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The Nanny Diaries is a 2002 novel by Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus, both of whom are former nannies. The book satirizes upper class Manhattan society as seen through the eyes of their children's caregivers. The writers were students at New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study when they wrote the book. Both had worked as nannies for about 30 different wealthy families on the Upper East Side, where the book is set. As a child, Kraus lived at 1000 Park Avenue, and claims she modeled some of the characters, particularly Mrs. X, on other building residents. A film adaptation starring Scarlett Johansson, Paul Giamatti, and Laura Linney was released in the United States on August 24, 2007. The novel was also released as an audiobook, read by actress Julia Roberts. In August 2011, it was announced that "Gilmore Girls" creator/producer, Amy Sherman-Palladino has started to develop a "Nanny Diaries" TV series to be produced by Ryan Seacrest Productions and The Weinstein Company for ABC. In 2010 Kraus and McLaughlin released a sequel called "Nanny Returns", in which Nan and Ryan (aka Harvard Hottie) are married, and having living abroad for twelve years, have returned to New York, where they move into a fixer-upper, and Nan hopes to start a business. One night, a drunken, 16-year-old Grayer shows up at their door, demanding to know why Nan abandoned him years earlier, and thrusting the couple back into Mrs X's life. Originally in college when the first book began, Nanny Schuester was the primary nanny to Grayer X, and eventually began to love him as a son. Mrs. X fires her after the interaction between Nanny and Grayer, jealous that her son sees Nanny as a mother over her. The X's force Nanny to leave without letting her say goodbye to Grayer, something that haunts her. In a rage, Nanny records herself on the "NannyCam", accusing the X's of being bad parents and begging them to love their son. While working for the X's, Nanny meets and falls in love with a boy who lives in the same building as the X's, someone she nicknamed "Harvard Hottie", as that is where he went to school. In the sequel, "Nanny Returns" twelve years have passed since the conclusion of the first book. Now married to Harvard Hottie, they move back to New York after spending six years traveling the globe through his UN program. There, a sixteen-year-old Grayer turns up on her doorstep, drunk. Still feeling guilty for how she left when Grayer was four, she decides to help him anyway she can in order to atone for what she did. Thus, this brings her back in with the X's, who have not changed in the past twelve years. However, putting all her focus on helping Grayer puts a strain on her relationship with Harvard Hottie, who feels like it is not her place to be Grayer's "nanny" anymore. Originally living in the same building as the X's, HH runs into Nanny in the elevator while she is hanging out with Grayer. Nicknamed Harvard Hottie by Nanny (as he attended Harvard), they begin to gain a rapport, however their relationship almost crumbles when she runs into him and his high school friends, who he doesn't stop when they insinuate that she is only a nanny so she can have affairs with the rich husbands. However, after much apologizing, they begin a relationship. In "Nanny Returns", Harvard Hottie (his real name was revealed to be Ryan Hutchinson) is now married to Nanny, and after moving around the world due to his UN duties, decide to move back to New York. However, their relationship gets strained because he wants to immediately start a family while she is hesitant to do so. He also does not support her getting sucked back in into the drama of the X family, as he knew that it took a toll on her the first time. Grayer's mother, Mrs. X is self-centered and not a very good mother. Leaving all the parenting work up to Nanny, Mrs. X spends most of her time in seclusion or spending money. However, she doesn't like to spend money on others, as she poorly compensates Nanny for working overtime and fires workers whenever she feels like it. Her relationship with her husband is almost non existent, due to his constant cheating and his constantly long work hours. However, she begins to grow jealous of Nanny once Grayer starts seeing Nanny as his mother over her. She then fires Nanny and prevents her from seeing Grayer one last time. In "Nanny Returns", she is just the same as ever, although she now has another son (from Mr. X). She becomes severely depressed, due to Mr. X leaving her for a younger woman. She kept Nanny's video from the "NannyCam" in case she had to sue Mr. X for custody of their children. However, she finds out that the reason that her husband had so much money was that he was a con artist and the police were starting to suspect him. Not wanting to lose the lifestyle she has (as she will get nothing in the divorce if he is caught), she decides to turn a blind eye. However, Grayer tells her that he will financially support her when their father gets caught only if she acts like a real mother to her other son. The very much non existent father of Grayer. He is married to Mrs. X but continually cheats on her with other women. He similarly works very long hours at his office and would rather not be a father to Grayer. In "Nanny Returns", it is revealed that he is a con artist, which was how he was able to get so much money. He tried to convince Grayer that he wanted to spend quality time with him, but actually wanted to use him to steal something. He also has left Mrs. X for a younger woman, and cut off much of the money she was given. The son of Mr. and Mrs. X. He is four during the events of the first book. He becomes very close to Nanny and begins to see her as his mother, as his own would constantly neglect him and his father would ignore him. Unknown to him, Nanny was fired due to a jealous Mrs. X and prevented Nanny from saying goodbye to him, something that emotionally scarred him as he grew up. In "Nanny Returns", Grayer is now sixteen with a seven-year-old younger brother. He shows up on Nanny's doorstep drunk, after having seen the "NannyCam" video and looking up her address from his mother's files. He is still hurt by Nanny's seemingly abrupt disappearance from his life, as she was the one person who really cared for him. Thus, he does not trust her, however he wants his brother to succeed, so he enlists Nanny's help. He eventually finds out why she had left so suddenly, and he forgives her. He decides to move out of his mother's house and live on his own, as he realizes that his father and mother never really cared for him. Nanny offers to adopt both him and his brother, but he turns her down, saying he needs to do things on his own. He promises to stay in touch, however before he leaves Nanny gives him a charm that he gave her when he was four, telling him to always remember their time together and to never forget, because she never has.

The Highland Brigade is a historical unit of the British Army, which has been formed and reformed a number of times. It recruited men from the Highlands of Scotland. A Highland Brigade was present at the Crimean War (1854–1856), as part of the 1st Division; it was initially under the command of Major-General Sir Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde). It played a significant role in the Battle of Alma. This Highland Brigade consisted of the: ***LIST***. There was a Highland Brigade operating in Egypt from 1882, during the Egyptian Rebellion (1882–1885), under the command of Major General Archibald Alison. Major General Alison's Brigade formed the left wing of General Sir Garnet Wolseley's army at the Battle of Tel-El-Kebir where they suffered 243 casualties (from the total casualties for Wolsey's force of 339). This Highland brigade consisted of the: ***LIST***. A Highland Brigade participated in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa, under the command of Major General Andrew Gilbert Wauchope. It suffered severe losses at the battle Magersfontein (including General Wauchope). Command of the Brigade was then given to Major General Hector MacDonald who led the brigade throughout the remainder of the war. The Brigade fought at the Battle of Paardeberg where on 18 February 1900 (known as Bloody Sunday) it again suffered heavy casualties. On its formation in 1899, the Highland Brigade consisted of the: ***LIST***. In February 1900 the Highland Light Infantry transferred to the 19th Brigade under Major-General horace Smith-Dorrien, and the Gordon Highlanders joined the Highland Brigade. After the Second World War the British Army had fourteen infantry depots, each bearing a letter. The depots were territorially organised, and Infantry Depot N was the headquarters for the highland regiments. In 1948, the depots adopted names and this depot became the Highland Brigade, with all regiments being reduced to a single battalion at the same time. The Highland Brigade was formally created on 14 July 1948 from the depots of six regiments: ***LIST***. Under the Defence Review announced in July 1957, the infantry of the line was reorganised, and by 1961 the Brigade was reduced to four battalions: ***LIST***. From 1958 all regiments in the Brigade adopted a common cap badge consisting of the saltire of St. Andrew on which was superimposed a stag's head and a scroll inscribed "Cuidigh 'n Righ". The various Territorial Battalions that were also part of the then five Highland Regiments were split off in 1967 and grouped together, eventually forming the 51st Highland Volunteers. On 1 July 1968 the Highland Brigade was united with the Lowland Brigade, to form the Scottish Division.

Input/output Buffer Information Specification or IBIS is a specification of a method for integrated circuit vendors to provide information about the input/output buffers of their product to their prospective customers without revealing the intellectual property of their implementation and without requiring proprietary encryption keys. From version 5.0, specification contains two separate types of models, "traditional IBIS" and "IBIS-AMI." The traditional model is generated in text format and consists of a number of tables that captures current vs. voltage (IV) and voltage vs. time (Vt) characteristics of the buffer, as well as the values of certain parasitic components. It is a standard data exchange format for exchanging modeling information among semiconductor device suppliers, simulation software suppliers, and end users. Traditional IBIS models are generally used instead of SPICE models to perform various board level signal integrity (SI) simulations and timing analyses. IBIS models could be used to verify signal integrity requirements, especially for high-speed products. IBIS-AMI models run in a special-purpose SerDes channel simulator, not in a SPICE-like simulator, and consist of two text files (*.ibs and *.ami) plus a platform-specific machine code executable file (*.dll on Windows, *.so on Linux). IBIS-AMI support statistical and so-called time-domain channel simulations, and three types of IC model ("impulse-only," "GetWave-only," and "dual mode") Intel initiated IBIS in the early 1990s. Intel needed to have all of its divisions to present a common standardized model format to its external customers. This prompted Intel to solicit EDA vendors to participate in the development of a common model format. The first IBIS model, version 1.0, was aimed at describing CMOS circuits and TTL I/O buffers. As IBIS evolved with the participation of more companies and industry members, an IBIS Open Forum was created to promote the application of IBIS as a simulation tool format and to make sure that a standard exists. Many semiconductor vendors supply IBIS models and many EDA vendors sell IBIS-compliant software tools. In 1995 the IBIS Open Forum teamed with the American National Standards Institute/Electronic Industries Alliance (ANSI/EIA). IBIS version 2.1 was the first version released by the new alliance. It added the ability to simulate ECL and PECL buffers as well as differential lines. IBIS 3.2 allows for a package model description along with an electrical board description. IBIS Version 5.0 was ratified by the IBIS Open Forum on August 29, 2008. Compared to the previous version (IBIS 4.2, ANSI/EIA-656-B), it adds a new flow based not on SPICE transient but on a channel simulator (called "a"lgorithmic "m"odel application program "i"nterface or AMI flow), power integrity, and EMC checking features. For power integrity, it uses Touchstone 2.0 S-parameter files with per-port reference impedance specification. Version 5.1 was ratified on August 24, 2012. Important changes included the so-called "flow BIRD" which resolved many ambiguities in the IBIS AMI flow. The IBIS Open Forum became an official subcommittee of TechAmerica in January 2009. Upon its purchase of the standards program of TechAmerica in July 2013, SAE International became the parent of IBIS Open Forum. IBIS is an "industry program" within the SAE's Industry Technologies Consortia (ITC) trade association. IBIS is an evolving standard with many proposed changes submitted to IBIS Open Forum for consideration. Proposed changes are called BIRDs (Buffer Issue Resolution Documents), a play on the word "ibis", a type of bird. Version 6.0 was ratified on September 20, 2013. Changes included an IBIS‐AMI extension for mid-channel repeaters, new parameters for jitter and noise in IBIS-AMI, and analog buffer modeling improvements. Version 6.1 was ratified on September 11, 2015. Changes included support of PAM-4 in IBIS-AMI, the addition of a new Initial Delay keyword, and additional options for overclocking. Work on enhancing the specification can be tracked in the work-in-progress section of the IBIS Open Forum website.

Location hypotheses of Atlantis are various proposed real-world settings for the legendary island of Atlantis, described as a lost civilization mentioned in Plato's dialogues "Timaeus" and "Critias", written about 360 B.C. In these dialogues, a character named Critias claims that an island called Atlantis was swallowed by the sea about 9,200 years previously. According to the dialogues, this story was passed down to him through his grandfather, Dropides, who in turn got it from Solon, the famous Athenian lawmaker who got the story from an Egyptian sanctuary. Plato's dialogues locate the island in the Atlantic Pelagos "Atlantic Sea", "in front of" the Pillars of Hercules (Στήλες του Ηρακλή) and facing a district called modern Gades or Gadira (Gadiron), a location that some modern Atlantis researchers associate with modern Gibraltar; however various locations have been proposed. Soon after the discovery of the Minoan civilization at Knossos on Crete by Sir Arthur Evans in 1900, theories linking the disappearance of this advanced empire with the destruction of Atlantis were proposed by K. T. Frost in 1913 and E. S. Balch in 1917. This theory was revived by Spyridon Marinatos in 1950, Angelos Galanopoulos in 1960 and P. B. S. Andrews in 1967. More recent archaeological, seismological, and vulcanological evidence has expanded the asserted connection of Crete, the island of Santorini, and the Minoan civilization with Plato's description of Atlantis. (Recent arguments for Akrotiri being Atlantis have been popularized on television in shows such as The History Channel show "Lost Worlds" episode "Atlantis") Evidence said to advance this idea includes: ***LIST***. The classicist Robert L. Scranton argued in an article published in "Archaeology" that Atlantis was the "Copaic drainage complex and its civilization" in Lake Copais, Boeotia. Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed a Mycenaean-era drainage complex and subterranean channels in the lake. It has been argued by Robert Sarmast, an American architect, that the lost city of Atlantis lies at the bottom of the eastern Mediterranean within the Cyprus Basin. In his book and on his web site, he argues that images prepared from sonar data of the sea bottom of the Cyprus Basin southeast of Cyprus show features resembling man-made structures on it at depths of 1,500 meters. He interprets these features as being artificial structures that are part of the lost city of Atlantis as described by Plato. According to his ideas, several characteristics of Cyprus, including the presence of copper and extinct Cyprus dwarf elephants and local place names and festivals (Kataklysmos), support his identification of Cyprus as once being part of Atlantis. As with many other theories concerning the location of Atlantis, Sarmast speculates that its destruction by catastrophic flooding is reflected in the story of Noah's Flood in "Genesis". In part, Sarmast bases his theory that Atlantis can be found offshore of Cyprus beneath 0.9 mile (1.5 km) of water on an abundance of evidence that the Mediterranean Sea dried up during the Messinian Salinity Crisis when its level dropped by 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.9 km) below the level of the Atlantic Ocean as the result of tectonic uplift blocking the inflow of water through Strait of Gibraltar. Separated from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea either partly or completely dried up as the result of evaporation. As a result, its formerly submerged bottom turned into a desert with large saline and brackish lakes. This area all was flooded when a ridge collapsed allowing the catastrophic flooding through the Straits of Gibraltar. However, Sarmast disagrees with mainstream geologists, oceanographers, and paleontologists in arguing that the closing of the Straits of Gibraltar; the desiccation and subaerial exposure of the floor of the Mediterranean Sea; and its catatstrophic flooding has occurred "forty times or more times in its long and turbulent existence" and that "the age of each of these events is unknown." In the same interview, he also contradicts what mainstream geologists, oceanographers, and paleontologists argue in claiming that "Scientists know that roughly 18,000 years ago, there was not just one Mediterranean Sea, but three." However, he does not specify who these scientists are; nor does he cite peer-reviewed scientific literature that supports this claim. Marine and other geologists, who have also studied the bottom of the Cyprus basin, and professional archaeologists completely disagree with his interpretations. Investigations by Dr. C. Hübscher of the Institut für Geophysik, Universität Hamburg, Germany, and others of the salt tectonics and mud volcanism within the Cyprus Basin, eastern Mediterranean Sea, demonstrated that the features which Sarmast interprets to be Atlantis consist only of a natural compressional fold caused by local salt tectonics and a slide scar with surficial compressional folds at the downslope end and sides of the slide. This research collaborates seismic data shown and discussed in the "Atlantis: New Revelations 2-hour Special" episode of "Digging for the Truth", a History Channel documentary television series. Using reflection seismology, this documentary demonstrated techniques that what Sarmast interpreted to be artificial walls are natural tectonic landforms. Furthermore, the interpretation of the age and stratigraphy of sediments blanketing the bottom of the Cyprus Basin from sea bottom cores containing Pleistocene and older marine sediments and thousands of kilometers of seismic lines from the Cyprus and adjacent basins clearly demonstrates that the Mediterranean Sea last dried up during the Messinian Salinity Crisis between 5.59 and 5.33 million years ago. For example, research conducted south of Cyprus as part of Leg 160 of the Ocean Drilling Project recovered from Sites 963, 965, and 966 cores of sediments underlying the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea at depths as shallow as 470, 1506, and 1044 meters (1540, 4940, and 3420 ft) below sea level. Thus, these cores came from parts of sea bottom of the eastern Mediterranean Sea that either lie above or at the depth of Sarmast's Atlantis, which lies at depths between 1460 and 1510 meters (4820 and 4950 ft) below mean sea level. These cores provide a detailed and continuous record of sea level that demonstrates that for millions of years at least during the entire Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs that the feature that Sarmast interprets to be Atlantis and its adjacent sea bottom were always submerged below sea level. Therefore, the entire Cyprus Basin, including the ridge where Sarmast claims that Atlantis is located, has been submerged beneath the Mediterranean Sea for millions of years. Since its formation, the sea bottom feature identified by Sarmast as "Atlantis" has always been submerged beneath over a kilometer of water. A. Giovannini has argued that the submergence of the Greek city of Helike in 373 BC, i.e. while Plato was alive, may have been the inspiration for a fictional story about Atlantis. The claim that Helike is the inspiration for Plato's Atlantis is also supported by Dora Katsonopoulou and Steven Soter. Malta, being situated in the dividing line between the western and eastern Mediterranean sea, and being home to some of the oldest man-made structures in the world, is considered a possible location of Atlantis both by some current researchers and by Maltese amateur enthusiasts. In the 19th century, the antiquarian Giorgio Grognet de Vassé published a short compendium detailing the theory that Malta was the location of Atlantis. His theory was inspired by the discovery of the megalithic temples of Ġgantija and Ħaġar Qim during his lifetime. In "Malta fdal Atlantis" ("Maltese remains of Atlantis") (2002), Francis Galea writes about several older studies and hypotheses, particularly that of Maltese architect Giorgio Grongnet, who in 1854 thought that the Maltese Islands are the remnants of Atlantis. However in 1828, the same Giorgo Grongnet was involved in a scandal concerning forged findings which were intended to provide a "proof" for the claim that Malta was Atlantis. Jaime Manuschevich argues that the real place of the mythical civilization is the territory that today corresponds to Israel and Sinai, and that this region was an island in the Great Rift Valley, surrounded by the Jezreel Valley on the north, the Dead Sea and Red Sea on the east and the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean on the west until 5600 BC. In addition, Manuschevich proposes that Atlantean civilization corresponds to the Natufian peoples, the first food-producing people, whose main political and harbor center was Jericho. These people lived in the region in the dates established by Plato (11,600 BC). Peter James, in his book "The Sunken Kingdom", identifies Atlantis with the kingdom of Zippasla. He argues that Solon did indeed gather the story on his travels, but in Lydia, not Egypt as Plato states; that Atlantis is identical with Tantalis, the city of Tantalus in Asia Minor, which was (in a similar tradition known to the Greeks) said to have been destroyed by an earthquake; that the legend of Atlantis' conquests in the Mediterranean is based on the revolution by King Madduwattas of Zippasla against Hittite rule; that Zippasla is identical with Sipylus, where Greek tradition placed Tantalis; and that the now vanished lake to the north of Mount Sipylus was the site of the city. The geoarchaeologist Eberhard Zangger has proposed the hypothesis that Atlantis was in fact the city state of Troy. He both agrees and disagrees with Rainer W. Kühne: He too believes that the Trojans-Atlanteans were the sea peoples, but only a minor part of them. He proposes that all Greek speaking city states of the Aegean civilization or Mycenae constituted the sea peoples and that they destroyed each other's economies in a series of semi-fratricidal wars lasting several decades. German researchers Siegfried and Christian Schoppe locate Atlantis in the Black Sea. Before 5500 BC, a great plain lay in the northwest at a former freshwater-lake. In 5510 BC, rising sea level topped the barrier at today's Bosporus. They identify the Pillars of Hercules with the Strait of Bosporus. They gave no explanation how the ships of the merchants coming from all over the world had arrived at the harbour of Atlantis when it was 350 feet below global sea-level. They claim Oreichalcos means the obsidian stone that used to be a cash-equivalent at that time and was replaced by the spondylus shell around 5500 BC, which would suit the red, white, black motif. The geocatastrophic event led to the neolithic diaspora in Europe, also beginning 5500 BC. In 2000, the "Guardian" reported that Robert Ballard, in a small submarine, found remains of human habitation around 300 feet underwater in the Black Sea off the north coast of Turkey. The area flooded around 5000 BC. This flood is also thought to have inspired the Biblical story of Noah's Ark known as the Black Sea deluge theory. The Great Atlantis Flood, by Flying Eagle & Whispering Wind, locates Atlantis in the Sea of Azov. The theory proposes that the Dialogues of Plato present an accurate account of geological events, which occurred in 9,600 BC, in the Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor. Glacial melt-waters, at the end of the Younger Dryas Ice Age caused a dramatic rise in the sea level of the Caspian Sea. An earthquake caused a fracture, which allowed the Caspian Sea to flood across the fertile plains of Atlantis. Simultaneously the earthquake caused the vast farmlands of Atlantis to sink, forming the present day Sea of Azov, the shallowest sea in the world. Andalusia is a region in modern-day southern Spain which once included the "lost" city of Tartessos, which disappeared in the 6th century BC. The Tartessians were traders known to the Ancient Greeks who knew of their legendary king Arganthonios. The Andalusian hypothesis was originally developed by the Spanish author Juan de Mariana and the Dutch author Johannes van Gorp (Johannes Goropius Becanus), both of the 16th century, later by José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar in 1673, who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was between the islands Mayor and Menor, located almost in the center of the Doñana Marshes, and expanded upon by Juan Fernández Amador y de los Ríos in 1919, who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was located precisely where today are the 'Marismas de Hinojo'. These claims were made again in 1922 by the German author Adolf Schulten, and further propagated by Otto Jessen, Richard Hennig, Victor Berard, and Elena Wishaw in the 1920s. The suggested locations in Andalusia lie outside the Pillars of Hercules, and therefore beyond but close to the Mediterranean itself. In 2005, based upon the work of Adolf Schulten, the German teacher Werner Wickboldt also claimed this to be the location of Atlantis. Wickboldt suggested that the war of the Atlanteans refers to the war of the Sea Peoples who attacked the Eastern Mediterranean countries around 1200 BC and that the Iron Age city of Tartessos may have been built at the site of the ruined Atlantis. In 2000, Georgeos Diaz-Montexano published an article explaining his theory that Atlantis was located somewhere between Andalusia and Morocco. An Andalusian location was also supported by Rainer Walter Kühne in his article that appeared in the journal "Antiquity". Kühne's theory says: "Good fiction imitates facts. Plato declared that his Atlantis tale is philosophical fiction invented to describe his fictitious ideal state in the case of war. Kühne suggests that Plato has used three different historical elements for this tale. (i) Greek tradition on Mycenaean Athens for the description of ancient Athens, (ii) Egyptian records on the wars of the Sea Peoples for the description of the war of the Atlanteans, and (iii) oral tradition from Syracuse about Tartessos for the description of the city and geography of Atlantis." According to Wickboldt, Satellite images show two rectangular shapes on the tops of two small elevations inside the marsh of Doñana which he hypothesizes are the "temple of Poseidon" and "the temple of Cleito and Poseidon". On satellite images parts of several "rings" are recognizable, similar in their proportion with the ring system by Plato. It is not known if any of these shapes are natural or manmade and archaeological excavations are planned. Geologists have shown that the Doñana National Park experienced intense erosion from 4000 BC until the 9th century AD, where it became a marine environment. For thousands of years until the Medieval Age, all that occupied the area of the modern Marshes Doñana was a gulf or inland sea-arm, but there was not even a small island with sufficient space to house a small village. Two hypotheses have put Spartel Bank, a submerged former island in the Strait of Gibraltar, as the location of Atlantis. The more well-known hypothesis was proposed in a September 2001 issue of "Comptes Rendus de l'academie des Sciences" by French geologist Jacques Collina-Girard. The lesser-known hypothesis was first published by Spanish-Cuban investigator Georgeos Díaz-Montexano in an April 2000 issue of Spanish magazine "Más Allá de la Ciencia" (Beyond Science), and later in August 2001 issues of Spanish magazines "El Museo" (The Museum) and "Año Cero" (Year Zero). The origin of Collina-Girard's hypothesis is disputed, with Díaz-Montexano claiming it as plagiarism of his own earlier hypothesis, and Collina-Girard denying any plagiarism. Both individuals claim the other's hypothesis is pseudoscience. Collina-Girard's hypothesis states that during the most recent Glacial Maximum of the Ice Age sea level was 135 m below its current level, narrowing the Gibraltar Strait and creating a small half-enclosed sea measuring 70 km by 20 km between the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. The Spartel Bank formed an archipelago in this small sea with the largest island measuring about 10 to 12 kilometers across. With rising ocean levels the island began to slowly shrink, but then at around 9400 BC (11,400 years ago) there was an accelerated sea level rise of 4 meters per century known as Meltwater pulse 1A, which drowned the top of the main island. The occurrence of a great earthquake and tsunami in this region, similar to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake (magnitude 8.5-9) was proposed by marine geophysicist Marc-Andrè Gutscher as offering a possible explanation for the described catastrophic destruction (reference — Gutscher, M.-A., 2005. Destruction of Atlantis by a great earthquake and tsunami? A geological analysis of the Spartel Bank hypothesis. Geology, v. 33, p. 685-688.) Collina-Girard proposes that the disappearance of this island was recorded in prehistoric Egyptian tradition for 5,000 years until it was written down by the first Egyptian scribes around 4000-3000 BC, and the story then subsequently inspired Plato to write a fictionalized version interpreted to illustrate his own principles. A detailed review in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review comments on the discrepancies in Collina-Girard's dates and use of coincidences, concluding that he "has certainly succeeded in throwing some light upon some momentous developments in human prehistory in the area west of Gibraltar. Just as certainly, however, he has not found Plato's Atlantis." According to Michael Hübner, Atlantis core region was located in South-West Morocco at the Atlantic Ocean. In his papers an approach to the analysis of Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias is described. By means of a hierarchical constraint satisfaction procedure, a variety of geographically relevant indications from Plato's accounts are used to infer the most probable location of Plato's "Atlantis Nesos". The outcome of this is the Souss-Massa plain in today's South-West Morocco. This plain is surrounded by the High "Atlas", the Anti-"Atlas", the Sea of "Atlas" (Atlantis Thalassa, today's Atlantic Ocean). Because of this isolated position, Hübner argued, this plain was called "Atlantis Nesos", the "Island of Atlas" by ancient Greeks before the Greek Dark Ages. The Amazigh (Berber) People actually call the Souss-Massa plain "island". Of major archaeological interest is the fact that in the North-West of the Souss-Massa plain a large annular caldera-like geomorphologic structure was discovered. This structure has almost the dimensions of Plato's capital of Atlantis and is covered with hundreds of large and small prehistoric ruins of different types. These ruins were made out of rocks coloured red, white and black. Hübner also shows possible harbour remains, an unusually geomorphological structure, which applies to Plato's description of "roofed over docks, which were cut into red, white and black bedrock". These 'docks' are located close to the annular geomorphological structure and close to "Cape Ghir", which was named "Cape Heracles" in antiquity. Hübner also argued, that Agadir is etymologically related to the semitic "g-d-r" and probably to Plato's "Gadir". The semitic "g-d-r" means "enclosure", "fortification" and "sheep fold". The meaning of "enclosure", "sheep fold" corresponds to the Greek translation of the name "Gadeiros" (Crit. 114b) which is "Eumelos" = "Rich in Sheep". It has been thought that when Plato wrote of the "Sea of Atlantis", he may have been speaking of the area now called the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas". Plato remarked that, in describing the origins of Atlantis, this area was allotted to Poseidon. In Ancient Greek times the terms "Ocean" and "Atlas" both referred to the 'Giant Water' which surrounded the main landmass known at that time by the Greeks, which could be described as Eurafrasia (although this whole supercontinent was far from completely known to the Ancient Greeks), and thus this water mass was considered to be the 'end of the (known) world', for the same reason the name "Atlas" was given to the mountains near the Ocean, the Atlas Mountains, as they also denoted the 'end of the (known) world'. One of the suggested places for Atlantis is around the Azores Islands, a group of islands belonging to Portugal located about 900 miles (1500 km) west of the Portuguese coast. Some people believe the islands could be the mountain tops of Atlantis. Ignatius L. Donnelly, an American congressman, was perhaps the first one to talk about this possible location in his book "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World". Ignatius L. Donnelly also makes a connection to the mythical Aztlán. Charles Schuchert, in a paper called "Atlantis and the Permanency of the North Atlantic Ocean Bottom" (1917), discussed a lecture by Pierre-Marie Termier in which Termier suggested "that the entire region north of the Azores and perhaps the very region of the Azores, of which they may be only the visible ruins, was very recently submerged." reported evidence in an article entitled Atlantis and the Permanency of the North Atlantic Ocean Bottom that an area of 40,000 sq. mi and possibly as large as 200,000 sq. had sunk 10,000 feet below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Schuchert's conclusion was: "(1) that the Azores are volcanic islands and are not the remnants of a more or less large continental mass, for they are not composed of rocks seen on the continents; (2) that the tachylytes dredged up from the Atlantic to the north of the Azores were in all probability formed where they are now, at the bottom of the ocean; and (3) that there are no known geologic data that prove or even help to prove the existence of Plato's Atlantis in historic times." The Azores are steep-sided volcanic seamounts that drop rapidly 1000 meters (about 3300 feet) to a plateau. Cores taken from the plateau and other evidence shows that this area has been an undersea plateau for millions of years. Ancient indicators, i.e. relict beaches, marine deposits, and wave cut-terraces, of Pleistocene shorelines and sea level show that the Azores Islands have not subsided to any significant degree. Instead, they demonstrate that some of these islands have actually risen during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. This is evidenced by relict, Pleistocene wave-cut platforms and beach sediments that now lie well above current sea level. For example, they have been found on Flores Island at elevations of 15-20, 35-45, ~100, and ~250 meters above current sea level. The Canary Islands have been identified as remnants of Atlantis by numerous authors. For example, in 1803, Bory de Saint-Vincent in his "Essai sur les îles fortunées et l'antique Atlantide" proposed that the Canary Islands, along with the Madeira, and Azores, are what remained after Atlantis broke up. Many later authors, i.e. Lewis Spence in his "The Problem of Atlantis", also identified the Canary Islands as part of Atlantis leftover from when it sank. Detailed geomorphic and geologic studies of the Canary Islands clearly demonstrate that over the last 4 million years, they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating. For example, Pliocene pillow lavas, which solidified underwater and now exposed on the northeast flanks of Gran Canaria, have been uplifted between 46 and 143 meters above sea level. Also, marine deposits associated with lavas dated as being 4.1 and 9.3 million years old in Gran Canaria, ca. 4.8 million years old in Fuerteventura, and ca. 9.8 million years old in Lanzarote demonstrate that the Canary Islands have for millions of years undergone long term uplift without any significant, much less catastrophic, subsidence. A series of raised, Pleistocene marine terraces, which become progressively older with age, on Fuerteventura indicate that it has risen in elevation at about 1.7 cm per thousand years for the past one million years. The elevation of the marine terrace for the highstand of sea level for the last interglacial period shows that this island has experienced neither subsidence nor significant uplift for the past 125,000 years. Within the Cape Verde Islands, the detailed mapping and dating of 16 Pleistocene marine terraces and Pliocene marine conglomerate found that they have been uplifted throughout most of the Pleistocene and remained relatively stable without any significant subsidence since the last interglacial period. Finally, detailed studies of the sedimentary deposits surrounding the Canary Islands have demonstrated, except for a narrow rim around each island exposed during glacial lowstands of sea level, a complete lack of any evidence for the ocean floor surrounding the Canary Islands having ever been above water. According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that is part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch. Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that have been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years. In his book "Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization" (2003), Paul Dunbavin argues that a large island once existed in the Irish Sea and that this island was Atlantis. He argues that this Neolithic civilization in Europe was partially drowned by rising sea levels caused by a comet impact that caused a pole shift and changed the earth's axis around 3100 BC. Such changes would be readily detectable to modern science, however, and Dunbavin's claims are considered pseudo-scientific at best within the scientific community. William Comyns Beaumont believed that Great Britain was the location of Atlantis and the Scottish journalist Lewis Spence claimed that the ancient traditions of Britain and Ireland contain memories of Atlantis. On December 29, 1997, the BBC reported that a team of Russian scientists believed they found Atlantis in the ocean 100 miles off of Land's End, Cornwall, Britain. The BBC stated that Little Sole Bank, a relatively shallow area, was believed by the team to be the capital of Atlantis. This may have been based on the myth of Lyonesse. The idea of Atlantis being located in Ireland was presented in the book "Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land" (2004) by Swedish geographer Dr. Ulf Erlingsson from Uppsala University. It hypothesized that the empire of Atlantis refers to the Neolithic Megalithic tomb culture, based on their similar geographic extent, and deduced that the island of Atlantis then must correspond to Ireland. Erlingsson found the similarities of size and landscape to be statistically significant, while he rejected his null hypothesis that Plato invented Atlantis as fiction. The North Sea is known to contain lands that were once above water; the medieval town of Dunwich in East Anglia, for example, crumbled into the sea. The land area known as "Doggerland", between England and Denmark, was inundated by a tsunami around 8200BP (6200BC), caused by a submarine landslide off the coast of Norway known as the Storegga Slide, and prehistoric human remains have been dredged up from the Dogger Bank. Atlantis itself has been identified besides Heligoland off the north-west German coast by the author Jürgen Spanuth, who postulates that it was destroyed during the Bronze Age around 1200 BC, only to partially re-emerge during the Iron Age. Ulf Erlingsson hypothesized that the island that sank referred to Dogger Bank, and the city itself referred to the Silverpit crater at the base of Dogger Bank. A book allegedly by Oera Linda claims that a land called Atland once existed in the North Sea, but was destroyed in 2194 BC. Finnish eccentric Ior Bock located Atlantis in the Baltic sea, at southern part of Finland where he claimed a small community of people lived during the Ice Age. According to Bock, this was possible due to Gulf Stream which brought warm water to the Finnish coast. This is a small part of a large saga that he claimed had been told in his family through the ages, dating back to the development of language itself. The family saga tells the name Atlantis comes from Swedish words "allt-land-is" ("all-land-ice") and refers to the last Ice-Age. Thus in the Bock family saga it's more a time period than an exact geographical place. According to this the Atlantis disappeared in 8016 BC when the Ice-Age ended in Finland and the ice melted away. In 1679 Olaus Rudbeck wrote "Atland" ("Atlantica"), where he argues that Scandinavia, specifically Sweden, is identical with Atlantis. According to Rudbeck the capital city of Atlantis was identical to the ancient burial site of Swedish kings "Gamla Uppsala". When Columbus returned from his voyage to the west, some historians of the period such as Francisco López de Gómara, writing in 1552 thought that what Columbus had discovered was the Atlantic Island of Plato. In 1556 Agustín de Zárate stated that the Americas was Atlantis which at one time began from the straits of Gibraltar and extended westwards to include North and South America and that it was as a result of Plato that the new continent was discovered. He also said it had all the attributes of the continent described by Plato yet at the same time mentioned that the ancient peoples crossed over by a route from the island of Atlantis. Zarate also mentions that the 9,000 "years" of Plato were 9,000 "months" (750 years). This was also repeated and clarified by historian Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1572 in his "History of the Incas", who by calculation of longitude stated that Atlantis must have stretched from within two leagues of the strait of Gibraltar westwards to include "all the rest of the land from the mouth of the Marañon (Amazon River) and Brazil to the South Sea, which is what they now call America." He thought the sunken part to be now in the Atlantic Ocean but that it was from this sunken part that the original Indians had come to populate Peru via one continuous land mass. He says that South America was also known by the name of the Isla Atlanticus. It first appeared as the Atlantic Island (Insula Atlantica) on a map of the New World by cartographer Sebastian Münster in 1540 and again on the map titled Atlantis Insula by Nicolas Sanson and son (1669) which identified both North and South America as "Atlantis Insula", the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean as "Oceanus Atlanticus" and the western part of the Atlantic Ocean plus the Pacific Ocean as "Atlanticum Pelagus". This edition was further embellished with features from the Atlantis legend by his son Guillaume Sanson including the names of the ten kings of Atlantis with Atlas’ portion being in Mexico. Sanson's map supposedly showed what the earth looked like 200,000 years before there were any humans on it. There have been suggestions for Atlantis to be placed outside of the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean. Such locations are outside of the known world of the original sources of the legend. The theory that Antarctica was Atlantis was particularly fashionable during the 1960s and 1970s, spurred on partly both by the isolation of the continent, and also the Piri Reis map, which purportedly shows Antarctica as it would be ice free, suggesting human knowledge of that period. Flavio Barbiero, Charles Berlitz, Erich Von Däniken and Peter Kolosimo are some of the popular authors who made this proposal. More recently Rose and Rand Flem-Ath have proposed this in their book, "When the Sky Fell"; the theory was revised and made more specific in Rand's work with author Colin Wilson, in "The Atlantis Blueprint" (published in 2002). The second work theorized that Atlantis was to be found in Lesser Antarctica, near the coast of the Ross Ice Shelf. A geological theory known as "Earth Crust Displacement" forms the basis of their work. The Atlantis Blueprint uses both scientific and pseudoscientific (such as mere speculation and assumptions) means to back up the theory. Charles Hapgood came up with the "Earth Crustal Displacement theory". Hapgood's theory suggests that Earth's outer crust is able to move upon the upper mantle layer rapidly up to a distance of 2,000 miles, placing Atlantis in Antarctica, when considering the movements of the crust in the past. It is to be noted that Albert Einstein was one of the few voices to answer Hapgood's theory. Einstein wrote a preface for Hapgood's book "Earth's shifting crust", published in 1958. This theory is particularly popular with Hollow Earthers, and can be seen as a mirror of the Hyperborean identification. In his book "Fingerprints of the Gods", author Graham Hancock argues for the Earth Crustal Displacement theory in general, and the Atlantis/Antarctica connection specifically, then goes on to propose archaeological exploration of Antarctica in search of Atlantis. The professor of systematic theology at Boston University William Fairfield Warren (1833–1929) wrote a book promoting his theory that the original centre of mankind once sat at the North Pole entitled "Paradise Found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole" (1885). In this work Warren placed Atlantis at the North Pole, as well as the Garden of Eden, Mount Meru, Avalon and Hyperborea. Warren believed all these mythical lands were folk memories of a former inhabited far northern seat where man was originally created.

Sonny William "Sonny Bill" Williams (born 3 August 1985) is a New Zealand rugby player and heavyweight boxer. He is only the second person to represent New Zealand in rugby union after first playing for the country in rugby league. He is particularly known in league and rugby for his ability to offload the ball in the tackle and, formerly in league, for his shoulder charges. Williams is a dual citizen of New Zealand and Samoa. Williams made his professional rugby league debut for the Canterbury Bulldogs during the 2004 National Rugby League (NRL) season. In four season, he scored 73 points in 31 matches, but suffered several injuries. He made his international debut for the New Zealand Kiwis in the 2004 Anzac Test. In 2008 he left the Bulldogs mid-season to play rugby union with French club Toulon. In 2010 Williams signed with the New Zealand Rugby Union in a successful bid to play for the All Blacks at the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He played provincially for Canterbury in the 2010 ITM Cup before being selected for the All Blacks' 2010 end of year tour, where he made his test debut against England on 6 November. In Super Rugby he played for the Crusaders in 2011 and the Chiefs in 2012. Following that, Williams played briefly for the Panasonic Wild Knights in the Japanese Top League before returning to rugby league after signing with the Sydney Roosters for the 2013 NRL season. That year he was judged the world's best rugby league player at the annual RLIF Awards. He playing another season for the Roosters in 2014. Williams returned to rugby union with Counties Manukau in the 2014 ITM Cup, followed by the Chiefs in the 2015 Super Rugby. He claimed a second Rugby World Cup title in 2015, becoming one of only twenty dual Rugby World Cup winners. He went on to play rugby sevens for New Zealand, finishing the 2015–16 World Rugby Sevens Series in third place before competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where his tournament was ended due to injury during his first game. From 2009 to 2013, Williams boxed professionally six times, winning all six of his heavyweight bouts before suspending his boxing career to focus on rugby. Subsequently, he resurrected his boxing career in early 2015. He was formerly the New Zealand Professional Boxing Association (NZPBA) Heavyweight Champion and World Boxing Association (WBA) International Heavyweight Champion. Williams was born on 3 August 1985, in Auckland, New Zealand, the son of John and Lee (née Woolsey). His father is Samoan and was raised in New Zealand. His mother is of European New Zealander lineage, including Scottish and Irish descent. His maternal grandmother is Australian, which made Williams eligible to play for the Australian national rugby league team. He has an older brother, John Arthur, and younger twin sisters, Niall and Denise. Williams grew up in a working-class family in a state house in the Auckland suburb of Mount Albert. In describing his struggling family background, Williams later said that the "driving factor" in his pursuit of playing professional rugby league was to "get my mum a house." He attended Owairaka School, Wesley Intermediate and Mount Albert Grammar School. As a child he has been described as being a "small, skinny white kid" who was "painfully shy", as well as "a freakish sporting talent, a competitive sprinter, a champion high jumper and cross country runner and the kid who played footy in teams a couple of age divisions above, to make things fairer." Despite being tipped to have a promising future in athletics, Williams abandoned it when he was about twelve years old. Though his father was an accomplished rugby league player, Williams has said it was his mother who introduced him to the game. Williams was a Marist Saints junior when he was spotted playing in Auckland by Bulldogs talent scout John Ackland. In 2002 he was offered a contract and moved to Sydney (as the youngest player to ever sign with an NRL club) to play in the Bulldogs' junior grades. While training professionally, Williams worked full-time as a labourer. He advanced up the ranks quickly: becoming a starting player in the forward pack for the Bulldogs' Jersey Flegg Cup side in his first year. The following year Williams cemented a starting spot in the Premier League side. He also represented NSW as a junior; however, in 2013, when the NSW team investigated whether he could represent them in State of Origin, it was found that he only met two of the five necessary qualifications. In 2004, when nineteen years old, Williams made his NRL debut for the Bulldogs against the Parramatta Eels at Telstra Stadium. In 2004 he was selected by New Zealand after only a handful of NRL games and on 23 April made his debut for the Kiwis as their youngest-ever Test player in the 2004 ANZAC Test against Australia. He had previously played for the Junior Kiwis. Williams played fifteen NRL matches during the season—establishing himself in the Bulldogs squad. He experienced premiership success in his debut season and became the youngest person to play for the Bulldogs in a grand final when playing off the bench in the Bulldogs' 16–13 victory over the Sydney Roosters in the 2004 NRL Grand Final. Williams capped a successful debut season by receiving the 2004 RLIF Awards' "International Newcomer of the Year Award" and being named in "Rugby League World" magazine's 2004 World XIII. As 2004 NRL premiers, the Bulldogs faced Super League IX champions, the Leeds Rhinos, in the 2005 World Club Challenge, which the Bulldogs lost 32–39. Williams's contract was due to expire in 2005, and he received several offers to lure him away from the Bulldogs. The largest offer was rumoured to be about $3 million from UK Super League club St. Helens. Williams decided to stay with the Bulldogs and signed on for a further two years. St Helens chairman Eamonn McManus later said the club had not made an offer to him. Williams had a shortened 2005 season after sustaining a severe knee injury and several minor injuries. He played five games throughout the year and subsequently missed several internationals for New Zealand. Williams expressed his frustration, stating "You've got to be pretty strong mentally when you have injuries, and I've had a few." Williams later adamant dismissed claims he was injury prone. Williams stayed relatively injury-free throughout the 2006 season, playing in 21 matches and scoring eight tries. The Bulldogs were beaten in the preliminary final by eventual premiers the Brisbane Broncos. However, off-season surgery forced Williams to miss the Tri-Nations for New Zealand for the second consecutive year. In the first game of the 2007 season, Williams was sent off and subsequently suspended for two weeks for a high tackle on Andrew Johns. He thus became the first player of the 21st century to be sent off in a first-round game. Speculation surrounding Williams's playing future ended when he re-signed with the Bulldogs on 9 March 2007 for a five-year contract worth over $2.5 million, extending through to the 2012 season. Williams was selected to play for the Kiwis as a second-row forward in the 2007 Anzac Test loss against Australia. He went on to play in 21 matches for the Bulldogs; scored fourteen tries and topped the competition, for the second successive year, for most offloads. However, Williams broke his forearm in a tackle on Nathan Hindmarsh during the semi-final against the Eels. His team lost the match, and Williams was again ruled out from representing New Zealand in the post-season 2007 Great Britain Tour. He was nominated for 'Second-Rower of the Year' at the 2007 Dally M Awards; however, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles second-rower Anthony Watmough won the award. On 13 November 2012, Williams confirmed he would be returning to rugby league after signing a one-year deal with the Sydney Roosters for the 2013 NRL season. His return was undertaken to honour a handshake agreement with Roosters chairman Nick Politis. It took over a month before his contract was officially approved and registered by the ARLC; he was "frogmarched into League Central to be grilled as part of the probe" into his contract. Williams's return coincided with the banning of the shoulder charge—a manoeuvre of which he has been described as the best and most famous exponent. On 7 March, Williams made his debut for the Roosters before a record first round crowd and television audience; he also scored his first try for his new club. On 1 April, Williams scored his second try in the Roosters' 50–0 win over the Eels—their biggest ever victory against Parramatta and the first time they had kept their opposition scoreless in consecutive matches since 1999. On 12 April he scored twice in his first encounter against the Bulldogs—with the 38–0 result being the Roosters' largest ever victory over Canterbury. On 5 May he scored his fifth try against the Panthers. On 16 June, Williams scored his sixth try against the Warriors. On 28 July, Williams scored his seventh try against Newcastle, but he was given a two match suspension for a grade three careless high tackle on former Bulldogs teammate Willie Mason. On 19 August, after returning from suspension, Williams scored his eighth try against the Wests Tigers. On 6 September he was named man-of-the-match as the Roosters claimed the NRL minor premiership and J. J. Giltinan Shield against the Rabbitohs in front of a record NRL regular season crowd of 59,708. On 6 October, Williams played in the grand final against Manly, with the Roosters claiming the premiership 26–18. Williams later said of the victory "I didn't cry, but it was the first time I've come close to crying." Subsequently, he was awarded the Jack Gibson Medal as the Roosters' player of the year. Several days later he announced that he would continue playing for the Roosters into 2014—the first time he had played consecutive seasons for one team since leaving Toulon in 2010. Following the NRL season, Williams announced himself unavailable for international selection. As a result, New Zealand named a 24-man squad without him; however, after reversing his self-exclusion he was added to the squad at the expense of Tohu Harris. On 27 October, Williams played in his first Test game in over five years—and his first victory for the Kiwis—while playing against Samoa. In his second game of the tournament, Williams scored three tries against Papua New Guinea, in a man-of-the-match performance. In the week leading up to the final, Williams was awarded the Rugby League International Federation's 'International Player of the Year' award for 2013; he cried when his teammates performed an impromptu haka for him at the award ceremony. He went on to play in the World Cup final, where New Zealand were defeated by Australia. On 6 March 2014, Williams and the Roosters began the 2014 NRL season with a loss to rivals the Rabbitohs; he was suspended for three games as a result of a shoulder charge on George Burgess in the final minute of the game. He returned in round five in a loss to the Bulldogs. On 12 April, Williams played his 100th NRL game against Parramatta—the same club he marked his debut against with the Bulldogs. On 23 May he scored twice against the Bulldogs to register his first points of the season. On 8 June, Williams scored his third try against the Melbourne Storm. Following the game against Newcastle, he revealed he had suffered a fractured thumb and would be sidelined for up to four weeks. During his recovery he was a guest host on the Nine Network's Footy Show and was part of a high-profile delegation to launch the NRL's "Pacific Strategy" in Samoa. After missing three games, Williams returned against the Warriors. On 26 September, Williams's two-year tenure in the NRL ended following the minor premiers' preliminary final loss to the Rabbitohs. However, Williams did not rule out a return to the Roosters in the future. In July 2008, after linking up with new manager Khoder Nasser, Williams left Australia to join the Tana Umaga coached French rugby union club Toulon. In his controversial mid-season exit from the NRL, Williams cited salary cap concerns for his move. In 2005 it had been suggested that the NRL's salary cap restrictions could prove problematic in trying to keep top-grade players in rugby league. Bulldogs club officials and players were not notified of his departure until after Williams had already left for Europe using a Samoan passport. Williams was eighteen months into a five-year contract with the Bulldogs, and the dispute was only resolved when Toulon paid a transfer fee of around £300,000 (A$750,000). According to Bulldogs CEO Todd Greenberg, Williams was "our best player [before he] walked out". The circumstances in which he left the Bulldogs created a media debate in Australia and New Zealand, and Williams was the subject of considerable criticism for a departure that was described as the greatest act of treachery in the game's history. Williams's highest honour with Toulon was finishing runner-up in the 2009-10 European Challenge Cup. On 6 June 2009 he played for the Barbarians in a tour match against Australia. His contract with Toulon ended in June 2010; in the same year Toulon reportedly tabled a three-year, $6 million offer to Williams, while the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) came up with a $550,000 per year deal. He was also offered the French number twelve jersey at the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Williams rejected Toulon's offer—reportedly the largest in rugby union history—and opted to sign with the NZRU in a bid to play for the All Blacks. He then chose to play with Canterbury in the ITM Cup and the Crusaders in the Super Rugby competition. On 3 September, Williams made his Canterbury debut against Bay of Plenty after previously playing for the Belfast Rugby Football Club in the CBS Canterbury Cup. He was named in the reserves and eighteen minutes into the game replaced second five-eight Ryan Crotty. Williams scored his first try in Canterbury's ITM Cup loss to Taranaki; he followed up with tries against Wellington, Otago and Counties Manukau. On 9 October, Canterbury became the new holder of the Ranfurly Shield, and on 5 November they were crowned ITM Cup Champions after defeating Waikato 33–13. On 17 October, Williams was named in the All Blacks squad to tour Hong Kong and the Northern Hemisphere. This would make him only the fourth person to have played for the All Blacks before having played any Super Rugby. He made his highly anticipated New Zealand debut at Twickenham against England on 6 November. He started at outside centre and combined with Ma'a Nonu to form the heaviest ever All Black midfield partnership at . In playing for the All Blacks he became the first person since Karl Ifwersen, in the 1920s, to represent New Zealand in rugby union after first playing for New Zealand in rugby league. On 13 November, in his second game for the All Blacks, Williams was awarded the man-of-the-match for his performance against Scotland. On 4 March, Williams made his 2011 Super Rugby debut for the Crusaders against the Waratahs, scoring a try and setting up another. A week later he scored his second try against the ACT Brumbies. On 27 March he returned to Twickenham to play against the Sharks in the first Super Rugby match played outside of New Zealand, Australia or South Africa. On 9 April, in his fifth game for the Crusaders, Williams scored his third try. On 23 April, Williams, playing off the reserves bench against the Highlanders, experienced his first rugby defeat since his All Black debut more than five months earlier. A week later he scored his fourth try while playing against the Western Force. On 7 May, Williams played his first rugby match in South Africa, in the Crusaders' victory over the Stormers at Newlands Stadium. On 29 May he played against the Queensland Reds in a match which set a new attendance record for an Australian Super Rugby game, with 48,301 fans at Suncorp Stadium. On 25 June he scored his fifth try while playing against the Sharks in the first finals week of the Super Rugby competition. A week later, against the Stormers in Cape Town, he was part of the Crusaders team that became the first side since 1999 to win a Super Rugby semi-final outside their home country. On 9 July, Williams was part of the Crusaders team which lost to the Reds in the grand final, held at Suncorp Stadium before an Australian provincial attendance record crowd of 52,113. He ended the Super Rugby season with the most off-loads, was second to Quade Cooper for line-break assists, was in the top ten for try assists and was 13th overall for run metres—no other centre came close to Williams's off-load and line-break assist figures. During his time in Christchurch, Williams was present when both the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes struck. On 30 July, Williams played his first home test match during the second game of the 2011 Tri Nations Series. On 9 September he played in the opening match of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. A week later he scored his first test rugby tries during New Zealand's second game, in which he played on the right wing. The match was also the first time he had played outside the centres since playing in a handful of games on the wing and in the back row for Toulon. He scored his third try of the tournament against France, in his second consecutive game playing on the wing. On 2 October, Williams scored in his third consecutive match, whilst playing against Canada. New Zealand went on to win the tournament, with Williams amassing a Rugby World Cup record of three tries as a substitute player. On 31 October it was announced that Williams would join the Chiefs for the 2012 Super Rugby season. His new contract allowed a "limited number" of professional boxing bouts. On 25 February, Williams made his 2012 Super Rugby debut for the Chiefs against the Highlanders, In early March he was named as the NZRU's "Teen Rugby Ambassador". On 14 April, Williams scored his first try for the Chiefs while playing against the Cheetahs. On 13 May he scored his second try in the Chiefs' first loss since their club record of nine consecutive wins. On 2 June he scored his third try while playing against the Blues. During the mid-year rugby test series, Williams played in all three of New Zealand's matches against Ireland—scoring two tries in the last game of the series. On 6 July he scored his fourth try for the Chiefs—this time against his former club, the Crusaders. On 4 August, Williams played in the Chiefs' 37–6 victory against the Sharks in the Super Rugby final—scoring the last try of the match then celebrating by leaping into the home crowd. With this victory, Williams became only the third person, after Peter Ryan and Brad Thorn, to have won both an NRL and Super Rugby title. He also ended the season with the most off-loads (for a second consecutive year), most tackle busts, most line-breaks and most turnovers gained. He was also awarded the Chiefs' players' player award. On 18 August, Williams played for the All Blacks in the first match of the inaugural Rugby Championship. The following week, he ended his two-year tenure in New Zealand rugby with a man-of-the-match performance in New Zealand's Bledisloe Cup winning 22–0 victory over Australia. On 9 July 2012, Williams announced he would be playing for the Panasonic Wild Knights in the Japanese Top League during the 2012–13 season—with the allowance to have one boxing fight during the season—before returning to rugby league. The Panasonic deal was thought to be the largest one-season contract in rugby union history. He was also expected to be heavily involved in the promotion of the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan—the country being the main host of the event. On 9 September, a week after sitting out the Top League season opener to be given time to adjust after coming off recent All Blacks duties, Williams made his debut for Panasonic against NTT Shining Arcs. On 22 September he scored his first try for Panasonic, while playing against Toshiba Brave Lupus. On 27 October, Williams scored his second try during Panasonic's eighth round victory over the Kintetsu Liners; however, the match would be his final game of the season after sustaining an injury when he landed awkwardly on his shoulder following a tackle. On 20 December 2013 it was announced that Williams would return to rugby union with the Chiefs on a two-year deal starting in 2015. He also aimed to represent New Zealand in the 2015 Rugby World Cup and in rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 15 June 2014, Williams signed a two-year deal, starting in 2015, to play in the ITM Cup with Counties Manukau—reuniting with his former Toulon coach Tana Umaga. However, on 8 October 2014 he started his contract with Counties a year early when he made his debut for the club against Auckland, only twelve days after his last game for the Roosters. He played the following game, which was also his clubs' final game of the season. On 20 October, Williams was named in the All Blacks' squad to tour the US and UK in November. On 1 November, he made his return to international rugby against the United States, scoring twice in a man-of-the-match performance. He went on to play in every other game of the tour. On 14 February, Williams marked his 2015 Super Rugby return to the Chiefs with a win against the Blues in the first round. Two weeks later, he scored his first try of the season against his former club, the Crusaders. On 13 June, after being sidelined for a month with a back injury, Williams returned in the final round of the regular season. The following week, Williams was part of the Chiefs' team that lost to the Highlanders in the quarter-finals. Despite having played only ten of the sixteen regular season games, Williams had the second most offloads, and his nine line-break assists were the highest of any player with ten matches or less. On 8 July, Williams played in New Zealand's first test of the year, in a historic match against Samoa. The following week he teamed up with Ma'a Nonu in the midfield against Argentina, in the opening match of the 2015 Rugby Championship. On 8 August, Williams played in New Zealand's loss against Australia in the Rugby Championship decider; he also sustained an injury which prevented him from playing in the following weeks' Bledisloe Cup match. On 19 August, Williams was named in coach Gordon Tietjens' initial squad to represent New Zealand at the 2016 Summer Olympics in rugby sevens. Williams said he would commit to rugby sevens full-time following the Rugby World Cup and leading up to the Olympics, in an effort to make the final squad. On 30 August, Williams was named in New Zealand's 31-man squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. On 20 September, he played off the bench in New Zealand's opening game victory against Argentina. Four days later, Williams played in New Zealand's first-ever test match against Namibia. On 2 October, Williams played in New Zealand's first-ever test match against Georgia. The following week, he scored a try in New Zealand's final pool stage match against Tonga. On 17 October, Williams was a part of New Zealand's record-setting quarter-final victory against France, before playing in the semi-final victory against South Africa. He went on to play in New Zealand's victory against Australia in the final, before gifting his winner’s medal to a teenage fan during the lap of honour; however, he was presented with a second medal at the World Rugby Awards the following day. His performance during the tournament, along with those of his midfield partners, was praised by coach Steve Hansen: "Not only have we lost Ma'a and Conrad we've also lost Sonny. They were the three guys that set the World Cup on fire and allowed us to have a one, two, three punch." On 11 January, Williams began training with the All Blacks Sevens team. However, his introduction to the sport and national team began at the 2015 Dubai Sevens, as a guest of the tournament, where he also witnessed the debut of his sister, Niall, for the New Zealand women's team. His inclusion in the international sevens arena has been "Touted as the biggest gain from the 15-a-side ranks". On 25 January, Williams was named in the squad for the 2016 Wellington Sevens. On 30 January, he marked his international debut against Russia, scoring a try with his first touch of the ball. He went on to play in the remainder of New Zealand's pool matches. The following day, Williams played in the quarter-final against Kenya, scored a try in the semi-final against England and played in the final's victory against South Africa. After Wellington, he played in the following 2016 Sydney Sevens, including the victory against Australia in the final. He was rested for the subsequent 2016 Las Vegas Sevens and was then ruled out of the 2016 Canada Sevens due to a swollen knee. Williams returned from injury against France in the 2016 Hong Kong Sevens and scored a try in the final pool stage game against Samoa. He went on to play in the quarter-final against Wales, the semi-final against South Africa and the loss against Fiji in the final. The following week he played in the 2016 Singapore Sevens, losing to Samoa in the second-tier Plate final. He went on to play in the 2016 Paris Sevens; however, his tournament was cut short by a knee injury. The following week he played in the 2016 London Sevens, the final tournament of the World Series, scoring a try against Russia. His tournament was again cut short, by an ankle injury early in the quarter-final loss to the United States, with New Zealand finishing the World Series in third place. On 1 June, Williams announced he had signed a three-year deal (his longest commitment since 2008) to stay with New Zealand rugby until the 2019 Rugby World Cup and would be joining the Blues in 2017, linking with coach Tana Umaga for the third time in his rugby career. On 3 July, Williams was selected to represent New Zealand in the men's rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics. His sister, Niall, was also selected to represent New Zealand in the women's tournament. On 9 August, in New Zealand's first game of the tournament, against Japan, Williams partially ruptured his Achilles tendon early in the second half. The injury ended Williams' Olympic campaign; New Zealand eventually finished in fifth place. He is expected to be out of rugby action for six to nine months and was replaced in New Zealand's squad for the 2016 Rugby Championship. After taking up boxing, Williams has often stated that it has made him a better, much more confident and mentally tougher sportsman. On 27 May 2009, Williams made his debut as a professional boxer on the undercard of close friend Anthony Mundine, defeating Garry Gurr with a technical knockout (TKO) in the second round in Brisbane. On 30 June 2010 he defeated Ryan Hogan in a bout that ended by TKO after only two minutes and 35 seconds. Williams described the preparation for the fight as "good off-season training" for his imminent debut for the Canterbury rugby team. On 29 January 2011, Williams fought in his third professional match against Australian Scott Lewis at the Gold Coast Convention Centre, in his first fight as the main event. Coincidentally, Lewis's trainer, Terry Devlin, named his youngest son after Williams—whom he called a "superb athlete". Williams was initially scheduled to fight Lewis on 29 January at the Newcastle Entertainment Centre; however, the bout was moved to the Gold Coast to cross-promote Williams's Super rugby team, the Crusaders, and their pre-season game against the Queensland Reds. Due to the 2010–2011 Queensland floods occurring at the same time as Williams's preparation for his bout against Lewis, as well as his chief sparring partner, Alex Leapai, being stranded by the flooding in Gatton, Williams donated 200 tickets for the fight to flood victims. Williams won the six-round bout against Lewis by unanimous points decision: he was scored favourably 60–55, 60–55 and 60–54 by the three judges. A fan paid $3,890 for his autographed gloves from the bout, with the money going towards the Queensland flood relief fund. On 5 June 2011, Williams had his fourth fight when the Crusaders had a bye week. The fight, the second of three allowed under his agreement with the NZRU, took place at Trusts Stadium, Waitakere City, against Tongan Alipate Liava'a. Williams won the bout by unanimous points decision: the fight scored 60–54 in his favour by all three judges. The event was promoted as a Christchurch earthquake charity fight dubbed "The Clash For Canterbury". The fight became one of the single largest fundraisers for the 2011 Christchurch earthquake appeal when Sky donated its profits from the pay-per-view sales of the fight, and Williams made a $NZ100,000 donation from his share of TV sales—described as "one of the biggest individual donations by an athlete to a disaster appeal." On 8 February 2012, Williams was supposed to fight Richard Tutaki for the vacant New Zealand Professional Boxing Association (NZPBA) Heavyweight Championship title at Claudelands Arena in Hamilton, after Shane Cameron vacated it to move down to the cruiserweight division. However, it was later revealed that Tutaki was facing serious criminal charges; so he was subsequently dropped from the fight card. Williams's replacement opponent was then announced to be Auckland-based American Clarence Tillman III. The fight was dubbed the "Battle for the Belt". Williams went on to claim the title belt by Technical Knockout after a left hook and a series of further blows on Tillman forced referee Lance Revill to stop the fight in the first round. Following the bout, Williams rejected an offer to join the boxing stable of fight promoter Don King. On 24 November 2012, during the Japanese Top League's November break, Williams was due to fight South African former heavyweight contender Francois Botha at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre. However, the bout was postponed to 8 February 2013 after Williams required surgery for a right pectoral muscle injury sustained while playing for Panasonic on 27 October. The fight was for the vacant WBA International Heavyweight title. The event also marked the boxing debut of Williams's close friend and fellow rugby player, Quade Cooper, on the undercard. After dominating most rounds but on the verge of being knocked out in the last round, Williams went on to win the bout by unanimous points decision, with the judges scoring 98–94, 97–91 and 97–91 in his favour. However, the victory was marred by controversy because at late notice (and unbeknownst to most people) the fight was shortened to ten rounds, instead of the scheduled twelve. Australian National Boxing Federation committee member John Hogg later stated that the decision to cut the bout short was made just before the fight started, with the approval of officials and both Williams's and Botha's camps; however, Botha was not informed of the change by his own camp. In October 2013, Williams revealed he would not fight again for at least another three years due to a lack of time as he pursued his footballing goals and commitments. This led to him being stripped of his two boxing titles in mid-December 2013. On 31 January 2015, Williams prematurely returned to the ring when he fought American Chauncy Welliver at Allphones Arena in Sydney. Coincidentally, in 2012, during his stint playing rugby for Panasonic in Japan, Williams was ringside when Welliver fought Kyotaro Fujimoto. Included on Williams's undercards were fellow footballers Paul Gallen, Liam Messam and Willis Meehan. The event marked the inaugural "Footy Show Fight Night" and was broadcast, in a rare occurrence, live on free-to-air television channel GEM. Williams went on to win the bout by unanimous points decision, with the judges scoring 80–72, 80–72 and 79–73 in his favour and Welliver praising his performance and potential. On 5 May 2014, Williams became a global ambassador for sportswear giant Adidas—becoming the first player in rugby league history to be signed on such a deal. He is also the face of clothing label Just Jeans and a brand ambassador for BMW. He has also had endorsement deals with other brands, including Powerade and Rebel Sport. He was ranked 41st in SportsPro magazine's 50 most marketable athletes for 2014. In December 2015, Williams served as an ambassador for UNICEF, visiting Lebanon with Mike McRoberts in an effort to raise awareness of the plight of Syrian refugee children. Despite being born in New Zealand, Williams is also a citizen of Samoa. Williams's younger sister, Niall, is a former New Zealand international touch football captain and current International rugby sevens player. His older brother John Arthur Williams has played rugby league in both the New South Wales Cup and Queensland Cup, as well as for the Phelan Shield premiers, the New Lynn Stags, in the 2011 Auckland Rugby League season. Williams is the cousin of brothers Henry and Marcus Perenara, who are former professional rugby league players. He is also the cousin of rugby player and Chiefs teammate Tim Nanai-Williams and Cardiff Blues player Nick Williams. According to Greg Bearup, Williams's "one indulgence is beautiful clothes, and when he's finished with sport he'd like to design his own range, 'with sizes that fit boys like me.'" Williams converted to Islam in 2008, stating that he had converted in France while playing for Toulon. He is the first Muslim to play for the All Blacks. Prior to converting to Islam, he was involved in several alcohol-related incidents, including a low-range drink driving conviction, being caught in a compromising position with Australian model and ironwoman Candice Falzon and receiving an infringement notice and fine for public urination. On his off-field indiscretions, Williams has said, "Those things have made me who I am today, I wouldn't change that."

