern Railway locomotive Caledonia and

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Knockaloe Branch & Brickworks Flangeway & Gob-Y-Deigan

ceasing to exist by 1921, it ran straight into the camp itself with goods' only services; limited images of the line show the locomotive and a variety of wagons in use; the farm still exists as does the shed used to house the locomotive. Brickworks Flangeway This horse-drawn tramway crossed the main Douglas-Peel railway just outside the station yard at Peel and ceased to operate during the Second World War; archive images from 1937 show the line in operation with horses drawing laden wagons across the railway line in the direction of the town. Gob-Y-Deigan The exposed coastal section of

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Gob-Y-Deigan

the Manx Northern Railway between Peel Road and Glen Mooar viaduct was served by a small halt in the very early days of the railway. This section of line caused the railway company headaches over many years owing to subsidence which was regularly rectified by the dumping of used locomotive ash along the sides of the running line. This area is also cited as the reason for the railway acquiring a turntable to turn only the coaches, to equalise the weathering of paintwork at this exposed point. Today the trackbed is walkable and it has sunk even further. The halt

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Gob-Y-Deigan & Devil's Elbow

was only short-lived and built to serve excursions for picnickers. It had no road access but did offer a basic waiting shelter, which survived in use as a lineside hut until the closure of the railway. Devil's Elbow High embankment carrying the railway along the coastline; this caused the railway company many headaches over the years owing to continued subsidence. Large quantities of ash and spoil were regularly emptied here to shore up the embankment and it is noticeable that although the bank remains today it has dropped by several feet in the intervening years since the railway closed;

{"datasets_id": 162115, "wiki_id": "Q6083999", "sp": 90, "sc": 380, "ep": 98, "ec": 197}

Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Devil's Elbow & Glen Mooar Viaduct & Glen Wyllin Viaduct

it remains as part of the island's coastal footpath today. Glen Mooar Viaduct The first and smaller of two viaducts on the Manx Northern Railway and was crossed by means of a lattice work frame by the passing trains. Today the stanchions remain but the framework was removed in 1975, the railway having closed in 1968. It can be found at 54.271°N 4.598°W Glen Wyllin Viaduct Second larger viaduct carrying the railway above the valley which was home to the pleasure grounds owned and operated by the Railway Company; the viaduct was removed in 1975 although the stanchions

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Glen Wyllin Viaduct & Orrisdale No. 1 & No.2

still remain today. The viaduct dominated the parks below which featured a children's playground, boating lake, bowling greens, tennis courts and putting green. The site remains as a campsite today but the majority of the former features have been removed. A Campsite toilet and shower block has been provided in more recent times and a shop, the area remains popular today forming part of a national glen. Orrisdale No. 1 & No.2 Two crossings at close proximity found at 54.304°N 4.569°W and 54.305°N 4.564°W with associated crossing keepers' dwellings, both of which now form private residences since

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Orrisdale No. 1 & No.2 & West Berk & Ballavolley Halt

the closure of the railway in 1968 and sale of much property in 1975. West Berk The halt was only short-lived and, while recorded in Manx Northern Railway documents, its exact location is not known for certain other than as being adjacent to a level crossing. The crossing lodge remains in situ today, forming a private residence having been sold off in 1974. Ballavolley Halt Only operational in the last year that the Isle of Man Railway operated the line to Ramsey in 1968. Prior to this it had been nothing more than a farm crossing which boasted

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballavolley Halt

its own lodge, still in existence today; the "Wild Life Park" was established here in late 1967 and the railway installed an ad hoc halt here the following year, with temporary platform area and fencing. Today, you cross over the remaining rails in the macadam on the way into the park, and the trackbed stretches out virtually straight either side of you, but the rails are the only hint of the line's existence. At one time there was a siding laid here but little is known of its use and it did not last long. The embankment

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Ballavolley Halt & Milntown

on which it sat is sometimes visible in a nearby field however.54.315°N 4.517°W Milntown Site of former oil siding (1968-1969) found at 54.323°N 4.402°W used during the short-lived experiment to transport oil in three tankers between Ramsey and Peel during the period in which Lord Ailsa operated the railway; this siding has the distinction of being used for the final stock movements on the north line when No. 4 Loch transported the final oil tankers in September 1968. The track at this point was so sharply curved that a locomotive could not enter the siding, and bogie runners were

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Q6083999

Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

Milntown & Quayside Extension

placed between it and the oil wagons to allow access to the facility. Quayside Extension Extending beyond the environs of Ramsey Station along the quayside and lifted by 1958.

{"datasets_id": 162116, "wiki_id": "Q6104071", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 498}

Q6104071

J.E. Pitts

Life

J.E. Pitts J. E. Pitts (December 28, 1967 – August 19, 2010) was an American poet, songwriter, musician, photographer, artist, designer, and editor. Life J. E. (James Edward) "Jimmy" Pitts was born in and grew up in Corinth, Mississippi. He graduated from The University of Mississippi. with a degree in English and History. While at the University he edited and designed the student literary journal, The Yalobusha Review, for three consecutive years. He spent one year after graduation teaching English, American Literature, Grammar, and Speech at a private school in Marshall County, MS. Jimmy Pitts was a regular contributor to The

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Q6104071

J.E. Pitts

Life

Local Voice newspaper in Oxford, Mississippi from 2007 until his death in 2010. He was one of the founding editors of Salt and Vox literary fanzines, and was the "at large" poetry editor for The Oxford American from 2000 to 2010. His work appeared in Arkansas Review, Bellevue Literary Review, Poetry, Southern Poetry Review, among others. His first book of poetry, The Weather of Dreams, was published by David Robert Books, an imprint of Wordtech Communications, of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2008. His only formal art training was five years of public school art classes in grades 5–9. He has completed 2,000 +

{"datasets_id": 162116, "wiki_id": "Q6104071", "sp": 8, "sc": 1122, "ep": 8, "ec": 1736}

Q6104071

J.E. Pitts

Life

works of art since 1993. The majority of his work is in private collections around The United States. His paintings are owned by musician Marty Stuart and the late film director Robert Altman. His main mediums are oil and acrylic on canvas and wood panels, although he has experimented on window frames, glass, mirrors, ironing boards, and other non traditional surfaces. He produced 300 plus individual works of art per year. A self-taught musician, his main instrument was the guitar. He also experimented with piano, drums, and bass. His music can be found on Facebook and on Myspace under Jimmy Pitts.

