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AlvianKhairi
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<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Asymptomatic epidemic acquisition of group A Streptococcus: antibody response to extracellular and type-specific antigens.? [/INST] The antibody response of 40 institutionalized children involved in an epidemic associated with asymptomatic pharyngeal acquisition of a group A, M-11, T-11 typeable Streptococcus was studied. Titers of antibody to streptolysin O and to deoxyribonuclease B determined in sera collected from patients within two weeks of positive throat cultures were significantly higher than those in sera of controls (P smaller than 0.001). However, there was no rise in antibody titers in sera obtained from these patients after an interval of three weeks. Type-specific antibody to the group A Streptococcus (type M-11) was assayed in the sera of 24 patients. No detectable antibody activity was found either in the initial sera or in sera collected eight months after the epidemic. Thus, the asymptomatic nature of this epidemic could not be attributed to the presence of detectable type-specific antibody in this population at the time of the epidemic. These observations suggest that asymptomatic pharyngeal acquisition of group A Streptococcus may occur in epidemic fashion in certain populations and may not be associated with evidence of an antibody response to the streptococcal organism. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Susceptibility of coccidioides immitis, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B, flucytosine, and clotrimazole.? [/INST] Toxicity and failure of treatment with amphotericin B are stimuli for researchers to evaluate alternative antifungal antimicrobics. Also, data from susceptibility tests of Coccidioides immitis are sparse. With use of a defined, synthetic culture medium, C. immitis (25 strains). Candida albicans (21 strains), and Cryptococcus neoformans (21 strains) were tested against flucytosine, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B. Molecule for molecule, the sequency of activity was: clotrimazole greater than amphotericin B greater than flucytosine (totally inactive) C. immitis; and clotrimazole greater than amphotericin B greater than flucytosine with C. albicans and C. neoformans. With four strains of C. immitis, the minimal inhibitory concentration (of amphotericin B) was the same when inocula of arthrospores were tested as when corresponding spherules/endospores were tested simultaneously and identically. The clinical outcome of coccidioidomycosis in 17 patients treated with amphotericin B correlated best with minimal inhibitory concentration after incubation of cultures for 48 hr; a favorable response was associated with minimal inhibitory concentrations of less than or equal 1.0 mug/ml. Because clinical isolates of fungi appear to vary in susceptibility, in vitro tests may have clinical utility. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Transmissible drug resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from humans, animals, and their rural environments.? [/INST] Isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species obtained from humans, animals, and their rural environments were tested for their ability to transfer multiple drug resistance to competent recipients. In all, 125 (52.9%) of 242 isolates of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to E.coli CSH-2, and 103 (44.4%) of 232 isolates of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to Salmonella choleraesuis var. kuzendorf 214. The data suggest that the multiple drug resistance of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to Salmonella choleraesuis var kuzendorf 214. The data suggest that the multiple drug resistance of E. coli in the gut of humans who work with livestock may be due to the transfer of resistance determinants from animal strains to the resident flora of the human gut. Such transfer could occur during transient passage through the digestive tract. Multiple drug-resistant Salmonella were isolated from all sources. In all, 48 (80%) of 60 isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli CSH-2, and isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to E.coli CSH-2, and 42 (82.4%) of 51 isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to S. choleraesuis var, kuzendorf 214. Fifty-three (46.9%) of 113 antibiotic-sensitive isolates of E.coli possessed resistance transfer factor, and six (23.1%) of 26 isolates with resistance transfer factor mobilized resistance determinants in isolates unable to transfer drug resistance during conjugation experiments. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Colicin types of Shigella sonnei in relation to antibiotic resistance.? [/INST] Colicin typing of 436 strains of Shigella sonnei isolated in Dallas during a 10-year period was performed to determine whether resistance to ampicillin was associated with a single strain or was widespread among all S. sonnei types. One hundred ninety-three strains collected during a period of eight and one-half years when ampicillin resistance was 1.6% were available for retrospective review. During the last one and one-half years of study, 20.6% of the 243 strains that represented almost all S. sonnei isolated in Dallas were resistant to ampicillin. More than 50% of the strains collected annually were colicin type 9,22% were untypable, and seven other types were less frequently encountered. Resistance to ampicillin increased slightly from 1.5% to 9.5% among the type 9 strains, and one type 8 strain (2.9%) was resistaiple resistance to seven antibiotics tested was found mainly in untypable strains. Thus it appears that the abrupt increase in ampicillin resistance in mid-1972 was due principally to resistance in a single biotype, and that resistance is not widespread among all types of S. sonnei. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about VECTAN II: A computer program for the spatial analysis of the vectorcardiogram.? [/INST] This paper presents the operation of a digital computer program, VECTAN II, for the spatial analysis of the vectorcardiogram (VCG). The program incorporates a unique waveform recognition algorithm based on the spatial vector length which has been shown to perform better than previous algorithms. The waveform analysis employed by the program considers the vectorcardiogram as a three dimensional entity rather than as scalar or planar representations. VECTAN II is designed chiefly to measure and quantify the VCG response of normal subjects to a controlled stress by analyzing one VCG complex every five seconds throughout a long experiment. The program has been used to analyzeom the NASA Johnson Space Center Cardiovascular Laboratory, from the pre- and postflight medical examinations of the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 crewmen, and from onboard Skylab experiments. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The production of a temperature-sensitive persistent measles virus infection.? [/INST] A persistent infection of measles virus was established in HEp2 cells. All cells contained virus antigen when tested by specific immunofluorescence and approx. 50% were positive by haemadsorption. Infectious virus released into the supernatant medium was usually equivalent to no more than 0-001 p.f.u./cell, but between 10 and 40% of the infected cells produced plaques when plated on Vero cells. Passage of persistently infected cultures in the presence of measles antibody had no effect on the proportion of antigen-positive cells. Virus obtained from the supernatant medium of persistently infected cultures was temperature sensitive at 39-5 degrees C when tested on Vero cells whereas the original non-persistent virus produced infections on Vero cells at 39-8 degrees C. On passage of the persistently infected culture at 39-5 degrees C most of the surface antigens disappeared within 24 h whereas the intracellular virus antigens had not totally disappeared until the 5th passage. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Beta blockade in lithium tremor.? [/INST] Practolol, propranolol, and placebo have been tested on an objective test of lithium induced tremor. Both beta-blocking agents produced significantly more tremor than the placebo. It is argued that lithium induced tremor is closer to essential than to physiological tremor. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Apomorphine and psychopathology.? [/INST] Forty men, mainly alcoholics, were administered either the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine HCl (1 mg), or distilled water subcutaneously three times a day for 14 days in a double blind study. None of the subjects developed an endogenous depression or schizophrenic symptoms. Scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale, Zung Self Rating Scale, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale showed improvement with both apomorphine and placebo. There were no significant differences between the two treatments on these rating scales. A significant incidence of spontaneous penile erections occurred after apomorphine treatment compared with placebo. Both treatments eliminated subjective craving for alcohol. Acute administration of apomorphine had no effect on psychomotor retardation or depressed mood in two patients with endogenous depression. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Threshold for pain from anterolateral quadrant stimulation as a predictor of success of percutaneous cordotomy for relief of pain.? [/INST] A sensitive quantitative index for predicting optimal electrode position in percutaneous anterolateral cordotomy was determined by electrical stimulation through the lesioning electrode. If the threshold for pain elicited by the stimulation electrode was less than 300 muA, a 5-sec radiofrequency lesion of 50 mA would produce complete contralateral analgesia with no weakness. When the pain threshold exceeded 300 muA, incomplete or no analgesia would result with the standard single lesion. The results further suggested that the fibers in the anterolateral quadrant that transmit pain are discretely rather than diffusely localized. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Meningomyelocele and progressive hydromyelia. Progressive paresis in myelodysplasia.? [/INST] Five cases of myelodysplasia with progressive paraparesis are presented. Three of the five patients developed spasticity, but dissociated sensory loss and loss of sphincter control was not a prominent feature. All were found to have compensated hydrocephalus and extensive communicating hydromyelia. The use of myelography and ventriculography in the diagnosis of hydromyelia is discussed. Ventricular drainage led to clinical improvement in two cases and radiological improvement in one. The relationship of compensated hydrocephalus, meningomyelocele, and progressive hydromyelia postnatally may support the hydrodynamic hypothesis of myelodysplasia. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of ascorbic acid on the human electroencephalogram.? [/INST] Controversy exists over whether ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in doses in excess of known physiological requirements has demonstrable biological effects. The present study reports that such megadoses of vitamin C do significantly effect an objective electrophysiological measure, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG) driving responses to photic stimulation. Four thousand milligrams of vitamin C administered 27 and 3 hours prior to assessment produced an effect on the EEGs of 18 healthy adolescent human males that was significantly different from a placebo. Fifty milligrams of ascorbic acid administered in this manner did not produce an effect on the EEG significantly different from placebo administration. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The histopathology of lepromatous leprosy in the nose.? [/INST] On the basis of clinical, histological and bacteriological assessments, 31 patients in Central India were selected and classified as having active but early lepromatous leprosy and 4 patients as having early borderline leprosy. From the nose of each patient an average of 4 biopsies were taken from particular sites of the septum and turbinates either by punch biopsy or dissection with a scalpel. The nasal tissues from all the lepromatous patients contained many acid-fast bacilli; no bacilli or abnormalities were seen in nasal tissues from the borderline patients. The histopathology of these highly bacilliferous tissues is described. Bacilli were universally seen in macrophages, but they were also seen in blood monocytes and polymorphs, fibroblasts, squamous and pseudo-columnar epithelium, keratin, peri- and endo-neurial cells of tiny nerve bundles, erectile tissue, vascular plain muscle, perivascular histiocytes and frequently and abundantly in the cytoplasm of endothelial lining cells of lymphatics and of small blood vessels and free within the lumina of these vessels. Five basic mechanisms of escape of bacilli from the submucosa on to the surface, and thus into the external environment, are described. Secondary infection, in the presence of an expansile lepromatous infiltrate, together with simple trauma to the surface epithelium, are the main factors in the discharge of bacilli. These histopathological observations are consistent with the findings from other recent studies on the nose in leprosy regarding (1) the large numbers of morphologically intact and viable Myco. leprae excreted in the nasal mucus of lepromatous patients; (2) the clinical changes observed in the nose of such patients, and (3) the similar nasal involvement and excretion of Myco. leprae from the nose of mice inoculated with leprosy bacilli of human origin. Of particular interest was the frequency and intensity of bacilli within the endothelial lining cells of small blood and lymph vessels and the presence of bacilli free within the lumina of these vessels or within monocytes and polymorphs. The possible dynamic significance of these observations in the pathogenesis of leprosy is discussed. The significance of all these observations in relation to (1) the spread of leprosy; (2) local factors in the nose which might favour the growth of Myco. leprae, and (3) the nose as a portal of entry, are discussed. