Datasets:

yunyu

/

wiki40b_en_100_0_split

like 0

{"datasets_id": 162126, "wiki_id": "Q6388973", "sp": 18, "sc": 442, "ep": 22, "ec": 522}

Q6388973

Kendenup, Western Australia

Facilities & Climate

old mine and its battery are about 2 km south of the townsite on Jellicoe Road off Albany Highway. Climate Kendenup has a temperate climate with warm to hot summers and mild to cold winters. While summer temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F), the average is around 26 °C (79 °F). Overnight temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) in winter but daytime winter temperatures average 10–13 °C (50–55 °F). Rainfall averages from around 24 millimetres (1 in) per month in January to over 100 millimetres (4 in) in July. Kendenup recorded 125.8 millimetres (4.95 in) of rainfall in the 24 hours to 9am on 2 April 2005.

{"datasets_id": 162127, "wiki_id": "Q608904", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 468}

Q608904

Kim Hiorthøy

Biography

Kim Hiorthøy Kim Hiorthøy (born March 17, 1973) is a Norwegian electronic musician, graphic designer, illustrator, filmmaker and writer. Biography Hiorthøy was born and raised in Trondheim, Norway, and studied at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art (1991–96) as well as the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen (1999–2000). During his tenure at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art, Hiorthøy spent a year abroad in 1994 to attend the School of Visual Arts in New York. There he worked extensively with Cinematographer Mott Hupfel. Currently, he lives and works in Berlin, Germany. A fictionalized version of

{"datasets_id": 162127, "wiki_id": "Q608904", "sp": 8, "sc": 468, "ep": 12, "ec": 617}

Q608904

Kim Hiorthøy

Biography & Music

Hiorthøy is a character in Erlend Loe's novel L. Music Hiorthøy began making music while attending the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art; he worked in the academy's sound studio until he left school and purchased his own equipment. After various "collaborations and accidents", his music was eventually introduced to Joakim Haugland of the Smalltown Supersound record label. Haugland asked Hiorthøy to work with the label, and in 2001 Hiorthøy released his debut album, "Hei". He has subsequently released several albums, EPs, and 7-inch records with Smalltown Supersound. Hiorthøy's musical style is difficult to classify; the Smalltown Supersound website offers the

{"datasets_id": 162127, "wiki_id": "Q608904", "sp": 12, "sc": 617, "ep": 16, "ec": 317}

Q608904

Kim Hiorthøy

Music & Graphic design and film

following description: "On his records Kim Hiorthøy combines weird beats, lo-fi/leftfield electronics, field recordings, electro-acoustic sounds and samples, resulting in a sound all his own." His live sets, however, differ from his recordings, with louder, faster beats and a techno undertone. Graphic design and film While exploring music at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art, Hiorthøy simultaneously began his work in graphic design. He started to publish fanzines and design record sleeves for local bands, and as time passed he began to work more seriously in a variety of creative mediums. To date, Hiorthøy has released several

{"datasets_id": 162127, "wiki_id": "Q608904", "sp": 16, "sc": 317, "ep": 16, "ec": 1008}

Q608904

Kim Hiorthøy

Graphic design and film

collections of photography, drawing and design, and has provided cover artworks for such record labels as Rune Grammofon, Smalltown Supersound, Smalltown Superjazzz and the rock group Motorpsycho. He is currently represented by STANDARD, an Oslo-based gallery aimed at promoting contemporary Norwegian artists. Some of his other creative achievements include film directing, film photography, and illustration for children's books. In a 2004 interview with KultureFlash.com, Hiorthøy described the relationship between graphic design and music: "I regard them as very different things, even though the place in my head that decides if something works or not is the same for both".

{"datasets_id": 162128, "wiki_id": "Q20657903", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 178}

Q20657903

Kishacoquillas, Pennsylvania

History

Kishacoquillas, Pennsylvania Kishacoquillas is an unincorporated community in Mifflin County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. History A post office called Kishacoquillas was established in 1834, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1914. The community was named for a Native American chieftain.

{"datasets_id": 162129, "wiki_id": "Q5967720", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 227}

Q5967720

La Pachanga (film)

Plot

La Pachanga (film) Plot During a weekend in Mexico City, the inhabitants of an old apartment building held two separate ceremonies: a quinceañera and a wake. Neighbors are mixed between the two parties while love, sex, comedy and tragedy are combined.

{"datasets_id": 162130, "wiki_id": "Q1907325", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 238}

Q1907325

Laaghalerveen

History & Present day

Laaghalerveen History The village of Laaghalerveen started only about 1870. Present day The center of Laaghalerveen now exists of an old school, a tiny church and a shop all closed. Now there is an ecological camping and art gallery where people can watch graphic arts and be served coffee, tea, beer or wine or get ice cream.

{"datasets_id": 162131, "wiki_id": "Q25990893", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557}

Q25990893

Ladhar Khurd

Demography

Ladhar Khurd Demography According to the report published by Census India in 2011 , Ladhar Khurd has a total number of 126 houses and population of 559 of which include 269 males and 290 females. Literacy rate of Ladhar Khurd is 77.04%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 45 which is 8.05% of total population of Ladhar Khurd, and child sex ratio is approximately 1500 higher than state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 37.21% of total population in Ladhar Khurd. The town

{"datasets_id": 162131, "wiki_id": "Q25990893", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 10, "ec": 222}

Q25990893

Ladhar Khurd

Demography & Transport

does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per census 2011, 218 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Ladhar Khurd which includes 161 males and 57 females. According to census survey report 2011, 98.62% workers describe their work as main work and 1.38% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Transport Goraya railway station is the nearest train station however, Phagwara Junction train station is 17 km away from the village. The village is 53 km away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport

{"datasets_id": 162131, "wiki_id": "Q25990893", "sp": 10, "sc": 222, "ep": 10, "ec": 360}

Q25990893

Ladhar Khurd

Transport

is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 133 km away in Amritsar.

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 182}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

John Balliol

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders Ladykirk is a village on the B6470 in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, and the former Berwickshire, just north of the River Tweed and the Anglo-Scottish border. The town was formerly known as Upsettlington, but King James IV of Scotland renamed the town Ladykirk; the church is also known as St Mary's Church or Kirk of Steill. Ladykirk stands directly opposite Norham Castle, Northumberland, England John Balliol The land opposite Norham Castle known as Upsettlington Green and Holywell Haugh was used for meetings during the wars of Scottish Independence. Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale,

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 8, "sc": 182, "ep": 12, "ec": 292}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

John Balliol & James IV

the father of Robert the Bruce, and the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland convened at Holywell Haugh on 2 June, 1291, and met Robert Burnell the English Bishop of Bath and Wells. On the following day John Balliol acknowledged Edward I of England as his feudal superior. James IV James IV established his headquarters at Upsettlington on 5 August 1497 during an attack on Norham Castle. Here James played cards with the Spanish ambassador Pedro de Ayala. The approach of an English army led by the Earl of Surrey forced James to abandon the siege of Norham. Surrey marched

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 12, "sc": 292, "ep": 12, "ec": 913}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