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Q6104071

J.E. Pitts

Life

He was set to release his debut record in 2010 before his untimely death. He lived in Oxford, Mississippi.

{"datasets_id": 162117, "wiki_id": "Q20752361", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548}

Q20752361

J. Mary Taylor

Early life and education

J. Mary Taylor Early life and education J. Mary Taylor was born on May 30, 1931 in Portland, Oregon, to Kathleen and Arnold L. Taylor. She stopped using her first given name as a child. Kathleen Taylor was an accomplished violinist and taught her daughter to play the violin and piano. Aside from music lessons, Taylor often took long walks outside with her mother, learning about the plants and animals her area, inspiring her love of biology. Taylor was an active competitor in tennis, participating in the prestigious British junior circuit at age 17. Taylor attended Smith College in

{"datasets_id": 162117, "wiki_id": "Q20752361", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 10, "ec": 81}

Q20752361

J. Mary Taylor

Early life and education & Career

Northampton in 1948 with the intention studying music. She switched her major to zoology and graduated with her honours thesis is protozoology in 1952. She attended the University of California at Berkeley in 1952 to work under Harold Kirby, receiving a Fulbright Fellowship in 1954 Taylor did her doctoral work at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on protozoan parasites of Peromyscus mice, and completed it in four years. She graduated with her doctoral degree in mammalogy from the University of California at Berkeley in 1959. Career Immediately after her work as a graduate student, Taylor became an active teacher

{"datasets_id": 162117, "wiki_id": "Q20752361", "sp": 10, "sc": 81, "ep": 10, "ec": 748}

Q20752361

J. Mary Taylor

Career

at the Connecticut college for women within the Biology Department. In 1954, following this teaching job, Taylor moved to Sydney, Australia to study the bush rat (Rattus assimilis). By the early 1960’s, Taylor became an instructor at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. It was here that she worked alongside Graduate and Master’s students. She published several papers on Australian mammals and reproduction in marsupials. By 1965,Taylor was supervising doctoral students at the Cowan Vertebrate Museum. It was here that she taught field courses and lead a research-based program. In that same year, the University of British Columbia (UBC) offered Taylor

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Q20752361

J. Mary Taylor

Career

a position as an associate professor. With this job title, she also earned the title of the first woman to hold a professional position in the Biology Department at the University of British Columbia. Taylor resigned from UBC in 1982 and became a researchers at the Oregon National Primate Research Center and an honorary professor at Oregon State University. The same year she was elected as the first woman president of the American Society of Mammalogists. In 1987 she became the first woman director of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio. She was awarded Killam Senior Fellowship in

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Q20752361

J. Mary Taylor

Career & Personal life

1978 and the Hartley H.T. Jackson Award in 1993. Personal life Shortly after becoming a professor at the University of British Columbia, Taylor married Dr. William J. Kamp, an entomologist. Kamp was diagnosed with cancer and Taylor's mother broke her hip in 1982, forcing her to leave her teaching job after 17 years and return to the United States. During the period of time where Taylor's family members struggled with their health, she worked on publishing research papers, including a field guide to the terrestrial and marine animals of Australia. In 1990, her mother and husband died.

{"datasets_id": 162118, "wiki_id": "Q6129015", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 404}

Q6129015

James Averis

Early life & Rugby and Cricket Career

James Averis Early life He attended Bristol Cathedral School and afterwards St Cross College, Oxford, on a Major Stanley's scholarship where he won blues at rugby and cricket in the same academic year. Rugby and Cricket Career James Averis built a reputation as a solid one-day performer, and in 2001 was able to make a major breakthrough into the Championship side. A stocky, powerful seam bowler, he was the club's highest wicket-taker in the National League and Championship that year. One of several graduates in the Gloucestershire squad, Averis gained a prestigious reputation as a sportsman at Oxford. He was awarded

{"datasets_id": 162118, "wiki_id": "Q6129015", "sp": 10, "sc": 404, "ep": 10, "ec": 981}

Q6129015

James Averis

Rugby and Cricket Career

Blues in cricket and rugby, and represented Bristol Rugby Club (making his 1st XV debut in 1994, kicking 5 penalties out of 5 against Exeter) and Harlequins before settling on cricket in 2000. Bristol-born, he found himself thrown into the one-day side at the peak of its success at the turn of the century as the side won 8 trophies in 6 years. He claimed 29 National League victims in 2000, and continued performing very well in a less successful team performance in 2001. He also managed to hold his nerve in tense moments of the cup competitions, including the C&G

{"datasets_id": 162118, "wiki_id": "Q6129015", "sp": 10, "sc": 981, "ep": 10, "ec": 1556}

Q6129015

James Averis

Rugby and Cricket Career

final of 2004, where he claimed 4-23 including a hat trick. His pace was a fairly constant 80+ mph, though he developed an excellent slower ball with the help of former team-mate Ian Harvey. He relied on accuracy and late movement, as well as the surprise slower ball and yorker, to claim most of his victims. An invaluable member of the one day side, he was a reliable fielder and decent lower order batter, who looked as though he genuinely enjoyed his cricket. Averis retired from cricket in 2006 after 15 years at the club, so that he could concentrate

{"datasets_id": 162118, "wiki_id": "Q6129015", "sp": 10, "sc": 1556, "ep": 14, "ec": 259}

Q6129015

James Averis

Rugby and Cricket Career & Outside Sport

on his Law degree. Outside Sport James Averis is now a Housemaster and Geography teacher at Clifton College Preparatory School in Bristol. He continues to coach cricket (coaching the 1st XI) and rugby (coaching the 3rd XV) to the boys there as well as his normal teaching duties in Geography.