Rear Admiral Richardson Clover (July 11, 1846 – October 14, 1919) was an officer of the United States Navy. An 1867 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he was a noted hydrographer, served as Director of Naval Intelligence, and commanded the gunboat during the Spanish–American War. He was socially prominent in Washington, D.C. and served as US Naval Attaché to Great Britain. He commanded the on the Asiatic Station and served as president of the Board of Inspection and Survey. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1907 and retired in 1908. Clover was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, son of Lewis Peter Clover and Sarah Ann Ackerman Clover. His father was an artist who later became an Episcopal minister, serving congregations in Virginia, New Jersey, Illinois, and New York. Richardson Clover was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from Missouri in July 1863 and graduated in 1867. His first posting was to the frigate "Susquehanna". Clover had a varied career in the service including several hydrographic assignments. He served on the Coast Survey steamer on the Pacific coast 1874–77, and had a brief assignment to the Naval Hydrographic Office. He was again assigned to the Coast Survey in 1881, first in the Washington office and then commanding the schooner "Palinurus" surveying Long Island Sound. He supervised construction of the steamer and became her first commander. Under Clover, the "Patterson" sailed to California by way of the Straits of Magellan and subsequently made surveys in southeastern Alaska in 1885, covering the north shore of Dixon Entrance (except for Cordova Bay), and Clarence Strait as far north as Union Bay. He remained in charge of the "Patterson" and the Southeast Alaska survey until he was relieved by A.S Snow in March 1886. Following a year's leave accompanying his marriage, Clover was posted to the torpedo station at Newport and then attended the Naval War College from September 1887 until January 1888. Subsequently, he was posted as navigator on the , then as executive officer on the from December 1888 to December 1889. During this period "Dolphin" completed her round-the-world cruise. He returned to the Naval Hydrographic Office in 1889. He became acting hydrographer in September 1890 and was formally appointed hydrographer (i.e. head of the office) in May 1891, accompanying his appointment as lieutenant commander. He was appointed one of the initial members, and secretary, of the Board on Geographic Names in 1890. He continued as Hydrographer until 1893. Clover served on the Phythian Board on the reorganization of the Navy. Subsequently, he was posted to the cruiser , serving as executive officer under Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, author of "The Influence of Sea Power upon History". In December 1895, he was appointed to the Board revising Naval Regulations. Subsequently, he commanded the in 1896-7. Clover was appointed Chief Intelligence Officer of the Office of Naval Intelligence from November 1897 to May 1898 and then again from October 1898 to February 1900. While on his first term as Chief Intelligence Officer, then-Cmdr. Clover was also member of the War and Strategy Board established by the Secretary of the Navy John D. Long to provide him with operational and strategic advice. Also on that board was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt. In the period leading up to the Spanish–American War, Clover organized intelligence-gathering efforts to establish the location, condition, and order of battle of the Spanish naval forces. These efforts included espionage as well as the more usual compilation of information from open and diplomatic channels. However, when the war started, Clover left his position to take an active combat position as commanding officer of the gunboat from May to September 1898. After his stint on the "Bancroft" Clover resumed his duties as Chief Intelligence Officer until February 1900, then was reassigned as the Naval Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in London from April 1900 to June 1903 He was promoted to captain on April 11, 1902. After a short hiatus at home he became the commanding officer of the battleship from January 1904 to December 1905, while for most of this time also serving as Chief-of-Staff of the Asiatic Fleet. Then after a one-year hiatus he became a member, then the president of the Board of Inspection and Survey from February 1907 to July 1908, during which he was promoted to rear admiral. He retired on July 11, 1908. Clover died on October 14, 1919, in Wyoming while en route from San Francisco, California to Washington, D.C. He is buried with his wife in Arlington National Cemetery. Clover was married on 19 May 1886 to Mary Eudora Miller. She was the daughter of Senator John F. Miller from California, the wealthy former head of the Alaska Commercial Company. Clover named Dora Bay, Miller Lake, and Mt. Eudora in Alaska, presumably for her, in 1885. The Clovers had two daughters, Beatrice Miller Clover and Mary Eudora Miller Clover. Beatrice married Thomas Holcomb, who served as Commandant of the United States Marine Corps during the early part of World War II. Mary Eudora Miller never married and died October 11, 1954 in San Francisco, Ca. Clover Bay and Clover Passage in the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, are named for him. Clover Deep, an undersea valley at 37N, 137 W off the coast of California, was named for him in 1895. The name changed to Glover Deep as the result of a transcription error and neither name is in current use.

Pardes () is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language musical drama film directed by Subhash Ghai. It was released on 8 August 1997. The film stars Shahrukh Khan, Amrish Puri, Alok Nath, and newcomers Mahima Chaudhry and Apurva Agnihotri. The film was a commercial, critical and musical hit. Mahima Chaudary won the Best Newcomer Award for her performance. The film was remade in Telugu as "Pelli Kanuka" (1998). "Pardes" is a story that revolves around Arjun (Shah Rukh Khan) and Ganga (Mahima Chaudhary). Kishorilal Saagar (Amrish Puri), a wealthy Indian businessman living in America, visits his old friend Suraj Dev (Alok Nath) in India. During his stay at the conservative, traditional Indian household, he gets to know Suraj's eldest daughter, Ganga, who shares his love for India and Indian culture. Ganga's younger siblings are enchanted by the uncle from America, and because they perceive Western culture and values to be so desirable, they cook up a plan to impress him with an English song. Unimpressed, he sings back a hymn-like song in a more traditional Indian style, "I love my India." Ganga joins in this song, expressing her equal love for India. The song emphasises the movie's theme in key moments. Kishorilal asks Suraj to promise Ganga as a bride for his westernised son, Rajiv (Apoorva Agnihotri). He is convinced that Ganga will be not only a perfect bride, but the way treasured Indian values are revived and passed on in his Americanized family and large circle of Indian friends and business acquaintances. Suraj's family accepts the proposal. Kishorilal knows he will have a tough time trying to convince his son to marry or even meet Ganga. Back in America, he asks his foster son, Arjun (Shahrukh Khan) to help his plan along. Arjun, who has been working in Kishorilal's personal garage and making music with his band, is being interviewed as the composer of the new musical hit "I Love My India". However, when Kishorilal calls to ask for his help, his loyalty to his uncle is so strong that he cuts the interview short. Arjun flies to India ahead of Rajiv to set the stage for him to meet Ganga, unintentionally offending Ganga's family with a barrage of orders that includes removing farm animals from sight and relocating their servant. When "Ganga" is first introduced, she is hideously made up, with horn-rimmed glasses and buck teeth, sending Arjun into a panic about the success of Kishorilal's plans. Later, when he meets the authentic Ganga, he is entranced, and in an effort to make up for his offensive behaviour, promises to be a trustworthy friend. Immediately after they shake hands, Ganga moves the farm animals and the servant back into the enclosed yard. She explains to Arjun that her family loves all who are a part of it, even animals and servants, in contrast to Arjun's apparent and somewhat Western view that they are not very important. When Rajiv arrives, he also acts offensively; sometimes intentionally, and sometimes because he has no idea of what Indians consider rude or inappropriate. But Arjun, despite his own attraction to Ganga, smooths the way out of loyalty to Rajiv and Kishorilal. In his determination to help the marriage come to pass, Arjun deceives Ganga about Rajiv's character and habits; he assures her that Rajiv is a "nice guy"; he also covers up for Rajiv, telling Ganga the cigarettes she found in Rajiv's room are his own. Rajiv and Ganga agree to the wedding. The engagement is set in India, but the families agree that Ganga should come to America before the wedding. Ganga arrives in America, and is hurt to hear her traditional dress and "foreign" manners despised by Rajiv's snaky mother at a party in her new home. However, at a very large and influential gathering arranged by Kishorilal, she is invited to sing. She sings "I love my India" and receives warm, sincere applause. In her new surroundings, her only friend and confidant is Arjun, with whom she begins to form a special bond. Little by little Ganga realises that Rajiv isn't the person Arjun portrayed him to be. Rajiv not only seems eager to leave her at home whenever possible, with little explanation or apology; when he does bring her out with his friends, he smokes, gets drunk and acts like a bully. At one party, he is drinking and flirting with other women while a Western man begins dancing too closely with Ganga; though Rajiv ignores the situation, Arjun loses his temper and fights the man to the ground. Later, Ganga is shocked to discover pictures of Rajiv with his girlfriend that clearly show he has had a sexual relationship with her. She is also astonished to find that Kishorilal's family treats Arjun, a near relative and loyal friend, as a servant, contemptuously dismissing the idea of his joining them for dinner or even eating in the same house. When Rajiv abandons Ganga for dinner with his girlfriend, who he is still seeing, Ganga confronts Arjun. Arjun justifies Rajiv's behaviour, reminding Ganga that Rajiv lives like an American, and that she should not make a fuss about such a petty affair. This exchange leads to a key monologue from Ganga. Infuriated that Arjun sees Rajiv's casual, unapologetic unfaithfulness as a "petty affair", she tells him that she demands love – the kind of love he (Arjun) gives others. Rejecting "love" that is less, she further rejects being made into a decoration to fit into Kishorilal's palatial mansion. Arjun realises that he has fallen in love with Ganga, but because of his immense loyalty to Kishorilal, he continues to encourage her to stay with the engagement and worry about "changing" Rajiv later. On the next day, Arjun's birthday, he is depressed and wants to be alone. However, Ganga finds out and asks Rajiv to go with her to wish Arjun a happy birthday. Rajiv rudely refuses, making it clear he also views Arjun as some kind of servant. Ganga visits the garage without Rajiv, joining a surprise party thrown by Arjun's band mates. Inevitably, Rajiv's hostile aunt Neeta notices the growing friendship between Ganga and Arjun and warns Kishorilal. He arranges for Arjun to leave the city immediately, telling him he has been promoted, and must start with a board meeting the following morning in another city. Kishorilal then informs Rajiv, who is on his way to another party in Las Vegas, that he must take Ganga with him. In Las Vegas, Rajiv gets drunk and reveals his true contempt and hatred for India; he derides Indians as "hypocrites", and "stupid". Ganga heatedly responds that Indians hate America's drug-riddled, amoral alternative. Furious, he tries to rape Ganga; after a violent struggle, she knocks him unconscious and flees. Kishorilal starts making calls to try to track the missing Ganga down, but Arjun goes looking for her and finds her crying at a train station with her clothes torn. He tries to persuade her to go back to Kishorilal's home, but she refuses. Arjun promises to protect her and help her get back to her family in India. Just after they arrive at her home in India, Kishorilal calls Ganga's father Suraj. Believing Arjun eloped with his daughter, Suraj tries to kill him with a family sword that hangs on the wall. Arjun seizes the sword and swears to Ganga's faithfulness and chastity. Then Arjun leaves, intending never to return. Meanwhile, Suraj locks Ganga in a shed, breathing threats of murder. Ganga's siblings and grandmother sneak in and advise her to run away with Arjun. Ganga realises that she is in love with Arjun, and with their help, secretly leaves the home. By this time, Kishorilal has arrived in India with Rajiv. Ganga catches up with Arjun at a temple, and demands he confess his love. Still loyal to Kishorilal, he refuses, insisting that he does not love her. Ganga is devastated, but before he walks away, Rajiv turns up with several thugs to kill Arjun but Ganga protects Arjun. She's then confronted by Rajiv for this. In the ensuing fight, Arjun takes a terrible beating before getting the upper hand. Kishorilal arrives with Suraj just as Arjun is about to kill Rajiv. Kishorilal furiously suggests that Arjun "honorably" kill himself with a conveniently handy gun, and demands Arjun "tell the truth" about how he came to be in India with Rajiv's promised bride. This leads to the second key monologue of the film. Arjun confronts Kishorilal with not wanting to know the truth; people who want the truth, don't ask for it with a gun. He accuses Kishorilal of having become a true Westerner after all, since his wealth has eviscerated his compassion and ability to examine the truth when it doesn't match what he wants it to be. Confessing that he does, in truth, love Ganga, he affirms that he never pursued her and has acted honourably, while Rajiv in every way rejected honourable action and lied about how Ganga came to have returned so suddenly to India; not only was Ganga (personification of the most valued aspects of Indian culture), unable to merge with Western culture, Western values (in the person of Rajiv) almost utterly ruined Ganga. Ganga confirms Rajiv's attempted rape, which shocks everyone, then tells her father she is willing to die by whatever means he chooses; poison, fire, or hunger. This pivotal scene both verbalises and symbolises how good, happy, pure Ganga (Indian values), instead of being able to uplift and enrich Rajiv (Western values), has been sacrificed to the unsuccessful attempt to merge India with the West. Ironically, it also highlights one way in which Western culture can be viewed as more just and compassionate than Indian culture, since a Western bride can break off an unsuitable engagement without risking death at the hands of outraged family members. Moreover, but realising he has indeed heard the truth, Kishorilal affirms that Ganga will marry his son. Rejecting Rajiv (and, symbolically, his own Western compromises), he embraces Arjun as his true son, and along with raj and his family blesses the engagement between Arjun and Ganga. The soundtrack was composed by the duo of Nadeem Shravan while the lyrics can be credited to Anand Bakshi. It was released under the label of Tips Music Films. The album was very successful amongst the audience. The tracks "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hai", "I Love My India", "Meri Mehbooba", "Yeh Dil Dewaana" , "Jahan Piya" were immensely popular with songs being played till date. Music director duo Nadeem-Shravan received a Filmfare nomination for the album and won a Star Screen Award for Best Music Director. Ghai wanted A.R.Rahman to compose the music of this film but Rahman politely declined the offer since Ghai wanted the tunes ready in less than two months. Track list "Pardes" grossed in India and $1.7 million (6.12 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of , and grossed in its first week. It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1997 worldwide. It opened on Friday, August 8, 1997, across 210 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared "Super Hit" by "Box Office India". It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1997 in India. It earned $1.7 million (6.12 crore in 1997) outside India. Overseas, it is the 2nd-highest-grossing film of 1997 after "Dil To Pagal Hai" which grossed $3.3 million (12.04 crore in 1997). "Pardes" received mixed reviews from critics. Praise was given to the music, however aspects of the script were criticised. "India Today" cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States. In their book, "New Cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the US", Gita Rajan and Shailja Sharma view the film as a dichotomous depiction of the good NRI versus bad NRI, with Khan depicting the good immigrant, who assists the rowdy Indian American playboy Rajiv (Apurva Agnihotri), the bad. Khan's character of Arjun is perceived as a metaphor for cosmopolitanism or Indian cultural nationalism in the wider sense, in direct contrast to Rajiv who represents wealthy Westernization and all its negative vices and connotations.

Beresford was the second son of William Horsley-Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies, by Catherine Anne Dent, daughter of Commander William Dent. He was educated at Eton before joining the army in 1887. Beresford joined the 7th Hussars as a Second lieutenant in February 1887, was promoted to Lieutenant on 10 April 1889, and to Captain on 7 October 1896. He saw military service mainly in Africa, first during the Second Matabele War in 1896 and later during the Second Boer War. In January 1900 he was appointed an Aide-de-camp to the Duke of Connaught, Commander-in-Chief of Ireland. In early February 1902, he was appointed in command of the 37th Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel, and the following May left Aldershot with his Battalion for service in South Africa. From 1903 to 1904 he served in Somaliland. In 1910 he succeeded his elder brother in the barony. This was an Irish peerage and did not entitle him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords. However, in 1912 he was elected as an Irish Representative peer and was able to take a seat in the upper chamber of Parliament. From 1916-19 he was Chief Press Censor for Ireland. "Time" magazine on 5 May 1930 reported his stance on British taxation: "The time may have come," said Lord Decies ominously, "when our wealthy men should seriously consider whether they must send their money out of this country." As Director of the British Income Taxpayers' Association, he vowed that he would suggest to them that "the time may have come. Beresford was an Irish polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Foxhunters Hurlingham polo team which won the gold medal. In 1908, he played in the first international polo match between England and Argentina at the Hurlingham Club in Hurlingham, Buenos Aires alongside Alexander Godley. Lord Decies married Helen Vivien Gould on 7 February 1911. They had three children: ***LIST***. Lady Decies died on 3 February 1931, and following her death he married Elizabeth Wharton Drexel, the daughter of Joseph William Drexel, on 25 May 1936. Elizabeth had previously been married to Harry Lehr. Asked how to say his name, Lord Decies told "The Literary Digest": "With "ci" as in "conscience" it is "dee-shees", and Beresford is "berysford"." (Charles Earle Funk, "What's the Name, Please? ", Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

Douglas Mitchell Corbett (born November 4, 1952) is a former American professional baseball player who was a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) for eight seasons during the 1980s. He played college baseball for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he played professionally for the Minnesota Twins, California Angels and Baltimore Orioles of MLB. Doug Corbett was born in Sarasota, Florida in 1952. He attended Sarasota High School, and played high school baseball for the Sarasota Sailors. Corbett accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Dave Fuller's Florida Gators baseball team from 1971 to 1974. He was a recognized as a first-team All-Southeastern Conference selection as a pitcher in 1974. Corbett graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in exercise and sport science in 1974, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1996. In his rookie season with the Twins, Corbett saved twenty-three games and placed third in the Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award voting in the American League. The following year, he was elected to the American League All-Star team.

Korach was born in Los Angeles in 1952. He went on to attend San Diego State University for college, where he worked on the school's newspaper, before he transferred to the University of California, Santa Barbara. He graduated from UC Santa Barbara in 1975 with a B.A. in Social Sciences. Korach started his broadcasting career in 1980 for KTOB in Petaluma, California, where he was involved with high school sports. In 1981, he joined California League team Redwood Pioneers and broadcated on KSRO on a part-time basis, eventually becoming full-time with them in 1984. While with the Pioneers, he joined Sonoma State University in 1982 where he broadcast Seawolves' football and basketball games. Korach joined San Jose State University in 1985 and broadcast for the San Jose State Spartans football and men's basketball teams. For a brief period, Korach also served on the Pacific Coast League's Phoenix Firebirds broadcast crew from 1986 to 1987. From 1989 to 1991, he was with fellow PCL team Las Vegas Stars. In 1992, Korach made a number of professional leaps. He joined University of Nevada, Las Vegas to broadcast UNLV Rebels football and basketball games. He remained with the football team through 1995 and continued with the basketball team until 2004. 1992 also saw Korach make his debut in Major League Baseball when he joined the Chicago White Sox broadcasting team. He worked mainly weekend games for the White Sox when John Rooney traveled to call the CBS Radio "Game of the Week". Korach joined the Oakland Athletics in 1996, replacing long-time sportscaster Lon Simmons. Working alongside Bill King, whom Korach viewed as a childhood hero, and Ray Fosse, the Oakland Athletics radio team was ranked as the second-best crew in the American League by "USA Today". Korach was promoted to the lead announcer for the Athletics after the 2005 season to replace King, who died in October 2005. Korach is the author of "Holy Toledo – Lessons from Bill King: Renaissance Man of the Mic" (), a biography of his former broadcasting partner Bill King. It was released in September 2013 by Wellstone Books and features contributions from Jon Miller. On May 9, 2010, Korach was the commentator for the conclusion of A's pitcher Dallas Braden's perfect game. Korach told "Las Vegas Review-Journal" columnist Ron Kantowski that although everyone in the ballpark was aware of what was going on, the words "perfect game" weren't used in the broadcast until the eighth inning. At the game's conclusion, Korach said, "A PERFECT GAME! Dallas Braden has thrown a perfect game! The A's have beaten Tampa Bay, four to nothing! The kid from Stockton has done it for the A's!" Korach is the founder of the Oakland Athletics' "A's Winning for the Community" program. He had previously heard of trouble at Oakland Technical High School, the alma mater of former A's outfielder and National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum member Rickey Henderson. He personally donated $5,000 to the Field of Dreams project, which ultimately succeeded, and Korach gave a speech the dedication on April 4, 2008. Feeling he could do more for the Oakland, California community, Korach met with Athletics executives and created the "A's Winning for the Community" program. Korach and the Athletics donate money to members of the Oakland Athletic League's baseball programs, which involve schools from the Oakland Unified School District, after each victory by the Athletics. Korach has been honored by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association twice in his career. He was named the 2001 Nevada Sportscaster of the Year when he was based in Las Vegas for his work with the UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball season. In 2013, he was named the California Sportscaster of the Year for his work with the Oakland Athletics radio network and 95.7 The Game, beating out John Ireland and Vin Scully. In 2003, Korach was elected by the Nevada Broadcasters Association to the Nevada Broadcasters Hall of Fame. In March 2012, it was reported that Korach underwent left knee replacement surgery. As a result, he missed several weeks on the broadcast. After the 2014 season, Korach suffered another injury to his left knee and had been rehabbing it, but was forced to miss the start of the 2015 Oakland Athletics season. He returned to the booth on May 23, 2015 after missing the first 46 games to the season. Korach is married to Denise Korach (née Moran), and has a daughter, Emilee. He resides in Henderson, Nevada.

Borroloola is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located on the McArthur River, about 50 km upstream from the Gulf of Carpentaria. At the 2011 census, Borroloola had a population of 926. Borroloola lies on the traditional country of the Yanyuwa people, on the coastal plain between the Barkly Tablelands and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Rivers that run from the Tablelands escarpment to the Gulf regularly flood in the wet season, making travel on the unsealed section of Highway One along the coastal plain to Queensland impossible. The rivers of this region have carved spectacular gorges through sandstone deposits in their upper reaches. The rivers and coastal areas are host to barramundi, earning Borroloola a reputation among sports fisherman, and also to the deadly saltwater crocodile. The region has little rain from May to September, and is characterised by lightly treed Savanna grasslands. The 'Coast Track' follows the path of cattle drovers of the late 19th century as they moved herds from north-west Queensland to stock the new stations of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley. The drovers in turn followed a well-worn Aboriginal path. Tony Roberts (2005) writes a moving and well-researched history of the region, in which the local tribes went from almost total isolation from European Australians in 1870, to a decimated collection of displaced and defeated groups, over a single decade. Entire tribes such as the Wilangarra, including women, children and babies were massacred, and most adult males were killed, by police and quasi-police groups, and by drovers and station workers involved in the cattle droves of that era. Borroloola was declared a town on 10 September 1885. In the local Indigenous languages of Yanyuwa, Garrwa, Marra, Gudanji and Binbingka, Borroloola would be written as Burrulula. The name belongs to a small lagoon just to the east of the present day caravan park. The name originally Borrolooloo, translates borrow women, name of the lagoon and associated with the Hill Kangaroo. It was at this site that the Hill Kangaroo Ancestral Being (Nangurrbuwala) danced his ceremonies. The white barked gum trees in the area are said to be his body decorations as they flew from his body as he danced. Other Indigenous names in the area of Borroloola are Wurrarawala (Trig Hill) this hill is associated with the backbone of the Hill Kangaroo Ancestor. Bunubunu (Rocky Creek), this creek is associated with a File Snake Ancestor. Warralungku (The McArthur River Crossing) and Mabunji, a set of specific rocks at the McArthur River Crossing that carry the imprint of the Hill Kangaroo's tail and feet. The area of Borroloola belongs to members of the Rrumburriya clan. In 1977, the Yanyuwa people were the first to successfully lodge a claim under the new Federal "Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976" over Borroloola and the Pellew Islands. The claim was finally resolved in 2015. A second land claim in 2002, saw the remaining islands in the area also handed back. The King Ash Bay fishing club is situated on the McArthur River about 40 km downstream (north-east) from Borroloola by river, just over 40 km from Borroloola by road. Their boat ramp provides access to the mangrove-lined waterways of the McArthur estuary and the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The largely self-contained village houses a small permanent population during the wet season, but numbers swell as tourists, mostly retired and semi-retired, arrive in April and May to enjoy the mild dry season weather. The Fishing Classic competition, held over the Easter weekend each year (weather and road access permitting), marks the end of the wet season. The Borroloola Community Education Centre (CEC) contains a preschool, primary school and secondary school. The Borroloola CEC has a combined staff of more than 25. The staff are composed of mostly out-of-state teachers and local indigenous teacher aides. The CEC enjoys an average attendance of 100 students, but has far more listed on its rolls. Two of the problems facing the school are intermittent student attendance and a high staff turnover. The current Principal is Geoff Perry, who took over the school in 2008. The Borroloola Airport is 1149 metres long at an elevation of 55 feet (16.8 metres). The airport can be very busy during the day and the occasional Careflight services the town during the night. One single engine Cessna 210 aircraft from Katherine Aviation is based at the airport permanently. It frequently services the region with chartered and government flights to towns and communities such as Robinson River, McArthur River Mine and Katherine, as well as offering scenic flights to the nearby Sir Edward Pellew Islands and surrounding attractions. There are refuelling services for both Avgas and Avtur at the airport and limited parking areas. The runway is lit up at night by solar powered lights. Borroloola has a tropical savanna climate with the 3 distinct seasons of the Northern Territory, the wet season, the dry season and the build-up season. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) to 0.4 °C (32.7 °F) The main economic sectors in Borroloola are tourism, mining, and art. The controversial McArthur River mine, one of the world's largest zinc, lead and silver mines, is located about 70km from Borroloola. As of 2006, 42 business are registered in the town and unemployment is 35%. Waralungku Arts, an Aboriginal owned and controlled arts centre in Borroloola, was established in 2003.

The Hundred Days Men was the nickname applied to a series of volunteer regiments raised in 1864 for 100-day service in the Union Army during the height of the American Civil War. These short-term, lightly trained troops freed veteran units from routine duty to allow them to go to the front lines for combat purposes. In the spring of 1864, the Governor of Ohio, John Brough, was concerned with preventing Confederate invasions of the North, as Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry raid of Ohio had done during 1863. As the Civil War entered its fourth year, troops were increasingly difficult to raise both North and South. In the North, substantial bounties were offered to induce enlistment and the unpopular draft and substitute system was used to meet quotas. Brough proposed to enlist the state militia into federal service for a period of 100 days to provide short-term troops that would serve as guards, laborers, and rear echelon soldiers to free more veteran units for combat duty. This would increase the number of men in the Northern armies campaigning in the South and allowing the Union to achieve victory more quickly—hopefully in one hundred or fewer days. Brough expanded the idea and contacted the governors of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New Jersey to do likewise to raise 100,000 men to offer the Lincoln Administration. The governors of these five states submitted their suggestion to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who placed the proposal before President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln immediately approved the plan. The War Department accepted all of Ohio's recruits, and the men were ready for duty within sixteen days of enlistment. Although other states brought in a total of around 25,000 men, only Ohio came close to its goal, federalizing close to 36,000 militiamen. Even when the system later spread to other Northern states, a total of only about 81,000 men was raised for a 100-day period. These veterans became known as Hundred Days Men.

Aitbaar (Hindi: ऐतबार, Urdu: اعتبار, ) is a 1985 Hindi film, directed by Mukul Anand and starring Raj Babbar, Dimple Kapadia, Suresh Oberoi, Danny Denzongpa and Sharat Saxena. It was a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 thriller "Dial M For Murder". The film's music is by Bappi Lahiri with lyrics by Hasan Kamaal and Farukh Kaiser, who supplied "Kisi Nazar Ko Tera Intezaar", a memorable ghazal duet by Asha Bhosle and Bhupinder. The film was classified "A" by the censor board. Raj Babbar plays the husband, Dimple Kapadia is the wife having an affair with Suresh Oberoi's character. Sharat Saxena plays the assassin while Danny Denzongpa is an Inspector. While Mark Halliday is a crime writer, Suresh Oberoi's character is a Ghazal singer. In the original film, when Tony Wendice realizes that he has been cornered, he accepts his crime gracefully, offering drinks to all around; in the Hindi remake, Raj Babbar attacks the police officer and everyone around, but is finally cornered. Neha is the only daughter of wealthy and widowed Mr. Khanna, and he would like to see her married and well settled before he passes on. Neha is in love with Sagar, who is not prepared for marriage, so she marries the man of her dad's choice, a tennis player, Jaideep. Soon after her marriage, her dad passes away, and she finds that Jaideep does not love her anymore, and is, in fact, very abusive toward her. This leads her back to Sagar's arms, who is now a successful singer. Then Neha notices a remarkable change in Jaideep's behavior, he abstains from alcohol, starts taking an interest in her dad's business, appears apologetic for his past abusive behavior, and adores her. Then her life turns upside down when she receives a letter from a blackmailer, asking her to pay 1 lakh or a love letter written to her by Sagar will be mailed to Jaideep. Neha delivers the money, but is unable to get the letter back. She confides about this to Sagar. While Sagar and Jaideep are out at a stag party, Neha's house is broken into, and a man named Vikramjit attempts to kill her, but instead ends up getting killed by her. The Police, summoned by Jaideep, find the letter from Sagar in Vikramjit's pocket. As a result Neha is arrested, tried in court, and sentenced to death under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code. Eventually, Neha is proved innocent and Jaideep is found guilty. He commits suicide unable to bear his defeat.

Smeaton Grange is an industrial suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the Camden Council local government area. The suburb mainly consists of industrial buildings and warehouses. The area now known as Smeaton Grange was originally home to the Muringong, southernmost of the Darug people. In 1805 John Macarthur established his property at Camden where he raised merino sheep. Smeaton Grange is part of the north ward of Camden Council represented by Lara Symkowiak (currently mayor), David Bligh and Peter Sidgreaves. The suburb is contained within the federal electorate of Macarthur, represented by Russell Matheson (Liberal), and the state electorate of Camden, currently held by Chris Patterson (Liberal).

Andrew "Andy" Sugden (also Hopwood) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, "Emmerdale", played by Kelvin Fletcher. He made his first on-screen appearance on 4 July 1996. Andy is the son of Billy (David Crellin) and Trisha Hopwood, and the half-brother of Daz Eden (Luke Tittensor). However, the character was adopted by Jack (Clive Hornby) and Sarah Sugden (Alyson Spiro), and became the adoptive brother of Robert (Christopher Smith/Karl Davies/Ryan Hawley) and Victoria Sugden (Jessica Haywood/Hannah Midgley/Isabel Hodgins). On 16 August 2016, Fletcher confirmed that he would be leaving the show during the episode airing that night ending 20 years on "Emmerdale". His departure storyline showed Andy going on the run after being framed by his girlfriend Chrissie White (Louise Marwood) for the attempted murder of her adoptive father Lawrence White (John Bowe). Following his exit, it was hinted that Fletcher could return to the show. Andy arrives in Emmerdale and is fostered by Jack (Clive Hornby) and Sarah Sugden (Alyson Spiro), but finds it difficult to settle with the Sugden family. While on-site at a quarry, his foot lodges on a rock and gets trapped, forcing Jack to rescue him. When his father, Billy Hopwood (David Crellin), visits Emmerdale, Andy is persuaded to move into a caravan with him and disown the Sugdens. Billy breaks his promise to change and returns to committing petty crime such as stealing and robs the local post office, resulting in Vic Windsor's (Alun Lewis) death. Billy is arrested and Andy moves back in with the Sugdens. Andy is concerned when Jack and Sarah begin arguing over the farm. She is annoyed with Jack as he keeps Andy and Robert Sugden (Christopher Smith) off school to work on the farm. They soon discover that Sarah is having an affair with Richie Carter (Glenn Lamont) and the family breaks up. After a court case, Jack is awarded custody of Robert while Sarah is awarded custody of Victoria (Hannah Midgley). Andy decides to stay with Jack. When the farm faces financial ruin, Andy decides to set fire to the barn for the insurance payout. However, Sarah and Richie are in the barn, resulting in her death. Richie blames Jack for the fire, but withdraws his statement to protect Andy. Andy begins dating Katie Addyman (Sammy Winward). Andy goes to a nightclub with Eve Birch (Raine Davison), Marc Reynolds (Anthony Lewis), Ollie Reynolds (Vicky Binns), Donna Windsor (Verity Rushworth), Robert (now Karl Davies) and Katie. When they miss the bus, they steal a car and accidentally kill their headteacher Barbara Strickland (Alex Hall). They attempt to cover up their crime and burn the car. After living with guilt, the group confess and everyone apart from Marc (who was driving) are given community service. Katie's father Brian (Martin Reeve) disapproves of Andy and attempts to split them up. They decide to have a baby to change his mind, but when Brian learns that Katie is pregnant, he sends her to live with her mother. She returns and moves in with Andy, but has a miscarriage. Despite this, she and Andy decide to get married and start planning their wedding. Katie, however, feels neglected by Andy working long hours and turns to Robert when he promises her excitement. They begin an affair, but are caught by Andy's half-brother Daz and Andy and Robert's younger sister Victoria. Daz tells Andy about Katie and Robert, but Andy refuses to him and puts him into care. When their marriage fails, Katie and Robert admit their affair. Andy tries to shoot Robert, but Jack gets shot instead. He disowns Andy, but the pair eventually reconcile. Andy invites Daz, Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley) and Debbie (Charley Webb) to move in, needing the rent money. Debbie is attracted to Andy and looses her virginity to him. They start dating secretly, but when her family find out, Cain ends the relationship by threatening Andy that he will lead Daz into criminal activities unless he leaves Debbie alone. Andy dates Libby Charles (Ty Glaser), but ends their romance when he discovers that Debbie has had his baby. He reconciles with Debbie but later break up, agreeing to keep in contact. Debbie decides to give Sarah to Emily Kirk (Kate McGregor), upsetting Andy. However, things get worst when Katie discover that he and Debbie slept together, that caused Debbie's pregnancy with Sarah, she angry at both of them, and nearly divorce with him. She later got involved in a car accident, Andy is there for her, and break up with Debbie to be with her. They soon resume their relationship, annoying the Sugdens, but Andy later has an affair with Jo Stiles (Roxanne Pallett). Andy realises that he was using Jo to get revenge for Katie and Robert's affair but Jo manipulates Andy into continuing the affair. Emily returns Sarah to Andy and he tries to keep this a secret. When Debbie discovers her presence, she gives Andy custody and refuses to see her. Katie struggles to look after Sarah and start a stable business. Meanwhile, Andy sees Jo is better with Sarah and restarts their affair. Andy is about to tell Katie when she announces that she could be pregnant, which soon becomes clear is a false alarm. Andy tells her about his and Jo's affair. Katie throws them out but they soon return as Andy is the leaseholder so Katie moves out instead and moves her business to Home Farm. Before Katie leaves, she wishes Jo luck, telling her she will need it. Andy and Katie subsequently divorce. Victoria (now played by Isabel Hodgins) begins looking for answers to the cause of Sarah Sr's death. She tracks down Richie who tells her to ask Jack. In an attempt to force a confession, she douses the furniture in petrol and demands the truth, Andy confesses but a fire soon ignites. Following Andy's confession, he is sentenced to three years imprisonment in January 2008 after confessing to manslaughter. Andy and Jo marry on 19 February 2008 in prison. Jack, Victoria, Daz, Ashley and Laurel are their guests and Ashley presides over the service. During Andy's incarceration, Debbie gets closer to Sarah and changes her mind about Jo adopting her. When Andy is released, he is not pleased to find that things have changed. His mood worsens when he discovers that Debbie has been allowed access and begins lashing out at Jo, giving her a black eye in one instance. The abuse continues for months and culminates in Andy getting seriously injured during a confrontation in a barn. Andy's family do not believe Jo initially but when Daz and Victoria see for themselves, they are shocked. After a suicide threat, Diane intervenes and arranges for Andy to get psychiatric treatment. Jo eventually leaves after Lee Naylor (Lewis Linford) helps her sell the farm equipment to fund her escape. Jack dies and leaves a letter for Diane to read at his funeral, in which he requests that Andy become the head of the family. Andy refuses at first but agrees after he sees Robert watching from a distance. When Robert sees Andy, he tells him that there was nothing for him in Emmerdale and leaves again. Following Debbie's release from prison for allegedly murdering Shane Doyle, she requests more access to Sarah which Andy is unhappy about. Debbie warns him that she will not give up without a fight. During this time, Andy begins dating Maisie Wylde (Alice Coulthard), much to her family's chagrin. The hearing approaches and after realizing he cannot win, he withdraws his application for custody and Sarah goes to live with Debbie, which he takes very hard. Andy then suffers a breakdown, letting the farm slide and is diagnosed with clinical depression. As time passes and he recovers, Andy works on rebuilding bridges with others in the village. He resumes work as a farmhand for the Barton family who take over the tenancy at Butlers and begins a relationship with Adele Allfrey (Tanya Vital) but this breaks down when Andy's temper and jealousy get the best of him and Adele tires of this and eventually leaves the village. Andy tries several times to reconcile with Katie and they sleep together on one occasion but Katie tells him it was a mistake and they should remain friends. Andy reluctantly agrees but gets jealous when Katie starts dating police officer Nick Henshall and is later accused of starting the fire that kills Viv and Terry Woods (Billy Hartman). It is later revealed Nick Henshall (Michael McKell) started the fire to try to frame Andy, who has form for Arson. Henshall is arrested after kidnapping Katie and holds her hostage when the truth comes out. Katie escapes when Henshall kills himself. Sarah becomes ill and is diagnosed with Fanconi anaemia, a genetic disorder which could kill her without treatment. Debbie and Andy then start looking for donors and find one but they pull out at the last moment. It is suggested to them that another baby or 'Saviour Sibling' could save their sick child. They apply for IVF but are turned down when the hospital learn that they are not a genuine couple as they need to be to qualify for funding for IVF. Debbie then suggests they try artificial insemination despite their partners Cameron Murray (Dominic Power) and Alicia Gallagher (Natalie Anderson) being unhappy with this situation, they choose to go ahead regardless but are unsuccessful, despite trying repeatedly. Debbie believes the only way to conceive is for them to sleep together. Andy is unsure at first but eventually agrees, angering their other halves even further, resulting in Alicia leaving Andy but Cameron still supports Debbie. They plan to sleep together but Debbie can't do it and walks out, leaving Andy humiliated. Desperate to save her daughter, Debbie gets Andy to meet her at a hotel and apologizes for her previous actions and seduces him, telling him it is just about them and that she wants him. After sleeping together, Debbie doesn't tell Cameron and Andy is confused by his feelings for Debbie. He gets jealous of Cameron and turns up at Tug Ghyll at any given chance to see Debbie. Debbie discovers she is pregnant and Andy is delighted, while Cameron feels left out but believes the baby was a result of artificial insemination. Cameron becomes angry that Andy is always there and won't leave Debbie alone, he then warns Andy to stay away. When John dies in a car accident after skidding on ice in Andy's Land Rover, Andy is guilt ridden after he finds out and thinks his car was the cause of the accident. John's widow, Moira (Natalie J. Robb), assures him it was icy and that he is not to blame. Andy breaks down and tells Moira he feels like he has lost a brother after he and Moira talk about his and the Bartons' first meeting on the farm. Debbie tries to console Andy and, much to her surprise, he confesses his love for her but she breaks his heart by telling him that she loves Cameron. After Cameron warns Andy off, Andy reveals in a rage the baby was conceived naturally, not artificially. Following tests, Andy and Debbie discover the child is a match and they are delighted. Andy finds himself close to Katie again when he gives her advice after she leaves her husband, Declan Macey (Jason Merrells). This leads to Declan and Andy fighting in The Woolpack. When Katie returns to fight for her marriage only a week later, Andy welcomes her back but warns Declan to start treating her the way she deserves. Andy takes in Kerry Wyatt (Laura Norton) after her daughter Amy (Chelsea Halfpenny) throws her out. He confides in Kerry about his past and they bond over what they've been through. She cooks dinner for Andy and he tells her to stay another night as they kiss. Debbie goes into labour in October and gives birth to a boy and they name him Jack after Andy's late adoptive father. Andy and Amy share a kiss and Amy eventually tells Kerry. After a heated argument with Amy and her foster mother Val Pollard (Charlie Hardwick), Kerry slaps Amy, shocking Andy. Andy's relationship with Kerry comes to an end after Sarah and Jack are left in danger when Kerry gets drunk and drops a cigarette, starting a fire. Desperate to win Andy back, Kerry tells him she is pregnant but after a hit and run incident with Adam Barton and Robbie Macey, she tells Andy that she was never pregnant but that she loves him. Angry at her behaviour, he rejects her and dates Amy for a while. However, that ends after she kidnaps the son she gave up for adoption and plans to leave the country with him. Eric, Val and Cain catch up with Amy and she is persuaded to return Kyle to his grandmother but chooses to stay on the ferry, fearing criminal prosecution. Val blames Andy for not being able to make Amy stay in the village. In 2014, Andy starts a romantic relationship with his step-sister, Bernice Thomas (Samantha Giles) after helping her out setting up her beauty salon. They share a kiss and have sex. They begin to date and initially keep their romance a secret. At the opening night of Bernice's beauty salon, Bernice's dad, Rodney Blackstock (Patrick Mower) along with Nicola King (Nicola Wheeler), Kerry Wyatt and Dan Spencer arrive at the salon and catch Andy and Bernice kissing. Later in 2014, Andy suffers an accident to his arm while working at Butlers Farm which is caused by Adam Barton (Adam Thomas). Andy and Adam have a feud over the incident and over Andy's compensation money. Bernice does her best to support Andy through this. His ex-wife, Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward) accompanies Andy to a hospital appointment. When they arrive back from the hospital, Andy kisses Katie which Bernice witnesses from her window. Bernice is devastated and Andy later ends the relationship and reunites with Katie. Bernice returns a few weeks later after going to Australia, determined to win Andy back. Andy announces that he and Katie are back together and Andy's daughter, Sarah is pleased at their reunion. On Katie's birthday, Andy proposes to Katie which she accepts and they begin planning to remarry. In October 2014, Andy's adoptive brother and Katie's ex-boyfriend, whom Katie had an affair with during her previous marriage to Andy, Robert Sugden (now Ryan Hawley) returns to the village with his fiancée, Chrissie White (Louise Marwood), future father-in-law Lawrence White (John Bowe) and future stepson, Lachlan White (Thomas Atkinson). Katie disapproves of Robert's return and so does Andy as he hasn't forgiven him for the affair. Katie and Robert become embroiled in a feud with Robert trying to sabotage the wedding. They plan a Christmas wedding and eventually remarry on 25 December 2014. Andy's second marriage to Katie hits the rocks due to Katie's continual feud with Robert. Andy and Katie plan to buy Wylies Farm and restore it. Robert tries to sabotage the sale as his future father-in-law, Lawrence White owns the farm. Robert later sets fire to Katie and Andy's caravan which they are living in while the work gets done, in an act of revenge against Katie. Katie is also convinced that Robert is cheating on Chrissie with another woman. Robert cottons on to this and tries to lead Katie on by pretending it is Alicia. Katie confronts Robert over his "other woman" on numerous occasions in The Woolpack, which Robert denies. In February 2015, Katie dies after finally discovering that Robert had been having an affair with a man, Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller). Robert does not want Chrissie to find out so he pushes Katie and she falls through rotting floorboards, breaking her neck and killing her. Andy is devastated by Katie's death and begins to spiral in to depression and tries to commit suicide. Robert comforts Andy and lets him move into Home Farm. While trying to move on from Katie, Andy begins a sexual relationship with Tracy Shankley (Amy Walsh), and also makes a move on ex-girlfriend, Bernice. He later ends his relationship with Tracey after realizing that the relationship isn't right, and eventually gets back on the straight and narrow. A few months later, Andy discovers one of Katie's phone bills. He checks it and realizes that the last number to call Katie was Aaron. He confronts Aaron and he finally admits that he has been having an affair with Robert and that Robert murdered Katie. Andy is furious and tries to convince everyone that Robert murdered her. Nobody believes Andy, and everyone believes that he is having a breakdown. He also phones the police but Robert denies everything and is released. Andy goes up to Butler's Farm to get hold of a gun. When he cannot find a gun he is angry. While trying to find the gun, Ross Barton (Michael Parr) walks in and asks Andy what's wrong. Andy admits that he is looking for a gun to go and shoot Robert as he murdered Katie. Ross reveals that he was also going to shoot his own brother Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan) as he had left him for dead following a fight over Ross' affair with Debbie. Andy and Ross eventually go to Ross' house where they agree to shoot each other's brother therefore giving them an alibi with no evidence that either of them was involved in either of the shootings. Later that night, Ross shoots Robert on Andy's behalf, although he survives and Andy backs out of the plan to kill Pete. Andy has a one-night stand with ex-girlfriend Bernice the night before her marriage to Lawrence, his sister-in-law Chrissie's father. Bernice tells Andy she will call off the wedding if he assures her they can have a relationship. Andy turns her down, saying their fling was a mistake, while Bernice confesses everything to Lawrence. Having a change of heart, Andy goes in pursuit of Bernice to win her back, but arrives too late: he witnesses her marrying Lawrence. He later begins a relationship with Chrissie, Lawrence's daughter and brother Robert's estranged wife. After Bernice's marriage to Lawrence ends and Chrissie argues with him, Andy and Bernice once again sleep together. In July 2016, after Chrissie finds out about the fling, she plants the gun that her son, Lachlan, used to shoot Lawrence in Andy's car to frame him for the crime. He is arrested and charged with attempted murder. Chrissie also blackmails Andy's barrister, Rakesh Kotecha (Pasha Bocarie), into persuading Andy to plead guilty. To their shock, Andy pleads not guilty at his hearing. Immediately afterwards, while convening in Andy's cell, Rakesh, feeling sorry for Andy, tells him to escape. When the prison warden opens the cell door, Andy pushes Rakesh into the warden and flees. He returned to Home Farm, where he discovered the truth about Chrissie. He threatens to go to the police and tell them the truth, but, desperate to make Andy suffer, she cuts herself with a knife and tries to frame Andy with it. However, Andy went on the run again before the police could catch him. He is found by his brother Robert, who agrees to help him take down Chrissie. Andy decides he has to leave the village, and Robert procures a false passport for him under the name Brian Moore. Bernice later finds him and agrees to run away with him but changes her mind when she realises how much she has to lose. They emotionally say their last goodbyes to each other and Andy leaves the village without her. The episode where Andy sets fire to the Barn won the "Spectacular Scene of the Year" award at the 2001 British Soap Awards. The character was selected as one of the "top 100 British soap characters" by industry experts for a poll to be run by "What's on TV", with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover "Who is Soap's greatest Legend?" A reporter writing for the "Inside Soap Yearbook" described Andy as a "soap favourite" and hoped he would "hurry home soon".

Nisporeni is a district () in west-central Moldova, with its administrative center at Nisporeni. , its population was 66,800; most (97.2 percent) are Moldovans (Romanians). The Vărzărești monastery was first mentioned on 25 April 1420. The oldest locations in the district (Bălăurești, Ciutești, Seliște, Nisporeni and Vărzărești) were first mentioned in 1420-1425. The 15th to 18th centuries were marked by economic (trade and agriculture) and cultural development (the construction of monasteries and churches) and population growth. The city of Nisporeni was first mentioned by Gaspar Graziani in his book dated 4 January 1618. According to Graziani, at that time Nisporeni was ruled by Farima Nicolae II, descendant of the Farima dynasty and cousin of Michael the Brave. Nicolae II is one of Moldova's national heroes. Local people were primarily involved in farming (grapes and other fruit) and hunting. In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812), the Russian Empire occupied Basarabia; during the period 1812–1917, there was an intense russification of the native population. In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania; during this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944), Nisporeni District was part of Chisinau County. After the 1940 Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia was occupied by the USSR. In 1991, as a result of the independence of Moldova, Nisporeni District became part of Ungheni County (1991–2003); in 2003, it became a separate administrative unit. Nisporeni District is located in the central part of the Republic of Moldova. It is bordered by Ungheni District on the northwest, Calarasi District on the northeast, Straseni District on the east, Hincesti District on the south, and Romania on the Prut River. The district is in the central part of the Moldavian Plateau. The hilly landscape is fragmented by valleys deep, with steep ravines which develop landslides. Nisporeni District is situated on the highest part of the plateau, encompassing the Codri forest. The terrain has been called "Basarabian Switzerland." Paradoxically, the forested Codri is most prone to erosion and landslides. In the western part of the Codri is the highest point in Moldova, Balanesti Hill, at a height of . Nisporeni District, in common with the republic, has a temperate continental climate with mild, short winters and warm, long summers. On average, there are 2,195 hours of sunshine in central Moldova. Sunshine ranges from 43–65 hours in December to 300–340 hours in July. The average annual temperature is . Monthly temperatures are above the annual average from March to November and below from December to February. Average annual precipitation ranges from . Fall rains are highly variable. Fauna is typical of that found in European forests and includes fox, deer, red deer, spotted deer, badger, wild boar, raccoon dog, wolf and wildcats. Birds include hawk, owl, cuckoo, eagle and stork. Forests occupy 34 percent of the district and include oak, beech, hornbeam, English oak, linden, maple and locust. Wildflowers include clover, knotweed, nettle, bellflower and fescue. The Prut, which crosses the district in the west, borders Romania; its principal tributaries are the Nîrnova and the Lăpușna. The Cogalnic River, which flows into the Black Sea, rises in the district. There are also 45 ponds, with a total area of . The district has a total of 21,956 registered businesses. Agricultural land comprises , 61.5 percent of total land area. Land in production makes up (34.5 percent of total land area) as follows: ***LIST***. Principal crops include grapes, cereals (wheat and oats), orchards (peach, apple and plum), sunflowers and rapeseed. There are 36 educational institutions in the district with a total student population of 9,300 (including 350 graduate-level students). The total number of teachers is 731, with 144 at the graduate level. Centre-right political parties, particularly the AEI, are popular in the district; conversely, the PCRM has the lowest popularity of any Moldovan district. During the last three elections, the AEI vote increased by 74.5 percent. The district has a 200-bed general hospital. There are thirteen family-medicine offices, nine health centers and eight clinics. Nisporeni District has 73 doctors, 267 nurses and 240 auxiliary health-care workers.