James IV

towards Ayton Castle and by 21 August 1497 peace was negotiated and James sent orders to stop re-inforcements coming to Ayton. Soon after, James IV built a new church called Our Lady Kirk of Steill at Upsettlington. Originally, the church served two parishes, Horndene and Upsettlington. It is said that James founded the new church in gratitude for his safe crossing of the River Tweed, or to commemorate the siege of Norham Castle in 1497 and its peaceful conclusion. An inscription already illegible by the late 18th-century recorded that the church was founded by James in 1500, marking the Christian jubilee

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 12, "sc": 913, "ep": 12, "ec": 1498}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

James IV

year. The building was first supervised by Sir Patrick Blacader from 1500 when he was allocated £40 from wool customs for the construction, and then from 1504 onwards by George Ker of Samuelston, by which time the windows were being glazed. James IV visited in August 1501, and a church organ was brought for this occasion. Payments for the Kirk were listed in the royal accounts under the same 'buildings' heading as for the king's palaces and the ships of the Royal Scots Navy. A chasuble embroidered with the royal arms, with an alb, and an altar frontal of arras-work were

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 12, "sc": 1498, "ep": 16, "ec": 4}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

James IV & Later sixteenth century

provided in March 1505, and the building work continued. In legend, the foundation of the church became associated with visits of James IV to Lady Heron of Ford, and the defeat of the Scottish army at Flodden. Subsequently the church was an important meeting place on the border. James gave the lands of Upsettlington and Holywell, with fishing rights, and the patronage of the new church to Alexander Lord Home. Lord Home had been the patron of the previous church. In the 16th-century fishing rights at Holywell were disputed between Lord Home and the English Norham castle. Later sixteenth century The

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 16, "sc": 3, "ep": 16, "ec": 620}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

Later sixteenth century

Earl of Angus and his allies Lord Home, Lord Livingstone and John (Red-Bag) Somerville of Cambusnethan met at the Kirk of Steill in 1521. They were leaving Scotland to avoid Regent Albany their political rival who had returned from France. Angus sent his uncle, the poet Gavin Douglas to Cardinal Wolsey from Ladykirk on 13 December 1521. The gentlemen of Selkirk, Jedburgh and Duns were summoned to meet Mary of Guise at Ladykirk on 24 November 1551, as she returned from France. The 15th century church and village are known as the place where a treaty supplemental to the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis

{"datasets_id": 162132, "wiki_id": "Q6470772", "sp": 16, "sc": 620, "ep": 16, "ec": 1087}

Q6470772

Ladykirk, Scottish Borders

Later sixteenth century

was signed by the English and Scottish commissioners. The Treaty of Upsettlington, May 1559, (as it is known) was concluded within the Lady Kirk and exchanged at the church of Norham in England. The commissioners of Mary, Queen of Scots and Francis II of France were the Earl of Morton, Alexander, Lord Hume, Henry Sinclair, Dean of Glasgow and James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour. The English commission included the Earl of Northumberland and the Bishop of Durham.

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 89}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Campus & Lake Erie Female Seminary

Lake Erie College Campus Lake Erie College is approximately 30 miles (48 km) east of downtown Cleveland in downtown Painesville. Students under the age of 22 whose official residence is outside a 50-mile (80 km) radius of the campus are required to live on campus during the academic year. Students can rely on their own transportation or the Lake County Laketran bus system that has stops near the campus. Parking one personal vehicle on campus is available upon registering with the college. Lake Erie Female Seminary Founded as the Lake Erie Female Seminary in 1856, the institution toppled the belief that

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 10, "sc": 89, "ep": 10, "ec": 794}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Lake Erie Female Seminary

women were not capable of significant intellectual improvement. The only single-sex institution of higher education for women in the Western Reserve, it took after its sister seminary, Mount Holyoke. The seminary was relocated in Painesville after Willoughby Seminary, founded in 1847, burned to the ground. Its founders include prominent local citizens Timothy Rockwell, general store owner Silas Trumbull Ladd, Judge William Lee Perkins, Mayor and Judge Aaron Wilcox, Charles Austin Avery and Judge Reuben Hitchcock, a president of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad and cousin of Edward Hitchcock. Scholarship was not a chief concern at the Seminary for many years, however. Educating

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 10, "sc": 794, "ep": 14, "ec": 305}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Lake Erie Female Seminary & Expansion

future mothers through domestic work, physical education and etiquette ranked among the Seminary's chief aims. For a tuition of $160, seminarians trained as teachers. Over 40 years, the seminary raised standards, finally delivering a college degree. It took on the official name of Lake Erie College in 1908 when a charter was passed. Expansion The Arts took up a home in the halls of Lake Erie. Helen Rockwell Morley Memorial Music Building, opened in 1927, still shines – its classic Greek design, Corinthian pillars, seating for more than 1,000, and four-manual E.M. Skinner organ with 5,000 pipes. The Civil Aeronautics Authority approved

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 14, "sc": 305, "ep": 14, "ec": 953}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Expansion

Lake Erie for a civilian pilot program in 1939, several years after Amelia Earhart visited the campus to speak to its Aviators Club. In the 1940s, President Dr. Helen D. Bragdon, a Harvard alumna, moved the College from more Victorian ideals toward an active, responsible citizenry. Her successor, Dr. Paul Weaver, initiated a required general studies lecture series to demonstrate the interconnectivity of fields of study, three 10 week terms, and the establishment of study centers in many European cities. In 1954, Lake Erie College became the first institution of higher education in the United States to require a term abroad

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 14, "sc": 953, "ep": 16, "ec": 10}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Expansion & Academics

for its students. In 1967, Lake Erie added a School of Equine Studies to its equestrian riding program developed by Laddie Andahazy, an influential horseman who founded the Cleveland Grand Prix. A special exhibit of Modern art signaled the opening of Royce Hall for the Fine and Performing Arts in 1970. Prints, sculpture, graphics and more by celebrated artists such as Dali, dekooning, Magritte, Miro and Picasso were on display. R. Buckminster Fuller spoke at the facility's ground-breaking. In 1985, Lake Erie College became coeducational, merging Garfield Senior College with Lake Erie College for Women, and men were admitted officially as students. Academics

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 18, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 36}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Academics & School of Business & Center for Entrepreneurship

Lake Erie College houses five academic schools: the School of Business, the School of Arts and Humanities, the School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, the School of Education and Professional Studies, and the School of Equine Studies. Each maintains its own majors, minors, and programs under the direction of its respective dean. All students complete a general curriculum, called CORE, as a foundation to courses required by their major field(s) of study. School of Business The IACBE-accredited School of Business offers its students ten undergraduate majors and six minors. Center for Entrepreneurship Lake Erie College is a member of the

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 26, "sc": 36, "ep": 30, "ec": 349}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Center for Entrepreneurship & School of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences

Entrepreneurship Education Consortium and its programming integrates entrepreneurship concepts and collaborative retreats and competitions such as ideaLabs and Entrepreneurship Immersion Week into traditional academic studies. Its Center for Entrepreneurship consists of business faculty and a resident entrepreneur. School of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences The School of Arts and Humanities offers its students 13 undergraduate majors and 16 minors. Some popular majors include criminal justice, psychology, communication and English. Minors such as gender, sexuality & women's studies as well as comedy studies fall outside the scope of major fields of study. While most major fields lead to a Bachelor of