{"datasets_id": 162119, "wiki_id": "Q12747811", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 545}

Q12747811

Joška Broz

Background and private career

Joška Broz Background and private career Broz was born in Belgrade, then part of the People's Republic of Serbia in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He is the eldest son of Tito's son Žarko Broz and Tamara Veger, a Russian. He has a degree from the Belgrade University Faculty of Forest Management, and at different times worked at military game preserves (where he learned to cook wild game) and as a forester, metal worker, and policeman in charge of security for his grandfather. Although he was in frequent contact with Tito, he was not raised in affluent conditions and

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Background and private career

did not become wealthy by inheritance; a 2002 newspaper profile described him as living in a small, dilapidated house in Belgrade's Dedinje area and working as a cook in Zemun. "I am not sorry because the family has nothing," he was quoted as saying. "My grandpa raised me to be a modest man, not different from ordinary people." He added that his modesty helped him to survive the tragedies that befell Serbia and Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Broz has consistently defended Tito's political legacy and rejected charges that his grandfather was a dictator. At a memorial ceremony for Tito in 2000,

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Background and private career

he told an interviewer that his grandfather had permitted the 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia to take place and addressed the issues behind the protests by political means. During the same interview, he remarked that Tito confided to him in 1978 that his greatest mistake was allowing nationalists in Yugoslavia to present their beliefs for public discussion. Broz later welcomed the founding of the (ceremonial) "Republic of Titoslavia" in Rakovica, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2005; he was quoted as saying, "This does not reflect some fashion trend or nostalgic feelings about Tito's state, which has been and forever gone. This

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Background and private career & Political career

reflects nostalgia about the time when we all lived well, when we all, generally, lived happy and dignified lives. Today, we are nobody and nothing." In 2010, he said that the Tito years were “a time of safety and security; a working father could support a whole family, education and healthcare was free for all [and] Yugoslavia had a good reputation around the globe.” Political career Broz first intended to seek election to the National Assembly of Serbia in the 2003 parliamentary election at the head of a coalition of four minor left-wing parties. He used Tito's image and the

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Political career

motto, "Where I stopped, you continue," in the campaign. He subsequently withdrew from the contest, however, and did not appear on the candidate list of any party or alliance. On 23 November 2009, Broz was elected as the leader of Serbia's newly formed Communist Party, created via a merger of his own political support base with Novi Sad's Union of Social Democrats and Zrenjanin's New Communist Party. In an interview with Danas, Broz said that the new party would try to reconnect all of the former Yugoslav republics on social and economic issues; he added that he accepted the need for

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Political career

greater integration with the European Union but that only Russia could be a strategic partner for Serbia. The party was officially registered in December 2010. In 2011, the Jamahiriya News Agency reported that Broz sent a cable of condolence to Muammar Gaddafi, his family, and the Libyan people following the death of Saif al-Arab Gaddafi in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bomb strike in the 2011 military intervention in Libya. According to the report, Broz described the attack as a criminal act. Broz led the Communist Party's electoral list of sixty candidates in the 2012 Serbian parliamentary election. The party received

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Political career

28,977 votes (0.74%), well below the five per cent threshold needed to enter the assembly. For the 2014 parliamentary election, Broz formed an alliance with the small Montenegrin Party and appeared in the second position on its electoral list. This list also failed to win any mandates. Broz contested the 2016 parliamentary election on an electoral list led by the Socialist Party of Serbia, appearing in the twenty-eighth position. The list won twenty-nine mandates, and Broz was elected to the assembly. Although still the leader of the Communist Party, he serves as part of the Socialist Party's parliamentary group. The Socialist

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Q12747811

Joška Broz

Political career

Party is a part of Serbia's coalition government, and Broz accordingly serves as part of the government's parliamentary majority. He is a member of the parliamentary committee on labour, social issues, social inclusion, and poverty reduction; a deputy member of the environmental protection committee; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Algeria, Belarus, China, Cuba, Greece, Iran, Palestine, Russia, Ukraine, Venezuela, Syria, and the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 425}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Early life and career

John Pidgeon (writer) William John Gilmour Pidgeon (1 March 1947 – 19 July 2016) was a British journalist, author, music historian, radio producer, comedy executive and crossword compiler. Early life and career One of three children, Pidgeon's parents were Frederick "Joe" Pidgeon, an engineer in the civil service, and Margaret Rawson. He was born in Carlisle, Cumberland, and brought up in Downley, a village in Buckinghamshire. While a pupil at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, his time there overlapped with Ian Dury and Roger Scruton. He studied French at the University of Kent and undertook postgraduate Film Studies under

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Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Early life and career & Music writing and radio

Thorold Dickinson at the Slade School, where his writing career began with a review of Carry On Henry for the British Film Institute's Monthly Film Bulletin. An uncredited script for a BBC 2 Film Night special on pop movies followed, and in July 1972 he began a weekly film guide for New Musical Express. Music writing and radio Around the same time he was invited to join the team about to launch Let It Rock magazine by Charlie Gillett, who subsequently recommended him as a scriptwriter for BBC Radio 1's The Story of Pop. In December 1972, he joined The

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 12, "sc": 228, "ep": 12, "ec": 795}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Music writing and radio

Faces' road crew for the band's UK tour in order to write a roadie's diary, which appeared in Let It Rock and America's Creem magazine. His association with the band led not only to 1976's Rod Stewart and the Changing Faces, a book which Paul Gorman has suggested "broke the mould in terms of music books in the 70s," but to a songwriting partnership with keyboard player Ian McLagan. A Backpages Classics Kindle edition of Rod Stewart and the Changing Faces was published in 2011. In 1973 he took over as editor of Let It Rock, while continuing to write for

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Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Music writing and radio

NME and script documentaries for Radio 1. He wrote a "savagely readable" novelisation of Slade in Flame, which paid scant attention to the screenplay and was withdrawn from sale at cinemas where the film was shown in 1975 for its bad language and explicit violence. Slade's Noddy Holder nevertheless called it "a great book", suggesting John "must have been around the scene for quite a while, he knows a hell of a lot." Then, drawing on his teenage experiences of the British R&B scene for early material, John became the first biographer of Eric Clapton. An occasional contributor to Time Out,