"Sabotage" is a 1994 song by American hip-hop group Beastie Boys, released as the first single from their fourth studio album "Ill Communication". The song features traditional rock instrumentation (Ad-Rock on guitar, MCA on bass, and Mike D on drums), turntable scratches and heavily distorted bass guitar riffs. A moderate commercial success, the song was notable as well for its video, directed by Spike Jonze and nominated in five categories at the 1994 MTV Music Video Awards. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked "Sabotage" #480 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In March 2005, "Q" magazine placed it at #46 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks, and was ranked #19 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s list. "Pitchfork Media" included the song at #39 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s list. The song's music video, directed by Spike Jonze and played extensively on MTV, is a homage to, and parody of, 1970s crime drama shows such as "Hawaii Five-O", "The Streets of San Francisco", "S.W.A.T. ", "Baretta", and "Starsky and Hutch". The video is presented as the opening credits of a fictional 1970s-style police show called "Sabotage", with the band members appearing as the show's protagonists. Each band member is introduced as a fictional actor, and the names of the characters are also given. The characters appearing on the show are (in order of credits): ***LIST***. Some scenes had to be removed when the video was shown on MTV, including a knife fight sequence, a falling-off-a-bridge scene, as well as a scene in which a man is thrown out of a car into a street. In addition, the "Beastie Boys Video Anthology" featured a mock interview of the "cast" of "Sabotage" conducted by Jonze's then-wife Sofia Coppola. A more recent version, the uncut version, can be found on Vevo. In the DVD commentary for the 1996 film "Trainspotting", Danny Boyle credits the film's opening credits to those used in "Sabotage." The video for "Sabotage" was nominated for Video of the Year, Best Group Video, Breakthrough Video, Best Direction in a Video, and Viewer's Choice at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. However, it lost all five categories it was nominated in, losing Video of the Year, Best Group Video and Viewer's Choice to Aerosmith's "Cryin'", and Breakthrough Video and Best Direction in a Video to R.E.M. 's "Everybody Hurts". During R.E.M. lead singer Michael Stipe's acceptance speech for the Best Direction award, Beastie Boys member MCA bum-rushed the stage in his "Nathaniel Hornblower" disguise, interrupting Stipe to protest the shutout of "Sabotage" from every category it was nominated in. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the "Sabotage" video won best video in the new category of "Best Video (That Should Have Won a Moonman)".

Jose Manuel Cora Amaro (born May 14, 1965) is a former Major League Baseball player with an 11-year career in the MLB spanning the years 1987 and 1989-1998. He played for the San Diego Padres of the National League and the Chicago White Sox, Seattle Mariners and Cleveland Indians of the American League. He played second base, shortstop, third base and also served as a designated hitter. In college, Cora played for Vanderbilt University. On June 3, 1985 he was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the first round. As a member of the Beaumont Golden Gators Cora received national attention when on June 22, 1986 he was stabbed after a game in San Antonio, Texas. Cora, who had been a first round draft pick, was waiting outside the team bus following the game against the San Antonio Missions at V.J. Keefe Stadium when two men called his name and then assaulted him. He was stabbed once in the stomach and once in the arm. Cora was quickly rushed to the hospital and later made a full recovery after spending six weeks on the disabled list. A man named Jose Puente, 29, was caught at the scene and was later charged with attempted murder. Apparently Cora had exchanged words with fans outside of the visitor's dressing room, resulting in the fans returning with more men later on. He debuted in the Major Leagues on April 6, 1987, as a 21-year-old rookie. After spending parts of three seasons with the Padres, he was traded to the Chicago White Sox in 1991, where Cora would spend the next four seasons. On April 6, 1995, he signed with the Seattle Mariners, where he would enjoy his most productive seasons at bat. His 24-game hitting streak was a Mariners record (later broken by Ichiro Suzuki), and still stands as the longest streak for American League switch-hitters. In 1997, he was elected to the American League All-Star team and went on to hit .300 with 11 home runs and 54 RBI. Cora, who was nicknamed "Little Joey," was one of the most popular Mariners during his time with the team, and many fans admired the second baseman for his hustle, grit, and good nature. He also endeared himself to the fans when the Mariners' storied 1995 season was ended in game six of the 1995 American League Championship Series by the Cleveland Indians. Cora, like thousands of fans in the Kingdome that day, broke down and wept. The footage of him weeping while the Mariners' then-rookie Alex Rodriguez draped his arm across Cora's shoulder and consoled him was widely replayed throughout the Seattle area. This event was memorialized the following year with a very humorous promotional ad. The sensitivity and emotion Cora displayed made him particularly popular with young women in the Pacific Northwest, who would often hold signs at Mariners' home games, saying "Marry me, Joey!" Cora spent most of the 1998 season as a Mariner, but with the team falling out of contention, he was dealt to the Cleveland Indians in exchange for David Bell, where he barely played, due to injuries. He signed a free-agent contract with the Toronto Blue Jays during the off-season, but retired without playing a game. Following his retirement from play, Cora was a manager in the New York Mets minor league system. He was later hired by teammate and good friend, Ozzie Guillén as a coach. He began coaching in 2003 for the Chicago White Sox. His responsibilities included facilitating the role of third base coach and organizing the team's spring training camps prior to his promotion to bench coach following the 2006 season. He occasionally served as an interim manager whenever Guillen was suspended or ejected from a game, or was unable to attend for any other reason. He managed the Venezuelan Winter League baseball team Tiburones de la Guaira in the 2005–2006 season with a record of 31–31 (.500) Joey is the elder brother of MLB player, Alex Cora. Both brothers are Major League Baseball World Champions. Joey earned his ring as the third base coach of the 2005 World Champion Chicago White Sox. Alex earned his as a member of the 2007 World Champion Boston Red Sox. Cora was interviewed by the Milwaukee Brewers for their managerial opening in October 2010. He was believed to be a finalist along with Bob Melvin, Bobby Valentine, and Ron Roenicke. Cora was dismissed by the White Sox on September 27, 2011, the day after they released Guillén from his contract, despite initially tabbing Cora to manage the final two games of the season. Cora was named bench coach of the Miami Marlins on November 1, 2011, reuniting with Guillén. Cora took over as interim manager for the Miami Marlins on April 10, 2012 in the wake of Ozzie Guillen's 5-game suspension for comments related to Fidel Castro. In 2016, Cora became the manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates Double-A club, the Altoona Curve. He became the ninth manager in franchise history. After the 2016 season, he was promoted and became a base coach for the 2017 season.

The Book of Dede Korkut (, , ) is the most famous among the epic stories of the Oghuz Turks. The stories carry morals and values significant to the social lifestyle of the nomadic Turkic peoples and their pre-Islamic beliefs. The book's mythic narrative is part of the cultural heritage of Turkic countries, including Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and to a lesser degree Kyrgyzstan. The epic tales of "Dede Korkut" are some of the best known Turkic dastans from among a total of well over 1,000 recorded epics among the Mongolian and Turkic language families. "Dede Korkut" is a heroic dastan (legend), also known as "Oghuz-nameh" among the Oghuz Turk people, which starts out in Central Asia, continues in Anatolia and Iran, and centers most of its action in the Azerbaijani Caucasus. According to Barthold, "it is not possible to surmise that this dastan could have been written anywhere but in the Caucasus". For the Turkic peoples, especially people who identify themselves as Oghuz, it is the principal repository of ethnic identity, history, customs and the value systems of the Turkic peoples throughout history. It commemorates struggles for freedom at a time when the Oghuz Turks were a herding people, although "it is clear that the stories were put into their present form at a time when the Turks of Oghuz descent no longer thought of themselves as Oghuz." From the mid-10th century on, the term 'Oghuz' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by 'Turcoman' (Turkmen); this process was completed by the beginning of the 13th century. The Turcomans were those Turks, mostly but not exclusively Oghuz, who had embraced Islam and begun to lead a more sedentary life than their forefathers. In the 14th century, a federation of Oghuz, or, as they were by this time termed, Turcoman tribesmen, who called themselves Ak-koyunlu established a dynasty that ruled eastern Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iraq and western Iran. The twelve stories that comprise the bulk of the work were written down after the Turks converted to Islam, and the heroes are often portrayed as good Muslims while the villains are referred to as infidels, but there are also many references to the Turks' pre-Islamic magic. The character Dede Korkut, i.e. "Grandfather Korkut", is a widely renowned soothsayer and bard, and serves to link the stories together, and the thirteenth chapter of the book compiles sayings attributed to him. "In the dastans, Dede Korkut appears as the "aksakal" [literally 'white-beard,' the respected elder], the advisor or sage, solving the difficulties faced by tribal members. Among the population, respected aksakals are wise and know how to solve problems; among "ashiks" [reciters of dastans] they are generally called "dede" [grandfather]. In the past, this term designated respected tribal elders, and now is used within families; in many localities of Azerbaijan, it replaces "ata" [ancestor or father]." The historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (d. 1318) says that Dede Korkut was a real person and lived for 295 years; that he appeared in the time of the Oghuz ruler Inal Syr Yavkuy Khan, by whom he was sent as ambassador to the Prophet; that he became Muslim; that he gave advice to the Great Khan of the Oghuz, attended the election of the Great Khan, and gave names to children. The tales tell of warriors and battles and are likely grounded in the conflicts between the Oghuz and the Pechenegs and Kipchaks. Many story elements are familiar to those versed in the Western literary tradition. For example, the story of a monster named "Goggle-eye" Tepegoz bears enough resemblance to the encounter with the Cyclops in Homer's "Odyssey" that it is believed to have been influenced by the Greek epic or to have one common ancient Anatolian root. The book also describes in great detail the various sports activities of the ancient Turkic peoples: "Dede Korkut (1000–1300) clearly referred to certain physical activities and games. In Dede Korkut's description, the athletic skills of Turks, both men and women, were described to be "first-rate," especially in horse-riding, archery, cirit (javelin throw), wrestling and polo, which are considered Turkish national sports." Since the early 18th century, the "Book of Dede Korkut" has been translated into French, English, and Russian. However, it was not until it caught the attention of H.F. Von Diez, who published a partial German translation of Dede Korkut in 1815, based on a manuscript found in the Royal Library of Dresden, that "Dede Korkut" became widely known to the West. The only other manuscript of "Dede Korkut" was discovered in 1950 by Ettore Rossi in the Vatican Library. Until "Dede Korkut" was transcribed on paper, the events depicted therein survived in the oral tradition, at least from the 9th and 10th centuries. The "Bamsi Beyrek" chapter of "Dede Korkut" preserves almost verbatim the immensely popular Central Asian dastan Alpamysh, dating from an even earlier time. The stories were written in prose, but peppered with poetic passages. Recent research by Turkish and Turkmen scholars revealed, that the Turkmen variant of the "Book of Dede Korkut" contains sixteen stories, which have been transcribed and published in 1998. The work originated as a series of epics orally told and transferred over the generations before being published in book form. There are numerous versions collected of the stories. It is thought that the first versions were in natural verse, since Turkish is an agglutinative language, but that they gradually transformed into combinations of verse and prose as the Islamic elements affected the narrative over time. Various dates have been proposed for the first written copies. Geoffrey Lewis dates it fairly early in the 15th century, with two layers of text: a substratum of older oral traditions related to conflicts between the Oghuz and the Pecheneks and Kipchaks and an outer covering of references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation. Cemal Kafadar agrees that it was no earlier than the 15th century since "the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and the Ottoman rulers". However, in his history of the Ottoman Empire, Stanford Jay Shaw (1977) dates it in the 14th century. Professor Michael E. Meeker argues for two dates, saying that the versions of the stories we have today originated as folk stories and songs no earlier than the 13th century and were written down no later than the early the 15th century. At least one of the stories (Chapter 8) existed in writing at the beginning of the 14th century, from an unpublished Arabic history, Dawadari's "Durar al-Tijan", written in Egypt some time between 1309 and 1340. A precise determination is impossible to come by due to the nomadic lifestyle of the early Turkic people, in which epics such as Dede Korkut passed from generation to generation in an oral form. This is especially true of an epic book such as this, which is a product of a long series of narrators, any of whom could have made alterations and additions, right down to the two 16th-century scribes who authored the oldest extant manuscripts. The majority of scholars of ancient Turkic epics and folk tales, such as Russian-Soviet academician Vasily Bartold and British scholar Geoffrey Lewis, believe that the "Dede Korkut" text "exhibits a number of features characteristic of Azeri, the Turkish dialect of Azerbaijan". The majority of the Turkic peoples and lands described in the "Book of Dede Korkut" were part of the Soviet Union from 1920 until 1991, and thus most of the research and interest originated there. The attitude towards the Book of Dede Korkut and other dastans related to the Turkic peoples was initially neutral. Turkish historian Hasan Bülent Paksoy argues that after Stalin solidified his grip on power in the USSR, and especially in the early 1950s, a taboo on Turkology was firmly established. He observes that the first full-text Russian edition of the Book of Dede Korkut, by Azerbaijani academicians Hamid Arasli and M.G.Tahmasib and based on the Barthold translation of the 1920s, was published on a limited basis only in 1939 and again in 1950. He asserts, "Turk scholars and literati (who raised the same issues) were lost to the Stalinist 'liquidations' or to the 'ideological assault' waged on all dastans in 1950–52." According to Paksoy, this taboo of the early 1950s was also expressed in the "Trial of Alpamysh" (1952–1957), when "all dastans of Central Asia were officially condemned by the Soviet state apparatus". Soviet authorities criticized "Dede Korkut" for promoting bourgeois nationalism. In a 1951 speech delivered at the 18th Congress of the Azerbaijani Communist Party, Azerbaijani communist leader Mir Jafar Baghirov advocated expunging the epic from Azerbaijani literature, calling it a "harmful" and "antipopular book" that "is shot through with the poison of nationalism, chiefly against the Georgian and Armenian brother-peoples." Nevertheless, the publication of dastans did not wholly cease during that period, as editions of "Alpamysh" were published in 1957, 1958 and 1961, as they had been in 1939, 1941, and 1949; the entry on dastans in the second edition of the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (volume 13, 1952) does not contain any "condemnation" either. Despite the liberalization of the political climate after the denunciation of Stalinism by Nikita Khrushchev in February 1956, the same "Barthold" edition of the "Book of Dede Korkut" was re-published only in 1962 and in 1977. Problems persisted all the way to perestroika, when the last full edition in Azerbaijani language was sent for publication on July 11, 1985, but received permission for printing only on February 2, 1988. In 1998, the Republic of Azerbaijan and UNESCO nominated, and in 2000 celebrated, the "One thousand three hundredth anniversary of the epic Azerbaijani legend Kitab-i Dede Qorqud". In 2000, the General Director of UNESCO remarked: "Epics – and I have in mind in particular that of the Turkish-speaking peoples attributed to "Dede Korkut", perpetuated by oral tradition up to the 15th century before being written down...are vectors of the historical, geographical, political, social, linguistic and literary references of the peoples whose history they relate. Although many of these epics have already been noted down, the oral and gestural skills of the storytellers and griots who keep them alive should also be immortalized without delay. The matter is urgent." Since 1956, UNESCO has commemorated historic events and the anniversaries of eminent personalities celebrated by Member States and Associate Members, in order to give them worldwide significance. Azerbaijan announced the Kitab-i Dede Qorqud as its first "Celebration of anniversaries" in 1998. In 1999 the National Bank of Azerbaijan minted gold and silver commemorative coins for the 1,300th anniversary of the epic.

William Holland Caudill (born July 13, 1956) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Caudill was one of baseball's top closers from to . Caudill is perhaps most notable for being agent Scott Boras' first client. Caudill was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals out of Aviation High School in Redondo Beach, California in the eighth round of the 1974 Major League Baseball Draft. After three seasons in their farm system, in which he went 21-23 with a 3.57 earned run average, he was dealt to the Cincinnati Reds for Joel Youngblood just before the start of the season. He went 15-6 with a 4.04 ERA his only season in the Reds' farm system, after which he and Woodie Fryman were traded to the Chicago Cubs for Bill Bonham. Caudill spent the season with the Wichita Aeros of the American Association. He split the season between Wichita and the Cubs, making his major league debut on May 12. Though he had been used almost exclusively as a starter in the minors, he made his major league debut in relief. Already down 10-3 to the Houston Astros, Caudill was called upon for mop up duty. He pitched the rest of the game, giving up only one unearned run. Splitting his time between the bullpen and the starting rotation, Caudill went 1-7 with a 4.80 ERA and 104 strikeouts his rookie season. He recorded his first MLB win September 29, 1979. In , Caudill went 4-6 with a 2.19 ERA and 112 strikeouts. He earned his first major league save on September 28 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, and was second only to Dick Tidrow with 70 appearances out of the bullpen for the Cubs. His numbers dipped to 1-5 with a 5.83 ERA in . On April 1, , he was the "player to be named later" from a 1981 mid-season deal in which the Cubs acquired Pat Tabler from the New York Yankees for a player to be named later. The Yankees then sent him, Gene Nelson and a player to be named later to the Seattle Mariners for Shane Rawley. The Mariners introduced a nautically themed bullpen "car" called the Tugboat for the 1982 season. It got off to a rocky start on Opening Day when Caudill stole the keys during pregame festivities, leaving the Tugboat stranded on the left-field line and delaying the start of the game. On another occasion, when brought in to pitch in a one-sided game, Caudill appeared from the bullpen sporting a half-shaved beard. He acquired the nickname "the Inspector" after inspecting the Mariners bats for unused hits and discarding those he deemed empty. The team began playing the Pink Panther Theme over the Kingdome loudspeakers when he was summoned from the Mariners' bullpen. Despite his antics, Caudill emerged as one of the American League's top relievers his first season in Seattle. He felt snubbed when 1982 AL All-Star team manager Billy Martin left him off the AL squad. His record stood at 8-3 with a 1.95 ERA and a team record seventeen saves when selections were made. For the season, he went 12-9 with a 2.35 ERA, 26 saves and 111 strikeouts. His 26 saves in mirrored his previous season's production, however, his record dipped to 2-8 while his ERA ballooned to 4.71. Following the season, he and Darrel Akerfelds were dealt to the Oakland Athletics for Dave Beard and Bob Kearney. Caudill returned to form with the A's in the first half of the season. His record stood at 8-1 with a 1.97 ERA and eighteen saves when AL manager Joe Altobelli named him to his AL squad. With the NL leading 2-1, Caudill was brought in to pitch the seventh inning. He struck out all three batters he faced (Tim Raines, Ryne Sandberg & Keith Hernandez). From there, things seemed to turn around on Caudill. He went 1-6 in the second half with a 3.60 ERA while blowing four saves. He finished the season with a career-high 36 saves, which was second in the American League only to the Kansas City Royals' Dan Quisenberry who had 44. Following the season, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Dave Collins and Alfredo Griffin. Caudill was manager Bobby Cox's top closer upon his arrival in Toronto, but lost his job to Tom Henke by the end of the season. The formula worked as the Jays won the American League East by two games over the Yankees. The Jays jumped to a 3-1 series lead in the 1985 American League Championship Series against the Kansas City Royals, however, was the first post-season that the championship series was expanded to seven games. KC came back to win the series in seven games. Caudill did not make an appearance. A shoulder injury limited Caudill to 40 appearances in . He went 2-4 with a 6.19 ERA and just two saves as the Blue Jays fell to 86-76 and fourth place in their division under new manager Jimy Williams. He was released during Spring training the following season. Shortly afterwards, he signed with the A's. Trying to rebound from a subpar season with the Toronto Blue Jays in 1986, Caudill began the season pitching for Oakland's triple A affiliate, the Tacoma Tigers. He pitched effectively enough to earn a call to the majors; however, after just a month with the A's, he suffered a broken hand after punching a man who was reportedly trying to accost his wife in a hotel parking lot in 1987. It effectively ended his big league career at age 30. Caudill currently coaches and works for his former agent, Scott Boras, who is also a former minor league teammate and close friend.

Ricardo Adolfo Jacobo Carty (born September 1, 1939) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder in a career that spanned from 1963 to 1979. Nicknamed "Beeg Boy", he was the 1970 National League (NL) batting champion with a .366 average and made his only All-Star appearance that season. Carty was one of the earliest Dominicans to play in MLB. However, his career was marked by battles with injuries, illnesses (he had Tuberculosis) and with team mates. In his 15 seasons, he played for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs of the NL, and the Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Toronto Blue Jays and Texas Rangers of the American League. Carty signed a contract with the Milwaukee Braves as a free agent in 1959. While he was an excellent hitter, he had poor defensive skills. Originally a catcher, Carty was converted into an outfielder in order to lessen his defensive liabilities and to get his bat into the everday lineup. After four years in the minor leagues, Carty made an impressive major league debut in 1964, finishing second to Roberto Clemente in the National League Batting Championship with a .330 batting average and, finishing the season as runner-up to Dick Allen in the 1964 National League Rookie of the Year Award ballot. He continued to hit over .300 for the next three seasons but, then faltered in 1967, slumping to a .255 batting average in part due to a separated shoulder. Carty then missed the entire 1968 season while battling with tuberculosis. He recovered in 1969 with a .342 batting average, helping the Braves win the National League Western Division title, the franchise's first post-season berth since the 1958 World Series, and finishing 13th in the National League Most Valuable Player Award voting. The Braves would eventually lose to the "Miracle" Mets in the 1969 National League Championship Series. Carty had his best season in 1970 when he hit 25 home runs with 101 runs batted in and, won the National League Batting Championship with a .366 batting average, the highest average in the major leagues since Ted Williams recorded a .388 batting average in 1957. Despite not appearing on the All-Star ballot, he was voted to be a starting outfielder for the National League as a write-in candidate in the 1970 All-Star Game, playing alongside Hank Aaron and Willie Mays in the outfield. It would be the only All-Star appearance of his career. Carty also compiled a 31-game hitting streak in 1970 (the longest by a Brave in the franchise's Atlanta history until Dan Uggla surpassed it with a 33-game streak in 2011). He was named NL Player of the Month in May with a .448 batting average, 7 homeruns, and 22 RBI, and finished 10th in the 1970 National League Most Valuable Player Award voting. A crushed knee injury suffered during the Dominican Winter Baseball season meant that Carty would miss another entire season in 1971. He returned in 1972, but only managed a .277 batting average. By then, Carty had worn out his welcome with the Braves management as well as his teammates, having been involved in fights with Hank Aaron and Ron Reed. In October 1972, he was traded to the Texas Rangers to fill the role of the newly adopted designated hitter. Carty had difficulty adjusting to the hitting-only position, hitting for only a .232 average before being traded in mid-season to the Chicago Cubs. While with the Cubs, he had a personality clash with their star third baseman, Ron Santo, forcing the team to trade Carty to the Oakland Athletics one month later. With a combined .229 batting average for the three teams, Carty was released by the Athletics in December 1973 and, it seemed as if his career might be over. In 1974 he signed to play with the Cafeteros de Córdoba in the Mexican Baseball League. In August 1974, the Cleveland Indians signed him to be their designated hitter. Carty's career was rejuvenated with Cleveland, posting a .308 batting average with 64 runs batted in during the 1975 season and, improving to a .310 batting average with 83 runs batted in for the 1976 season. In 1977, his batting average dropped to .280 however, he still produced 80 runs batted in. In March 1978 the Indians traded Carty to the Toronto Blue Jays. The Blue Jays then traded him to the Oakland Athletics in August of that year. At the age of 38, he hit for a combined .282 batting average with 31 home runs and 99 runs batted in. After being granted free agency in November 1978, he signed a contract to play for the Blue Jays before retiring at the end of 1979 at the age of 39. In a fifteen-year major league career, Carty played in 1,651 games, accumulating 1,677 hits in 5,606 at bats for a .299 career batting average along with 204 home runs, 890 runs batted in and a .369 on-base percentage. He ended his career with a .974 fielding percentage. During his career, he played as a catcher, first baseman, third baseman, outfielder and designated hitter. One of the early major leaguers out of the baseball-rich Dominican Republic, Carty was committed to helping the developing nation. In the 1964–65 off-season, as the country reeled between rapid governmental transitions and militarism, he undertook a trip with Catholic Relief Services to his home country, on a mission to deliver clothing and supplies.

The Caucasian War () of 1817–1864 was an invasion of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire which resulted in Russia's annexation of the areas of the North Caucasus, and the ethnic cleansing of Circassians. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by the Empire against the peoples of the Caucasus including the Adyghe, Abkhaz–Abaza, and Nakh and Dagestanians as Russia sought to expand. In Dagestan, resistance to the Russians was described as jihad. Russian control of the Georgian Military Highway in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the Murid War in the east. Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary eastern Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia. The remaining part, western Georgia, was taken by the Russians from the Ottomans during the same period. The war took place during the administrations of three successive Russian Tsars: Alexander I (reigned 1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), and Alexander II (1855–1881). The leading Russian commanders included Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in 1816–1827, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in 1844–1853, and Aleksandr Baryatinskiy in 1853–1856. The writers Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy, who gained much of his knowledge and experience of war for his book "War and Peace" from these encounters, took part in the hostilities. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin referred to the war in his Byronic poem "The Prisoner of the Caucasus" (Russian: Кавказский пленник; "Kavkazskij plennik"), written in 1821. In general, the Russian armies that served in the Caucasian wars were very eclectic; as well as ethnic Russians from various parts of the Russian empire they included Cossacks, Armenians, Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, Ossetians, and even soldiers of Muslim background like Tatars and Turkmen. The Russian invasion encountered fierce resistance. The first period of the invasion ended coincidentally with the death of Alexander I and the Decembrist Revolt in 1825. It achieved surprisingly little success, especially compared with the then recent Russian victory over the "Great Army" of Napoleon in 1812. Between 1825 and 1833, little military activity took place in the Caucasus against the native North Caucasians as wars with Turkey (1828/1829) and with Persia (1826–1828) occupied the Russians. After considerable successes in both wars, Russia resumed fighting in the Caucasus against the various rebelling native ethnic groups in the North Caucasus. Russian units again met resistance, notably led by Ghazi Mollah, Gamzat-bek, and Hadji Murad. Imam Shamil followed them. He led the mountaineers from 1834 until his capture by Dmitry Milyutin in 1859. In 1843, Shamil launched a sweeping offensive aimed at the Russian outposts in Avaria. On 28 August 1843, 10,000 men converged, from three different directions, on a Russian column in Untsukul, killing 486 men. In the next four weeks, Shamil captured every Russian outpost in Avaria except one, exacting over 2,000 casualties on the Russian defenders. He feigned an invasion north to capture a key chokepoint at the convergence of the Avar and Kazi-Kumukh rivers. In 1845, Shamil's forces achieved their most dramatic success when they withstood a major Russian offensive led by Prince Vorontsov. During the Crimean War of 1853–1856, the Russians brokered a truce with Shamil, but hostilities resumed in 1855. Warfare in the Caucasus finally ended between 1856 and 1859, when a 250,000 strong army under General Baryatinsky broke the mountaineers' resistance. The war in the Eastern part of the North Caucasus ended in 1859; the Russians captured Shamil, forced him to surrender, to swear allegiance to the Tsar, and then exiled him to Central Russia. However, the war in the Western part of the North Caucasus resumed with the Circassians (i.e. Adyghe, but the term is often used to include their Abkhaz–Abaza kin as well) resuming the fight. A manifesto of Tsar Alexander II declared hostilities at an end on June 2, 1864 (May 21 OS), 1864. Among post-war events, a tragic page in the history of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus (especially the Circassians), was Muhajirism, or population transfer of the Muslim population to the Ottoman Empire. Many Circassians fled to the Ottoman Empire. They became the first target of Arab Armies during the First Arab–Israeli War. They helped to mobilize Jewish settlers during the siege of Circassian villages by Arab armies. The Circassians also helped to create an Israeli army. Some Circassians joined Cossacks. Grebensky (Row) Cossacks were of Circassian origin from the very beginning. There were Mozdok Cossacks of Circassian origin as well. The genocide of Terek Cossacks during the Civil war was a continuation of the genocide of Circassians, former allies of the Russian Empire who supported the Communists. Most of the historical Circassian territories were historically distributed amongst the allies of the Russian Empire, such as certain Vainakh and Turkic families. However, many of those new settlers were exiled by Stalin in 1944, and some of those lands was redistributed, this time, to Georgians and Ossetians. Though many of the exiled people have returned, many lands, granted to them by the Russian empire, are still inhabited by Ossetians. The Georgians left all the lands given to them as they did not consider it theirs since the land was not within Georgia itself, but in neighbouring Russia. This still generates tensions (East Prigorodny Conflict) in the former war theaters of the Caucasian war. Today, there are three titular Circassian republics in Russia: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Karachayevo-Cherkessia. Other historical Circassian territories such as Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and southwestern Rostov Oblast have much smaller communities of Circassians. The diaspora in Syria is repatriating Russia. Circassians from Kosovo also returned to Russia after the civil war in Kosovo.

Cases of child sexual abuse take place in Jehovah's Witnesses congregations, as in other secular and religious organisations. The Watch Tower Society states that the "incidence of this crime among Jehovah's Witnesses is rare". The organization officially denounces all kinds of sexual abuse, and an independent 2009 study in Norway concluded that the rate of sexual abuse among Jehovah's Witnesses was not higher than that in general society. The Society's child abuse policies have been published in Jehovah's Witnesses' publications, although more specific guidelines are only made available to elders, or on request. Press releases issued by the Watch Tower Society's Office of Public Information state that if a person accused of molestation repeatedly denies the charges of his victim, and there is no other witness to the incident, "the elders cannot take action within the congregation at that time", but would report to authorities if required by local laws. Some media and courts have reported that Jehovah's Witnesses employ organizational policies, which the group claims are "Bible-based", that make the reporting of sexual abuse difficult for members. Some victims of sexual abuse have said that they were ordered by local elders to maintain silence to avoid embarrassment to both the accused and the organization. Jehovah's Witnesses say that they have no overt policy of silence. In 2002 Jehovah's Witnesses' Office of Public Information published its policy for elders to report allegations of child abuse to the authorities only where required by law to do so, even if there was only one witness. The organization says that individuals known to have sexually abused a child are generally prohibited from holding any position of responsibility, and that, unless considered by the congregation elders to demonstrate repentance, such a person is typically disfellowshipped. In June 2012 the Superior Court of Alameda, California, ordered the Watch Tower Society to pay US$21 million in punitive damages, in addition to compensatory damages, after finding that the Society's policy to not disclose child abuse history of a member to parents in the congregation or to report abuse to authorities contributed to the sexual abuse of a nine-year-old girl. In April 2015, the appeal court partially upheld the trial court's verdict, ordering that the Watch Tower Society pay compensatory damages amounting to US$2.8 million, but concluded that the congregation had no duty to warn the parents or members about the child abuse history of other members. The case was settled for an undisclosed sum while on appeal to the supreme court of California. In 2016 a UK judge upheld a ruling against the Jehovah's Witnesses for failing to protect a victim of child sexual abuse, and the supreme court rejected an attempt by the Watch Tower Society to block a Charity Commission inquiry into how the organisation's charity handles allegations of abuse. This was the culmination of two years of legal proceedings in five different courts and tribunals in which "WTBTS has at every stage relentlessly challenged the legal basis and scope of the Charity Commission's inquiry". The Watch Tower Society has published information on how to protect children from sexual molestation, such as the articles, "Protect Your Children" in the October 8, 1993 edition of "Awake! ", "Help Your Children to Thrive" in "Awake!" of August 8, 1997, the series, "Keep Your Children Safe", in the November 2007 edition of "Awake! ", and in the book, "Learn from the Great Teacher". These articles focus on prevention, and do not specifically state that a child or its parents should contact the police in the event of molestation. They also suggest that, in some countries, "the legal system may offer little hope of successful prosecution." Whether or not a victim seeks professional treatment from psychiatrists, psychologists or therapists is suggested as being the personal decision of the victim (or the parents), but such ones are warned to "make sure that any such professional will respect your religious views." Jehovah's Witnesses' congregational judicial policies require the testimony of two material witnesses to establish a perpetrator's serious sin in the absence of confession. The organization considers this policy to be a protection against malicious accusations of sexual assault. The Society maintains that this two-witness policy is applied solely to congregational discipline and has no bearing on whether a crime is reported to the authorities in countries where this is mandatory. The Society states that it is not necessary for both witnesses to have observed the same instance of child molestation to establish guilt. Since 1991, statements by two victims of separate incidents by the same perpetrator may be deemed sufficient to take action and impose internal sanctions. However, critics argue that such an approach to determining guilt overlooks the seriousness of the initial abuse, and effectively allows a pedophile to go unpunished until he or she abuses a second child. DNA evidence, medical reports, or information from forensic experts or police that proves sexual abuse is also accepted as a valid "second witness", however critics argue that, without mandatory reporting for all accusations of abuse regardless of the local laws, such evidence could remain undetected. In cases where there is only one eye-witness—the victim—to an allegation of child abuse, elders may monitor the accused individual closely, or even suspend any conspicuous congregation duties—but only if there is evidence based on the testimony of more than one witness to suggest that the alleged perpetrator has abused children. In some instances where there is only one Witness to molestation, elders may discreetly inform parents in a congregation not to allow their children to spend time with someone accused of child abuse provided such a person has been deemed a "predator" by the local branch office based on the elders' observations. In instances of a child reporting abuse, elders are instructed to investigate "every" allegation of child sexual abuse, questioning the victim if necessary, with elders' immediate concern to do what they reasonably can to help parents to protect their children from further abuse. Elders are also instructed that they are only "spiritual shepherds" whose aim should be to provide spiritual assistance and encouragement to victims of child sexual abuse and their families, without taking on a role similar to that of a mental health professional or therapist. Testimony based on repressed memories is not considered reliable enough to form the basis for internal action. Elders are encouraged to treat persons reporting this type of memory with kindness, but not to pursue the case unless further proof is found. Abuse victims may be required to face their abuser to make an accusation, as stated on the Society's official website: "If the accused denies the charge, the two elders may arrange for him and the victim to restate their position in each other’s presence, with elders also there." If allegations of child abuse satisfy the organization's religious tenets, an internal judicial committee is formed, and the accused individual may potentially be relieved of positions of responsibility in the congregation. Anyone found to have sexually molested a child and deemed by the elders to not demonstrate sufficient repentance is disfellowshipped from the congregation and shunned. An abuser who is judged repentant by a committee of elders is given a 'public reproof', wherein it is announced to the congregation that the named individual "has been reproved", though the nature of their crime is not stated. Such a person is automatically debarred from serving in any appointed position in the congregation, however privileges can be restored in the future depending on whether he or she is deemed by the branch office to be a "known molester". Some time later, a talk may be given to the congregation, discussing the type of sin and the need to be on guard against it, but the reproved individual is not named in connection with this talk. When reprimanded, sex offenders may not offer public prayers, read paragraphs during congregation studies, or be given even minor responsibilities in the congregation, such as handling microphones or distributing literature in the Kingdom Hall. Sex offenders are still permitted to participate in the congregation's house-to-house preaching. According to the Watch Tower Society's spokesperson, J. R. Brown, such ones are only allowed to preach when accompanied by a responsible adult. For a considerable period of time, a reproved individual is not permitted to participate in meetings by commenting in group discussions or making presentations from the platform. A 1997 issue of "The Watchtower" article stated: "For the protection of our children, a man known to have been a child molester does not qualify for a responsible position in the congregation. Moreover, he cannot be a pioneer or serve in any other special, full-time service." Elders are advised to give "kindly cautions" to the abuser in regards to "not [being] alone with children," "refrain[ing] from holding children or displaying other forms of affection for them," and "not allowing children (other than his own) to spend the night in his home, not working in field service with a child, not cultivating friendships with children, and the like." Former child molesters, including those who molested children before becoming Jehovah's Witnesses, those eventually reinstated into the congregation after being disfellowshipped, and those who were deemed repentant, are subject to a number of restrictions. Commenting on the effect of these restrictions, Jehovah's Witnesses' legal representative, Mario Moreno, stated that these restrictions alert members that the individual "lacks spiritual maturity." 'Privileges' may be restored to known child sex offenders if "considerable time has passed," at the discretion of local elders. If a former child abuser moves to another congregation, elders from the previous congregation must send a letter to the body of elders in the new congregation, outlining the offender's background and whether the abuser is still subject to 'restricted privileges'. The January 1, 1997 issue of "The Watchtower" stated, "For the protection of our children, a man known to have been a child molester does not qualify for a responsible position in the congregation. Moreover, he cannot be a pioneer or serve in any other special, full-time service." Whether or not a child abuser is deemed a "known molester" is left to the discretion of the local branch. The October 1, 2012 letter to elders states, "the branch office, not the local body of elders, determines whether one who has sexually abused a child is considered a known child molester" and adds, "It cannot be said in every case that one who has sexually abused a child could never qualify for privileges of service in the congregation." Cases of alleged abuse are reported to secular authorities if required by local laws or as instructed by the local branch office. A press release issued in 2002 by Jehovah's Witnesses' Office of Public Information stated: "In addition to making a report to the branch office, the elders may be required by law to report even uncorroborated or unsubstantiated allegations to the authorities. If so, the elders receive proper legal direction to ensure that they comply with the law." "The Watchtower" has outlined the following policy: "Depending on the law of the land where he lives, the molester may well have to serve a prison term or face other sanctions from the State. The congregation will not protect him from this." A 2002 memo to all congregations stated: "Our position is that secular authorities deal with crime while elders deal with sin." Even where there is no mandatory reporting requirement, victims or others having knowledge of an incident of sexual abuse must not be discouraged from reporting it. The "New York Times" commented: In 2008, the Watch Tower Society of Britain, in discussions with the UK Charities Commission, undertook to produce a Child Protection Policy and update its procedures to bring them into line with other religious and secular bodies. Critics claim that in many cases, members of Jehovah's Witnesses have been prevented from reporting child molestation to civil authorities. Particularly since around 2000, the Jehovah's Witnesses organization has been accused of covering up cases of child molestation committed by its members. In February 2001, "Christianity Today"—an evangelical journal that disagrees with the theological perspective of Jehovah's Witnesses—printed an article reporting allegations that Jehovah's Witnesses' policies made reporting sexual abuse difficult for members, and did not conform to typical treatment of such cases. The article also included a response by representatives of Jehovah's Witnesses. The BBC reported allegations of a cover-up in July 2002, in an episode of "Panorama" entitled "Suffer the Little Children". The report revealed that the headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, the Watch Tower Society, requires all congregations to submit details of child abuse allegations and maintains an internal database on all cases of child abuse reported to them. It described one case where a child came forward to the elders of her congregation to report sexual abuse by her father, but was sent home, despite their having known for three years that her father was an abuser. When the girl eventually went to the police, her father was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison. According to Witness spokesman J. R. Brown, Jehovah's Witnesses are not required to report crimes to elders before calling civil authorities. Victims and their families are free to call police, he said, although some don't choose to. The Watch Tower Society maintains a policy with no explicit requirement for elders to report all child abuse cases where such is not required by law. Elders are instructed to "leave matters in Jehovah's hands" if an abuser denies the accusations and there is no second witness available. In 2013 at the Jehovah's Witnesses congregation of Moston, Manchester, England, church elder and convicted paedophile Jonathan Rose, following his completion of a nine-month jail sentence for paedophile offences, was allowed in a series of a public meetings to cross-examine the children he had molested. Rose was finally ‘disfellowshipped’ after complaints to the police and the Charity Commission for England and Wales. In a separate incident, prior to the trial and conviction for rape and sexual assault in June 2014 of Mark Sewell, an elder of the congregation in Barry, Wales, the church conducted an internal investigation of the allegations, where the women and children had to face their alleged abuser in “judicial committee” hearings organised by their church. A child victim, for whom Sewell was later convicted of rape, alleged that she was questioned closely by church elders when she came forward years after the attack, and was required to describe the incident to them in intimate detail, with Sewell present, but her claims were dismissed by the committee and not taken to the police for further investigation. In June Sewell was jailed for fourteen years for the rape and sexual abuse of parishioners, including children. All but one of Sewell's fellow elders who investigated claims against him, declined to give evidence in his Crown Court trial. They also provided no assistance to police and prosecutors in their investigation, despite “dis-fellowshipping” Sewell 20 years previously, and destroyed evidence showing claims against Sewell dating back more than 20 years. In June 2014, Sewell was sentenced to fourteen years in prison for eight sex offenses; in December 2014 he appealed unsuccessfully for reduction of his sentence. In June and July 2014, the Charity Commission for England and Wales announced that it was formally investigating both the Moston and Barry congregations over their child protection policies, to be conducted independently of two statutory inquiries opened the previous month into Jehovah’s Witnesses charities in relation to issues including child protection. The Charity Commission noted that it had "serious concerns" about the Manchester New Moston Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, having most recently opened a case into it in December 2013. The Watch Tower Society subsequently sought judicial review of the Charity Commission's enquiry; this was denied on 12 December 2014, on the grounds that the Charities Act 2011 required all other legal avenues to be exhausted prior to application for judicial review. Subsequent appeals against the investigation by the New Moston Congregation and the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Britain to the Charity Commission's tribunal were rejected in April 2015. In two separate cases in England in December 2014, a Jehovah's Witness in Bournemouth and a Jehovah's Witness elder from Plymouth were convicted and sentenced for the sexual abuse of children. The handling of abuse cases in Australia by Jehovah’s Witnesses is being examined by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. The commission was established by the federal government in 2013 and is investigating how institutions such as schools, churches, sports clubs and government organizations have responded to allegations and instances of child sexual abuse. In July and August 2015 it held a series of public hearings to present the accounts of two female sex abuse victims and also question seven elders and a circuit overseer associated with the congregations where that abuse took place. The commission also questioned two senior members of the Watch Tower Society Australian branch as well as Geoffrey Jackson, a member of the New York-based Governing Body. In opening submissions by senior counsel assisting the commission, Jehovah’s Witnesses was described as a tightly controlled, rule-bound organization that seeks to keep its members in relative isolation from the rest of society. The group was said to be "preoccupied with sin and sinning" and that it operated a judicial system in which a group of men "stand in judgement over their fellow men, women and children on every aspect of their lives". The hearing was told that in response to a summons issued by the commission, the Watch Tower Society had produced 5000 documents including 1006 case files relating to allegations of child sexual abuse made against members of the Jehovah’s Witness church in Australia since 1950—each file for a different alleged perpetrator of child sexual abuse. Those documents showed that of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse "not one was reported by the Church to secular authorities". The commission was told: "This suggests that it is the practice of the Jehovah’s Witness Church to retain information regarding child sexual abuse offences but not to report allegations of child sexual abuse to the police or other relevant authorities." An elder from the Australian branch office said that when not required by law to report abuse allegations to authorities, the church left the decision to report to authorities with the victim and his or her family. In its report, the Australian royal commission concluded, "We do not consider the Jehovah's Witness organisation to be an organisation which responds adequately to child sexual abuse." It added that, "the organisation's retention and continued application of policies such as the two witness rule in cases of child sexual abuse shows a serious lack of understanding of the nature of child sexual abuse." In a press release dated November 21, 2007, Jehovah's Witnesses' Office of Public Information stated: In 2004, a Canadian court awarded CAD$5000 to a plaintiff for the negligence of an elder who failed to follow the official policy of the church. However, the court dismissed charges against the Watch Tower Society, and directed the plaintiff to pay the Watch Tower Society's legal fees amounting to CAD$142,000. In 2007 during a trial motion in the Napa, California court against the Watchtower Society, victims' lawyers convinced the court that 'ecclesiastical privilege' does not supersede the legal obligation of clergy to report child sex abuse to secular authorities. The Watchtower Society paid an undisclosed amount without admitting wrongdoing in an out-of-court settlement with 16 unnamed victims of alleged sexual abuse within the group. According to court documents obtained by NBC News, one plaintiff was awarded over US$780,000. "The Press-Enterprise" newspaper reported in 2008 that subpoenaed elders declined to testify against accused penitents, citing the confidentiality of penitent-clergy privilege. However elders did not object to testifying once a specific matter of penitent-clergy privilege had been adjudicated. In June 2012, a California court ordered the Watchtower Society to pay more than US$20 million in compensatory and punitive damages to a woman who, as a child, was allegedly abused by a member. The court found that congregation elders, following the policies of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, contributed to the abuse. The court stated that the elders as agents of the Watch Tower Society failed to disclose to other parents regarding the confession of the molester who inappropriately touched his step daughter, adding that the degree of reprehensibility was of "medium range". Based on the ratio between the compensatory and punitive damages, the court subsequently reduced the Watch Tower Society's total liability to US$10 million, Lawyers for the Society appealed the ruling, calling the decision "unprecedented" and denying responsibility for abuse. In April 2015, the appeal court concluded that the Watchtower Society was negligent in preventing the abuse and upheld the trial court's decision on compensatory damages amounting to US$2.8 million to be paid by Watchtower Society and the congregation. However, the court reversed punitive damages finding that the Watchtower Society did not have a duty to warn members of the congregation. The Watchtower society appealed again to the supreme court of California and the case was settled for an undisclosed amount during appeal. In October 2014, a case was heard in San Diego, California. When he was seven years old, Jose Lopez was abused by Gonzalo Campos. Witness elders were aware that Campos had previously abused at least one other child, but assigned Campos to instruct Lopez. Campos later confessed to abusing at least eight children between 1982 and 1995, and subsequently fled to Mexico. For failing to protect Lopez from a known offender and for its subsequent refusal to co-operate with the court, the Watch Tower Society was ordered to pay US$13.5 million to the plaintiff. The Watch Tower Society appealed the ruling. The appeal court vacated the judgment, granting that lesser sanctions might compel the Watchtower Society to comply with the court's requirements. The law firm representing Lopez has filed similar cases in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Vermont, and in California, Oregon and New Mexico. In The United Kingdom in June 2015, the High Court of Justice in London awarded damages of £275,000 to an unnamed woman known only as 'A' because the Jehovah's Witnesses failed to protect her from a known paedophile, Peter Stewart. 'A' alleged Stewart abused her from the age of four and threatened that she would be "damned as a sinner" if she told anyone about the abuse. The abuse ended only when Stewart was arrested for offenses against another child. The court held that the Watchtower Society failed to warn the members of the congregation about their knowledge on past abuse by a child molester in the congregation. The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Britain sought permission to appeal, but the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, holding "fair just and reasonable" the award of damages, refused permission to appeal and upheld the ruling to pay to the victim in compensation £275,000 in addition to the legal costs of the case, estimated at approximately £1 million.

The 1941 NFL season was the 22nd regular season of the National Football League. Before the season, Elmer Layden was named the first Commissioner of the NFL, while Carl Storck resigned as league president. Layden also took on the duties of president and signed a five-year contract at $20,000 annually. The league bylaws were changed to provide for playoffs in cases where division races are tied after the regular season, and rules for sudden-death overtimes in case a playoff game was tied after four quarters. The defending league champion Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers finished the regular season tied in the Western Division, setting up the first divisional playoff game in league history. The Bears won 33–14 at Wrigley Field on December 14, then defeated the New York Giants 37–9 in the NFL championship game at Wrigley Field on December 21. The Bears, averaging 36 points per game, became the first team since the institution of the East-West championship in to repeat as champion. The total attendance for the league's 55 regular season games was 1,118,616. This represented an increase of 9% over the previous season's attendance. ***LIST***. In addition to these rule changes, this season marked the first time that the league commissioner became involved in enforcement of player conduct standards. Commissioner Elmer Layden in August assessed $25 fines on Green Bay Packers quarterback Larry Craig and New York Giants halfback Hank Soar for fighting. In the Eastern Division, the Redskins held a half-game after nine weeks of play; at 5–1–0, their only loss had been 17–10 to the 5–2-0 Giants, who had lost two games in a row. Washington, however, lost its next three games, while the Giants rebounded to win their next two games. On November 23, the 5–3 Redskins met 7–2 New York at the Polo Grounds, and the Giants' 20–13 win clinched the division championship. The Western Division race was one between the Bears and Packers. By November 2, when the teams met at Wrigley Field, the Bears were 5–0 and the Packers 6–1, in part because of the Bears' earlier 25–17 win at Green Bay. Green Bay's 16–14 win put them in the lead, and they finished the regular season at 10–1 on November 30 with a 22–17 comeback win at Washington. On the afternoon of December 7, 1941, on the day Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor, the Bears were losing to the Cardinals, 14–0, and trailed 24–20 in the fourth quarter, before rallying for a 34–24 win. Both teams finished at 10–1 and a playoff was set to determine who would go to the title game. With the United States now embroiled in World War II, the Bears and Packers met at Wrigley Field on December 14, with Chicago winning 33–14. Western Division Playoff Game ***LIST***. NFL Championship Game ***LIST***. "Home team in capitals"

He was a son of Sir Robert de Holland of Upholland, Lancashire and Elizabeth, daughter of William de Samlesbury. Robert was a member of the noble Holland family and a favourite official of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and had been knighted by 1305. Robert was appointed on 20 December 1307 in a matter concerning the Knight Templars, shortly before Edward II ordered their arrest and trials in January 1308. In October 1313 Robert was pardoned for his role in the death of Piers Gaveston. From 1314 to 1321 he was called to Parliament as a Baron and was appointed as Secretary to the Earl of Lancaster. His favoured treatment by the powerful earl caused his rival knights in the area, led by Sir Adam Banastre, Sir Henry de Lea, and Sir William de Bradshagh (Bradshaw), to start a campaign of violence towards him and the earl's other supporters known as the Banastre Rebellion. The rebels protested against the earl's actions and authority by attacking the homes of his supporters and several castles, including Liverpool Castle. Sir Robert later assisted in the hunt for fugitives after the rebels had been routed in Preston by a force under the command of the Sheriff. On 4 March 1322 Sir Robert was ordered to join the king with horses and men to defend against Lancaster's rebellion. Twelve days later Robert betrayed the king and fought alongside Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge. After their defeat, Robert surrendered and was imprisoned and had his lands confiscated. He was released from prison but was accused of having joined with other rebels in raids on the estates of Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester over the next few years. Robert was again imprisoned in Warwick Castle before being moved in 1326 to Northampton Castle from which he escaped. Following Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer's overthrow of Edward II, Holland was pardoned for his escape from Northampton at the request of Henry de Beaumont; his lands were restored to him on 24 December 1327. Robert still had enemies from the Banastre Rebellion though and in June 1328 they attempted to outlaw Holland for the deaths of Adam Banastre and his followers, thirteen years after their deaths. Robert appealed against this but was killed in October in a wood near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Thomas Wither is named by some as the murderer and is claimed to have been a supporter of the new Earl of Lancaster, Henry but in light of Robert's outlawry in June may have been a supporter of Banastre as well. Holland was beheaded, his head sent to the Earl of Lancaster at Waltham Cross and his body to Preston, Lancashire where it was buried in the church of Grey Friars. The inaccuracies of some accounts of Holland suggest his rivals may have smeared him deliberately. An Inquisition Post Mortem held in October 1328 found he held lands in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire and London. He married before 1309/10 (being contracted to marry in or before 1305/6) Maud la Zouche, daughter and co-heiress of Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby, by his wife, Eleanor de Segrave. Robert and Maud had nine children: ***LIST***.

The southern hawker or blue hawker ("Aeshna cyanea") is a long species of hawker dragonfly.The species is one of the most common and most widespread dragonflies in Europe. The total range is West Palearctic and covers a large part of Europe (to Scotland and southern Scandinavia in the North to Italy (without the Southwest) and the northern Balkans to the South); the Eastern boundary is formed by the Ural and the West by Ireland. It is also found in Northwest Africa (Algeria). In Central Europe the species is very common It is large, with a long body. It has green markings on the black bodies, and the male also has blue spots on the abdomen. The southern hawker breeds in still or slow-flowing water, but will wander widely, and is often seen in gardens and open woodland. This is an inquisitive species and will approach people. The adult eats various insects, caught on the wing. The nymphs feed on aquatic insects, tadpoles and small fish ambushed in the pond they frequent until they emerge as adults in July and August after three years’ development. This is a large, brightly coloured dragonfly. The males are often seen patrolling by a ponds edge or river, where they fight away intruders, crashing into rival males and spiralling through the air. The females are quite inconspicuous when they lay their eggs, but they sometimes give away their spot by clattering up from the reeds. The eggs are laid by jabbing the abdomen into rotting vegetation or wood. The eggs hatch in the spring, after being laid in the previous summer or autumn. The larvae live on small tadpoles and invertebrates. They emerge after 2–3 years.

The price of a bond is the present value of its future cash-flows. To avoid the impact of the next coupon payment on the price of a bond, this cash flow is excluded from the price of the bond and is called the accrued interest. In finance, the dirty price is the price of a bond including any interest that has accrued since issue of the most recent coupon payment. This is to be compared with the clean price, which is the price of a bond excluding the accrued interest. When bond prices are quoted on a Bloomberg Terminal, Reuters or FactSet they are quoted using the clean price. Bonds, as well as a variety of other fixed income securities, provide for coupon payments to be made to bond holders on a fixed schedule. The dirty price of a bond will decrease on the days coupons are paid, resulting in a saw-tooth pattern for the bond value. This is because there will be one fewer future cash flow (i.e., the coupon payment just received) at that point. To separate out the effect of the coupon payments, the accrued interest between coupon dates is subtracted from the value determined by the dirty price to arrive at the clean price. The accrued interest is based on the day count convention, coupon rate, and number of days from the preceding coupon payment date. The clean price more closely reflects changes in value due to issuer risk and changes in the structure of interest rates. Its graph is smoother than that of the dirty price. Use of the clean price also serves to differentiate interest income (based on the coupon rate) from trading profit and loss. It is market practice in US to quote bonds on a clean-price basis. When a bond settles the accrued interest is added to the value based on the clean price to reflect the full market value. A corporate bond has a coupon rate of 7.2% and pays 4 times a year, on the 15th of January, April, July, and October. It uses the 30/360 US day count convention. A trade for 1,000 par value of the bond settles on January 25. The prior coupon date was January 15. The accrued interest reflects ten days' interest, or $2.00 = (7.2% of $1,000 * (10 days/360 days)). Thus $2.00 is being paid to the seller as compensation for his or her share of the upcoming interest payment on April 15th. The bonds are purchased from the market at $985.50. Given that $2.00 pays the accrued interest, the remainder ($983.50) represents the underlying value of the bonds. The following table illustrates the values of these terms. The market convention for bond prices assigns a dirty price of 98.55 to the trade, not 0.9855. This is sometimes referred to as the price for 100 par value.

Stopford was the son of Colonel Sir Lionel Arthur Montagu Stopford, and the great-grandson of James Stopford, 3rd Earl of Courtown. His mother was Mabel Georgina Emily, daughter of George Alexander Mackenzie. He was educated at Wellington College and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned as 2nd lieutenant into the Rifle Brigade in 1911, serving with the 2nd Battalion of the regiment in India until 1914. He fought in the First World War, where he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Military Cross, having entered France as a lieutenant with the 2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) on 6 November 1914 (Medal Index Card, Kew, England), and become G.S.O.3 of the 56th (London) Division, Territorial Force, on 10 June 1916, as a captain. On 6 December 1916 he became the Brigade-Major of the 56th Division's 167th (1st London) Brigade, a post which he held thru to 25 March 1918 ('56th Division' by C. Dudley-Ward, Pub. He ended the war with the substantive rank of major. Immediately before the outbreak of World War II, Stopford was an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley, which he attended asba student from 1923 to 1924. He commanded the 17th Infantry Brigade, part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), from 1939 to 1940, leading the brigade during the Battle of Arras. He was General Officer Commanding 56th (London) Infantry Division from 1940 to 1941 and then became Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley in October 1941. He commanded British XII Corps from 1942 to 1943 and XXXIII Indian Corps in Burma from 1943 to 1945. He finally commanded the British Twelfth Army, formed in Burma in 1945, which defeated the Japanese breakout attempt in the Pegu Yomas in July and August of that year, the last action of the war. After the war Stopford served as commander of Burma Command (renamed from Twelfth Army) from 1945 to 1946, as Commander-in-Chief Allied Land Forces in the Dutch East Indies in 1946 and as Commander-in-Chief South East Asia Command from 1946 to 1947 before becoming General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command from 1947 to 1949. He retired from the British Army in 1949, with the rank of general. He was also appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Rifle Brigade. Stopford was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1940 and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1942. In December 1944 he and his fellow corps commanders Philip Christison and Geoffrey Scoones were knighted and invested as Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire by the viceroy Lord Wavell at a ceremony at Imphal in front of the Scottish, Gurkha and Punjab regiments. William Slim was knighted and invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath at the same occasion. After the war Stopford was further made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1947 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1948. In 1962 he held the honorary post of Deputy Lieutenant of Oxfordshire. He lived at Rock Hill House in Chipping Norton. He married Dorothy, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Foulkes Deare, in 1921. They had no children. His wife died in 1982.

Gujar Khan (Punjabi/) is a city in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the headquarters of Gujar Khan Tehsil, and the largest tehsil of Punjab by land area. Gujar Khan is approximately 55 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 220 km to the north west of Lahore, capital of Punjab. It is bounded on the north by Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Attock, on the south by Jhelum, Lahore and Gujrat, on the east by Azad Kashmir and Kahuta and on the west by Chakwal and Khushab. Located in the heart of the Potohar region, The city and surrounding region is renowned for its martial culture and is sometimes referred to as the "'Land of the Shaheed"', having produced two recipients of the Nishan-i-Haider. There is a main district hospital in the center of the city, along with many other private and public medical and care services. The place was named after the Gujar. who were the rulers of the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom, ruling for centuries during the late classical period. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim during this time primarily due to Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region. The Mughal Empire later fell into a deep decline at which point the Sikh Empire invaded and occupied Rawalpindi District. Eventually the Sikh Empire collapsed and the British began direct rule in the region until independence in 1947. Gujar Khan also contained a notable Hindu and Sikh population, though much of this population either converted to Islam during British rule, or migrated to India following partition. However the area is still home to Hindu temples and Sikh Gurdwaras which have been maintained through the years by residents of the area. Large reserves of oil and gas were discovered in February 2002 at Tobra, about ten kilometres from Gujar Khan. The field is being developed by the Oil and Gas Development Company. The field could produce 1,600 barrels of crude oil daily. Gujar Khan is located on the N5 National highway from Islamabad-Lahore. Railway Road links from the east of the city to the nearby towns of Bewal and Islampura. There are also many other minor roads linking the villages and towns of the region to the city. Local services also provide extensive bus routes around the local towns, and smaller shuttles go around the villages in the surrounding area. There are also services to Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum, and Lahore. Local Auto-Rickshaw drivers also provide transport for people in and around the city.