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 30, "sc": 349, "ep": 46, "ec": 51}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

School of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences & School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics & School of Education and Professional Studies & School of Equine Studies & Equestrian riding

Arts degree, a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree is also offered. School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics The School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics offers its students four majors. Students have access to regional land preserves due to the School's partnership with The Nature Conservancy. School of Education and Professional Studies In addition to three undergraduate programs, the School of Education and Professional Studies also offers endorsements in TESOL and reading, post-baccalaureate programming, and an M.Ed. degree. School of Equine Studies The School of Equine Studies offers its students four majors. Equestrian riding Lake Erie College's equestrian riding teams compete

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 46, "sc": 51, "ep": 50, "ec": 307}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Equestrian riding & Athletics

throughout the calendar year in English and Western events, including the IHSA Hunt Seat Team, IHSA Western Team, and IDA Dressage Team. The college hosts shows, clinics and events, most notably the annual Prix de Villes, at its George M. Humphrey Equestrian Center. Athletics Known as the Lake Erie College Storm, the College is a member of NCAA Division II and the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (GMAC). Lake Erie College fields 17 varsity sports teams at the Division II level and joined the GMAC prior to the start of the 2017-18 academic year. Prior to joining the GMAC, Lake

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 50, "sc": 307, "ep": 50, "ec": 1010}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Athletics

Erie was a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 2010-2017. Lake Erie College was also a member of the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (AMCC) of Division III; LEC had been part of the AMCC from 2007-2010. The official nickname of the College’s athletics teams is the Storm. The name was chosen to replace the nickname Unicorns when the College added men’s intercollegiate athletics beginning in 1988. Their mascot is Stormy.The College offers basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, softball, indoor/outdoor track and field, and volleyball for women, and baseball, basketball, cross country, football, lacrosse, soccer, indoor/outdoor track and field,

{"datasets_id": 162133, "wiki_id": "Q6475773", "sp": 50, "sc": 1010, "ep": 50, "ec": 1252}

Q6475773

Lake Erie College

Athletics

and wrestling for men. Sixteen teams participate in the GLIAC currently while men's lacrosse competes in the Great Midwest Athletic Conference. A newly heated rivalry has begun with Ashland University, a two-hour drive away in Ashland, Ohio.

{"datasets_id": 162134, "wiki_id": "Q6484579", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 438}

Q6484579

Landing, New Jersey

History

Landing, New Jersey History Landing was established as a popular and important resort community. Each summer, it attracted thousands of people to the shores of Lake Hopatcong. After World War II, it began to decline and transform itself into a large suburban neighborhood. In 2017, measures were passed to give the neighborhood a facelift, the plans including several new, modern buildings, parks and signs. The improvements are expected to be complete in late 2022.

{"datasets_id": 162135, "wiki_id": "Q2003842", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 108}

Q2003842

Lansdowne Road railway station

Facilities and services & History

Lansdowne Road railway station Facilities and services The station has two through platforms, 1 and 2, connected via a subway. Both have separate entrances as there is a level crossing adjacent to the station on Lansdowne Road. There are automated ticket vending machines at both entrances. When there is an event on at the stadium, additional entrances are opened to allow for crowd control. All DART services serve the station, as do several South Eastern Commuter (Dublin Connolly to Gorey) services History The station was adjacent to its namesake Lansdowne Road Stadium before the stadium was torn down in 2007 and

{"datasets_id": 162135, "wiki_id": "Q2003842", "sp": 10, "sc": 108, "ep": 10, "ec": 393}

Q2003842

Lansdowne Road railway station

History

replaced on-site by the new Aviva Stadium, which the station now serves. It has level access to both platforms. The ticket office is open between 06:00-00:00 AM, Monday to Sunday. The station opened on 1 July 1870. It was electrified in 1983 with the arrival of DART services.

{"datasets_id": 162136, "wiki_id": "Q3820349", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 337}

Q3820349

Large Installation System Administration Conference

History & Content

Large Installation System Administration Conference History The LISA conference were first held in 1987. The USENIX web site lists proceedings as far back as 1987, though only those proceedings from 1993 onward are available online. Attendance has recently been in the 1000-2000 range. Content The conference is typically held in the fall in a conference center hotel somewhere in the United States. Between 1987 and 2008, roughly half of them were somewhere in California. It generally runs six days: six days of full-day and half-day tutorial training sessions, three days of technical sessions, and a two-day vendor exhibition.

{"datasets_id": 162136, "wiki_id": "Q3820349", "sp": 10, "sc": 337, "ep": 14, "ec": 156}

Q3820349

Large Installation System Administration Conference

Content & Proceedings

The technical sessions usually include multiple tracks, including a peer reviewed refereed paper track, invited talks, and a "Guru-Is-In" Q&A track. For many years, the conference often ended with a LISA quiz show trivia contest, but that has been replaced with a plenary session to close out the week. Proceedings The refereed papers are published in a proceedings volume. Many important topics in system administration were first disseminated publicly via LISA papers.

{"datasets_id": 162137, "wiki_id": "Q3218930", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 673}

Q3218930

Laurence R. Horn

Laurence R. Horn Laurence Robert Horn (born 1945) is an American linguist. He is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics at Yale University with specialties in pragmatics and semantics. He received his doctorate in 1972 from UCLA and formerly served as Director of Undergraduate Studies, Director of Graduate Studies, and Chair of the Yale Department of Linguistics. Horn's primary research program lies in classical logic, lexical semantics, and neo-Gricean pragmatic theory. He mainly focused on the exploration of natural language negation and its relation to other operators. His work in pragmatics, in particular his innovation in the theory

{"datasets_id": 162137, "wiki_id": "Q3218930", "sp": 4, "sc": 673, "ep": 4, "ec": 1301}

Q3218930

Laurence R. Horn

of scalar implicature, is widely influential. He is one of the group known as radical pragmaticists in the 1970s (along with Jerrold Sadock and others) and was involved in the linguistics wars over generative semantics. The Horn scales are named after him (a pragmatically determined scale over which Gricean generalized conversational implicatures can be calculated). His 1989 book, A natural history of negation, is widely considered to be a masterpiece; in it, he lays out all the major topics concerning negation since Aristotle, and touches on negative polarity as well. Notable is his use of Aristotelian notions such as

{"datasets_id": 162137, "wiki_id": "Q3218930", "sp": 4, "sc": 1301, "ep": 4, "ec": 1390}

Q3218930

Laurence R. Horn

the Square of Oppositions, and syllogistic logic in a modern semantic/pragmatic setting.