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 12, "sc": 1399, "ep": 12, "ec": 1998}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Music writing and radio

for whom he interviewed his football hero Stan Bowles, Pidgeon followed editor Richard Williams to Melody Maker, where he championed The Police, accompanying the trio on their first US tour, as he did almost 30 years later during their reunion. By the end of the decade, Pidgeon was back in radio, making documentaries and special programmes for Capital Radio, whose Head of Music was The Story of Pop's producer Tim Blackmore. Pidgeon devised two long-running series – Jukebox Saturday Night and The View From The Top – for disc jockey Roger Scott, and when Scott moved to Radio 1 in 1988,

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 12, "sc": 1998, "ep": 16, "ec": 378}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Music writing and radio & Radio comedy

he devised Classic Albums, which he and Scott produced as the network's first independent production. After Scott died of cancer in October 1989, Richard Skinner took over as presenter, and more than fifty programmes were aired around the world. Radio comedy Having produced and written sketches for Capital's Brunch, the first programme on British radio to use the zoo format, whose regular performers included Steve Coogan, Angus Deayton and Jan Ravens, he broadened his radio output with comedy documentaries and four series of Talking Comedy for BBC Radio 2 which featured Bill Bailey, Harry Hill and Graham Norton. In 1999,

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 16, "sc": 378, "ep": 16, "ec": 984}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Radio comedy

Pidgeon was approached by the BBC to run Radio Entertainment, which he did for six years, nurturing Dead Ringers, Flight of The Conchords, Little Britain and The Mighty Boosh during his time in charge. He was appointed a Fellow of the Radio Academy in 2003 and chaired the Perrier Panel in Edinburgh in 2005. One of Pidgeon's first recruits to Radio Entertainment was Danny Wallace, then a recent graduate, who quickly became a trainee producer. In 2008, asked who in the media he most admired and why, Wallace answered, "Jonathan Ross for pioneering and quick wit. Terry Wogan for reassurance and

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 16, "sc": 984, "ep": 20, "ec": 456}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Radio comedy & Crossword compiler

warmth. And John Pidgeon, my mentor at the BBC – a finer and more creative man you're not likely to meet." Crossword compiler In 2010, Pidgeon fulfilled a long-held ambition, when he began compiling crosswords for The Daily Telegraph, where his Toughie puzzles are attributed to Petitjean. According to one contributor to Big Dave's Crossword Blog, "I always consider that I need to put a ‘slightly mad’ hat on in order to solve a Petitjean crossword." His last Toughie (his 74th) appeared on 7 July. His cryptic and quick puzzles on the back page of the newspaper first appeared in

{"datasets_id": 162120, "wiki_id": "Q6252883", "sp": 20, "sc": 456, "ep": 20, "ec": 528}

Q6252883

John Pidgeon (writer)

Crossword compiler

March 2011 and the 87th and last was published at the end of June 2016.

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 638}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Judaism in Rugrats The animated television series Rugrats has been noted for its portrayal of Judaism, a dynamic rarely portrayed in American animated programming during the series' broadcast run (1991–2004). Two episodes of the series are devoted to Jewish holidays and explaining their history, and the Pickles family is shown to be part-Jewish. The first Rugrats Jewish holiday special was suggested to the production staff in 1992 by Nickelodeon executives as a special devoted to Hanukkah. Germain instead refashioned it into a Passover episode and the series did not explore a Hanukkah special until 1996. Critical reaction to Jewish themes in

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 4, "sc": 638, "ep": 8, "ec": 392}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Background

Rugrats was largely positive. Each holiday special achieved high viewing numbers according to Nielsen Media Research and received positive reviews. However, Jewish character Grandpa Boris' portrayal in a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was criticized by the Anti-Defamation League for apparent antisemitism. Background In Rugrats, the root of Jewish themes stem from Boris and Minka Kropotkin, the Russian Jewish maternal grandparents of Tommy Pickles. Boris and Minka follow traditional Jewish practices and speak in heavy Yiddish accents. Tommy and the Pickles family therefore partake in several Jewish activities throughout the series, particularly through holidays. However, while Boris and Minka appear to

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 8, "sc": 392, "ep": 16, "ec": 65}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Background & A Rugrats Passover (1995) & A Rugrats Chanukah (1996)

practice their faith regularly, the Pickles are rarely shown to participate in religious activities outside of major holidays. A Rugrats Passover (1995) In "A Rugrats Passover" (Season 3, Episode 26) the main characters, Tommy, Phil, Lil, Chuckie, and Angelica, as they arrive at the Pickles residence to celebrate Passover Seder alongside Boris and Minka, and imagine themselves as Jewish figures, notably Tommy as Moses and Angelica as the pharaoh of Exodus as it's told by Boris, who has accidentally locked the group in the attic. A Rugrats Chanukah (1996) In "A Rugrats Chanukah" (Season 4, Episode 1), though the opening

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 16, "sc": 65, "ep": 16, "ec": 656}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

A Rugrats Chanukah (1996)

title card for the episode simply reads Chanukah, the main characters are told the story of the Maccabean Revolt by Tommy's Jewish grandfather, Boris, and imagine themselves as Biblical characters, with Tommy seeing himself as Judas Maccabeus while others play nameless Jewish characters. A reference to the song I Have a Little Dreidel is made, with Chuckie telling a Greek guard baby that the two are just playing with their dreidels, to which Tommy adds that they made out of clay, and Tommy's famous line, "A baby's gotta do what a baby's gotta do," is modified to "A Macca-baby's gotta

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 16, "sc": 656, "ep": 20, "ec": 307}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

A Rugrats Chanukah (1996) & The Rugrats Movie (1998)

do what a Macca-baby's gotta do," a reference to Maccabees. The tradition of giving chocolate coins was also mentioned. It was groundbreaking in that it was first children's series to air a Hanukkah special, in a time when children's shows frequently released Christmas-themed episodes during the holiday season. The Rugrats Movie (1998) In The Rugrats Movie, a 1998 animated film produced by Nickelodeon Studios meant to introduce Tommy's younger brother Dil to audiences, makes two possible indirect references to Judaism. Firstly, a reference to infant circumcision, referred to as brit milah when performed as a Jewish ritual, is made during