State Route 119 (SR 119) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs in an east–west direction from State Route 33 in Taft to State Route 99 just south of Bakersfield. SR 119 is part of the former U.S. Route 399, which ran along SR 33 and State Route 166 before ending at SR 99 (known as US 99 before 1964). Today, it serves as the main connector between the extreme southewestern corner of the San Joaquin Valley and Bakersfield. Highway 119 is commonly known as Taft Highway. It passes through some of Kern County's most famous oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset, the third-largest oil field in the United States; the Buena Vista Oil Field; and runs adjacent to the Elk Hills Oil Field, formerly the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, infamous as one of the two illicit leases – the other being Teapot Dome – part of the scandal which marred the administration of President Warren G. Harding in the 1920s. SR 119 starts at SR 33 near the southern end of Taft. It travels north on Taft Hwy. on the eastern edge of the city. Leaving the city, the road continues north through the oil producing foothills of the Western San Joaquin Valley. The road then turns northeast and enters the valley. Here it passes through the towns of Valley Acres and Dustin Acres. Unlike most of the San Joaquin Valley, little farming is done in this portion of the valley. The road then turns east, and crosses I-5. The route enters agricultural land as it continues east. It then terminates at SR 99 south of Bakersfield. Taft Hwy. continues as a county road to Union Ave. (old US 99 and SR 99 Bus. ), where it becomes Panama Rd. SR 119 was created in 1933 as a state route as Legislative Route 140. Originally, its definition was from Taft to LRN 4 (currently SR 99) in Greenfield (not to be confused with Greenfield in Monterey County), and from LRN 4 to LRN 58 (currently SR 58) via Arvin. The western portion was signed as part of US 399, the eastern portion was unsigned. In 1959, the eastern portion was dropped from LRN 140 and became its own state route, defined as LRN 264, and later as the signed route SR 223. After the California renumbering of state routes in 1964, LRN 140 would become SR 119. US 399 was decommissioned that year, so the route was also signed SR 119.

Pemulwuy is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Pemulwuy is located 30 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the Cumberland Council. Pemulwuy is home to the highest point between the Blue Mountains and Sydney, the summit of Prospect Hill. The eastern portion consists in the most part of high density town-house like development, while the western area consists of very large warehouse and distribution facilities. The southern zone of the suburb is promoted by property developers Lend Lease Group as "Nelson's Ridge" named after Nelson Simmons Lawson, son of William Lawson, the owner of the Grey Stanes Estate. The northern zone of the suburb is promoted by Stockland as "Lakewood". Pemulwuy is named after the Aboriginal warrior, Pemulwuy, who led attacks on the British settlements in the surrounding areas, particularly on the Toongabbie settlement. Pemulwuy, formerly part of Prospect, is a relatively new suburb, with development beginning in 2004 on the site of a former Boral quarry and CSIRO sites. Street names in the suburb include Watkin Tench Parade, named after Captain Watkin Tench, who was the first European to record an ascent of Prospect Hill in 1789. The Pemulwuy Marketplace is located on the intersection of Greystanes Road and Butu Wargun Drive along with a community centre and child care centre. Another shopping centre, called Nelsons Ridge Plaza, is located on Watkin Tench Parade. The area is served by the Transit Systems Sydney 809 bus services from Merrylands, 810, 810X, 811 and 811X bus services from Parramatta and 800 and 812 bus service from Blacktown to Fairfield. The boomgates on Butu Wargun Drive mean that those living in the eastern portion, and working in the western must either walk or cycle over the ridge, or drive via the Great Western Highway to the north of the suburb, and Reconciliation Road. Pemulwuy is a 5-minute drive to the M4 and 10-minute drive to Parramatta. Merrylands railway station and Pendle Hill railway station are only a few minutes drive away.

Kim Jong-suk was born on December 24, 1919 in Hoeryong County, North Hamgyong Province, in Chosŏn (Japanese Korea). Suh Dae-sook writes that she was "the elder of two daughters of a poor farmer." However, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), states that she had a younger brother, Kim Ki-song, who was born February 9, 1921. Kim Jong-suk followed her mother to Manchuria to look for her father, but they discovered that he had already died there. Soon after that, her mother died and she became an orphan. Most sources agree that Kim Jong-suk then joined Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla force in 1935 or 1936 as a kitchen helper. The KCNA, however, reports that Kim Jong-suk and Kim Ki-song joined the guerrilla forces after their mother and their elder brother’s wife were murdered by the Japanese. During this time, Kim Jong-suk worked various odd jobs, was arrested by the Japanese in 1937 in an undercover attempt to secure food and supplies. After her release, she rejoined the guerrillas, where she cooked, sewed, and washed. It was around this time that Kim Jong-suk reportedly saved Kim Il-sung’s life. Baik Bong relates the story in Kim Il-sung's official biography: Kim Jong-suk married Kim Il Sung in the Soviet Union, most likely in 1941. On February 16, 1941 (or 1942, sources vary), in the Soviet village of Vyatskoye, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to Kim Jong-il, who was given the Russian name "Yuri Irsenovich Kim," and the nickname "Yura." In 1944, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to a second son, Kim Man-il in Korean and "Alexander" or "Sura" in Russian. In 1946, she gave birth to daughter, Kim Kyŏng-hŭi. Augustina Vardugina, a woman from Vyatskoye, was in her teens when Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla group camped there. She remembers Kim Jong-suk, and how she would come to the village to barter military rations for chicken and eggs. Her son, Kim Jong-il, would be holding her hand. A year after the establishment of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and until her death, Kim Jong-suk was the first lady of North Korea. According to some accounts, Kim Jong-suk "was a small, quiet woman, not particularly well educated, but friendly and life-loving." Major General N.G. Lebedev, an executive Soviet officer during the Soviet occupation of North Korea, recalled Kim Jong-suk as "a vivacious and generous lady who always cooked enormous amounts of food for the hungry Soviet generals when they visited Kim’s home." Kim Jong-suk died in Pyongyang in 1949. The official story is that she died from "the hardships she had endured during the years as a guerrilla fighter." The unofficial story is that she died in childbirth while delivering a stillborn child. Her death, however, is omitted from her official biography. Some say she died from tuberculosis, and there are other stories that she was shot and bled to death. After Kim Jong il succeeded Kim Il Sung, he began to make his mother, Kim Jong-suk, into "a revolutionary immortal." This campaign created "a holy trinity known as the ‘Three Generals.’" Instead of touting Kim Jong-suk as the quiet woman that she was, she became the heroine of the revolution. The website of the National Democratic Front of South Korea (NDFSK) says she was "a peerless heroine. .an anti-Japanese heroine . a faithful retainer who faithfully carried out General Kim Il Sung’s [Kim Il-sung] will but also a lifeguard who safeguarded the General of every dangerous movement." Kim Jong-suk was recorded to have "conducted on-the-spot guidance sessions" and was a "great strategist." In her home town of Hoeryong, "a museum, a library, a statue, a square and the house in which she was born devoted to the ‘Mother of Korea.’" She arranged parachute training and won several shooting competitions. One story says that she would wash Kim Il-sung’s socks and dry them in her bosom, or cut her hair and spread it in Kim Il-sung’s shoes. Michael Harrold, in his memoir "Comrades and Strangers", relates several stories he heard about Kim Jong-suk while in North Korea. According to him, there is a memorial near Mount Kumgang that marks where Kim Jong-suk stopped "when she realized she had forgotten to bring the great leader’s lunch, and had turned back to prepare something to eat for when he returned from the mountains." Kim Jong-suk is also credited with inspiring Kim Jong-il to build the Ryugyong Hotel. Harrold relates that Kim Jong-suk told a young Kim Jong-il that he "must build tall buildings for the people, of 30 or even 40 stories," and the son replied that he would build housing 100 stories high. This led to the construction of a 105-story Ryugyong Hotel, which is still not opened and is nicknamed 'hotel of doom'. On June 1, 2015, the Daily NK reported that Kim Jong-suk's wedding ring had gone missing from Pyongyang's Chosun Revolutionary Museum sometime in late May. Items belonging to key figures of the Kim family are of great importance. In 2010, state television aired a show dedicated to the story behind the ring, which was, purportedly, given to her by Kim Il-sung in 1938 for her role in the anti-Japanese guerrilla movement. In North Korean News The KCNA regularly reports on Kim Jong-suk, either honoring her memory or describing her revolutionary activities. The following are headlines from articles relating to Kim Jong-suk from 2012: ***LIST***.

He took the 11-plus and passed it, but attended St Kevin's RC School in Northwood, Kirkby (it became All Saints Catholic High School, Kirkby). His mother was a cleaner and his father was a bus driver. He left school with four O-levels and one A-level and trained to become a quantity surveyor. He based his first ideas for "Grange Hill" at his time at St Kevin's. He is well known for creating several popular television series such as "Grange Hill" (BBC One, 1978–2008), "Brookside" (Channel 4, 1982–2003) and "Hollyoaks" (Channel 4, 1995—). For over twenty years he also ran his own independent production company, Mersey Television, before selling off the company in 2005. Redmond also created the daytime legal drama, "The Courtroom" which was cancelled after 38 episodes. In 2013 Phil Redmond published his autbiogaphy Mid-Term Report. In 2016 Phil Redmond published his first novel Highbridge which was follow up from a short Ebook called "Hightbridge the Beginning" which was published in 2015. In 1989, Redmond was awarded the post of Honorary Professor of Media Studies at Liverpool John Moores University, where he is encouraging a new, practically-orientated, media studies course. In November 2010 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Chester. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to drama. Redmond is Chair of National Museums Liverpool and of the UK City of Culture Independent Advisory Panel. In February 2012, Redmond declared an interest in running for the role of Elected Mayor of Liverpool.

Glades Day School is a K-12 private school located in Palm Beach County, northeast of Belle Glade, Florida. It accredited by the FCIS (Florida Council of Independent Schools). It was founded in 1965 as a segregation academy by white parents in response to the court-ordered desegregation of all public schools. The Robert L. Mace Athletic Center is the centerpiece for all of the sports activities at the school. It features a hardwood floor, an upstairs concession area and air conditioned gym, and a newly renovated weight room. The Athletic Center provides both students and parents a state-of-the-art facility for athletics. Glades Day currently holds 7 state championships. (1980, 1982, 1986, 1995, 2006, 2009, 2010) In 2006, Glades Day became the Class 1A State Champions by defeating North Florida Christian 42-9. In 2009, Glades Day became the Class 1B State Champions by defeating Warner Christian. In 2009, Kelvin Taylor was awarded with the National Freshman of the Year by Maxpreps.com, which is a subsidiary of CBS.com. He rushed for 2,597 yards and had a state-record 47 touchdowns on 295 carries. Games can be heard on Florida Cast or on WBGF 93.5FM (In Palm Beach County)

Garam Masala (translation: "Hot Spice") is a 2005 Indian comedy film directed by Priyadarshan featuring Akshay Kumar, John Abraham, Rimi Sen, Neha Dhupia, Paresh Rawal and Rajpal Yadav. It was released on Diwali of 2005. Akshay Kumar received the Best Actor in a Comic Role award for his performance at the Filmfare Awards. It is a remake of Priyadarshan's own Malayalam movie "Boeing Boeing" and a famous hotel comedy sequence from his other Malayalam movie "Aram + Aram = Kinnaram" was reused in this movie. The film starts off when two photographers Makrand, aka Mac (Akshay Kumar) and Shyam, aka Sam (John Abraham) are doing a photo shoot. While Mac is shooting the models in exposing poses, his fiancée Anjali (Rimi Sen) leaves in disgust due to Mac's closeness to the models. Their boss calls them into his office and tells them that they are good-for-nothing photographers. He threatens to reduce their pay if they don't get some good pictures for the world photography competition to make his magazine "Garam Masala" famous. Both Mac and Sam ask Maggie (Neha Dhupia), the boss's secretary, on a date on the same day, at the same restaurant at the same time. As all three meet up at the restaurant a pickpocket takes Mac's and Sam's wallets. After the meal, the competition to impress Maggie heightens thus evoking humorous events after which Sam and Mac leave Maggie to pay the bill. Sam visits a famous photographer, praising him and asking for a few outstanding shots. These stolen shots help Sam to win the world photography competition. He gets promoted, is given ten percent of the prize money and has his pay doubled, whilst Mac receives a demotion to assistant. Sam flies off to the US to enjoy his holiday, leaving Mac fuming in Mauritius. The chief editor persuades Mac to show up Sam by getting three women to be his fiancées, getting a very expensive flat and driving very expensive, imported cars. Following his promise, Mac gets a high-quality flat and gets access to three beautiful air hostesses. His driver, Babban (Rajpal Yadav), is his key to the high life. Not only does Babban get Mac access to the flat, he delivers very high-end cars to impress his fiancées. He drives Mac's cars and does all his services for a small amount of liquor every day. Lastly, Babban gets Mac a housekeeper, Mambo (Paresh Rawal), who has an attitude problem and doesn't care what goes on in his flat so long as his demands are met. He has affairs with each of the three women—Deepti (Daisy Bopanna), Puja (Nargis Bagheri) and Sweety (Neetu Chandra)—and creates chaos. Sam returns from America, only to find his friend turned rival, playing around with three women at once. He tries to help his friend and tries out his own luck with the girls. The story turns into mayhem when it's hard for the two boys to maintain the three girls simultaneously. Mac's original fiancée Anjali learns about Mac's acts, and it creates a bigger mess. When their cook Mambo leaves, they begin to realise their mistakes and Mac attempts reuniting with Anjali; in the end they escape with each other. The music is composed by Pritam while the lyrics are penned by Sameer and Mayur Puri. All the remix songs are mixed by DJ Suketu.

Ramsgate Beach is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Ramsgate Beach is located 16 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, in the Bayside Council and is part of the St George area. The postcode is 2217. Ramsgate is a separate suburb, to the west. Ramsgate Beach is surrounded by the suburbs of Monterey, Ramsgate and Sans Souci. Lady Robinson Beach and Cook Park run along the eastern border of Ramsgate Beach, on Botany Bay. The suburb is mostly residential with a shopping strip including a supermarket on Ramsgate Road, near The Grand Parade. Another shopping strip, including the post office, is located in Ramsgate on Rocky Point Road, near the intersection of Ramsgate Road. The area between the Cooks River and Georges River was originally known as Seven Mile Beach. It was changed to Lady Robinson’s Beach in 1874 to honour Governor Sir Hercules Robinson’s wife. Cook Park is named after Samuel Cook who advocated it as a public pleasure area. Ramsgate was named after the seaside resort in England. A model village was originally planned for the suburb but later abandoned. According to the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population, there were 1,422 people usually resident in Ramsgate Beach. 30.6% stated they were born overseas with the top countries of birth being United Kingdom 4.0%, New Zealand 3.0% and Greece 2.5%. English was stated as the only language spoken at home by 61.7% of residents and the most common other languages spoken were Greek 7.7%, Spanish 2.8% and Italian 2.2%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 26.8%, Anglican, 21.1% and Orthodox 14.6%.

Associate Professor Ong Soh Khim () was a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) in Singapore from January 2005 to April 2006. She was appointed by Singapore’s President S R Nathan in December 2004. Born and raised in a working class family in Singapore, Ong studied at Beatty Primary School, Ang Mo Kio Primary School and Ang Mo Kio Secondary School, and did her A levels at National Junior College. After enrolling at the National University of Singapore (NUS), Ong received her B.Eng. (Honours in Mechanical Engineering). She later got her Ph.D. from NUS. She is currently an associate professor at NUS’ Department of Mechanical Engineering. She is a member of the NUS Senate Delegacy till June 2013. She is teaching and researching in the area of manufacturing processes and technologies in the department’s Manufacturing Division. She specializes in virtual manufacturing, augmented reality application in manufacturing and design. IJPR Norman Dudley Award, September 2003. 2004 M. Eugene Merchant SME Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, Society of Manufacturing Engineers http://www.sme.org/, November 2003. 1st ASEAN female to have received this award since the award was 1st established. 2004 Singapore Youth Award, Science & Technology Category, Singapore National Youth Council http://www.nyc.pa.gov.sg/. Samsung DigitAll HOPE Award, November 2005. The Outstanding Young Person of Singapore Award 2006 (Science and Technology Category), Junior Chamber of Commerce, Singapore. 2009 Emerging Leaders Award in Academia, Society for Women Engineers http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/, US. 1st Singaporean to have received this award since the award was 1st established. Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation (MSIWF) Research Award 2010 Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation. Fellow, International Academy for Production Engineering, CIRP http://www.cirp.net/, 2012. Ong was appointed as a Nominated Member of Parliament (10th Parliament, Second Session) by the president of Singapore in December 2004. She has participated actively and has been vocal in issues such as corporatisation of public universities in Singapore, fee hikes in university education, casino debate, women's rights among others.

Daniel Anthony William "Danny" Graham (born 12 August 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Blackburn Rovers. Graham started his professional career at Middlesbrough in 2003, making his debut for the club in a Premier League match against Manchester United the following year. He later represented England at under-20 level. During his four years at Middlesbrough, Graham made just one first team start. He was loaned out to clubs in all three divisions of the Football League, before joining his final loan club Carlisle United on a two-year deal in 2007. At the end of his contract, he joined Championship side Watford, who were subsequently ordered to pay compensation. Graham was Watford's top-scorer in both of his seasons at Vicarage Road, as well as the club's Player of the Season award and the Championship's overall top scorer in the 2010–11 season. In July 2011, Graham transferred to newly promoted Premier League team Swansea City for £3.5 million, where in his first season he was their top goalscorer with 12 league goals. In January 2013, he moved to Sunderland, but his stint at the Wearside club was mixed; his first and only goal came over two years after his arrival, and he was often loaned out to other clubs. He was released in June 2016. Born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, Graham attended Heworth Grange Comprehensive School, and represented the Gateshead Schools FA team. He started his career at Chester-le-Street Town, in the Northern League, before joining Middlesbrough on a permanent transfer in 2003. In the 2003–04 season, he spent time on loan at Division Three side Darlington. The move to Darlington on loan was initially unlikely, but thanks to supporters funded the move, allowing Graham joining Darlington on loan to happen. Graham made his debut, where he came off the bench for Neil Teggart in the 79th minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Doncaster Rovers on 20 March 2004. Graham made his full start on 3 April 2004, in a 1–0 loss against Boston United and score his first goal, in a 3–2 loss against Southend United on 12 April 2004. Despite manager David Hodgson's outrage over a 3–2 loss, he praised Graham's performance and scoring his first goal. Following this, Graham's loan spell with Darlington was later extended until the end of the season. He would go on to score two goals in nine league appearances. Despite assistant manager Martin Gray's hints of Graham rejoining Darlington on a season-long loan, Graham stayed and he made his Middlesbrough debut on 3 October 2004, as a late substitute in a 1–1 Premier League draw against Manchester United. He scored his first goal for the club three weeks later, against Coventry City in the League Cup, and scored his first Premier League goal on 27 February 2005 against Charlton Athletic. On 9 March 2005, Graham signed a new contract with Middlesbrough on a two-year deal, that would keep him until 2007. The following season, Graham was loaned to Derby County and Leeds United, but did not score a league goal for either club. Despite having played for Middlesbrough in both the Premier League and UEFA Cup, Graham was unable to secure a place in the starting lineup; his only league start for the club came in a 1–0 defeat to Fulham at the end of the 2005–06 season. In July 2006, Middlesbrough confirmed they were willing to let the once-hot prospect leave the club. Graham subsequently went on loan to Blackpool at the start of the 2006–07 season, scoring once in the league against Bristol City. At the end of 2006, Graham moved to Carlisle United on loan. He returned to Middlesbrough on 5 February 2007, after playing only two games due to a leg injury, but returned to Brunton Park after recovering to complete a three-month loan. The final match of his loan was against Bristol City, where he scored Carlisle's only goal in a 3–1 defeat. During two loan spells at Carlisle, he scored 7 league goals in 11 games. Graham was released by Middlesbrough on 10 May 2007, and signed a two-year deal with Carlisle United on 6 June 2007. Graham started the 2007–08 season in good form, and was the division's top goalscorer from August until October, including one against his former loanee club Leeds United. However, after his goal on 13 October 2007, Graham did not score again until 2 February 2008. He made his 100th career appearance playing for Carlisle United against Nottingham Forest at the City Ground on 3 March 2008, scoring the winning goal in a 1–0 victory, in a game broadcast live on Sky Sports. Graham also started the 2008–09 season in goalscoring form, netting 13 goals between August and December, including scoring a hat-trick, in a 4–1 win over Yeovil Town on 30 August 2008. Following this, Graham was awarded League One Player of the Month for August. At the end of the season, Graham scored fifteen goals in the 2008–09 season despite the club managed to survive relegation. Graham was then offered a new two-year contract to stay at the club. However, Graham turned down a new contract to stay at the club and will be leaving. After several failed attempts by Carlisle to renew Graham's contract, he joined Watford on a two-year contract on 2 July 2009. A tribunal later decided that Watford should pay an initial £200,000 in compensation to Carlisle, which eventually rose to £350,000. Graham scored several goals for Watford in pre-season, and scored on his competitive debut for the club in a 1–1 draw with Doncaster Rovers at Vicarage Road. On 5 April 2010, Graham scored from 25 yards out to give Watford the lead in their 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion. Graham finished the season as Watford's top scorer, with 14 league goals. In 2010–11 season, Graham started his season when he scored twice, in the opening game of the season, as Watford beat Norwich City. In September 2010, Graham signed a three-year contract. On 15 January 2011, against Derby County, Graham equalled the Watford record for the most goals scored in consecutive games, finding the net for the seventh successive match. Graham sustained his good goal-scoring form, finishing as Championship top-scorer for the 2010–11 season, with 24 goals in the league. He was named in the 2011 PFA Championship Team of the Year, and was also voted Watford F.C. Player of the Season. Watford received and rejected a £2.5 million bid from Queens Park Rangers for Graham's services in May 2011. On 4 June 2011, the club accepted a £3.5 million bid from Swansea City. On 7 June 2011, Graham completed his £3.5 million move to newly promoted Premier League side Swansea City. He scored his first unofficial goal on 6 August 2011, in a pre-season friendly against La Liga side Real Betis at the Liberty Stadium. He scored his first competitive goal on 2 October 2011, in a 2–0 win at home to Stoke City. Following this, Graham says he is aiming to score more goals. As the following week, Graham started to score four goals in four games, starting with scoring his second goal for Swansea in a 3–1 defeat to Norwich City. then scored his third goal on 22 October, in a 2–2 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers; his third came on 29 October, he scored his fourth goal in as many games in a 3–1 win against Bolton Wanderers, having also scored an own goal earlier on in the game. Graham scored his fifth goal on 10 December against Fulham, after coming on as a substitute for Leroy Lita. His sixth goal of the season came on 27 December 2011, against Queens Park Rangers. His seventh goal of the season came on 15 January 2012, against Arsenal, which turned out to be a winner. Graham also scored the winner for Swansea in a 2–1 away win at West Bromwich Albion in snowy conditions on 5 February 2012. On 11 February 2012, he scored two goals against Norwich City in a 3–2 defeat, the first a curling effort and the second a penalty. He scored Swansea's fourth in a 4–4 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers on 28 April and then scored the winner, his twelfth and final goal of the season, in the 86th minute, on 13 May against Liverpool to lift the Swans to 11th place in the Premier League. Graham started the 2012–13 season by scoring against West Ham United in Swansea's first home match of the season. But shortly afterwards, he found himself starting games on the bench due to the emergence of Spanish striker Michu. In late December, an injury to Michu gave Graham a chance to impress, and he scored his first goal in 4 months in a 2–1 victory at Fulham. Graham continued to hit the back of the net from then on, with goals in the next three consecutive games, including a last minute goal in a 2–0 victory away at Chelsea, in the first leg of the League Cup semi-final. Even with these good performances, his playing minutes continued to decrease as Michu flourished as Swansea's single striker, leading to transfer speculation from other Premier League clubs. Despite local reports suggesting that Graham could leave the club, he stated that he was committed to stay. Then in mid-January, manager Michael Laudrup stated there were offers to sign Graham. Graham signed for Sunderland on 31 January 2013 for £5 million on a three-and-a-half-year contract. Graham also attracted interests from his former club, Middlesbrough. However, his move to Sunderland was controversial; Graham is a fan of Newcastle United, Sunderland's rival. He made his debut on 2 February, coming on as a substitute in the 79th minute to replace Stéphane Sessègnon in a 2–1 defeat away to Reading. In his last game for Swansea prior to joining Sunderland, Graham was booed and jeered by the club's supporters, as he came on as a substitute, though he described it as "it never once put [me] off in terms of wanting to move here." Despite playing 11 games for Sunderland in his first half season at the club, Graham was unable to score his first goal for Sunderland and loaned out to Hull City the following season. Graham admitted he didn't do very well enough and his form dropped badly since he arrived in January. Upon returning to Sunderland, manager Gus Poyet said placing Graham in the first team ahead of the 2014–15 season will be very difficult. Graham made a return to Premier League football as a late substitute in Sunderland's 1–0 home loss against Liverpool on 10 January 2015. He also appeared as a substitute against Tottenham Hotspur the following week. Graham scored his first Sunderland goal on 9 May 2015, after he deflected home a Jordi Gómez shot in a 2–0 victory at Everton. It was to be his only goal for Sunderland, as he was released a year later on 10 June 2016, having spent the second part of the season at Blackburn Rovers. Graham joined Hull City on a season-long loan from Sunderland on 19 July 2013. He made his debut on the first day of the 2013–14 season in a 2–0 loss away at Chelsea and scored his first goal for the club on 9 December 2013 in a 1–1 draw at his former club Swansea City, which was his first goal in 30 games; this turned out to be his only goal for the club. On 31 January 2014, his loan spell at Hull was terminated and was instead loaned to Championship side |Middlesbrough for the rest of the season. He made his debut on 3 February 2014, as a substitute in a goalless draw at Doncaster. On 8 March 2014, Graham scored both goals in a 2–0 home win against Ipswich Town to open his account for Boro, and ended his loan stay with six goals in total. Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Middlesbrough entered into talks to sign Graham, but no agreement was ultimately reached. He was also linked with a loan move to Brentford, but this too did not come to fruition. On 14 November 2014, a loan deal was agreed with Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers. During five appearances for the club, he scored once (against Bournemouth) before his loan expired at the end of the year. On 20 January 2016, he signed a loan deal with Blackburn Rovers for the remainder of the 2015–16 season. He scored his first goal for Blackburn in a 3–0 win over Fulham on 16 February 2016. His second goal came on 1 March 2016, in a 2–1 victory over Middlesbrough.

Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Choir is a radical performance community with an Elvis-like preacher based in New York City. Protest performances are rehearsed like a stage show. The troupe is guided by a theatrical director, Savitri D. The singers interrupt the operations of banks or corporations that the community deems to be racist or damaging to the Earth. The music director is Nehemiah Luckett. The pre-choir church of the late 1990s, was the project of William Talen (born May 25, 1950), a theatrical producer and playwright originally from Minnesota and South Dakota. He adopted the persona "Reverend Billy" and studied Pentecostal preachers in the south and west. He grew up in a series of small towns: Eyota, Minnesota, Menomonie Wisconsin, Watertown. South Dakota. His parents, Bill Talen and June Sieswerda were Dutch Calvinists of the Christian Reformed Church, a conservative sect centered in Holland, Michigan. The character he invented may have been created as a satirical defense against the rightwing culture of his boyhood. Talen is an American radio show host, stage performer, composer and author. Talen was born in Northfield, Minnesota into a Dutch Calvinist family, and received his BA at Franconia College in New Hampshire. While working as a theater manager in San Francisco during the early 1990s, Talen created a character that was a hybrid of street preacher and televangelist called Reverend Billy. This character was performed in various San Francisco alternative theater venues, where Talen had earned a considerable reputation as both a performer and a producer (Life on the Water theater, the Solo Mio Festival, Writers Who Act, etc.) After moving to New York City, he branded his act as a "new kind of American preacher". It debuted on the sidewalk at Times Square in 1998, in front of the Disney Store and Mickey Mouse, the anti-Christ. Talen noticed that when he was preaching people nearby would begin to clap, and The Stop Shopping Choir was born. Reverend Billy's sermons focused on the evils of consumerism and advertising—and on what Talen saw as the loss of neighborhood spirit and cultural authenticity in Rudolph Giuliani's New York. Talen's chief collaborator in developing the Reverend Billy character was the Reverend Sidney Lanier. A cousin of Tennessee Williams with an interest in avant-garde theater, Lanier was then the vicar of St. Clement's, an Episcopal church in Hell's Kitchen that doubled as a theatrical space, where Talen was working as house manager. Lanier encouraged Talen, who was suspicious of religious figures after rejecting the conservative Protestantism of his youth, to study radical theologians and performers; of these, Talen credits Elaine Pagels and Lenny Bruce as particularly strong influences. Though Talen does not call himself a Christian, he says that Reverend Billy is not a parody of a preacher, but a real preacher; he describes his church's spiritual message as "put the Odd back in God". Reverend Billy and the Stop Shopping Choir is a non-profit organization that includes Talen, director Savitri Durkee, a 40-member choir, and the Not Buying It band. Early campaigns were focused on Disney, Starbucks, Walmart, chain stores and sweatshops. In one early action, Talen and his associates pretended to be shopping at the store and talking on non-functional cell phones, carrying on increasingly loud conversations about the evils of Disney and its products; once the ruse was discovered, Reverend Billy began preaching to the actual consumers until the police removed him from the store. Talen leads large march after "The Battle in Seattle" from Charas Community Center on Avenue B in the East Village to Judson Memorial Church in the West Village. Talen receives the 2000 OBIE Award for "Reviving Activism". The choir marches from the Tishman Auditorium in New School, to the "Poe House" near Washington Square, which is threatened with destruction. "The Raven" was finished when Poe lived there. The throng reads the famous poem in front of Poe’s residence. After the reading Talen is arrested and jailed. The Starbucks coffeehouse chain became a frequent target of the Church's actions, due to perceptions of its displacement of local small businesses, unfair labor practices including union busting, and its role in creating what Talen calls a "fake Bohemia". Starbucks at Astor Place in downtown Manhattan is repeatedly used as an indoor stage for concerts and protests. Astor Place becomes designated "The Bermuda Triangle of Retail". Talen would be driven from Astor Place to The Tombs annually over the next ten years. At the time of the defense of community gardens and small shops in the East Village, 9/11 took place. Nightly trips to Union Square mixed with afternoons at ground zero reciting the 1st Amendment. Talen wrote his book, "What Should I do When Reverend Billy Is in My Store?" in November 2003. The title is taken from a Starbucks memo issued to New York Starbucks managers. On Christmas Day 2005, Reverend Billy and his choir performed an action at Disneyland. He led the choir down Main Street, U.S.A. singing anti-Disney and anti-shopping songs. After ignoring requests from park security to cease, an on-site Anaheim Police officer attempted to intercede and was ignored. Reverend Billy was then arrested for trespassing and resisting an officer; his choir left peacefully after that. Reverend Billy and his choir traveled to Washington, D.C. in March 2007 to participate in an action against the war in Iraq, "Don't Buy Bush's War", organized by Code Pink Women for Peace, where they roamed the halls of the U.S. Congress preaching and singing their anti-war message. No arrests were made.The anti-consumerism message in the film has hindered its widespread distribution: in an interview published by Reuters, film director Rob VanAlkemade claimed that "major distributors have backed away because Walmart pushes half of their DVDs." In March 2007, Reverend Billy released his second book, also entitled "What Would Jesus Buy". On June 29, 2007, Billy was arrested on charges of harassment in Union Square, Manhattan while reciting the First Amendment to police officers through a megaphone, during the monthly bike ride Critical Mass. On July 2, 2007, Billy revisited the scene of his arrest, accompanied by a choir who sang a hymn version of the amendment. On July 7 and 8, 2007, Billy hosted an international conference in Iceland organized by the non-profit organization Saving Iceland to protest heavy industry in Iceland and around the world. On July 4, 2008, he met with members of the Granny Peace Brigade and Code Pink with special guest Lawyer Norman Siegel at Strawberry Fields to recite the Bill of Rights. On September 7, 2008, the group was on hand in Coney Island to perform the Last Rites for Astroland. The theme park was a cause they had rallied behind all year causing them to be nominated King Neptune and Queen Mermaid of the Mermaid Parade. On September 18, 2008 Billy was arrested again in Union Square Park (although the last charges against him were dropped by the NYPD for an arrest at the very same spot). This time the group was protesting Harvest in the Square an event sponsored by Danny Meyer and the Union Square Partnership a non-profit organization that had its eyes on the Union Square historical pavilion to be developed as a restaurant. Groups fighting to keep the park public alongside the Reverend were Union Square Not For Sale and the Union Square Community Coalition. Billy and the choir finished up 2008 with tours of the San Francisco area, a stop on the traveling lecture series, Democracy in America, and another trip to Iceland. During the time of year when they orchestrate their part in Buy Nothing Day, like protesting at Macy's, the group was presented with the shocking news of the death of Walmart employee, Jdimytai Damour. That day the group spoke about his death and the pregnant woman who lost her child in the event at Union Square Park for their Dance Your Debt Away event. Billy released an official statement to the press. The following Sunday the group traveled to the Long Island Walmart where the worker died and held a candlelight vigil. Billy appeared on Fox News and Savitri D. later appeared on Democracy Now to discuss the event. The Choir celebrated the release of their latest album, "The Shopocalypse", and will hold three holiday performances in New York City and have added an Hour of Power live Sunday webcast to their programming and have also have a Dish Network TV show in the works. On March 1, 2009, Reverend Billy announced in Union Square Park that he is running for Mayor of New York City on the Green Party ticket. He went on to win 8,902 votes, just under 1% of the vote in the November election. On May 31, 2009, Reverend Billy and his choir joined a procession through the East End of London alongside the Space Hijackers and Rhythms of Resistance. After first appearing in the Spitalfields Starbucks, the Metropolitan Police temporarily shut down the Starbucks outlet nearby on Whitechapel High Street after being informed the group would be heading there. On September 24, 2009, at the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit Reverend Billy spoke out to a crowd of reporters and protesters at Arsenal Park. Talen, as Reverend Billy, delivered a speech to members of the Occupy Wall Street movement in Zuccotti park in New York, October 25, 2011. Reverend Billy gave a sermon, and the Choir performed, at the Occupy National Gathering in Philadelphia preceding Independence Day, 2012. On January 6, 2015, Reverend Billy was arrested at a Black Lives Matter demonstration at Grand Central Terminal. The group began to focus on the imminent threat of climate change and environmental after Superstorm Sandy. Linking consumerism to the global climate crisis, the group joined the growing movement in Appalachia to end mountaintop removal. In early 2010, Talen and several members of the choir traveled to Coal River Valley, West Virginia. There they met with local activists and gathered mud and dirt from mountains that had been exploded in the area, which they brought back to New York City and used in several direct actions targeting the ATM lobbies of Chase Bank, at the time the world's largest financier of mountaintop removal. In July 2015, the group opened for musician Neil Young in New York to protest Monsanto's use of carcinogenic pesticides. Reverend Billy and Choir have since performed in West Virginia, and are now focused on Union Bank of Switzerland and their policies on mountaintop removal. The group is currently performing its "Church of Earthalujah" show, which further expounds on its environmental and spiritual themes, on a weekly basis in Manhattan's East Village. The cross-country journey that Reverend Billy and his choir made in the month prior to Christmas 2005, culminating in his arrest at Disneyland, is depicted in a documentary, titled "What Would Jesus Buy?" produced by Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Morgan Spurlock. The film was screened at the Silverdocs international film festival in June 2007. The anti-consumerism message in the film has hindered its widespread distribution: in an interview published by Reuters, film director Rob VanAlkemade claimed that "major distributors have backed away because Walmart pushes half of their DVDs." In 2009, Henk van der Meyden and Monica Strotmann, owners of the Dutch theatre group Stardust, paid Talen $25,000 for the rights to several songs and his character's name. The group put on "Crazy Shopping", a Dutch play with a character similar to Reverend Billy.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Library has two branches. The Hibiya Library, a third branch, was closed on April 1, 2009. The Metropolitan Central Library is located in the Minami-Azabu section of Minato. The library was founded in 1973 at the current location of the central branch. The library is free and open to the public, although not all collections are available to all people at all times. The library also has arrangements with over 300 smaller local public libraries allowing interlibrary lending privileges. The Hibiya Library was located in the Hibiya section of Chiyoda. The Tama Library is located in Tachikawa in Western Tokyo. The library opened in 1987 to relieve municipal libraries. Although not as deep as the collection of the National Diet Library, The Tokyo Metropolitan Library houses a large collection of books, periodicals, and audio-visual materials. The Central Branch holds 240,000 volumes, including a large collection of rare materials, showcasing over 40,000 documents pertaining to the history of Tokyo (Edo), some of which date back over 400 years. Books are divided by subject - Reference, Social Science, Humanities, Natural Science. Of note is the opening of a "regional history research center". The Hibiya Branch holds 130,000 volumes, including 4,000 foreign volumes. It also maintains holdings of over 1,000 different magazine periodicals and nearly 200 different newspapers. Total holdings (including volumes in storage) of the Metropolitan Library are estimated at approximately 1,480,000 volumes. Central Branch: 5-7-13 Minami-Azabu Minato, 106-8575. It is located in the Arisugawa-no-miya Memorial Park. Accessible by foot from Hiroo Station on the Subway Hibiya Line, Azabu-Juban Station on the Subway Namboku Line, and the Azabu-Juban Station on the Toei Subway Oedo Line. (Coordinates: ) Hibiya Branch: 1-4 Hibiya Koen, Chiyoda, 100-0012. Accessible by foot from Kasumigaseki Station on the Subway Hibiya Line, Marunouchi Line, and Chiyoda Line, Shinbashi Station on the JR Yamanote Line, and Uchisaiwaichō Station on the Subway Mita Line. Tama Branch: 6-3-1 Nishiki-cho, Tachikawa, 190-0022. Accessible by foot from Tachikawa Station on the JR Chūō Line and Nishi-Kunitachi Station on the JR Nambu line.

Princes Hill is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km north of Melbourne's Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Yarra. At the 2011 Census, Princes Hill had a population of 2,075. Princes Hill is named for the Prince of Wales, similarly to neighbouring Carlton. Demographer Bernard Salt dubbed Princes Hill "Chick City" in 2003, after 2001 Census data revealed the suburb had the highest proportion of single women to men in Melbourne. The Argus, on Saturday 11 October 1884, reported that a meeting of members of the Church of England the night before at the Carlton Hall, in Prince's Street (now North Carlton), agreed that as "North Carlton was now thickly populated, while dwellings were being rapidly built on Prince's Hill", that it would "not be unreasonable to conclude that the time had arrived when the residents in the neighbourhood could support a church." The meeting agreed that it was "desirable that a church should be erected in the newly constituted parish of St Michael's, and that permission be obtained from the bishop in council to sell the original site on the west side of Canning Street, near Pigdon Street, for the purpose of purchasing another in a more favourable position at the intersection of Wilson and Paterson Streets, Prince's Hill." The church today is on the corner of Macpherson and Mc Ilwraith Streets in Princes Hill. By May 1885 "a temporary building on Princes Hill was nearing completion and was expected to be ready for opening, on Sunday the 17th inst." On 2 November 1887 in the Legislative Assembly, it was moved Mr Jones (for Colonel Smith) moved for a copy of all the papers relating to the purchase of land at Prince's Hill, Carlton, for a state school. The motion was agreed to. In September 1889, it was announced "A commodious State school, which has recently been erected in Arnold Street, Princes Hill, North Carlton, to meet the requirements of that rapidly growing suburb was opened yesterday by the Minister of Public Instruction, in the presence of the intending pupils, who numbered about 250 and a large number of ladies and gentlemen. Mr James Robertson, the chairman of the Carlton School Board of Advice, presided at the gathering and stated that this was the sixth state school that had been opened in that suburb, there were in all about 5,000 children on the rolls of those schools of whom close on 4,000 attended regularly. Something was required, however on the part of the Education Department, the board of advice, or the truant officer to secure the regular attendance of the others so as to enable them to take full advantage of the benefits of the Education Act." In May 1888 it was announced in The Argus "A new police station is to be established at Princes Hill, North Carlton. A house has been rented from Mr Purvis near the corner of Lygon and Paterson Streets. It is intended to have one constable in charge, but the residents in the neighbourhood think that one representative of the law will be totally insufficient to protect them."

The Glass Wall is a 1953 American black-and-white drama film noir directed by Maxwell Shane and starring Vittorio Gassman and Gloria Grahame. The film was produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The title refers to the design of the tower of United Nations headquarters in New York. It tied with two other films for the Golden Leopard, the top prize at the Locarno International Film Festival, in 1953. After the end of World War II, Peter Kuban (Vittorio Gassman), a Hungarian displaced person and survivor of the Nazi concentration camps, stows away on a ship bound for New York City. However, he is spotted and held for the authorities. When they arrive, he claims that he qualifies for entry under an exception for those who helped Allied soldiers during the war, but all he knows about the paratrooper he hid from the enemy is that his name is Tom and he plays clarinet in a jazz band in New York City's Times Square.The immigration authorities led by Inspector Bailey say that without better documentation he must be sent back to Europe. He jumps off the ship, breaking some ribs, and starts searching for Tom. He encounters an unemployed ex-factory worker named Maggie Summers (Gloria Grahame). When she steals a coat in a restaurant, Peter helps her elude the police. They go to her apartment, where she tends his injury as best she can and learns his story. When her landlady, Mrs. Hinckley, threatens to evict her for being behind on her rent, Peter gives her all the money he has. Eddie Hinckley, the landlady's son, barges in and tries to get amorous with Maggie. Peter bursts out of hiding and starts fighting him, but gets the worst of it. Maggie knocks Eddie out with a chair and flees with Peter. The Hinckleys notify the police. Meanwhile, Tom sees Peter's picture on the front page of a newspaper. He wants to go to the immigration department, but his girlfriend Nancy persuades him to attend an important audition instead. Tom impresses band leader Jack Teagarden, but leaves abruptly to try to help Peter. The fugitives are recognized in the subway. The police grab Maggie, but Peter gets away. She meets up with Tom. After hearing Tom's story, Inspector Bailey believes that Peter can stay, but only if they can reach him before 7 am when the ship he arrived on will depart and, by law, Peter must be jailed and deported. The trio drive around searching. Peter slips into an unoccupied taxi and falls asleep. When burlesque dancer Tanya (Robin Raymond) gets into the taxi after work, she recognizes Peter from the newspaper photo. She takes him to her apartment for rest and a meal. When he asks why, she explains that her real name is Bella Zakoyla, and that she is a fellow "Hunky". Her immigrant mother approves, but her brother Freddie does not want to risk getting into trouble, saying that it is the responsibility of the United Nations. The loud argument rouses Peter, sleeping in the other room, and he slips away. Acting on Freddie's remark, Peter heads toward the United Nations building in the early morning hours. He is recognized on the way and the police are alerted. Peter delivers a soliloquy to an empty meeting room with places marked for representatives of the U.N.'s member states. He calls for recognition that peace and freedom for the world require peace and freedom for every individual. The police, Maggie, Tom, and Bailey pursue Peter through the halls of the U.N. Peter panics and flees to the roof, where he contemplates jumping. Maggie and Tom reach him and at the sound of Tom's voice Peter collapsed onto the roof. All reassure Peter that he is now safe. In 2011, film critic Dennis Schwartz liked the film and wrote a positive review, "Columbia's off-beat postwar noir project, whose title is taken from the U.N.'s glass wall, turned out rather well despite a number of awkward moments as it promotes its leftist agenda. Maxwell Shane ("Fear in the Night"/"Nightmare"/"City Across the River") passionately directs this gritty immigration picture in a darker light than the usual idealistic films about Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty, and strangely enough its concern for immigrants is still relevant in today's modern world. It's co-written by Shane, Ivan Shane and Ivan Tors with poignancy and feeling. It works best as film noir, that is better than its sob story/chase story thriller aspects because it's so moving, haunting and compelling in its characterization of a desperate Holocaust survivor on-the-run ... The atmospheric pic is well-served by cinematographer Joseph F. Biroc's great location shots of a seedy neon-lit Times Square at night and of an impressive though empty U. N. in the early morning. It also has much clout as a urban thriller, even if it gets heavy-handed at times and cannot be deemed a great film--just a film that sticks with you because it's so earnest and satisfying."

South West Rocks is located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, near the mouth of the Macleay River. It is approximately 40 km from Kempsey. Jerseyville is located nearby. The population of South West Rocks is 4,816 people, and maintains a steady growth rate. The tourist population of South West Rocks increases markedly during the holiday season. The area's beaches as well as man-made attractions such as Trial Bay Gaol and Smoky Cape Lighthouse are local tourist attractions. Because of the warm ocean in the area fed by the East Coast current which flows down from the tropical regions it is possible to swim all year round. Many of the population of South West Rocks are retired. Trial Bay is one of the few north facing bays on the Australian east coast. Arakoon was originally established as the township on Trial Bay in 1866. However, by 1889, South West Rocks had established itself as a popular bathing resort with people of the Macleay Valley. South West Rocks got its name most likely from the captains of passing ships, who claimed it was safest to moor vessels near the rocks, south west of Laggers Point (the point on which Trial Bay Gaol is built). Another theory is that their moorings would be safe if they kept the rocks to their south west. Trial Bay was named after a brig, "The Trial", which was stolen and wrecked by convicts in 1816 in the bay that now bears its name. On 13 May 1770, Captain James Cook observed smoke from a fire on a mountain which he named Smoky Cape. The headland in front of the mountain is now the location of Smoky Cape Lighthouse. In 1972, a Sydney Harbour showboat, "Sydney Queen," and the former Newcastle car carriers "Lurgurena" and "Koondooloo," were wrecked on the Main Beach after breaking free from their moorings in heavy storms. Elements of all three vessels were salvaged, but the hull of "Sydney Queen" filled with sand and could not be removed. It was eventually burned to the waterline to remove the obstruction from the beach. South West Rocks has a long history of commercial fishing. Local fishermen, OceanWatch Australia and the local surf life saving club hold an annual Loaves and Fishes Barbeque on Good Friday. "The South West Rocks News" comes as a cover page to Tuesday edition of the Kempsey "The Macleay Valley Argus". A weekly free paper and magazine are home delivered every Wednesday to households within the Kempsey Shire and Nambucca Shire. TV Broadcasts are usually received from Mt Moombil, west of Coffs Harbour, though in some locations it is possible to receive signals from Middlebrother Mtn, North-east of Taree. Radio signals are able to be received from multiple locations, including; Port Macquarie, Kempsey, and Coffs Harbour. South West Rocks' main shopping street is Prince Of Wales Avenue. The other major shopping centre is The Rocks Shopping Fair (with a Coles supermarket) on Gregory Street, closer to the town's entrance. The (Wests) IGA Supermarket is also located a further kilometre or so to the North along Gregory Street and there are also two petrol stations Located in Gregory Street. Development in the town has increased over the past few years, with The Rocks Shopping Fair opening in 2002, and an adjacent housing subdivision known as Oceanside. South West Rocks may be divided into five main areas: South West Rocks, Arakoon, Oceanside, New Entrance and Spencerville. Arakoon is located to the east of South West Rocks and is home to Trial Bay Gaol. New Entrance is the river mouth located to the west of South West Rocks and locals also refer to the residential area on a ridge just to the east of the Macleay River at the river mouth as New Entrance. Oceanside is located adjacent to The Rocks Shopping Fair; it is a relatively new subdivision in South West Rocks and consists of recently built houses. Spencerville is the most southern area of South West Rocks. It runs from The Rocks Shopping Fair south to Spencers Creek Bridge and was its own village prior to recent development in Oceanside that joined South West Rocks and Spencerville. South West Rocks has two pre-schools and a Government primary school, South West Rocks Public School. There is no high school despite the efforts of the Lower Macleay Valley High School Association. High school students travel to Kempsey to one of the three high schools, Melville High School, Kempsey High School or St Paul's Catholic College. Some primary school students also travel to St Josephs Primary School, Kempsey East Public School, Kinchela Primary School or Kempsey Adventist School (which is both a pre-kindigarten, primary and secondary school). South West Rocks has a warm and wet humid subtropical climate. The warmest month on average is February with a mean maximum temperature of 27.0 °C and the coldest month on average is July with a mean maximum temperature of 18.7 °C. On an annual basis, South West Rocks averages 121.2 clear days, the most in August with 14.7 and the least in January with 8.1. Dew-points in the summer average at around 20 °C - 21 °C. The wettest month is March and the driest month is September. South West Rocks experiences a mean of 137.5 raindays annually, with the most occurring in March and the least occurring in July. South West Rocks gets the highest mean amount of rain during the Autumn and the lowest mean amount of rain during the Spring. Some of the heaviest rainfall received at South West Rocks is quite often received from weather systems known as "East Coast Low Pressure systems" also known as "Mid Latitude Cyclones" not to be confused with Tropical Cyclones which are formed by different type of convection currents. These weather Systems often cause major flooding in the valley and also cause beach erosion and wind damage. Approximately an average of four of these systems impact on the area each year to varying degrees depending on their location and mostly occur from January to June although have been known to occur at other times of the year. Tropical cyclones which form further to the north have been known to impact on the area occasionally but this has only happened on an about half a dozen occasions over the last 100 years. South West Rocks' thunderstorm activity is mainly during the period from September to March (inclusive), with October and November being the months where the risk of a severe thunderstorm is increased due to a relatively high frequency of unstable atmospheric conditions which favour frequent and strong thunderstorm development. Hail is relatively rare at South West Rocks, only occurring once every year or two, and it is usually less than 2 centimetres in diameter.

Limnor is a generic-purpose codeless and visual programming system. The aim is to enable users to create computer software without directly coding in a texture programming language. It can be extended by software developers. In the future most people should be able to do computer programming. Visual and codeless programming can be one of possible ways to reach that goal. When events were added to classes it enabled rapid application development, especially the visual development of graphic user interface. But event handling is still expressed via textual programming languages. The idea of Limnor codeless programming is to add "Actions" to classes. Adding actions to classes eliminates the need of textual programming languages, making codeless visual general purpose programming possible without sacrificing programming power. A class in Object-Oriented Programming is defined by properties, methods and events. Now it is enhanced by actions. Visual programming by "properties, methods, events and actions" can be a fifth-generation programming language. People expect 5GL to be easy to use, to be visual. There are many excellent visual programming languages and systems available now. One issue is that while each visual programming innovation has its unique advantages in some aspects it also has its limitations in other aspects. If different visual programming systems may work together then developers may take advantages of different systems and avoid the limitations. 5GL may solve the problem by being an abstraction layer for visual programming. Following criteria may define an abstraction layer for visual programming: ***LIST***. The first criterion requires the layer to have a wide coverage. Most programming languages, such as C/C++, Java, C#, VB, etc., meet this criterion. The first criterion does not restrict each visual programming system to have its own programming elements for unique visual representations. The second criterion requires the layer to be an abstraction for visual programming and makes it possible for different visual programming systems to work together. It can be deduced that when designing a 5GL to meet the criteria, such a 5GL should allow decorative expansions by individual visual programming systems. When the 5GL compiles/interprets a program, it ignores those decorative expansions. An action is defined by Action-Executer, Action-Data, and Action-Condition. An action has an owner which defines the scope of data available for the action.<br> There are 3 types of actions:<br> ***LIST***. Action data can be a constant, a variable, a method/event parameter, a property of a class/variable/parameter/property, or a math expression.<br> An Action Condition is a math expression evaluated to a Boolean value.<br> A math expression is a math formula with its variables linked to constants, properties, variables, parameters, and math expressions.<br> A math expression must be displayed and edited graphically for codeless and visual programming and for intuitive using of the programming tools. The math expression programming tool must be able to handle math elements and functions developed by third parties to enable unlimited expansions. Limnor Studio is a newer implementation of codeless visual programming by "properties, methods, events and actions".<br> Limnor Studio implements "properties, methods, events and actions" on Microsoft .Net types. Software is developed by developing classes, just as all object-oriented programming languages do, but it is done visually. Developers derive new classes from existing classes. The existing classes are from .Net libraries made by any companies or individuals, using any programming languages or programming systems, including Limnor Studio. Limnor Studio compiler generates C# source code from visual programming representations. It uses C# compiler to generate the programming results, EXE or DLL files.<br> A base class for math functions provides a framework for visually display the math expressions in original math expressions in programming instead of texture formation. For example, developers do programming using formula like ***formula*** instead of writing something like Math.sqrt((x0-x1)*(x0-x1)+(y0-y1)*(y0-y1)). A math expression editor may handle math classes derived from the base math class, allowing third parties to develop new math functions to be used visually.<br> The developers use "action diagram" (flowchart) to form programming logics visually and intuitively.<br> Visual programming is better done by more than one way. Limnor Studio uses a plug-ins system to allow different visual programming systems to work together. UI designer, which represents classes in UI form and icons, is one visual programming system; object-explorer, which represents classes in tree-views, is another visual programming system. They are totally independent of each other even though they represent and work on the same class being developmented. Other independent visual programming systems can be developed and plugged in by implementing certain interfaces, for example, visual data-flow, visual control-flow, UML, etc.