{"datasets_id": 162138, "wiki_id": "Q10559536", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578}

Q10559536

Lepyronia coleoptrata

Description and ecology

Lepyronia coleoptrata Description and ecology Imago measuring 5.1-7.8 mm, pale brown with dark membranes on the front wings. Egg 1.6-0.4 mm, oblong, somewhat curved, flattened from dorsal and convex on ventral sides. The larva is 5.7-6.7 mm, at the older age there are distinct dark spots on the body. Hibernate eggs under the bark of perennial shoots. Larvae revive late April - first half of May. They have 6 centuries. Populate annual (55-96%) and perennial (40-45%) lavender shoots, concentrated mainly at a height of up to 20 cm from the soil surface. They feed by forming a foam around themselves, which is a secretory

{"datasets_id": 162138, "wiki_id": "Q10559536", "sp": 6, "sc": 578, "ep": 6, "ec": 914}

Q10559536

Lepyronia coleoptrata

Description and ecology

fluid. In places of damage, the shoot tissue dries up and cracks, which prevents water and nutrients from accessing the plant parts above. Strongly damaged shoots lag behind in growth and development, thin out, acquire a light coloration, the part wavyly bends and does not dissolve. The mass of the inflorescences decreases by 12-67%.

{"datasets_id": 162139, "wiki_id": "Q6545607", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 545}

Q6545607

Lift Above Poverty Organization

Financial services provided & Different types of loans

Lift Above Poverty Organization Financial services provided LAPO provides poor Nigerians with the following financial services: Different types of loans Regular loan (RL), obtained by LAPO members through their groups as capital for entrepreneurship. Loan tenor is 32 weeks and equal amount of repayments with interest are paid weekly at group meetings. Festival Business Loan (FBL), which enables the clients to fund business activities during festive periods. The average loan size of FBL is US$200 and has benefited clients by ensuring them with high returns. Farming Loan, developed exclusively for food crop farmers, in which the disbursement and repayment schedules follow the

{"datasets_id": 162139, "wiki_id": "Q6545607", "sp": 10, "sc": 545, "ep": 14, "ec": 431}

Q6545607

Lift Above Poverty Organization

Different types of loans & Savings programmes

pattern of activities in farming cycle. Credit-for-shares, allowing the poor to acquire and manage shares or stocks in profitable companies. Asset loans, which are designed for clients to invest in the acquisition of income generating assets such as commercial transportation and household appliances. Savings programmes There are also different types of savings programs for capital accumulation: Regular savings. Clients make mandatory weekly deposits into their savings accounts at group meetings which serve as funds for investment in capital accumulation. Withdrawal is only allowed at termination of relationship with LAPO. Voluntary savings, which are similarly introduced in order to aid clients with capital investment. Clients

{"datasets_id": 162139, "wiki_id": "Q6545607", "sp": 14, "sc": 431, "ep": 14, "ec": 1112}

Q6545607

Lift Above Poverty Organization

Savings programmes

are motivated to set aside surplus funds, and so generate more funds by earning competitive interest rates on the balances. Moreover, LAPO has set up a few subsidiaries to help tackle poverty in Nigeria. LAPO Agricultural and Rural Development Initiative (LARDI) was established to improve the lives of the rural poor in Nigeria. It helps to generate youth employment, to promote infrastructural development, to facilitate farmer’s access to capital and physical inputs such as credit, storing and processing facilities, to acquire information on relevant farming issues and to improve the farmers and rural households’ health. Micro Investment Support Services (MISS) was

{"datasets_id": 162139, "wiki_id": "Q6545607", "sp": 14, "sc": 1112, "ep": 14, "ec": 1373}

Q6545607

Lift Above Poverty Organization

Savings programmes

set up to provide microcredit services to the poor Nigerian for income generating purposes. Academy for Microfinance and Enterprise Development (AMED) was established to provide training and technical services to LAPO Group and other microfinance institutions.

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 601}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Personal background

Lillian Feickert Personal background Lillian Ford was born on July 20, 1877, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the daughter of Herbert L. and Emeline Margaretta (née Kirkland) Ford. Her father was a lawyer and her mother was a homemaker. She had three siblings, two brothers and one sister. On December 6, 1902, Ford married Edward Foster Feickert. They had one child, who died in infancy. Following their wedding, they moved to Plainfield, New Jersey, when Edward became an assistant secretary at the Plainfield Trust Company. In 1908, the Feickerts moved North Plainfield Township, near the foothills of Watchung Mountains. Between

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 6, "sc": 601, "ep": 10, "ec": 353}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Personal background & Professional background

1902 and 1910, Edward had served as assistant secretary and treasurer of the Plainfield Trust Company, followed by his taking the reins of the company as the Vice President of the company that would later emerge as the State Trust Company. Professional background After arriving in North Plainfield, Feickert began expressing a passion for women's rights, along with an interest in the women's suffrage movement. She also took on a leadership role in her local congregation at Grace Episcopal Church of Plainfield. She taught mission study classes for the Episcopal Church at both the local and state levels. She also

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 10, "sc": 353, "ep": 10, "ec": 1052}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Professional background

became a member of local chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association. New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association In 1910, Clara Laddey, President of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association appointed Feickert to serve as the organization's enrollment chairman. She served in this capacity for two years, quadrupling membership with a series of door-to-door campaigns and rallies during this time, and was consequently elected President of the association in 1912. Over the next eight years, she sharpened her political skills, as well as her leadership ability, and increased membership to over

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 10, "sc": 1052, "ep": 10, "ec": 1731}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Professional background

120,000 members. Feickert was chosen as the leader of the New Jersey suffrage movement and represented them in attempts to gain the right to vote. After failing to have a state suffrage amendment approved in 1915, she worked harder than ever before and was selected to lead several organizations in their attempt to have the federal suffrage amendment ratified. The state legislature officially ratified the amendment on February 10, 1920. New Jersey State Republican Party In 1920, the New Jersey State Republican Party recognized Feickert's achievements and named her vice-chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee. With this position, Feickert was

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 10, "sc": 1731, "ep": 10, "ec": 2368}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Professional background

assigned the job of organizing the Republican women in New Jersey. At the same time, she was also appointed treasurer of the New Jersey League of Women Voters, a position she left approximately a year later due to a difference of opinion regarding the direction the organization was headed. With more time on her hands, Lillian began focusing her attention on the New Jersey Women's Republican Club, of which she was President. Financial backing from the Republican organization allowed membership to reach up to 100,000 members. As a firm supporter of Prohibition and insistent women's rights activist, the Republican party cut

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 10, "sc": 2368, "ep": 10, "ec": 2980}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Professional background

off funding to the NJWRC and failed to re-elect Feickert as vice-chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee in 1925. The New Jersey Women's Republican Club slowly began to fall apart and was eventually replaced by the Women's State Republican Club of New Jersey in 1929. Feickert unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in 1928 as a pro-Prohibition candidate. Upon her failed attempt at Senate and the defeat of Prohibition, she stepped away from politics. Having divorced her husband in 1925, her remaining years were spent working on her home, reading, and traveling. She died of a cerebral

{"datasets_id": 162140, "wiki_id": "Q15995697", "sp": 10, "sc": 2980, "ep": 10, "ec": 3057}

Q15995697

Lillian Feickert

Professional background

hemorrhage at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York City on January 21, 1945.