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

The Rugrats Movie (1998) & All Grown Up! (2003 – 2008)

the musical sequence This World is Something New to Me; in the middle of the song, a female baby complains her umbilical cord has been cut followed by a male baby saying "Consider yourself lucky," as he looks down at his penis, though it's possible this scene may not have had any religious connection. Secondly, Tommy almost sacrifices Dil to hungry monkeys by pouring baby food made from bananas on him; the scene parallels the Sacrifice of Isaac. All Grown Up! (2003 – 2008) In All Grown Up! (2003 – 2008), a continuation of Rugrats that follows the characters into

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 24, "sc": 90, "ep": 24, "ec": 689}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

All Grown Up! (2003 – 2008)

their adolescent years, Tommy, now 11 years old, appears apathetic towards his Jewish heritage. In "Rachel, Rachel" (Season 4, Episode 3), Tommy argues with Didi over being made to attend Hebrew school and shows no interest in going until he develops a crush on his female classmate, the titular Rachel. In a stark contrast to Rachel's piety, Tommy is shown to have no basic knowledge of Judaism, unfamiliar with the concept of shabbat and never having followed a kosher diet. Tommy's younger brother Dil is similarly disinterested in Judaism and, to avoid being made to attend Hebrew school in the

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

All Grown Up! (2003 – 2008) & Background

future, founds his own religion. While the depiction of Tommy and Dil's laxity towards their faith may not necessarily be positive, they are realistic; in 2006, the year the episode aired, statistics showed that American Jewish youth held a declining interest in religion, with only 61% believing in Yahweh and only 14% saying that religion played a role in their daily life. Background Boris and Minka were based on the Eastern European great aunts and uncles of Rugrats co-creator Arlene Klasky, who herself is Jewish. Including Jewish themes in the series was deemed essential by Klasky; in particular, she believed

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Background

that making Didi Jewish and Tommy's father Stu a Christian was a crucial dynamic, as "it was important to show that difference between family." Klasky herself grew up with a Jewish mother and a non-Jewish father. Boris and Minka first appeared in the series' first episode, "Tommy's First Birthday". Melanie Chartoff, voice of Minka and Jewish herself, had already been cast to play Didi when she was called by her agent to try out for a second voice role on the series as Minka. When given the description of the character, Chartoff felt she was incredibly cliched, but still wanted to

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Background

try out for the role. When reading her lines, she found it difficult to grasp the character's personality, as "Although the show had been created by Jews, this script had clearly not been written by them;" so she took a break so she could do research into her family memorabilia and conceive a personality to reflect in the character's voice. In 1992, Nickelodeon executives pitched the idea of making a Chanukah special to the Rugrats production team. Germain, however, responded with a Passover special instead, as he considered it to be a "funny idea" and of "historical interest". While scripting the

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 28, "sc": 1439, "ep": 32, "ec": 49}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Background & Reception

episode, now entitled "A Rugrats Passover", the writers were forced to audit many elements of the portrayal of the Ten Plagues, particularly the last one, so that the episode would remain accessible to children and not too frightening. Due to the overall success of "A Rugrats Passover," the Rugrats staff decided to revisit the Hanukkah special and created "A Rugrats Chanukah." One of the co-writers of the episode, David Weiss, had converted from Christianity to Judaism shortly before penning the teleplay. (He was also raised a Reform Jew when he was growing up) Reception Rugrats was unusual among contemporary animations

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 32, "sc": 49, "ep": 32, "ec": 712}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

in its attention to Jewish ritual and tradition. "A Rugrats Passover"'s portrayal of a Seder dinner received press attention as a rare occurrence in children's programming. The episode also marked the first Passover special Nickelodeon had broadcast, while "A Rugrats Chanukah" marked the first televised animated Hanukkah program. Fan reaction to Jewish themes in Rugrats have been overwhelmingly positive. "A Rugrats Passover" and "A Rugrats Chanukah" are two of the most popular episodes in the series broadcast run. The Passover special achieved a Nielsen Rating of 3.1 with a 4.8% share of American viewers, making it the sixth most watched American

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 32, "sc": 712, "ep": 32, "ec": 1359}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

cable broadcast that week. The Hanukkah special, meanwhile, received a 7.9 Nielsen rating in Kids 2–11, the show's key demographic. Chartoff received an abundance of fan letters praising the series for detailing Judaism in sensitive fashion. She only received one complaint, from her mother, who claimed that the characterizations of Boris and Minka were anti-Semitic. Critically, Rugrats' treatment of Judaism has also been acclaimed. Danny Goldberg wrote in his book How The Left Lost Teen Spirit: "I cannot think of any other TV show, animated or otherwise, in which Jewish traditions were so clearly expressed in the context of a mass

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 32, "sc": 1359, "ep": 32, "ec": 2009}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

appeal entertainment [than in Rugrats]." Authors Michael Atkinson and Laurel Shifrin, in their book Flickipedia: Perfect Films for Every Occasion, Holiday, Mood, Ordeal, and Whim praised the series for celebrating "secular Jewishness in the wisest and most entertaining fashion". TV Guide listed "A Rugrats Chanukah" number 5 in their 1999 "10 Best Classic Family Holiday Specials" list, opining that with the episode, "Nickelodeon's Rugrats secured its place in television history." Jewish online magazine Schmooze listed Tommy as the number 1 fictional Jewish character of all time. They also wrote that if someone had yet to see either one of the

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 32, "sc": 2009, "ep": 32, "ec": 2684}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

holiday specials, their "Jewish education is incomplete." The series has received several accolades for its Jewish themes. In 2001, Rugrats won a Jewish Image Award for "Outstanding Achievement." "A Rugrats Passover" itself received three nominations from different television award programs. It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)," but lost to The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding." At the 23rd Annual Annie Awards it was nominated in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation," but was beaten by the episode "The

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

Tick vs. Arthur’s Band Account" from Fox Kids' animated series The Tick. In 1995, it was Rugrats' submission for a CableACE award; it received a nomination but did not win. In 2007 the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma opened an exhibition of Biblical images in art and pop culture, including a poster for Let My Babies Go!: A Passover Story, the picture book based on "A Rugrats Passover". However, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) criticized the design of Grandpa Boris and charged it with being antisemitic. The controversy erupted when a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was published, featuring