Lucien Tesnière (; May 13, 1893 – December 6, 1954) was a prominent and influential French linguist. He was born in Mont-Saint-Aignan on May 13, 1893. As a professor in Strasbourg (1924), and later in Montpellier (1937), he published many papers and books on Slavic languages. However, his importance in the history of linguistics is based mainly on his development of an approach to the syntax of natural languages that would become known as dependency grammar. He presented his theory in his book "Éléments de syntaxe structurale" (Elements of Structural Syntax), published posthumously in 1959. In the book he proposes a sophisticated formalization of syntactic structures, supported by many examples from a diversity of languages. Tesnière died in Montpellier on December 6, 1954. Many central concepts that the modern study of syntax takes for granted were developed and presented in Tesnière's book (i.e., in the Éléments). For instance, Tesnière developed the concept of valency in detail, and the primary distinction between arguments (actants) and adjuncts ("circumstants", French "circonstants"), which most if not all theories of syntax now acknowledge and build on, was central to Tesnière's understanding. Tesnière also argued vehemently that syntax is autonomous from morphology and semantics. This stance is similar to that of generative grammar, which takes syntax to be a separate component of the human faculty for language. Lucien Tesnière was born on May 13, 1893 in Mont-Saint-Aignan, now a suburb of Rouen (north-west of France). He studied Latin, Greek, and German in school. He spent time abroad as a young man in England, Germany, and Italy. He was enrolled at the University of Sorbonne and the University of Leipzig studying Germanic languages when World War I broke out. He was mobilized on August 12 and sent to the front on October 15th. He became a prisoner of war on the 16th of February 1915. He was interned in the camp at Merseburg with 4000 other prisoners from all nationalities. During his 40 months of captivity, he continued his intense study of languages. He also worked for the German authorities as a French-English-Russian-Italian-German interpreter. He continued his studies at the Sorbonne after the war. He studied with Joseph Vendryes, and at the Collège de France he was under the tutelage of Antoine Meillet, a prominent linguist at the time. Tesnière was then invited as a lecturer to the University of Ljubljana (now the capital of Slovenia), where he wrote his doctoral thesis on the disappearance of the dual in Slovenian. He married Jeanne Roulier in Zagreb and fathered three children with her. In February 1924, Tesnière became associate professor of Slavic language and literature at the University of Strasbourg (the capital of Alsace on the border to Germany), where he taught Russian and Old Slavic. Tesnière was promoted to professor of "grammaire comparée" at the University of Montpellier (in the south of France) in 1937. During World War II Tesnière worked as a cryptography officer for the Military Intelligence, the so-called Deuxième Bureau. He became very sick after the war in 1947 and his health remained poor until he died on December 6, 1954. His primary oeuvre, "Éléments de syntaxe structurale", was then published five years later in 1959 due to the constant efforts of his wife Jeanne and the help of colleagues and friends. The following subsections consider some of the central ideas and concepts in Tesnière's approach to syntax. The following areas are touched on: (1) connections, (2) autonomous syntax, (3) verb centrality, (4) stemmas, (5) centripetal (head-initial) and centrifugal (head-final) languages, (6) valency, (7) actants and circonstants, and (8) transfer. Tesnière begins the presentation of his theory of syntax with the connection. Connections are present between words of sentences. They group the words together, creating units that can be assigned meaning. Tesnière writes: The connections that Tesnière describes in this passage are now more widely called "dependencies", hence the term "dependency grammar." Two words that are connected by a dependency do not have equal status, but rather the one word is the superior, and the other its subordinate. Tesnière called the superior word the "governor", and the inferior word the "subordinate". By acknowledging the totality of connections between the words of a sentence, Tesnière was in a position to assign the sentence a concrete syntactic structure, which he did in terms of the stemma (see below). Tesnière rejected the influence of morphology on the field of syntax. In so doing, he was promoting a break from a tradition in linguistics that focused on concrete forms such as affixes and the inflectional paradigms associated with the study of the languages of antiquity (Latin and Greek). Tesnière argued that the study of syntax should not be limited to the examination of concrete forms, but rather one has to acknowledge and explore the connections (as just described above). He pointed to the key concept of "innere Sprachform" 'inner speech form' established by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since "innere Sprachform" (i.e. the connections) is abstract, one cannot acknowledge it and explore the central role that it plays in syntax by focusing just on concrete forms. Tesnière was arguing, in other words, that syntax is largely independent of morphology; it is an autonomous component of natural language. Tesnière also saw syntax and semantics as separate domains of language. To illustrate this separation, he produced the nonsensical sentence "Le silence vertébral indispose la voile licite" 'The vertebral silence indisposes the licit sail'. He emphasized that while the sentence is nonsensical, it is well-formed from a syntactic point of view, for the forms of the words and their order of appearance are correct. Noam Chomsky made the same point with his famous sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously". Tesnière argued vehemently against the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate that was and is prevalent in the study of syntax, and he replaced this division with verb centrality. He stated that the division stems from logic and has no place in linguistics. He positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure, whereby all other elements in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on the verb. Tesnière illustrated the distinction with the diagrammatic representations (stemmas) of the French sentence "Alfred parle lentement" 'Alfred speaks slowly' and the Latin sentence "Filius amat patrem" '(The) son loves (the) father': The diagram of the French sentence above illustrates the binary division that Tesnière rejected; the clause is divided into two parts, the subject "Alfred" and the predicate "parle lentement". The Latin sentence below illustrates the verb centrality that Tesnière espoused; the verb "amat" is the root of the clause and the subject "filius" and the object "patrem" are its dependents. The importance of this distinction resides with the overall understanding of sentence structure that arises from these competing views. A theory of syntax that starts with the binary division is likely to become a phrase structure grammar (a constituency grammar), whereas a theory of syntax that starts with verb centrality is likely to become a dependency grammar. Tesnière relied heavily on tree-like diagrams to represent the understanding of sentence structure and syntax that he was pursuing. He called these diagrams stemmas - the Éléments contains over 350 of them. These stemmas show the connections and the manner in which the connections link the words of sentences into a hierarchy of structure, e.g. These diagrams show some of the main traits of Tesnière's conception of syntactic structure. Verb centrality is evident, since the verb is the highest word in the stemma (the root). Syntactic units are present; constituents and phrases are identified; they correspond to complete subtrees. An important aspect of these stemmas is that they are "unordered", i.e. they do not reflect actual word order. For Tesnière, structural order (hierarchical order) preceded linear order in the mind of a speaker. A speaker first conceives of what he/she wants to say, whereby this conception consists of words organized hierarchically in terms of connections (structural order). The act of speaking involves transforming structural order to linear order, and conversely, the act of hearing and understanding involves transforming linear order to structural order. This strict separation of the ordering dimensions is a point of contention among modern dependency grammars. Some dependency grammars, i.e. the stratified ones (e.g. Meaning-text theory and Functional generative description) build on this strict separation of structural order and linear order, whereas other dependency grammars (e.g. Word grammar) are monostratal (in syntax) and hence reject the separation. Given the hierarchical organization of syntactic units that he posited (and represented using stemmas), Tesnière identified centripetal and centrifugal structures. The modern terms for these concepts are "head-initial" (centrifugal) and "head-final" (centripetal). Centrifugal structures see governors (heads) preceding their dependents, whereas the situation is reversed for centripetal structures, the dependents preceding their heads, e.g. Tesnière did not actually produce "ordered" stemmas like the two on the right here. But if one does choose to reflect word order in the stemmas, then the distinction between centrifugal vs. centripetal structures that Tesnière established is clearly visible. The following two trees of the English sentences "Stop attempting to do that" and "His sister's attempts succeeded" illustrate the distinction: The stemmas clearly show the manner in which centrifugal structures extend down to the right, and centripetal structures down to the left. Tesnière classified languages according to whether they are more centrifugal than centripetal, or vice versa. The distinction has since become a mainstay of language typology. Languages are classified in terms of their head-directionality parameter: as predominantly head-initial or head-final. The Semitic languages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic) are, for instance, much more centrifugal than centripetal, and certain East Asian languages are much more centripetal than centrifugal (e.g. Japanese, Korean). English is a "mitigated" language according to Tesnière, meaning that it contains a good mixture of both centrifugal and centripetal structures. With his "valency" metaphor, Tesnière contributed to our understanding of the nature of the lexicon. He compared verbs to molecules. Like an oxygen atom O attracts two hydrogen atoms H to create an HO molecule, verbs attract actants to create clauses. Verbs therefore have valency. Tesnière distinguished between verbs that are avalent (no actant), monovalent (one actant), divalent (two actants), and trivalent (three actants). English examples follow: The valency characteristics of verbs play a role in the exploration of various mechanisms of syntax. In particular, various phenomena of diathesis (active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal, recessive) are sensitive to the underlying valency of verbs. The concept of valency is now widely acknowledged in the study of syntax, even most phrase structures grammars acknowledging the valency of predicates. In addition to actants, Tesnière acknowledged circumstants (French "circonstants"). While the actants that appear with a verb are important for completing the meaning of the verb, circumstants add optional content, e.g. The number of actants that appear in a clause is limited by the valency characteristics of the clause-establishing verb, whereas the number of circumstants that can appear in a clause is theoretically unlimited, since circumstants are not restricted by verb valency. Modern syntax acknowledges actants and circumstants of course also, although it uses different terminology. Actants are known as "arguments", and circumstants as "adjuncts", so again, Tesnière identified and explored key concepts that are now a mainstay in the modern study of syntax. The second half of the Elements (300 pages) focuses on the theory of transfer (French "translation"). Transfer is the component of Tesnière's theory that addresses syntactic categories. Tesnière was interested in keeping the number of principle syntactic categories to a minimum. He acknowledged just four basic categories of content words: nouns (O), verbs (I), adjectives (A), and adverbs (E). The abbreviations he used for these words (O, I, A, E) match the last letter of the corresponding Esperanto designations. In addition to these four basic content words, he also posited two types of function words, "indices" and "translatives". He took articles (definite and indefinite) and clitic pronouns to be indices, and typical translatives were subordinators (subordinate conjunctions) and prepositions. The main task translatives perform is to transfer content words from one category to another. For instance, prepositions typically transfer nouns to adjectives or adverbs, and subordinators typically transfer verbs to nouns. For example, in the phrase "le livre de Pierre" 'the book of Peter, Peter's book', the preposition "de" serves to transfer the noun "Pierre" to an adjective that can modify the noun "livre". In other words, the noun "Pierre", although it is technically not an adjective, comes to function like an adjective by the addition of the translative "de". Transfer is represented in stemmas using a special convention. The following stemmas represent the phrase "de Pierre" 'of Peter' and the sentence "Écrivez dans le livre de votre ami" 'Write in the book of your friend': The translative and the word that it transfers are placed equi-level and a vertical dividing line separates them. The target category, i.e. the category that is the result of transfer, is indicated above the horizontal line. In the first stemma above, the A indicates that "Pierre" has been transferred (by "de") to an adjective. The stemma below shows two instances of transfer, whereby the first indicates that "dans livre de votre ami" is transferred to an adverb, and the second that "de votre ami" is transferred to an adjective. For Tesnière, the ability to transfer one category to another at will in fluid speech is the primary tool that makes truly productive speech possible. Syntactic categories that alone are not capable of combining with each other can be immediately unified by a translative that effects transfer. Tesnière's legacy resides primarily with the widespread view that sees his Éléments as the starting point and impetus for the development of dependency grammar. Thus the frameworks of syntax and grammar that are dependency-based (e.g. Word grammar, Meaning-text theory, Functional generative description) generally cite Tesnière as the father of modern dependency grammars. An interesting side note in this regard is that Tesnière himself did not set out to produce a dependency grammar, since the distinction between dependency- and constituency-based grammars (phrase structure grammars) was not known to linguistics while Tesnière was alive. The distinction first became established during the reception of Tesnière's ideas. Tesnière's legacy is not limited to the development of dependency grammar, however. As stated above, a number of the key concepts that he developed (e.g. valency, arguments vs. adjuncts, head-initial vs head-final languages) are cornerstones of most modern work in the field of syntax. Interestingly though, Tesnière does not receive the full credit that he perhaps deserves for his contribution to the field of syntax. Tesnière died shortly before the initiation of generative grammar, and his Éléments remained untranslated to English until just recently (2015). Thus his influence has been greater in Europe than in English-speaking North America.

King Brothers Productions was a film production company active from 1941 to the late 1960s. It was founded by the Kozinsky brothers, Frank (1 April 1913 - 12 February 1989), Maurice (Maury) (13 September 1914 - 2 September 1977), and Herman (4 July 1916 - 20 July 1992), who later changed their surname to "King". They had notable collaborations with such filmmakers as Philip Yordan and William Castle and are particularly remembered today for employing a number of blacklisted writers during the Red Scare of the late 1940s and 1950s. Some of their films include "Dillinger" (1945), "Suspense" (1946), "Gun Crazy" (1949), "Carnival Story" (1954), "The Brave One" (1956—which earned writer Dalton Trumbo a Best Screenplay Academy Award), "Gorgo" (1961), "Captain Sindbad" (1963), and "Heaven With a Gun" (1968). Joseph Kozinsky (d 1950) was a New York fruit merchant who fathered five children, the brothers Frank, Maurice and Herman, and two sisters. The family moved to Los Angeles in the 1920s. The brothers did various odd jobs including selling newspapers and shining shoes before getting into slot machines. They borrowed $250 and built an empire up to 19,000 machines. They also branched into race horses. In 1940 they, along with their sister Nettie Segal, were charged with tax evasion. The same year, Morris Kozinsky looked at getting into slot machine movies. They formed Hollywood Quality Pictures Incorporated to develop slot machine projectors and met with Cecil B. De Mille to source films. Morris later recalled: De Mille, he has an inferior complex. It takes two weeks to get into see him. Well, we didn't like that. We're just plain businessmen. We finally told him we had to get some pictures. He said he was going to get Sally Rand to make some. Then he said he had a deal with some trapeze artists. Well, you know yourself, you're out with a gal relaxing in a bar, you don't want to see no bubble dancer or acrobat. You want to hear some good music. You want something with class. You want to see Bing Crosby maybe. That was the trouble. De Mille might make big epics but for us he didn't have no class. The Kozinskys decided to abandon slot machine projecting for actual film production. Morris said he told his brother Frank: What is this racket, anyway? If De Mille can do it, why can't we? We're clever guys, we couldn't lose more than ten or twenty thousand dollars. Maybe we should make a movie. Then maybe we can forget how he made us look like mugs. The brothers knew Hollywood personalities like Louis B. Mayer and Frank Capra from the racetrack and asked them for advice. "So we had to go ahead," said Morris. "Or else we would have looked cheap to Mayer and Capra because we'd told them about it." They formed KB Productions and made the film "Paper Bullets", releasing through Producers Releasing Corporation in exchange for $19,500 and 50% of the profits. The movie was shot at Talisman Studios over six days. It was a success and the brothers were launched as film producers. In 1942 the Kozinskys changed their name to "King". They had an enormous success with "Dillinger" (1945). Morris told the press at the time: Nobody discovered us - we discovered ourselves. We didn't come in to this business as paupers and we won't go out of it as paupers... It's like this- we're honest and our door is open to everybody. We've got no overhead - our overhead begins when we start shooting and ends the day we put the film in the can. That's the way we do business and we're not going to stop until we get an Academy Award and land one of our pictures in the Radio City Music Hall. "Dillinger" was written by Philip Yordan, who would work for the brothers on numerous occasions. He later described them: Frank was like a 300-pound Chinaman. Always a big cigar in his mouth and a drawer full of Hershey bars. Always wondering why he was so fat because, he says, "I don't eat." Maurice had been a prize fighter and would always have black coffee, but he was heavy too. When I first met them... they weren't gangsters but they had [investments in] slot machines and they were probably running something [illegal] in town. Nobody questioned it. They had a few bucks, not rich, but they had a few bucks... They were very honest. And they always paid me. The Kings had a production assistant, Arthur Gardner, who later recalled "Frank was the smartest brother and the leader. Maurie watched the money and Hymie just kind of tagged along... Frank had a good story mind and supervised everything... I believe Frank King would have succeeded in any business. He was a sharp as a tack." In 1945 they announced plans to make their most expensive film yet, the musical "Golden Girl" starring Belita. Instead they put her in a drama, "Suspense". In September 1950 the King Brothers changed how they financed their films. They publicly floated their company, getting permission to use a million $1-par shares. They issued $300,000 worth of shares and used it to finance "Drums in the Deep South". $300,000 was later raised for "The Syndicate". The King Brothers paid $70,000 for 70,000 of their own shares. There were over 700 shareholders and the King Brothers took 50% of the profits. The King Brothers later sued RKO for mismanaging the distribution and sale of three of their films, "The Brave One", "Carnival Story" and "Drums in the Deep South", claiming $6,030,000 in damages.

Colin Anthony Doyle (born 12 June 1985) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bradford City and the Republic of Ireland national team. Doyle spent twelve years as a professional with Birmingham City. He made his debut in the Football League in April 2005 while on loan to Championship club Nottingham Forest, and also had loan spells at Chester City, Millwall and Coventry City. In 2015, he signed for Blackpool. At international level, Doyle has represented the Republic of Ireland at under-21, B and senior levels. He made his full international debut in May 2007 against Ecuador. Doyle was born in Cork, County Cork. He played both Gaelic football and hurling with his local club, Douglas, before taking up association football with Cork side Douglas Hall. He joined Birmingham City as an academy scholar during 2001, before signing his first professional contract in 2003. He made his first senior appearance for the club during the 4–0 victory over the Malaysian national team during the first Premier League Asia Trophy on 26 July 2003, replacing Ian Bennett with 13 minutes of the game remaining. Having not yet made a professional appearance for Birmingham, Doyle joined League Two side Chester City on loan in October 2004. Chester's first-choice goalkeeper Wayne Brown was injured and they needed cover for reserve Chris Mackenzie. While at Chester, Doyle played his first game in English senior football as Chester defeated Rochdale in the Football League Trophy. After returning to Birmingham, Doyle soon linked up with Championship club Nottingham Forest on a short-term loan deal in December 2004. The loan was then extended to keep him at the City Ground for the rest of the season. Doyle made his first-team debut for Forest in a fifth-round FA Cup tie against Tottenham Hotspur on 20 February 2005. As the game approached half-time, Doyle gifted Tottenham the lead as a Jermain Defoe free kick bounced out of his hands and into the net, but Forest were able to equalise in the second half to take the tie to a replay. Even though Doyle only played in a further three league games for Forest, he said he was glad to be able to play regular reserve-team football and the loan spell had exceeded his expectations. He was rumoured to be returning to Forest on loan for the following season, a move which did not occur. Doyle's next loan move saw him join Millwall in November 2005 for a month. He went straight into the team for their game against Leeds United on 26 November. With the game goalless going into injury time, Millwall defender Ben May put the ball past Doyle for an own goal to give Leeds a 1–0 victory. Doyle was recalled from loan on 19 December to cover for the suspended Nico Vaesen. Doyle was on the bench for Birmingham's Football League Cup quarter-final against Manchester United the next day, and then returned to Millwall three days later on an emergency seven-day loan. This loan deal was extended for another seven days before Doyle returned to Birmingham on 5 January 2006 after manager Steve Bruce had refused Millwall permission to use him in the FA Cup. A week later, Doyle agreed to go to Millwall for a third loan spell in the 2005–06 season, this time staying with "The Lions" until the end of the season. In total, Doyle played 14 games for Millwall during his three loan spells, keeping two clean sheets. During his loan spell at Millwall, Doyle had suggested he might want to stay with the club on a permanent basis, despite the offer of a new contract from his parent club. However, at the end of the season he signed a two-year deal with Birmingham. Because Vaesen's contract had expired, there was an expectation that Doyle would step up to second-choice goalkeeper behind Maik Taylor. Doyle played his first competitive game for Birmingham in their League Cup first-round match against Shrewsbury Town on 22 August 2006, in which he kept a clean sheet as his club won 1–0. With Taylor injured, Doyle made his first league appearance for Birmingham four days later in a 2–0 defeat away to Cardiff City. Doyle played in the second and third rounds of the League Cup, against Wrexham and Sheffield United, before losing his place in the cup team to Taylor for the quarter-final defeat to Liverpool. Doyle was preferred to Taylor for the visit to Colchester United in February 2007; according to the "Birmingham Mail", "Doyle was unruffled and did himself a lot of good. His handling was sound, he got the game moving quickly and even though some of his kicks were skewed wide, he whacked the ball long and hard." Assistant manager Eric Black said that Doyle had "shown that he's more than capable and he's ready to have a go now and challenge Maik Taylor" for the starting position. He kept his place in the team for the remainder of the season as Birmingham were promoted back to the Premier League. At the club's end of season awards, Doyle picked up both the "Breakthrough Award" and the award for "Magic Moment of the Season", for his penalty save from Wolverhampton Wanderers' Michael McIndoe at Molineux that gained Birmingham a crucial three points. Doyle finished the season with eight clean sheets from 22 appearances. He remained in the starting line-up for the start of the 2007–08 Premier League season, but after a difficult first three games, he was dropped in favour of Taylor, and Richard Kingson was selected as substitute goalkeeper. Birmingham were relegated at the end of the season but won immediate promotion back to the Premier League the following season; Doyle played in two league games. Following the loan signing of Joe Hart from Manchester City for the 2009–10 Premier League season, Doyle remained third choice, behind Hart and Taylor, a position he retained after Hart's replacement by England international Ben Foster and Taylor's signing of a contract extension before the 2010–11 season. On 29 July 2010, Doyle had a trial with Plymouth Argyle, playing 45 minutes of a friendly against Hereford United, but no deal materialised, and on 10 August 2010, Doyle signed on loan for Coventry City. He was signed as emergency cover while Keiren Westwood was away on international duty, coming in for the League Cup match against Morecambe, but was recalled only a day later because of an injury to Foster. In January 2011, Doyle played his first game for Birmingham for nearly two years in a 3–2 defeat of Coventry in the FA Cup fourth round, and kept his place for the fifth-round tie against Sheffield Wednesday, keeping a clean sheet as the home side won 3–0. He made his first Premier League appearance since August 2007, as a first-half substitute for the injured Foster, in a 5–0 defeat at Liverpool in April in which he conceded three goals. After Birmingham were relegated at the end of the season, the club took up their option of an extra year on Doyle's contract, despite accusations of inappropriate late-night drinking after the club's end-of-season dinner. He made 16 appearances in the 2011–12 season, including three matches in Birmingham's UEFA Europa League campaign, and both legs of the Championship play-off semi-final. He made an error in a 2–1 win over Maribor, where he misjudged a pass from Jonathan Spector to allow Dalibor Volaš to score the game's opening goal. In the FA Cup, Doyle saved two penalties from Juan Mata in the FA Cup; one in the initial fifth-round match, which finished 1–1, and one in the replay, which ended in a 2–0 defeat. His performance in the initial game against Chelsea resulted in him being named as the man of the match. At the end of the season, he received a special award for completing ten senior seasons with the club, extended to an eleventh when he signed a one-year contract, despite expectations that youngster Jack Butland might be first choice goalkeeper. Doyle made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a 3–2 League Cup defeat at Coventry City. Despite only playing three games during the 2012–13 season, Doyle was offered a new two-year contract at the end of the season. In July 2013, Doyle was brought on as a centre forward for the last six minutes of a pre-season game against Shamrock Rovers because of an injury to striker Matt Green after all the outfield substitutes had been used. Again, he made his first competitive appearance of the season in the League Cup. In the 2014–15 season, he played three cup matches and once in the league, putting in an impressive performance in a 1–0 defeat at Blackburn Rovers when Darren Randolph was suspended. He was released when his contract expired at the end of his twelfth season as a professional with Birmingham City. The "Birmingham Mail" dubbed his departure the "end of an era". In June 2015, Doyle signed a two-year contract with Blackpool, newly relegated to League One. He was named club captain, and selected as starting goalkeeper, ahead of Kyle Letheren, for the opening match of the season, away to Colchester United. He made several saves to keep his side in the match, but damaged a shoulder in thwarting Colchester's Gavin Massey and had to leave the field. After an initial prognosis of three months out, a scan suggested he could return to action within a month. He was back in the team for the visit to Scunthorpe United on 5 September, and produced a man-of-the-match performance that earned him a place in the Football League's Team of the Week as Blackpool won their first match of the season. Ankle ligament damage suffered in early November kept him out until the new year. In August 2006, Doyle played for the Republic of Ireland under-21s away against Greece and kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 victory. He went on to make three further appearances for the U21 side. He made his first appearance for the senior national team, starting in a 1–1 friendly draw with Ecuador, on 23 May 2007. The match was at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Following this match, he made an appearance for the Republic of Ireland B squad, playing 81 minutes of a match against Scotland B on 20 November 2007. In November 2016, regular football for Bradford Citychasing promotion from League Oneand an impressive performance when watched by Ireland's goalkeeping coach, Seamus McDonagh, led to Doyle's recall to the international squad for the first time in seven years. He was an unused substitute for the World Cup qualifier away to Austria; his former Birmingham teammate Darren Randolph kept a clean sheet as Ireland won 1–0.

Karam (English: "Deeds") is a Bollywood crime thriller film, released in 2005. The film is directed by the cinematographer Sanjay F. Gupta (often confused with another director Sanjay Gupta). This movie is Sanjay F Gupta's directorial debut movie. He had directed the advertisements and music videos. This movie stars John Abraham and Priyanka Chopra in the lead roles. Jon (John Abraham) is an assassin working for a mobster named Captain (Bharat Dabholkar). After a hit goes wrong, resulting in him killing an entire family (including a little girl), he is overcome with the guilt of his actions and decides to quit his job. He starts life anew with his pregnant wife Shalini (Priyanka Chopra) a bar singer. Meanwhile, Jon's boss, Captain, is facing a threat from a rival don, Yunus (Vishwajeet Pradhan). After being attacked, Captain decides to teach the city a lesson by killing the city's top industrialist, top film producer, the cop backing Yunus and Yunus himself; so that everyone else falls in line and no one dreams of becoming another Yunus. He decides that Jon must carry out this plan of his. To achieve this, he takes Shalini hostage. John is given 36 hours to kill the five targets on the hitlist. Things get worse when the city's toughest cop, Wagh (Shiney Ahuja) traces him. Jon is pressed for time and the body count is growing. After Jon accomplishes this while also killing Captain, he is chased after by cops and killed while Shalini mourns over his death The music is composed by Vishal-Shekhar and Pankaj Awasthi. The lyrics are penned by Vishal Dadlani, Irshad Kamil, Dev Kohli, Pankaj Awasthi, Amit Mishra, and Harshdeep. A small portion of the song 'Tinka Tinka' was also resampled by Schiller for his 2008 album SEHNSUCHT in the song Mitternacht.

Celery salt is a seasoned salt used as a food seasoning, made from ground seeds, which may come from celery or its relative lovage. It may also be produced using dried celery or seed oleoresin. Celery salt normally contains an anticaking agent such as silicon dioxide or calcium silicate. Some brands of celery salt are very high in the preservative sodium nitrate. When added to foods, sodium nitrate forms small amounts of nitrosamines, a family of possible human carcinogens. As a vegetable, celery seeds have potassium as the dominant ion over sodium (ninefold more). Celery salt is an ingredient of the Bloody Mary cocktail and the Caesar cocktail. It is also an ingredient in KFC's secret spice mix. It is also commonly used to season the Chicago-style hot dog, the New York System wiener, salads, coleslaw and stews. It is a primary ingredient in Old Bay brand seasoning. Celery salt is often used by food producers to prevent spoilage while avoiding listing sodium nitrate on the ingredients list directly.

Adolph Louis Camilli (April 23, 1907 – October 21, 1997) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers. He was named the National League's Most Valuable Player in after leading the league in home runs and runs batted in as the Dodgers won the pennant for the first time since 1920. He was the ninth NL player to hit 200 career home runs, and held the Dodgers franchise record for career home runs from 1942 to 1953. His son Doug was a major leaguer catcher in the 1960s. His brother, who boxed under the name Frankie Campbell, died of cerebral hemorrhaging following a 1930 match with Max Baer. Born and raised in San Francisco, California attending Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory, Camilli had an eight-year minor league career before making his major league debut with the Chicago Cubs at the end of the season. He was traded to the Phillies in June 1934, and in each year from 1935 to 1937 he hit 25 or more home runs, batting a career-high .339 and leading the NL in on-base percentage in the last season. But he also had a free-swinging style that led to numerous strikeouts; in his rookie season, he tied Hack Wilson's modern NL record of 94 strikeouts, and in he set a new league mark with 113. In March 1938, Camilli was traded to the Dodgers in a move that new general manager Larry MacPhail hoped would spark a change in the team's image from lovable losers to solid contenders. He drove in 100 or more runs in four of the next five seasons, being named an All-Star in 1939 and 1941 and becoming team captain. He also led the NL in walks in 1938 and 1939, but in the latter year became the first player to have three 100-strikeout seasons. In his MVP season of 1941, he again led the league with 115 strikeouts and also surpassed Rabbit Maranville's NL career record of 756. He also set career-highs in home runs (34) and RBI (120), leading the league in both categories. In the 1941 World Series, he batted just .167 with only 1 RBI as the Dodgers lost to the New York Yankees in five games. In , he finished second in the NL in home runs and RBI. That year, he also broke Zack Wheat's club record of 131 career home runs (Gil Hodges surpassed his final total of 139 in , and Duke Snider broke his mark for left-handed batters later the same year). In July 1943 Camilli was traded to the New York Giants, but he refused to report to the Dodgers' hated rivals; instead, he managed the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League in 1944–45 before joining the Boston Red Sox in mid-, batting .212 with two home runs in his last season. In a 12-season career, Camilli posted a .277 batting average with 239 home runs and 950 RBI in 1490 games played. After leading the NL in errors in both 1934 and 1935, setting a record with three errors in one 1935 inning, he improved his defense and later led the NL in assists and fielding percentage once each. He also ended his career with 961 strikeouts, more than any player except Babe Ruth (1330) and Jimmie Foxx (1311); his NL record of 923 was broken by Gil Hodges in . Among his career highlights was recording the last out of Ruth's career. Following his playing career, Camilli returned to the Pacific Coast League and managed the Oaks and Sacramento Solons, as well as several other minor league teams, winning a pennant with Spokane in 1948. He later was a scout for the Yankees and California Angels before finishing his baseball career as a spring training instructor for the Angels. Camilli was inducted into the Dodgers Hall of Fame in , and recalled of his fans: "All they cared about was their family, their job and the Dodgers. And I don't know which one was the most important." In an article in 1976 in "Esquire" magazine, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Camilli was the first baseman on Stein's Italian team. Camilli died in San Mateo, California at age 90. He was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.

Middleton Grange is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Middleton Grange is located 40 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Middleton Grange consists of approx 2550 lots with provision made by Council. Major land developers are now developing and selling housing blocks (around 700 lots), along with some smaller land individual holders/farmers. Middleton Grange, having recycled water and high Council infrastructure contributions, is set to become one of the most prestigious suburbs in Western Sydney. The suburb was officially created in 2005. Middleton Grange was considered by Liverpool City Council for rezoning to residential lots in the early 1990s. This progressed with lobbying by the land owners and other interested parties until Liverpool City Council started moving forward in 1999. LandPro Corporation, together with land owners continued to push the issue, attending numerous Council meetings until rezoning was achieved in 2005. Of course there were many delays such as land acquisition by Council for drainage and other services, including sewer upgrading works (completed by Sydney Water). Manta Group Pty Ltd who own the Middleton Grange Town Centre, Managing Director Rene Licata has worked on the Middleton Grange Town project since 2003 with Stateland Developments.In 2005 Rene Licata, wanted a more meaningful suburb name as it was known as South Hoxton Park. Due to the area's proximity to Hoxton Park Airport Rene Licata looked for a new name amongst prominent Australian aviation heroes. Rene discovered the story of Rowden 'Ron' Middleton who was on the 29th mission in Turin, Italy during World War II when his plane was shot. With his crew injured he managed to fly the crippled plane back to England but could not land so he forced his crew out in parachutes to save them and flew out to sea where his plane crashed and died. He became the first fighter pilot to receive the Victoria Cross for bravery during World War ll. Rene also was able to name the streets names also to promote the areas heritage with Lockheed Ave, Cessna St and Qantas Boulevard just a few of the aptly-named streets. Rene Licata was able to return with new investors in 2014 to realise his dream and his vision for the new suburb. Liverpool City Council recommended the new revamped Master Plan for approval to the Gateway NSW Government on the 15th December 2015 to have the site approved for park lands, 1000 apartments and 36,000sqm of mixed use, retail & commercial areas. In Middleton Grange, 55.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Iraq 9.7%, Fiji 3.1%, Philippines 2.6%, Vietnam 1.7% and New Zealand 1.3%. The most common ancestries in Middleton Grange were Australian 11.9%, Italian 8.2%, Assyrian 7.9%, English 7.7% and Indian 4.1%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 39.3%, No Religion 9.5%, Not stated 8.5%, Islam 7.1% and Eastern Orthodox 5.5%. The suburb is home to a prominent Assyrian church, "St Zaia Cathedral", which is part of the Ancient Church of the East denomination in the East Syrian Rite sect. It was established in 1996. The church's liturgical language is in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Syriac. The "Serbian Cultural Club", a Serbian social club, is situated in this suburb.

The Cal Poly San Luis Obispo College of Engineering is the engineering college of the California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California. It has over 200 faculty members and more than 6,000 students enrolled in fourteen bachelor's and in eleven master's degree programs through nine engineering departments. The College of Engineering is the largest of Cal Poly's six colleges, with 6,127 students (5,847 undergraduate and 280 graduate students) of the 21,306 enrolled at the university in Fall 2016. For engineering freshmen entering Fall 2016, Cal Poly accepted 23.0% of applicants (3,792 accepted/16,464 applied); admitted freshmen had an average GPA of 4.17, average ACT composite of 33, and average SAT composite score of 1450 (out of 1600) for reading and math. According to "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2017 America's Best Colleges report, the College of Engineering is tied for the No. 5 ranking for undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. whose highest degree is a Master's. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo offers 4+1 Master (5-year) programs for some engineering majors. Students are prepared for engineering work related to aerodynamics, flight testing, structures, propulsion, control systems, vehicle dynamics, stability and control, flight simulation, and design for both fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. The Aerospace Engineering program was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2013 America's Best Colleges report (includes both private and public universities) as #5 overall (of those engineering schools whose highest degree is a Master's). The Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering emphasizes the study of engineering principles and the application of scientific knowledge and technology for the betterment of humankind. The program stresses the team design concept and systems approach to problem solving and is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). Sub-discipline areas of Civil Engineering: ***LIST***. Environmental Engineering offers courses specializing in: ***LIST***. Prior to 1977, there was no Civil Engineering Department. The Transportation Engineering Department offered civil engineering courses as well as courses in transportation engineering. The Environmental Engineering Department began in 1969, but when Warren Baker was hired as president of the university, in 1979, he combined the Environmental Engineering and Transportation Engineering departments into the Civil & Environmental Engineering Department. The Civil and Environmental Engineering Department also includes the 2008, 2009, 2010 Robert Ridgway Award winning Society of Civil Engineers (student chapter of the American Society of Civil Engineers) and the American Society of Civil Engineers 2010, 2011 and 2012 National Concrete Canoe Competition champions. The Society of Environmental Engineers placed 2nd for best chapter in AWMA in 2009. The Chi Epsilon Honors Society chapter won the inaugural Chi Epsilon (Pacific District) Cup, and are now ranked as the #1 chapter in California and Hawaii. The Civil Engineering program was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2013 America's Best Colleges report (includes both private and public universities) as #3 overall (of those engineering schools whose highest degree is a Master's). Clubs/Organizations Affiliated with the Department: ***LIST***. The Computer Engineering major is an interdisciplinary program resting on the foundations of two departments: Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, and it is fully accredited by ABET. The recent development of the college's Artificial Intelligence and Robotics programs provide a first-hand experience to undergraduates. Student have access to complex robotic development, both in software and hardware. This program provides an avenue of development for computer engineers to have an area of concentration not primarily under computer science or electrical engineering. Simultaneously, the Mechanical Engineering department's effort to promote their mechatronics program allows for intense inter-disciplinary study from both control and design approaches, with groups of mechanical and computer engineers working side by side. The Computer Engineering program was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2013 America's Best Colleges report (includes both private and public universities) as tied for #2 overall (of those engineering schools whose highest degree is a Master's). The Computer Science Department educates students in the discipline of computer science and teaches them to apply their education to solve practical problems in a socially responsible way. Pursuant to the department's educational mission, faculty engage in research and professional development that allows them to remain current in their fields and to provide technological leadership to the University community. The Electrical Engineering Department offers Bachelor of Science and Master of Science programs in electrical engineering, which are accredited by the ABET. The department supports interdisciplinary programs such as Computer Engineering and many graduate as well as undergraduate students are served by the department. ***LIST***. The Electrical Engineering program was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2013 America's Best Colleges report (includes both private and public universities) as tied for #4 overall (of those engineering schools whose highest degree is a Master's). General Engineering is designed to allow students the latitude in course selection required to educate themselves either in the classical study of engineering or in new and evolving interdisciplinary technologies such as bioengineering and mechatronics. In the past, Biomedical Engineering was a concentration within the general engineering major. In 2005, the program was implemented with its own stand-alone curriculum. Ever since the Human Genome Project, a major transition occurred, moving biomedical engineering to focus on the cellular and molecular level rather than solely on the organ system level. The goal of biomedical engineering is to integrate basic biology along with the advanced quantitative and analytical engineering methods. Integration is stressed not only from the single molecule level to that of the entire organism but also to take advantage of the new advances in the many disciplines involved in biomedical engineering research. ***LIST***. Clubs/Organizations Affiliated with the Department: ***LIST***. Established in 1956, the Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department trains students to design, install, and improve systems that integrate people, technology, materials, and information. U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2009 recognized the university's Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department as the best in the nation, public or private, for non-PhD offering undergraduate engineering schools. Degrees offered: ***LIST***. The Materials Engineering Department teaches students to deal with materials spanning the spectrum from steels for large bridges, buildings, pipelines, and similar structures to ultra-light, high-strength materials used in modern aerospace applications. Materials engineers are heavily involved in the advances being made with high-temperature, superconducting ceramics, strong, lightweight composites, dielectrics for semiconductor applications, and with biomedical device applications. The Mechanical Engineering Department educates students in the design, manufacture, and system integration of a very wide variety of equipment ranging from manufacturing machinery and power generation equipment to consumer goods. Of central concern to mechanical engineers is the sound application of basic principles of solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and thermal sciences in the design, manufacture, and application of this equipment. The Mechanical Engineering program was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2013 America's Best Colleges report (includes both private and public universities) as #2 overall (of those engineering schools whose highest degree is a Master's). The program is affiliated with ASME.

Desert Orchid (11 April 1979 – 13 November 2006), known as Dessie, was an English racehorse. The grey achieved iconic status within National Hunt racing, where he was much loved by supporters for his front-running attacking style, iron will and extreme versatility. He was rated the fifth best National Hunt horse of all time by Timeform. During his racing career he was partnered by four different jump jockeys: Colin Brown, Richard Linley, Simon Sherwood and Richard Dunwoody, in addition to Brian Rouse in his only flat race. Desert Orchid's first race occurred in 1983 and during his early career his regular rider was Colin Brown, who partnered him 42 times in all, winning 17. He fell heavily at the last in a Kempton novice hurdle and took such a long time to get to his feet that it seemed his first race might be his last. Desert Orchid had a successful novice hurdle career in the 1983/84 season winning several races in a row including the Kingwell Pattern Hurdle, a long established Champion Hurdle trial, at Wincanton. Desert Orchid started favourite for the 1984 Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham, the race was won by Dawn Run. David Elsworth's grey was no longer eligible for novice hurdles in 1984/85 and struggled to recapture his early form. He won one of his eight starts this season, in February at Sandown Park. He was pulled up in the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham Racecourse, the Welsh Champion Hurdle, and on his final outing of the season fell at Ascot. Desert Orchid was then switched to steeplechasing, still partnered by his regular hurdles jockey Colin Brown, and ran up a sequence of four wins in a row at Devon and Exeter, Sandown and Ascot (twice) before unseating at Ascot. He did not win again that season despite three further placed efforts. He was well clear in his final race of the season at Ascot only to make a very serious mistake which stopped his momentum. He eventually finished fifth. Back at Ascot, he won over 2 miles before returning to Kempton Park for the King George VI Chase, where he ran out a 15 length winner over Door Latch, easily defeating stars such as Wayward Lad, Forgive n'Forget, Combs Ditch and Bolands Cross. The quality of the field can be indicated by Desert Orchid's starting price of 16/1—though the price was also influenced by fears that this speedy front runner would not stay the 3 mile trip. This was jockey Simon Sherwood's first ride on Desert Orchid, the start of a partnership that was successful nine times in their ten races together. Colin Brown, who rode Desert Orchid in more than half his races, partnered his better-fancied stablemate Combs Ditch instead. Desert Orchid followed up with wins at Sandown and Wincanton, before finishing third in the Queen Mother Champion Chase at Cheltenham, three lengths behind Pearlyman. He returned to win over 2½ miles at Ascot before being pulled up in the Whitbread Gold Cup on his final outing of the 1986/87 season. A string of places followed in 1987, second at Sandown (2 miles), second in the King George, and places at Sandown, Wincanton and Cheltenham. Desert Orchid got his head in front on his last two starts of the 1987/88 season taking the Martell Cup at Aintree, which was his first win on a left-handed track, and the Whitbread Gold Cup at Sandown. One of Desert Orchid's greatest efforts took place in the 1989 Victor Chandler Handicap Chase, where he took on four rivals, including the top-class Panto Prince and Vodkatini, who fell badly on the back straight. He gave the former 22 pounds and the latter 23 pounds. Desert Orchid just got back up after being headed to beat Panto Prince by a head. Desert Orchid was then stepped up to 3 miles and 2 furlongs (5.23 km) for the Cheltenham Gold Cup—he had previously been considered a two-miler. The rain and snow which had fallen relentlessly at Cheltenham made the racecourse going heavy. These were conditions hardly suited to Desert Orchid, especially at this left-handed course which he never particularly favoured. A crowd of over 58,000 witnessed Desert Orchid's effort to overhaul the mud-loving Yahoo in the final stages of the race. After his one and a half length victory, Desert Orchid's rider, Simon Sherwood said: "I've never known a horse so brave. He hated every step of the way in the ground and dug as deep as he could possibly go". Three cheers were called as Desert Orchid was unsaddled, surrounded by thousands of fans. The race was voted best horse race ever by readers of the "Racing Post". After eight consecutive wins, Desert Orchid then fell in the Martell Cup, which he had won the previous year (and which on this occasion was won by the Gold Cup runner-up, Yahoo). This was the first time Desert Orchid had run and failed to win since the 1988 Queen Mother Champion Chase over a year earlier. In 1989, Desert Orchid again won at Wincanton, this time with a new jockey, Richard Dunwoody. After a second in the Tingle Creek Chase, he headed for Kempton, where he took his third King George, this time as the 4/6 favourite. He followed up with a win at Wincanton and then took the Racing Post Chase at Kempton. The Racing Post Chase of that year included many top-class handicappers and graded horses but Desert Orchid, carrying the huge weight of 12 stone & 3 pounds (77.6 kg), beat the opposition, led by the top-class Delius - a feat the official handicapper said could not be done on ratings. A third in the Cheltenham Gold Cup preceded Desert Orchid's convincing win in the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse. He was given top weight of 12 stone (76.2 kg), but was even money favourite and won by twelve lengths. This was despite an uncharacteristic bad jump at the final fence. Desert Orchid did not reappear until November 1990, finishing second in the Haldon Gold Cup. A fourth in the Tingle Creek followed before the King George VI Chase, which he won for the fourth time. Desert Orchid had three more races in the 1990/91 season, his last ever victory coming in the Agfa Diamond Chase at Sandown on 2 February 1991. His final start of the season was a 15-length third to Garrison Savannah in the Cheltenham Gold Cup. In his last season, he was beaten in his first outing at Wincanton, the race he had made his own and which now bears his name. He finished third in the Peterborough Chase at Huntingdon before falling in his last race, the 1991 King George at Kempton, where he was attempting his fifth win. His record at right-handed tracks such as Kempton was always substantially better than his record at left-handed tracks such as Cheltenham. He had a tendency to jump to his right especially when tired. This meant that at tracks such as Cheltenham he would lose lengths by drifting to the outside. This tendency can be seen by his runs in the 1987 and 1988 Queen Mother Champion Chase and 1989 and 1990 Cheltenham Gold Cup. On each occasion he entered the home straight wide of his rivals. He only raced left-handed on thirteen occasions. However, all were either early in his career or in top-class races. He raced more times at both Sandown (19) and Ascot (15) than he did left-handed. His part-owner Richard Burridge has stated that it was for this reason that Desert Orchid would have struggled in the Grand National: connections felt he could do himself serious injury at the ninety-degree Canal Turn especially on the second circuit (ref. Richard Burridge: "The Grey Horse: The True Story of Desert Orchid"). The official handicapper gave Desert Orchid a rating of 187. Whilst a very high rating, it could have been much higher had his performances on left-handed tracks matched those on right. His performances on left-handed tracks like Cheltenham, where, despite this aversion, he never finished out of the first three in a chase, are recognised as generally below par. No horse since Desert Orchid has repeatedly and successfully conceded weight to his rivals at the highest level. Desert Orchid won 34 of his 70 starts, amassing £654,066 in prize money. Desert Orchid retired in December 1991 and survived a life-threatening operation for colic a year later. He took his summer holidays with the Burridge family at Ab Kettleby, and spent the winter with David Elsworth leading out the 2 year olds and getting ready for his many public appearances. He returned every year to Kempton to lead out the parade of runners for the King George VI Chase. During his retirement, he raised thousands of pounds for charity, and his presence at charity events attracted large crowds.His fan club was run by part owner Midge Burridge and family friend John Hippesley. In the 17 years that the fan club ran, they raised over £40,000 for charity through sales of Dessie merchandise, especially his racing calendar. When David Elsworth left Whitsbury after 25 years, Desert Orchid packed up and went with him to Egerton House Stables in Newmarket, Suffolk. But the home of champions and stallions welcomed the old gelding and his trainer with open arms and Newmarket racecourses held their annual press day in 2006 on Dessie's 27th birthday at his stable. He also paraded at the course to the delight of his fans. Desert Orchid was no longer ridden due to his age, and David announced that his appearances would be fewer, and nearer to home, as he was now such a senior citizen. Dessie's last public appearance was on 1 October at his fan club open day, which was held at the National Stud in conjunction with stallion parades. It was clear that Desert Orchid was now frail. In the week of 6 November, he began to have trouble with coordination and those close to him were summoned to say goodbye. A vet was on standby should his assistance be needed. Last seen by those who loved him best at Egerton, he was lying down but nibbling his hay. One hour later at 6:05am, Monday 13 November, Desert Orchid died. Desert Orchid's ashes were buried in a private ceremony at Kempton Park Racecourse near his statue the week prior to the King George. The inaugural running of the Desert Orchid Chase on the 27th was preceded by the unveiling of the headstone for his grave, videos of his finest hours at the track, and a moment's silence in his honour. The race was won by Voy Por Ustedes, trained by Alan King and owned by Sir Robert Ogden.

Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), one of several specialties in the field of forensic science, involves the study and analysis of bloodstains at a known or suspected violent crime scene with the goal of helping investigators draw conclusions about the nature, timing and other details of the crime. The use of bloodstains as evidence is not new; however, the application of modern science has brought it to a higher level since the 1970s and '80s. New technologies, especially advances in DNA analysis, are available for detectives and criminologists to use in solving crimes and apprehending offenders. The science of bloodstain pattern analysis applies scientific knowledge from other fields to solve practical problems. Bloodstain pattern analysis draws on the scientific disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. If an analyst follows a scientific process, this applied science can produce strong, solid evidence, making it an effective tool for investigators, although care does need to be taken when relying on bloodstain pattern analysis in criminal cases. A report released by The National Academy of Sciences calls for more standardization within the field. The report highlights the ability of blood spatter analysts to overstate their qualifications and the reliability of their methods in the court room. Bloodstain pattern analysis has been used informally for centuries, but the first modern study of blood stains was in 1895. Dr. Eduard Piotrowski of the University of Kraków published a paper titled "On the formation, form, direction, and spreading of blood stains after blunt trauma to the head." A number of publications describing various aspects of blood stains were published, but his publication did not lead to a systematic analysis. LeMoyne Snyder's widely used book "Homicide Investigation" (first published in 1941 and updated occasionally through at least the 1970s) also briefly mentioned details that later bloodstain experts would expand upon (e.g., that blood dries at a relatively predictable rate; that arterial blood is a brighter red color than other blood; that bloodstains tend to fall in certain patterns based on the motion of an attacker and victim). The second modern origin of the study of bloodstain pattern analysis is the Sam Sheppard case in 1954, when the wife of an osteopathic physician was beaten to death in her home. Further growth of interest and use of the significance of bloodstain evidence is a direct result of the scientific research and practical applications of bloodstain theory by Herbert Leon MacDonell of Corning, New York. His research resulted in his publication of the first modern treatise on bloodstain analysis, entitled "Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood" (1971). The first formal bloodstain training course was given by MacDonnel in 1973 in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1983, the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts was founded by a group of blood stain analysts to help develop the emerging field of bloodstain pattern analysis. Blood is a tissue that is circulated within the body to assist other parts of the body. This connective tissue has specialized cells that allow it to carry out its complex functions. For a healthy person, approximately 8% of their total weight is blood. For a 70 kg (154 lb.) individual, this equates to 5.6 L (12 US pints). Blood contains three components or blood cells that are suspended within plasma. The three components are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and trombocytes. ***LIST***. Plasma is the yellowish fluid that carries the erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It is composed of water (92%), proteins (7%), and other materials such as salts, waste, and hormones, among others. Many of these proteins are clotting factors, which are important along with platelets for forming blood clots; clotting factor deficiencies can cause prolonged and excessive bleeding, a condition called hemophilia. Plasma makes up about 55% of blood. The remaining 45% is the blood cells. Because plasma is less dense than the blood cells, it can be easily separated. Plasma does not separate from blood cells whilst circulating in the bloodstream because it is in a constant state of agitation. Upon exiting the body, bloodstains transit from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and hemichrome (HC). The fractions of HbO, met-Hb and HC in a bloodstain can be used for age determination of bloodstains and can be measured by Reflectance Spectroscopy 1. ***LIST***. In physics there are two continuous physical states of matter, solid and fluid. Once blood has left the body it behaves as a fluid and all physical laws apply. ***LIST***. Experiments with blood have shown that a drop of blood tends to form into a sphere in flight rather than the artistic teardrop shape. This is what one would expect of a fluid in freefall. The formation of the sphere is a result of surface tension that binds the molecules together. This spherical shape of blood in flight is important for the calculation of the angle of impact (incidence) of blood spatter when it hits a surface. That angle will be used to determine the point from which the blood originated which is called the Point of Origin or more appropriately the Area of Origin. A single spatter of blood is not enough to determine the Area of Origin at a crime scene. The determination of the angles of impact and placement of the Area of Origin should be based on the consideration of a number of stains and preferably stains from opposite sides of the pattern to create the means to triangulate. As mentioned earlier, a blood droplet in freefall has the shape of an oscillating sphere. Should the droplet strike a surface and a well-formed stain is produced, an analyst can determine the angle at which this droplet struck the surface. This is based on the relationship between the length of the major axis, minor axis, and the angle of impact. A well-formed stain is in the shape of an ellipse (see figure 1). Dr. Victor Balthazard, and later Dr. Herbert Leon MacDonell, realized that the width-length ratio of the ellipse is the sine of the impact angle. Accurate measurement of the stain thus allows easy calculation of the impact angle. Because of the three-dimensional aspect of trajectories there are three angles of impact: ***LIST***. All three angles are related through the following trigonometric equations: where Accurately measuring the stain and calculating the angle of impact requires due diligence of the analyst. In the past analysts have used a variety of instruments. Methods currently used include: ***LIST***. Using BPA software such as HemoSpat produces a very accurate result that is measurable and reproducible. To determine the point/area of convergence an analyst has to determine the path the blood droplets travelled. The tangential flight path of individual droplets can be determined by using the angle of impact and the offset angle of the resulting bloodstain. “Stringing” stains is a method of visualizing this. For the purpose of the point of convergence, only the top view of the flight paths is required. Note that this is a two-dimensional (2D) and not a three-dimensional (3D) intersection. ***LIST***. In the past, some analysts have drawn lines along the major axes of the stains and brought them to an area of convergence on the wall. Instead of using a top-down view, they used a front view. This provides a false point/area of convergence. The area of origin is the area in three-dimensional space where the blood source was located at the time of the bloodletting incident. The area of origin includes the area of convergence with a third dimension in the z direction. Since the z-axis is perpendicular to the floor, the area of origin has three dimensions and is a volume. The term "point of origin" has also been accepted to mean the same thing. However, it has been argued, there are problems associated to this term. First, a blood source is not a point source. To produce a point source the mechanism would have to be fixed in three-dimensional space and have an aperture where only a single blood droplet is released at a time, with enough energy to create a pattern. This does not seem likely. Second, bodies are dynamic. Aside from the victim physically moving, skin is elastic and bones break. Once a force is applied to the body there will be an equal and opposite reaction to the force applied by the aggressor (Newton's third law of motion). Part of the force will move the blood source, even a millimetre, and change the origin while it is still producing blood. So the source becomes "contained" in a three-dimensional volume, or region. As with the area of convergence, the area of origin is easily calculated by using BPA software. There are other longer, mathematical methods of determining the area or origin, one of which is the tangential method. IABPA definition: ***LIST***. Once the angle of impact and the point and or area of convergence are identified, there are techniques that can be used to find where the bloodshed most likely occurred. The most basic and longest applied technique is the string method. A blood spatter analyst positions their protractor at the location of the blood stain and projects a string at the angle of impact in the direction of the point or area of convergence. This will predict a general origin of the blood loss. Another technique applicable is the trigonometric method, which is fairly similar to the string method. Since we know the point of convergence, we can measure the distance from the blood stain to that point. With this measurement along with the angle of impact, we can use basic trigonometric rules to solve for where in space the origin of blood shed is. By taking the tangent of the angle of impact and multiplying by the distance from the point of convergence, we can find the approximate height of the origin. Crime scene photography has some unique requirements. When there is a bloodletting scene, the basics are still required but special attention must be given to the bloodstains. The current means of documenting the scene include 35 mm (B&W, colour, and specialty film), digital cameras, and video (Hi-8, DV, and other formats). Each method has its pros and cons. Often the scene is documented using multiple methods. (Videography has been included here because it follows the same principles and provides crime scene images.) There are three types of crime scene photos: ***LIST***. Many times an analyst cannot attend a bloodletting scene, and must work from the crime scene images and notes of the person who attended. An appropriate sized scale should be in overall, mid-range, and close-up images. For overall images the scales should be parallel and perpendicular to the floor. This provides the analyst, and anyone else who looks at the images, a proper perspective on what they are observing. (Note: in some cases overall and mid-range images are taken with and "without" a scale.) While bloodstain pattern analysis has a solid foundation in science and can be a useful tool for investigators, the reliability of courtroom testimony by bloodstain pattern analysts has come under fire in recent years. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the bloodstain pattern analyst has appropriate credentials and training as well as uses appropriate methods. Even with proper training and methods, there are still many times where reputable analysts disagree on their findings, which calls into question the reliability of their conclusions and its value as evidence in court. In the criminal case against David Camm, who was tried three times for the murder of his family largely on the basis of blood spatter evidence, both prosecution and the defense used expert bloodstain pattern analysts to interpret the source of the approximately 8 drops of blood on his shirt. The prosecution's experts included Tom Bevel and Rod Englert, who testified that the stains were high velocity impact spatter. Paul Kish, Barton Epstein, Paulette Sutton, Barrie Goetz and Stuart H. James testified for the defense that the stains were transferred from his shirt brushing against his daughter's hair. Dr. Robert Shaler, Founding Director of the Penn State Forensic Science Program, decried blood spatter analysis as unreliable in the Camm case. "The problem in this case is the number of stains are minimal," he said. "I think you're really on the edge of reliability." All of the blood spatter analysts involved in the case are "experts" in the traditional sense. The problem is "We have two opinions in this case. That, in essence, is a 50 percent error rate." An unacceptable level of reliability in a court case when the perception of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is what is required. Further complicating matters was the testimony of Rob Stites. Stites testified for the prosecution that he was an expert blood spatter analyst. It was later uncovered that he had no training and his credentials were fabrications by the prosecutor. His testimony that the blood on Camm's shirt was high velocity impact spatter aided in the conviction of David Camm. Dr. Shaler pointed out that one limitation of blood spatter analysis testimony is that "you do not have the supporting underlying science" to back up your conclusions. When Stites testified, the jury had no way of knowing that he was not the expert that he purported to be. Even among the expert witnesses, it is unknown which set of experts interpreted the stains accurately as there is no objective way of determining which bloodstain pattern analyst has applied the science correctly. Other times, bloodstain patterns from different causes can mimic each other. In the 2008 trial of Travis Stay for the murder of Joel Lovelien, prosecution witness Terry Laber testified that the blood spatter on Stay's clothing came from blows to Lovelien during a fist fight. After a review of the evidence by Paul Kish, another bloodstain pattern analyst, Laber reviewed the report submitted by Kish and revised his findings to include the possibility that the blood came from expiration by Lovelien.

Lower Portland is a rural suburb near Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Lower Portland is located 80 kilometres northwest of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of The Hills Shire (east of the Hawkesbury River and the City of Hawkesbury (west of the Hawkesbury River). Lower Portland is a peaceful hamlet located at the junction of the Colo and Hawkesbury rivers. The area has historical significance, is scenic and is popular for water skiing. The original inhabitants of the Lower Portland area were the Darug people. The Darug were the custodians of the majority of what is now the Greater Sydney region. They were divided into a number of different ‘clans’, whose quick demise upon European settlement has sadly resulted in very little information remaining on how the local area was utilised. Lower Portland was named after William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, and Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1783, and 1807- 1809. The name was first used in 1805, and almost certainly seems associated with the story that a rock on the plateau above the headland resembled the Duke of Portland. Lower Portland was the area settled downstream from Portland Head. The Lower Portland Ferry is one of only four vehicular ferries operating across the Hawkesbury River. The River Road is a popular scenic drive. Lower Portland Ferry operates 24hrs 7days a week. Closed 1st Wednesday of each month 9:00am–11:00am.

South Coogee is a coastal suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. South Coogee is located 9 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Randwick and part of the Eastern Suburbs region. Coogee is a separate suburb to the north. South Coogee is surrounded by the suburbs of Coogee, Kingsford and Maroubra. Coogee is said to be taken from a local Aboriginal word "koojah" which means "smelly place", or "stinking seaweed", a reference to the smell of decaying kelp washed up on the beach. Although at certain times large quantities of seaweed are still washed up, it is usually removed before it gets a chance to stink. Early visitors to the area, from the 1820s onwards, were never able to confirm exactly what "Coogee" meant, or if it in fact related to Coogee Beach. Another name, "Bobroi", was also recalled as the indigenous name for the locality. Some evidence suggests that the word "Coogee" may in fact be the original Aboriginal place name for the next bay to the north, now known as Gordon's Bay. Coogee was gazetted as a village in 1838, growing slowly until it was connected to the city by electric tram in 1902. Until the 1870s, the Randwick Municipality had only one cemetery, which was at St Jude's Church, Avoca Street. In addition, Rookwood Cemetery was also used, but this was too far away. The residents petitioned to have another local cemetery, and in 1872, permission was granted for Randwick Council to acquire land for a second cemetery. Land was bought in what is now the South Coogee area, and the new cemetery was ready for use in July 1874. Simeon Henry Pearce, an early Mayor, was appointed manager of the cemetery. Well-known burials include: ***LIST***. Coogee is represented in one of the most popular sporting competitions in Australia, the National Rugby League, by the local Rugby League club, the South Sydney Rabbitohs. The Rabbitohs have represented the area in the league since 1908. There are buses running along Malabar Rd and that is the only transport in the area. Routes 353 - Northbound to Bondi Junction via Coogee, Southbound to Eastgardens via Maroubra Jn Routes 376 & 377 - Northbound to City via Randwick Jn, Southbound to Maroubra Beach. Latham Park is a large recreation area that features football fields, cricket pitches, tennis courts and bowls greens. It sits beside Endeavour House, a Department of Defence facility for the Royal Australian Navy. A small shopping strip is located in Malabar Road, close to the boundary of Randwick Cemetery. Another strip of shops sits one kilometre further south along Malabar Road at the corner of Torrington Road, Lurline Bay is a secluded rocky basin located between Coogee and Maroubra Beaches in suburb of South Coogee.Nestled between weather sculptured headlands, the small bay can only be accessed via the coastal walk from either Seaside Parade to the north or Marine Parade if coming from Maroubra Beach.