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 632}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Litvinov Protocol The Litvinov Protocol is the common name of an international peace treaty concluded in Moscow on February 9, 1929. Named after the chief Soviet diplomat moving the negotiations forward, Maxim Litvinov, the treaty provided for immediate implementation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact by its signatories, thereby formally renouncing war as a part of national foreign policy. The formal name of the Litvinov Protocol as registered with the League of Nations was the "Protocol for the Immediate Entry into Force of the Treaty of Paris of August 27, 1928, Regarding Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy." The treaty

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 4, "sc": 632, "ep": 8, "ec": 370}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

is also sometimes known as the "Moscow Protocol." Initial signatories of the Litvinov Protocol included the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union), Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Romania. Four other countries later formally adhered to the protocol: Lithuania, Finland, Persia, and Turkey. Background Near the end of 1927 correspondence between the foreign diplomatic corps of France and the United States began motion towards an international treaty in which signatories would renounce the use of war as an instrument of political policy. Negotiations proceeded apace during the first half of 1928 with the foreign departments of 15 governments ultimately taking part in

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 370, "ep": 8, "ec": 1011}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

the process. Final language was fairly rapidly agreed upon and on August 27, 1928 there took place a formal signing of what became known as the Kellogg–Briand Pact (named after American Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand) in Paris. The communist government of the Soviet Union was divided over the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact during the negotiation process, kept at arm's length by the capitalist powers behind the treaty and viewing the earnestness and intentions of these great powers with a large measure of cynicism. Ever fearful of foreign invasion, the Soviet government sought as its

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 1011, "ep": 8, "ec": 1662}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

goal total military disarmament, arguing that continued existence of armaments on a massive scale were fundamentally incompatible with a formalistic call for a ban on war. An article in the Soviet government newspaper Izvestiya singled out Secretary of State Kellogg in particular, noting his continued public support of the Monroe Doctrine and its prescription for military action by the United States against "any power in the world" which infringed upon it. Soviet People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin was also sharply critical of the decision to keep the USSR from taking an active part in treaty negotiations as well as

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 1662, "ep": 8, "ec": 2271}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

formal reservations to the treaty expressed by the governments of Great Britain and France. While it deeply suspected the political intentions behind the Kellogg–Briand Pact, at the same time the Soviet government sought to both score political points in the court of public opinion and to establish at least some modicum of diplomatic security by endorsing the proposed treaty's ban on the use of war as an instrument of policy. By the summer of 1928 it had become clear to foreign policy observers that the Soviet Union was actively seeking a place at the negotiating table that led to creation and

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 2271, "ep": 8, "ec": 2870}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

signature of the Paris Treaty, with Chicherin, an opponent of making the USSR a party to the multilateral treaty, having lost the policy debate to Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs and veteran Soviet diplomat Maxim Litvinov, a treaty supporter. Although the USSR was excluded from the honor of being a founding signatory of the Kellogg–Briand Pact on August 27, on the same day of the treaty's signing an official invitation to accede to the pact was presented to the governments of all other countries of the world and the Soviet government was quick to add its name to the list

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 2870, "ep": 8, "ec": 3502}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background

of signatories. On August 29 the governing Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets (TsIK), the nominal head of government, passed a formal resolution to accept the treaty — a result which Litvinov related to peace commission functionaries the following day. An act of formal accession to the Paris treaty was ratified on September 8, 1928. In an official Izvestiya editorial dated September 7, 1928, the Soviet government deemed its acceptance of the Paris pact had been made "in order to point out the insufficiency of the proposed obligations, and to demand the broadening of these obligations so as truly

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 8, "sc": 3502, "ep": 12, "ec": 318}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Background & Conception of the Litvinov Protocol

to safeguard peace" — something which could be achieved only through "positive and fruitful work on disarmament." Such desires were rapidly frustrated as the ratification process by diverse signatories bogged down. Four months after the treaty was signed, not one of the signatories had formally ratified it. Conception of the Litvinov Protocol Once it had decided to add itself to the signatories of the Paris anti-war accord, the government of the Soviet Union, whether for propaganda or practical purposes, became the Kellogg–Briand Pact's leading supporter, attempting to bring it into force with neighboring countries. On December 29, 1928, Litvinov proposed

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 12, "sc": 318, "ep": 12, "ec": 972}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Conception of the Litvinov Protocol

an additional protocol to the Paris treaty bringing it into immediate effect in the USSR's bilateral relations with historic enemy Poland and newly independent former part of the Russian Empire Lithuania. Poland was first to respond to this Soviet initiative, putting forward a counterproposal to include its military ally, Romania, as part of the supplemental protocol, as well as the other Baltic states. The Soviet government agreed to this Polish proposition to expand the circle of regional nations accelerating adoption of the Paris Treaty and the circle of communications was expended to include as well as the USSR, Poland, and Lithuania

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 12, "sc": 972, "ep": 16, "ec": 167}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Conception of the Litvinov Protocol & Signing

also Romania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Persia, and Turkey. The document accelerating acceptance of the Kellogg–Briand principles became commonly known as the "Litvinov Protocol" or the "Moscow Protocol." The formal name of the document, as registered with the League of Nations, was the "Protocol for the Immediate Entry into Force of the Treaty of Paris of August 27, 1928, Regarding Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy." Signing The treaty was ratified by the government of Latvia on March 5, 1929, by Estonia on March 16, 1929, and the governments of Poland and Romania on March 30, 1929. It was

{"datasets_id": 162141, "wiki_id": "Q1580896", "sp": 16, "sc": 167, "ep": 16, "ec": 293}

Q1580896

Litvinov Protocol

Signing

registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on June 3, 1929. According to article 3, it became operative on March 16, 1929.

{"datasets_id": 162142, "wiki_id": "Q6721300", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 610}

Q6721300

Maaveeran

Release

Maaveeran Release Maaveeran was released on 1 November 1986, Diwali day, and faced heavy competition with Punnagai Mannan and Palaivana Rojakkal. The film was commercially failed at box-office because, according to Rajinikanth's biographer Naman Ramachandran, the combination of Punnagai Mannan's director K. Balachander, lead actor Kamal Haasan, lead actress Revathi and the soundtrack by Ilaiyaraaja "proved too much for Maaveeran, and its audience was restricted to hard-core Rajinikanth fans". The Indian Express wrote on 7 November 1986, "One Manmohan Desai in Hindi is enough. Was a Tamil import of his film necessary?".

{"datasets_id": 162143, "wiki_id": "Q13645877", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 292}

Q13645877

Maghar (month)

Maghar (month) Maghar (Punjabi: ਮੱਘਰ) is the ninth month of the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with Agrahayana in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar, and November and December in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 30 days long.

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 686}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

History

Mahīśāsaka History There are two general accounts of the circumstances surrounding the origins of the Mahīśāsakas. The Theravādin Dipavamsa asserts that the Mahīśāsaka sect gave rise to the Sarvāstivāda sect. However, both the Śāriputraparipṛcchā and the Samayabhedoparacanacakra record that the Sarvāstivādins were the older sect out of which the Mahīśāsakas emerged. Buswell and Lopez also state that the Mahīśāsaka was an offshoot of the Sarvāstivādins, but group the school under the Vibhajyavāda, "a broad designation for non-Sarvastivada strands of the Sthaviranikaya," which also included the Kasyapiya. The Mahīśāsaka sect is thought to have first originated in the Avanti region of India.