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

Boris in a synagogue reciting the Mourner's Kaddish. The ADL issued a statement saying that the design resembled Nazi-era depictions of Jews, and the fact that the character was reciting the sacred prayer perverted its solemnity. The Washington Post, the newspaper who published the strip, issued a similar statement in their Editor's Note section, criticizing Nickelodeon for not showing better judgment in editing the strip. Though former Nickelodeon president Albie Hecht, a Jew himself, was dumbfounded by the accusation and deemed it absurd, Herb Scannell, president of the company in 1998, responded to the complaints and apologized to ADL. Scannell issued

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Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

a statement promising that neither the strip nor the character would ever be published again. In the statement, he also noted, "Unfortunately, the creators of the strip made an error in judgment by referencing the Kaddish. I agree with you that, however well-meaning, the use of the Kaddish in the comic strip was inappropriate." Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director, responded via a press release in which they thanked Scannell for his speedy response and commended the company in general for understanding the issue at hand; Foxman concluded by saying, "We appreciate Nickelodeon’s long record of creative and quality programming

{"datasets_id": 162121, "wiki_id": "Q6302213", "sp": 32, "sc": 4612, "ep": 32, "ec": 4671}

Q6302213

Judaism in Rugrats

Reception

and understand that it was not their intention to offend."

{"datasets_id": 162122, "wiki_id": "Q963295", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 575}

Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

Route description

K-68 (Kansas highway) Route description Beginning at US-75 and K-31 about a mile south of Lyndon. From here it heads east then reaches Quenemo, where it turns north and intersects K-268. Next it goes through Pomona. It continues east crossing the Marais des Cygnes River then turns northeastward and crosses the former route of US-59 near downtown Ottawa. As K-68 enters Ottawa, it intersects with I-35, US-59 and US-50 near the Walmart Distribution Center. Four miles west of Louisburg, K-68 intersects with US-169 and K-7, it also provides an end terminus with K-33 in Franklin County. It passes through Louisburg

{"datasets_id": 162122, "wiki_id": "Q963295", "sp": 6, "sc": 575, "ep": 6, "ec": 1193}

Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

Route description

where it intersects with US-69. After passing Louisburg it reaches its eastern terminus at Missouri Route 2. K-68 is not included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-19 does connect to the National Highway System at its western terminus at US-75, at its intersection with I-35 / US-50 / US-59, at its intersection with US-169 / K-7, and at its intersection with US-69. 2017 Annual average daily traffic (AADT) on K-19 ranged from 565 near the western terminus, 685 slightly west and 2750 slightly east

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Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

Route description & History

of the junction with K-268, 2900 near the eastern terminus, 3490 just west of the intersection with K-33, 3830 slightly east of Pomona, 4010 slightly west of Ottawa, 4110 on the eastern edge of Louisburg, 4520 slightly west of the intersection with US-169, 5740 slightly east of the intersection with I-35, 8590 slightly west of the intersection with US-69, 8820 slightly west of the intersection with I-35 and 12100 slightly east of the intersection with US-69. History K-68 was first designated a state highway in 1929 and went from US-73W and US-50S in Ottawa eastward to US-73E in Louisburg. By

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Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

History

April 1936, US-50S was realigned onto K-33 from south of Ottawa to K-31 east of Waverly and K-68 was extended west on the old US-50S alignment from Ottawa to US-75 by Lyndon. At that time K-33 was also truncated to end at K-68 east of Ottawa. Sometime between April 1933 and April 1936 US-73W was renumbered to US-59 and US-73E was renumbered to US-69. In a May 26, 1937 resolution K-68 was extended further east from US-69 to the Missouri border, which was first approved in a March 29, 1937 meeting. In a March 12, 1963 resolution, a 9.997 miles

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Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

History

(16.089 km) section of K-68 was realigned northwest of Paola to eliminate two curves. Then in a January 12, 1965 resolution, a 5.949 miles (9.574 km) section of K-68 was realigned northeast of Paola to meet the section realigned in the March 12, 1963 resolution, which eliminated the overlap with US-169. Originally US-169 and K-7 ran together through Paola then in a June 12, 1969 resolution, US-169 and K-7 was realigned to the east of Paola and K-68's junction with the two highways was moved roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east. Originally US-69 through Louisburg then in a April 6, 1976

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Q963295

K-68 (Kansas highway)

History

resolution, US-69 was realigned to the west of Louisburg and K-68's junction with the two highways was moved approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west. US-50 Business (US-50 Bus.) originally overlapped K-68 in Ottawa, then in a November 6, 2000 resolution the US-50 Bus. designation was removed.

{"datasets_id": 162123, "wiki_id": "Q2579458", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 552}

Q2579458

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433

Accident

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 Accident The aircraft took off from Amsterdam at 12:19 pm. The captain, Gerrit Lievaart, was flying the plane. Eleven minutes after takeoff, at 12:30 pm, the pilots had mistaken that the number 2 engine (the right engine) was suffering from low oil pressure because of a faulty warning light resulting from short circuiting. The captain had put that engine in idle in order to save it. However, the oil pressure gauge was still showing above 30 PSI. The captain did not return the engine to the previous throttle level even after knowing from the checklist that

{"datasets_id": 162123, "wiki_id": "Q2579458", "sp": 6, "sc": 552, "ep": 6, "ec": 1119}

Q2579458

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433

Accident

shutting down the engine was not needed for this case. The crew had decided to continue the flight as recommended by the manual. As the flight was reaching flight level 170 (17,000 feet), the plane was not climbing any further since the right engine was still idle, which had resulted in lesser power. The crew misinterpreted the problem as a fault in the right engine and made a Pan-Pan call requesting to return to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. On the final approach, at a height of 90 feet, the captain decided to perform a go-around as the speed was not sufficient

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Q2579458

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433

Accident & Aircraft & Crew

for landing. He gave full throttle to Engine 1. However, since the other engine was idle, the airplane rolled to the right, pitched up, stalled, and hit the ground at 80 degrees bank. Of the 24 people on board, 3 were killed - the captain and 2 passengers. Out of the 21 survivors, 9 suffered serious injuries, including the first officer. Due to amnesia caused by the crash, the first officer could not recall the accident. Aircraft The aircraft involved was a Saab 340, registration PH-KSH, which had first flown in 1990. Crew The Captain, 37-year old Gerrit Lievaart had

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Q2579458

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433

Crew

been with KLM Cityhopper since 2 March 1992. He had a total of 2,605 hours flying time, including 1,214 hours on a Saab 340. However, training records revealed that he had failed 2 engine out checks and in his most recent one had been given a “standard minus.” The First Officer, 34-year old Paul Stassen had been with KLM Cityhopper since 27 January 1992. He had a total of 1,718 hours flying time, including 1,334 hours on a Saab 340.