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Viral hepatitis with intracytoplasmic cholestasis and cholesterol crystals in a drug addict.? [/INST] Electron-microscopical exammination of a liver biopsy from a young female drug addict with clinically relapsing serum hepatitis revealed virus-like particles free in the liver cell cytoplasm. In addition, there was intracellular cholestasis, and numerous clefts were found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, presumably caused by the presence of cholesterol crystals which were dissolved during the processing of the tissue. Such clefts have earlier been reported in liver cells in patients with cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia, but not in patients with viral hepatitis and a normal serum cholesterol concentration. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Yeast colonization in hospitalized and nonhospitalized children.? [/INST] Data have been accumulated to determine the prevalence of yeast colonization of the skin and digestive tract of hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants and children. There was no difference in the prevalence between hospitalized patients at the time of admission and nonhospitalized children. However, there was a positive correlation of the duration of hospitalization and the prevalence of yeast colonization. There were no correlations of hospitalization with site of colonization, age of the patient, or type of yeast isolated. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Early versus late introduction of continuous negative pressure in the management of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.? [/INST] To evaluate the effectiveness of the early application of continuous negative pressure about the thorax, 23 infants with the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome who had adequate alveolar ventilation were assigned to early or late application of CNP. There were 11 infants in the early CNP and 12 in the late CNP group. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to birth weight, gestational age, age at admission to the study, initial FIO2 requirements, or initial PaO2, PaCo2, and AaPO2. None of the ENCP patients required mechanical ventilation, whereas four of the LCNP group did so. The FIO2 requirements were significantly less for the ECNP infants when compared to the LCNP ones. The mean duration of FIO2 requirements greater than 0.6 was 28.3 hours for those receiving ECNP and 60.7 hours for those in LCNP (P LESS THAN 0.05). This study suggests that the course of RDS may be modified by the early application of CNP. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Traumatizing effect of breech delivery on infants with spina bifida.? [/INST] About one quarter of babies with myelomeningocele are born by breech delivery. Dissection of the locomotor system tissues of 49 spina bifida babies born by normal delivery and 15 spina bifida babies born by breech delivery revealed that the latter type of labor causes frequent and often severe trauma to the already handicapped muscles and nerves of the lower extremities. In cases where the birth damage is extensive, the baby's chances of survival may be reduced. The possibility should be considered that this type of labor, which traumatizes the baby's muscles and nerves, may influence the postnatal locomotor function and further contribute to the child's disability. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Glucocorticoid prophylaxis for respiratory distress syndrome: a review of potential toxicity.? [/INST] Much evidence suggests that glucocorticoids may increase the rate of lung development during late fetal life, and thereby decrease the risk of respiratory distress syndrome if the fetus is born prematurely. Results of human and animal studies are basically in agreement. The risks of this form of therapy are less well examined, especially in human studies. This review briefly outlines studies that relate to toxicity so that the "risk/benefit ratio" of this form of therapy may be assessed. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Osseous autografts. I. Clinical responses to bone blend or hip marrow grafts.? [/INST] A clinical evaluation was undertaken to compare regeneration of osseous defects following implantation of either osseous coagulum-bone blend from intraoral sources or autogenous iliac marrow-cancellous bone. Thirty-two transplants were performed in 15 male patients. The intraosseous defects in which marrow was placed (initial average depth = 7.18 mm) filled 60.7% (average fill = 4.36 mm). Defects in which osseous coagulum-bone blend was placed (initial average depth 4.0 mm) filled 73% (average fill = 2.93 mm). The difference in results between the two materials was not statistically significant. Therefore, similar levels of osseous regeneration apparently took place regardless of graft material used. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The clinical and histological response of periodontal pockets to root planing and oral hygiene.? [/INST] The study evaluated, clinically and microscopically, the soft tissue response of suprabony periodontal pockets treated by root planing and oral hygiene or by oral hygiene measures alone. The participants were 22 adults beginning treatment for inflammatory periodontal disease. For each patient, three clinically similar labial or lingual pockets were scored for gingival inflammation, pocket depth, and the extent of plaque and calculus. One pocket in each patient served as a control, and a gingival biopsy was obtained to determine the pretreatment level of inflammation. The second pocket was treated by root planing and by the patient's oral hygiene measures. The third pocket was treated only by the patient's daily oral hygiene measures. Fifty-six to 63 days later, treated areas were reevaluated clinically, and biopsies were secured. Each type of therapy reduced the mean pocket depth and the incidence and severity of gingivitis; however, root planing accompanied by oral hygiene measures resulted in a statistically greater improvement than did oral hygiene measures alone. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cryopreservation of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream forms.? [/INST] Recovery rates of T. cruzi bloodstream forms subjected to several methods of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen and at -73 C are reported. Inoculations of animals with cryopreserved and nonpreserved trypomastigotes revealed that prolonged storage at -196 C apparently did not change the biologic characteristics of different T. cruzi strains. The reproducibility and consistency of results suggest that "cryobanks" or "reference centers" may be established. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Ovulation induction and antifertility effects of an LH-RH analogue (AY 25,205) in cyclic rats.? [/INST] Pro-oestrous rats, treated with fluphenazine dihydrochloride to block ovulation, were used to compare the ovulation-inducing activity of synthetic LH-RH with one of its analogues, [D-Ala-6, des-Gly-NH2-10]-LH-RH ethylamide (AY-25,205). The lowest dose of LH-RH which produced a significant response was 125 ng compared with 2.9 ng AY-25,205. Statistical analysis of the data showed that AY-25,205 was approximately thirty-six times more potent than LH-RH. Treatment with AY-25,205 also induced partial ovulation in metoestrous rats (80 or 160 ng/rat) and apparently normal ovulation in dioestrous rats (10 to 160 ng/rat). The compound (160 ng) failed to induce further ovulation in oestrous rats which ovulated during the previous night. Advancement of premature ovulation in dioestrous rats with AY-25,205 prevented mating behaviour and pregnancy during the treatment cycle. The antifertility effect of the compound disappeared during the following cycle. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cellular and subcellular compartmentalization of steroid metabolism in the rat testis.? [/INST] The following aspects are discussed in relation to the cellular and subcellular localization of steroid metabolism in the rat testis: (1) the localization of enzyme activities for steroid production in interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules in intact cells and in isolated mitochondrial fractions: (2) steroid production by isolated cellular and subcellular fractions and by the intact testis in vivo; and (3) the effect of cofactors on steroid production by rat testis preparations in vitro. It is concluded that it is difficult to decide whether steroid production and the enzymes involved in steroid metabolism are restricted to specific compartments. Steroid production by the testis can, however, be quantitatively explained by that occurring in the isolated mitochondria of the interstitial tissue. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antimalarial phenanthrene amino alcohols. 3. Halogen-containing 9-phenanthrenemethanols.? [/INST] A series of new 9-phenanthrene amino alcohols has been prepared in which each compound bears from one to five halogen or halogen-containing moieties. A number of these compounds are extremely active against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse. Some structural requirements for optimal efficacy are considered. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid esters, carbonitriles, and carboxamides.? [/INST] A series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid esters, carbonitriles, and carboxamides (2a-k) was synthesized and initially evaluated (dose range 50-400 mg/kg) in mice infected with Escherichia coli. Only two derivatives, the ethyl and butyl esters of 1-ethyl-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, protected the animals against E. coli and several other gram-negative bacterial pathogenic infections. A pro-drug type of mechanism appears to be operable since neither agent showed in vitro activity. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Inhibitors of protein synthesis. 4. Studies on the structure-activity relationship of gougerotin and some of its analogs.? [/INST] Seventeen structural analogs of gougerotin have been compared with the parent compound as inhibitors of the growh of E. coli B and as inhibitors of N-acetylphenylalanylpuromycin formation. The analogs comprise compounds with (1) an intact sarcosyl-D-seryl moiety and modifications at various positions of the carbohydrate moiety, (2) compounds which lack the peptidyl residue, and (3) compounds in which the sarcosyl-D-seryl moiety has been replaced by other aminoacyl or peptidyl moieties and in which various sites in the carbohydrate moiety have been modified in addition. These comparisons revealed that (1) the 3'-hydroxyl group makes a strong contribution to inhibitory activity, (2) the introduction of a double bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the carbohydrate moiety causes a marked decrease in activity; however, if in addition the sarcosyl-D-seryl moiety is replaced by the epsilon-N-methyl-beta-L-arginyl side chain, full activity is restored, (3) there is a marked degree of stereospecificity around the alpha carbon of the seryl moiety (replacement of the sarcosyl-D-seryl residue with the sarcosyl-L-seryl residue results in greatly reduced activity), and (4) replacement of the carboxamide group at position 5' with a hydroxymethyl function resulsts in reduced activity which is further decreased by alterations in the sarcosyl-D-seryl moiety. These alterations include (a) replacement of the D-seryl residue of the sarcosyl-D-seryl moiety by the D-alanyl or the D-phenylalanyl residues and (b) replacement of the whole sarcosyl-D-seryl side chain by the D-seryl, D-alanyl, D-phenylalanyl, p-methoxy-D-phenylalanyl, or p-methoxy-L-phenylalanyl moieties; the replacement of the sarcosyl-D-seryl side chain with the various aminoacyl residues did not lead to acceptor (puromycin-like) activity with N-Ac-Phe-tRNA as the donor. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about 1(((5-Nitrofuranyl)methylene)amino)-4 and/or-5-substituted 2-imidazolidinones.? [/INST] A series of 1-[[(5-nitrofuranyl)methylene]amino]-4- and/or -5-substituted 2-imidazolidinones was prepared utilizing three different reaction sequences. The structure of 4, the product derived from 4-methyl-2-imidazolidinone (2a), was verified by synthesis using an alternate, unequivocal route. The levo isomer l-4 was prepared by a series of reactions starting with L(+)-2-amino-1-propanol (l-10). All of the nitrofurans were examined for potential use as chemotherapeutic agents for urinary tract infections. Based on the high level of activity in the urine and the in vitro antibacterial activity (MIC) 4, l-4, and 16 are considered to be the most active as urinary tract agents. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Preparation and biological activity of some aminoacyl and peptidyl derivatives of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine.? [/INST] Several aminoacyl and peptidyl derivatives of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine have been synthesized. 2'-Amino-2'-deoxyuridine (I) and 2'-N-glycyl-2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine (IIIa) were condensed with N-Cbz blocked p-nitrophenyl esters of the appropriate amino acids to afford the protected aminoacyl and peptidyl nucleosides. Removal of the protecting groups gave the title compounds in good yields. The biological effects of these derivatives are discussed. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A simulation laboratory for medical education.? [/INST] Simulation as an instructional technique is being utilized for the learning of clinical skills in the training of health professionals. The Center for Educational Development at the University of Illinois College of Medicine has established a Learning Resource and Development Center to assist medical faculty in the development and evaluation of instructional simulations. These are not designed to replace clinical experiences but to provide additional opportunities for students to strengthen skills in patient examination. Prior to the introduction of these learning tools in 1972, a study was undertaken to validate their instructional effectiveness. After an additional two years of operation and experimentation, a revalidation study was undertaken during the fall of 1974. Improvements are continually being made in the various simulation formats as a result of feedback from students and faculty. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Interaction of ethidium bromide with the transport system for monovalent cations in yeast.? [/INST] Ethidium was found to be taken up by yeast cells in a process that, at certain concentrations has the main following characteristics: a) a substrate is required; b) it presents cooperative kinetics, with n, according to the Hill equation approximately 3; c) ethidium can be concentrated more than 100-fold; d) the uptake is inhibited by Ca2+; e) the uptake of the dye is inhibited by monovalent cations with a selectivity pattern similar to that observed in their transport by yeast; f) ethidium inhibits the uptake of K+, and, at concentrations up to about 250 muM produces a competitive inhibition on the uptake of Rb+; and g) ethidium produces the same effects as K+ on respiration and the extrusion of H+. It is concluded that ethidium is taken up by yeast cells in a selective way by the same transport system normally employed for monovalent cation uptake. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The origin of mitochondria.? [/INST] The endosymbiont and episome theories about the origin of mitochondria are reviewed. Biochemical and genetic data, relevant to these theories are discussed. An alternative theory is also proposed; this theory is that nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs developed from compartmentalized duplicate prokaryote DNAs. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Foreign-body tumorigenesis: in vitro isolation and expansion of preneoplastic clonal cell populations.? [/INST] Foreign-body reactions were induced in coisogenic CBA/H and CBA/H-T6 mice by sc implantation of 15 times 22 times 0.2-mm unplasticized vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer films. At 6 months' post implantation, implants and unopened tissue capsules were transferred to recipient animals of the T6-different partner strain. After another 3 months, part of the film/capsule complex was transferred to (C57BL/10ScSn times CBA/H-T6)F1 mice for tumor development. Capsule-derived and film-attached cells of the other part were separately cultured. Cultures consisting initially of euploid cells were often gradually replaced by different cells with specific aneuploid karyotypes which were identical with, or closely related to, those of the corresponding tumors. The cultured cells implanted in hybrid recipients at different passage numbers frequently gave rise to homologous tumors. Hence, it was possible to prepare in vitro cells with prefixed specific tumor determinants at different stages of preneoplastic maturation. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Clinical applications of free flap transfer in the burn patient.? [/INST] Free microvascular flap transfer is indicated in situations in which flap coverage is required and no local flap is available. The technique of transfer of a groin flap based on the superficial circumflex iliac vessels was described. The procedure has been applied to two patients with acute electrical burns with extensive soft-tissue loss, three patients with scar contractures, and one with osteoradionecrosis. Satisfactory results were achieved in all patients. The procedure is contraindicated if recipient or donor vessels are abnormal or inadequate, and in the face of fulminating infection, general debility, and obesity. With scrupulous attention to indications and contraindications, the procedure is safe, reliable, and a valuable addition to the surgeon's armamentarium. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Clinical evaluation of the carbon dioxide laser for burn wound excisions: a comparison of the laser, scalpel, and electrocautery.? [/INST] The use of a 100 watt carbon dioxide laser for surgical excisions of burn eschar was evaluated in 13 patients with symmetrical burns. In each patient, laser excision was compared with either scalpel or electrocautery excision of a comparable area. Graft "take," blood loss, and operative speed were measured. Graft "take" following laser excisions was comparable to that obtained when either scalpel or electrocautery was used. Regression analysis indicates that laser excisions involved 29% of the blood loss encountered with scalpel excisions and that laser speed was 1.49 times scalpel speed. Although laser blood loss was 60% of electrocautery blood loss, laser speed was significantly slower: 73% of electrocautery speed. These differences, however, were of small clinical consequence. It is felt that the surgical arm of this laser is at present quite awkward and is in need of technological refinement if the full potential of the laser is to be realized. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Regulation of early mRNA synthesis after bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli.? [/INST] Regulation of T4-specific mRNA synthesis was studied during leucine starvation of a leucine-requiring stringent Escherichia coli B strain. This was done by imposing starvation prior to T4 infection and then letting RNA synthesis proceed for different time periods. Rifampin or streptolydigin was added to stop further RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis was restored by addition of leucine. Samples were withdrawn at different times, and the enzyme-forming capacities found that, during conditions which elicit the stringent response in uninfected bacteria, immediate early mRNA is not stringently regulated. This conclusion contradicts the earlier conclusion of others, obtained by measuring incorporation of radioactive uracil; this is explained by the observation of Edlin and Neuhard (1967), confirmed and extended by us to the T4-infected cell, that the incorporation of uracil into RNA of a stringent strain is virtually blocked by amino acid starvation, whereas that of adenine continues at 30 to 50% of the rate seen in the presence of the required amino acid. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about In vitro construction of different oligomeric forms of lambdadv DNA and studies of their transforming activities.? [/INST] Plasmid lambdadv1, which is in a dimeric form, was converted to a linear monomer duplex by the action of EcoRI restriction endonuclease that incises at a unique site in this plasmid genome. The resulting products were then joined by Escherichia coli DNA ligase to produce molecules with various oligomeric forms, and from these monomeric, dimeric, or trimeric circular molecules were purified. By transformation of cells with these DNAs, clones were obtained that carried lambdadv1 in a monomeric or dimeric form. The former type of clones have not been generated in vivo, except for one in a different host strain, and carriers of timeric or tetrameric lambdadv1's have not been obtained so far. It was observed that a considerable fraction of these oligomeric circular DNAs were converted to lower oligomers (e.g., from trimer to dimer) during transformation. The characteristics of the monomeric lambdadv1 carriers obtained were compared with those of dimeric lambdadv1 carriers. The stabilities of the plasmids of the two forms were the same. However, the monomeric plasmid carriers were less tolerant to lambdavir phage infection and perpetuated about 30% less plasmid genomes in monomer units. Furthermore, dimeric plasmid carriers appeared spontaneously and accumulated in cultures of the monomeric lambdadv1 carriers. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Genetic studies of coliphage P1. I. Mapping by use of prophage deletions.? [/INST] One hundred and ten amber mutants of coliphage P1 were isolated and localized into groups with respect to the existing genetic map by use of nonpermissive Escherichia coli K-12 strains lysogenic for P1 with deletions. These lysogens contain one of three types of deletion prophages: P1cry and its derivatives, P1dlacs, and P1dpros. Fourteen such lysogens were tested for their ability to rescue the amber mutants which were then assigned to one of nine deletion segments of the P1 genome defined by the termini of the various prophage deletions. The relationship of the nine deletion segments with the published P1 map is described, two new segments having been added. The deletions of the 14 prophages overlapped sufficiently to indicate that the P1 genetic prophage map should be represented in circular form, which is consistent with the fact that P1 is normally a circular plasmid in the prophage state. The distribution of mutants into deletion segments is nonrandom for at least one segment. In addition, the deletion termini of the 14 defective prophages coincided in five out of nine regions separating the nine deletion segments. Various possible explanations are discussed for the nonrandom recurrence of these deletion termini, including the evidence of hot spots of recombination. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Rifampin inhibition of bacteriophage phiX174 parental replicative-form DNA synthesis in an Escherichia coli dnaC mutant.? [/INST] The Escherichia coli dnaC protein is not absolutely required in vivo for bacteriophage phiX174 parental replicative-form synthesis (Kranias and Dumas, 1974). However, when rifampin is present at a concentration that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, phiX174 parental replicative-form synthesis is dependent on the dnaC protein activity. We conclude that E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase can substitute for the dnaC protein in phiX174 parental replicative-form DNA synthesis, presumably in its initiation. The implications of this result with respect to the in vitro synthesis of the complementary strand of phiX174 DNA are discussed. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. VII. Bacteriophage 29-host capsular polysaccharide interactions.? [/INST] Different interactions between particles of Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage 29 and its receptor, the E. coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide have been studied. The inactivation of phage 29 (8 x 10(3) PFU/ml) by isolated host capsular glycan was found to be physiologically insignificant (50% inactivation dose equals 100 mug after 1 h at 37 C). No adsorption (less than 2 x 10(4) PFU/mug) of the viruses to K29 polysaccharide-coated erythroyctes (at 0 or 37 C) was observed either. The phage particles were, however, found to catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-D-glucosido-(1leads to 3)-D-glucuronic acid bonds (arrow) in the receptor polymer, leading, ultimately, to the formation of a mixture of K29 hexasaccharide (one repeating unit), dodecasaccharide, and octadecasaccharide: (see article). Testing derivatives of K29 polysaccharide, as well as 82 heterologous bacterial (mainly Enteriobactericeae) capsular glycans, the viral glycanase was found to be highly specific; in accordance with the host range of phage 29, only one enzymatic cross-reaction (with the Klebsiella K31 polysaccharide) was observed. These and previous results, as well as the electron optical findings of M. E. Bayer and H. Thurow (submitted for publication), are discussed in terms of a unifying mechanism of phage 29-host capsule interaction. We propose that the viruses penetrate the capsules by means of their spike-associated glycanase activity, which leads them along capsular polysaccharide strands to membrane-cell wall adhesions where ejection of the viral genomes occurs. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Identification of bacteriophage T4-specific precursor tRNA by using a host mutant defective in the methylation of tRNA.? [/INST] A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 that is defective in the synthesis of 5-methyluridine (ribothymidine) in tRNA was used to identify precursors to phage T4-specific tRNA. The precursor molecules, isolated by gel filtration, were more than twice the size of tRNA. This method is suitable for isolation of rather large amounts of such precursor molecules. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Ureteroneocystostomy versus ureteropyelostomy: a comparison in the same renal allograft series.? [/INST] Of the 132 transplants in our series 44 patients underwent reconstruction by ureteropyelostomy (group 1) and 88 underwent reconstruction by ureteroneocystostomy (group 2). The rates of major urologic complications were 11 percent in group 1 and 4 per cent in group 2. These results support the widely held opinion that ureteroneocystostomy is the superior method for urinary reconstruction in renal allograft cases. However, the alternative of ureteropyelostomy should be part of every transplant surgeons' armamentarium, especially for cadaver transplants when ureteral blood supply may be compromised. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Exercise-induced asthma. Pharmacological assessment of single drugs and drug combinations.? [/INST] The relative effectiveness of ephedrine, theophylline, and hydroxyzine hydrochloride and their combinations was studied in a two-part investigation of 16 youths who has asthma and exercise-induced asthma. The beneficial and adverse effects of the drugs in the control of asthma were studied in the first part of the investigation. Both theophylline and ephedrine were judged superior to placebo when given alone. When combined they were somewhat more effective than either agent alone, although adverse effects precluded their use in almost half of the subjects. The addition of hydroxyzine diminished the side effects sufficiently to make the combination acceptable to four subjects who refused to take ephedrine/theophylline. In the second part of the study, the relief of exercise-induced asthma was evaluated. Ephedrine had no effect, hydroxyzine had a weak effect on hastening recovery, but theophylline modified the postexercise response significantly. The three drugs together produced an additive effect superior to that of theophylline alone. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Multiclinical open studies on the effect of beta-methyldigoxin on congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation.? [/INST] Clinical open trials of beta-methyldigoxin were carried out in 15 institutions in order to examine the effect, usefulness and ease of its oral administration. In the case of oral digitalization with 0.2 mg, 3 times daily, an effect was obtained in all of 13 cases of congestive heart failure accompanied by atrial fibrillation or flutter. The average time and dose required for digitalization were about 50 hours and 1.27 mg respectively. In 9 of the 13 cases, the effect was achieved within 48 hours. The average maintenance does of beta-methyldigoxin in 102 cases of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation was 0.177 mg per day. About 75% of the cases were maintained with 0.15 to 0.2 mg. This range of dose of beta-methyldigoxin was much smaller than that of digoxin in our series. This can be ascribed to a higher absorption rate of beta-methyldigoxin from the digestive tract. Studies on the cases in which patients previously treated with other glycosides were switched over to beta-methyldigoxin revealed that 1 mg of beta-methyldigoxin is equivalent to 1.8 mg of digoxin or to 0.59 mg of digitoxin. The usefulness and ease of beta-methyldigoxin in maintenance was evaluated as being somewhat superior to other cardiac glycosides, according to the global judgement of the physicians. The observed side effects were similar to those of other glycosides in frequency and character. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Microbial adjuvant and autoimmunity. I. Induction of antibody responses to syngeneic tissue extracts in mice treated with capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae.? [/INST] With the use of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) as a powerful adjuvant, high precipitin responses could be induced in mice to syngeneic eyeball extracts and thyroid gland extracts which were normally nonimmunogenic. Only very weak responses were induced to eyeball extracts by Freund's complete adjuvant. Repeated administrations of the antigens mixed with CPS-K at time intervals of 30 days (more than twice for the eyeballs or more than three times for the thyroid glands) were required for induction of high precipitin responses. Antibody responses detectable by the immunofluorescent technique could be induced to syngeneic lymphoid tissue extracts by injecting the mixture of antigen and CPS-K more than five times at time intervals of 30 days. These findings suggest that repeated stimulation by autoantigens together with such a strong adjuvant as CPS-K can terminate natural tolerance against autoantigens. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Arginine gene cluster of Serratia marcescens.? [/INST] Biochemical and genetic studies on the arginine-requiring auxotrophs derived from a Serratia marcescens strain were carried out. The arg mutants were classified into seven biochemical groups based on their growth response to five precursors of arginine biosynthesis and enzyme deficiency. Reciprocal transduction tests among these arg mutants divided them into three linkage groups, and the fine mapping in each of the groups by two- or three-point crosses revealed the following arrangement of loci. (1) arg44-thy11-lys1; (2) met1-glt2-argE-(arg19-arg51)-arg120-argG-argH; (3) arg33-pyr4. Five of the seven biochemically distinct arg mutants belonged to the second linkage group, and they constituted an agr-gene cluster. A characteristic feature of the arg-gene cluster of S. marcescens is that it involves argG, which was previously reported only in the Proteus group of Enterobacteriaceae. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Chemical studies on the cell walls of Leptorspira biflexa strain Urawa and Treponema pallidum strain Reiter.? [/INST] The preparation and chemical properties of the cell walls of Leptospira biflexa Urawa and Treponema pallidum Reiter are described. Both cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides and peptidoglycans. The data of chemical analysis indicate that the cell wall of L. biflexa Urawa contains rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and unidentified sugars as neutral sugars, and alanine, glutamic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine and muramic acid as major amino acids and amino sugars. As major chemical constituents of the cell wall of T. pallidum Reiter, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, alanine, glutamic acid, ornithine, glycine, glucosamine and muramic acid have been detected. The chemical properties of protein and polysaccharide fractions prepared from the cells of T. pallidum Reiter were also partially examined. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Acquiescent renal infection.? [/INST] The relationship between bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma with Escherichia coli and the establishment of pathologic lesions has been investigate experimentally. Infection was established in one kidney and the bacteriologic, pathologic and immunologic features of infection were compared in the pyelonephritic and contralateral unmanipulated kidney. Whereas active bacterial infection was associated with pathologic changes in the pyelonephritic kidney, a poor correlation was found between bacterial growth and the gross pathology and histopathologic changes in the contralateral kidney. The conclusion from these studies is that infection of the kidney is not always associated with pathologic changes. The term "acquiescent infection" has been used to describe this host-parasite relationship in which active, persistent, bacterial infection is not associated with pathologic lesions. Evidence is presented that bacteria in the contralateral unmanipulated kidney are present in the renal parenchyma and that bacterial proliferation can be induced following renal trauma. Activation of infection and bacterial proliferation did not always result in histopathologic damage to the kidney and was not associated with an increase in serum antibody. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunosuppression in rabbits: skin and kidney allografts.? [/INST] Both skin and kidney allografts were at least partially protected from rejection by daily treatment with 1-0 mg/kg of prednisolone acetate. Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, antilymphocytic serum, and attempts to produce a tolerant state with prior grafting of specific donor antigen, all failed to alter the course of rejection. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Adverse effects of iodides on thyroid function.? [/INST] The administration of pharmacologic quantities of iodine such as iodides for the treatment of pulmonary disease, organic iodine present in medications and x-ray contrast dyes, and the ingestion of iodine-rich natural foods, may result in goiter, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism, especially in patients with underlying thyroid disease. Medications containing iodide may induce hypothroidism in euthyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 131I or surgically treated Graves' disease, or following hemithyroidectomy for nodules; and they may induce hyperthyroidism in patients with endemic iodine-deficient goiter, autonomous nodules or nontoxic nodular goiter, or in patients recently treated with antithyroid drugs for Graves' disease. Rarely, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may develop in patients with completely normal thyroid function during administration of iodide. The etiology of iodide-induced goiter and hypothyroidism in patients with cystic fibrosis remains obscure. Iodide-induced myxedema may also occur in patients receiving drugs which alter thyroid function, such as lithium, phenazone, and sulfisoxazole. Finally, iodides do have a role in the treatment of hyperthyroidism but their use should probably be restricted to thyroid storm, preoperative preparation of the hyperthyroid patient, and following 131I treatment. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Gonadal steroids and gonadotropins in hyperthyroidism.? [/INST] Gynecomastia occurs in about 20 to 40 per cent of men with hyperthyroidism. Serum concentrations of total estradiol-17beta, total testosterone, and luteinizing hormone are supranormal in these patients. Serum concentration of SHBG is also high in hyperthyroidism. This can explain the high serum testosterone, essentially completely but not the high serum estradiol-17beta; thus, whereas serum unbound testosterone is normal, serum unbound estradiol-17beta is above normal in hyperthyroid men. This balance in relative concentrations of unbound gonadal steroids is apparently quite favorable to the development of gynecomastia in hyperthyroidism. Increased peripheral tissue metabolism of androgens to estrogens seems to be the major factor responsible for high estradiol-17beta in hyperthyroidism; increased glandular secretion of estradiol-17beta may also be important. The mechanism of hypomenorrhea or amenorrhea in hyperthyroidism remains unclear. Changes in circulating estrogens, androgens, and luteinizing hormone in hyperthyroid women are similar to those in hyperthyroid men. The mid-cycle ovulatory peak of luteinizing hormone may be blunted in patients with scanty periods whereas it may be altogether absent in those with amenorrhea. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Anemia in thyroid diseases.? [/INST] Thyroid hormones generally stimulate erythropoiesis. These agents also increase erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentrations, which serve to enhance the delivery of oxygen to tissues. In the absence of thyroid hormones, anemia frequently develops and may be normocytic, hypochromic-microcytic, or macrocytic. Anemia is an uncommon finding in hyperthyroidism but when present may be morphologically similar to that observed in hypothyroidism. Pernicious anemia has been strongly associated with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroiditis. Complete correction of anemia often requires restoration of thyroid function as well as specific hematinic therapy. Continued attention to hematologic status is essential in the management of patients with thyroid diseases. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Thyroiditis: current views of pathogenesis.? [/INST] From indirect and circumstantial evidence it would appear that subacute thyroiditis is probably a viral infection of the thyroid gland. The thyroid may respond in the stereotyped manner to any one of a number of viruses. Despite the available evidence, however, the viral theory has yet to be finally proven. Autoimmunity does not appear to be a primary factor in the initiation of subacute thyroiditis, although transient immunologic responses occur as a secondary phenomenon. Autoimmune thyroiditis, on the other hand, is almost certainly a primary immunologic disease, and likely is due to a specific inherited defect in immunologic control. It would appear that both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity (i.e., T and B lymphocytes) are necessary for the full expression of this disorder. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Treatment of carcinoma of the base of the tongue and the larynx.? [/INST] Cancer of the base of the tongue and the larynx is usually treated primarily with irradiation to 6,000 rads. Persistence of tumor after irradiation is common and requires a logical, thoughtful approach designed to augment all tissues removed. Careful preoperative planning and the use of the lateral approach to the base of the tongue, in conjunction with pharyngostome and laryngostome formation allows wide resection of the cancer. Preservation of the function of speech and swallowing, and preservation of the mandibular contour are important, and correlate closely with carotid artery protection. Five different methods of approach to the problem are analyzed and presented. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of bacteriophage M13 infection upon phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of Escherichia coli.? [/INST] Escherichia coli K38 were grown and infected with wild type and amber mutants of bacteriophage M13 in the early log phase. Lipid compositions of the infected and healthy cultures, grown under identical conditions, were determined 2 hr after infection. From the results, it was observed that total lipid and total phospholipid content remained nearly constant, suggesting that the cell membrane which contained the maximum phospholipids was not damaged by the infection. Moreover, the percentage of diphosphatidylglycerol and lyso- compounds corresponding to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol increased, while phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol decreased. The increase in lyso- compounds may be due to the relase of phospholipase A2 (a periplasmic enzyme) from the cell wall after damage by the infection. Bacteriophage M13 infection had no effect on the fatty acid compostion of the phospholipids. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Coccidioidomycosis in compromised hosts. Experience at Stanford University Hospital.? [/INST] To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of infection with Coccidioides immitis in immunosuppressed patients at Stanford University Hospital, clinical records of 14 years were examined. Thirteen cases met the diagnostic criteria. Half had Hodgkin's disease. In six the infection was disseminated; five of the six died early in the course of their infectious illness, frequently without diagnosis. Conclusions include: 1. The occurrence of coccidioidomycosis in immunosuppressed patients seen at institutions in or adjacent to the endemic area is not as rare as the literature suggests. 2. Dissemination is frequently explosive and the radiographic appearance of pulmonary involvement may appear late. Widespread pulmonary dissemination may occur within 24 hours after a negative x-ray. 3. Although the skin test loses its diagnostic value, the serology remains valid. Thus immunosuppressed patients with febrile illnesses (with or without radiographically evident pulmonary involvement) who have a history of travel to an endemic area should have serological examinations. 4. Lymphocytopenia correlates with risk of dissemination of coccidioidomycosis. 5. The administration of immunsuppressive chemotherapy correlates with such risk while radiotherapy and the malignant or non-malignant nature of the disease do not. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Evidence for a functional association of DNA synthesis with the membrane in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.? [/INST] We have studied the effect of membrane fatty acid composition on replicative DNA synthetic activity in mitochondria isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells containing different levels of membrane unsaturated fatty acids were obtained by growth of a fatty acid desaturase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose-limited chemostat cultures supplemented with various concentrations of Tween 80. Arrhenius plots of DNA synthetic activity in isolated mitochondria show a discrete discontinuity at specific temperature which are dependent on the membrane unsaturated fatty acid content of the mitochondria. This indicates a functional association of DNA replication with the mitochondrial membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Complementary binding of oligonucleotides with 16S RNA and ribosomal ribonucleoproteins.? [/INST] The accessibility of single-stranded sequences in 16S RNA in free state and in ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP) to complementary binding with isoplith fractions of oligonucleotides was studied. RNP had different protein composition and corresponded to intermediate stages of E. coli 30S subunit assembly in vitro. Gel-filtration was used to detect the most strong binding. It was found that S4 essentially inhibited the hexamer binding to RNA. 'Core' proteins bound to 16S RNA strongly increased the shielding of single-stranded regions while 'split' proteins insignificantly changed the hexamer binding. Nevertheless evidence is presented that 'split' proteins might also interact directly with 16S RNA in the 30S subunit. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Efficacy of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the prevention of premature labor.? [/INST] We conducted a double-blind study to determine the efficacy of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in preventing premature delivery in 43 high-risk patients. Premature delivery did not occur in 18 patients receiving the progestational agent, whereas 41 per cent of the 22 receiving the palcebo had premature delivery (P less than 0.01). The mean duration of pregnancy and the mean birth weight in the former group (38.6 weeks +/- 1.6 S.D., and 2836 g +/- 412 S.D.) were both significantly greater (P less than 0.025) than that in the latter (35.2 weeks +/- 6.7 S.D.; 2361 g +/- 1085 S.D.). The perinatal mortality rate in the group given the progestational agent (O per cent) was significantly less than that observed in the placebo group (27 per cent) (P less than 0.05). Although there were no complications attributable to the progestational drug, the study population was too small for assessment of immediate or long term safety. However, the results indicate a possible obstetric use for this drug. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.? [/INST] Anecdotal accounts suggested that smoking marihuana decreases the nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was compared with placebo in a controlled, randomized, "double-blind" experiment. All patients were receiving chemotherapeutic drugs known to cause nausea and vomiting of central origin. Each patient was to serve as his own control to determine whether tetrahydrocannabinol had an antiemetic effect. Twenty-two patients entered the study, 20 of whom were evaluable. For all patients an antiemetic effect was observed in 14 of 20 tetrahydrocannabinol courses and in none of 22 placebo courses. For patients completing the study, response occurred in 12 of 15 courses of tetrahydrocannabinol and in none of 14 courses of placebo (P less than 0.001). No patient vomited while experiencing a subjective "high". Oral tetrahydrocannabinol has antiemetic properties and is significantly better than a placebo in reducting vomiting caused by chemotherapeutic agents. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Genetic perturbations that reveal tertiary conformation of tRNA precursor molecules.? [/INST] The ubiquity of tRNA-like conformations in tRNA precursors of prokaryotes provides a common structural basis for precursor recognition by the maturation enzymes. This design eliminates need for multiple enzymes to achieve the maturation of different precursors. Moreover, the requirement of this specific conformation for maturation guards against the production of potentially deleterious mutant tRNAs. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about In vitro synthesis of tRNA precursors and their conversion to mature size tRNA.? [/INST] Two Escherichia coli tRNA gene clusters, tRNA1Tyr (su3+ and su3-) and tRNA2Tyr, tRNA2Gly (su+36), tRNA3Thr, were transcribed in a purified in vitro system. Evidence indicates that the adjacent tRNA genes are transcribed together as a common precursor of large size, which, on incubation with crude cell extracts, yields mature tRNA molecules. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The importance of sensory nerve endings as sites of drug action.? [/INST] The role that sensory nerve endings can play in drug action and the strategy used for its experimental analysis and proof is first exemplified by three effects of nicotine which are seen when the lowest effective doses of the drug are given intravenously in the cat: (1) a vasopressor effect due to arterial chemoreceptor stimulation; (2) a triad of bradycardia, hypotension and apnea, and (3) a depressant effect upon somatic motor activity, both of which are traced to vagal afferent endings in the pulmonary circulation. While receptors in the lung are responsible at least for the initial phase of the reflex responses listed in (2) and (3), sensory endings in heart, aorta, and carotid sinus region may be recruited into action as the drug reaches them. Several of these reflex effects can also be elicited by other sensory stimulant agents such as phenyldiguanide, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and veratrum alkaloids. In the second part, a general outline is given of what may be classified as 'Afferent Pharmacology', dealing with drug action upon sensory receptors and with the resulting remote drug effects. The action upon sensory receptors can either be a direct one ('primary' drug effect) consisting of stimulation, sensitization, desensitization, depression or combinations thereof, or an indirect ('secondary') effect brought about by a variety of drug-induced changes in the tissues surrounding the receptors. Depending on the nature of the primary or secondary action, the remote drug effect can be either an initiation, modification or impairment of those reflexes which have their origin in the sensory endings acted upon. Indeed, the grossly observable pharmacological actions of 'afferent drugs' are generally those relating to the reflex response. To avoid blurring of the boundaries of afferent pharmacology, drugs acting on central synapses of reflex pathways, or on the elaborate efferent control system of afferent input, are not included. A discussion follows of the topics of investigation, the influence of experimental conditions and anesthesia, various approaches and methods, the physiological and pharmacological importance of inquiry in this area, and some of the therapeutic aspects. Finally, brief mention is made of certain features and problems which appear to be characteristic of afferent pharmacology. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cellular hypersensitization to peripheral nervous antigens in the Guillain-Barré syndrome.? [/INST] The macrophage migration inhibition factor assay was used as a specific measure of cellular hypersensitivity to peripheral nervous system antigen in a large group of Guillain-Barre patients and control subjects. Lymphocytes from 34 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, 33 with other peripheral nervous system disease, and 33 normal controls were assayed for production of macrophage migration inhibition factor. A mean of 101 +/- 7.2 was obtained in the control group, 70 +/- 16.3 in the Guillain-Barre syndrome group, and 96 +/- 11.3 in those with other peripheral nervous system disease. Twenty-six of the 34 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, two patients with myeloradiculitis, and two with Bell's palsy gave significant values. These results support the hypothesis that cellular hypersensitization to peripheral nervous system antigens is a pathogenetic factor in Guillain-Barre syndrome. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Combination chemotherapy in disseminated melanoma and other solid tumors in adults.? [/INST] Eighty-eight patients with disseminated melanoma and 22 patients with various other solid tumors were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of DTIC, at a fixed dose, with either adriamycin, CCNU, or hydroxyurea, at several dosages. An objective response rate of 20% was observed in 84 evaluable melanoma patients. The addition of the other agents to DTIC did not provide enhanced antitumor activity. Combination chemotherapy increased toxicity. Encouraging objective responses were observed in patients with synovial sarcoma (4/7) and teratocarcinoma of the testis (1/1) treated with the combination of adriamycin and DTIC. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Apparent motion and the Pulfrich effect.? [/INST] The Pulfrich pendulum effect, obtained by viewing a moving object with a filter over one eye, was examined with target stimuli in apparent, rather than continuous, motion. The filter-induced depth effect persisted until a certain degree of intermittency in the presentations of the target was reached, and then it broke down. The degree of intermittency that could be tolerated before the depth effect broke down increased with the density of the filter. It could be argued that the filter determined a shift in the pairing of successive inputs to the eyes, such that the target position in the unfiltered eye was fused with the preceding target position in the filtered eye. However, it appears that the shifted-pairing effect cannot account for the depth impression seen when the target intermittency is less than about 30 ms. Below this value of intermittency a filter can produce a depth effect even when the delay it introduces is small in comparison to the intermittency of the input. The depth effect seen with intermittencies less than 30 ms appears to be of the same magnitude as that obtained with stimuli in continuous motion. It is concluded that a filter can cause two different kinds of depth shift with apparently moving stimuli. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Problems of aging: diagnosing and treating leg pain due to arteriosclerosis obliterans.? [/INST] Management of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans begins with organization of the history, results of physical examination, and blood flow measurements into a patient profile. This approach permits the practicing physician to monitor the progression of the obstructive process over time. With close observation, a controlled exercise program, and properly timed surgical intervention, if necessary, patients with arterioslcerosis obliterans can enjoy a full and productive life. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Pediatric ophthalmic mythology.? [/INST] Headaches in children are virtually never the result of eye problems. If a child needs glasses, young age is almost never a contraindication to their use. Any child in whom strabismus is recognized or suspected should be referred to an ophthalmologist. The strabismus may be a presenting sign of a serious disease. Even if it is not, spontaneous cure almost never occurs. Furthermore, the younger the child, the easier and more successful will be the treatment of both the strabismus and the amblyopia that often accompanies it. Dyslexia is not the result of abnormalities of the eyes and is unaffected by eye exercises. There are no significant ocular hazards in the use of standard mydriatic (dilating) eye drops in children. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Recognizing the allergic individual.? [/INST] Patients with respiratory tract allergy present certain auditory and visual signs which, when correlated with the history, aid substantially in arriving at a conclusive diagnosis. The physician should be alert to the signs that indicate allergic disease. Early recognition followed by modern allergy management will help to prevent progression of the allergic process. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Vitamin E or vitamin A protects chickens against E. coli infection.? [/INST] The supplementation of either vitamin E (300 mg./kg. diet) or vitamin A (60,000 I.U./kg. diet) to a standard chick ration increased the protection of six week old immunized chickens against E coli infection, decreasing mortality from about 40% to 5%. The combination of the two vitamins, however, did not give as much protection as either vitamin alone. Vitamin E or A did not protect chicks from weight loss and severe morbidity due to infection, but slightly increased the rate of recovery. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Repetitive DNA replication of the incomplete genomes of phage T4 petite particles.? [/INST] The genomes of petite T4 phage particles presumably cannot circularize because they are deficient for a significant terminal segment and hence not terminally redundant like normal T4 genomes. Combined density- and 32P-labeling shows that the majority of such deficient DNA molecules can nevertheless replicate their entire length. Furthermore, the density-shift technique shows that replicated parental strands can exchange their partners for new light strands, indicating that noncircularized T4 DNA molecules replicate repeatedly. When taken together with previously published data, these results indicate that T4 replication is bidirectional from multiple, genetically fixed points of origin. Rolling circle models can, therefore, not be considered as an essential mechanism for the early rounds of T4 replication. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Reversible, coenzyme-A-mediated inactivation of biosynthetic condensing enzymes in yeast: a possible regulatory mechanism.? [/INST] alpha-Isopropylmalate synthase [3-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-carboxyvalerate 2-oxo-3-methylbutyrate-lyase (CoA-acetylating); EC 4.1.3.12], the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in leucine biosynthesis, and homocitrate synthase [3-hydroxy-3-carboxyadipate 2-oxoglutarate-lyase (CoA-acetylating); EC 4.1.3.21], the first enzyme in lysine biosynthesis in yeast, are rapidly inactivated in the presence of low concentrations of coenzyme A, a product of both reactions. Closely related compounds like 3-dephospho-coenzyme A or oxidized coenzyme A are almost without effect, as are other sulfhydryl compounds. Citrate (si)-synthase [citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (pro-3S-CH2-COO-minus leads to acetyl-CoA); EC 4.1.3.7] appears to be completely resistant against inactivation by coenzyme A. Inactivated alpha-isopropylmalate and homocitrate synthases can be reactivated by dialysis, but not by adding excess substrate. Protection against coenzyme-A-mediated inactivation is provided by relatively high concentrations of the alpha-ketoacid substrate or the specific end product inhibitor of each of the two enzymes. The coenzyme-A-mediated inactivation of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase has been more closely investigated. It requires the presence of divalent metal ions, with Zn++being most effective. The inactivation does not require molecular oxygen. It occurs in the presence of low concentrations of substrates and is observed in toluene-treated cells. These results, together with evidence that alpha-isopropylmalate synthase and homocitrate synthase are located in the mitochondria, suggest a mechanism by which increasing intra-mitochondrial coenzyme A concentrations might serve as a signal of decreasing acetyl-coenzyme A levels, triggering a temporary inactivation of biosynthetic acetyl-coenzyme A-consuming reactions in order to channel the available acetyl-coenzyme A into the citrate cycle. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about On becoming a confederation.? [/INST] This paper was presented as the keynote speech at the Seventh International Congress of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy. The question of what it will take to strengthen physical therapy as a world force for the health of mankind is examined. The past and present status of physical therapy and the Confederation are assessed as background for looking at ways to help the Confederation become truly a World Confederation for Physical Therapy. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Technique for vestibular neurotomy in the rat.? [/INST] A technique for vestibular neurotomy in the rat has been developed. Removal of the tympanic membrane and ossicles through the external auditory meatus permits access to the auditory bulla. After the pterygopalatine artery has been cauterized, and the electrode may be introduced through the oval widow. The vestibular branch of the VIII nerve can then be cauterized with the electrode without direct visualization. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Chemistor: a reusable telestimulation device for direct chemical stimulation of the nonhuman primate brain in freely moving animals.? [/INST] A reusable telemetric multi-injector unit (chemistor) suitable for injections into the brain of primates has been developed and tested in chronic experiments with rhesus monkeys freely moving and interacting with other monkeys. The chemistor unit, which measures 15.0 by 15.0 by 7.5 mm and weight 5.8 g, consists of a microinjector, equipped with an internal mechanical power source, and an electronic circuit connected with a receiving coil; a total volume of 27.0 mul to be injected in quanta of 0.9 mul at freely chosen time intervals makes this unit suitable for 30 injections. The desirable protection against possible damage is provided by a circular, head-mounted container (dia. 43.0 mm and 10.3 mm high) which leaves place for two complete chemistors. The device is small, light in weight, reliable and resistant to physical damage. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Inexpensive stereotaxic sighting microscope.? [/INST] An inexpensive low-power microscope is described for use in stereotaxic surgery. The microscope aids in the measurement of skull landmarks and improves the accuracy of stereotaxic surgery. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Activity in chronic schizophrenic patients: comparison of pimozide with fluphenazine in a double blind trial.? [/INST] A double-blind crossover trial was carried out comparing pimozide with fluphenazine. The effects of the drugs on the activity of 20 chronic inert male schizophrenic patients were measured using nursing observations, psychiatric rating, and an operant conditioning method. When activity was assessed in these different ways, no significant difference was found between the two drugs on any of the measures. It is concluded that pimozide does not effectively increase the activity in such patients. It is considered that the free operant conditioning method used was shown to be a useful measure for comparing therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Neuropharmacological studies on D145 (1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantan).? [/INST] The effects of D145 (1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantan) and amantadine on dopaminergic mechanisms in the rat were investigated by use of pharmacological agents known to disrupt dopamine function, by placing electrolytic lesions in the dopamine-containing areas of the extrapyrimidal and mesolimbic systems and by the direct application to dopamine sensitive areas. Stereotypy and circling behaviour were used as behavioural indices of dopaminergic stimulation and apomorphine and d-amphetamine were used as standard dopaminergic agonists. In addition, the possible importance of 5-hydroxytryptamine to the dopamine effects was investigated using electrolytic lesions of the midbrain raphé nuclei. Both D145 and amantadine caused a stereotyped behaviour characterized by periodic sniffing, repetitive limb movements and biting, but the effect of amantadine was far more periodic. In addition D145, but not amantadine, caused marked hyperactivity. These behavioural effects were resistant to pretreatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine but not to combined alpha-methylparatyrosine/reserpine or low doses of haloperidol. Also, the prior administration of D145 or amantadine inhibited the development of the biting components of apomorphine and d-amphetamine stereotypy. Both D145 and amantadine caused circling behaviour in animals with asymmetric lesions of the medial raphé nucleus or unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra but the action of D145 was more intense. Bilateral electrolytic lesions placed in the extrapyrimidal (caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra), mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis, nucleus amygdaloideus centralis) nuclei or the neuronal pathways supplying them showed D145 and amantadine to act in both areas although their action on the extrapyrimidal system was most marked. However, of particular note was the significantly greater involvement of the substantia nigra with the D145 effect, and the greater involvement of the D145 effect with mesolimbic function. Lesions placed in the medial and/or dorsal raphé nucleus indicated some involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine with the actions of both D145 and amantadine. The bilateral intrastriatal application of D145 or amantadine in nialamide pretreated animals failed to induce stereotyped or hyperactive behaviour although contralateral asymmetries, which were abolished by lesions of the substantia nigra, were recorded following the unilateral intrastriatal application of D145 or amantadine in haloperidol pretreated animals. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Psychotropic drugs and impairment of psychomotor functions.? [/INST] The present work deals with the effects of psychotropic drug therapy on the operation of psychomotor functions used in a clinical examination of suspected drunken drivers. 