Victoria Park is a sports venue in Abbotsford a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Built for the purpose of both Australian rules football and cricket, the stadium is oval shaped. Victoria Park has also been home to a cycling track, tennis courts and a baseball club that once played as a curtain raiser to football matches. Victoria Park stadium is historically notable as a former Victorian Football League (now Australian Football League) venue between 1892 and 1999 and headquarters of the Collingwood Football Club for 107 years until 2005. It was also a temporary home ground for the Fitzroy Football Club for the 1985 and 1986 seasons. The ground is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is of state heritage significance. At its peak, Victoria Park was the third largest of the suburban VFL stadiums after the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Princes Park. However it was abandoned in 1999 due to its facilities not meeting the requirements of the AFL, and was to be demolished in 2000, but this was prevented by heritage status. A major redevelopment was launched in 2010 and the revitalised ground was opened in December 2011. The Collingwood Football Club's reserves team, who compete in the Victorian Football League, play most home matches at the venue. Victoria Park was established in 1879 on Dight's Paddock by Frederick Trenerry Brown and David Abbot as part of the planned Cambellfield Estate. The twelve hectares of land that was known as "Dight's Paddock" until its sale was used as cattle agistments from 1838 when the land was stolen from the Wurundjeri people and sold at auction in Sydney. In 1878 Fred Brown arranged for his uncle Edwin Trenerry to send him ₤12,000 to be used to purchase the paddock. Edwin Trenerry was a resident of Cornwall, UK. In 1882 the land was given to the citizens of Collingwood for their "resort and recreation". A cricket pitch and cycling track were installed and the ground was used by the Capulet Cricket Club and local junior football clubs. The first game at Victoria Park was witnessed by an estimated 16,000 spectators and although Collingwood lost, it signalled the amazing popularity and drawing power of the Collingwood Football Club and Victoria Park. The first major stand was completed midway through the 1892 season and it was not long before the club was back at the town hall asking the council to fund the construction of further facilities to accommodate the enormous following the club generated. In 1900 the Ladies Stand was constructed and in 1909 architect Thomas Watt designed the Member's Stand. The Ladies Stand on the grounds north side, along Abbott Street, was pulled down in 1929 to make way for the Jack Ryder Stand. This grandstand would provide state-of-the-art facilities for players of both the Collingwood Football and Cricket Clubs and also seated approximately 3,000 supporters. The Ryder Stand was designed by architects Peck and Kemter. The steel-framed concrete stand with cantilevered roof was named after cricketer Jack Ryder. By the end of the 1929 season Collingwood had completed the third premiership of the record-breaking four in a row. The team was perceived to be invincible at Victoria Park and all rival clubs dreaded travelling there. This was in stark contrast to the prevailing economic conditions as the suburb was one of the hardest hit by the Great Depression. For many in the area, to see the Magpies win at Victoria Park was the only relief from melancholy of daily life on the unemployment queue; the football club offered sustenance workers free entry to games during this period. Victoria Park had grown to be more than just a sporting arena and was then a beacon of hope in a very bleak world. In 1953 Collingwood won its first football premiership since 1936. With this success as a springboard, Collingwood secretary, Gordon Carlyon, started negotiations with the Collingwood council to provide for further improvements to the ground. The maximum seven year leases granted by local governments did not give the football club enough security of tenure to proceed with the grand plans that were being laid down. Carlyon was unsuccessful on several approaches to council until a technicality was found in the Local Council's Act. Clause 237 allowed Collingwood to take a long term lease over the ground provided the Club agreed to provide for major improvements to the site. Carlyon first approached the council in 1955, but they voted 14 to 1 against the proposal. The following year Carlyon sharpened his approach and took a new, even better plan to the council and once again the council voted 8 to 7 against. Carlyon asked one of the dissenting councillors why he voted against the proposal and was surprised to discover that seven of the eight councillors were concerned that they would lose their free entry to Collingwood home games if the football club took control of the ground. Within weeks Carlyon returned to the Council with the very same proposal and a handful of Social Club memberships which turned the vote 14 to 1 in favour and Collingwood was then set up with control of its own home ground until 1996. The social club, now known as the Bob Rose Stand, was the first to be completed. It was opened in 1959 by the state governor, Sir Dallas Brooks. The next stand to go up was the R.T. Rush stand in 1965 (opened in 1966), named after former premiership player and club administrator Bob Rush. This allowed fans to have a significantly better view than the old open concrete terrace and hill. The old Member’s Stand built in 1909 was pulled down to make way for the Sherrin stand in 1969. Only two thirds were completed and the final third of the Sherrin Stand was finished in 1978. Right up to the late 1980s work continued to upgrade and modernize the facilities at the ground and the plans were laid down to create further covered seated areas for patrons as pressure was placed on the club by the new nationally-based competition to abandon the ground and relocate to the MCG. Local residents objected to the new plans. The club secured approval from the council, but after the election that followed the new councillors retracted that support and would not allow the club to continue work on the development of the site. Starting in the late 1980s, Collingwood started moving some of their home games to VFL Park and the MCG. The move was a success financially for the club as it unlocked better exposure to the public as these venues had light towers enabling games to be played at night to boost television audiences and attendances. Beginning in 1994, Collingwood started moving their games to the MCG by playing all but three matches at the venue, and in 1997 only two games were being played at Victoria Park. In 1996 the cricket club moved away from the ground after a 100-year association with it. In 1999 the last match at Victoria Park was played against the Brisbane Lions; Collingwood lost by 42 points and finished on the bottom of the ladder for just the second time in their history. The last VFL match of the era was played the following year in 2000 when Collingwood lost to Williamstown. Following the move to the MCG, Collingwood has seen an increased number of spectators see their games, thanks to the much larger capacity of the stadium. Collingwood used Victoria Park for their training sessions leading into the 2002 and 2003 AFL Grand Final matches. The ground was also used for some of the pre-season matches prior to the 2004 AFL season. The ground is still considered to be the club's spiritual home. Collingwood moved its training facilities from Victoria Park to the purpose-built Westpac Centre, Melbourne (formally Lexus Centre) at the Olympic Park Complex in 2004. Plans for the ground to be demolished following Collingwood's move away from the ground have become drawn out over a number of years because the ground is protected under the Victorian Heritage Register because of its cultural heritage significance at state level. Plans for demolition and reconstruction on the site have said that the oval will remain even if the stands do not. In 2009, the City of Yarra council voted to allow Collingwood's VFL team to recommence matches at Victoria Park. The team will play nine home games at the ground in 2010. The ground is also the base for the AFL Victoria umpiring department, which officiates "competitions, carnivals and other events, including the Peter Jackson VFL and TAC Cup competitions". In May 2010, Yarra City Council announced a $7.2 million upgrade of Victoria Park, to transform the park into a major community recreation space. At least $7.2 million was spent on the redevelopment, including $5.0 million contributed by the Australian Football League and the Collingwood Football Club, while the Australian government contributed $3.5 million. The redevelopment works included: ***LIST***. The works were completed in 2011 and the revitalised ground was opened at a community event on 4 December 2011. The interior of Victoria Park is shaped in an oval, almost a circle, to fit with the boundaries of the playing field. Whilst there were no large display devices set up at the ground during its existence, one was set up via crane for the final game. The ground is made up of several grandstands: ***LIST***. Part of the ground did not have a stand in place, just grass. This was for standing room. No lighting for the playing field was built and therefore the venue did not host night games once they were introduced. Some lights were installed for darker day games to support the player's vision. Entry into the ground was by manned turnstile and could be made from all stands. Victoria Park's current capacity is listed as 27,000. The ground record crowd for the oval was set on 26 April 1948 when 47,224 turned out to see Collingwood defeat South Melbourne by 53 points. The ground is located about 4 km to the northeast of the Melbourne Central Business District. The ground had limited parking space on match days which has now been locked now that the ground is unused. The ground has its own railway station about 200 metres from the ground, situated on the Hurstbridge and South Morang lines.

Solano Avenue in Berkeley and Albany, California is a two-mile (3.2 km) long east-west street. Solano Avenue is one of the larger shopping districts in the Berkeley area. Businesses along Solano Avenue cover a wide range, including grocery stores, coffee shops, drugstores, bookstores, antique dealers, apparel outlets, ethnic restaurants and a movie theater. Solano Avenue begins, at its western end, on the southern slope of Albany Hill, next to the I-80/I-580 interchange and Union Pacific railroad tracks. The Albany Hill segment of the street is primarily residential and somewhat steep, climbing in the first three blocks. At San Pablo Avenue, Solano bends slightly to the south; this is the start of the shopping district. Solano Avenue serves as the de facto Main Street of Albany, and initially, this was in fact its name within the city of Albany. Solano passes under the elevated BART tracks at Masonic Avenue. For four and a half blocks, starting half a block after Curtis Street, the northern side of Solano is in Berkeley, while the southern side and the street itself are in Albany. Between the Albany city limits and The Alameda, Solano Avenue is the main shopping area of Berkeley's Thousand Oaks neighborhood. Landmarks along this segment of the street include the Oaks Theater, a movie palace built in 1925, which has recently closed down, and the first Andronico's grocery store, formerly known as "Andronico's Park and Shop" (for a time, simply "Park and Shop"). After crossing The Alameda, Solano Avenue enters a former electric railroad right-of-way, originally constructed by the Southern Pacific for its Shattuck Avenue line suburban trains, and after 1941, used by the Key System for its F-line trains. The Key trains ran here until 1958, when the system was dismantled and the right-of-way was converted to automobile use in 1963. Solano Avenue thus passes through the Northbrae Tunnel (constructed in 1911 by the Southern Pacific, and now also referred to as the "Solano Ave. Tunnel"), which curves to the south. Solano Avenue ends at its intersection with Del Norte and El Dorado Streets just beyond the south portal of the tunnel. Every year on the second Sunday of September, businesses along Solano Avenue host a street festival called the Solano Avenue Stroll. Founded in 1974/75 by Ira Klein, who managed Berkeley boutique "The Iris", the event initially began on the East end of Solano Avenue as an "open house" of Solano Avenue retail businesses, and eventually included the entire Solano shopping district between San Pablo Avenue in Albany and The Alameda in Berkeley. During the Stroll, Solano Avenue and all cross streets are closed to traffic. Local businesses and vendors set up booths along both sides of the street and sell clothing, jewelry, art and food items to the public; in recent times, theatre troupes, puppet shows and amusement rides have also been a part of the festival. Various live bands, most local, have played sets at the Stroll, with notable past musicians including RatDog drummer/Primus co-founder Jay Lane (with jam side project "Alphabet Soup") and Marc Biedermann (founder of Blind Illusion, and former bassist for thrash metal band Heathen). School jazz, classical and marching bands from Richmond, El Cerrito, Albany and Berkeley have also appeared at the Stroll since its early years. The event opens with a parade down Solano. As the end of the parade moves downhill, the street is gradually opened to pedestrians only, and stays that way until late in the afternoon. According to a University of California-Berkeley press report, the 2005 event attracted between 120,000 and 150,000 attendees. Around 300,000 people were attributed by organizers to have attended the 2009 festival, a number largely overshadowed by vacant Solano Avenue storefronts and the late 2000s economic downturn. In 2001, the Solano Stroll was designated a "National Local Legacy" by The Library of Congress. Solano Avenue has in the past doubled as a right-of-way for two interurban rail lines, the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Key System, and was intersected by the Santa Fe Railroad. Three of the Southern Pacific's electric lines met at the "Colusa Wye": the Ninth Street line, the California Street line, and the Shattuck Avenue line. On the north side of this junction, the Southern Pacific constructed an electric sub-station whose legacy survives in the name of a small cul-de-sac behind the former site of the building (now demolished). The junction was also the terminus of the three lines, called "Thousand Oaks Station". After the SP abandoned its electric trains in 1941, the rival Key System took over the tracks of the Shattuck Avenue line through the Northbrae Tunnel, but terminating at a stop east of The Alameda. The tracks on Solano were paved over and the catenary wires removed. Until the early 2000s, the trace of these tracks was still visible in the pavement on Solano adjacent to Colusa. After the Key System abandoned it's train service to San Francisco in 1958, and upon the opening of the Northbrae Tunnel to auto traffic in 1963, AC Transit ran its F and 33 bus lines to the former Key System stop east of The Alameda, with alternate runs continuing down Solano to a terminus at San Pablo. Solano Avenue also intersected Key System streetcar lines at San Pablo Avenue and The Alameda. When BART was built alongside the Santa Fe's right-of-way, a station at Solano Avenue wasn't included. However, it is only about a 15-20 minute walk to both the El Cerrito Plaza and North Berkeley BART stations. AC Transit currently operates bus service on Solano Avenue, and three local bus lines connect Solano to Downtown Berkeley. Line 18 runs along the entire length of Solano. Line 7 goes through the Northbrae/Solano Avenue Tunnel and stops at The Alameda before turning. Line 25 makes two stops, at The Alameda and Colusa Avenue. In addition, the 72 line crosses Solano at San Pablo Avenue. Several AC Transit transbay buses connect Solano Avenue to San Francisco. The G line runs along Solano between Colusa and San Pablo, while the FS line covers the part of Solano east of Colusa. Line L crosses the western end at Pierce Street; while Line H crosses the eastern end, running over the top of the Northbrae/Solano Avenue Tunnel.

Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) is a village sign language used by about 150 deaf and many hearing members of the al-Sayyid Bedouin tribe in the Negev desert of southern Israel. As deafness is so frequent (4% of the population is deaf, compared to 0.1% in the United States) and deaf and hearing people share a language, deaf people are not stigmatised in this community, and marriage between deaf and hearing people is common. There is also no separate Deaf culture or politics. In 2004, the Al-Sayyid community numbered around 3,000, most of whom trace their ancestry to the time the village was founded, in the mid-19th century, by a local woman and an Egyptian man. Two of this founding couple's five sons carried a gene for nonsyndromic, genetically recessive, profound pre-lingual neurosensory deafness. The descendants of the founding couple often married their cousins due to the tribe's rejection by its neighbours for being "foreign fellahin". The gene became homozygous in several members of the family. ABSL was first studied in the end of the 1990s by anthropologist Shifra Kisch and came to worldwide attention in February 2005 when an international group of researchers published a study of the language in the "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences". The spontaneous emergence of the language in the last 70 years, which has developed a complex grammar in near-isolation, is of particular interest to linguists for the insights it provides into the birth of human language. Scholars study ABSL because it is the closest they can come to performing the "forbidden experiment" (a type of language deprivation experiment in which children are isolated before they are exposed to any language so that experimenters may observe their organic formation of a language). Since deaf people in Al-Sayyid cannot hear Arabic or Hebrew and they have not been exposed to any other sign languages, ABSL is a brand new language, uninfluenced by any other. (In the early 1700s, a community similar to that of Al-Sayyid developed on Martha's Vineyard: A new sign language was formed without influence from any other language and was employed by deaf and hearing people alike.) ABSL is in its early stages, so researchers are observing the language as it develops. ABSL shows a preference for subject–object–verb word order (e.g., "woman child feed"), in marked contrast to the dialect of Arabic spoken by hearing members of the community (SVO), as well as Hebrew (SVO), classical Arabic (VSO), and the predominant sign languages in the region, Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language. The authors of the study see ABSL as evidence for the human tendency to construct communication along grammatical lines. Researchers have detected examples of abstraction in the language, a sure sign of grammatical development. For example, the sign for "man" is formed by the curling of the finger in the shape of a mustache, although Bedouin men no longer wear mustaches. However, the language does not currently contain "agreeing" verbs, as most known sign languages do, which may indicate that the language has more grammatical development in store. Authors of the study (Mark Aronoff from State University of New York at Stony Brook, Irit Meir and Wendy Sandler from the University of Haifa and Carol Padden from the University of California, San Diego) remarked on the speed with which a grammar emerged, with the SOV word-order emerging with the first generation of signers, as well as the language's continuing rapid development — the third generation is signing twice as fast as the first and is using longer sentences. The community was isolated not by geography but by social stigma, on several levels. Contact with the outside world is growing, as students are exposed to Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language in schools, and community members are marrying outside the community.

Anna Russell, née Anna Claudia Russell-Brown (27 December 191118 October 2006) was an English–Canadian singer and comedian. She gave many concerts in which she sang and played comic musical sketches on the piano. Among her best-known works are her concert performances and famous recordings of "The Ring of the Nibelungs (An Analysis)" – a humorous 22-minute synopsis of Richard Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen" – and (on the same album) her parody "How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera." Russell was born in Maida Vale, London, England, and was educated at St Felix School at Southwold, Suffolk, at Harrogate College and in Brussels and Paris. She studied at the Royal College of Music, where her piano teacher was Marmaduke Barton (whose wife's maiden name happened also to be Anna Russell). She had a difficult childhood, and particularly a difficult relationship with her mother, who often shipped her off to live with other relatives for some time. Russell was twice married and divorced, first to John Denison and second to artist Charles Goldhamer. In her "Who's Who" entry she described herself as single. In one of Russell's comic routines she said that some of the world's greatest teachers had completely ruined her voice, going on to relate that she was interrupted early in her graduation song recital by the Royal College's judges who indicated her singing was a joke. Whether this was literally true or not, it is a fact that she began to think of what she might be able to do with the voice and technique she had. Russell's early career included a few engagements in opera (including a disastrous appearance as a substitute Santuzza in a British touring production of "Cavalleria rusticana", where she clumsily tripped on a set piece and pulled it down – an event later used in her comedy) – as well as appearances as a folk singer on BBC radio in 1931. Russell's mother was Canadian, and the family returned in 1939 to Toronto, after her father's death, where she began to appear on local radio stations as an entertainer. By 1940, she was beginning to find success as a soloist on the concert stage in Canada. Russell's first one-woman show as a parodist was sponsored by the Toronto Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire in 1942, though it was the Canadian conductor Sir Ernest MacMillan who really set her on her international career as a "musical cartoonist", when he invited her to take part in his annual burlesque Christmas Box Symphony Concert in 1944. Russell made her New York City debut in her one-woman show in 1948, which she toured throughout North America, Britain, Australia and the rest of the English-speaking world. In her first major successful season, 1952–53, she performed in 37 cities in the United States and Canada before an estimated 100,000 listeners. Her recording "Anna Russell Sings?" became a best seller. She wrote the lyrics and music for "Anna Russell's Little Show" (1953) and sang the role of the Witch in an animated film of the opera "" in 1954, also singing that role at New York City Opera the same year and with the Cosmopolitan Opera in San Francisco in 1957. She took "Anna Russell's Little Show" to Broadway in 1953 and also appeared on Broadway in "All by Myself" in 1960. In 1963, with Robert Paine Grose and Joan White, she founded Grow Productions, Inc., which presented "Lady Audley's Secret" at the New York World's Fair in 1964. She also played a leading role in Noël Coward's comedy "Blithe Spirit". Other stage shows included "Quality Street" in 1965 at the Bucks County Playhouse in Pennsylvania. Russell appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and in a number of plays and television episodes. She performed her concerts at New York's Carnegie Hall and London's Royal Albert Hall. In 1977, she played the Duchess of Crackenthorp in the Canadian Opera Company production of "Daughter of the Regiment", a role which she later recreated for Tulsa Opera in a production with Erie Mills and Giorgio Tozzi. Russell became known for her deadpan humour, including her disbelieving emphasis of the absurd in well accepted stories and her mockery of pretension. For example, in her humorous analysis of Wagner's Ring cycle, she began by noting that the first scene takes place in the River Rhine: ""In" it!!" After pointing out that a character in the Ring Cycle is the first woman that Siegfried has ever met who is not his aunt, she pauses and declares, "I'm not making this up, you know!" This phrase also became the title of her autobiography, published in 1985. At the end of her monologue she sings the Rhinemaidens' leitmotif and declares, "You're exactly where you started, 20 hours ago!" Besides her Ring and Gilbert and Sullivan parodies, Russell was famous for other routines, including "Wind Instruments I Have Known", and parodies of Lieder ("Schlumpf"), French art songs ("Je ne veux pas faire l'amour" and "Je n'ai pas la plume de ma tante"), English folk songs ("I Wish I Were a Dicky-Bird" and "Oh How I Love the Spring"), and English music-hall songs ("I'm Only A Faded Rose"); even stretching to blues and jazz ("(I Gave You My Heart and You Made Me) Miserable"). Perhaps the apotheosis of Russell's Wagner Ring parody came during the celebrations of the Cycle's 100th Anniversary in 1976 when Wolfgang Wagner held a dinner and musical soiree featuring lighter entertainment based on his grandfather's music. The program included some Chabrier adaptations into waltzes and polkas, and was capped by playing Russell's Ring send-up for his guests. She composed, wrote, and performed her own material for Columbia Records, was the author of "The Power of Being a Positive Stinker "(1955) and the "Anna Russell Songbook" (1958), and was the President of the B & R Music Publishing Company. She received the Canadian Women's Press Club Award in 1956 as the best Canadian comedy writer of the year. Giving advice on how to be a successful singer, she quipped that although a glorious voice was important, "it helps to be an independently wealthy, politically motivated, back-stabbing bitch." Russell retired to Unionville, Ontario, Canada, in the late 1960s, living on a street named after her, but she went on several "farewell" tours in the 1970s and 1980s, including one-woman shows at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Carnegie Hall parodying opera divas who did the same. In 1980 she played Helga ten Dorp opposite Charles Dennis's Sidney Bruhl in "Deathtrap" at the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario. In 1975 she toured rural New South Wales and interstate centres in the joint Ashton’s Circus and Degrey-Williams-Kendall production ‘The Clown Who Lost His Circus’. This unusual circus pantomine, which combined performing acts with a play, featured Sydney actors Colin Croft, Anna Russell, Keith Little, Anita Roberts, Peter Williams and Ron May. In her last years she moved to Australia to be cared for by Deirdre Prussak, a fan who became Russell's close friend for over 50 years. Russell and Prussak had developed a kind of mother-daughter relationship. Prussak was the author of "Anna in a Thousand Cities", a memoir of Anna Russell's life. Russell died in Rosedale, New South Wales, near Batemans Bay.

Christopher Andrew "Chris" Coons (born September 9, 1963) is the junior United States Senator from Delaware and a member of the Democratic Party. He won a special election in 2010 to succeed Ted Kaufman, who had been appointed to the seat when Joe Biden resigned to become Vice President. Previously, Coons was the county executive of New Castle County. Coons is the 1983 Truman Scholar from Delaware, and the first recipient of the award to serve in the United States Senate. A native of Hockessin, Delaware, Coons graduated from Amherst College and received graduate degrees from Yale Divinity School and Yale Law School. He went to work as a volunteer relief worker in Kenya, where he had taken classes in the University of Nairobi, later returning to the U.S. to work for the Coalition for the Homeless in New York. He spent some time as a legal clerk in New York before returning to Delaware in 1996, where he spent eight years as in-house counsel for a materials manufacturing company. In the interim he worked for several nonprofit organizations. He worked on several political campaigns in his early career, including Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. In college he switched from being a Republican to a Democrat, and in 1996 he became a delegate from Wilmington to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. His political career began in earnest on the New Castle County Council in 2000, where he served as council president. He was elected county executive in 2004 and served for six years. There he balanced the county budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes, and the county maintained a AAA bond rating. Coons won the 2010 special election against the Republican candidate Christine O'Donnell for the U.S. Senate seat then held by Ted Kaufman, who was appointed after Joe Biden resigned in order to become Vice President. Coons was elected to a full term in 2014 and serves on the Appropriations, Budget, Foreign Relations and Judiciary committees, chairing the Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs and the Judiciary Subcommittee on Bankruptcy and the Courts. Coons was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the son of Sarah Louise "Sally" (née Ives) and Kenelm Winslow "Ken" Coons. His ancestry includes English and Irish. Coons grew up in Hockessin, Delaware. He graduated from the Tower Hill School and then Amherst College in 1985 with a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and political science. While in college, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity (Sigma Chapter). In 1983, Chris Coons was awarded the Truman Scholarship. During his junior year of college, Coons studied abroad at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. He earned a Master of Arts in Religion from Yale Divinity School and a J.D. from Yale Law School. After college, Coons worked in Washington, D.C., for the Investor Responsibility Research Center, where he wrote a book on South Africa and the U.S. divestment movement. He then worked as a volunteer for the South African Council of Churches and as a relief worker in Kenya, before returning to the U.S. to work for the Coalition for the Homeless in New York. In 1992, he earned a J.D. degree from Yale Law School, and a master's degree in ethics from Yale Divinity School. Coons clerked for Judge Jane Richards Roth on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and then worked for the National "I Have a Dream" Foundation in New York. After returning to Delaware in 1996, Coons began his eight-year career as in-house counsel for W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, Delaware-based makers of Gore-Tex fabrics and other high-tech materials. There he was responsible for the ethics training program, federal government relations, e-commerce legal work, and for general commercial contracting. He has also worked with several nonprofits, including the Council for the Homeless, the education-oriented “I Have a Dream” Foundation of Delaware, and the South African Council of Churches, and serves on several boards including First State Innovation, the Bear/Glasgow Boys & Girls Club, and the Delaware College of Art & Design. Coons is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service. Coons first became involved in politics working on behalf of Republican politicians, first for Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in 1980 and then for Bill Roth's Senate campaign in 1982. During college, he switched from being a Republican to a Democrat and in 1988, Coons worked as a volunteer for the Senate campaign of Democratic Delaware Lt. Gov. Shien Biau Woo. He was a delegate from Wilmington to the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. His first elected office was president of the New Castle County Council, elected in 2000 and serving four years before being elected county executive in 2004. He was the endorsed candidate of the New Castle County Democratic Party in 2008, and was re-nominated by the party on September 9, 2008. Coons was re-elected on November 4, 2008, unopposed in the general election. In his six years in office as county executive, Coons balanced the budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes. As New Castle county executive, Coons raised taxes despite having campaigned on a promise not to increase them. New Castle County maintained a AAA bond rating throughout his tenure. Coons ran in the 2010 special election for the U.S. Senate seat then held by Ted Kaufman, who was appointed after Joe Biden resigned. He was initially set to face Republican Congressman and former Governor Mike Castle in the general election. Coons was initially a decided underdog in part due to Castle's moderate profile and longstanding popularity in the state. However, the dynamics of the race were significantly altered when Christine O'Donnell, a considerably more conservative Republican who had been Biden's opponent in 2008, upset Castle in the Republican primary. In the first post-primary polls, Rasmussen Reports showed Coons with a double-digit lead over O'Donnell, describing this as a "remarkable turnaround" given that the race had leaned Republican before O'Donnell's primary victory. In the first week of October, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll released the results of its research, showing Coons with a 17-point lead, 53%-36%, over O'Donnell, and pointing out that 85% of self-identified Democratic voters had united behind Coons, while only 68% of Republican voters endorsed O'Donnell. Days before the election, a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Coons leading 57% to 36% among likely voters, and leading 72% to 20% among voters who described themselves as moderates. As polls closed at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, multiple news sources announced that Coons had defeated O'Donnell based on exit poll data. Final results gave Coons close to a 17-point margin over O'Donnell, capturing 56.6% of the vote to her 40%. During the campaign, a controversy arose surrounding an article Coons wrote in 1985 for his college newspaper, entitled "Chris Coons: The Making of a Bearded Marxist". In it, he describes his transformation from a Republican to what Fox News described as a "Democrat suspicious of America's power and ideals." Dave Hoffman, a Coons campaign spokesman, said the title of the article was designed as a humorous take-off on a joke Coons' college friends had made about how his time outside the country had affected his outlook. "After witnessing crushing poverty and the consequences of the Reagan Administration's 'constructive engagement' with the South African apartheid regime, he rethought his political views, returned to the America he loved and proudly registered as a Democrat," Hoffman said in a statement to "Politico". According to Fox News, Coons was "targeted by Republicans" over the 25-year-old piece. Coons himself downplayed the article, as well as controversial past statements by O'Donnell, saying that voters were interested in current issues such as job creation and the national debt and were not "particularly interested in statements that either of us made 20 or 30 years ago." David Weigel, writing in "Slate", opined: "If the Tea Party Express slings the 'bearded Marxist' nonsense, I doubt it will work." Coons was sworn in-as on November 15, 2010, by Vice President Joe Biden, the former occupant of Coons' seat in the Senate. Joe Manchin of West Virginia was sworn in on the same day, though he took an advantage in seniority over Coons, as the former Governor of West Virginia. The Affordable Care Act (commonly called Obamacare) had already been passed when Coons took office, but he has voted against repealing it, emphasizing that seniors in Delaware would have to pay higher prescription drug prices if it was repealed. On the issue of abortion, Coons has received a 100% rating from the Planned Parenthood Action Fund and 0% rating from the National Right to Life Committee. In June 2013, after the death of Democratic Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey, Coons was appointed to his seat on the influential Committee on Appropriations, becoming the first Senator from Delaware to serve on the Committee in 40 years. As a result, Coons gave up his seat on the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. In October 2013, Coons announced the formation of the inaugural Senate Chicken Caucus in the United States Senate. He stated, "I hope that the Senate Chicken Caucus will give America’s chicken producers a platform to better inform legislators about the industry’s vital contributions to our economy, and promote policy solutions that help their businesses grow and thrive." On December 11, 2013, Coons introduced the Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 1799; 113th Congress), a bill that would reauthorize the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 and would authorize funding through 2018 to help child abuse victims. Coons said that "we have a responsibility to protect our children from violence and abuse." In March 2014, Coons voted against President Obama's nomination of civil rights lawyer Debo Adegbile to be Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, even though he believed that Adegbile would have been "an asset to the Justice Department." He stated that voting for a nominee "who would face such visceral opposition from law enforcement on his first day on the job" was troubling and the vote was "one of the most difficult I have taken since joining the Senate". President Obama described the Senate's vote against Adegbile as "a travesty based on wildly unfair character attacks against a good and qualified public servant." An open letter to Coons from students, faculty and alumni of the Yale Law and Divinity Schools, of which Coons is an alumnus, criticized his vote as "alarm[ing]" and "signal[ing] a lack of respect for the fundamental American legal principle that all parties have a right to zealous representation." Coons was mentioned as a possible replacement for the late Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016. Coons is married to the former Annie Lingenfelter. They have three children: Mike, Maggie and Jack. They live in Wilmington, Delaware. Although Coons is Presbyterian, his wife is Catholic, and they attend St. Ann's Catholic Church in Wilmington. Coons describes himself as "someone who is, privately, fairly religious," though he has never thought "that needs to be a big part of [campaigning]." In 1999, he was awarded the Governor's Outstanding Volunteer Award for his work with the "I Have a Dream" Foundation, the Governor's Mentoring Council, and the United Way of Delaware.

Kuchesar is a village in Bulandshahr district, state of Uttar Pradesh, at a distance of 80 km from Delhi, off the NH 24. It was the seat of Zamindari, or small princely estate, during British Raj. The Jat rulers of Kuchesar, who hailed from Mandoti in Haryana, Built their mud-fort sometime in the mid-18th century. The mud-fort of Kuchesar tells of the chequered history of the Jats who vied with the Sikhs, Marathas, Rohillas & Rajputs, as well as with French adventurers and the British East India Company, to fill the vacuum created by the decline of the Mughal empire. Part of the Kuchesar Fort, built 1734, became a heritage hotel in 1998, after its restoration by Neemrana Hotels. The ruling family of Kuchesar belonged to the Dalal clan of the Jat caste. Mr. Crook in his book "“The Tribes and Castes of the north western provinces and Avadh”" writes about the origin of the Dalal clan of Jats. He recounts that in the village of Mandothi, located in the Rohtak district of Haryana, there lived in a long-bygone era a man by name Dhanna Rao Rathore who belonged to the Rajput caste. He married a woman of the Princess Badgujar Jat They had three sons, by name Deswal, Dille, Suhag or Sehwag and Maan. The descendants of the three brothers formed three major lineages ("gotra"s) and came to be known as Deswal, Dalal and Maan Gotras respectively. Part of the Kuchesar Fort is now two heritage hotels, one is Mud Fort Kuchesar and Rao Raj Vilas. also its popular for Brahambhat Brahman, they are the "RAJKAVI " or state poet of Kuchesar, In the lineage of Dille (Dalal) was born a certain Bhual. He and his three brothers Jagram, Jatmal and Gurva, are credited with founding a principality in Kuchesar. Bhaul had one son named Maujiram, who had two sons namely Ramsingh and Chhatar Singh. Chhatar Singh was very brave; he served under Mirza Ali Beg, the Muslim lord of nearby Chitsauna, obtaining both power and a large estate. His sons helped Jawahar Singh, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur, to avenge the death of his father Maharaja Suraj Mal. Najib-ud-Daula called them back and conferred on them the jagir of Kuchesar with the title of Rao; he also gave them the sobriquet "chor-maar", or destroyer of thieves. When Jawahar Singh made war with the rulers of Delhi, the latter attacked Kuchesar. The Dalal Jats were defeated; their fort of Kuchesar was captured and razed. Rao Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh were arrested and imprisoned in the fort of Koyal. The two brothers escaped from prison, reached Moradabad and aligned with the Marathas. In 1782, Maganiram and Ramdhan Singh, along with an army, recaptured Kuchesar from the Muslims. Rao Maganiram died after this victory. As per Jat custom, his widow and his younger brother were married to each other. By 1790, Ramdhan Singh had recaptured all of Kuchesar estate; he had also acquired Pooth, Siana, Thana Farida, Datyane and Saidpur on Malguzari lease from the rulers of Delhi. After 1782, Kuchesar mud-fort remained in unbroken possession of the family; it was granted to them in perpetual lease by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in 1790, a grant confirmed by the British in 1807. The British formalized their authority over the area in 1803; they recognized the estate of Kuchesar and its estate-holders without alteration to the "status quo". Rao Ramdhansingh died in 1816 and was succeeded by Rao Fatehsingh who died in 1839. The latter was succeeded by his son Rao Bahadur Singh, who was killed in 1847. Raja Gulab Singh aided the British during the uprising of 1857. He had no sons; the estate was managed by Rani Jaswant Kumari pending a settlement. She died quite soon afterwards, and was followed in these offices by Gulab Singh's only daughter, Bhup Kumari. Although she was childless, Bhup Kumari's husband Raja Khusal Singh, laid claim to the estates; this was disputed by other claimants. In 1868, the Panchyat court divided the estate into three parts: ***LIST***. In 1898, Umrao Singh died and Rao Giriraj Singh inherited the portion held by him. The chronology of Kuchesar Jat estate-holders is as under: ***LIST***. Successive Generations of the same royal family of Kucshesar state are: ***LIST***. Family at Mohiuddinpur Some of the descendants moved to the present day region of Mohiuddinpur (district Meerut) around 1857 where they are based till date. Their successors are as follows (list incomplete yet): Gangabaksh Singh (and two other siblings) 2. Gopal Singh s/o Gangabaksh Singh 3. Girvar Singh, Gajpat Singh, Bishambar Singh, Jaswant Singh (sons of Gopal Singh) 4. Gurbachan Singh (s/o Girvar Singh) who had three daughters 5. Chhajju Singh, Narayan Singh (sons of Gajpat Singh) 6. Harikishan Singh, Srikishan Singh (sons of Bishamber Singh the latter was adopted by Jaswant Singh) Successive Generations of the same lineage are: Chhajju Singh had two daughters and one son Bhopal Singh 2. Bhopal Singh had three sons Maj. Gen. Shiam Pal Singh, VSM, ASC Sq. Ravinder Pal Singh, IAF & Kunwar Chand Pal Singh 3. Gen.(Retd.) Shiam Pal Singh, VSM has one son Karan Singh & one daughter. Ravinder Pal Singh who has one daughter. Kunwar Chand Pal Singh who has one son Prashant Kumar and one daughter Preeti Singh 6. Narayan Singh had three sons - Kunwar Mahendra Singh, Kunwar (Major) Prahlad Singh, Kunwar Kishan Singh and one daughter. Kunwar Mahendra Singh who has three sons Kunwar Surendra Singh, Kunwar Bijendra Singh and Kunwar Gajendra Singh. Kunwar Surendra Singh has two sons Kunwar Lalit Kumar who has one daughter Aarushi Dalal and one son Kunwar Tejansh Dalal and Kunwar Udaiveer Singh who has two daughters Disha Dalal and Prakarti Dalal.Kunwar Bijendra Singh has one son Kunwar Dharmendra Singh who has one daughter Tanya Dalal and one son Kunwar Abhay Dalal Kunwar (Major) Prahlad Singh who has one daughter and two sons : Kunwar Ashok Kumar, advocate, who has two daughters Parul Sirohi and Harshita Dalal, Colonel Ajai Kumar (serving) ASC. who has one daughter Aditi Dalal and one son Kunwar Harshvardhan Dalal. Kunwar Kishan Singh had two sons: Kunwar Anil Kumar and kunwar Satish Kumar 11. Harikishan Singh had three sons: Kr. Narendra Singh, Kr. Jeetendra Singh, Kr. Rajesh Kumar 12. Narendra Singh has two sons kunwar Vikas Kumar and kunwar Kapil Kumar and one daughter Chhavi. Vikas Kumar has two sons kunwar Siddhant kumar and kunwar Vedansh kumar. Kapil Kumar has a son, Kush and a daughter, Ahana. Chhavi has a daughter, Maansi and a son, Bharat. Jeetendra Singh has two sons Abhinav Singh who has one son Pratyush and Abhishek Singh and one daughter Ruchira. Rajesh Kumar has one son Manik Singh and one daughter Neha. Srikishan Singh had four sons (Dr. Devendra Singh, Harendra Singh, Ravindra Singh and Yogendra Singh) and three daughters Siya Kumari, Vinay Kumari and Vijay Kumari. Dr. Devendra Singh has two daughters 19. Kunwar Harendra Singh has one son Kunwar Pushpendra kumar and one daughter Shalu.Kunwar Pushpendra Kumar has one son Tanishq Kumar and one daughter Tanisha. Shalu has two sons Pranay Tomar and Prakhar Tomar. Ravindra Singh have one son kunwar Siddharth Kumar and one daughter Sughanda. Yogendra Singh two sons : Kapil Kumar and Rajat Kumar ... Family at Jauligarh Bulandshahr Some of the descendants moved to a village Jauligarh or Jauli in the Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh

Strappado bondage is a term describing a position and technique used in BDSM play. A person's arms are bound behind their back, then by use of some method of attachment such as a rope or chain that runs from their wrists to a securing point above, their arms are lifted behind them until the person is forced to bend forward. The term "strappado" or "strappado torture" used to describe this position refers to a method of torture that is still practiced in some countries today, and has its roots in a form of medieval torture by the same name. While the strappado bondage position is considered to be a form of BDSM play, it shares its basic principles of restraint with the method of torture and therefore can very easily become just that if not practised safely. While the general principle of a bondage strappado remains the same - with the arms bound upwards behind the subject - there are various methods and styles used to achieve this. The different styles can be summarised as follows and several can be combined: ***LIST***. Also, the person may have a gag or blindfold. The exact technique used is very much related to the purpose of using this particular position in BDSM play: ***LIST***. The more common method of strappado often depicted in BDSM publications has the subject's legs bound together at the ankles and just above the knees. The arms may or may not be bound at the elbows. The arms are pulled up behind the subject and they are placed into the strappado position. A variation on this is to tie a loose-fitting rope around the subject's neck and to tie this rope to the ankle ropes, causing the subject to bend over more. This results in them having to bend their knees and push their buttocks further out. A collar around the neck is a safer method for securing the rope, as a loose rope can tighten and strangle the person. A different style is to make use of a spreader bar. By keeping the legs far apart both the sense of imbalance as well as that of vulnerability is increased. Making the subject wear high-heeled shoes or stand on a small surface in this position helps still further. If the elbows are to be bound together, even for very flexible people it is rarely possible to bind them touching together. As the arms are lifted towards a horizontal position in relation to the position of the subject's torso, the shoulder joints shift into a different position preventing the usual movement that occurs when the elbows are drawn together. Irrespective of this any elbow bondage, even minor, applied in this manner may severely increase tension and pain. Other rope techniques are sometimes added such as crotch ropes and breast bondage. The use of tight-fitting garments such as a corset increases the visual appeal of the position as well as restricting the subject's movements. By pulling the arms forward instead of just up the subject can be forced to bend over completely with their buttocks pointing up. The use of head bondage allows the subject's head to be pulled back to a front-facing position as opposed to hanging towards the floor and is often used to make the subject perform oral sex. In addition to the restrictiveness that this causes, if a suitable ring gag is used the subject may feel increasingly exposed to penetration and because the subject's head is facing down drooling may also occur. The normal reaction of the subject is to increase the forward bending as the arms are lifted. By further lifting the arms beyond a critical point this may become too difficult or even physically impossible to continue without lifting themselves off the floor and force them to stand more upright and increase the strain on the shoulder joints. The subject can also be secured to e.g. a frame and ropes or chains substituted for other bondage devices. By completely immobilizing the subject's body the person in the dominant position can have complete and precise control over the tension and pain experienced. A form of predicament bondage is to tie one foot of the subject to the opposite thigh or another body part so they have to concentrate on not causing more pain. Their arms are raised to the point where they have to stand on their toes. To relieve pain in their foot they must lower their body and cause more pain in their shoulders. To relieve pain in their shoulders they must stand on tip-toes and cause more pain in their foot and leg. Another variation is to tie the subject's foot to a body part of another subject so they can relieve their own pain but increase it for the other subject. With the breasts pointing towards the floor, the use of nipple clamps, possibly with weights attached, can be used to stimulate the subject with more pain. Strappado bondage is most commonly used with the subject's feet on the ground. Very rarely will someone use this technique with their feet off the ground, because of the pain and possibly severe injury this can cause. This type of BDSM play, due to the difficulty of maintaining this position, does not allow for long periods of being bound. Its major use is for sexual play with the bound subject. While bound like this, the subject is open to the use of various tools such as floggers, whips, etc., as well as general spanking. This position can also be used for sexual intercourse, or the use of vibrators and/or dildos to stimulate the bound person. This bondage position is also used as a form of torture, therefore measures are usually taken to ensure that the subject bound in this position is not pushed beyond their physical capabilities. Any position that moves limbs into an extreme position and holds them there for an extended period of time can result in damage - sometimes permanent - to even the most flexible of people. It is possible, though very rare, for extreme iterations of this position to cause asphyxiation, as being suspended in this way can constrict the lungs and cause respiratory distress. Therefore, it's a technique to be performed with safety foremost in mind.

U.S. Route 399 was a U.S. Highway that ran from Ventura, California to Bakersfield, California. It was established in 1934 and deleted in 1964, as it was only 137 miles (219 km) long, less than the minimum 300 miles (480 km) that AASHTO set as the threshold for U.S. It has been replaced with a segment of State Route 33, all of State Route 119, and a segment of State Route 99. From its original junction at U.S. Route 101 in Ventura, California, the route continues along State Route 33 up to Ojai, temporarily joining State Route 150. Leaving Ojai, it continued into the Los Padres National Forest along the Maricopa Highway, with its summit at Pine Mountain. Descending into the Cuyama River Valley, it met State Route 166 and travelled east towards Maricopa past what is now the Carrizo Plain National Monument and crossing the axis of the San Andreas Fault into the southern San Joaquin Valley. In Maricopa, it continued north again with State Route 33 into the southern Midway-Sunset Oil Field and intersecting modern State Route 119 in Taft. From Taft, U.S. 399 followed State Route 119 out of town through Valley Acres and past the modern Buena Vista Recreation Area (the old Buena Vista Lake) towards U.S. Route 99 (now State Route 99) in Pumpkin Center and Greenfield, then with the old alignment of U.S. Route 99 (Union Avenue, SR 99 Bus.) north into Bakersfield where it terminated. This ending, being a useless concurrency, was later truncated to U.S. Route 99 until U.S. Route 399 was decommissioned. The route was subsequently realigned several times, most notably the original Ojai Freeway in southern Ventura which is now the modern State Route 33 freeway, and the expressway bypass of eastern Taft which is now the modern State Route 119 expressway. The origins to US 399 can be traced back to 1913. That year, the state decided to fund a survey party to determine a highway route between Legislative Route 4 (later became US 99 and today is known as SR 99) and Ventura. This highway was named the Bakersfield, Maricopa, and Ventura Road. At that time, several county roads which would become part of the route were already under construction. In the 1920s, the legislative definition would truncate the route as between Ventura and the Cuyama Valley. However, in 1934, the route would reemerge as a spur to US 99, called US 399. By 1964, California’s highway system was very cumbersome. Several routes were cosigned with two or even three route numbers. As a result, all of the state’s highways were renumbered to simplify the system. During the renumbering, it was decided to decommission many of the US routes in California in favor of interstates and state routes. The parent route, US 99, was also decommissioned, which contributed to the removal of this route. US 399 became one of the US routes to be completely decommissioned. It became part of SR 33 (West Side Highway), SR 166 (Maricopa Highway), and all of SR 119 (Taft Highway).

Liskeard railway station serves the town of Liskeard in Cornwall, England. The station is west of Plymouth on the Cornish Main Line and it is the junction for the Looe Valley Line. The station opened with the Cornwall Railway on 4 May 1859. It was described at the time as occupying "an elevated position nearly a mile to the south of the town", the main building "stands considerably above the rails, the descent to which is by a long flight of steps, which will be hereafter, we understand, entirely covered in. The building is of stone, having a large verandah projecting over the road. On the opposite side of the line is the arrival station, which is also a stone erection; and to the south of this, is the goods shed, which is a timber structure, having warehouses and offices at the ends". Traffic at the new station was sufficient to warrant additional goods sidings before the end of the year. There is no evidence that the steps from the booking office were ever covered, instead they were replaced with a slope in 1866. A railway had run to Looe from Moorswater, in the valley west of Liskeard, since 27 December 1860. On 25 February 1901 the Liskeard and Looe Railway was extended up to the Great Western Railway station, this extension line opening to passengers on 15 May 1901. The Liskeard and Looe Railway arrived at right angles to the main line at a dedicated platform with its own buildings; Liskeard therefore has, in essence, two stations. Trains start their journey by travelling "northwards", away from Looe. They swing round towards the south, descend gradients as steep as 1 in 40 to pass below the Liskeard Viaduct, swing back towards the north, and then reverse at Coombe Junction for the remainder of their journey to Looe. In the days of steam locomotives, there was an extended stop at Coombe to enable the locomotive to run around to the front of the train when reversing direction. If someone just missed a train leaving Liskeard for Looe, it was possible to run down the hill to Coombe and pick up the train from there. A connection in the goods yard allowed goods trains and empty carriages to be exchanged between the main line and the branch. A separate Liskeard Branch signal box was opened with the loop line to control trains going to Coombe Junction. It was closed on 15 March 1964, since when the connection to the main line is operated from a ground frame. The Cornwall Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1889 and the Liskeard and Looe Railway did the same on 1 January 1923. The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 which was in privatised in the 1990s. The station was modernised in 2004. A brick extension to the original Brunel-designed building was replaced by a light and airy glass structure. This work was entered into annual National Railway Heritage Awards in 2005 and won the Network Rail Partnership Award. In 2007 the signs on the Looe Valley platform were replaced with brown and cream signs in the style used by the Western Region of British Railways in the 1950s and 1960s. Two unusual accidents have occurred at Liskeard due to its elevated position. No one was hurt in either incident. In April 1863 a goods train was incorrectly sent into a siding where it collided with some wagons standing there. The impact sent these through the buffer stop and over the edge of the embankment. On 15 June 1906, five empty carriages ran away from the branch platform during shunting operations. They ran down the gradient to Coombe Junction and along the line to Moorswater where they ran into the shed, knocking down the shed wall. The railway station is situated approximately south-west of Liskeard town centre. It operated by Great Western Railway and has an unusual layout. The main line platforms flank the double-track line in a deep cutting, which is crossed at high level by a road bridge and at lower level by the station footbridge. At each end of the platforms, the line dips down towards flanking viaducts, the Liskeard viaduct to the east and the Moorswater viaduct to the west. The Isambard Kingdom Brunel-designed booking office is at high level next to the road and there is step-free access to all platforms. Trains towards use the northern platform nearest the booking office, those towards use the southern platform across the footbridge. Trains to Looe leave from a separate terminal platform at a right angles to the main platforms at the eastern end of the northern platform. The Looe platform is separated from the rest of the station by an access road between them, and has its own range of station buildings. The station retains semaphore signalling worked from a signal box at the Plymouth end of the westbound platform. Cross-overs at either end of the main line platforms permit main line trains to reverse at Liskeard, and a sharply curved link line permits freight trains and empty passenger trains to reach the Looe line. Liskeard is the second busiest (behind Truro) of the Cornish junction stations, with more than ¼ million passengers each year. Comparing the year from April 2007 to that which started in April 2002, passenger numbers increased by 31%. Liskeard is served by most Great Western Railway trains on the Cornish Main Line between Penzance and Plymouth. Some trains run through to or from London Paddington station, including the Night Riviera overnight sleeping car service and the Golden Hind which offers an early morning service to London and an evening return. Other fast trains are the mid-morning Cornish Riviera and the afternoon Royal Duchy. There are a limited number of CrossCountry trains providing a service to or Manchester Piccadilly in the morning and returning in the evening. The basic service on the Cornish Main Line is one train an hour to either Penzance or Plymouth, though a few peak period trains start/terminate here. The Looe Valley Line services run a regular service to but only two each day call at . There is no Sunday service in the winter. The railway between Liskeard and Looe is designated as a community rail line. It is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership and promoted under the "Looe Valley Line" name. The signs on the Looe Valley platform were replaced in 2007 with brown and cream signs in the style used by the Western Region of British Railways in the 1950s and 1960s. The "Old Stag Inn" (now closed) opposite the station is included in the Looe Valley Line rail ale trail, as is the "White Horse" in the town centre.

The University of Central Punjab () or UCP is a private sector university located in Lahore, Pakistan. The current enrollment of the university is 8,000. University of Central Punjab, a part of the Punjab Group of Colleges, was Chartered by the Government of Punjab in 2002. According to the HEC ranking 2013, UCP's business school is the third best in Lahore. University of Central Punjab offers undergraduate, graduate as well as postgraduate programs in the fields of Engineering, Computer Science, Pharmacy, Business, Commerce, Arts, Social Sciences, and Life Sciences. There are six distinct faculties in the university, namely the Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Commerce, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCP Business School, and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. On 15 August 1996, The Punjab Group of Colleges petitioned the Government of Punjab for the establishment of a university in the province. In response to this petition, the government issued a No Objection Certificated on October 11, 1999. The University started operating the same year it got a No Objection Certificate from the government and initially offered courses in Management Studies, Information Technology, and Commerce and Law. The Punjab College of Business Administration (PCBA), Punjab Institute of Computer Science (PICS), Punjab College of Commerce (PCC), Punjab Law College (PLC), and Punjab College of Information Technology (PCIT) formed the core of the university at the time of establishment. Following a restructuring in 2004, the PCBA and PICS operate under the Faculty of Management Studies and Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Central Punjab respectively. The Punjab Colleges of Commerce and the Punjab Law College respectively function under the Faculties of Commerce and of Law of the University of Central Punjab. The Faculty of Engineering (FOE) has was introduced in 2002. The university main campus, located opposite to Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre on Khayaban-e-Jinah, covers an area of 500,000 square feet. The campus was built in 2010 and consists of five blocks. There is an auditorium block consisting of 300 seats. It houses a number of facilities, both curricular and co-curricular in nature. Centre for Professional Studies (CPS) was established in 2012 under the flagship of University of Central Punjab as a Centre, with an aim to provide professional and skill based education to the students at various campuses of Punjab Group of Colleges across Punjab. CPS is currently offering both graduate and post graduate programs such as ADP, BBA, MBA, MSC (IT), BSCS, and MCOM in different campuses of Punjab Group of Colleges. UCP has a full-service library on campus. The Higher Education Commission has also given the university access to 11,000 online, full-text journals, international databases, and other material published online worldwide. ***LIST***. Management and Organization Division is the largest of all division of UCP Business School in terms of courses offered as well as students enrolled. The division provides education in the areas of management studies, namely Management, Human Resource Management and Entrepreneurship. ***LIST***. The Marketing Division offers specialization in Marketing. The courses of this department are periodically changed according to the requirements of the market. Faculty of Information Technology was formed when Punjab Institute of Computer Science attained degree awarding status. The Faculty of Information Technology currently offers five educational programs, namely Ph.D (Computer Science), M.Phil (Computer Science), MS (Computer Science), MCS (Master of Computer Science) and BS (Computer Science). School of Accounting and Finance is a part of Faculty of Management Studies, University of Central Punjab. The school of accounting and finance offers BS Hons. Accounting & Finance, M.Com., MS, M.Phil. and PhD in Accounting & Finance. M.Com. with specialization in Banking & Finance is offered in affiliation with the Institute of Bankers Pakistan (IBP). University of Central Punjab established the Faculty of Engineering in 2003. The university started offering degree program in Electrical Engineering with elective tracks in Electronics Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering and Computer Engineering in September 2013. As of 2013, eleven batches of students have graduated from the Faculty of Engineering. as well as offer the mechanical engineering Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) was established in 2009. FASS not only teaches degree programs at graduate and undergraduate level in arts and humanities, but also provides support across faculties in teaching languages and humanities courses. Punjab Law College is one of the law colleges in Lahore. Punjab Law College operates under the aegis of University of the Central Punjab. Within the parameters prescribed by the University, the College imparts quality education in Law in two sessions (morning and evening). To meet the rapidly increasing challenges of the 21st century, the UCP has established Faculty of Life Sciences. It offers a wide range of BS, M.Sc., MS and PhD programs in the rapidly developing subjects of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Forensic Science. University of Central Punjab offers scholarships and financial aids on the basis of academic performance, kinship and disability. Tuition fee is also waived for the alumnus of Punjab Group of Colleges. UCP offers 100% tuition fee waiver in the form of merit scholarships on the basis of academic excellence in F.A/F.Sc and B.A/B.Sc examinations held under annual system of examination. Eligibility for merit scholarships is determined on the basis of three ‘As’ in A-level secured in one attempt for BBA/BS Programs or 75% aggregate marks in: ***LIST***. UCP also offers 50% tuition fee waiver on the basis of 70% marks in F.A/F.Sc and B.A/B.Sc examinations held under the annual system of examination or 2 ‘Bs’ or better in A Level secured in one attempt. 25% fee concession on basis of kinship is also available to siblings. This concession is subject to maintaining a CGPA of 3.00 in the subsequent semesters. 75% Fee concession is allowed to students with major disability and 50% to students with minor disability. Such a concession requires maintaining a CGPA of 2.80 in both cases. However, the board decides each case on very strict basis and disabled aspirants have to submit the fee for first semester. It is their luck if the fee is reimbursed.

Pnětluky () is a village in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 320 inhabitants. Village Konětopy is administrative part of Pnětluky. The place is first mentioned in a written document from 1250. Old name of the village ("Netluky") is explained "after people who beat strongly into stones". During the 14th century a small fortress was built here, in the 15th the fortress was abandoned to be rebuilt in the 16th century. During the Thirty Years' War the village was devastated. The church building mentioned in 1363 was destroyed during the war. In 1715 the first school was established in Pnětluky. The highest number of inhabitants in the village was in year 1900 - 636. The place is first mentioned in a written document from 1357. The name means "drowning the horses" and was likely used mockingly. In 1654 seven families lived here. In 1891 the first school was established directly in Konětopy. Since the first half of the 19th century the village was known for its hop (used as beer stabiliser). The highest number of inhabitants lived in Konětopy in 1921 - 365. Hop is the most important agricultural commodity in the area. Architect Václav Zralý, a Czech modernist architecture of the 1930s, was born and lived here.

Roy Huggins (July 18, 1914 – April 3, 2002) was an American novelist and an influential writer/creator and producer of character-driven television series, including "Maverick", "The Fugitive", and "The Rockford Files". A noted writer and producer using his own name, much of his later television scriptwriting was done using the pseudonyms Thomas Fitzroy, John Thomas James, and John Francis O'Mara. Huggins was educated at the University of California, Los Angeles, 1935-41. After graduation, he worked as a special representative of the U.S. Civil Service, 1941–43, and later as an industrial engineer, 1943-46. Huggins' novels include "The Double Take" (1946), "Too Late for Tears" (1947), and "Lovely Lady, Pity Me" (1949). When Columbia Pictures purchased the rights to Huggins' novel "The Double Take" in 1948, Huggins signed a contract with the studio to adapt the script into the movie "I Love Trouble". From here he entered the movie industry, working as a contract writer at Columbia and RKO Pictures. In 1952, he wrote and directed the film "Hangman's Knot", a Randolph Scott Western. A member of the Communist Party USA until the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939, Huggins appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1952, where he named 19 former comrades who had already been named before the committee. He worked as a staff writer at Columbia until 1955. Huggins moved to television in April 1955, when Warner Bros. hired him as a producer. He is best known as the creator of long-running shows such as "Maverick", "77 Sunset Strip", and "The Fugitive", all on ABC. Huggins left Warner Bros. and in October 1960 became the vice president in charge of television production at 20th Century-Fox. Once Huggins moved into an executive role, he generally used pseudonyms on stories or teleplays he created for episodic television, usually only taking credit under his real name for producing and/or creating a show. In the early 1960s, when writing for TV, Huggins alternated between the pseudonyms Thomas Fitzroy and John Francis O'Mara, generally maintaining a policy of using one pseudonym and then the other, in strict rotation from one script to the next. These pen names were partly derived from the names of the eldest two sons from his second marriage (to Adele Mara). In the 1961-62 season, Huggins created "Bus Stop", an ABC drama based loosely on William Inge's play of the same name, with Marilyn Maxwell in the role of Grace Sherwood, owner of the bus station and diner in the fictional town of Sunrise, Colorado. In 1963, Huggins took a job as a vice president in the television division at Universal, where he spent the next 18 years. At Universal, he co-created "The Rockford Files" and produced "The Virginian", "Alias Smith and Jones", and "Baretta", among other series. Beginning in the late 1960s, Huggins phased out his other pen names and began using the pseudonym John Thomas James for virtually all of his television scriptwriting, usually on the shows he was producing. The name was a composite of the names of all three of his sons from his second marriage. Huggins worked in TV through the 1980s, and served for three years as the executive producer of "Hunter". Stephen J. Cannell said of Huggins' time on "Hunter": "Roy was in the driver's seat where he belonged. Nobody does it better or with more style...Roy Huggins is my Godfather, my Hero and my Friend. They don't come any better." At Warner Bros. Television, Huggins was repeatedly denied credit and compensation as the creator of several television programs. A Warner-owned property was used as the basis of the script for the first broadcast episode of "Maverick", substituted for the actual pilot, which was run second to cheat Huggins out of his creator residuals. Perhaps most famously, Jack L. Warner deliberately had the pilot to "77 Sunset Strip" screened briefly at movie theatres in the Caribbean to legally establish that the television series derived from a film, rather than, as was actually the case, several books and novellas Huggins had written in the 1940s. Since these were not the only occasions on which Warner had found a way to circumvent Huggins' creative rights, he left the studio soon thereafter. These experiences led him to demand increasing rights and ownership of all television concepts he authored. By the mid-1960s, he had distilled this demand into a boiler plate for all his contracts. He used the contract for his television series "The Fugitive". It limited the rights of United Artists Television to his material. This permitted his participation in the 1993 film version of his creation decades later.