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 6, "sc": 686, "ep": 6, "ec": 1339}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

History

Their founder was a monk named Purāṇa, who is venerated at length in the Mahīśāsaka vinaya, which is preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon. From the writings of Xuanzang, the Mahīśāsaka are known to have been active in Kashmir in the 4th century CE. Xuanzang records that Asaṅga, an important Yogācāra master and the elder brother of Vasubandhu, received ordination into the Mahīśāsaka sect. Asaṅga's frameworks for abhidharma writings retained many underlying Mahīśāsaka traits. André Bareau writes: [It is] sufficiently obvious that Asaṅga had been a Mahīśāsaka when he was a young monk, and that he incorporated a large part of the

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 6, "sc": 1339, "ep": 6, "ec": 1984}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

History

doctrinal opinions proper to this school within his own work after he became a great master of the Mahāyāna, when he made up what can be considered as a new and Mahāyānist Abhidharma-piṭaka. The Mahīśāsaka are believed to have spread from the Northwest down to Southern India including Nāgārjunakoṇḍā, and even as far as the island of Sri Lanka. According to A. K. Warder, the Indian Mahīśāsaka sect also established itself in Sri Lanka alongside the Theravāda, into which they were later absorbed. In the 7th century CE, Yijing grouped the Mahīśāsaka, Dharmaguptaka, and Kāśyapīya together as sub-sects of the Sarvāstivāda, and

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 6, "sc": 1984, "ep": 10, "ec": 456}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

History & Appearance

stated that these three were not prevalent in the "five parts of India," but were located in the some parts of Oḍḍiyāna, the Kingdom of Khotan, and Kucha. Appearance Between 148 and 170 CE, the Parthian monk An Shigao came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes (Skt. kāṣāya) utitized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi (Chinese: 大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the Śāriputraparipṛcchā, contains a very similar passage corroborating this information. In both sources, members of the Mahīśāsaka sect are described as wearing blue robes.

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 10, "sc": 456, "ep": 14, "ec": 498}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Appearance & Doctrines

The relevant portion of the Mahāsāṃghika Śāriputraparipṛcchā reads, "The Mahīśāsaka school practice dhyāna, and penetrate deeply. They wear blue robes." Doctrines According to the Mahīśāsakas, the Four Noble Truths were to be meditated upon simultaneously. The Mahīśāsaka sect held that everything exists, but only in the present. They also regarded a gift to the Saṃgha as being more meritorious than one given to the Buddha. They disagreed with the Dharmaguptakas on this point, as the Dharmaguptakas believed that a giving a gift to the Buddha is more meritorious than giving one to the Saṃgha. The earlier Mahīśāsakas appear to have not held

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 14, "sc": 498, "ep": 22, "ec": 23}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Doctrines & Mahīśāsaka Vinaya & Mahāyāna works

the doctrine of an intermediate state between death and rebirth, but later Mahīśāsakas accepted this doctrine. Mahīśāsaka Vinaya The Indian Mahīśāsaka sect also established itself in Sri Lanka alongside the Theravāda, into which these members were later absorbed. It is known that Faxian obtained a Sanskrit copy of the Mahīśāsaka vinaya at Abhayagiri vihāra in Sri Lanka, c. 406 CE. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya was then translated into Chinese in 434 CE by Buddhajiva and Zhu Daosheng. This translation of the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya remains extant in the Chinese Buddhist canon as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421. Mahāyāna works It is believed that the

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 22, "sc": 23, "ep": 22, "ec": 612}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Mahāyāna works

Mahāyāna Infinite Life Sutra was compiled in the age of the Kushan Empire, in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, by an order of Mahīśāsaka bhikkhus that flourished in the Gandhara region. It is likely that the longer Sukhāvatīvyūha owed greatly to the Lokottaravāda sect as well for its compilation, and in this sūtra there are many elements in common with the Mahāvastu. The earliest of these translations show traces of having been translated from the Gāndhārī language, a Prakrit used in the Northwest. It is also known that manuscripts in the Kharoṣṭhī script existed in China during this

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 22, "sc": 612, "ep": 26, "ec": 584}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Mahāyāna works & Views on women

period. Views on women The Mahīśāsaka sect believed that it was not possible for women to become buddhas. In the Nāgadatta Sūtra, the Mahīśāsaka view is criticized in a narrative about a bhikṣuṇī named Nāgadatta. Here, the demon Māra takes the form of her father, and tries to convince her to work toward the lower stage of an arhat, rather than that of a fully enlightened buddha (samyaksaṃbuddha): Māra therefore took the disguise of Nāgadatta's father and said thus to Nāgadatta: "Your thought is too serious. Buddhahood is too difficult to attain. It takes a hundred thousand nayutas of kotis of

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 26, "sc": 584, "ep": 26, "ec": 1209}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Views on women

kalpas to become a Buddha. Since few people attain Buddhahood in this world, why don't you attain Arhatship? For the experience of Arhatship is the same as that of nirvāṇa; moreover, it is easy to attain Arhatship." In her reply, Nāgadatta rejects arhatship as a lower path, saying, A Buddha's wisdom is like empty space of the ten quarters, which can enlighten innumerable people. But an Arhat's wisdom is inferior. The Mahīśāsaka sect held that there were five obstacles that were laid before women. These are that they may not become a cakravartin, Māra king, Śakra king, Brahma king or a Buddha.

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 26, "sc": 1209, "ep": 26, "ec": 1753}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Views on women

This Mahīśāsaka view is ascribed to Māra in the Nāgadatta Sūtra of the Sarvāstivādins: Māra said, "I have not even heard that a woman can be reborn as a cakravartin; how can you be reborn as a Buddha? It takes too long to attain Buddhahood, why not seek for Arhatship and attain nirvāṇa soon?" Nāgadatta replied, "I also have heard that a woman cannot be reborn as a cakravartin, a Sakra, a Brahma, and a Buddha, and yet I shell make the right effort to transform a woman's body into a man's. For I have heard that those Noble Ones, by

{"datasets_id": 162144, "wiki_id": "Q2660502", "sp": 26, "sc": 1753, "ep": 26, "ec": 2423}

Q2660502

Mahīśāsaka

Views on women

the practice of bodhisattvacarya for a hundred thousand nayutas of kotis of kalpas diligently attain Buddhahood." The Mahīśāsakas believed that women essentially could not change the nature of their minds or physical bodies, and would cause the teachings of Buddhism to decline. Of this, David Kalupahana writes, The Mahīśāsaka prejudice against women is based upon the traditional view of women. Like some of the other early Buddhist practitioners, they did not trust women, even nuns. This explains why they restricted nuns' social and religious activities in the sangha. Sometimes they liken the nuns' existence to hail which damages a good harvest.

