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<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hypothalamic and pituitary function in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.? [/INST] Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been identified as a cause of partial or complete failure of puberty, may be familial and may have other associated abnormalities of hyposmia, intellectual retardation, perceptive deafness, color blindness, skeletal deformities, and gynecomastia. Pituitary function is usually normal with the primary defect believed to be hypothalamic. A twenty-year-old white male with a clinical diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia under-went complete endocrine evaluation with evaluation of the pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) release after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone did occur, but the response was less than that seen in normal controls. Evaluation demonstrated that the pituitary-gonadal axis was intact with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis being defective. Therapy with the synthetic decapeptide (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) is correct theoretically and may be superior to therapy with exogenous gonadotropins. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Use of horseshoe kidney in renal transplantation: technical aspects.? [/INST] The incidence and etiology of horseshoe kidneys and their structural abnormalities are discussed. Previously, patients with horseshoe kidneys have been considered undesirable donors for renal transplantation. Two cases of horseshoe kidney transplantation are presented, apparently, the first reported utilization of such a donor for transplantation, along with important aspects of surgical technique. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Periureteric fibrosis complicating kidney transplantation.? [/INST] Impairment of renal function developed in a kidney transplant recipient three years after the transplant due to ureteric obstruction. At operation this was found to be due to periureteric fibrosis. Ureterolysis was performed with subsequent return of renal function. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Serum lipids during oestradiol-valerate/norgestrel treatment of menopausal women. Double-blind study of a sequential preparation.? [/INST] Thirty-three women aged 38-56 years, all with menopausal complaints, were treated after randomization during three cycles either with oestradiolvalerate/norgestrel suquential therapy or a placebo and then during three cycles with the opposite drug. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glycerol as well as plasma FFA and lipoprotein electrophoresis were studied before the institution of treatment, after each cycle, and 4 weeks after the intake of the last tablet. During the treatment period the triglyceride level was significantly lower than during the placebo period, whereas no changes occurred in other parameters. The decrease was at a maximum after 8 weeks' treatment; 4 weeks after the discontinuation of treatment the levels were as before its institution. It cannot be decided whether the decrease was due to the natural oestrogen or to the gestagen. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Diazepam as a sedative in induced abortion.? [/INST] In 136 patients, who underwent induced abortion by the vacuum curettage method under local anaesthesia (paracervical block), the effect of 10 mg diazepam intravenously as preoperative sedative was investigated for its ability to abolish the subjective experience of pain. The trial was carried out as a paired sample, random, allocation, double-blind, fixed dose trial, and the statistical method was sequential analysis. Thirty-six pairs showed no difference and were excluded. After 32 pairs (24 A preferences and 8 O preferences), diazepam showed a significant superiority to placebo (p less than 0.05) (Fig. 1.) Amnesia for the procedure was reported by about one-quarter of the diazepam-treated patients, and in practically all cases the sedative effect had subsided 1-3 hours after the operation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Influence of absorbed dose and field size on the geometry of the radiation-surgical brain lesion.? [/INST] Specimens from a number of patients locally irradiated in the thalamus for intractable pain with a multiple gamma beam technique have been examined. The geometry of well circumscribed necrotic lesions was ascertained. No correlation was seen between the dimensions of the lesions and the size of the field, 3 mm X 5 mm or 3 mm X 7 mm, within the clinically useful dose range, 16 to 25 krad. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Destruction of small intracranial tumours with 60Co gamma radiation. Physical and technical considerations.? [/INST] The clinical and physical conditions for the destruction of small intracranial tumours by means of multiple gamma beam irradiation are evaluated. The effects of the collimation of the single beam and the spatial distribution of 179 beams on the superimposed three-dimensional dose distribution are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Techniques for selective irradiation of tumours of various types and sizes are discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Errors and uncertainties in external radiation therapy. A system analysis with a cell kinetic model.? [/INST] The relative importance of accurate knowledge and control of various biologic and physical factors in external radiation therapy was estimated with a simple cell kinetic treatment response model for a simulated tumour therapy situation. A set of parameter values was chosen for a reference case so that the calculated probability of zero surviving tumour cells was about 0.5. The parameters were varied, one at a time, over a range that was considered representative with respect to uncertainty in dose calculation, dose delivery and the description of the pertinent patient data. Also parameters in the cell kinetic model were varied. The calculations demonstrated a strong influence on the number of surviving cells from even moderate changes in the parameters which affect the tumour dose. Predictions with regard to curability are heavily dependent on the reliability of the biologic parameters in the model. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Postoperative ventriculitis in infants.? [/INST] Eight consecutive cases of ventriculitis detected and treated during a four year period are reviewed. This complication represented 7.9% of all cases of spina bifida treated surgically, and 5.4% of all shunt precedures performed during the study period. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment did not reduce the incidence of ventriculitis, and in fact seemed to produce resistant strains, which led to difficulties in treatment and a worse prognosis. The presence of an intraventricular foreign body precludes permanent sterilization of the ventricular fluid. Finally, in those cases in which the antibiotic of choice penetrates poorly into the cerebrospinal fluid; intraventricular as well as systemic administration of the drug is indicated. With Gram negative organisms, Gentamicin is currently the drug of choice. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Frank vectorcardiogram in common ventricle: correlation with anatomic findings.? [/INST] The influence on the Frank vectorcardiogram of anatomic features in common ventricle was analyzed by comparison of Frank vectorcardiograms in 51 patients who had common ventricle with those of 36 patients who had large ventricular septal defect, 14 of whom had levotransposition of the great arteries and 22 of whom had dextrotransposition. Frank vector loops in common ventricle differed from those in ventricular septal defect by the frequent occurrence of clockwise horizontal rotation, most common in patients with type C common ventricle (no outflow chamber). There was a statistically significant difference in the amplitude of early forces between patients with common ventricle and those with large ventricular septal defect. The degree of overlap of vectorcardiographic features between the two groups is sufficiently great that the vectorcardiogram has limited usefulness in establishing the diagnosis of common ventricle in any individual patient. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Left ventricular function in ischemic heart disease: assessment by noninvasive techniques.? [/INST] 1. Thirty-two patients (29 men and 3 women), admitted to a coronary-care unit with either acute coronary insufficiency or acute myocardial infarction, had their systolic time intervals and the a/E ratio of the apexcardiogram studied on days 1,2, and 7 of their hospital stay. 2. Only the LVETc and PEP/LVET were found to undergo any statistically significant change. Although all figures were in the abnormal range, they had no discriminative value in individuals. None of the other commonly accepted noninvasive indices or left ventricular function, including the a/E ratio of the apexcardiogram, were found to be of assistance in the early distinction between acute coronary insufficiency and acute myocardial infarction. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The heart in myasthenia gravis.? [/INST] The cardiac changes associated with myasthenia gravis have been reviewed and specific areas explored. There is no doubt concerning the involvement of the myocardium in this disease as indicated by clinical, ECG, vectorcardiographic, and autopsy data. The doubt lies in the precipitating factor for the pathology found. On the one hand the whole picture could be a direct result of the pathologic process of myasthenia gravis. On the other hand the patient with myasthenia gravis, during the natural history of the disease, encounters many iatrogenic and coincidental variables which could influence the nature of the clinical findings and autopsy data. One fact seems reasonably clear: The association of myocardial pathology with thymoma, especially malignant thymoma, is well established for the more severe form of the myocardial disease. Furthermore, the hypothesis that cardiac muscle antibodies give rise to such reactions is attractive, although not fully resolved. If such cases are excluded then there remain others where cardiac pathology could be due to other disease, primarily coronary heart disease, in the older group. In addition, the mode of death of some patients indicates that intercurrent respiratory problems could play a part. Most patients in this group do not seem to have cardiac abnormalities due to the pathologic process of myasthenia. There is in addition a small group where very striking cardiovascular findings suggestive of myocarditis are found. There is not necessarily a thymoma and no other specific etiologic factors can be found. These are rare cases and might still be related to disorders of immune mechanisms. In conclusion it can be stated that, although there is now a considerable body of evidence concerning the heart in myasthenia gravis, the implication of specific pathology for this neuromuscular disorder affecting the heart must be considered, in the traditional Scottish legal sense, as "not proven." </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Electrophysiology and pharmacology of cardiac arrhythmias. VIII. Cardiac effects of diphenylhydantoin. B.? [/INST] DPH is highly effective against both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias resulting from digitalis toxicity and should be considered one of the primary antiarrhythmic drugs in this clinical situation. Clinical studies have indicated that DPH, for the most part, is effective against atrial arrhythmias and not markedly effective against ventricular arrhythmias associated with acute or chronic cardiac disease. For the latter ventricular arrhythmias, DPH is usually considered only after other antiarrhythmic drug therapy has failed. Studies on the mechanisms responsible for the antiarrhythmic effects of DPH are, as yet, inconclusive, There is good evidence that its actions differ from those of the commonly used drugs with local anesthetic effects. The extent to which it exerts direct effects on the heart which are therapeutically relevant remains to be demonstrated; further, there is solid evidence that its effects on the central nervous system may be of prime importance in its antiarrhythmic efficacy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about L-Ascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid in a common cold survey.? [/INST] In a survey of double-bind design, 3 groups of approximately 70 student volunteers took 1 g L-ascorbic acid, 1 g D-isoascorbic acid, or placebo tablets every day for 15 weeks and the incidence and duration of colds were recorded. The group taking D-isoascrobic acid suffered 34% fewer colds than the other two groups; the results were also analyzed in relation to the sex and smoking habits of the volunteers. The rationale for investigating D-isoascorbic acid, an isomer of L-ascorbic acid which has limited antiscorbutic activity, is discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cardiorespiratory, hematological and physical performance responses of anemic subjects to iron treatment.? [/INST] Twenty-nine adult iron-deficient anemis subjects (13 men and 16 women) with hemoglobin levels of 4.0 to 12.0 g/100 ml blood were divided into either an iron treatment or placebo group. Hematological, cardiorespiratory and performance data were collected before, during, and after treatment and compared with data from a control group of subjects (4 men and 6 women) from the same socioeconomic population. Hemoglobin levels for the iron treatment group improved from 7.7 to 12.4 g for the women and from 7.1 to 14.0 g for the men. Values for the control group were 13.9 g and 14.3 g for the women and men, respectively. The placebo group showed virtually no change over the 80-day period (8.1-8.4 g for women and 7.7-7.4 g for men). Peak exercise heart rates (5 min, 40-cm step test) were significantly reduced after treatment from 155 to 113 for the iron treatment men and 152 to 123 for the women compared with the placebo group which showed no changes. Values for the control group were 119 and 142 for the men and women, respectively. In response to the exercise test, no difference in oxygen consumption was found between the iron treatment and placebo group although 15% more O2 was delivered per pulse in the iron treatment group. Blood lactates were significantly highein the placebo than iron treatment group both at rest, 1.18 versus 0.64 mmole/liter, and 1 min after exercise, 5.30 versus 2.68 mmoles/liter. No changes in handgrip or shoulder adductor strength were observed following treatment. These results clearly support the concept that performance requiring high oxygen delivery is significantly affected by hemoglobin levels. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Indirect fluorescent antibody technic for demonstration of serum antibody in dengue hemorrhagic fever cases.? [/INST] One hundred eighty-three sera from two groups of children with dengue hemorrhagic fever and 37 control sera were examined for antibody against dengue virus by an indirect immunofluorescent method. When the reciprocal titer of 16 or higher was used as the diagnostic level, positive tests could be obtained in 80% of Group I and 100% of Group II sera after 3--6 days of fever. Positive tests were obtained in 100% of both groups after the first week of fever. There was no false-positive among the control sera. Preparation of the antigen is relatively easy, and the antigen may be stored for at least 3 months. The immunofluorescent method is rapid and simple, and is recommended for routine detection of serum antibody in dengue hemorrhagic fever. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Mucormycosis in a transplant recipient.? [/INST] Mucormycosis classically occurs in patients who have uncontrolled diabetes who develop rhinocerebral disease. A fatal case of rhinocerebral infection caused by Rhizopus arrhizus in a 53-year-old man who had received a renal homograft three years previously is reported. Only five similar cases have been documented, all since 1970. Although direct smears of the purulent nasal exudate revealed the presence of numerous Gram-negative bacilli, later identified as Haemophilus influenzae, the diagnosis of mucormycosis was made by demonstrating the typical broad, nonseptate branched hyphae in the necrotic tissue obtained by surgical debridement of the paranasal sinuses. Culture of this material revealed growth of mold-like fungus which, upon direct microscopic examination, showed sporangiophores bearing spherical sporangia arising directly from a cluster of root-like structures of rhizoids. Despite the immediate institution of therapy with amphotericin B postoperatively, the patient died 48 hours later. Subsequently, the Rhizopus isolated was shown to be resistant to both amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. The present case and two others stress the importance of an aggressive diagnostic approach to patients suspected of having mucormycosis, because the usual microbiologic technics are frequently, inexplicably, unsuccessful, and possibly even misleading in this disease. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antacid vs placebo in hospitalized gastric ulcer patients: a controlled therapeutic study.? [/INST] Antacids are widely accepted as agents that promote healing and relieve pain of gastric ulcer. Well-controlled studies designed to test this belief are few. 28 patients with endoscopically proven gastric ulcer were treated for 3 weeks in hospital, 13 receiving a liquid placebo and 15 an antacid. All were followed by endoscopy to complete healing or until surgery was performed. 10 patients healed satisfactorily in the placebo group and 11 in the antacid group. All patients were free of pain during their hospitalization. From this study it is concluded that in gastric ulcer patients hospitalized for 3 weeks, the rate of healing of the ulcer and the relief of pain is not influenced by treatment with a standard antacid preparation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Adaptive changes in vitamin B12 absorption in celiac disease and after proximal small-bowel resection in man.? [/INST] Resection of the proximal small bowel is known to cause mucosal hyperplasia and enhanced absorption in the ileum of experimental animals, but similar adaptive changes had not previously been studied in man. Since intrinsic-factor-bound vitamin B12 (IF-B12) absorption is confined to the ileum, as an index of ileal adaptation, we measured whole-body IF-58 Co B12 absorption in 24 control subjects, in 4 patients after proximal small-bowel resection, and in 9 patients with adult celiac disease (where mucosal damage is often limited to the proximal intestine and spares the ileum). Control subjects absorbed 20.4% (+/- 1 SD 6.2%) of the administered 5-mug dose of vitamin B12, while the corresponding 7-day retention values in patients with proximal resection (mean 42.3%; range 32-61%) and in 2 of the 9 celiac patients (44.1% and 54%, respectively), were above the normal range. The increased vitamin B12 absorption in these patients suggest that functional adaptation also occurs in the ileum in man. The results also illustrate the application of a newly developed whole-body counting technique to study vitamin B12 absorption in man. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An outbreak of salmonellosis propagated by person-to-person transmission on an Indian reservation.? [/INST] Between December 21, 1969, and April 14, 1970, 44 symptomatic cases of Salmonella typhimurium gastroenteritis occurred among the approximately 2500 Sioux Indians of the Lake Traverse Reservation in South Dakota. Twenty-five cases were confirmed by positive stool culture. All 19 cases not confirmed by culture had diarrhea and were epidemiologically associated with the culture-proven cases. Fourteen of these were discovered during the course of the investigation and had not been cultured previously. Twelve cases were hospital-acquired and 32 community acquired. Both the nosocomial and community-acquired infections occurred randomly during the 17-week span of the epidemic. Despite extensive investigation, no common exposure was discovered. The hospital-acquired infections all occurred in patients who shared a room or nursing personnel with patients who had active disease, or were born of a woman with active disease at the time of parturition. Twenty-nine of the 32 community acquired cases were linked to each other by person-to-person contact. This epidemic is the first documented outbreak of non-institutional salmonellosis propagated by person-to-person transmission. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Normal chemoreceptor function in obesity before and after ileal bypass surgery to force weight reduction.? [/INST] Ventilatory responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia and rebreathing of carbon dioxide in oxygen were determined in four obese women before and approximately 1 year after ileal bypass surgery to force weight reduction. None of the patients was hypoventilating and all had normal pulmonary function tests. The ventilatory responses to hypoxia were normal before surgery and were not effected by weight reduction. The ventilatory responses to hypercapnia did not change in slope but a shift of the carbon dioxide response line toward a lower arterial carbon dioxide tension occurred in two subjects after weight reduction. We conclude that obesity per se does not necessarily cause loss of hypoxic ventilatory drive. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. A study of the origin of the malignant cell.? [/INST] A highly pure preparation of neoplastic cells from the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was studied for function, membrane characteristics and glucose metabolism. Glass adherence and phagocytosis of small particles (latex and carbon black) were demonstrated with phase contrast microscopy. Staphylocidal activity was similar to that of normal monocytes. Immunofluorescent assays revealed nonspecific uptake of antiserums to immunoglobulins G (IgG), M (IgM), A (IgA) and kappa and kappa and lambda light chains. Rosette assays indicated the presence of receptors for IgG on the surface of all cells but no receptors for complement (C3) or sheep red blood cells. Glucose metabolic studies revealed a pattern that differed from that of normal monocytes or lymphocytes with intermediate values for glycolysis, low hexose monophosphate shunt activity and high Krebs cycle activity. Increments in tritiated (3H)-thymidine uptake and glucose metabolism in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation were minimal (5 per cent of normal lymphocyte values) and no response was noted with pokeweed mitogen stimulation. These findings suggest that the leukemic reticuloendotheliosis cell most closely resembles cells of the monocyte-histiocyte series. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Increased and prolonged LH-RH/FSH-RH activity of synthetic (D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210)-LH-RH-ethylamide in normal women.? [/INST] A synthetic LH-RH analogue (D-Ala6, Des-Gly-NH210)-LH-RH ethylamide exhibited an increased and prolonged LH-RH/FSH-RH activity in normal women. The integrated amounts of LH and FSH levels for this LH-RH analogue were about nine and five times greater than for the same doses of synthetic LH-RH. It is expected that this synthetic LH-RH analogue might yield more positive results than with LH-RH when used in infertility problems. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Change in cell type of human choroidal malignant melanoma in tissue culture.? [/INST] In five cases choroidal malignant melanoma spontaneously converted from epitheloid to spindle cell and vice versa. The cultured epitheloid cells divided more frequently and grew faster than the spindle cells. Cells from one tumor were cloned and developed into a cell line. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Uveitis and reticulum cell sarcoma of brain with bilateral neoplastic seeding of vitreous without retinal or uveal involvement.? [/INST] A 65-year-old woman had been observed for more than four years with bilateral chronic nongranulomatous uveitis and vitreous clouding of unknown cause. Her death was from reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain (microglioma). Both eyes were obtained post mortem. Histopathologic examination revealed malignant cell in the vitreous of both eyes, but no other tumor was demonstrable in the ocular tissues. Reticulum cell sarcoma should be suspected in middle-aged or older persons with chronic unilateral or bilateral uveitis of unknown cause who develop cerebral manifestations during the course of the disease. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The past 25 years of surgery.? [/INST] The past 25 years have seen an explosion in interest and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, especially retinal detachments. This progress has paid high dividends in the prevention of blindness and the clinical care of patients. The major advances during this period are the development of a binocular stereoscopic indirect ophthalmoscope combined with scleral depression, the introduction of a scleral buckling procedure to close retinal breaks, the development of instruments capable of producing controlled focal irritation in the ocular fundus, and the advent of direct surgical removal of the vitreous. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Unintentional filtration after cataract surgery.? [/INST] The eyes of an 81-year-old man were obtained three and ten days after intracapsular extractions had been made through limbal incisions under limbal-based flaps of conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule. The wounds were closed with 7-0 chromic collagen. Before death from bronchopneumonia, the patient developed bilateral filtrations in association with violent coughing spells. In both specimens, the healing processes of the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule were advanced, confining the escaping aqueous humor to the subepithelial tissues of the flap. In contrast, the stromal wounds were still inert in accordance with our earlier observations that these wounds are precariously weak during the first two weeks after surgery. In cataract surgery, flaps including both conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule should be prepared and closed to support the slower healing stromal wound. Prevention of filtrations is not a simple matter of using many sutures. This patient's eyes demonstrated that improperly placed or too tightly tied sutures may be directly responsible for leaking wounds. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunologic study of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis with vestibuloauditory symptoms.? [/INST] We studied four patients with the clinical entity of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms to determine whether immunologic abnormalities play a role in its pathophysiology. There was no evidence of alteration in nonspecific cell-mediated or humoral immunologic status of any of the patients studied. Three of the four patients had W-17, a histocompatibility antigen that occurs in 3 to 10% of the normal population. All four patients had increased cell-mediated immunity against normal allogenic corneal antigens compared to normal control subjects. There seems to be no apparent generalized alteration of the immune system in this syndrome. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Clinical evaluation of adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine in the treatment of ocular herpes simplex.? [/INST] A Double-blind clinical study comparing idoxuridine (IDU) with adenine arabinoside (ara-A) in treating 54 routine herpetic ulcers, and an open ara-A therapy study of 58 herpetic ulcers in patients intolerant of or resistant to IDU, was carried out over a four-year period. There was no significant difference in healing time between IDU-treated eyes (11.5 days) and ara-A-treated eyes (12.4 days) in the double-blind study but there were four moderate to marked adverse reactions to IDU and only two mild reactions to ara-A. In the open-drug study 21 patients who were intolerant of IDU because of allergy or toxicity and 37 patients who had ulcers resistant to or deteriorating on IDU therapy used ara-A up to 192 days without any adverse reaction. Mean healing time was 10.6 days for 49 of 57 patients in the efficacy analysis. Eight patients developed trophic ulcers that responded to soft lens therapy and one was dropped from the study because his initial disease could not be distinguished from severe IDU-induced keratitis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Bacterial endophthalmitis following suture removal after penetrating keratoplasty.? [/INST] Of three cases of bacterial endophthalmitis occurring after removal of corneal sutures following penetrating keratoplasty, two were associated with wound dehiscence and one was not. Factors that may predispose to wound dehiscence and subsequent infection are: use of fine suture material, corticosteroids, and chronic topical antibiotics; early removal of corneal sutures; lack of adherence to strict asepsis prior to and after suture removal; and open suture tracts that may be kept open by incarceration of vitreous strands. Late corneal wound dehiscence may occur with subsequent development of endophthalmitis as long as three days after suture removal. The use of topical antibiotics before and after suture removal may decrease the potential for infection. In addition, early recognition of intraocular infection by the patient and the surgeon for immediate institution of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy may preserve useful vision. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Corneal holder.? [/INST] As a result of the widespread use of M-K (McCarey-Kaufman) medium preserved corneas, as well as other methods of preserving corneas in a viable state, I developed a corneal holder to facilitate the lamellar dissection of previously excised whole human corneas. Consisting of a moderately heavy base, cutting pedestal, scleral rim-sealing sleeve, and retaining ring, the corneal holder is economically manufactured, simple to use, and easily sterilized. Its weight and construction allow unassisted dissection of a lamellar graft of any size. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Research on variation in dental occlusion. A "state of the art" workshop conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program, the National Institute of Dental Research.? [/INST] The following report on assessing research on variation in dental occlusion was based in part on a workshop conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research at the initiative of Richard L. Christiansen, Chief, Craniofacial Anomalies Program. The meeting was planned and developed by Robert J. Isaacson, Chairman, Touro M. Graber, Richard A. Riedel, and Richard L. Christiansen. This report is designed to provide a review of the achievements, directions, and needs of research concerning variations in dental occlusion. The workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, on Nov 22 and 23, 1972. The material presented by the workshop participants has been summarized and incorporated in this report. The subject of research related to the field of malocclusion was discussed in an article published in the American Journal of Orthodontics in January, 1971. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Interstitial therapy suing non-absorbable (Ir192 nylon ribbon) and absrobable (I125 "Vicryl") suturing techniques.? [/INST] Permanent and removable interstitial implantation techniques using absorbable and unabsorbable sutures are described. Most of these techniques can be performed in the clinic easily and quickly with basic instruments: needle holder, needle book, and hemoclips. Specifically, Ir192 (74-4 day half life, 300-610 keV, and 6.0 cm. hvl in tissue) nylon ribbon and I125 (60 day half life, 27-35 keV, and 2.0 cm. hvl in tissue) Vicryl sutures are described. A major advantage of the I125 over the Ir192 see (other than the fact that it can be permanently implanted and needs less radiation protection) is that the patient does not remain highly radioactive for as long a period due to hte extremely low I125 energy and may be allowed to leave the hospital. Both nuclides have the advantage of a long shelf life, making their use practical and economically feasible. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Postoperative astigmatism after penetrating corneal grafts (author's transl)].? [/INST] 232 cases of penetrating grafts from 1961-1972 have been studied. 141 (60%) were evaluated for visual acuity and corneal astigmatism. Since the introduction of the running suture (1966) postoperative complications have markedly decreased, visual acuity is in the average good and even very good. Patients operated for keratokonus however show higher postoperative astigmatism than patients operatedfor other corneal diseases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Clinical picture and morphology of orbital rhabdomyosarcomas in children].? [/INST] The clinical course of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is described in seven male children. A survey of the literature on the subject is given. Particular attention is paid to certain diagnostic problems of this most frequent orbital malignant primary in childhood. An adequate combination therapy which results in cure in more than half of the patients should be employed provided that an exact morphological diagnosis is made; this still causes often great difficulty. Electron microscopy is of great value in distinguishing this type of tumor from other malignancies, including the so-called reticulosarcoma. In comparison with the case material of other authors, there was a relatively high rate of late deaths in our patients. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunological investigations of patients with transplanted cornea.? [/INST] Authors examined the role of the cellular immunity by the method (I) of lymphoblastic transformation in 26 keratoplasty cases. Only in one case did they observe significant blast transformation, in this case the keratoplasty was necessary after injury with lime. In the rest of the cases no positive result were ever obtained. They investigated the cellular immunoreactivity of 10 patients waiting for keratoplasty and 10 cataractous patients against cornea antigen by means (II) of the Leucocyte Migration Test (LMT). The change of the cellular immuno-reactivity against cornea antigen was examined on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after keratoplasty. It could be established that after keratoplasty the LMT became positive (inhibition or stimulation of migration). The results of the LMT investigations obtained on keratoplasty patients by cornea antigen may be of some help for the understanding of the events in the postoperative phase and sometimes also may eventually require immunosuppressive therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunological investigations on patients with transplanted cornea: the role of tissue antigens in keratoplasty.? [/INST] After briefly describing the conceptions of the HL-A antigens and of histocompatibility, the authors give an account of their own retrospective examinations in connection with keratoplasty. Transplantations between identical groups of the ABO-system have a greater probability of ending successfully, if at least 2 HL-A antigens of donor and recipient are identical; this being chiefly important when grafting is carried out into unfavourable, vascularized surroundings. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A comparative study of atropine sulfate and isoproterenol hydrochloride in chronic bronchitis.? [/INST] Fifteen subjects with chronic bronchitis were treated with inhaled atropine sulfate, isoproterenol hydrochloride, or placebo in a double blind crossover trial. Each drug was inhaled 4 times per day for 3 weeks. Baseline forced expiratory flows, specific airway conductance, airway resistnace, and functional residual capacity were measured weekly. These measurements were repeated 15 min and 60 min after laboratory inhalation of each agent, using a separate double blind protocol. No significant differences were observed among the mean baseline function studies during the 3 treatment periods. There were no significant differences in sputum production, sputum thickness, dyspnea, or mouth dryness among the 3 treatment periods. Side effects were mild; isoproterenol treatment was associated with an increased frequency of palpitations, and atropine treatment was associated with difficulty in voiding. Significant increases in lung function were apparent in the measurements made 15 min and 60 min after inhalation of atropine or isoproterenol. Mean values of flow and specific airway conductance increased, and mean values of airway resistance and functional residual capacity decreased after inhalation of either drug. There was no significant difference between the effects of atropine and isoproterenol on lung function, although both differed significantly from the effects of placebo (P less than 0.001). Inhaled atropine sulfate was as effective a bronchodilator as inhaled isoproterenol hydrochloride, and was well tolerated during the 3-week trial of daily therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma.? [/INST] After experimental induction of acute bronchospasm in 8 subjects with clinically stable bronchial asthma, effects of 500 mg of smoked marijuana (2.0 per cent delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on specific airway conductance and thoracic gas volume were compared with those of 500 mg of smoked placebo marijuana (0.0 per cent delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol), 0.25 ml of aerosolized saline, and 0.25 ml of aerosolized isoproterenol (1,250 mug). Bronchospasm was induced on 4 separate occasions, by inhalation of methacholine and, on four other occasions, by exercise on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill. Methacholine and exercise caused average decreases in specific airway conductance of 40 to 55 per cent and 30 to 39 per cent, respectively, and average increases in thoracic gas volume of 35 to 43 per cent and 25 to 35 per cent, respectively. After methacholine-induced bronchospasm, placebo marijuana and saline inhalation produced minimal changes in specific airway conductance and thoracic gas volume, whereas 2.0 per cent marijuana and isoproterenol each caused a prompt correction of the bronchospasm and associated hyperinflation. After exercise-induced bronchospasm, placebo marijuana and saline were followed by gradual recovery during 30 to 60 min, whereas 2.0 per cent marijuana and isoproterenol caused an immediate reversal of exercise-induced asthma and hyperinflation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about T- and B-cell interactions in autoimmune syndromes.? [/INST] We have reviewed briefly some of the individual capabilities of T and B cells and how these can be modified by interactions between the two cell lines. Evidence that T cells have their own distinct receptors for antigens, yet under certain circumstances may bind IgM or IgG produced by B cells, has been particularly emphasized. The probability that B cells, in turn, may bind the antigen receptor of T-cell origin reflects the balanced nature of an intricate communication system in which interactions between antigens, antigen receptors, and binding sites for these receptors all serve to modulate the integrated functioning of T and B cells. It is suggested that this communication system is disturbed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; specifically, it is proposed that defective feedback activity of IgG-antigen complexes on activated T cells may exist in some patients and could result in unchecked and harmful T-cell activity in the joint. Therapeutic implications of this idea are mentioned. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lymphokines in rheumatoid synovitis.? [/INST] In antigen-induced experimental arthritis of rabbits, a macrophage migration inhibitory factor was released from the inflamed synovial tissues. A migration inhibitory factor, blastogenic factor, and B-cell-stimulating factor were also found in human rheumatoid synovial fluids and culture supernatants of rheumatoid tissue explants. Joint fluids from patients with inflammatory conditions other than RA sometimes also displayed these activities. OA fluids were usually inactive. At present, little is known of the origin or role in vivo of the lymphokine-like activities observed in the joints of rheumatoid patients. In related experiments, injection of lymphokine-rich antigen-free lymphocyte supernatants into normal rabbit knee joints produced a synovitis characterized by lining layer hyperplasia and infiltration of the sublining layer by macrophages. The lymphocytic and plasmacytic components seen in active antigen-induced synovitis were absent. It seems likely that some of the changes observed in active chronic synovitis are mediated by soluble factors of the lymphokine variety. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Physiologic and pharmacologic alterations of rat leukocyte chemotaxis (Cx) in vivo.? [/INST] The method of adoptively transferring 51Cr-labeled rat leukocytes iv to isologous recipients was used to quantitate the extravascular accumulation of specific cell types at the site of inflammation induced by local injection of various phlogistic agents. Experiments were designed to determine whether cellular accumulation could be modified at the level of the chemotactic factor, by serum components, or by alteration of the responding cell itself. The results indicated a selective attraction of mononuclear cells to the local injection site of BCG and of neutrophils to the injection site of aggregated but not monometric gamma-globulin. Thus, leukocytic accumulation was found to be dependent upon the local generation of specific reactants that were particular to the agent employed. Leukocytic accumulation could also be modified by serum factors. Cellular accumulation was inhibited when leukocytes were exposed to serum that contained phagocytosable particles or after phagocytosis in vitro prior to adoptive transfer. Chemotaxis of lymphocytes could be induced by their preincubation with sera from adjuvant arthritic animals. These observations were confirmed by in vitro studies and by the finding that 6 days after adjuvant injection , lymphocytes but not mononuclear cells accumulated at the noninjected extremity. In the final series of experiments, it was shown that BCG immunization was capable of inducing a unique population of peritoneal mononuclear cells that after adoptive transfer had an enhanced capacity to remain in the circulation, which, in turn, resulted in a functional increase in their accumulation at an inflammatory reaction site. In conclusion, these studies indicated that the chemotactic activity of adoptively transferred cells can be modified by changes in the chemotactic stimuli, can be enhanced or depressed by serum factors, and is a function of the physiologic capability of the cell population employed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Activation of the complement and properdin systems in rheumatoid arthritis.? [/INST] The classic (C1, C4, and C2) and properdin factors (D, C3b, and B) of complement generate C3 convertases that are capable of cleaving C3 and subsequently activating C5-C9. Both C1 and factor D are serine esterases, and both convertases undergo decay and regeneration. In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, where intraarticular activation of the classic early components (C1, C4, and C2) by immunoglobulin complexes appears to predominate, findings of relative depressions in synovial fluid levels of factor B indicate recruitment of the amplification loop (D, C3b, and B), and relative declines in properdin levels suggest activation of the properdin pathway as well. Quantitative analysis of the complement system in disease states requires several different approaches: measurement of function and antigenic concentration to assess the functional integrity of the protein; determination of component metabolism to appreciate the relative contributions of hypercatabolism and hyper- or hyposynthesis to the plasma level; and for compartmentalized disease, measurement of the component in the appropriate biologic fluid and determination of local tissue synthesis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of ovine hydatid cyst fluid on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in sheep.? [/INST] Rupture of the hydatid cyst in man brings about mild to severe toxic reactions including death. The present study was undertaken to investigate some of the responses resulting from administration of the ovine hydatid fluid to the sheep, which, like man, is an intermediate host of the Echinococcus granulosus. In 50 sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized sheep, the arterial blood pressure (A.B.P.), central venous pressure (C.V.P.), respiration and electrocardiogram were recorded. Intraveonus administration of 5-10 ml hydatid fluid brought about moderate to severe fall in A.B.P. and rapid respiration with or without transient apnea or permanent repiratory cessation in 80 percent of the animals. Fifty percent of the sheep died of circulatory and respiratory failure after the first injection of the hydatid fluid. Boiled hydatid fluid did not lose its potency to evoke the above responses. Pretreatment of the aminals with atropine sulfate, 0,5 mg/kg subcutaneously, did not block the reactions. Administration of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, 4 mg/kg intravenously, caused partial prevention of the reactions in 6 out of 10 responsive sheep. The cardiovascular and respiratory responses to ovine hydatid fluid may be due to antigen-antibody reactions or some toxic component of the fluid. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Diffusion of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from susceptibility disks into agar medium.? [/INST] The standard practice of using a single susceptibility disk for the antimicrobial combination Septra (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) has been further justified by a direct measurement of the diffusion rates of each compound through agar medium. [(14)C]trimethoprim and [(35)S]sulfamethoxazole, singly and in combination, were applied to blank susceptibility disks which were incubated on 4-inch (10.16-cm) agar plates (Mueller-Hinton medium) at 37 C. The migration of each compound from the disk and diffusion through agar were measured with time by determining the radioactivity in concentric zones extending from the origin. The two compounds diffuse with similar rates, maintaining approximately a 1:20 concentration ratio which is approximately the ratio of trimethoprim to sulfamethoxazole observed in plasma during treatment. The diffusion rate is independent of the presence of the other compound; greater than 95% of the radioactivity is transferred from the disk to the agar in 24 h. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Activity of minocycline against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (syn. Herellea vaginicola) and Serratia marcescens.? [/INST] The activity of minocycline and tetracycline against 23 isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (syn. Herellea vaginicola) and 178 strains of Serratia marcescens was determined by disk and microdilution methods. The results indicate that minocycline is highly active against this species of Acinetobacter, all but one strain being inhibited by 0.007 mug of the antibiotic per ml. Tetracycline was also active, though to a lesser degree, against A. calcoaceticus. Of the 178 strains of S. marcescens tested, only seven (3.9%) had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mug or less of minocycline per ml. Tetracycline was less active than minocycline against S. marcescens; with 2 mug of tetracycline per ml, only 2 of 152 (1.3%) strains were inhibited. At concentrations of 8 and 16 mug of minocycline per ml, which can be achieved in the urine with the usual doses, 44.9 and 63.5% of S. marcescens strains were inhibited, which implies its possible usefulness for the therapy of urinary tract infection due to this organism. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Bacteriocinogenic Clo DF13 minicells of Escherichia coli synthesize a protein that accounts for immunity to bacteriocin Clo DF13: purification and characterization of the immunity protein.? [/INST] Cloacin DF13 inhibits protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro by inactivation of ribosomes. In this paper we describe the purification, from purified bacteriocinogenic plasmid DF13 (Clo DF13)-harboring minicells of Escherichia coli, of an acidic protein (molecular weight about 10,000) that prevents the inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by cloacin DF13. It turned out that this protein is one of three Clo DF13 plasmid-specific polypeptides that are synthesized by the noninduced Clo DF13 plasmid in minicells. Furthermore, we observed that, after induction with mitomycin C, the amount of immunity protein is only slightly increased, whereas the cloacin DF13 synthesis is increased about 40 times. These results imply that the genes that code for immunity protein and cloacin DF13 are not located in the same regulatory unit. Under noninduced conditions, apparently an excess of immunity protein is synthesized, because this amount of immunity protein is even sufficient to neutralize the strongly increased amount of cloacin after induction, since growth of induced cloacinogenic cells is continued. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Bacteriocinogenic Clo DF13 minicells of Escherichia coli synthesize a protein that accounts for immunity to bacteriocin Clo DF16: action of the immunity protein in vivo and in vitro.? [/INST] The Clo DF13 plasmid-specific immunity protein is able to prevent the inhibitory effect of cloacin DF13 on in vitro protein synthesis. We have shown, by gel filtration, that direct binding of the Clo DF13 immunity protein to cloacin occurs in vitro. This cloacin DF13-immunity protein complex is rather stable, and the cloacin present in the complex is no longer able to cause inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis. The binding of immunity protein to cloacin DF13 is rather specific because the Clo DF13 immunity protein does not bind to in vitro inactive cloacin and binds very poorly to the closely related bacteriocin colicin E3. Furthermore, we present data which strongly suggest that in vitro at least a fourfold excess of immunity protein is required to ensure that every cloacin molecule is inactivated by cloacin-immunity protein complex formation. Only a fraction (an about equimolar amount) of the immunity protein molecules, however, actually binds to cloacin DF13. The existence of an immunity protein-cloacin complex in vivo was concluded from the observation that cloacin, purified by chromatography on diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)-aminoethyl Sephadex in the absence of urea, contains an about equimolar amount of a second protein which comigrates with immunity protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide and urea-polyacrylamide gels. In an in vitro protein-synthesizing system, this component appeared to behave identical to the Clo DF13 immunity protein. The purified immunity protein-containing cloacin was at least 80 times less active in inhibiting in vitro protein synthesis, compared to cloacin, free of immunity protein. These data imply that few, if any, cloacin DF13 molecules are present in cloacinogenic cells as active, free cloacin molecules. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Survival of frozen mycoplasmas.? [/INST] Cooling to -70 C killed a higher percentage of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri cells than cooling to -20 C. However, to preserve cell viability for prolonged periods storage at -70 C was much more preferable. The percentage of cells surviving freezing could be increased by increasing the initial cell concentration or by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol as cryoprotective agents. In the presence of 1.5 M of any one of these agents survival rates of up to 100% could be obtained. The optimal cooling rates for maximal survival of A. laidlawii under the experimental conditions tested were 11 C/min for cooling to -20 C and about 15 C/min for cooling to -70 C. Increasing the warming rate during thawing from 0.6 to 67 C/min increased survival by 3 log. Oleic acid enrichment of A. laidlawii membrane lipids, or reduction in the cholesterol content of M. mycoides var. capri membranes, increased the percentage of organisms surviving freezing. Hence, the composition of membrane lipids appears to have a marked influence on the susceptibility of mycoplasmas to freezing injury. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Comparative effects of anesthetics on the viability and integrity of Escherichia coli ML30.? [/INST] Cells of Escherichia coli ML30 in a mineral salts medium were exposed to dichlorodifluoromethane (f-12), cyclopropane, halothane, or Ethrane at concentrations of 1.25, 0.2, 0.04, and 0.008 X saturation for times up to 1,200 min, and at temperatures in the range of 2 to 37 C. When any of these anesthetics were applied for 300 min at 1.25 X saturation, a substantial decrease in number of survivors occurred. Halothane was most bactericidal, cyclopropane and Ethrane were moderately bactericidal, and t-12 was least bactericidal. At saturation values of less than 1.0, none of the four anesthetics had an appreciable effect on viability of E. coli. Greatest increases in cell permeability occurred when anesthetics were used at saturation values of 1.25, and permeability changes generally decreased as the concentrations of the chemicals were reduced. In many instances, anesthetics in the vapor state caused significant increases in cell permeability but little or no loss of viability. This indicated that a close relationship did not exist between loss of viability and increased permeability. All four anesthetics caused E. coli to lose substantial and similar amounts of compounds absorbing at 260 nm. Release of compounds absorbing at 260 nm generally increased as the saturation value of a given chemical was increased. Halothane, Ethrane, and cyclopropane but not f-12 caused lysis of E. coli ML300. Considering all results, E. coli ML30 was damaged more by halothane or cyclopropane than by f-12 or Ethrane. When f-12 was applied at a saturation value of 1.25, the bactericidal effect on E. coli was much greater at 37 or 22 C than at 12 or 2 C. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antibodies against enteric bacteria in brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus, LeSueur) inhabiting contaminated waters.? [/INST] Brown bullhead catfish were collected from sewage- and acid mine waste-polluted waters in an attempt to detect antibodies against human enteric bacteria in their sera and to investigate the association of antibody response with environmental conditions. Agglutination antigens prepared from isolates obtained from water collected at the same locations as the fish habitats were used to demonstrate such antibodies. The results showed large percentages of reactive sera for common isolates such as Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae as well as lesser incidences of antibodies to other, less common isolates. In general, fish with the highest titres were collected from habitats with higher coliform counts. Acid mine drainage reduced the total coliform counts, but did not appear to affect the titers of sera from fish collected from water so affected. It was concluded that the bottom-feeding catfish might be a better subject for the study of fish as an ecological indicator of fecal pollution in acid-polluted waters. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Principal component analysis of infraspecific variation in bacteria.? [/INST] In certain types of ecological investigations it may be desirable to investigate infraspecific variation in bacteria. Principal component analysis is demonstrated to be satisfactory for this purpose. Hypothetical bacterial populations were used to show that such analysis can be used to compare collections of bacterial isolates taken at different times or from different sources. Alternatively, given n isolates, whether they represent a single bacterial population can be determined. The method is applied to authentic collections of bacteria in three separate analyses. The results are compatible with current taxonomic tenets. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Total rinse method for microbiological sampling of the internal cavity of eviscerated broiler carcasses.? [/INST] A method is described for spray-rinse sampling the entire visceral cavity of broiler chicken carcasses for microbiological analyses. The method is designed to provide a more comprehensive sample than swabbing or excision of small areas. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Immunologic phenomena in herpes gestationis.? [/INST] Immunofluorescence findings are of diagnostic significance in herpes gestationis. The studies in two cases demonstrated some complement components (chiefly C3 and C4, but no C(1q)), without immunoglobulins at the basement membrane zone and with no circulating anti BMZ antibodies. In one case IgG were found at the BM zone in one biopsy specimen, but were not demonstrable in several other biopsies. The IF findings seem to indicate both the alternate and classical pathways of complement activation, and speak in favor of a relation between herpes gestationis and bullous pemphigoid, in which sometimes the immunoglobulins are also not demonstrable and the immunofluorescent pattern is very much like that of herpes gestationis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Long term studies of pancreas transplantation in experimental diabetes mellitus.? [/INST] Alloxan diabetes was induced in inbred rats that then were divided into four groups consisting of unoperated diabetic controls, sham-operated diabetic controls, rats given pancreaticoduodenal isografts, and rats given duct-ligated pancreas isografts. The animals were studied for from 18 months (controls) to two years (transplants) and the following important results were obtained: 1) In striking contrast to the diabetic controls, pancreas transplants of both types produced immediate and permanent relief of hyperglycemia, immediate and lasting elevation of serum insulin levels, a normal weight and growth curve, and good health for two years. Removal of the graft was followed by recurrence of severe diabetes. 2) Pancreas transplants of both types prevented the widespread and severe renal, ophthalmic and neural lesions of diabetes that were found in the diabetic controls. 3) The duct-ligated pancreas graft and pancreaticoduodenal transplant were equally effective in controlling diabetes. Ligation of the pancreatic duct was not followed by significant morphologic or clinical evidence of pancreatitis or by loss of endocrine function. 4) Portal venous drainage of the pancreas transplant was unnecessary for good endocrine function. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about New surgical concepts resulting from cranio-orbito-facial surgery.? [/INST] The authors have defined the subspecialty of craniofacial surgery and described the organization of the multi-disciplinary team required to care for such patients. Common features of the craniofacial patient have been summarized and three major categories of patients have been proposed. These are: I. Syndromes associated with hypertelorism; II. Syndromes associated with premature synostoses or growth arrests; III. Syndromes associated with primarily mid- and lower face anomalies. Growing out of an experience with 242 operations on 106 patients, the authors have listed 9 relatively new surgical "principles." Each has led to a current surgical approach that is now being employed by the craniofacial team at The University of Virginia. A number of examples are given to show ways in which the lessons learned from the craniofacial patients are now being applied, with improved results, to patients with neoplasms, traumatic injuries, or other conditions. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Correction of the transposition of the great arteries.? [/INST] Inversion of the atrial flow in transposition of the great arteries is achieved in the following way: the remaining atrial septum is detached from behind, leaving it as a flap between both AV-valves. The incision is continued into the coronary sinus and the Vena magna cordis to the base of the left atrial appendage along the mitral ring. The resulting flap from the split coronary sinus is sutured to the left atrial wall in front of the left side pulmonary veins, thus forming a septum dorsal to the caval veins, diverting the left pulmonary venous blood to the right side. The atrial septal flap is reattached in front of the caval vein orifices. In 50 cases a small Dacron patch was used to complete the midportion of the new septum. Six patients died and so far we have encountered one superior Vena cava stenosis and one pulmonary vein stenosis. In 16 patients completion of the midportion of the new atrial septum was done with a partially excised flap from the right atrial wall still attached to the Vena cava inferior. This method resulted in 3 operative deaths. In 42 of 58 survivors the ECG has been repeatedly controlled 3 months to 6 years postoperatively. Thirty-six of the 42 patients have sinus rhythm, 4 vary between nodal and sinus-rhythm and 2 have a total AV-dissociation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Complications of pulmonary resection.? [/INST] The following complications of pulmonary resection are discussed with reference to their frequency of occurrence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment: pulmonary insufficiency, arrhythmias, residual intrapleural air spaces, prolonged air leaks, postpneumonectomy empyema, bronchopleural fistula, cardiac herniation, lobar gangrene, esophagopleural fistula, pulmonary embolism, and tumor embolism. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Pulmonary artery pressure and lung water during extracorporeal circulation in experimental pulmonary insufficiency.? [/INST] Use of the membrane oxggenator has been advocated in the management of severe respiratory insufficiency. We have compared this method to conventional therapy in an experimental model in which 23 dogs were subjected to aspiration with 0.1 N HC1 and 18 were supported with a volume respirator and positive end-expiratory pressure or placed on partial bypass using a membrane oxygenator for 12 to 24 hours. Adequate oxygenation (POX greater than 100 mm Hg) was achieved with the membrane oxygenator. The increase in lung weight during conventional therapy was significantly greater than during membrane oxygenator support. Extracorporeal support during recovery from severe pulmonary injury allows pulmonary artery pressure to be controlled and reduces the expected increase in lung water. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cryptococcal meningitis: diagnostic value of cryptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid.? [/INST] In three previously reported cases of cryptococcal meningitis, the only laboratory evidence for this diagnosis was the presence of cryptococcal antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Three additional patients had chronic meningitis and repeatedly negative CSF cultures and had cryptococcal antigen demonstrated in the CSF. In our patients, the diagnosis was further supported by the complete recovery after amphotericin B therapy in two and the demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans in the meninges at autopsy in the third. In certain patients with chronic meningitis, the detection of cryptococcal antigen in the CSF may be the only means of establishing a diagnosis during life. In such patients, if cryptococcal antigen is present in the CSF in a titer of larger than or equal to 1:8, antifungal therapy should be initiated, pending results of other diagnostic studies. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [The influence of the antivitamine pyrithiamine on the metabolism of the thiamin-autotrophic Serratia marcescens].? [/INST] A new method is described for the quantitative microbiological analysis of the thiamine analog pyrithiamine present in biological material. The method uses a mutant of Lactobacillus fermenti (ATCC 9338) stimulated by pyrithiamine. By this specific method it is found that Serratia marcescens is able to consume and to phosphorylate the antivitamine (presumably to pyrithiamine monophosphate). The uptake of the analog influences neither the generation time of Serratia marcescens nor the biomass of the culture, nor the total amounts of carbohydrate and protein within the cells. On the contrary, pyrithiamin stimulates the exponential death-rate k and decreases the quantity of neutral fats. The carbon source glycerol is consumed at a higher rate, which is paralleled by an increased total amount of pyruvate as well as by an increased biosynthesis of acetoin. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Glucocorticoid and antibiotic effect on experimental gram-negative bacteremic shock.? [/INST] This study was designed to answer the three following questions: (1) Are glucocorticoids as protective in Gram-negative bacteremic shock as they are in endotoxic shock? (2) Is there any difference in efficacy between a bacteriostatic and a bactericidal antibiotic in bacteremic shock? (3) Does the combination of glucocorticoid with antibiotic potentiate the individual protective effects of both? Bacteremia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intravenous injection of viable Escherichia coli. The results showed that dexamethasone sodium phosphate alone afforded significant protection against Gram-negative bacteremic shock up to eight hours after challenge. The choice of a bactericidal vs a bacteriostatic antibiotic did not influence the survival rates in this study. The survival rate was maximal when dexamethasone was used with both ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Low-dose heparin in postoperative patients: a prospective, coded study.? [/INST] One hundred five patients over age 40 undergoing various major operations were randomly divided into control and treated groups; all were treated by subcutaneous injection containing either 5,000 international units aqueous heparin sodium or a placebo one hour prior to operation and every 12 hours thereafter for eight days. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was detected by daily -125I-fibrinogen injection and leg scanning, and confirmed by ascending phlebography. Both groups were comparably distributed by age, sex, variety of operation, incidence of previous thromboembolism, and myocardial and cerebrovascular disease. Blood loss was not increased in the treated group. Incidence of DVT was 8.6 percent for the total group, 7.5 percent in the heparin-tested group (four of 53), and 9.6 percent in the control group (five of 52), including one control patient with a normal scan (who later had a pulmonary embolus. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The leukocyte aggregation test: immunodiagnostic applications and immunotherapeutic implications for clinical renal transplantation.? [/INST] The leukocyte aggregation test (LAT) detects the in vitro adhesion of sensitized, but not nonimmune, recipient leukocytes onto donor kidney cell monolayers. The test specifically detects cell-mediated homograft immunity up to 15 days prior to the appearance of clinical signs or alteration of chemical indexes. The presence of a positive reaction always signified incipient homograft rejection, which was usually controlled by intravenously administered, high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) therapy. There was no instance in which methyl-prednisolone treatment effectively reversed rejection in the presence of a negative leukocyte aggregation test. One common form of homograft rejection may be characterized by positive LAT results, a cellular infiltrate on the renal biopsy specimen, and sensitivity to methylprednisolone therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Caudal vertebro-medullary dysrhaphia. Intra-sacral forms].? [/INST] The mean theories of the sacral spinal dysraphisms are reviewed and 4 cases of "meningeal intrasacral diverticulum" are reported. The authors prefer this term to the more common "intrasacral occult meningocele". The proeminent symptom in their cases was late vesical incontinence, which disappeared after surgery. In the pertinent literature 24 similar cases were described till now. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Use of the Lombard response in cases of hysterical aphonia.? [/INST] Lombard is best known for his work on the effect of noise on vocal intensity. In 1917, he applied this concept to the treatment of hysterical aphonia and described the procedure he used in a military publication. He suggested that a masking noise will interfere with the auditory monitoring system sufficiently that the patient will not be aware he has regained use of phonation. Removal of the noise from the patient's ears confirms the return of phonation, and the aphonia disappears. Credit is given to Lombard for this pioneering effort, and suggestions for present-day clinical use are made. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Changes in the composition of a nickel-base partial denture casting alloy upon fusion and casting.? [/INST] Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel-base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed for melting the alloy, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third an oxy-acetylene torch. In each series the same metal was cast sequentially five times, following which samples of the alloy were subjected to a ten element quantitative analysis to ascertain compositional changes associated with the three methods of fusion. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effects of remelting on the mechanical properties of a nickel base partial denture casting alloy.? [/INST] Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third, an oxy-acetylene torch. In each series the same metal was cast sequentially a number of times and all test pieces so produced were subjected to mechanical testing. The mechanical properties were found to vary according to both the number of times the alloy was cast and the method of heating used to render the alloy molten. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The pulpless abutment.? [/INST] The use of preformed metallic anchorages inserted in satisfactorily treated teeth for increased stabilization and retention in complete and partial dentures is demonstrated. An additonal advantage is the retention of proprioceptive guidance in mastication with complete dentures. A number of clinical examples are illustrated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Microporosity in casting alloys.? [/INST] Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third an oxy-acetylene torch. Samples from each series were sectioned longitudinally, mounted, polished and examined microscopically for evidence of microporosity. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Periodontal treatment requirements of a group of defence forces' personnel.? [/INST] The periodontal treatment requirements of 187 Royal Australian Air Force men aged 18-54 years based on clinical signs and symptoms were assessed. Every man required some treatment; 60 per cent needed surgery in one or more segments of the mouth. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Papillary necrosis in renal allografts--report of 2 cases.? [/INST] Two patients are reported in whom early and irreversible renal allograft rejection was associated with passage of necrotic papillary material in the urine. Evidence is presented for a causal relationship between rejection and medullary necrosis. Passage of a papilla is regarded as a definite indication for graft exploration. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Aortic valve replacement following cadaver renal transplantation.? [/INST] Acute bacterial endocarditis producing aortic incompetence developed in a patient undergoin haemodialysis. Subsequent cadaver renal transplantation and aortic valve replacement has proved successful. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cold agglutinin formation in patients undergoing haemodialysis. A possible relationship to dialyser re-use.? [/INST] Cold agglutinins with anti-N characteristics were shown to develop in as short a time as four months in patients on home dialysis. It appeared that the development of such antibodies is related to dialyser re-use. Those who were treated without re-using their dialyser did not develop these antibodies. Anti-N may cause early graft failure associated with agglutination in a cold allograft. Moreover, if these antibodies develop in patients on dialysis there may be problems with extracorporeal dialysis and blood transfusion. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The pituitary-testicular response to luteinising hormone releasing hormone administration to normal men.? [/INST] The response of the pituitary and testis in normal men to the injection of LH-RH has been studied using single intravenous doses of either 25 mug or 100 mug. Serum LH levels rose with both doses but significant elevation of plasma testosterone was evident only following 100 mug of LH-RH. Though testosterone levels were elevated within 60 minutes, peak responses occurred from 4-12 hours post-injection. The rise in serum FSH levels was small or absent at 25 mug but was clearly present following 100 mug LH-RH, in general rising more slowly than LH levels but persisting for a longer period. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Regulation of normal hemopoiesis in the acute leukemia L5222.? [/INST] Normal hemopoiesis becomes markedly depressed in rats during the development of the rat leukemia L5222. Whether this could be due to the influence of a circulating humoral factor was investigated by comparing the growth of normal bone marrow cells in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of normal or leukemic hosts. Similar growth in total cell numbers was observed in both groups of hosts, and no significant difference could be detected between them. In an attempt to exclude the possibility that an inhibitor either did not penetrate to the peritoneum or was inactivated by the chamber membrane, normal serum, or serum from a highly leukemic rat was mixed with the bone marrow cell suspension in the chambers. Again, no difference in growth between the 2 groups could be detected. Therefore, the influence of a circulating humoral factor in the depression of normal bone marrow hemopoiesis in this experimental leukemia seems to be ruled out, and the decrease may be attributable to local events in the bone marrow such as short-range factors or cellular interaction between the leukemic and normal hemopoietic cell populations. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Murine and human leukemias.? [/INST] Essentially all the drugs which are active against human leukemias and lymphomas are active against one type or another of the rodent leukemias and lymphomas. Leukemia L1210 has been generally the most successful screening tool for clinically active compounds. Leukemia P388, however, seems to be better in detecting active antibiotics and natural products and P1534 is particularly sensitive to the Vinca alkaloids, while L5178Y, EARAD, and 6C3HED are useful in detecting the activities of various asparaginase containing fractions. Cell cultures of these leukemias can demonstrate mechanism of drug action and quantitate resistance. Spontaneous AKR leukemia is a model of the advanced human disease. In these leukemias vincristine and prednisone produce a 4 log cell kill. Cytoxan and arabinosyl cytosine (Ara-C) are also effective. On the other hand drugs such as mercaptopurine (6MP) and methotrexate which are highly active in the maintenance phase of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and in L1210 have little or no activity against the AKR spontaneous system. Mouse leukemias can also detect schedule dependence, synergistic combinations, cross resistance, oral activity, and the ability of drugs to pass the blood brain barrier. A case in point is the Ara-C analog 2,2'-anhydro-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (AAFC) which is not schedule dependent, is active orally, is potentiated by thioguanine, and is effective against intracerebrally inoculated mouse leukemia. AAFC and its analogs might thus be a considerable improvement over Ara-C which is at the present time the most important component of the combination treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A preliminary report on the effects of methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER) on cancer patients.? [/INST] Twenty-seven patients with malignant neoplasia were injected intradermally with the methanol extraction residue (MER) fraction of tubercle bacilli. Two schedules of treatment were used: every other week and once a month; 1-10 courses of MER were administered to the patients. The skin reactivity to 3 recall antigens, as well as to the injected MER itself, was used to monitor the immune response. Improvement of skin reactivity occurred in 9 of 18 patients tested with recall antigens. Five of 6 patients treated every other week improved in their immune capacity whereas only 4 of 12 patients improved on the monthly schedule. Thus, repeated injections given every other week were more effective in increasing the cutaneous reactivity than monthly injections of MER. The side-effects of MER treatment were tolerable. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Historical evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of pseudoxanthoma elasticum.? [/INST] Re-examination of published data from affected families with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) described in the literature between 1896 and 1968 supported the concept of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. There was clinical evidence for two autosomal dominant and one recessive type, although only a single patient with recessive type II was described. Examination of the individual pedigrees supported both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance. The pooled genetic data were less helpful because they were so highly selected. (They had been reported in the literature.) Even so the dominant type II data fitted the hypothesis, whilst the type I and recessive groups were near the expected values. The clinical properties of the groups corresponded closely to the recent British (Pope, 1973) survey. In general, the dominant type I group showed classical cutaneous changes, vascular complications were common and the chief ophthalmic complication was a severe choroidoretinitis. The dominant type II group, in contrast, has an atypical macular rash, or sometimes no rash at all, no vascular complications and very mild retinal changes. Choroidoretinitis was rare and peau d'orange patterns and prominent choroidal vessels common. The recessive group was of intermediate severity. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Erythropoietic protoprophyria--submicroscopic events during the acute photosensitivity flare.? [/INST] The immediate response of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) skin to long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was studied with the electron microscope. The main finding was severe vascular injury. This was confined to the superficial vessels of the dermis and consisted of endothelial cell degeneration and a pronounced leakage of vascular contents. In contrast, the epidermis showed no abnormalities. Short-wave UV irradiation of EPP skin resulted in epidermal changes typical for the usual sunburn reaction and spared the dermal blood vessels. The following conclusions are drawn: (i) Endothelial cells are the primary cellular target for the photodynamic reaction in EPP. (ii) The fibrillar material, characteristic for chronic EPP lesions, originates from the vessels and vascular contents. (iii) The multilayered basement membranes observed in such lesions reflect multiple consecutive reparative processes that follow endothelial injuries. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Reactions to aspirin and food additives in patients with chronic urticaria, including the physical urticarias.? [/INST] In 131 patients with chronic urticaria, including physical urticarias, oral provocation tests were done with aspirin. A total of thirty-one patients showed a reaction on aspirin challenge. Reactions were seen in 35% of patients with idiopathic urticaria, 52% of patients with cholinergic urticaria, and 43% of those with pressure urticaria. The patients with reactions to aspirin were also tested with tartrazine, sodium benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium- and phenyl salicylate and the analgesics indomethacin, paracetamol and mefanamic acid. In nineteen of twenty three aspirin sensitive patients, positive reactions to one or more of these substances were observed. Indomethacin and tartrazine had the highest scores. There was no statistically significant correlation between aspirin reactions and the presence of nasal polyposis, sinusitis, asthma or atopy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about One hundred twin pairs patch tested with primary irritants.? [/INST] The cutaneous sensitivity to benzalkonium chloride, sodium lauryl sulphate and potash soap was determined in 54 monozygotic and 46 dizygotic twin pairs. Comparing the intra-pair reaction strength a higher degree of concordance was found among monozygotic than among dizygotic twins, and even more so when monozygotic twins were compared with matched controls. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Puritus vulvae: treatment by multiple intradermal alcohol injections.? [/INST] A Preliminary report is presented on the use of multiple intradermal injections of absolute alcohol in the treatment of intractable pruritus vulvae. Twenty-five patients were followed up for over I year, and of these six (24%) were cured, and thirteen (52%) showed marked symptomatic improvement. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Simplified dithranol treatment for psoriasis.? [/INST] Progressive simplification of dithranol therapy has made treatment at home more acceptable. This has included ommitting ultra-violet light, talc and dressings, and substituting an ordinary bath instead of one containing tar. A stiffened dithranol 0.5% ointment was found to be slightly more effective than the best paste hitherto employed. It was also very much easier to use. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The absorption of hexachlorophane from Ultralanum ointment.? [/INST] The application of Ultralanum ointment to adult skin cases has produced levels of hexachlorophane in the plasma comparable with those found in infants who have undergone whole-body washing with hexachlorophane solutions. Clinical evidence of toxicity was not observed, but it is felt that the value of hexachlorophane in topical steroid preparations should be re-appraised, particularly for long-term treatment of large eczematous areas. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of pindolol on intraocular pressure.? [/INST] Pindolol, a strong beta-adrenergic blocking agent, instilled into the conjunctival sac of normal and glaucomatous eyes, produced a significant drop in intraocular pressure. This was not, at first, accompanied by any variation in outflow facility; only after prolonged treatment did an increase in facility appear, which accounted only for one-third of the tension-lowering effect. The drug was well tolerated, and did not affect either pupil motility or corneal sensitivity. It seems suitable for a trial use in the treatment of glaucoma. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of modified bases of valine transfer ribonucleic acid (Escherichia coli). A direct monitor of sequential thermal unfolding.? [/INST] Proton magnetic resonances at 220 MHz from three nucleotide residues of valine I tRNA (Escherichia coli) serve as intrinsic probes of local molecular structure. Resonances from the methyl group of ribothymidine, the methyl group of N6-methyladenosine, and the C-5 methylene of dihydrouridine monitor separate conformational transitions in the TpsiC, anticodon, and dihydrouridine loops, respectively. As the temperature is raised in a solution containing 0.23 M Na+ and no Mg2+, the dihydrouridine region melts with a Tm of 55 degrees, the anticodon region at 58 degrees, and the TpsiC region at 67 degrees. The dihydrouridine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transition correlates with the major change in absorbance monitored in the uv at 330 nm which is ascribed to structural pertubations near the 4-thiouracil moiety. On the NMR time scale slow exchange is seen throughout the temperature range for dihydrouridine and below the apparent Tm for the ribothymidine methyl group. Chemical shift and line width differences between folded and unfolded forms of the polynucleotide indicate that, in the native structure, ribothymidine is in a highly structured region and N6-methyladenosine is in a somewhat less restricted environment. Narrow line widths for the C-5 methylene triplet are found over the whole temperature range indicating that this base is undergoing rapid internal reorientation relative to the overall macromolecule. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Fluorescence detected circular dichroism study of the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe.? [/INST] Fluorescence detected circular dichroism (FDCD) measurements have been used to study the conformations of the anticodon loop of yeast phenylalanine tRNA. To our knowledge this is the first application of fluorescence detected circular dichroism. Much smaller amounts of tRNA are needed for the measurement of FDCD than for the conventionally measured circular dichroism. Furthermore, FDCD is specific for conformational changes near the anticodon loop. The FDCD measurements suggest a transition in the anticodon loop near 20 degrees in 0.01 M MgCl2-0.1 M NaCl (pH 7). This is followed by a broad transition from 30 to 60 degrees and finally a sharp melting at 75 degrees consistent with the absorbance detected melting of the entire tRNA. Removal of Mg2+ from the tRNA at 1 degrees causes nearly a factor of two decrease in the FDCD near 230 nm. This indicates a decrease in conformational rigidity in the anticodon loop on removal of Mg2+. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Interaction of actin with N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate.? [/INST] N-Ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin in only 3-fold activated by actin rather than 200-fold as is normal heavy meromyosin (Silverman, R., Eisenberg, E., and Kielley, W. W. (1972), Nature (London) 240, 207). Ultracentrifuge studies demonstrated that in the absence of ATP the N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin binds to actin at a ratio of 2 actins to 1 N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin. However, it was found that most of the N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin was not bound to actin during ATP hydrolysis. Ultracentrifuge studies demonstrated that in the presence of 25 or 50 mM KCl under conditions where the ATPase is maximally activated by actin, less than 5% of the N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin was bound to actin. In the absence of KCl there was limited binding but even this binding did not appear to correlate with the N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin ATPase rate. Turbidity and viscosity studies also indicated that in the presence of ATP under conditions of maximal actin activation the N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin and actin are almost completely dissociated, whereas there is a marked increase in turbidity and viscosity after all of the ATP is hydrolyzed. These results suggest that in the presence of ATP and actin N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin exists most of the time in a refractory state unable to bind to actin and only a small part of the time in a nonrefractory state which can interact with actin. It follows that the major rate-limiting step during actin activation is the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state. Since the actin activation of N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin is lower than that of normal heavy meromyosin this transition may be slower for N-ethylmaleimide modified heavy meromyosin than for normal heavy meromyosin. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Reversible inactivation of vectorial phosphorylation by hydroxybutynoate in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.? [/INST] The acetylenic hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate causes irreversible inactivation of the Escherichia coli membrane-bound flavoenzyme D-lactic dehyrogenase, and thus blocks D-lactate dependent active transport in isolated membrane vesicles [Walsh, C. T., Abeles, R. H., and Kaback H. R. (1972), J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7858]. The inactivator is a suicide substrate for the dehydrogenase, undergoing a small number of turnovers before partitioning between oxidation and inactiviation. It is now demonstrated that reactive product molecules of 2-keto-3-butynoate can diffuse in the membranes to a component of the phosphotransferase system and cause time-dependent and covalent inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent hexose uptake. Membrane vesicles from double mutants with low levels of both D- and L-lactic dehydrogenase lose only 30 percent of their hexose uptake capacity on exposure to hydroxybutynoate under conditions sufficient to fully inactivate hexose transport in wild type vesicles. Transport of 1-[14C]hydroxybutynoate into vesicles is followed by rapid covalent labeling of membrane proteins by the reactive, enzymatically generating keto acid oxidation product. Incubation of hydroxybutynoate-inactivated vesicles (5% residual activity) for 20 min in buffer with 10 mM dithiothreitol results in reactivation of 63% of the hexose transport activity, a 12-fold increase in activity. No reactivation occurs if the vesicular phosphotransferase system is inactivated by keto acid derived from membrane oxidation of the olefinic congener 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate. In contrast to thiol reactivation of acetylenic-blocked glucose transport, blockage of D-lactate-stimulated proline uptake is not alleviated, stressing different modes of inactivation of the phosphotransferase system compared to the membranous lactate dehydrogenases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Limited trypsinolysis of native Escherichia coli elongation factor G.? [/INST] Native elongation factor G possesses three peptide bonds or limited regions of the molecule which are especially sensitive to trypsinolysis. Cleavage at these sites occurs in sequence. Initially, the protein, a single peptide chain of 74,000 daltons, is rapidly split into a fragment of 71,000 daltons and