The Winchester and Western Railroad is a shortline railroad operating from Gore through Winchester, Virginia and West Virginia to Hagerstown, Maryland. It also operates several lines in southern New Jersey, connecting to Conrail Shared Assets Operations at Millville and Vineland. The company's original line opened in 1917, extending west from Winchester to Rock Enon Springs, and the while the 'Winchester and Western Railroad' operating company went through several reorganizations, it remained independent of larger carriers. In 1986, it grew suddenly adding newly acquired trackage when Conrail sold off parts of the former Pennsylvania Railroad, allowing the W&W to acquire the line from Winchester to Hagerstown, as well as the greater part of the W&W's New Jersey trackage—formerly parts of the Pennsylvania RR and Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ). A short ex-CNJ branch from Bridgeton to Seabrook was acquired later from the New Jersey Southern Railway in 1987. The W&W is exclusively a freight line with the majority of its freight supplied by the quarry of its parent company, Unimin, in Gore. In New Jersey, the W&W also serves Unimin sand interests and some grain traffic. The Winchester & Western was initially incorporated on August 16, 1916 for the purpose of tapping the forests of southeastern Hampshire County, West Virginia and southwestern Frederick County, Virginia in order to supply railroad ties to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The idea of building such a conduit to tap these resources had been conceived during World War I when the traffic on the railways of the United States had been greatly increased. More railroad ties were needed to both construct new railways and maintain the lines already in use. A way to transport the hardwood timbers to the tie mills in Winchester was needed, and so the Winchester and Western was conceived. The Baltimore and Ohio factored greatly in the W&W's construction and its local subsidiary, Winchester Lumber Company, owned various tracts of mountainous woodlands in Hardy, Hampshire, and Frederick Counties. It sought to build a 40-mile narrow gauge line from Winchester to Wardensville which would bisect the rich timber lands in the possession of the Winchester Lumber Company. The Winchester Lumber Company sought the services of the Intermountain Construction Company to construct the line, which it then decided to make a standard-gauge instead of a narrow one. Intermountain started the grading of the railroad line from east and west of Chambersville, located west of Winchester in Frederick County. Because of the numerous supply and machinery shortages caused by World War I, Intermountain constructed the grade of the railroad using mule-powered scoops, sledgehammers, and hand-held drills. By August 1917, Intermountain had cleared a flat road for the rail track to Gainesboro and it began laying the rails and ties. In January 1918, five months later, the first train carrying lumber headed into Winchester on the completed track from Gore. From Gore, the W&W turned southward through Back Creek valley toward Rock Enon Springs and ultimately to Wardensville. On June 14, 1919, a "golden spike" ceremony was planned on the West Virginia/Virginia line near Capon Springs with only fifteen miles until completion. After politicians from both Hampshire and Frederick Counties delivered speeches, Hugh B. Cline, chairman of the Frederick County Board of Supervisors, and Judge F.B. Allen of the Hampshire County Court each hammered a spike. The "golden spike" celebration was then topped off with lunch at the Mountain House at Capon Springs Resort in Capon Springs. On May 25, 1921, the Winchester and Western was finally completed to Wardensville. A celebration was held to honor the W&W's completion and West Virginia Governor John J. Cornwell delivered a speech on the positive effect that the railroad would have on the future growth of the region's economy. John J. Cornwell's brother William B. Cornwell of Romney was the president of the Winchester and Western Railroad at the time and had previously been president of the Hampshire Southern Railroad in the South Branch Potomac River valley in the 1910s. Throughout the 1920s beginning in May 1921, the Winchester and Western was primarily a bustling freight line with limited passenger service. The W&W's first passenger car (or railbus) was literally an automobile bus placed on rails. The railbus made two round trips daily between Winchester and Wardensville with 17 intermediate stops along the way. The most popular of these intermediate stops was at Capon Springs Station where passengers would arrive to dine or vacation at the Capon Springs Resort. Three automobile "railbuses" later made the two round trips between Winchester and Wardensville. Besides Wardensville and Capon Springs, major passenger and freight stations were constructed at Gainesboro and Gore. The W&W's own terminal was located at the Baltimore and Ohio Station at Kent and Piccadilly Streets in Winchester. While freight traffic was the main business of the W&W, the residents of the Winchester area frequently chartered trains for pleasure trips to not only Capon Springs, but for scenic excursions and picnics at Capon Lake on the Cacapon River. Later in the 1920s, the line was constructed further past Wardensville on three narrow-gauge spurs known as the Lost River Railroad. The use of these spurs and the mainline itself dwindled by the early 1930s as the Great Depression took its toll on the region's economy. Freight traffic to and from Wardensville declined and the line was trimmed back to Capon Springs Station in 1934 due to the exhaustion of the region's timber reserves. That same year, passenger service to Capon Springs ended, and the track was cut at Rock Enon Springs. The W&W further trimmed back its line during World War II in 1944 when it was cut at Gore. Because of Gore's active Unimin sand quarry, the Winchester and Western Railroad remains active between Gore and Winchester. Today, in the Winchester area, the Winchester and Western is affectionately referred to as the "Ol' Weak and Weary" because of its limited use. In recent years, the Winchester and Western has seen a revival of sorts. In 1986, they purchased the Conrail (formerly Pennsylvania RR/Penn Central) "Winchester Secondary" line from Winchester to Williamsport, Maryland. In 1987, they purchased three shortlines in southern New Jersey. The company now has two divisions; the "Virginia Division", and the "New Jersey Division". Both serve Unimin interests, as well as other freight. Both have connections with the two eastern mainline railroads, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. From the B&O's old central station in downtown Winchester, the Winchester and Western Railroad ventures south and then follows Abram's Creek west out of the city. From there, the W&W travels northwest, eventually parallelling the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) where it goes through Hoop Petticoat Gap along Gap Run at Chambersville, today known as Round Hill. Still heading in a northwest direction with the Northwestern Turnpike, the W&W departs from the turnpike and follows Hogue Creek north, southeast of Hayfield. The W&W continues north until it intersects with the North Frederick Pike (U.S. Route 522) and enters the community of Gainesboro. The line then curves southwest into the Back Creek valley. At the southern edge of Bowling Green Ridge, the W&W crosses the Northwestern Turnpike one last time and follows Back Creek south to Gore. From Gore, the line heads south along Mine Spring Run where it currently ends at the sand mine. This list includes all of the communities and stations that have been serviced at one time by the original Winchester and Western Railroad. The towns are listed from Winchester to Wardensville: ***LIST***.

New Mexico State Road 14 (NM 14) is a state road located in northern New Mexico. The highway connects Albuquerque to Santa Fe and comprises most of the Turquoise Trail, a National Scenic Byway which also includes NM 536 (Sandia Crest Scenic Byway). NM 14 begins at the intersection with NM 333 in Tijeras, which is also the center of the Tijeras interchange along Interstate 40 (I-40). NM 14 heads north through Bernalillo County, passing through the community of Cedar Crest, to San Antonito, where it intersects NM 536. The highway continues northeast and briefly cuts through Sandoval County by entering from the south and leaving from the east. Now in Santa Fe County, NM 14 turns to the north. It intersects NM 344 west of Oro Quay Peak, both of which are located south of the ghost town of Golden. State Road 10 (NM 10) had been established before 1927 between Albuquerque and Santa Fe. By 1927, part of NM 10 was replaced by US 470 from Tijeras to Albuquerque, but the northern terminus remained at US 85 in Santa Fe. By 1930, the end of NM 10 was at US 66. In 1935, NM 10 was extended south to NM 15 near Tajique. NM 15 was later absorbed into a further southern extension of NM 10 to US 54 in Carrizozo. By 1949, this highway was mostly paved. Originally, the NM 14 designation was serviced by a road between the Arizona–New Mexico state line and US 80 in Road Forks. NM 14 along with SR 86 in Arizona provided a shortcut to US 80 between Benson, Arizona and Road Forks, due to US 80 taking a loop to Douglas, Arizona. The original NM 14 was replaced by Interstate 10 in 1960. In 1970, the NM 14 designation was recycled and used to re-number NM 10, to avoid numbering confusion with I-10. During the 1988 re-numbering, NM 14 was extended along former US 85 through Santa Fe to US 84 and US 285, while the concurrency with NM 333 was eliminated. The sections of NM 14 south of NM 333 were renumbered NM 337 and NM 55 respectively.

Port Botany is a suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Port Botany is located 12 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Randwick. Port Botany sits on the northern shore of Botany Bay, adjacent to the suburbs of Matraville, Banksmeadow and Phillip Bay. Botany Bay is where Captain James Cook first landed on 29 April 1770, when navigating his way around Australia on his ship, the Endeavour. The ship's English naturalist Joseph Banks and Swedish botanist Daniel Solander, spent several days on shore collecting vast numbers of specimens, that were previously unknown. Cook's journals first referred to the bay as Sting Rays' Harbour, then later Botanist Bay and finally both these names were crossed out and replaced with Botany Bay. The suburb name comes from the bay it stands on. Molineaux Point features views to La Perouse and Kurnell. A cairn and plaque here commemorates the sister ports relationship between Sydney Ports Corporation and Yokkaichi Port Authority, Mie Japan. The revetment wall is called Banks Wall after Sir Joseph Banks. Port Botany is a major commercial area that is serviced by road and rail networks, together with Sydney's nearby international and domestic airports. The two Container Terminal facilities are complemented by a bulk liquids facility and an adjacent bulk liquids storage and distribution complex.

The Address Verification System (AVS) is a system used to verify the address of a person claiming to own a credit card. The system will check the billing address of the credit card provided by the user with the address on file at the credit card company. The other security features for the credit card include the CVV2 number. AVS is used when the merchant verifies credit card data, such as billing address and ZIP code, against the Visa/MasterCard billing information of the cardholder. AVS verifies that the billing address of the credit or debit card matches the address that was given by the customer. Because AVS only verifies the numeric portion of the address, certain anomalies like apartment numbers can cause false declines; however, it is reported to be a rare occurrence. AVS verifies the numeric portions of a cardholder's billing address. For example, if the address is 101 Main Street, Highland, CA 92346, in the United States, AVS will check "101" and "92346". Cardholders may receive false negatives, or partial declines for AVS from e-commerce verification systems, which may require manual overrides, voice authorization, or reprogramming of the AVS entries by the card issuing bank. AVS is a MasterCard service to combat fraudulent activity for non-face-to-face transactions by cross-referencing the cardholder’s address information with the card issuer’s records. AVS is widely supported by Visa, MasterCard and American Express in the USA, Canada and United Kingdom. Cardholders with a bank that does not support AVS may receive an error from Internet stores due to the lack of data. Besides the automated verification, some banks do provide merchants with a manual verification system. Usually this is done for foreign credit card accounts as the AVS only works in the same country. This facility helps the merchants to prevent fraud arising from other countries. The merchant's bank calls the customer banks (or send a fax for banks that request them). Some countries like Denmark however prevent banks from verifying customer data. "Declined due to AVS mismatch", the authorization code, along with the hold on the authorized funds, will remain on the customer's card until the card issuing bank removes the authorization. As a result, the held funds may be subtracted from the customer's available balance, and an online statement may reflect the authorization request which might be mistaken for an actual charge. Most card issuing banks will remove authorizations within 1–2 days if they are not claimed for settlement.

Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer Loftus (4 October 1817 – 7 March 1904) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Ambassador to Prussia from 1865 to 1868, to the North German Confederation from 1868 to 1871 and to the Russian Empire from 1871 to 1879 and Governor of New South Wales from 1879 to 1885. Loftus entered the diplomatic service in 1837 as attaché at Berlin and was likewise attaché at Stuttgart in 1844. He was secretary to Sir Stratford Canning in 1848, and after serving as secretary of legation at Stuttgart (1852), and Berlin (1853), was envoy at Vienna (1858), Berlin (1860) and Munich (1862). He was subsequently Ambassador at Berlin from 1865 to 1868, to the North German Confederation from 1868 to 1871 and to Saint Petersburg from 1871 to 1879. He then served as Governor of New South Wales from 1879 to 1885. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1866 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1868. Loftus married Emma Maria Greville, daughter of Vice-Admiral Henry Francis Greville, in 1845. They had three sons and two daughters. The town of Emmaville, New South Wales, was named after Emma in 1882. Lady Augustus died in January 1902. Loftus survived her by two years and died in Surrey, England, in March 1904, aged 86.

David Dickenson (born January 11, 1973) is a Canadian football head coach with the Calgary Stampeders and former professional Canadian football player with the Stampeders and the BC Lions where he won the 2006 Grey Cup and was named the games MVP. Dickenson also played quarterback collegiately at the University of Montana, where he led the Montana Grizzlies to the 1995 NCAA I-AA college football championship. Dickenson attended Charles M. Russell High School in Great Falls, Montana, was an excellent student, and lettered in football, basketball, and golf. In football, he led his teams to two State Championships. Dickenson graduated from Charles M. Russell High School in 1991 with a 4.0 grade-point average. Dickenson's #15 jersey was soon retired by the school. Dickenson is considered by many to be the greatest quarterback ever to play for the University of Montana. He owns numerous Big Sky Conference and Montana records. By the time he graduated in 1995, Dickenson had the highest completion percentage, highest percentage of passes for a touchdown, and fewest interceptions per pass in NCAA Division I-AA history. In his college career (including playoff games) he completed 1,015 of 1,477 passes (68.7%) for , with 116 touchdowns and only 26 interceptions, and was responsible for 137 total touchdowns (116 passing and 21 rushing). In 1995, Dickenson's senior season, he threw for in fifteen games, including 1,500 in four playoff games. After leading the Grizzlies to the I-AA national championship in 1995, Dickenson won the 1995 Walter Payton Award as the outstanding offensive player in Division I-AA. In Montana, he is known as "Super Dave" and "The Legend of the Fall." His college jersey number, #15, was retired by the University of Montana. He is one of only two players so honored. In 1999, Dickenson was listed as the 12th best Athlete to ever come out of Montana in Sports Illustrated's 50th Anniversary Issue. In 2004, he was voted the most popular athlete from Montana in a Sports Illustrated poll. In 2013, he was named the number one male athlete in the history of the Big Sky Conference. Dickenson began his professional career with the CFL's Calgary Stampeders in 1997. His best year with the Stampeders was 2000, when Dickenson led the CFL in passing efficiency (114.1) and completion percentage (64.3%). During the 2000 season, Dickenson earned Player of the Week honors once, was named a CFL All-Star, and won the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award. He won a Grey Cup championship with Calgary in 1998. After generating interest from the NFL following his outstanding 2000 CFL season, Dickenson spent two seasons (2001-2002) in the National Football League. He spent the entire 2001 season as the third string QB for the San Diego Chargers, but was released by San Diego at the end of training camp in 2002 after a disappointing preseason in which he did not get to play in a game. He was then signed by the Seattle Seahawks and served as the third QB for two games before being released on September 24. In October, he signed with the Miami Dolphins following an injury to Jay Fiedler, and served as their third QB until December 3. He finished the season as the third QB for the Detroit Lions for their final two games after Joey Harrington was diagnosed with an irregular heartbeat. Dickenson signed as a free agent with the BC Lions in 2003. During the 2003 season, in which he led the Lions into the playoffs with an 11-7, 4th-place finish in the CFL West Division, Dickenson's 36 touchdown passes and were the second-highest single season marks in Lions' history behind Doug Flutie. Dickenson was named Offensive Player of the Month for August 2003, was the CFL Player of the Week in Week 5, and was awarded the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy as the CFL West Division's Most Outstanding Player. In 2004, Dickenson began the season as the Lions' starting quarterback, but gave way to backup Casey Printers after suffering a knee injury. Printers put on a dominating performance for the rest of the season, but in the West Division Final against the Saskatchewan Roughriders, was forced to leave the game with a shoulder injury in the fourth quarter, with the score tied 14-14. Dickenson, having recovered from knee surgery and shared quarterbacking duties with Printers late in the season, played the rest of the game and threw a touchdown pass in the Lions' 27-24 overtime victory. Dickenson would start and play the entire Grey Cup game against the Toronto Argonauts, which the Lions lost by a score of 27-19. Dickenson began the 2005 season embroiled in a quarterback controversy with Printers, who was named the 2004 CFL Most Outstanding Player. Dickenson emerged as the starter, and was instrumental in leading the Lions to an 11-0 start (where he played in 9 of the 11 games), en route to a 12-6 season finish. Dickenson set an all-time CFL record with a passing efficiency mark of 118.8. He fell just short of the attempts required to set a further mark with a 74.0% completion rate, due to 4 games missed because of a concussion. Dickenson was named CFL Player of the Month for both July and September, and was Player of the Week twice. In 2006, he threw for and 22 touchdowns while only playing 13 games. He led the Lions to the franchise's 5th Grey Cup title on November 19, 2006 with a 25-14 win over the Montreal Alouettes. Dickenson was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. Dickenson's 2007 season was interrupted early by a serious concussion received on a hit from Saskatchewan's Fred Perry. Jarious Jackson eventually led the team to another first-place finish and franchise record 14 wins, but the Lions were defeated in the playoffs with a recovered Dickenson being called on to relieve Jackson. Dickenson was released from the BC Lions on November 26, 2007, after five seasons with the team. On January 31, 2008, Dickenson signed as a free agent with the Calgary Stampeders, the team where he began his professional career, lives with his family, and where his brother Craig was the special-teams co-ordinator then. But this return was short lived, as post concussion symptoms returned, thus ending his long storied career in professional football. Dickenson retired from football on February 4, 2009. In 2015, Dickenson was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame. On May 1, 2009, Dickenson made the transition from player to coach, joining the Calgary Stampeders as an offensive assistant coach. He was responsible for coaching the running backs but was involved in other areas of the offence. On December 9, 2010, he was promoted from quarterbacks coach to offensive coordinator. On December 3, 2014 Calgary Stampeders general manager and head coach John Hufnagel announced that he would hand over the head coaching duties to Dickenson for the 2016 season. Dickenson led the team to a franchise record for points in a season with a 15-2-1 record in 2016. The Stampeders were also unbeaten over a 16-game stretch, which was a single-season league record. He also became the first rookie head coach in the Canadian Football League to win 14 games and also had the second highest point total in league history (one behind the 1989 Edmonton Eskimos). The team also finished with a perfect 9-0 home record, which was the third such instance in team history. Because of all his success Dickenson won the Annis Stukus Trophy for coach of the year. On January 20, 2017 Dickenson and the Stampeders agreed to a 3-year contract extension through the 2020 CFL season.

Pérouges is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France. It is a medieval walled town northeast of Lyon. It is perched on a small hill that overlooks the plain of the Ain River. Pérouges was inhabited by craftsmen; mainly farmers and linen weavers. It was probably founded by a Gallic colony returning from Perugia in Italy. In 1167, the Seigneur d'Anthon famously shut the commune's walls against the troops of the Archbishop of Lyon, and as early as 1236 the inhabitants earned communal freedom. In 1601 the town officially became French. Until the end of the 18th century, the textile industry in Pérouges boomed. In the 19th century, however, roads and railroads were re-routed and the population dropped from 1,500 to 90. But, starting in 1911, the town was restored and houses were saved. Today, Pérouges is a popular tourist attraction. Given its authentic historical appearance, Pérouges is often used as the setting for period films by French directors and others. Films set in Pérouges are: ***LIST***.

Maternal use of androgens or high doses of certain weakly androgenic synthetic progestogens (progestins) structurally related to testosterone can masculinize (virilize) the external genitalia of a female fetus during susceptible times in pregnancy. Some degree of fusion of the labioscrotal folds and urogenital folds and clitoral enlargement can occur if exposure occurs from the 8th through the 12th week of gestation, but only clitoral enlargement can occur if exposure occurs after the 12th week. This can in some cases result in ambiguous genitalia. Fetal masculinization of female external genitalia is usually due to enzyme abnormalities involved in adrenal steroid biosynthesis, resulting in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); fetal masculinization of female external genitalia is much less frequently due to maternal use of androgenic steroids. Fetal masculinization of female external genitalia due to maternal use of androgenic steroids is generally less advanced than that due to CAH, and unlike CAH, does not cause progressive virilization. Affected females mature normally with normal fertility, there is almost total regression of the genital anomaly in cases of simple clitoral enlargement, and in even the most severe cases, surgical correction of labioscrotal fusion is relatively simple. The only sex steroid currently utilized in women that can cause virilization of female fetuses when administered in usually administered doses is the androgen danazol, a derivative of ethisterone (17α-ethinyl-testosterone). Fetal masculinization of female external genitalia has resulted from doses of danazol as low as 200 mg/day, whereas 800 mg/day is the usual initial dose when danazol is used to treat severe endometriosis. In general, pregnane derivatives (progesterone, dydrogesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, etc.) do not virilize even in high dose; testosterone derivatives (ethisterone) and 19-nortestosterone (norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, etc.) generally virilize, but there are exceptions (e.g. noretynodrel) that do not. The only progestogens currently used during pregnancy (for luteal support in IVF protocols or for prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women with a history of at least one spontaneous preterm birth) are: progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and dydrogesterone. Doses of 19-nortestosterones required for virilization are 10–20 mg/day, far in excess of that associated with inadvertent contraceptive exposure during pregnancy. Genital ambiguity due to progestogen exposure is thus mostly a topic of historical concern. The first drugs reported to cause fetal masculinization were the androgens methandriol and methyltestosterone in the mid 1950s. On June 21, 1976, the FDA approved the androgen danazol ("Danocrine"), a derivative of ethisterone (17α-ethinyl-testosterone), for treatment of endometriosis, with a warning that its use in pregnancy is contraindicated because of the risk of masculinization of external genitalia of female fetuses. The first case report of fetal masculinization of the external genitalia of a female infant born to a mother inadvertently treated in pregnancy with danazol was published in 1981. Between 1975 and 1990, "Danocrine"'s manufacturer, Winthrop Laboratories, received reports worldwide of 129 pregnant women exposed to danazol, with 94 completed pregnancies and the birth of 57 female infants — 23 (40%) of whom were virilized with a pattern of clitoromegaly, fused labia and urogenital sinus formation, with genital reconstructive surgery usually, but not always, required in childhood. It is likely that the true rate of occurrence is much less than 40%, as many cases with a normal outcome would not be reported. No genital anomalies were reported where danazol therapy was discontinued before the 8th week of pregnancy. The warnings against use of danazol were progressively strengthened in the 1980s. In 1991 the FDA required a black box warning that use of danazol in pregnancy is contraindicated because exposure to danazol in utero may result in androgenic effects on the female fetus causing external genitalia masculinization. The black box warning recommends a sensitive hCG-beta-subunit pregnancy test immediately prior to starting danazol therapy and use of a nonhormonal method of contraception during therapy. As of 2000, there had been published reports of fetal masculinization of female external genitalia in: ***LIST***. In the 1940s, some studies suggested that progesterone could prevent threatened abortion and might prevent habitual abortion, but oral bioavailability of progesterone is low and injections of progesterone can be painful, so orally active progestins were tried beginning with ethisterone, followed by other progestins as they became available: northynodrel ("Enovid") and norethisterone ("Norlutin") in 1957, medroxyprogesterone acetate ("Provera") in 1959, norethisterone acetate ("Norlutate") in 1961, and dydrogesterone ("Duphaston") in 1962. The first case reports of fetal masculinization of external genitalia of female infants born to mothers treated in pregnancy with high-dose ethisterone (17α-ethinyl-testosterone) and high-dose norethisterone (17α-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone) to prevent miscarriage were published in 1957 and 1958, respectively. In a March 1960 "JAMA" article, pediatric endocrinologist Lawson Wilkins at Johns Hopkins reported on 34 cases of fetal masculinization of external genitalia of female infants born from 1950 to 1959 to mothers treated with high-dose (20–250 mg/day) ethisterone to prevent miscarriage, and 35 cases of fetal masculinization of external genitalia of female infants born from 1957 to 1959 to mothers treated with high-dose (10–40 mg/day) norethisterone to prevent miscarriage. In 1961, Ciba and Parke-Davis added the reported association of ethisterone and norethisterone with masculinization of external genitalia of the female fetus to the precautions section of their advertisements to physicians and physician prescribing information. A clinical trial published in the October 1962 "American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology" reported fetal masculinization of external genitalia of 14 of 59 female infants (24%) born to mothers who began high-dose (10–40 mg/day) norethisterone treatment to prevent miscarriage in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (11 infants had slight clitoral enlargement, 1 had marked clitoral enlargement, 2 infants had marked clitoral enlargement and partial fusion of the labioscrotal folds); fetal masculinization of external genitalia of 1 of 23 female infants born to mothers who began high-dose (10–40 mg/day) norethisterone treatment to prevent miscarriage after the 12th week of pregnancy (1 infant with slight clitoral enlargement was born to a mother who began norethisterone treatment in week 13). In 1964, Parke-Davis revised the physician prescribing information for "Norlutin" (norethisterone) and "Norlutate" (norethisterone acetate) to remove their indications for use in infertility, habitual abortion and threatened abortion, and add pregnancy as a contraindication to their use because of the possibility of masculinization of external genitalia of the female fetus. In 1977, the FDA determined that there was no adequate evidence that progestogens (including progesterone, dydrogesterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate) were effective in treating threatened abortion or preventing habitual abortion and withdrew approval for those indications. As of 2000, there had been published reports of fetal masculinization of female external genitalia in: ***LIST***. On July 22, 1977, the FDA published a notice requiring a black box warning on all progestogen drugs (except contraceptives) to warn against their use during the first four months of pregnancy because of reports of non-genital birth defects. On January 12, 1989, after determining that progestogens did "not" cause non-genital birth defects, the FDA published a notice revising the black box warning on all progestogen drugs (except contraceptives) to warn against their use during the first four months of pregnancy because of past reports of genital birth defects (an increased risk of hypospadias in male fetuses and mild virilization of the external genitalia in female fetuses). On November 16, 1999, the FDA published a notice effective November 16, 2000 "removing" (after 22 years) the black box warning on all progestogen drugs because it was unwarranted based on scientific review of current data.

Rolled oats are traditionally oat groats that have been dehusked and steamed, before being rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers and stabilized by being lightly toasted. Rolled oats that are sold as porridge oats usually have had the tough bran removed. They have often, but not always, been lightly baked or pressure-cooked or "processed" in some fashion. "Thick-rolled oats" are large whole flakes, and "thin-rolled oats" are smaller, fragmented flakes. Oat flakes that are simply rolled whole oats without further processing can be cooked into a porridge and eaten as "old-fashioned" oats, but more highly fragmented and processed rolled oats absorb water much more easily and therefore cook faster into a porridge, so they are sometimes called "quick" or "instant" oats. Rolled oats are most often the main ingredient in granola and muesli. Rolled oats can be further processed into coarse powder, which, when cooked, becomes a thick broth. Finer oatmeal powder is often used as baby food. The oat, like other cereals, has a hard, inedible outer husk that must be removed before the grain can be eaten. After the outer husk (or chaff) has been removed from the still bran-covered oat grains, the remainder is called oat groats. Since the bran layer, though nutritious, makes the grains tough to chew and contains an enzyme that can cause the oats to go rancid, raw oat groats are often further steam-treated to soften them for a quicker cooking time (modern "quick oats") and to denature the enzymes for a longer shelf life. Oat groats are a whole grain that can be used as a breakfast cereal, just like the various forms of oatmeal, rolled oats and pinhead oats can be cooked to make porridge. Rolled oats are used in granola, muesli, oatcakes and flapjacks. Whole oats are an excellent source of thiamine, iron, and dietary fiber. Whole oats are also the only source of antioxidant compounds known as avenanthramides; these are believed to have properties which help to protect the circulatory system from arteriosclerosis. Oat products also contain beta-glucan, which may help people with Type 2 diabetes control their blood glucose level, and might also help stimulate the immune system to fight off bacterial infections.

Millbank Prison was a prison in Millbank, Pimlico, London, originally constructed as the National Penitentiary, and which for part of its history served as a holding facility for convicted prisoners before they were transported to Australia. It was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. The site at Millbank was originally purchased in 1799 from the Marquess of Salisbury for £12,000 by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham, acting on behalf of the Crown, for the erection of his proposed Panopticon prison as Britain's new National Penitentiary. After various changes in circumstance, the Panopticon plan was abandoned in 1812. An architectural competition was then held for a new penitentiary design. It attracted 43 entrants, the winner being William Williams, drawing master at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Williams' basic design was adapted by a practising architect, Thomas Hardwick, who began construction in the same year. Hardwick resigned in 1813, and John Harvey took over the role. Harvey was dismissed in turn in 1815, and replaced by Robert Smirke, who brought the project to completion in 1821. The marshy site on which the prison stood meant that the builders experienced problems of subsidence from the outset, and explains the succession of architects. Smirke finally resolved the difficulty by introducing a highly innovative concrete raft to provide a secure foundation. However, this added considerably to the construction costs, which eventually totalled £500,000, more than twice the original estimate and equivalent to £500 per cell. The first prisoners, all women, were admitted on 26 June 1816, the first men arriving in January 1817. The prison held 103 men and 109 women by the end of 1817, and 452 men and 326 women by late 1822. Sentences of five to ten years in the National Penitentiary were offered as an alternative to transportation to those thought most likely to reform. In addition to the problems of construction, the marshy site fostered disease, to which the prisoners had little immunity owing to their extremely poor diet. In 1818 they employed a Medical Supervisor, in the form of Dr Alexander Copland Hutchison of Westminster Dispensary, to oversee the health issues of the occupants.. In 1822–23 an epidemic swept through the prison, which seems to have comprised a mixture of dysentery, scurvy, depression and other disorders. The decision was eventually taken to evacuate the buildings for several months: the female prisoners were released, and the male prisoners temporarily transferred to the prison hulks at Woolwich (where their health improved). The design also turned out to be unsatisfactory. The network of corridors was so labyrinthine that even the warders got lost; and the ventilation system allowed sound to carry, so that prisoners could communicate between cells. The annual running costs turned out to be an unsupportable £16,000. In view of these problems, the decision was eventually taken to build a new "model prison" at Pentonville, which opened in 1842 and took over Millbank's role as the National Penitentiary. By an Act of Parliament of 1843, Millbank's status was downgraded, and it became a holding depot for convicts prior to transportation. Every person sentenced to transportation was sent to Millbank first, where they were held for three months before their final destination was decided. By 1850, around 4,000 people convicted of crimes were being transported annually from the UK. Prisoners awaiting transportation were kept in solitary confinement and restricted to silence for the first half of their sentence. Large-scale transportation ended in 1853 (although the practice continued on a reduced scale until 1867); and Millbank then became an ordinary local prison, and from 1870 a military prison. By 1886 it had ceased to hold inmates, and it closed in 1890. Demolition began in 1892, and continued sporadically until 1903. The plan of the prison comprised a circular chapel at the centre of the site, surrounded by a three-storey hexagon made up of the governor's quarters, administrative offices and laundries, surrounded in turn by six pentagons of cell blocks. The buildings of each pentagon were set around a cluster of five courtyards (with a watchtower at the centre) used as airing-yards, and in which prisoners undertook labour. The three outer angles of each pentagon were distinguished by tall circular towers, described in 1862 as "Martello-like": these served in part as watchtowers, but their primary purpose was to contain staircases and water-closets. The third and fourth pentagons (those to the north-west, furthest from the entrance) were used to house female prisoners, and the remaining four for male prisoners. In the "Handbook of London" in 1850 the prison was described as follows: Each cell had a single window (looking into the pentagon courtyard), and was equipped with a washing tub, a wooden stool, a hammock and bedding, and books including a Bible, a prayer-book, a hymn-book, an arithmetic-book, a work entitled "Home and Common Things", and publications of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Irish republican prisoner Michael Davitt, who was held briefly at Millbank in 1870, described the experience: As the prison was progressively demolished its site was redeveloped. The principal new buildings erected were the National Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain), which opened in 1897; the Royal Army Medical School, the buildings of which were adapted in 2005 to become the Chelsea College of Art & Design; andusing the original bricks of the prisonthe Millbank Estate, a housing estate built by the London County Council (LCC) between 1897 and 1902. The estate comprises 17 buildings, each named after a distinguished painter, and is Grade II listed. A large circular bollard stands by the river with the inscription: "Near this site stood Millbank Prison which was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. This buttress stood at the head of the river steps from which, until 1867, prisoners sentenced to transportation embarked on their journey to Australia." Part of the perimeter ditch of the prison survives running between Cureton Street and John Islip Street: it is now used as a clothes-drying area for residents of Wilkie House. The granite gate piers at the entrance of Purbeck House, High Street, Swanage in Dorset, and a granite bollard next to the gate, are believed by English Heritage to be from Millbank prison. Archaeological investigations in the late 1990s and early 2000s on the sites of Chelsea College of Art and Design and Tate Britain recorded significant remains of the foundations of the external pentagon walls of the prison, of parts of the inner hexagon, of two of the courtyard watchtowers, of drainage culverts, and of Smirke's concrete raft. In Henry James's realist novel "The Princess Casamassima" (1886) the prison is the "primal scene" of Hyacinth Robinson's life: the visit to his mother, dying in the infirmary, is described in chapter 3. James visited Millbank on 12 December 1884 to gain material. The prison is also evocatively described in Sarah Waters' 1999 novel "Affinity". Charles Dickens describes the prison in chapter 52 ("Obstinacy") of his novel, "Bleak House" (1852–3). One of the characters is put into custody there, and other characters go to visit him. Esther Summerson, one of the book's narrators, gives a brief description of its layout. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in chapter 8 of "The Sign of Four" (1890) refers to Holmes and Watson crossing the Thames from the house of Mordecai Smith and landing by the Millbank Penitentiary.

Rise 2: Resurrection (also known as Rise of the Robots 2, Resurrection: Rise 2 and Rise of the Robots 2: Resurrection (in japan)) is a fighting game developed by Mirage Media and published by Acclaim Entertainment in 1996. The game is a sequel to "Rise of the Robots", and improves on the first game's graphics, rendering and animation; hits now give off metal scraps and electrical arcs progressively run over the bodies of damaged robots. The in-game music features hard-rock themed music by Tom Grimshaw at Mirage, and a theme by Queen's guitarist Brian May entitled "Cyborg". Unlike its predecessor, "Resurrection" allows the players to control any robot, both in one and two-player mode. Also, players can choose from 256 different palette rotations for each robot. There are six different types of projectiles available to each robot. The game features a far broader fighting experience than its predecessor. Each robot has its own original moves, Mortal Kombat-inspired death moves which are called E-X-E-C-U-T-E-D, the ability to steal and use a defeated robot projectile, and a devastating super move that can be used when the power bar is full, similar to other fighting games of the time. The game also features a combo counter system, named Chaos. The controls are standard for a fighting game, and non-humanoïd robots adapt their moves to the punch/kick model. In one-player mode, the player faces each robot in its own rendered and raytraced stage, while two-player mode allows the player to either choose the stage or to leave it at random. Each stage is graphically tuned to its corresponding robot, and some stages feature traps that players can use to gain an advantage against their opponent. The traps also tend to match their owner robot's characteristics: as the stage for Steppenwolf, the gun-wielding robot, features a trap that fires bullets, and the stage for Vandal, the saw-wielding robot, features a trap with a saw. The cyborg Coton from the previous game defeated his opponents and faced the Supervisor, who used her morphing ability to defeat him and assimilate him into her own consciousness. Coton's thought patterns were cloned and used to bolster the artificial intelligence of the Supervisor, who also used fragments of his conscious in selected robots to imbue them with the ability to improve upon their own design. Electrocorp scientists, fearing that Coton had been defeated and that the Supervisor would now target the city, prepared a counter-virus based on EGO from the information Coton had earlier sent them. The Anarchy Virus was released to the main building of Electrocorp, and it infected most of the robots previously under Supervisor's control - the robots waged war against each other, disconnecting from the neuronet, quickly depleting the numbers of the Supervisor's army. Coton used the distraction caused by the malfunctioning robots to upload his consciousness to another robot, and prepared to either escape the Electrocorp building or to attempt another attack on the Supervisor. At this point, the story ends, and it is left open-ended -and dependent on the player's ability- whether Coton is successful in either attempt. The game features eighteen standard characters and ten hidden characters. The hidden characters tend to be stronger than the other ones, and some are very easy to unlock while others are much harder. Eight of the hidden characters are clones of the standard characters with similar moves and different graphics. The seven robots (including the hidden character Supervisor) of the original game return with new graphics and moves, and aside from the original Rook, all have an offspring modified robot. All robots also get one projectile they can use from a distance, and all five projectiles have a different range, speed and reach. An updated version of "Rise 2: Resurrection" for the exclusive PC, titled "Rise 2: Resurrection: Director's Cut", was released in September 1996. The Director's Cut version features 2 additional hidden characters Sheepman and Bunnyrabbit. It also features extra CD containing footage on the making of the game and plus, the actual game has a number of new backgrounds. "Rise 2: Resurrection" was met with generally negative reviews. IGN gave the PlayStation version 2/10, declaring that "The original 16-bit Rise Of The Robots was possibly one of the worst fighters ever made. That is, until Rise 2 was released." They cited the game's poor controls and outdated graphics as reasons for this statement. GameSpot gave the PC version a 5.1/10, saying that the graphics, music, sound effects, variety of characters, and overall atmosphere of the game are all excellent, but that the moves are awkward and difficult to perform, making the game no more than "an expensive screensaver".

If a stream or jet of air is directed through a flame, fuel air mixing is enhanced and the jet exiting the flame is intensely hot. Jewelers and glassblowers engaged in lampwork have used the blowpipe since ancient times, with the blast being powered by the user's lungs. For small work, mouth-blown blowpipes may be used with candle flames or alcohol lamps. Starting in the 1800s, blowpipes have been powered by mechanisms, initially bladders and bellows, but now blowers, compressors and compressed gas cylinders are commonplace. While blowing air is effective, blowing oxygen produces higher temperatures, and it is also practical to invert the roles of the gasses and blow fuel through air. Contemporary blowtorches and oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches can be considered to be modern developments of the blowpipe. In chemistry and mineralogy blowpipes have been used as scientific instruments for the analysis of small samples since about 1738, according to the accounts of Torbern Bergman. One Andreas Swab, a Swedish metallurgist and Counsellor of the College of Mines is credited with the first use of the blowpipe for 'pyrognostic operations', of which no record remains. The next person of eminence who used the blowpipe was Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who put it to the purpose of the discrimination of minerals by means of fusible reagents. In 1770 an English translation of Cronstedt's work was made by Von Engestrom, annexed to which was a treatise on the blowpipe. Despite this opening, assay by blowpipe was for the time an occupation undertaken for the most part in Sweden. Bergman's use of the blowpipe outstripped all of his predecessors, and he widened its application from mineralogy to inorganic chemistry, giving rise to what may be regarded as a masterpiece of philosophical investigation, "De Tubo Ferruminatorio", published in Vienna in 1779 (and translated into English in 1788). Bergman's assistant, Assessor Gahn, is next credited with moving the design and application of the blowpipe on. Gahn travelled with a portable blowpipe, applying it to every kind of chemical and mineralogical enquiry, such as proving the presence of copper in the ashes of vegetables. Gahn published a "Treatise on the Blowpipe", which was reprinted a number of times in contemporary chemistry textbooks. Jöns Jakob Berzelius worked with Gahn to ascertain in a systematic manner of the phenomena presented by different minerals when acted on by the blowpipe. He established, according to Griffin, the notion that the blowpipe was an instrument of "indispensable utility", and his published work, later translated into English, was regarded as one of the most useful books on practical chemistry extant. The blowpipes of all of the foregoing blasted air into a flame. The blow pipe was used by the Egyptians at around 200 BCE and to today. Antoine Lavoisier is credited as the first to blow oxygen - of which he was co-discoverer - through a blowpipe to support the combustion of charcoal, in 1782. Others, such as Edward Daniel Clarke, employed hydrogen, and later mixed hydrogen and oxygen in the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe. The vastly increased temperatures, and the volatility of hydrogen-oxygen mixes drove on the development of the so-called gas blowpipe as a tool, and at the same time brought many new materials into reach of the blowpipe as a tool for assay. Robert Hare was a noted exponent of the improved tool. Goldsworthy Gurney, whilst at the Surrey Institute, published in 1823 an account of a new blowpipe so constructed as to enable the operator to produce a flame of great size, power and brilliancy by burning large quantities of the mixed gases with the utmost safety. Gurney went on to employ the principles in his Bude light. In glassblowing, the term "blowpipe" refers to a pipe used to blow a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass, as the first step in the creation of hand-blown glass bottles and bowls. By the end of the first century, the two primary glassblowing tools were the iron blowpipe and pontil. Glassblowing blowpipes are long enough to keep the gather of molten glass at a safe distance from the glassblower, and rigid enough to support the weight of the glass when the pipe is held horizontally. The term blowpipe is also used to refer to the pipe used to blow deliver air to the tuyeres of a forge or blast furnace. The blowpipe of a forge may be considered to be a large bellows operated version of a mouth-blown blowpipe, directing air through a coal or charcoal flame. Blowpipes are also known as blow pokers (or just blow pokes). They are used to start and stoke fires. Blowpipes are straight, tube-like tools primarily used to direct oxygen to boost a wooden fire. Blowpipes have been in use for hundreds of years, but were first documented by John Griffin in his 1827 book "A Practical Treatise on the Use of the Blowpipe". Blow pokers are multifunctional fire irons. Primarily they are used to arrange the embers or firewood in a wood fire (the poker), secondarily they are used as a blow pipe. The term "BlowPoker" was introduced in 2005 by the German company Red Anvil GmbH, a manufacturer of fire irons and fireside accessories. Their BlowPoker also has a plate to arrange the ashes. Since 2005 the term blow poker has established itself in the trade as a generic term for a multifunctional poker tool.

Weir was born in Cambridge, England, to Scottish parents. She studied with Sir John Tavener whilst at school (North London Collegiate School) and subsequently with Robin Holloway at King's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1976. Her music often draws on sources from medieval history, as well as the traditional stories and music of her parents' homeland, Scotland. Although she has achieved international recognition for her orchestral and chamber works, Weir is best known for her operas and theatrical works. From 1995 to 2000, she was Artistic Director of the Spitalfields Festival in London. She held the post of Composer in Association for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra from 1995 to 1998. She received the Lincoln Center's Stoeger Prize in 1997, the South Bank Show music award in 2001 and the ISM's Distinguished Musician Award in 2010. In 2007, she was the third recipient of The Queen's Medal for Music. She was Visiting Distinguished Research Professor in Composition in Cardiff University from 2006 to 2009. In 2005, Weir was appointed CBE for services to music. On 30 June 2014, "The Guardian" stated that her appointment as the Master of the Queen's Music, succeeding Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (whose term of office expired in March 2014), would be announced; this was officially confirmed on 21 July. In May 2015, Weir won The Ivors Classical Music Award at the Ivor Novello Awards. Weir is a member of the Incorporated Society of Musicians. Weir's musical language is fairly conservative, with a "knack of making simple musical ideas appear freshly mysterious." Her first stage work, "The Black Spider", was a one-act opera which premiered in Canterbury in 1985 loosely based on the short novel of the same name by Jeremias Gotthelf. She has subsequently written one more "micro-opera", three full-length operas, and an opera for television. In 1987, her first half-length opera, "A Night at the Chinese Opera", premiered at Kent Opera. This was followed by her other two full-length operas "The Vanishing Bridegroom" (1990) and "Blond Eckbert" (1994), the latter commissioned by the English National Opera. In 2005 her opera "Armida", an opera for television, premiered on Channel Four in the United Kingdom). The work was made in co-operation with Margaret Williams. Weir's commissioned works most notably include "woman.life.song" (2000) for Jessye Norman and "We are Shadows" (1999) for Simon Rattle. In January 2008, Weir was the focus of the BBC's annual composer weekend at the Barbican Centre in London. The four days of programmes ended with a first performance of her new commission, "CONCRETE", a choral motet. The subject of this piece was inspired by the Barbican building itself – she describes it as 'an imaginary excavation of the Barbican Centre, burrowing through 2,500 years of historical rubble'. The first public performance of Weir's arrangement of the National Anthem of the UK "God Save the Queen" was performed at the reburial of King Richard III at Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015. On 21 July 2011, her first opera for 17 years, "Miss Fortune (Achterbahn)", premiered at the Bregenz Festival in Austria. It was a co-production with the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, London, and was written in English. The opera reworks a Sicilian folktale as a contemporary parable. Gerhard R. Koch, writing in the "Frankfurter Allgemeine" newspaper on 25 July, had these observations: "Miss Fortune" moved to London in March 2012, garnering at least two negative reviews. Edward Seckerson in "The Independent" (London) wrote of ""Miss Fortune" in name and deed" and described the opera as "silly and naive" and "a waste of talent and resources", with a libretto that "vacillates between the banal and the unintentionally comedic (or is that irony? ), full of truisms and clunky metaphors" and "about as streetwise as a visitor from Venus". Andrew Clements wrote in "The Guardian" of "a long two hours in the opera house" with scenes that "follow like cartoonish tableaux, without real characterisation, or confrontation, and without suggesting a dramatic shape", and also criticised the "twee rhyming couplets and inert blank verse" of Weir's libretto. The American premiere of "Miss Fortune" was originally planned in 2011 by the Santa Fe Opera to be a part of its 2014 season, but it was announced in the summer of 2012 that the opera was to be replaced by the North American premiere of Huang Ruo's "Dr. Sun Yat-sen".

Victoria Point is approximately south-east of Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland. It is primarily a residential area, but it also contains other public complexes and a ferry service to Coochiemudlo Island. The area also hosts the Eprapah, the Charles S. Snow Scout Environment Training Centre, an area of bushland for the environmental education for members of the Scout and Guide movements. Eprapah Creek separates Victoria Point to the north from the next suburb of Thornlands. The headland has two boat ramps for boat entry to Moreton Bay and a Volunteer Marine Rescue unit. Beach areas include Thompson's Beach, a small child safe beach which has a very shallow slope allowing a long tide. Shopping facilities have expanded rapidly in the last few years, with now four supermarkets, a public library, cinema complex and many specialty shops and lakeside restaurants. In the , Victoria Point recorded a population of 14,817 people, 52.3% female and 47.7% male. The median age of the Victoria Point population was 41 years, 4 years above the national median of 37. 74.8% of people living in Victoria Point were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 8%, New Zealand 5.3%, South Africa 1.2%, Scotland 0.9%, Germany 0.5%. 92.6% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.5% German, 0.4% Afrikaans, 0.2% Finnish, 0.2% Dutch, 0.2% French. Victoria Point is home to four schools, two state and two private. Victoria Point State School is the local state primary school and Victoria Point State High School is the secondary school which has over 1200 students attending. St. Rita's Primary School, a Catholic school which runs its own church, is located on Benfer Road, the same road as Victoria Point State High School. Faith Lutheran College, was established as a primary school in 1982 with 64 students and 3 teachers, situated on Link Road. Subsequent expansion has seen the commencement of its Middle (Years 7-9) and Senior (Years 10-12) School Campus on Beveridge Road in the next suburb Thornlands. The founding grade of Year 12s graduated in November 2007.

The guillotine choke, also known as Mae Hadaka Jime (前裸絞, "front naked choke"; compare to a rear naked choke) in judo, is a chokehold in martial arts and wrestling applied from in front of the opponent. The choke involves using the arms to encircle the opponent's neck in a fashion similar to a guillotine. The technique is either a type of tracheal compression restraint (wind choke) that prevents air flow to the lungs, or a blood choke depending on how it is applied. When executed from the ground, the person applying it will try to control the opponent by the hips, for instance using a closed guard. This is done to prevent the opponent from escaping the hold, and to be able to apply additional pressure by extending the hips. It is a very effective maneuver when performed correctly. The arm is wrapped around the trachea and the hands are clasped. Pressure is applied upwards to restrict blood flow to the head, eventually causing unconsciousness and, if applied for more time, even death. It is taught in various grappling martial arts and is considered universal to grappling, including Jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Judo, as well as in mixed martial arts competition and exists as one of the most instinctive chokes. The 2002 Army Combatives manual dictates that the fighter should first ensure that the enemy's head goes underneath one of their arms. The fighter wraps their arm around the enemy's head and under their neck. The fighter's palm should be facing their own chest. With the other hand, the fighter grasps the first hand, ensuring that they have not reached around the enemy's arm, and pulls upward with both hands. They now sit down and place the enemy within their guard, and finish the choke by pulling with their arms and pushing with their legs. Although the technique has been around for many centuries, it was popularised by martial artist Bruce Lee in his 1972 movie "Way of the Dragon". Before he became better known as WWE star Daniel Bryan, professional wrestler Bryan Danielson used the guillotine choke as his finishing maneuver. TNA Knockout wrestler Ivelisse Velez currently uses the hold as her finisher. It is also featured prominently as a finishing move in the climactic fight of the movie "Never Back Down", about underground MMA fight clubs.

Susannah Jane Corbett (born 10 August 1968) is an English actress and author. Her acting career began in 1991 and she has performed on television, film and radio. As an author, she writes children's books. Born in Marylebone in London, Corbett is the daughter of actor Harry H. Corbett, known for the BBC Television sitcom "Steptoe and Son", and his second wife Maureen. She attended Moira House Girls School in Eastbourne, East Sussex and trained as an actor at East 15 Acting School, Debden, Loughton, Essex. In 1991, Corbett had a small role, credited as "Lady in coach", in the adventure film "". In November 1991, she made her television debut, as Sadie Meadows in an episode of the ITV comedy-drama series "Minder". Her first major role came in 1993 in an episode of the third series of "Peak Practice" on ITV as a cystic fibrosis sufferer, Vanessa Machin. She is best known for her role as Ellie Pascoe, wife of one of the title characters, Peter Pascoe in "Dalziel and Pascoe", a popular BBC television drama series based on Reginald Hill's novels. She appeared in the series regularly between 1996 and 2000, returning for a guest appearance in 2005. She then returned to "Peak Practice" to play Kerri Davidson, the physiotherapist, for three series. Susannah appeared in Holby City during October 2015. Corbett started writing picture books for her children, and her first published work, "Dragon's Dinner", was published on 20 August 2009. A second book, "One Cool Cat", was published in spring 2011. She has also written the life story of her father, "Harry H. Corbett: The Front Legs of the Cow ", which was published in March 2012. Corbett lives in a cottage in Ashburnham, East Sussex with her family. She has two children.

BYU Television (commonly referred to as BYUtv) is a television channel, founded in 2000, operated and funded by Brigham Young University (BYU). The channel, available through cable and satellite distributors in the United States, produces a number of original series and documentaries with emphases in comedy, history, lifestyle, music and drama. BYUtv also regularly broadcasts a number of classic live-action Walt Disney films, classic films from other motion picture studios, nature documentaries, acquired medical/crime dramas and religious programs (consistent with the university's sponsoring organization, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)). Additionally, BYUtv Sports is the primary broadcaster of BYU Cougars athletics, producing more than 125 live sporting events in 2012 alone. The channel has won multiple Emmy Awards, and several of its original series have been praised by national television critics. BYUtv broadcasts all of its original content, and most acquired content, worldwide online via its website. BYUtv is also carried through a digital subchannel of KBYU-TV, a PBS member station in Provo, Utah also owned by the university, ensuring HD coverage across Salt Lake City and most of Utah. The channel is one of several operated by the university's BYU Broadcasting division, including the world feed BYUtv Global, BYUradio and the Latin America-focused BYU Television International. Multiple celebrity guests and artists have made special appearances on BYUtv, notably Imagine Dragons and Neon Trees on the series "AUDIO-FILES"; Lea Salonga, Howard Jones, Duncan Sheik and Sixpence None the Richer on "The Song That Changed My Life"; and Shawn Bradley, The Piano Guys, and Mates of State on "Studio C". Major athletes like Steve Young, Ty Detmer and Jimmer Fredette have also appeared on special BYUtv Sports broadcasts. BYUtv was founded in 2001, and has grown from a "relatively unknown cable channel on a single satellite" to a national provider on the Dish Network, DirecTV, and over 600 cable systems in the US. During 2010 and 2011, newly appointed BYUtv director of content, Scott Swofford, commissioned focus groups targeting TV viewers who were at least nominally religious, to see what they liked, disliked and wanted in TV. Swofford summarized the results as, "We want to be entertained. Then we'll stick around for the message." This led to the creation of the pilot for "Granite Flats", which became BYUtv's first and flagship original scripted television drama series, and went on to significantly expand the channel's audience, eventually attracting about 500,000 viewers per episode, compared to the previous top-rated show, "Love of Quilting", which typically drew under 10,000. BYUtv produces shows under several categories: BYU Sports, Campus, Documentary, Faith, Family, Lifestyle, People, and Performing Arts. This includes original series, documentaries and religious service programs. The channel's original series include: ***LIST***. Religious programming derives from the LDS Church, which owns and operates BYU. Most religious programming airs on Sundays or in the early morning hours on BYUtv: ***LIST***. The channel is the primary home for most telecasts of BYU Cougars athletics, including select home and away games for football, men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, gymnastics, men's and women's volleyball and women's soccer. Beginning in 2009, the network also began covering BYU-Hawaii sports, including all conference home games in women's volleyball and men's basketball, as well as select conference home games in women's basketball and additional non-conference home games for men's basketball. In 2011, BYUtv added the WCC Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments to their sports broadcasts. BYUtv produced the first round and quarterfinals of the men's and women's basketball tournaments, which were also broadcast on ESPN3.com. In 2011, ESPN reached a deal to become the official broadcaster for most games of the newly independent BYU Cougars football team. At least one home game per season will air live on BYUtv, along with reruns on BYUtv of home games broadcast on ESPN's networks. Its coverage also includes pre-game and post-game shows, with the pre-game show "Countdown to Kickoff" hosted by BYU Cougars alumni Alema Harrington, Dave McCann and a rotating panel of analysts: Gary Sheide, Blaine Fowler, David Nixon, Brian Logan and Jan Jorgensen. In 2014 Spencer Linton would replace Alema Harrington on the panel. Additionally, the network launched a separate website for its sports coverage, Byutvsports.com, in partnership with ESPN and IMG College. The site features news, video and free video on demand streaming of recent games. The site folded back into byutv.org in fall 2015. The channel also produces its own sports shows including "BYU Sports Nation" (weekdays, 1 hr), "Countdown to Kickoff" (preceding each football game, 1 hr), "Postgame Show" (following each football game, 30m – 1 hr), "After Further Review" (weekly on Tuesdays, 1 hr), "Inside BYU Football" (weekly on Tuesdays, 1/2 hour) and previously carried Bronco Mendenhall's post-game press conferences for football games. The network is currently available to approximately 65 million cable and DTH (direct-to-home) satellite subscribers in the United States. It is provided by nearly 600 cable operators around the United States. BYUtv can be found through online streaming provided by Ooyala, on the Dish Network and DirecTV pay-satellite services, and free to air via 17 and Galaxy 28 in DVB-S2 format. In 2011, live streaming of BYUtv as well as on demand programs were made available through the iPad, iPhone, iPod and Roku streaming player. In August 2013, BYUtv released its app for Android. In April 2014, BYUtv released its app for Xbox 360. In 2015, BYUtv released its apps for Chromecast, FireTV, and Fire tablets and phones.