{"datasets_id": 162145, "wiki_id": "Q11935066", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 566}

Q11935066

Marathesium

Marathesium Marathesium or Marathesion (Ancient Greek: Μαραθήσιον) was a town of ancient Ionia on the coast south of Ephesus, and not far from the frontiers of Caria, whence Stephanus of Byzantium calls it a town of Caria. It is also mentioned in the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax and by Pliny the Elder. The town at one time belonged to the Samians; but they made an exchange, and, giving it up to the Ephesians, received Neapolis in return. It was a member of the Delian League since it appears in tribute records of Athens between the years 443/2 and 415/4 BCE. Its site

{"datasets_id": 162145, "wiki_id": "Q11935066", "sp": 4, "sc": 566, "ep": 4, "ec": 610}

Q11935066

Marathesium

is located near Ambar Tepe, Asiatic Turkey.

{"datasets_id": 162146, "wiki_id": "Q3850066", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 631}

Q3850066

Martin Geffert

Martin Geffert Martin Geffert (1922–2015) was a German amateur astronomer and co-founder of the Starkenburg Observatory in Heppenheim, Germany, where he had been the observatory's treasurer since its beginnings in 1970. The main-belt asteroid 17855 Geffert, discovered at Stakenburg in 1998, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42366). He died on 4 Oktober 2015, at the age of 93. Martin Geffert should not be confused with German astronomer Michael Geffert (born 1953), who has discovered several minor planets, and after whom the asteroid 12747 Michageffert has been named.

{"datasets_id": 162147, "wiki_id": "Q6792632", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 464}

Q6792632

Maura Soden

Early life & Career

Maura Soden Early life Soden was born in Richmond, Virginia where she attended an all-girls catholic high school, Saint Gertrude High School. Career Soden has worked as a casting director, writer, stylist, actress and producer and she is a member of SAG, AFTRA, Actor's Equity, Women In Film and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Soden spent time working in each show business genre from sitcoms to reality shows to commercials. Soden worked as an assistant to director Paul Bogart on NBC's The Golden Girls and later as a post production supervisor on Fox's Totally Hidden Video. She was

{"datasets_id": 162147, "wiki_id": "Q6792632", "sp": 10, "sc": 464, "ep": 10, "ec": 1116}

Q6792632

Maura Soden

Career

a staff producer at InFinnity Productions, Pat Finn's production company. She later moved to Wild West Media as a commercial producer. Soden also worked as the Production Manager for Animal Planet's series, That's My Baby. In 2002, her short film, Rush of the Palms (2001), won Best Short in the Festival Internacional de Cinema de Catalunya. Her documentary, Forgotten Grave, won the best film in its category at the Zoie Film Festival and on ifilm.com. She also shared a NIMA award for best infomercial production for "Jack Nicklaus' Golden Bear Putter." She has been seen on stage in regional and dinner theatre productions,

{"datasets_id": 162147, "wiki_id": "Q6792632", "sp": 10, "sc": 1116, "ep": 10, "ec": 1767}

Q6792632

Maura Soden

Career

been on many radio spots and been seen on numerous television shows. Soden has appeared in over 25 national commercials and as a regular on Candid Camera, thirtysomething, Totally Hidden Video and Passions. Her most recent credits include Boston Public and the 2004 CBS film, Helter Skelter. She currently has two commercials airing for Detrol and Tropicana Twister. In 2001, Maura Soden and her husband founded AdVerb, Inc. a Los Angeles based production company. She is currently the Los Angeles partner for Story Teller Pictures. In 2005, she guest-starred in Criminal Minds in the Season 1 episode, 'Blood Hungry' as Deputy Jackie

{"datasets_id": 162147, "wiki_id": "Q6792632", "sp": 10, "sc": 1767, "ep": 14, "ec": 82}

Q6792632

Maura Soden

Career & Personal life

Long who helps the BAU track down a psychotic serial killer whose main motive is anthropophagy (cannibalism). Personal life Soden is married to Michael Loftus, with whom she has one daughter, Callahan Rose.

{"datasets_id": 162148, "wiki_id": "Q6793615", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 644}

Q6793615

Mauricio Hanuch

Football career

Mauricio Hanuch Football career Born in Ciudad Evita, Greater Buenos Aires, Hanuch started playing professionally with Club Atlético Platense, joining Club Atlético Independiente after five years. He was then bought by Portugal's Sporting Clube de Portugal, where he was rarely used, serving consecutive loans and being ultimately released in July 2003; in his only season with the Lions, he totalled 418 minutes of action as the Lisbon club ended an 18-year drought and won the Primeira Liga championship. Subsequently, Hanuch returned to Argentina, playing for Olimpo de Bahía Blanca, Talleres de Córdoba, Defensores de Belgrano and Club Atlético Nueva Chicago, with

{"datasets_id": 162148, "wiki_id": "Q6793615", "sp": 6, "sc": 644, "ep": 6, "ec": 822}

Q6793615

Mauricio Hanuch

Football career

a Brazilian spell (Rio Branco Esporte Clube) in between. After six months in Albania, he returned to his first club Platense for the 2008–09 campaign, retiring at the age of 32.

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 188}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Life

Max Skladanowsky Max Skladanowsky (30 April 1863 – 30 November 1939) was a German inventor and early filmmaker. Along with his brother Emil, he invented the Bioscop, an early movie projector the Skladanowsky brothers used to display the first moving picture show to a paying audience on 1 November 1895, shortly before the public debut of the Lumière Brothers' Cinématographe in Paris on 28 December 1895. Life Born in Pankow near Berlin to a glazier, Max Skladanowsky was apprenticed as a photographer and glass painter, which led to an interest in magic lanterns. In 1879, he began to tour Germany

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 8, "sc": 188, "ep": 8, "ec": 797}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Life

and Central Europe with his father Carl and elder brother Emil, giving dissolving magic lantern shows. In the early 1890s he built a film camera along with Emil, and in 1895 the brothers produced the Bioscop. The Bioscop, which was inspired by magic-lantern technology, used two loops of 54mm film, one frame being projected alternately from each. This made it possible for the Bioscop to project at 16 frames per second, a speed sufficient to create the illusion of movement. A demonstration of the Bioscop in Pankow, Berlin in July 1895 was witnessed by the directors of the Wintergarten music hall

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 8, "sc": 797, "ep": 8, "ec": 1428}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Life

who contracted Skladanowsky for a sum of 2500 Goldmark to present his invention as the final act in a variety performance commencing on 1 November 1895. The show was advertised as "the most interesting invention of the modern age" and played to capacity crowds for around four weeks. The show itself consisted of a number of very short films of arounds six seconds each which were rear-projected and repeated a number of times to a specially composed musical accompaniment. Skladanowsky's invention was booked to play the Folies Bergère in Paris from January 1896, but after the Lumière Brothers unveiled their technically

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 8, "sc": 1428, "ep": 8, "ec": 2119}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Life

superior Cinématographe show in December 1895, his contract was cancelled. Skladanowsky witnessed a performance of the Cinématographe and continued to make technical improvements to his projector and camera, touring Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia throughout 1896, presenting his last show in Stettin on 30 March 1897. These later shows used a more sophisticated system with a single band of film and a geneva drive mechanism, but Skladanowsky had to stop exhibiting as the authorities refused to renew his trade licence as "too many film licences were already in circulation" After this Skladanowsky returned to his former photographic activities including the production

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 8, "sc": 2119, "ep": 12, "ec": 120}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Life & Legacy

of flip books and further magic lantern shows. He also sold amateur film cameras and projectors and produced 3-D anaglyph image slides. His company Projektion für Alle also produced a number of films in the early 20th century, some directed by Eugen, his younger brother, but with little success. In his later years Skladanowsky was accused in the press of exaggerating his role in the early days of cinema, most notably by the pioneering cameraman Guido Seeber. Legacy Between the years 1895 and 1905, the brothers directed at least 25 to 30 short movies. In 1995, the German filmmaker Wim

{"datasets_id": 162149, "wiki_id": "Q61654", "sp": 12, "sc": 120, "ep": 12, "ec": 315}

Q61654

Max Skladanowsky

Legacy

Wenders directed a drama documentary film Die Gebrüder Skladanowsky in collaboration with students of the Munich Academy for Television and Film in which Max Skladanowsky was played by Udo Kier.