{"datasets_id": 162124, "wiki_id": "Q6370165", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 11}

Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

History of knowledge & Description

Karenia (dinoflagellate) History of knowledge Characteristic fish killings described by 15th and 16th century Spanish explorers were likely the earliest recorded sightings of Karenia. Other major fish killings were documented in 1844 off of the coast of Florida. Oda, in 1935, was the first to name any species in what is now the genus Karenia: Gymnodinium mikimotoi but was later renamed Karenia mikimotoi. Davis in 1948 was the first to document that the cause of the fish kills was the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, which was renamed Ptychodiscus brevis and since 2001 is now known as Karenia brevis. Description Karenia are

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Description

naked, flat, unicellular, photosynthetic cells that are quite pleomorphic: size tends to range from about 20–90 um. The cell contains a straight apical groove, and differences in apical grooves (acrobases) are often used to distinguish between species. Thecal plates are not present. The cell body can be divided into an episome and a hyposome like other dinoflagellates. Two dissimilar flagella that are involved in locomotion are present in the cingulum and sulcus. The cytoplasm contains many yellow-green chloroplasts. The plastid of Karenia is especially notable as it is the product of tertiary endosymbiosis, by uptake of a haptophyte. Therefore, they lack

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Description & Habitat and ecology

the typical dinoflagellate pigment peridinin and have a plastid with pigments chlorophylls a+c and 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, typically haptophyte pigments. A nucleus is also found in the cell and its location and shape can distinguish between species. Habitat and ecology Karenia is found throughout the world in both oceanic and coastal waters. It is relatively sporadic in abundance, but it can form large blooms in the summer or fall which can have severe ecological and economical consequences. These blooms are generally referred to as harmful algal blooms (HABs), but are also sometimes referred to as red tides. Karenia is known to divide

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Habitat and ecology

very slowly, but are able to form dense blooms probably due to their ability to swim quickly, which likely allows them access to higher concentrations of nutrients. Many of these blooms consist of more than one type of Karenia species. The cause of the blooms is still poorly understood. When a large bloom occurs, resources become limited, and this means greater competition for space and sunlight between several marine organisms—as the genus Karenia start dying they release their neurotoxins, which can kill fish and other organisms. The dense blooms can also cause animal mortalities through anoxia. Karenia brevis also causes distress

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Habitat and ecology & Life cycle

in humans in the form of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) which gets biomagnified up the food chain. Karenia species produce a variety of toxins, with many probably producing more than one. Karenia are considered autotrophic organisms primarily, but some have been found to be mixotrophic as they can ingest microbes as well. Microbes have also been seen to be capable of attacking Karenia species, although their role in population dynamics is not well understood. Life cycle Although the genus Karenia consists of 12 described species, most research on life cycles has been done on Karenia brevis which will be outlined here. Karenia

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Life cycle

follow the typical life cycle of a dinoflagellate with a motile, haploid, asexual cell with regular mitotic divisions. This binary fission reproduction occurs once about every 2–10 days, and division occurs primarily at night (Brand et al., 2012). They occasionally produce diploid planozygotes (mobile zygotes) implying they are capable of sexual reproduction. They have been observed to be in what appears to be the process of conjugation, a type of unicellular sexual reproduction. They can enter a hypnozygote cyst stage, which is an often thick walled, resting cyst that results from sexual fusion. This occurs when environmental conditions are adverse

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Life cycle & Genetics

and allows it to be dormant and spread to grow algal blooms elsewhere. Genetics Karenia, like all organisms in the dinoflagellate group, are characteristic for their unique permanently condensed chromatin that lacks nucleosomes and histones. The less tightly packed loops of DNA consist of actively transcribed DNA. The haploid genome is large (about 30 times the size of humans), and usually contain a large quantity of repetitive, non-coding DNA. They also portray a unique mitosis where the nuclear envelope stays intact and the mitotic spindle has extra nuclear microtubules that go through the nucleus through cytoplasmic channels. The genome of Karenia

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Genetics & Toxicity

brevis is estimated to be about 1 x 10^11 bp, although the genome has not been sequenced in any members of this genus. Toxicity Karenia are well known for their toxic blooms that kill fish, marine organisms, and other animals. These blooms, also called red tides, cause extensive ecological and economic damage. What causes these harmful algal blooms is still poorly understood. Karenia brevis is of particular importance to humans because it also can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and respiratory distress through accumulation of toxins in tissue. These toxins are taken up by molluscs with no detrimental effects, but they

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Q6370165

Karenia (dinoflagellate)

Toxicity

distress the humans who ingest the molluscs. The distress is caused by neurotoxins called brevetoxins. Brevetoxins are lipid soluble and capable of biomagnification up the food chain. They work by activating voltage-sensitive sodium channels and causing them to remain open for excessive amounts of time, which leads to uncontrolled depolarization of the neural membrane. This results in persistent neuron firing. No deaths have been recorded in association with brevetoxin, but severe effects have been noted, such as nausea, vomiting, and slurred speech.