100 psychiatric mental, but otherwise health, patients were examined; the type of medication and the number of drugs used varied greatly. In 71 cases the mean degree of error in the clinical examination was higher, and, in several of these, markedly higher than the reference values obtained earlier on suspected drunken drivers when the blood contained very small amounts of alcohol or none at all. In 18 cases coarsely-divided nystagmus was registered in patients on psychotropes. This is an obvious sign of a marked side-effect of medication but was present more infrequently than in subjects with after ingestion of alcohol. The present results indicate that application of the clinical examination method, which was originally developed for and related to the examination of alcohol cases, to subjects on psychotropes is adequate, and it is possible with clinical examination to obtain valuable medicolegal information on the impairment of physiological functions. The present review of suspected drugged drivers examined in Helsinki in 1969--1972 also supports this view. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Changes in human tissue donor attitudes: 1969-1974.? [/INST] Surveys of various community groups reveals changes in attitudes regarding human tissue donation from 1969 to the present. An overall donor ratio of 67% in 1969 is compared to a donor volunteer ratio of 78% in 1974. Both prospective donors and nondonors rate various organ transplantation procedures more favorably now than in 1969, with nondonors showing a particularly striking rise in evaluation of such procedures. Even transplant operations such as liver or heart, now largely abandoned, are viewed more favorably today. Attitudes concerning giving or receiving of blood occupy a special place in donor regard since both donors and nondonors overwhelmingly favor blood transfusion and do not differ significantly in this respect. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Gastrointestinal complications following renal transplantation.? [/INST] Gastrointestinal complications developed in 29 (6%) of 510 patients following renal transplantation. Thirteen patients (45%) died as a result. Gastrointestinal bleeding, usually considered the commonest complication, was seen in only 7 cases. Other complications included pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia, massive ileus, fistulas with abscesses, bowel infarction, peptic ulcers without bleeding, obstruction, gangrenous cholecystitis, esophagitis, spontaneous perforation of the sigmoid colon, and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Six patients had no clinical or laboratory findings suggesting the underlying gastrointestinal complication; it was the radiographic findings that called attention to the acute problem. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Regulation of coronary blood flow.? [/INST] A very schematic summary of possible factors that affect coronary vascular resistance is illustrated in Fig. 11. These factors are mechanical, myogenic, metabolic, and neural. Mechanical influence is passive and is essentially determined by the extravascular compression which is important only during systole and particularly in the subendocardial layers of the left ventricular myocardium. With respect to the myogenic factor it is controversial whether it plays a role in adjustments of coronary vascular tone. Metabolic processes are possibly integrated at the level of the myocardial cell PO2 which is the resultant of oxygen supply and need, which in turn depend on the myocardial contractile activity as well as other biochemical processes. A decrease in myocardial PO2 gives rise to the release of the vasodilator metabolite adenosine. Nevertheless, other chemical factors (H+, K+, osmolarity) known to be released by the heart (which by themselves are poor and transient coronary vasodilators and whose release does not correspond with changes in coronary resistance) may play a role by modulating the coronary sensitivity to adenosine and other factors. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Chymoral in the treatment of lumbar disc prolapse.? [/INST] Ninety-three patients with lumbar disc prolapse of less than six months duration were treated with Chymoral or an identical placebo in a double-blind study. Those patients given Chymoral exhibited significantly greater improvement of straight-leg raising and received significantly fewer analgesics. However, no difference was apparent with regard to other parameters, and similar numbers from both groups required further therapy. Over-all, the value of Chymoral in the treatment of lumbar disc prolapse seemed little better than a placebo. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Laminate-plasty reconstruction of partial auricular defects A new method.? [/INST] The problems surrounding the reconstruction of partial defects of the external ear are examined, and a new method is presented for the reconstruction of defects of the helix where up to one-half is missing. The operative procedure has the following underlying principles: that for ear to sit naturally there must be an 8-10 mm wide rim of cartilage along the whole periphery; and the three layers of the ear, like layers of veneer, can be seaprated from each other and, as flaps, reconstruct a defect where the donor area of the ear only needs to have two layers. This reconstruction can be carried out ambulatorily, and gives satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Transfixation in cross-leg procedures using Hoffman's instruments. Report of forty-two cases.? [/INST] The Hoffman transfixation equipment for fracture fixation gives simultaneously an excellent fixation of a flap in cross-leg procedures. Because of these favourable results in 42 cases this method for the fixation of the extremities in predicle flap procedures is recommended. It is possible to divide the flaps much earlier than is customary. In this material half of the flaps were divided on the 14th day or earlier. One or two preoperative flap delays are recommended. The method produces safer and faster healing of the flap. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a ten-year review.? [/INST] Twenty-two cases of renal pelvic carcinoma are reviewed, of which nine were squamous cell and 13 were transitional cell carcinomas. No difference in symptoms between the two types was seen except for an increased incidence of a palpable mass and weight loss among patients having the squamous cell variety. Thirteen of the 22 patients have died of renal pelvic carcinoma. Reasons for the low survival rate are discussed. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma with nephroureterectomy and local lymph node dissection is recommended. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Autologous bone marrow transplantation.? [/INST] Bone marrow cells can be aspirated from patients with malignant disorders, stored at low temperatures, and reinfused into the same patient at a later date. In the past, the results of this autologous bone marrow transplantation were equivocal. With the availability of better methods for cryopreservation and more accurate assays for the survival of hemopoietic progenitor cells, there has been a resurgence of interest in this procedure. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Southern thoracic surgery.? [/INST] The different cultures of North and South produced surgeons with subtle but identifiable differences in approaches to thoracic surgery. Some of these factors still represent a strength of the Southern thoracic surgeon, who is, at least spiritually, a descendant of early Southern surgical leaders. Background, contributions, observations, and attitudes of surgeons of the Confederate States of America are examined. Southern thoracic surgeons are urged to demand intellectual accomplishment and scientific achievement, even in the face of a changing, unstable, unpredictable sociopolitical environment of which we have little understanding and even less control. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Amino acid synthetic media for fungal pathogens based on aminopeptidase specificities: Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermititidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Cryptococcus neoformans.? [/INST] The development of simple and chemically defined liquid media for Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Crypto-occus neoformans according to their aminopeptidases profiles as amino acid requirement was described. When 1.5% purified agar was added, these media also supported excellent mycelial growth and sporulation of the deep mycoses. H. capsulatum was converted to and maintained in yeast phase when 0.1% L-cystine was added to the solid medium incubated at 37 degrees C. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Quantitative tissue invasion of the murine brain as a phenotypic marker of strain virulence in Aspergillus nidulans.? [/INST] In this study the extent of fungal invasion in tissues of the target organs (brain, heart and kidney) has been quantitated histologically in DBA/2J mice inoculated intravenously with 3 strains of Aspergillus nidulans of different virulence. This was done to determine the relation between tissue invasion and strain virulence as determined by time-mortality bioassay. It was found that quantitatively tissue invasion by A. nidulans was target organ specific. Relative tissue invasion within each of the tissues examined was dependent on the strain of A. nidulans injected. In the brain a direct relationship between strain virulence and the extent of tissue invasion was found. This relationship was not observed in the other 2 target organs. The observations suggest that an important phenotypic marker of murine virulence in A. nidulans is the relative ability to invade the tissues of the murine brain. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Respiratory care following open heart surgery.? [/INST] Respiratory care of patients undergoing open heart surgery should begin in the preoperative period. Patients must stop smoking, and if obese they are encouraged to lose weight. Pulmonary infection is treated and secretions must be eliminated. Postoperative hypoxemia, which is an expected event following anesthesia and surgery, is aggravated by circulatory instability and pulmonary complications. Following open heart surgery pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, congestion, edema, postperfusion lung, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and hemothorax are common. Respiratory care should be planned to avoid these complications and to treat them promptly should they occur. Routinely every patient is mechanically ventilated for at least 12 to 18 hours following surgery. The type of ventilator used and its parameters are adjusted according to the clinical condition of the patient to maintain adequate oxygenation and to prevent any respiratory acidosis. When indicated, PEEP is applied to improve arterial oxygenation. Respiratory care is extended for at least 5 days after termination of artificial ventilation. Oxygen therapy is given with either a nasal catheter or a mask, according to the patient's need. IPPB and physiotherapy are continued until the patient shows no signs of pulmonary infection and is capable of effectively eliminating secretions. This routine management and extended postoperative respiratory care definitely contribute to the successful outcome of open heart surgery. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Dopamine effects on the pulmonary circulation of innervated and autotransplanted lungs (author's transl)].? [/INST] The effects of dopamine on the pulmonary vascular resistance were investigated in 7 normal and 9 autotransplanted canine lungs during perfusion in situ. Dopamine (up to 13,5 gamma/kg BW, rapid injection) acts as a vasoconstrictor by alpha-receptor stimulation. Vasodilative effects could not be registered neither by very small amounts of dopamine nor during alpha-blockade with phentolamine. No difference could be detected between the vascular reactions of normal and autotransplanted lungs. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Specificity and immunosuppressive potency of a rabbit antimouse T cell-specific antiserum.? [/INST] An attempt was made to prepare a specific heterologous rabbit antimouse T cell antiserum (anti-MTLA) by absorbing rabbit antimouse thymocyte globulin (ATG) with spleen cells from BALB/c TXBM mice. Cytotoxicity data showed that whereas ATG was cytotoxic to both T and B cells, anti-MTLA was highly cytotoxic to only T cells. Whereas spleen cells treated with ATG and complement (C) failed to respond in all assays studied, spleen cells treated with anti-MTLA and C: (1) responded to the B cell mitogens but failed to respond to the T cell mitogens; (2) were able to stimulate allogeneic spleen cells but failed to respond to mixed lymphocyte culture (3) failed to act as T killer cells in the CML reaction but retained their ability to kill antibody-coated target cells; and (4) did not cause a graft-versus-host reaction when injected in allogeneic mice and increased their survival significantly. Furthermore, anti-MTLA was just as immunosuppressive in vivo as ATG in its ability to suppress the immune response to sheep red blood cells and prolong skin allograft survival. Anti-MTLA was found to be different in specificities from anti-theta serum by several points: (1) it was cytotoxic for T cells from both theta-C3H and theta-AKR mice; (2) it was highly immunosuppressive in vivo when compared to anti-theta serum; (3) absorption of anti-MTLA with mouse brain did not decrease the immunosuppressive activity; and (4) rabbit antimouse brain antiserum failed to show any immunosuppressive activity. These data indicate that anti-MTLA is a specific antiserum against a unique marker on T cells distinct from the theta marker. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The role of the spleen in the rejection and enhancement of renal allografts in the rat.? [/INST] As rats were splenectomised up to 7 weeks before or at the time of receiving an (AS times August)F1 kidney allograft. Only 2 of 19 splenectomised recipients rejected their grafts within 12 days, and 14 of the 19 survived for more than 100 days. All 19 splenectomised recipients had a marked and often complete suppression of the lymphocytotoxic antibody response to the graft. In contrast, splenecotomy had no effect in suppressing the rejection of (AS times August)F1 renal allografts transplanted to AS recipients previously immunised with August lymphoid tissue, or in AS recipients of homozygous August renal allografts. Splenectomised recipients could be reconstituted with spleen cells from sensitised but not from normal AS rats. Splenectomy was found neither to augment nor diminish the effectiveness of passive enhancement of (AS times August)F1 or August kidneys in AS recipients. Splenectomy of AS recipients 2 or 4 days after an (AS times August)F1 renal allograft was as effective as pregraft splenectomy in suppressing rejection, but there was a deficiency of long survivors in a group splenectomised 1 day after grafting. A working hypothesis to explain these results is presented, and their clinical relevance is discussed. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The treatment of rejection. A trial of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, and heparin.? [/INST] Serial studies of platelet and fibrinogen survival were performed in 26 nonimmunosuppressed dogs after allogenic renal transplant operations. Treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, and heparin failed to improve the selective platelet destruction which occurred in untreated animals, and it did not improve postoperative longevity. There was a high incidence of postoperative wound and intrarenal hemorrhage after heparin treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that platelet destruction is a consequence rather than the cause of acute graft rejection, and it is concluded that antithrombotic therapy is not of practical benefit in preventing acute rejection. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Enhancement of skin grafts in the mouse. The combined used of specific and nonspecific immunosuppression.? [/INST] Enhancement of skin grafts in mice by passively administered alloantiserum was examined in conjunction with the simultaneous use of other immunosuppressive regimens. It could be clearly shown that when a "weak" antilymphocyte serum (ALS) was used, a significant further prolongation of graft survival occurred over that obtained with the enhancing antiserum alone, and these two separate effects were synergistic. When a "strong" ALS was used, no synergistic effects were apparent unless the enhancing alloantiserum was given almost continuously. A similar, but less impressive synergism was seen when the enhancing alloantiserum and azathioprine were used together. Azathioprine, like ALS, presumably acts on T cells, whereas drugs directed against B cells, such as cyclophosphamide and prednisolone, failed to show any synergistic effect. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Kidney preservation using combinations of Belzer and Collins techniques.? [/INST] A study was designed to test the advisability of using combined Belzer and Collins preservation in kidney-sharing programs. Dogs were randomly assigned to seven groups and no donor pretreatment was used. In group 1, left kidneys were removed from dogs; were flushed with Collins solution; and were autotransplanted immediately. In groups 2 through 7, dog kidneys were preserved for 24 hr using combined techniques. The percentage of Collins preservation included in each group was increased progressively until, in Group 7, Collins alone was used. Contralateral nephrectomies were performed at the time of autotransplantation. Between 4 and 8 dogs survived in each group, yielding 43 6-week survivors. Sixty-six per cent of group 7 animals and greater than 90% of animals in other groups survived 6 weeks after transplantation. Average creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values on days 3,7, and 42 showed a progressive increase in kidney damage from groups 1 through 7. As the percentage of time the kidneys were subjected to Collins preservation was increased, the quality of kidney preservation decreased in a progressive manner. This study suggests that Belzer and Collins techniques can be combined, but superior preservation was obtained when the majority of preservation was on the Belzer apparatus. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Characteristics of specific unresponsiveness toward kidney and skin allografts in adult rats inoculated at birth with allogenic bone marrow or kidney cells across a strong H-1 barrier.? [/INST] Specific unresponsiveness inducible in newborn Lewis (Le) rats by injection of bone marrow or kidney cells from (Bu x Le)F1 hybrids was tested in adults by allografting of skin or kidneys from strongly incompatible Buffalo (Bu) strain donors. High doses of bone marrow cells (10(7) or more) proved quite effective in procuring indefinite survival of subsequent Bu kidney allografts, but not Bu skin allografts. Kidney allografts remained fully functional without modulation of their inherent immunogenicity regardless whether skin allografts were acutely rejected before or after kidney grafting on bone marrow-tolerant recipients. Lower doses of bone marrow cells were either near threshold for induction of specific Bu kidney allograft tolerance (5 x 10(6)) or, conversely, led to increased immunity(1-5 x 106). A strikingly different pattern of reactivity was found in adult Le recipients of Bu skin allografts as shown by only a moderate, but stepwise increase in survival times as a function of increasing allogeneic cell dosage at birth. Allogeneic kidney cells at all doses were surprisingly ineffective in inducing tolerance of either kidney or skin allografts, so the existence of kidney-specific transplantation antigens remains problematical. Lymphocytes from kidney allograft-tolerant recipients showed much reduced but still significant antidonor activity in several tests of cell-mediated immunity in vitro and in vivo. Blocking antibody activity was also demonstrable in these animals. Acquired tolerance (i.e., essential nonreactivity) may not only exist in degrees in either T or B cell pathways but may coexist with specific immunoblocking reactions in a dynamic equilibrium. Instead of tolerance versus enhancement, a new concept of selective specific immunoregulation emerges. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hyperacute rejection of skin allografts in the mouse. Sensitivity of ingrowing skin grafts to the action of alloantibody and rabbit complement.? [/INST] The destructive action of alloantiserum and exogenous complement on ingrowing skin allografts was studied. B6AF1 recipients of a B10.D2 skin graft received a single intravenous injection of B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 serum (antiserum to H-2K.31) together with rabbit complement (RC) within the first 10 days after transplantation. Different models were used: recipients without immunosuppression, recipients treated with antilymphocyte serum, x-irradiation, or enhancing antibody. If the injection was given between day 5 and 10 after grafting, hyperacute rejection occurred in all cases. The rejection seemed to be most violent when the injection was given on days 7 or 8. Injections given on days 1, 2 or 3 after grafting could not induce hyperacute-rejection, but resulted, on the contrary, in a prolongation of graft survival, probably due to immunological enhancement. Injections on day 4 produced patchy necrosis, but the grafts recovered and the residual tissue showed a prolonged survival. The results suggest that the presence of a functioning vascular network is a prerequisite for the occurrence of hyperacute rejection of skin allografts in the mouse. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Surface properties and functional characteristics of infiltrating cells harvested from acutely rejecting cardiac allografts in inbred rats.? [/INST] Viable, functioning effector cells exerting donor specific cytotoxic properties have been removed, with their surface properties intact, from acutely rejecting cardiac allografts in rats to define immunological events occurring within the grafts themselves. Macrophages comprised 15 to 25% of the cells harvested; lymphocytes comprised about 75%. A few polymorphonuclear leukocytes (approximately 5%) were present consistently. Lymphocytes bearing surface Ig, B cells, made up 35 to 47% of the mononuclear cells collected. The remaining lymphocytes were presumptive T cells. The surfact attributes of the infiltrating cells were compared to those of cells from recipient peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes, and to those from isografted controls. Many of the B lymphocytes possessed Fc receptors but were virtually unable to form erythrocyteantibody complement (EAC) rosettes, in contrast to splenocytes which formed approximately 30% EAC rosettes. Specific cytotoxicity against donor alloantigen-bearing cells, as tested in a 51Cr release assay, was shown to be a T cell function by serial fractionation experiments. Peak cytotoxicity of infiltrating T cells occurred early during the rejection process, while that of cells from recipient blood and lymphoid tissues occurred only following complete graft destruction. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (Ab-LMC) was demonstrated following gentle trypsinization or overnight incubation of the cells. Differing effector cell populations could be distinguished by treatment of anti-Ig and complement; direct donor-specific lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was not disrupted by this treatment, while Ab-LMC was abolished. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Renal transplantation in the rat. I. Studies concerning the ureteral anastomosis with special reference to the end-to-end technique.? [/INST] End-to-end anastomosis of the rat ureter over an in-dwelling silastic splint gives good primary results and a low frequency of complications. This technique has been used when reconstructing the ureter in situ and in renal transplantation. </s>
<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Management of children with urinary tract infections: the Stanford experience.? [/INST] Two hundred seventy-eight female children with urinary tract infections have been evaluated at Stanford division of urology. All children were followed up for a period of not less than twelve months. Age of onset of infection, clinical presentation, and nature of infecting organisms were observed. The group consisted of 144 children without ureteral reflux and 134 children with ureteral reflux. Sixty-one of the female children with ureteral reflux had ureteral reimplantation, while 73 received medical treatment alone. A study of infection rates in each of the three groups of children indicated a similar infection rate, although those children with reflux experienced a higher incidence of clinical pyelonephritis. Correction of ureteral reflux did not alter the infection rate; however, infections after surgical correction were generally of a type usually associated with children without reflux. Twenty-nine children had urethral dilatation, and the infection rate prior to and following urethral dilatation indicated a similar rate of infection pre- and posturethral dilatation. One hundred nonrefluxing kidneys were observed radiologically: 97 were normal and 3 showed clubbing and scarring. Of 110 refluxing renal units observed, 62 were clubbed and scarred and 48 were normal. Following surgical correction of reflux, renal clubbing and scarring were not observed in previously normal renal units. Of those renal units found to be abnormal at time of surgery, 66 per cent showed progression of clubbing and scarring after surgical correction of reflux. It was observed that the greater the degree of reflux present, the higher the incidence of renal damage. This study suggests that children who experience recurrent urinary tract infections who do not have ureteral reflux are seldom at renal risk; similar children who do have ureteral reflux are at risk unless the infections are controlled or the reflux either disappears or is corrected surgically. </s>

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