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 122}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Research

Mere-exposure effect The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words, Chinese characters, paintings, pictures of faces, geometric figures, and sounds. In studies of interpersonal attraction, the more often someone sees a person, the more pleasing and likeable they find that person. Research Gustav Fechner conducted the earliest known research on the effect in 1876. Edward B. Titchener also documented the effect

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 8, "sc": 122, "ep": 8, "ec": 801}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Research

and described the "glow of warmth" felt in the presence of something familiar, but his hypothesis was thrown out when results showed that the enhancement of preferences for objects did not depend on the individual's subjective impressions of how familiar the objects were. The rejection of Titchener's hypothesis spurred further research and the development of current theory. The scholar best known for developing the mere-exposure effect is Robert Zajonc. Before conducting his research, he observed that exposure to a novel stimulus initially elicits a fear/avoidance response in all organisms. Each subsequent exposure to the novel stimulus causes less fear and more

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 8, "sc": 801, "ep": 12, "ec": 411}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Research & Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

interest in the observing organism. After repeated exposure, the observing organism will begin to react fondly to the once novel stimulus. This observation led to the research and development of the mere-exposure effect. Zajonc (1960s–1990s) In the 1960s, a series of Zajonc's laboratory experiments demonstrated that simply exposing subjects to a familiar stimulus led them to rate it more positively than other, similar stimuli that had not been presented before. At first, Zajonc looked at language and the frequency of words used. He found that overall positive words were used more than their negative counterparts. Later, he showed similar results

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 411, "ep": 12, "ec": 1155}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

for a variety of stimuli, such as polygons, drawings, photographs of expressions, nonsense words, and idiographs, judging by a variety of procedures, such as liking, pleasantness, and forced-choice measures. In 1980, Zajonc proposed the affective primacy hypothesis: that affective reactions (such as liking) can be "elicited with minimal stimulus input". Through mere-exposure experiments, Zajonc sought to provide evidence for the affective-primacy hypothesis, namely that affective judgments are made without prior cognitive processes. He tested this hypothesis by presenting repeated stimuli to participants at suboptimal thresholds such that they did not show conscious awareness or recognition of the repeated stimuli (when asked

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 1155, "ep": 12, "ec": 1828}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

whether they had seen the image, responses were at chance level), but continued to show affective bias toward the repeatedly exposed stimuli. Zajonc compared results from primes exposed longer, which allowed for conscious awareness, to stimuli shown so briefly that participants did not show conscious awareness. He found that the primes shown more briefly and not recognized prompted faster responses for liking than primes shown at conscious levels. One experiment to test the mere-exposure effect used fertile chicken eggs. Tones of two different frequencies were played to different groups of chicks while they were still unhatched. Once hatched, each tone was

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 1828, "ep": 12, "ec": 2465}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

played to both groups of chicks. Each set of chicks consistently chose the tone prenatally played to it. Another experiment exposed Chinese characters for short times to two groups of people. They were then told that these symbols represented adjectives and were asked to rate whether the symbols held positive or negative connotations. The symbols the subjects had previously seen were consistently rated more positively than those they had not. In a similar experiment, people were not asked to rate the connotations of the symbols, but to describe their mood after the experiment. Members of the group with repeated exposure

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 2465, "ep": 12, "ec": 3178}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

to certain characters reported being in better moods than those without. In another variation, subjects were shown an image on a tachistoscope for a very brief duration that could not be perceived consciously. This subliminal exposure produced the same effect, though it is important to note that subliminal effects are unlikely to occur without controlled laboratory conditions. According to Zajonc, the mere-exposure effect is capable of taking place without conscious cognition, and "preferences need no inferences". This claim has spurred much research in the relationship between cognition and affect. Zajonc explains that if preferences (or attitudes) were based merely on information units

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 3178, "ep": 12, "ec": 3807}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s)

with affect attached to them, then persuasion would be fairly simple. He argues that this is not the case: such simple persuasion tactics have failed miserably. Zajonc states that affective responses to stimuli happen much more quickly than cognitive responses, and that these responses are often made with much more confidence. He states that thought (cognition) and feeling (affect) are distinct, and that cognition is not free from affect, nor is affect free of cognition: that "the form of experience that we came to call feeling accompanies all cognitions, that it arises early in the process of registration and retrieval,

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 12, "sc": 3807, "ep": 16, "ec": 48}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Zajonc (1960s–1990s) & Goetzinger (1968)

albeit weakly and vaguely, and that it derives from a parallel, separate, and partly independent system in the organism." According to Zajonc, there is no empirical proof that cognition precedes any form of decision-making. While this is a common assumption, Zajonc argues it is more likely that decisions are made with little to no cognition. He equates deciding upon something with liking it, meaning that we cognize reasons to rationalize a decision more often than deciding upon it. In other words, we make judgments first, and then seek to justify them by rationalization. Goetzinger (1968) Charles Goetzinger conducted an experiment using

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 16, "sc": 48, "ep": 16, "ec": 667}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Goetzinger (1968)

the mere-exposure effect on his class at Oregon State University. Goetzinger had a student come to class in a large black bag with only his feet visible. The black bag sat on a table in the back of the classroom. Goetzinger's experiment was to observe if the students would treat the black bag in accordance to Zajonc's mere-exposure effect. His hypothesis was confirmed. The students in the class first treated the black bag with hostility, which over time turned into curiosity, and eventually friendship. This experiment confirms Zajonc's mere-exposure effect, by simply presenting the black bag over and over again

{"datasets_id": 162150, "wiki_id": "Q1153614", "sp": 16, "sc": 667, "ep": 20, "ec": 429}

Q1153614

Mere-exposure effect

Goetzinger (1968) & Bornstein (1989)

to the students their attitudes were changed, or as Zajonc states "mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it". Bornstein (1989) A meta-analysis of 208 experiments found that the mere-exposure effect is robust and reliable, with an effect size of r=0.26. This analysis found that the effect is strongest when unfamiliar stimuli are presented briefly. Mere exposure typically reaches its maximum effect within 10–20 presentations, and some studies even show that liking may decline after a longer series of exposures. For example, people generally like a song