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Q3454790

Keiō Reforms

Keiō Reforms The Keiō Reforms (慶応の改革 Keiō no kaikaku) were an array of new policies introduced in 1866 by the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The reforms created in reaction to the rising violence on the part of Satsuma and other domains; the initial steps taken during this period became a key part of the reforms and changes made during the rule of Emperor Meiji. When the shōgun and Emperor happened to both die at the same time, the bakufu (shogunate government) created the Keiō Reform to keep Japan from falling into disunity or disarray. It Westernized many aspects of the

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Q3454790

Keiō Reforms

system of bureaucracy, the military, and the economy, focusing on governmental promotions by merit (not by birth) and trade policies with other nations. The bakufu hoped that these Reforms would somehow end the Rebellions of Satsuma and Chōshū – that did not happen. The rebels did not wish to see the bakufu profit from these changes which were so close to the core of what the rebels had been fighting against all along. This reform period was preceded by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1716–1736), the Kansei reforms of the 1790s and the Tenpō reforms (1830–1844).

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

Gold

Kendenup, Western Australia Gold On 20 July 1869, the Government of Western Australia offered a payment of ₤5,000 in the Government Gazette for the discovery of payable gold. Hassell submitted stone samples from Kendenup in 1872 and was told that they were gold bearing. A five-ton consignment was sent to Victoria for crushing and returned four ounces of gold. Encouraged by the prospects, the Standard Gold Mining Company was registered on 15 December 1874, with a capital of ₤3,000. A mine about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the town with a nearby five-stamp battery were built. The operation became the first

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

Gold & 1920 De Garis settlement

to start mining in the state. However, recoveries failed to live up to expectations and the battery crushed only ten tons of ore before being closed when the company went into voluntary liquidation on 5 June 1876. The mine and battery are still visible, although in poor condition. 1920 De Garis settlement While in Adelaide in July 1920, rural entrepreneur Jack De Garis had heard that the Kendenup property was for sale by the Hassell family executors for £47,325, or £1 per acre. He offered £45,000 with a £1,000 deposit which was accepted, the offer being made prior to his inspection

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

of the property. After having satisfied himself with an inspection De Garis proceeded with his plan of subdividing it into approximately 60-acre (24 ha) lots, selling the lots through the sale of debentures to settlers to the value of £150,000 using a closer settlement model. He also purchased Kendenup East, a 6,200-acre (2,500 ha) property which included a homestead and a 50-acre (20 ha) orchard, for another ₤1,000. The "DeGaris Kendenup W.A. Development Company" was set up as the debenture issuer. De Garis planned for subdivision of the estate with a townsite which would include an administrative and civic centre, public parks, recreation areas,

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

factory areas, a school and church sites. A dehydrating factory under the name of Kendenup Fruit Packing Company was established to pack farm produce for the community at a cost of ₤4,000. He promoted the scheme around Australia, and from late 1920 settlers started to arrive and were granted farm blocks of between 10 and 60 acres (4.0 and 24.3 ha) on the purchase of ten-year interest-free debenture notes to grow fruit, vegetables and other farm produce. However, the project was under capitalised and lot sizes were considered to be too small to be fully viable and after a peak of about

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

350 families settling, debenture sales dried up. In August 1922 De Garis travelled to the United States to raise urgently needed capital. The following classified advertisement was published in the New York Times on 13 August 1922. "When railway revenue jumps from $250 to $50,000 in twelve months it is enough make people to take an interest in the cause of such a phenomenal effect," said C. J. De Garis of Kendenup, Australia, in explaining the wonderful development of his section of Australia in which he is vastly interested. Mr. De Garis, who is at the Hotel Pennsylvania, holds the long distance

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

record for aviation. "We are most enthusiastic about our settlement of Kendenup, for those are the figures we can show for the last twelve months," said Mr De Garis. "For eighty-two years it was a sheep ranch, a tract of land comprising about fifty thousand acres, with a total population of seven people. That was sixteen months ago and the change today is unbelievable. It is now a model community of 200 houses, built of brick and concrete with tiled roofs, and the population has increased to 770 inhabitants. "It is because Kendenup settlement has been such a success that I have

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

come to America to interest the capitalists of your country in creating similar settlements throughout Australia. The financial success of the settlement is the best argument that I have and a shrewd captain of industry, will be quick to recognize it at once. Another strong point is the fact that 100 per cent. of the settlers made an unsolicited statement to the people of Australia that they were absolutely satisfied with their bargain. "We who are interested in and responsible for this settlement have spared no pains to give the best that can be obtained. We have had the soil analyzed

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

by experts; have ascertained what fruits and vegetables are best suited for that particular type of soil, and we have established a dehydrator for extracting moisture from the fruit which makes it imperishable. "The system which we used in disposing of the land in our settlement of Kendenup was to cut it up into thirty-acre tracts. Seventy dollars is the average price paid an acre. The payments are extended equally over a period of ten years without interest. The climate of Australia is remarkably fine. We have not had a month without rain in forty years. The average rainfall each year

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement

is about thirty inches. Australia is a great country, and we want as many real Americans as we can get to come and settle there permanently." $250,000 was promised but never materialised. By 1923, the scheme had effectively collapsed with the company going into voluntary liquidation. About 30 families stayed on. In order to remain on their selections the Kendenup Settlers Association (Inc.) took up the fight. The government established a Royal Commission 'to inquire into and report upon the establishment of the settlement at Kendenup', headed by Commissioner William Grogan. Fraud by De Garis had been alleged prior to the Royal

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

1920 De Garis settlement & Internment camp

Commission but he was exonerated in the findings. A second Royal Commission headed by barrister Ross McDonald was held to look into the difficulties faced by the settlers and possible assistance which could be offered. Changes to the Act which governed the Agricultural Bank of Western Australia were made as a result. McDonald later worked pro bono on the settlers' behalf to negotiate with creditors and the banks to enable them to purchase additional land and transfer the debentures to conventional mortgages. Despite the setbacks, the settlement had provided much of the infrastructure for the current Kendenup township. Internment camp During

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Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

Internment camp & Facilities

World War II the town was the site of an internment camp housing 200 Italian prisoners of war. The camp operated from 4 November 1943 to 23 May 1946. Internees were assigned as labourers to farms in the area. Facilities The town has the Kendenup Primary School (established 1921). Businesses nearby and within the town include Ridge Brothers store (liquor store, bakery, gifts and general goods), the local Kendenup post office, scattered wineries and accommodation options such as a lodge and several bed and breakfast establishments. The early homestead buildings are intact but on private property and therefore unavailable for inspection. The