one or more small peptides totaling 3000 daltons. This initial scission does not alter the gross three-dimentional structure of the protein, as the native and trypsin-cleaved protein have the same Kd on Sephadex gel filtration. Although cleaved, the modified elongation factor G retains full activity as measured by its ability to form complexes with the ribosome and guanine nucleotides. A single peptide bond (or region) in the 71,000-dalton fragment is then completely cleaved, yielding fragments of 47,000 and 29,000 daltons. These fragments do not remain associated under native conditions, as they are clearly resolved on gel filtration. Loss of activity is concomitant with the scission of the 71,000-dalton fragment. The third cleavage is complete under the conditions employed here and occurs in the 47,000-dalton peptide generating a fragment of 45,000 daltons and one or more small peptides totaling 2000 daltons. Prolonged treatment with higher levels of trypsin ultimately reduces the protein to small peptides but without generating further discrete fragments visible on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Raman spectra and structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA in the crystalline state and in solution.? [/INST] Laser Raman spectra of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA have been obtained in solution and in orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals. So far as one can tell from the spectra, which are identical in the two crystal forms, the molecular structure of the tRNA is not altered by differences in molecular packing in these two unit cells. In addition, the spectra of the two crystal forms show the same characteristic Raman frequencies and intensities as those of the tRNA in aqueous solution. Thus the structure of the tRNA molecule appears to be the same in the crystals and in aqueous solution. From the spectroscopic changes that result when Mg2+ ions are removed from the native tRNA, it is concluded that the removal of Mg2+ produces a partial disordering of the ribophosphate backbone of the molecule and a lowering of its melting temperature. The melting is shown to be a complex process in that the vibrations specific for adenine indicate a slightly lower melting temperature and those specific for guanine a slightly higher melting temperature than that of the ribophosphate backbone. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Escherichia coli stringent factor binds to ribosomes at a site different from that of elongation factor Tu or G.? [/INST] The binding of Escherichia coli stringent factor to ribosomes has been studied; the reaction depends on 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and poly(U) as messenger RNA. The ribosome-stringent factor complex is formed at 5-10 mM magnesium acetate; NH4 ions are inhibitory. Binding of the stringent factor to the 70S-mRNA complex is not stimulated by uncharged tRNA. The ribosomal binding site(s) for the stringent factor does not overlap with the one known for the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) or G (EF-G). Ribosomes carrying either EF-Tu or EF-G are active in binding the stringent factor; however, they are inactive in synthesizing guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). The latter result is due to the blockage of the ribosomal acceptor site by the aminoacyl-tRNA and/or elongation factors. That stringent and elongation factors do not compete for identical ribosomal region(s) is supported by: (1) the reverse experiments where ribosomes charged with the stringent factor are fully active in EF-Tu or EF-G dependent functions; (2) ribosomes that lack the two ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 known to be essential for EF-Tu and EF-G functions bind the stringent factor and are active in synthesizing pppGpp and ppGpp. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cobalt(III) labeled aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli.? [/INST] The kinase activity of the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase enzyme complex of Escherichia coli was selectively inactivated by Co(III) incorporation. Incubation of the enzyme with Co(II) in the presence of oxygen or H2O2 resulted in incorporation of one Co(III) per subunit. The cobalt(III) bound to the enzyme was not removable by dialysis and presumably results from formation of "inert" coordination complexes with ligands contributed by the enzyme. Cobalt was released from the enzyme by incubation with dithiothreitol but not by metal chelating agents. The Co(III)-labeled enzyme was aspartokinase inactive but still retained 60% of its original homoserine dehydrogenase activity. Studies of the time course of inactivation showed aspartokinase inactivation paralleled Co(III) incorporation. The residual dehydrogenase activity of aspartokinase inactive enzyme was still inhibited by threonine Thus, Co(III) incorporation seems to result in a specific inactivation of kinase activity which permits enumeration of the number of aspartokinase sites. Limited alpha-chymotrypsin digestion of Co(III)-enzyme produced homoserine dehydrogenase-active fragments devoid of Co(III), further confirming the specificity of the labeling procedure. Aspartokinase inactivation obtained without concomitant desensitization of homoserine dehydrogenase to threonine inhibition suggests that kinase active site integrity is not required for threonine binding and inhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Fragments of bovine serum albumin produced by limited proteolysis. Isolation and characterization of peptic fragments.? [/INST] Five new fragments of bovine serum albumin have been isolated following limited peptic hydrolysis. These fragments, and the two peptic fragments previously described by King (King, T.P. (1973), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 156, 509), were positioned within the albumin sequence published by Brown (Brown, J.R. (1975), Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34, 591) on the basis of molecular weight, amino acid composition, and amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences. The fragments correspond to residues 1-385, 1-306, 307-581, 49-185, 186-306, 307-385, and 353-503 in the albumin sequence. These peptides are likely to be native in structure since disulfide bonds were not cleaved during their preparation. In each case the amino acid composition and terminal sequences have confirmed the bovine serum albumin sequence and disulfide bridging pattern proposed by Brown, and the offer further proof that bovine albumin is composed of a series of nine independent loops. These fragments should be useful in elucidating the structure-function relationships of albumin. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about DNA-binding chromosomal non-histone proteins. Isolation, characterization, and tissue specifity.? [/INST] A fractionation schedule is described which allows the isolation of a group of chromosomal non-histone proteins (NP) with affinity for DNA. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis these proteins isolated from rat liver are represented principally by a group of low molecular weight polypeptides. The NP fraction comprises about 2-4% of the total chromatin protein content in rat liver or Novikoff hepatoma. Experiments in vivo and in vitro revealed that the NP proteins do not incorporate significant amounts of 32P. Complexes of the chromosomal proteins NP with homologous DNA are immunologically tissue specific and the specificity can be transferred by reconstituting the NP proteins from one tissue to the residual chromatin from another. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Phospholipid metabolism of stimulated lymphocytes. Composition of phospholipid fatty acids.? [/INST] Lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes from different species were isolated. Rabbit and calf thymocytes were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A. Phospholipid fatty acids of these cells were analyzed and their positional distribution was determined. When compared with liver, phosphatidylcholine of unstimulated lymphocytes was found to contain relatively high amounts of palmitic acid in position 2 and oleic acid in position 1. After stimulation of rabbit thymus cells, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic acid) increased. Thus the ratio of polyenoic acids (18:2 + 20:4) to saturated fatty acids was doubled when compared to control cells. Similar results were obtained after in vivo stimualtion with Mycobacterium Calmette Guerin. The correlation of these findings with the activation of acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase, and their relevance for changes of membrane fluidity during lymphocyte stimulation is discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Formation of lipid-bound oligosaccharides in yeast.? [/INST] Incubation of a membrane fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with UDP-N-acetyl [14C]glucosamine catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to an endogenous lipid fraction as well as a methanol-insoluble polymer. The glycolipid was shown to separate into three compounds by thin-layer chromatography. The biosynthesis of two of them could clearly be stimuated by the addition of dolichol monophosphate to the incubation mixture. Evidence is presented that the substances are dolichol pyrophosphate derivatives: dolichol pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine and dolichol pyrophosphate di-N-acetylchitobiose. The formation of the chitobiose-containing lipid was increased by reincubation of the glycolipid with non-radioactive UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The same particulate preparation transferred mannose from GDPmannose to dolichol pyrophosphate di-N-acetylchitobiose, giving rise to a lipid-bound oligosaccharide. Molecular weight determination of the oligosaccharide moiety gave a value of 780, which is consistent with a tetrasaccharide containing two mannose subunits attached to di-N-acetylchitobiose. The methanol-insoluble radioactive product obtained in the presence of UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine was transformed by pronase treatment to a large extent into dialyzable material. It is suggested that the glycolipids described serve as intermediates in the glycosylation of yeast mannoproteins. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Inhibition of thiamine transport in anaerobic baker's yeast by iodoacetate, 2,4-dinitrophenol N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and fatty acids.? [/INST] 1. [14C]Thiamine uptake by baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was strongly inhibited by 0.2 mM iodoacetate, 0.2 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol and 0.1 mM N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide under anaerobic conditions. 2. The inhibition of anaerobic [14C]thiamine uptake by these inhibitors was accompanied by almost parallel decreases in the ATP level of the yeast cells. 3. On the other hand, the short-chain fatty acids inhibited [14C]thiamine uptake to a large extent, without greatly affecting the intracellular ATP level. This suggests that the acids primarily block the use of energy from ATP for the transport rather than the fermentation process. 4. Caproate, which has a most pronounced inhibitory effect on [14C]thiamine uptake, significantly prevented the dissipation of an energized membrane state of yeast cells necessary for the active transport of thiamine. 5. Possible ways in which the inhibitors may affect thiamine uptake were discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effects of D- and L-glyceraldehyde on glucose oxidation, insulin secretion and insulin biosynthesis by pancreatic islets of the rat.? [/INST] D-glyceraldehyde stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets in static incubation and perifusion systems. At low concentrations (2-4 mM) D-glyceraldehyde was a more potent secretagogue than glucose. The insulinotropic action of 15 mM D-glyceraldehyde was not affected by D-mannoheptulose, was potentiated by cytochalasin B (5 mug/ml) and theophylline (4 mM), and was inhibited by both adrenalin (2 muM) and somatostatin (10 mug/ml). D-glyceraldehyde at a concentration of 1.5 mM produced a 10-fold increase of L-[4,5-3H]leucine incorporation into proinsulin and insulin without a significant increase into other islet proteins. Glucose at 1.5 mM did not stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis. D-Glyceraldehyde at concentrations higher than 1.5 mM, in marked contrast to glucose, progressively inhibited incorporation of labelled leucine into proinsulin + insulin and other islet proteins. D-Glyceraldehyde also inhibited the oxidation of glucose. L-Glyceraldehyde did not stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis and had less effect than the D-isomer on insulin release and glucose oxidation. The results strongly suggest that metabolites below D-glyceraldehyde-3-P are signals for insulin biosynthesis and release. Interaction of D-glyceraldehyde with a "membrane receptor" cannot, however, be excluded with certainty. </s>