Latitude is Dell's business laptop brand, designed and manufactured mainly by Compal and Quanta. The Latitude competes with the ThinkPad series from Lenovo (formerly IBM ThinkPad series), the EliteBook series from HP and Travelmate series from Acer. The Dell Latitude is a laptop family from Dell Computers, intended for business use. By contrast, the Dell Inspiron is aimed at the consumer market and its specifications change regularly. Whereas Inspiron may change vendors or components several times over the course of a single model, the Latitude line generally retains identical components throughout its production. This design is intended to simplify maintenance and support tasks for large corporations, allowing components to be easily swapped between models. Dell Latitude computers are also built to Dell's RoadReady specification which includes a durable magnesium-alloy casing (though budget version D500/E5000-series Latitudes are mainly plastic), internal metal frames and Strike Zone shock protection in case the computer is dropped or suffers a severe impact. Many models also feature free-fall sensors or solid-state drives. Latitude models are also considered more durable and higher quality than the Inspiron line, and even above the premium Studio and XPS models. The Ultraportable 4-series and mainstream 6-series Latitude models have 3 year support, as opposed to the 1 year warranty on other models. The essential Latitudes retain the 1 year warranty of other products. But, this results in a price several hundreds of dollars higher compared to the consumer models. Latitude computers are also differentiated in their feature sets, due to their business focus. For example, they often include security features such as smartcard and contactless smartcard, and TPM security, which are not needed by most consumers. A lid clasp (as opposed to a magnetic latching system), DisplayPort video out (as opposed to HDMI), and support for legacy standards are all results of the requirements of the business market. Some models also have the capability of Latitude ON which can be selected during the configuration of the laptop. Latitude ON is essentially a system within a system. It requires a separate add on module which contains its own microprocessor and Operating system. This allows the laptop to function in the realm of a Netbook. The primary competitors to the Latitude series are the Lenovo Thinkpad line and the HP Elitebook line, both of which offer similar business oriented features and durability of the Latitude line. Dell used the "E-series" name up through the 2016 models, and new 2017 models drop the "E." As of February 2017, Latitude computers are available in three series: the 3000, 5000, and 7000. The 3000 series is designed to be entry-level, similar to the previous Latitude E55xx and Latitude E54xx laptops. The 5000 series is mid-range, similar to the Latitude E64xx and E65xx. The 7000 series consists of high-end Ultrabook computers, introduced in 2014 with the Latitude E7440 and E7240. Aside from the 3000, 5000, and 7000 series, Dell also provides an Education and Rugged Series of Latitude computers. The Education series laptops are designed for use in educational institutions. They're not especially powerful, and are more geared towards office applications or internet-based applications. The Rugged series laptops are similar to the previous Latitude XFR computers. They are designed with extra durability in mind. ***LIST***. The previous series is the Latitude D-series, on the Dx30 revision. The models are the D4x0 (12.1" Ultra Mobile), D5x0 (14.1 or 15.1" standard aspect screen except for D531, plastic case, value model), D6x0 (14.1" Corporate model) and D8x0 (15.4" high-resolution model) most models are based on the Intel Core 2 Duo and the Intel Santa Rosa chipset, with the exception being the D531. Ever since the D420, D620, and D800, the D-series features wide aspect LCD screens: 12.1", 14.1", and 15.4" respectively. The Latitude D6x0 series is the 14"/14.1" corporate model. It aims to combine heavy-duty power with reasonable portability, and differs primarily from D8x0 series in screen size. All are two spindle designs, with a "D-bay" modular bay which can interchange optical drives, a second hard drive, floppy disk or a second battery. All models have a smart card socket, PCMCIA socket, and 9-pin serial port, a "D-dock" port for docking station or port replicator, and have an internal socket for an 802.11 wireless card. The D600 and D610 share a common form factor, battery socket, and have a parallel printer port. The D620 and D630 share a common form factor, battery socket, and do not have a parallel printer port. Both have support for an optional internal Bluetooth module, a socket for an optional mobile broadband card, and have an external switch for disabling any wireless connections. The D600 (and simultaneously introduced D800) was released on 3/12/2003. These were Dell's first business-oriented notebooks based on the Pentium-M processor. The Latitude D600 series used the first-generation "Banias" or Dothan Pentium M chips running on a 400 MT/s FSB on DDR memory. It had a PATA hard drive and a D-series modular bay, and used an ATI Radeon 9000 GPU. It had a 14" screen, in regular (non-widescreen) form factor. Unlike later D6x0 series machines, both memory sockets were accessible from a single cover on the bottom of the system. Most, if not all Latitude models prior to the Latitude Dx20 series had a near-clone Inspiron, in the case of the D600, it was the Inspiron 600M. Differences include that the 600M does not work with the Dell D-Dock, and the case styling is slightly different. The motherboards, screens and hard drive caddies are all physically interchangeable. The Latitude D600 used a PA-10/PA-12 charger and came with a DVD drive, 2 x USB, 1 x TV, 1 x network, 1 x parallel, 1 x serial and 1 monitor output. The hard drive is accessible through a cover on the left hand front side of the lower case and is secured by 1 screw. After removing the screw, the hard drive can then slide out. The D610 (released early 2005) was an update of the D600 design; it used a slightly modified D600 chassis and a newer Pentium M chipset ("Sonoma"). This chipset was the first Intel mobile chipset to use DDR2 Memory, versus the DDR in the Latitude Dx00 series. For space saving purposes, instead of having both RAM chips on the bottom of the laptop, one RAM slot was moved to the top of the motherboard which could be accessed by removing the keyboard, whereas the other RAM slot remained in the area it had been located at previously. Unlike the D600 and prior midrange Latitudes (The 6xx series, dating back to the C-series) you had a choice of standard integrated Intel Graphics, or a discrete ATI solution (Radeon X300). Some Dell Latitude D610 units with a dedicated ATI x300 graphics card seem to have problems with the audio-out jack. Symptoms of this problem include a noise or whine when an audio device is connected to the audio-out jack. Up to this date Dell does not have a clear solution to this problem. In March 2006, Dell introduced the D620 (and the D820), its first business-oriented notebook with a dual core processor available. Initially available with the interim "Yonah" Core Duo processors, it was sold with the first-generation mobile "Merom" Core 2 chips once those became available from Intel in the Fall of 2006; both run on a 667MT/s bus. It was initially sold with Intel integrated graphics, but an option to upgrade to a discrete Nvidia GPU became available after a few months. It replaced the raised pointing stick with a "low profile" model, and introduced the option of 4-cell and 9-cell batteries in addition to the standard 6-cell model. It uses DDR2 memory and is compatible with both PC2-4200 (533 MHz) and PC2-5300 (667 MHz) memory. Although the D620 accepts a maximum of 4 GB of physical memory, it cannot be used fully, because of the 32-bit physical addressing limitation of the 945 Core 2 mobile chipsets [Intel-945GM/PM-chipset], (not related to the BIOS or the use of a 32-bit or 64-bit OS), restricts the usable memory by the operating system to 3.5 GB, or 3.3 GB with on board video (memory is shared). The D620 has one mono speaker located in the base below the touchpad. It has no option to expand to stereo without using external speakers or headphones. There was no near-clone Inspiron model for the D620. All early D620 models were known for faulty LCD screens. The early models suffered from light bleeding, where a black screen would show light bleeding in from the bottom of the screen. This wasn't fixed until almost a year into production. In addition, some D630 screens are known for having bad LCD pixels. The D620, D630, D820 and D830 were available with an Intel integrated GMA or Nvidia graphics chip. Most Nvidia models will suffer from early failure of the graphics chip due to the switch to lead-free solder and "underfill" of the BGA. The computer industry at the time had just switched to lead free solders without redesigning cooling systems. This in turn led to undesirable heating cycles of the more brittle solder causing micro fractures to quickly form. NVIDIA was found liable for these failures, causing a multimillion-unit recall, not only of some Dell notebooks, but also some HP, Compaq, and Apple products. The failure manifests itself by stripes or "artifacts" on the LCD AND also an external screen or by the total absence of an image. Dell tried to prolong the lifetime of the Nvidia chips with a BIOS update which causes the fan to run more continuously and thus reduce the strain from repeated heating/cooling cycles on the graphics chip. Released in 2007 the D630 is an update of the D620 design. It differed most significantly in being based on the newer "Santa Rosa" (mobile 965) chipset, which supported the 800MT/s models of the mobile Core 2 Duo (both the Merom 7xx0 series and later the Penryn-based 8x00/9x00 series.) It also had newer versions of the graphics processor options, support for Intel's "Turbo Memory" flash cache (although this uses the same card slot as the mobile broadband card), and support for internal Wireless-N. It also added a 4-pin Firewire IEEE1394 port. It uses DDR2 memory and is compatible with PC2-5300 (667 MHz), and PC2-6400 (800 MHz) memory will work at PC2-5300 speeds. The optional nVidia graphics on this series of laptop are to be avoided due to overheating issues where the GPU would develop cracks in the solder. This was mostly due to temperature fluctuation but the graphics chips also ran much hotter than they were meant to. The D830 series, despite having more room for cooling the chip, suffered from the same issue. The D630 unofficially will accept a maximum of 8 GB of physical memory, however, a BIOS update is required. Unlike the D830, the D630 has non stereo speakers. The D630c was a slight variant model of the D630, featuring a "manageable" version of the motherboard chipset unavailable on the standard D630. Unlike the D630, the D630c model laptop could not be ordered with Intel graphics, it shipped only with the nVidia graphics chip. As a result, all of the Latitude D630c laptops will eventually fail if used, that is, unless they have already failed previously. It also could only be ordered with the Intel 4965AGN wireless card, you couldn't order it with Dell's wireless options or lower end Intel wireless cards. The Latitude D631, similar to the D531, was a variant of the Latitude Dx30 series that had AMD processors instead of Intel. However, it is very rare inside the United States due to it not being an option to order on Dell's website. You can find some that originated in the United States, but those were special ordered over the phone. They were sold alongside the D630 as standard equipment in select international countries, but while not being that rare internationally, they didn't sell as many units as the D630 series (And even D630c series) laptops did. As a result, not much information about specific chipsets, graphics chip options (If there were any), or any other features can be found online for specifying details. The Latitude D8x0 series is the 15.4" corporate model; unlike the D600 and D610, all feature a widescreen form factor. All are two spindle designs, with a "D-bay" modular bay which can interchange optical drives,a floppy module, a second hard drive, or a second battery. All models have a smart card socket, PCMCIA socket, and 9-pin serial port, a "D-dock" port for docking station or port replicator, and have an internal socket for an 802.11 wireless card. The D800 was Dell's first widescreen Latitude. The D8x0 series models roughly parallel the technology in the D6x0 models other than for screen size; they do not share a battery form factor with the D6x0 series. The D820 and D830 add an ExpressCard socket, not available in the D6x0 series. The D830 is capable of accepting 8 GB of physical memory with updated firmware. The D800 equated to the Precision Series M60, and the D810 to the Precision Series M70. They were for all intents and purposes identical except for the Graphics card and certification. The near-clone Inspirons for the D800 and D810 were the Inspiron 8500 and 8600; the D820 and D830 share hardware with Precision models M65 and M4300 respectively. There are even known cases of "mixed-mode" samples of the latter, where the Dell-recorded type according to the service tag and markings differs from the BIOS-reported type with an identical service tag. The Latitude D500 series is a set of "entry level" business models; they are built on a 15" non-widescreen form factor, although models before the D530 were sold with both 14.1" and 15" screens (the 14.1" having a wider bezel.) They are 2-spindle devices (removable optical drive interchangeable with D6xx and D8xx machines), and roughly follow the technical generations (chipset and processor-wise) of the D6x0 and D8x0 series. The D530 was Dell's last non-widescreen Latitude model. The Latitude D531 was also available, being the cheapest Latitude available at the time due to using AMD processors and cutting back on a few features. It was essentially a D830 with no PC Card slot, no trackpoint, an option for a 14" screen (If this was chosen it would have a similar wider bezel as on the earlier D5xx series machines), and an AMD-based motherboard. DVD Drives, Screen Assemblies (If the laptop was ordered with the 15" screen), RAM, and Hard Drives/Caddies were interchangeable. The D400 and D410 were 12" non-widescreen (4:3 aspect ratio) ultra-portable notebooks, roughly following the technology of the comparable generations of the series. The D400 had a design that was similar to the D610 and came with a ULV Pentium M (Banias). The D410 came with a ULV Pentium M (Dothan). The D420 and D430 are 12.1" widescreen ultra-portable notebooks. The D420 came with either an [Intel Core] Solo U1300 ULV 1.06 GHz, [Intel Core] Duo U2400 ULV 1.06 GHz or [Intel Core] Duo U2500 ULV 1.2 GHz. The D430 came with either an Intel Core Solo U1400 ULV 1.2 GHz or Intel Core 2 Duo U7600 1.2 GHz; the U7700 Processor (1.33 GHz) was later made available as an option. While the D8x0, D6x0 and D5x0 models were all introduced simultaneously with each generation, the D4x0 series were generally introduced a couple of months after their counterparts. Also, since they use ULV (ultra-low-voltage) processors and chipsets, and are generally less powerful, the technology does not correspond as closely as it does between other models in each generation — for example, the D420 uses the parallel ATA hard drive (1.8") rather than the SATA (2.5") interface in the D520/620/820. In a 22C deg ambient the D430 U7700 processor has been measured to run from 62C deg at idle to 85C deg under heavy system loads, that is, within 10C deg of Intel's max. temperature rating for the processor. The D4x0 series has been replaced by the E4200 model. The Latitude C-series notebooks covered the range of processors from the Pentium 166 MHz to the Pentium 4-M. Models in this series included the CP (Pentium processors), CPi (Pentium II processors), CPx, C600 and C800 (Mobile Pentium III processors), CPt, C500 and C510 (Celeron processors), C400, C610 and C810 (Pentium 3-M processors) and C640 and C840 (Mobile Pentium 4M). C series laptops were notable for their consistent and interchangeable accessories across this wide range of processors. The series was one of the first to offer the UXGA 1600x1200 resolution display and included a NVidia GeForce MX400 32 MB video accelerator to complement the display requirements. A robust design made it a favorite in harsher climates; however, this design lacked the visual appeal of many of its competitors. The most popular of the C-series included the C800, C810, C840, and later the C640. The later C-series models mostly had near clones sold as the Inspiron 4000 and 8000 series: ***LIST***. An interesting note on the C840 is that it was the last Dell notebook (along with its sister models the Inspiron 8200 and Precision M50) to have both a "fixed" optical drive as well as a modular bay, making it a "three-spindle" notebook. The modular bay could also be used for a second battery identical to the primary battery rather than a special modular bay battery. It used a Pentium 4M processor and DDR SDRAM. The Dell C840 can support up to one gigabyte of RAM in each of two slots, for a total of two gigabytes in all. The Latitude ATG was a highly toughened version of the D630, and was Dell's only semi-rugged offering, while their fully rugged offering consisted of the XFR. The Latitude XT was a touch-screen convertible-tablet computer. These models maintained high compatibility with the rest of the Latitude D family. The ATG as well as the XFR have a protective glass glued on top of the screen. The glue developed by Dupont can fail on both models resulting in visible airbubbles, sometimes even dripping out of the topcase such as Dell Latitude 12 Rugged Extreme. In July 2008, Dell released multi-touch touch-screen drivers for the Latitude XT Tablet, claiming the "industry's first convertible tablet with multi-touch capabilities. "[11] Dell has partnered with N-trig, providers of DuoSenseTM technology, combining pen, capacitive touch and multi-touch in a single device. N-trig's DuoSense dual-mode digitizer uses both pen and zero-pressure capacitive touch to provide a true Hands-onTM computing experience for mobile computers and other digital input products over a single device. A large number of user reports suggest that the Dell Latitude XT suffers from a major problem. The N-Trig digitizer interfaces to the XT by an internal USB port. Users report that any other USB device which is plugged in may, and usually does, prevent the N-Trig applet (program which controls the features) from identifying the N-Trig hardware. In addition, there have been reports that certain other drivers, such as iTunes Helper, may cause this or a similar problem. Other users report no problems from iTunes. According to the reports, this still leaves the dual sense but without Multi-Touch and other advanced features, "which render the auto and dual mode useless. The digitizer will only start working again after consecutive reboots." There have also been reports that the driver may crash, catastrophically or non-catastrophically, leaving no screen input at all. A re-boot may solve the problem, but often users found that the driver installation is damaged, requiring a re-installation of the drivers. But the install program will not un-install if it doesn't recognize the N-Trig hardware. In this case, the alternatives are (1) restore the entire operating system from backup, (2) manually un-install by erasing all N-Trig programs and drivers then editing the registry to remove all references to N-Trig, then re-install the N-Trig software, or (3) do a complete re-install of Windows. These problems have been reported both with XP and Vista, 32 and 64 bit. In addition, Dell sells a MediaBase with an internal DVD drive. The drive also interfaces by way of a USB connection inside the MediaBase. Most, but not all, users of the MediaBase report that it prevents the drivers from loading. Many D620, D820, D630,and D830 models with NVidia mobile GPUs may experience graphics failure. A Class Action Lawsuit settlement by NVidia was reached where certain Dell models were provided with replacement motherboards at no expense. Dell posted notices to many of their laptop customers on August 14, 2006, saying that the Sony batteries on the D410, D500, D505, D510, D520, D600, D610, D620, D800, and D810 models were prone to bursting into flames, or even exploding. The batteries on any of these computers purchased between April 2004 and July 18, 2006 were supposed to be removed and the computers run on AC power until replacements arrived. Problematic Sony batteries led to battery recall programs at other laptop companies, including Hitachi, Toshiba, Lenovo (IBM) and Apple. The majority of Dell laptops are built to order. Each generation incorporates the newest and latest technologies at the time of design. ***LIST***.

Omar Xavier Easy (born October 29, 1977 in Spanish Town) is a Jamaican-born American former football fullback in the National Football League. He played collegiate football at Penn State before being drafted in the 4th round of 2002 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. He played 1 season for the Oakland Raiders before retiring due to knee problems. Easy was named Gatorade and "USA Today" Massachusetts Player of the Year in 1996 while at Everett High School in Everett, Massachusetts. As a college senior, he was the Most Valuable Player of the 2001 Blue-Gray Football Classic. Easy suffers from exercise-induced asthma. He established the "EasyWay Foundation" in 2003 to benefit children with asthma. From 2007-2009, Easy served as Assistant Offensive Football Coach and Boys’ Head Track and Field Coach for his high school alma mater, Everett High School. He received his B.A. degree in Broadcast Journalism in 2001from Pennsylvania State University, which included a minor in Business Management. He received both his Masters in Education (M.Ed.) in the field of Education Administration and his Ph.D. in Educational Leadership from there also. He also holds a master's degree in Business Administration from the University of Phoenix in 2010. In 2011, Easy was appointed Director of Player Personnel and Development in Football for his college alma mater, Penn State. In January 2012, he left that position to become vice principal of his high school alma mater Everett High School.

Puerto La Cruz () is a port city located in Anzoátegui State, in Venezuela. It is the seat of the Juan Antonio Sotillo Municipality. The city has road connections to the state capital, Barcelona, to Lecheria and to Guanta. The city of Puerto La Cruz is located on the southern shore of the Caribbean. The elevation of the city varies between . The city position is at Latitude 10° 13' N and Longitude 64° 37' W. Typical temperatures vary between . Borders are represented by Mochima National Park, the North Eastern region, and the Coastal Mountains. The history of this settlement began with the arrival of the Spanish to the northern coast of what would eventually become Venezuela. In 1780, the Christian Mission of Pozuelos () was founded by indigenous natives. On 9 April 1862, a group of 26 families from Margarita Island decided to settle in Pozuelos Bay. As time progressed, this settlement adopted the "Virgen del Amparo" () and the Holy Cross () as their religious symbols, celebrating their patron saint on 8 November () and iconography on 3 May (). By 1868 the first church was built, and slowly the name of the town was changed to Puerto de la Santa Cruz (), later shortened to Puerto La Cruz. Puerto La Cruz is home to Puerto La Cruz refinery, one of the largest oil refineries in the country, which, with its per day processing capacity, supplies the domestic market and exports to other Caribbean countries such as Cuba and the Antilles. Also, at , José Plant is one of the primary processing facilities of the largest Venezuelan oil company, PDVSA and is a major refining hub for the crude extracted in the states of Monagas and Anzoátegui. Puerto La Cruz is the terminus of the "Carapito-Puerto la Cruz" oil pipeline, the "San Joaquin-Puerto la Cruz" oil pipeline and the "Anaco-Puerto la Cruz" gas pipeline. The city is the gateway to a large national park. The beaches of Mochima National Park surround the city. Places such as Isla de Plata, Playa Conoma, Isla Arapo and Playa Arapito are known for their beauty. To the west of the city is the terminal of one of the main ferry lines linking Isla Margarita with the mainland, while to the east is a private marina that caters for tourists and visitors. Day trips are available to visit national park islands such as Playa El Faro, Los Chimanas, Cachicamo and Isla Borracha. In addition to tourism, the major international banks have established their regional headquarters in the city. A large number of commercial businesses, and large shopping centers are progressively being developed. Large avenues cross the city, from north to south, and from east to west. Among them are: ***LIST***. Puerto La Cruz has several ports from which many destinations, attractions and shopping facilities can be reached. Margarita Island can be reached through the transport service operated by the companies Conferry and Great Chieftain Express (which resumed its activities in December 2006). The beaches located on the islands of Mochima National Park may also be reached from Dairy. In the area of Guaraguao of Puerto La Cruz, there is also a terminal for the export/import of crude oil processed at the refinery in the city. As Puerto La Cruz does not have its own airport, it uses for air transportation Generál José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport located in the nearby city of Barcelona. According to various sources, local authorities are awaiting the signature of President Hugo Chávez after negotiating an agreement between the mayors of Puerto La Cruz (Sotillo Municipality) and Barcelona (Bolivar Municipality) and the Chinese company Transtech Engineering Corporation for the construction of a network of modern mass transportation. The target date for the launch of this initiative was August 2007, but since the announcement in March of that year has not been re-appointed over the project. The first phase of construction of the Metro urban network is expected to last approximately two years to complete. According to various estimates, this would reduce by 50% the volume of traffic that is logged daily in this metropolitan area. This ambitious project involves an air transport infrastructure, with additional sections on land. Despite the importance, the city also has a good efficient sports infrastructure; however, work has been carried out in the local sports complex for its full restoration, and to turn it into a real sports town because in these years there has been an increase in the Eastern sports fans. ***LIST***. The city is the home of the baseball team Caribes de Anzoátegui (formerly known as Caribes de Oriente). The team plays at the Estadio Alfonso Chico Carrasquel, which has a capacity of 18,000 spectators. ***LIST***. The city is also home to the professional basketball team Marinos de Anzoátegui (formerly known as Marinos de Oriente), which plays in the Polideportivo Simón Bolívar (formerly known as Polideportivo Luis Ramos), better known today as the Caldera del Diablo. ***LIST***. The city has 2 football stadiums. The Jose Antonio Anzoátegui stadium, with a capacity of 40,000 spectators, hosted some of the Copa América 2007 matches among teams from Brazil, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. The stadium is the home ground of the football team Deportivo Anzoátegui, which plays in the First Division of Venezuela. The other stadium, the Salvador de la Plaza stadium, hosts the football team Inter Anzoátegui, which plays in the Third Division. Sports clubs ***LIST***.

Shefali Oza (born 24 September 1967) is an Indian TV personality and is the main weather presenter on BBC Birmingham's "Midlands Today", the regional news programme broadcast in the Midlands of England, but also carries out some news presentation work. She began her career with the team as "Midlands Today"'s first ever weather presenter in January 1993. Oza is said to have been "discovered at an audition day" which had been organised by the BBC's Multi-Cultural Programmes Unit, who were actually in search of new faces for Network East. Oza was one of the first frequent Asian faces on television in the region. Since joining "Midlands Today" in 1993 her role has included producing weather-related news and community features. One of her reports was as a result of becoming the first female civilian to spend a week on the Royal Navy submarine HMS "Splendid". She was awarded an Honorary Masters from University College Worcester in recognition of her achievements in broadcasting. Along with weather reporting and news presenting, Oza has fronted regional contributions to the BBC's live national programming and campaigns such as Children in Need. Oza's father is a GP based in Nottingham. Before beginning her media career, she trained as a solicitor. During her time on "Midlands Today", Oza met her husband Jamie Knights, who worked as her cameraman. Their wedding ceremony was featured on the news programme. The couple divorced two years later. She currently resides in the Birmingham suburb of Moseley.

Ross was born Steven Jay Rechnitz on April 5, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jewish immigrants. His father - who lost all his money during the Great Depression - changed the family name to "Ross" in hope of finding work with fewer struggles. Ross attended Paul Smith's College for two years and then joined the U.S Navy. After his military service, he went to work at his uncle’s store in the Garment District in Manhattan. In 1953 he married Carol Rosenthal, the daughter of a Manhattan funeral home owner, Edward Rosenthal, who operated the largest funeral company in the United States, Riverside Memorial Chapel, where he accepted employment as a funeral director. After noticing that the limousines used in funeral processions were not being used at night, he convinced his father-in-law to let him establish a separate company that would lease out the vehicles in the evenings. The company was solidly profitable and enabled Ross to obtain bank financing to start a rental company, Abbey Rent a Car. He later merged Abbey with a parking lot operator, the Kinney Parking Company, which was then owned by underworld crime figures Manny Kimmel and Abner Zwillman; and added an office cleaning business (which was jointly owned by the funeral home and a cousin of his father-in-law). The resulting holding company, Kinney National Services, was taken public in 1962 with a market valuation of $12.5 million. In 1964, Kinney National purchased wood flooring manufacturer Circle Floor from Seymour and Paul Milstein for $15 million with Paul remaining as manager of the unit until 1971. Ross served as company president and moved the firm from downtown New York to 10 Rockefeller Plaza. In 1966, Kinney expanded into the entertainment business by purchasing the Ashley-Famous talent agency and then in 1969, Kinney paid $400 million for the ailing Warner Bros.-Seven Arts film studio and record business. Two years later, after spinning off its non-entertainment assets, Kinney National Services renamed itself Warner Communications with Ross serving as co-CEO from 1969 to 1972. In 1971 Warner expanded into the cable television business by purchasing various small cable companies. He competed directly with the Big Three television networks who dominated television broadcasting, believing in the potential of "narrowcasting" whereby separate cable channels were developed to target specific audiences with narrower interests, mirroring the radio station model. This pioneering approach led to the creation of the successful cable TV channels MTV and Nickelodeon which were both later sold at a great profit. In 1972 Ross was appointed CEO, president and chairman of Warner Communications. He introduced an incentive-based compensation program and devolved responsibility to his middle managers. His support and commitment to his employees combined with lucrative financial incentives and a hands-off management style, inspired deep loyalty. Many employees saw him as a father figure, "Steve was very much what I wish my father was," Steven Spielberg said. Spielberg dedicated his 1993 film "Schindler's List" to Ross. In 1976 Warner Communications purchased Atari, Inc. and had great success with its Atari 2600 consoles. In 1983, Atari collapsed, leaving Warner Communications vulnerable to a hostile takeover. Rupert Murdoch tried to buy Warner, but Ross was able to impede him by selling 20 percent of Warner to Chris-Craft Industries (then controlled by Herbert J. Siegel). In 1979 needing financing to further expand its cable television business, Ross partnered with American Express, convincing its executives on the potential of selling AmEx credit cards direct to Warner cable TV customers. Warner-AmEx Cable was established and Warner received a much needed capital injection. AmEx's cross-sale expectations never materialized and in 1984, Warner bought out American Express's remaining share. The cable TV business eventually became the cornerstone of the company until being spun off in 2009. In 1989 Warner Communications was merged with Time Inc. in a $14 billion deal creating the largest media and entertainment company at the time. The merger was seen as a perfect fit: Warner's business was 40 percent international while Time's business was 91% percent domestic; Warner had no magazines while Time had 23 titles; Warner had the world's largest record business while Time was not involved in music; and both were big in the capital intensive cable business where economies of scale mattered. Originally advertised as a combination of equals with both Ross and J. Richard Munro of Time Inc. listed as Co-Chief Operating Officers, within a year of the merger, Ross became the sole CEO. In 1989, Time Warner owned: "Time", "People" and "Sports Illustrated" magazines (the three largest advertising draws in American publishing); the Warner Brothers studio in Hollywood; the Warner, Atlantic, Elektra and Asylum record companies; Warner Books; DC Comics; Home Box Office and some of the country's largest cable television systems. Steve Ross is often considered a man ahead of his time. Ross moved before many of his competitors to bet heavily on the worldwide potential of cable television, records, videos and other experiments. Some of his ideas were successful and others failed, but he definitively influenced the development of media and entertainment with his ideas. "If you're not a risk-taker," he once said, "you should get the hell out of business." Ross’ early interest in cable television helped him envision narrowcasting – cable channels created for specific audiences – MTV and Nickelodeon were expressly launched and developed to serve young audiences. Today these two channels are still successful, and the cable television universe is now filled with hundreds of channels, specializing in many topics. Other projects that Ross supported were not as successful as MTV and Nickelodeon, but certainly left a mark in television and helped shape the TV we are enjoying today. One important project was QUBE. Qube was launched in 1977 in Columbus, Ohio and was Ross’ vision of how television could become interactive. Although this trial was not successful, it was an important step for what became known as advanced television. In some ways, the Qube project failed because it was ahead of its time. QUBE led to further attempts by Warner to integrate more services to cable television. Prominent among these was the Full Service Network that was launched in 1994 in Orlando, Florida. Ross also supported Atari from 1977 to 1983, taking the first widely successful video game console to millions of homes around the world. For several years, Atari was a lucrative business for Warner Communications, but in 1983 it collapsed. Although many of Ross' overly ambitious projects failed, some of these failures shaped future success in the video game and cable industries. Ross is also known for promoting and popularizing soccer in the USA. He was amongst the group of people that founded New York Cosmos in 1971. Driven by Ross's vision and financially backed by his Warner Communications, the club brought soccer superstars Pelé and Franz Beckenbauer, as well as other prominent players such as Carlos Alberto, Vladislav Bogićević, Johan Neeskens, and Giorgio Chinaglia. Ross was introduced to the sport during the late 1960s by one of his business executives Nesuhi Ertegün from Atlantic Records, the record company co-founded by Nesuhi's brother and also soccer enthusiast Ahmet Ertegün. The two brothers worked for Ross in the early 1970s after Atlantic got bought in 1967 by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts that in turn got bought by Ross's Kinney National Company two years later. When Nesuhi Ertegün had a business opportunity that would require leaving the company, Ross offered anything in an attempt to keep him. Ertegün expressed a desire to have a soccer club created and Ross, a fan of sports in general, obliged. Following 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, the event that Ertegüns used to further establish contacts in the soccer world by throwing lavish parties one of which was attended by Pelé, the brothers came back to New York and held Ross to his promise so he and longtime associate Jay Emmett called and convinced eight other executives to contribute $35,000 each towards establishing a new soccer franchise that would compete in the struggling North American Soccer League. The franchise called the New York Cosmos was created in early 1971 with Englishman Clive Toye as its first general manager and 37-year-old Gordon Bradley as the player/coach. Playing out their debut season in almost empty stadiums with virtually no media coverage, the Cosmos were a rag-tag semi-professional operation, but most importantly Ross was hooked and very much interested to see the team do well. Scared of losing money, the ten original investors sold their stake in the franchise to newly created Warner Communications (the company where Ross was CEO and chairman) for $1. Essentially, with the sale, Ross added the modest franchise to the vast media empire he was in charge of running. Following the first few seasons in obscurity, Ross decided that signing a big marquee name was the way forward to achieving greater prominence and ultimately securing the league's long-term dream – a network television deal. The idea of bringing Pelé to America had actually been around for a while as NASL commissioner Phil Woosnam and eventual Cosmos GM Clive Toye discussed it as far back as 1970 and even made an approach to the player in spring 1971, one month after the Cosmos had been formed. However, in 1975 with Ross willing to spend the big money, conditions were finally there to make the dream transfer happen. He sent Emmett, Toye, Cosmos vice-president Raphael de la Sierra, and Nesuhi Ertegün to Brazil where they met with 34-year-old Pelé at a seaside resort and played soccer with him on the beach. Since by this time Real Madrid and Juventus also started sniffing around Pelé in an attempt to bring him to Europe for the first time, the Cosmos delegation used the possibility of making soccer big in a country new to the sport as their main lure and by the end of the day, the Brazilian agreed in principle to come to New York. The actual negotiation with Warner Communications lawyer Norman Samnick, who was deployed to Brazil by Ross, turned out to be a little more difficult: Ross was willing to risk $2 million for three years of play while Pelé demanded $5 million for two years. In the end, the deal agreed was a complex five-part contract worth around $4.5 million in total that included $1 million for three years of play, $1 million for ten years of marketing rights, $1 million for a fourteen-year PR contract, and another $1 million for a music contract. Warner Communications money thus managed to lure arguably then still the biggest name in soccer out of retirement. In addition to huge amounts of money, due to Pelé's special status in Brazil as the country's national treasure, getting him to leave his homeland for the first time in his career involved a lot of politics as well, especially when the Brazilian president demanded that Pelé play another year in Brazil for the "good of his people". Ross called on his political connections in an attempt to soften the Brazilian government's position and eventually managed to get to the US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who personally called his Brazilian counterpart telling him that Pelé's move to New York would be a huge step forward in the US–Brazil relations. Pelé's arrival created a media sensation and overnight transformed the fortunes of soccer in the USA. From the moment he signed his contract at the 21 Club on 10 June 1975 in front of ecstatic Ross and a crush of worldwide media, the player's every move was followed, bringing attention and credibility to the sport in America. His debut NASL match five days later versus Dallas Tornado at the dilapidated Downing Stadium on Randall's Island was broadcast live on CBS network. It was the Cosmos tenth match of the season and led by the Brazilian, who recorded an assist and a goal, they managed to come back from two goals down for the 2–2 final score. The contest was also Pelé's first competitive match in eight months since his last outing with Santos FC in October 1974. He would eventually end up with 5 goals in his debut season during which his biggest challenge became figuring out how to fit into this team of journeymen players with abilities far inferior to his. Still his biggest impact was on the sport in New York and the rest of America as Cosmos' home attendance got tripled in just half the season he was there. They also played in front of huge crowds on the road since everyone wanted to see Pelé - towards the end of the season when he pulled a hamstring and couldn't suit up, 20,000 fans in Philadelphia showed up just to see him in street clothes. Furthermore, the league's profile got raised as other NASL teams - encouraged by Ross' investment in Pelé and the prominence his arrival brought to the Cosmos franchise - started bringing over more big-name aging foreign stars such as George Best who was about to turn 30, 31-year-old Rodney Marsh, 34-year-old Geoff Hurst, and 35-year-old Bobby Moore. Since the Cosmos failed to make the playoffs in Pelé's debut season, for the next season, Ross decided to complement his superstar with more prominent names from overseas, the biggest of which was 29-year-old temperamental Italian striker Giorgio Chinaglia from S.S. Lazio. The striker became an undeniable goal-scoring hit on the pitch with 19 goals in 19 league appearances that season, but his style of play as well as his egotistical and arrogant manner also got him many detractors both within and outside of the club. However, he endeared himself to Ross as the two soon became very close friends. Due to increased interest, the team moved to Yankee Stadium. Though the Brazilian midfield organizer and the Italian striker quickly developed an uneasy relationship, thanks to their assists and goals, respectively, the club managed to make the playoffs, losing to underdogs Tampa Bay Rowdies led by Rodney Marsh in the conference semifinal series 3 games to 1. Pelé still got the league MVP honors and Chinaglia became the league's top goalscorer. Though furious over the early playoff exit, Ross immediately took the team on an exhibition summer tour of Europe with stops to play friendly games in England, France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy. Though hugely expensive, the tour generated plenty of publicity for Warner Communications. The 1977 NASL season - Pelé's final season before retirement - began at the newly built Giants Stadium in New Jersey as New York Cosmos dropped "New York" from its name to become just the Cosmos. With the new giant home, Ross decided to Americanize the experience of going to a Cosmos game with cheerleaders, halftime show, and mascots. On the field, however, the squad got internationalized even further with a roster that had players from every corner of the world. Attendance rose slightly to just over 20,000 in the first five games (3 of which Cosmos lost), but still not enough to Ross' liking. In search of more people in the seats, Ross decided to raise the bar again. He reached for the chequebook midway through the season and looked oversees for more big stars, singing 31-year-old German superstar Franz Beckenbauer from Bayern Munich in May 1977. The German's debut was a 4-2 loss away at Tampa while the following week Cosmos beat Toronto at home in front of 31,000 fans. Ross was happy with the attendance increase, but wanted even more and to that end enlisted celebrities that did business with Warner Communications to make publicized appearances at Cosmos home games. People like Barbra Streisand, Mick Jagger, Phil Collins, Robert Redford, Muhammad Ali, Quincy Jones, Andy Warhol, Henry Kissinger, Steven Spielberg, etc. became a regular sight in the Cosmos locker room and in the luxury boxes at the Giants Stadium. Other changes were in order too as general manager Toye and head coach Bradley got fired and Tampa Bay's Eddie Firmani became the new coach. The team's striker Chinaglia was said to be the driving influence on Ross to hire Chinaglia's good friend Firmani as Chinaglia and Ross developed a personal relationship. Chinaglia thrived under Firmani, scoring goals one after another. The team's play as well as the attendance also started to pick up - led by Pele's hat-trick, the Cosmos finally managed to avenge the losses to Tampa Bay by beating them at home in front 62,394 fans. However, this was followed by another inexplicable dip in form with five losses in seven games. Ross reacted immediately, throwing more big money into the squad, signing Brazil national team's former inspirational captain defender Carlos Alberto who was about to turn 33 years of age. He joined the squad with only four games remaining in the 1977 regular season. By this time, the attendance was rising sharply as the team as well as the league started to catch major buzz. The summer of 1977 was the franchise's first true foray into big time: on 14 August, the Giants Stadium was sold out for the Cosmos first game of the playoffs against Fort Lauderdale Strikers with 77,691 people in the stands. The Cosmos finally won the title defeating Seattle Sounders in the Soccer Bowl during late August as Beckenbauer became league MVP and Pelé retired in style. In November 1982 when Colombia, the originally selected host of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, gave up on organizing the event, for economic reasons, Ross called upon all his soccer connections and campaigned hard to bring the tournament to the US including meeting with FIFA president João Havelange, but in May 1983 FIFA decided on Mexico as the replacement host. The United States eventually hosted the World Cup in 1994. Ross died on December 20, 1992, due to complications of prostate cancer, from which he suffered in his final years. Clint Eastwood dedicated his Best Picture Oscar, which he won for "Unforgiven", in Ross's memory.

Aaron Mitchell Herr (born March 7, 1981) is a professional baseball player who played for the Lancaster Barnstormers of the independent Atlantic League in 2011. He has played the majority of his minor league career with the Atlanta Braves organization. He is the son of Tom Herr, who was also a professional baseball player and Aaron's high school coach. His younger brother, Jordan, is a member of the Great Falls Voyagers, the Rookie-level affiliate of the Chicago White Sox. Herr was drafted by the Braves in the first round of the 2000 amateur early draft, and he was later selected by the Seattle Mariners in the Rule 5 draft but was later released. After playing with the Braves rookie and AA-level affiliates in Lake Buena Vista, Danville, Macon, Myrtle Beach, and Greenville, he signed with his hometown Lancaster Barnstormers in 2005, but never played a game. The St. Louis Cardinals picked up Herr and allocated him to their AA-level team, the Springfield Cardinals. In 2006, Herr joined the Cincinnati Reds organization, and was initially assigned to the Chattanooga Lookouts. Later in the 2006 season, he moved his way up to the AAA-level Louisville Bats. Granted free agency after the season, Herr signed a minor-league contract with the Cleveland Indians, and played for the AAA-level Buffalo Bisons. Herr had his best season with Louisville in 2007, when he hit a .274 batting average with 31 doubles and 19 home runs and played as a member of the 2007 International League All-Star team. On June 23, 2008, he was traded back to the Cincinnati Reds organization for cash considerations, and he was assigned to the Louisville Bats. On March 5, , his hometown Lancaster Barnstormers signed Aaron Herr for the 2009 season. His return to Lancaster is the result of the Cincinnati Reds dropping him from their system after a severe groin injury. Herr's signing with the Barnstormers is his attempt to show an affiliated team that he is healthy enough for professional baseball. Coincidentally, his father is Lancaster's bench coach for the 2009 season. Herr retired following the 2011 season.

(São Pedro de) Alcântara () is a civil parish () of the city and municipality of Lisbon. Its name is derived from the Arabic (القنطارة), meaning "the bridge", and refers to an ancient Roman bridge that once existed there, until the reign of John V. Located in the southwestern corner of Lisbon, along the northern margin of the Tagus River, Alcântara had a population in 2011 of 13,943, in an area of 5.07 km². Primitive utensils from the Paleolithic era have been discovered on the margins of the Alcãntara ravine, and signs in the area of Alvito and indicate a level of occupation in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. Around 1300, Bronze Age farmers and shepherds established small villages in this area, with a subsistence economy based on herding and the cultivation of cereal crops. During the Roman era, the local area was called "Horta Navia" in honour of the Roman divinity Nabia, a goddess of rivers and water. The area was notable for a Roman bridge across the Alcântara ravine and, following the Muslim occupation, the area began to be referred to in terms of this bridge. The name "Alcântara", derived from the Arab "al-qantara" (القنطارة) means "bridge". After the Reconquista of Lisbon (1147), the area became integrated into the Reguengos de Ribamar that included terrain that extended from the Alcântara ravine to the Laje ravine in Oeiras. After the 13th century, the Reguengos was divided in two and the area of Alcântara was attributed, in gratitude by the King, to the nobility, religious orders or military. Yet, Alcântara became a battlefield in conflicts between Portugal and Castile, which included intrigues involving King Ferdinand and conflicts with the Kingdom of Castile after his death. In March 1382, an armada under the authority of John I of Castile entered the Tagus estuary, but was unable to crack the defenses; the force advanced inland attacking, sacking and stealing cattle. King Ferdinand made António, Prior of Crato, the frontier commander. Later, the death of King Sebastian at the Battle of Alcácer-Quibir resulted in a crisis in dynastic succession between António, Prior of Crato, Catherine, Duchess of Braganza and Phillip II of Spain. From a military perspective, in order to limit support for António's claim to the crown, Phillip II determined to invade Portugal and cement his own claim to the throne. Forces from Badajoz and a Spanish fleet from Cadiz crossed the Caia ravine on 28 June 1580, where they began their invasion. António, Prior of Crato, concentrated his defense in Alcântara along the Caia ravine, where a double line of defense supported 36 carracks and nine galleons. The Portuguese troops had a static defense and could not resist a flanking move, which resulted in the loss of the battle and of Portuguese independence for the next 60 years. In the 15th century, the rock quarries in Alcântara, which mined lime, contributed to the development of the locality (along with the ovens of Cais do Sodré), while orchards and vineyards along the ravines helped to diversify the regional economy. A hospital was constructed in 1520 in the garden of Jerónimo de Eça ("Horta Navia") in order to combat the plague. Yet, the plague did not impede nobles from constructing estates along the Tagus; Alcântara was situated near the border of the parish of Ajuda, an extension of the nobility. A chapel dedicated to Santo Amaro was begun in 1549, and served as a sacristy for many of the pilgrims that crossed the territory. Although today it is quite central, it was once an outlying suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and palaces. In the 16th century, there was a brook on which the nobles used to promenade in their boats. As a result of the 1755 earthquake and tsunami, the King and his government moved to the zone of Alcântara, attracting with them the nobility, functionaries, municipal officials and those that lived alongside them, including artists, merchants and artisans. The registries during this era were full of references to families of the upper and lower nobility who began to live in this zone alongside the socially deprived and poor that already existed. After the French invasions, agriculture and industry were paralyzed. The Liberal Wars that followed worsened these conditions along the eastern portions of Lisbon, principally along the ravine between Alcântara and Pedrouços. Still, the accentuated industrialization continued to dominate the valley and lasted until the late 19th century, resulting in many small factories and warehouses, including numerous metal-stampers and tanneries. Between 1807 and 1824, members of the Ratton family constructed a porcelain factory in Calvario, and attempted to construct a mill powered by steam which was not successful. In 1839, the Rattons established an estate in Calvário alongside their "Fábrica de Lanifícios Daupias de Pedro Daupias", which was under the management of Jácome Ratton. Near this factory, a textile factory, "Companhia de Fiação de Tecidos Lisbonense", was also constructed (1846–1855). Since 1876, a great part of the urbanized part of Alcântara was delimited by "Calçada da Tapada" and "Calçada de Santo Amaro" in the north, and in the east and south by "Rua de Alcântara", "Largo do Calvário" and "Rua 1º de Maio". During the middle of the 19th century, some factories linked to chemical production (soap, candles, olive and other oils) were built in the same area, transforming the area of Calvário from an area of farms, palaces and convents into an important industrial zone. The industrial area south of "Largo do Calvário" and the old "Rua de São Joaquim" were converted and expanded to take on the new roles. Public transport developed after Lisbon in 1860, when the area had many factories. Yet, until 1888, these services were out of range of many of the working-class of the area. The improvements in public transit contributed to the development of the barrio of Alcântara. On 2 April 1887, a railline between Alcântara-Terra and Sintra was inaugurated. Extending until the station at Alcântara-Mar, in 1891 the rail-line was completed after public sanitation works along the beach in Alcântara (1876), which resulted in the recovery of an additional 500 meters of land from the Tagus River, which were quickly expropriated by factories, docks and warehouses. Between 1884 and 1886, the barrios of Santo Amaro and Calvário began to develop as social housing, from lands reserved from the old "Quinta da Ninfa". The lots were allocated to residents in commemoration of the 300 year anniversary of Luís Vaz de Camões. The precarious nature of the economic conditions in the region resulted in several conflicts, including many strikes, conflicts and insurrections, such as the June 1872 event, that came to be known as the "A Pavorosa". Later, the "Empresa Industrial Portuguesa", the largest and most modern metallurgical business until the 1920s, operated in Alcântara, which also created dissent and conflict. On various occasions, in 1886, in 1894 and most importantly in 1903 there were strikes, protests and conflicts between the workers and the residents of the region. The 1903 strike began on 7 December to protest the imposition of a foreign director. On 17 December the strikers, numbering hundreds, fought the police in Santo Amaro. Around the early 1990s, Alcântara started to become a place for pubs and discotheques, mainly because its outer area is mostly commercial, and the noise generated at night, and the "movida", would not disturb its residents. Today, some of these areas are slowly being taken over by loft developments and new apartments that can profit from its river views and central location.

The University of New South Wales Asia (Abbreviation: UNSW Asia; Chinese: 亚洲新南威尔斯大学) was the first international university campus for the University of New South Wales in Singapore which opened on 12 March 2007. UNSW Asia was the first foreign university and fifth university in Singapore. On 23 May 2007, UNSW Asia Singapore campus announced its planned closure on 28 June 2007, at the end of the first semester due to financial issues and lower than expected student numbers. As a result of the sudden closure, rifts within the UNSW management were publicised, and accusations were exchanged between the University and the Economic Development Board. Questions were raised over the Economic Development Board's role in bringing in potentially over-ambitious business plans. The Singapore government's total loans to the university amounting to S$32 million was also revealed. The University is expected to repay all loans, and will have to restore the land for its campus to its original state, potentially incurring further costs. UNSW announced its closure on 23 May 2007. It was reported that the closure was due to its low student enrolment, causing the school to run into financial problems. The closure came despite the fact that UNSW had already invested over S$22 million (A$17.5 million) in its Singapore campus. Students who were enrolled at UNSW Asia were offered a place in an equivalent programme at UNSW Sydney. The students of the university petitioned against the closure of the Singapore campus. Together with the petition, they are asked for the S$140 million campus project at Changi to be abandoned to cut costs. They added they were happy with their current Kay Siang Road campus. Some said they did not mind paying their tuition fees in full to help the situation at the loss making campus. The petition was sent to the UNSW management in Sydney as well as the Ministry of Education and the Economic Development Board. Students felt the university should be given a chance and the university had a lot of potential in Singapore as well as being a force in the Asian education system. Local universities said they would admit affected students on a case-by-case basis. Scholarships were given to students to study in the UNSW Sydney campus with S$12,000 given to foreign students and S$22,000 to local students. As a full university, UNSW Asia was to be an English-medium institution offering undergraduate, postgraduate and research programs across multiple disciplines grouped into the two clusters, namely science, engineering and health; and commerce and humanities. Six bachelor's degree programs were to be offered for undergraduates, namely those in science, engineering, commerce, international studies, design and media, and were to have corresponding honours courses. Undergraduates were to be able to pursue a single major or a double major program, which includes Science/Commerce, Science/Media, Science/International Studies, Commerce/International Studies, Commerce/Media, International Studies/Media, Engineering/Commerce and Engineering/International Studies. Other programs could have been added by the university in due course, such as those in medical sciences and health administration. Emphasis was to be made on research work with the establishment of research centres, and would have involved research programs funded and conducted by members of both the Asian and Australian campuses. UNSW Asia was to specialise in research relevant to the Asian region, however, and work closely with research and industry trends in Singapore. All degrees conferred by UNSW Asia were to be awarded by the University of New South Wales, and all academic programs of the Asian campus will be governed and treated on equal standing with those in the Australian campuses under the UNSW Council. UNSW Asia aimed to establish a high international profile by allocating at least 70% of its intake to non-Singaporeans. Applications open in January 2006 for the pioneering batch of about 500 to 600 students, and UNSW Asia began classes in March 2007. However, only 148 students were enrolled successfully. Prior to that, however, the university commenced a 40-week Foundation Studies program in January 2006 as an independent pre-university course for prospective students, including a course in the English language. Open to both Singaporeans and international students - though Singaporeans have to be above 18 and males need to complete National Service before enrolling, it initially offered courses in commerce and the physical sciences. Singaporean Students needed to have an aggregate score of below 20 for GCE 'O' Levels and a minimum of C6 for English Language. Successful completion of the course would guarantee a place in UNSW Asia, although they may also apply to enter the Australian campuses. The university expected to have a full student population of about 15,000 after 15 to 20 years. A site in Changi was allocated for the building of the university's permanent campus. The only university to be sited in the eastern part of Singapore, it is located between Upper Changi Road East and Changi South Avenue 1, sited next to the Changi Business Park and about 400 metres away from the Expo MRT Station . The Campus can be seen on Google Maps below in the External Links. An international design competition was held to design the campus masterplan and the library building, with acclaimed Singapore-based Kerry Hill Architects winning the competition in an announcement on 28 June 2005 . Other finalists in the competition were Singapore-based WOHA, and three Australia-Singapore partnerships of FJMT/Architects 61; BVN/RSP Architects; and CM+/Geoff Malone International. Construction of the campus began in 2006, and the first buildings were scheduled be ready for occupation in late 2008, including the library, science/engineering building, academic/administrative building, teaching suites, research laboratories and sports facilities. While the campus was being built, the university commenced classes in 2007 at the former campus of the Republic Polytechnic at 1 Kay Siang Road in Tanglin . However, following the university's closure, the land was later allocated for Singapore's fourth publicly funded university.

The Glow Pt. 2 is the third studio album by American indie rock band The Microphones, released in September 2001 through K Records. It is considered by many to be The Microphones' definitive work. "The Glow" was the title of the fourth track on the band's previous album "It Was Hot, We Stayed in the Water". A reissue of the album which included a bonus disc of material was released by K Records in 2008. As credited in the album's liner notes, the cover of "The Glow Pt. 2" originates from an antique Dutch cookbook entitled "Calvé-Delft's Winterboekje", which was printed around 1940. Contemporary reviews of "The Glow Pt. 2" upon release were generally positive. Matt LeMay of Pitchfork called the album an "alive" and "sprawling, swirling composition", while stating that "parts of "The Glow Pt. 2" are absolutely breathtaking" due to its stereoscopic enhancements. LeMay felt that the album "exceeds even its predecessor in capturing the simultaneous wrath and fragility of nature" and praised the title track as being "the single most breathtaking song on the album". Dave Heaton of "PopMatters" described The Microphones' approach to music as "free and idiosyncratic" and "constrained by few boundaries, a fact that allows them to travel through various unique musical lands". Writing in "Under the Radar", Wendy Lynch stated that "The Glow Pt. 2" "encapsulates chaos with sparatic changes and bullets of sound" and labelled The Microphones as "one of the most original, interesting bands to come out in the last 3 years". "Stylus Magazine"s Tyler Martin asserted that The Microphones "spew innovation every second of this disc" and that the album "promises something you have never heard before and delivers it, perhaps more than you’d expect". Heather Phares of AllMusic stated that "it's "The Glow, Pt. 2"'s deep, nearly spiritual yearning that makes it the Microphones' most compelling album to date." Retrospective reviews of "The Glow Pt. 2" have expressed more general critical acclaim for the album. In a review of the album's 2008 re-issue, Brian Howe of Pitchfork stated that "The Glow Pt. 2" remained to be Phil Elverum's "crowning achievement" and that "seven years of imitation have done nothing to dull its impact-- it sounds as unaccountably grand now as it did in 2001". Brock Thiessen of "Exclaim!" described the album as "a brave new world where solar noise bursts over sprawling epics of the most intimate nature" and stated that "it's clear age hasn't tainted the kaleidoscopic "Glow Pt. 2" in the least". Both reviews praised the bonus material on "Other Songs & Destroyed Versions" as essential, with the latter asserting that while "none of the new lyrics clarify the overarching story", the new tracks "reveal a few more glimpses of a distant, haunting world that's all the more alluring for its incompleteness". Writing for "PopMatters", Dan Raper stated that "Microphones fans will find "Other Songs & Destroyed Versions" more than worth the investment". After a second reissue of "The Glow Pt. 2" in 2013, Colin Joyce of "Consequence of Sound" hailed the record as "a masterwork of sequencing as it bleeds and blends from track to track". Dan Hancox, writing for "The Guardian" in its "Hidden treasures" column, described the album as "a masterstroke" and "a millennial "Daydream Nation"". "The Line of Best Fit" lauded "The Glow Pt. 2" as an "essential work of modern indie", while Stereogum's retrospective feature on the album stated that the album's "bond with listeners, as individuals," surpasses its critical success.

Citizenship of Finland can be obtained on the basis of birth, marriage of parents, adoption, or the place of birth. In addition, it may be acquired by application or by declaration to authorities. Finnish citizenship acquisition is based primarily on the legal principle of jus sanguinis. However, for many practical purposes, the concepts of municipal domicile and domicile in Finland are as important to the relation between the individual and the Finnish authorities as the individual's citizenship status. A child who is born abroad and whose father is a Finnish citizen will acquire Finnish citizenship when the parents get married. If paternity has been established, the child will acquire Finnish citizenship as of the date of the marriage contract. If paternity is established after this point, the child will acquire Finnish citizenship as of the date on which paternity is established. A foreign adopted child under 12 years of age will automatically acquire Finnish citizenship if at least one of the adoptive parents is a Finnish citizen and if the adoption is recognised as valid in Finland. A local register office will enter the child's Finnish citizenship in the population register. If the adoption decision was made prior to June 1, 2003, an adopted child under 12 years of age may apply for Finnish citizenship by declaration. Application must be made on or before 31 May 2008. An adopted child who is over 12 years old may apply for Finnish citizenship by declaration. A foreigner may be granted Finnish citizenship upon meeting certain requirements, including: ***LIST***. For those married to or in a registered partnership with a Finnish citizen for more than three years, the residence requirement is reduced to : ***LIST***. These reduced residence requirements also apply to recognised refugees and stateless persons. Former Finnish citizens and citizens of other Nordic countries are only required to have two years continuous residence in Finland. The authorities have the right to refuse an application for citizenship by application even if the requirements are met. Declaration is a simpler method of acquiring Finnish citizenship. If the legal requirements are met it must be granted. Categories of persons eligible for citizenship by declaration include: Persons aged between 18-23 may acquire Finnish citizenship by declaration if: ***LIST***. Residence in another Nordic country before the age of 16 counts as residence in Finland (up to a maximum of 5 years). For males in the age group 18–23 years, getting the citizenship means becoming liable for conscription. Citizens of other Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Iceland and Norway) who are former Finnish citizens and have held a Nordic country citizenship continuously since then may acquire Finnish citizenship by declaration if "domiciled" in Finland. There is no minimum residence requirement. Otherwise the requirements are: ***LIST***. A citizen of a Nordic country not eligible for citizenship by declaration may still be eligible for citizenship by application. With effect from 1 June 2003, a Finnish citizen acquiring a foreign citizenship does not lose Finnish citizenship. Former Finnish citizens who lost Finnish citizenship prior to this date (upon naturalisation in another country) may re-acquire Finnish citizenship by declaration. Children of former Finnish citizens may also acquire Finnish citizenship by declaration. The deadline for submission of applications was 31 May 2008. As of July 2005, over 5000 people had acquired or resumed Finnish citizenship under this new provision. The changes to the law also mean that foreigners seeking naturalisation as a Finnish citizen do not need to renounce their former citizenship. They may retain it if the law of the other country permits them to do so. People from the autonomous Finnish province of Åland, have provincial (Ålandic) right of domicile in addition to their national (Finnish) citizenship. The right of domicile is called "hembygdsrätt" (kotiseutuoikeus in Finnish) and it gives Ålanders the right to buy and own real estate, abstain from national service, vote for and be elected to the "Lagting" and set up a business on Åland. Ordinary Finns without a right of domicile have none of these rights in Åland. Ordinary Finns can get Ålandic right of domicile after living on the islands for five years and proving their satisfactory knowledge of Swedish. Ålanders lose their right of domicile after living outside Åland for five years, or on forfeiting their Finnish citizenship. Non-Finns can obtain Ålandic right of domicile when obtaining Finnish citizenship, if they fulfill the requirements for the right of domicile. The Finnish law grants several rights, e.g. social services, municipal franchise and education on the basis of municipal domicile (). The concept of municipal domicile is based on residency and is tied to citizenship only weakly. However, the naturalization legislation refers several times to the municipal domicile as a requirement for naturalization. As the main rule, the person is domiciled in their place of residence. A new-born is domiciled in the municipality of its mother. If a person has several residences, the place which he has closest ties to is their domicile. The ties may be related to work, family or other similar arrangements. The register authorities will determine the domicile of the person whose opinion cannot be resolved. A person who leaves the country to stay abroad for more than a year, loses municipal domicile immediately. However, exceptions are made for persons who retain close ties to Finland or work as diplomats, missionaries or aid workers. Finnish and EEA member state citizens are domiciled in their places of residence immediately if they move into the country from abroad. Aliens are domiciled if they have a permanent residence permission or if they are family members of a person domiciled in Finland. Other aliens are domiciled if they have a temporary residence permit for at least a year and the reasons for their stay point that they might remain in the country. Any family members of a person with a municipal domicile are also domiciled in the municipality if they live together. All foreigners with a municipal domicile are also required to register into the national population database. When moving, the person's domicile will not change if the move has been caused by ***LIST***. Any person who is domiciled in Finland is obliged to inform the registry office on moving permanently or temporarily within seven days from the move. Also persons who move from a residence without having any new address are required to report the change. Failure to report moves is punishable by 50 euro administrative fine. The main political right tied to municipal domicile is the municipal suffrage. Finnish and Nordic citizens have the municipal voting right and eligibility in the municipality where they had domicile 51 days prior to election day. Other foreigners have the municipal suffrage if they have had Finnish municipal domicile for the last two years. Administratively, the municipal domicile is one of the most important factors in determining the jurisdiction of different state authorities over the person. The municipal and church tax are the most important duties based on the municipal domicile. During the calendar year, the person pays tax to the municipality where they were domiciled on 31 December of the preceding year. If the person belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland or to the Finnish Orthodox Church, they belong to the parish of their domicile and pay church tax to the domicile parish of the 31 December of the preceding year. Another duty tied to the municipal domicile is the duty to accept a position in municipal board, if the municipal council elects the person to a board. Municipal domicile grants also other than political rights. Most social and health services are provided by the municipalities to their residents, while persons not domiciled in the municipality enjoy much less protection. In addition to the social and health services, the municipal domicile may yield other, somewhat less important rights relating to natural resources. In state-owned lake water area (in major lakes) and on state-owned lake islands, all persons domiciled in municipalities by the lake are empowered to hunt. The same applies to state-owned land in Northern Finland, where persons domiciled there may hunt in the state-owned forests of their home municipality. Another Northern peculiarity of municipal domicile is reindeer ownership, which is restricted to EEA citizens domiciled in the municipalities of the reindeer herding region. With regard to the social protections provided by the Finnish state instead of municipalities, the basis for eligibility for benefits and grants is domicile in Finland (). Among the social protections meant here are e.g. maternity and paternity leave pay, child grant, unemployment benefits and other forms of social insurance. Although similarly worded, the definition used is not exactly the same as for the determination of municipal domicile. In particular, the municipal domicile alone does not make an alien or citizen domiciled in Finland. The domicile in Finland requires factual residence and home in Finland, as well as permanent and continued physical presence in the country. This applies to foreigners and citizens alike. Persons moving into Finland "may" be considered domiciled in Finland immediately if they actually intend to remain in the country. This means that not even a Finnish citizen moving into Finland is guaranteed the state social benefits immediately after entry, unless they can show that they intend to remain. On the other hand, the concept of "domicile in Finland" allows for more consideration than the mechanistic definition municipal domicile. Students, missionaries, scholars, scientists, aid workers, officials of international organizations and employees of Finnish companies, as well as their family members may retain their domicile in Finland indefinitely even if they lose their municipal domicile. However, the Kela, which determines the domicile status, has a wide leeway to judge the circumstances of individuals. A foreigner with both municipal domicile and a domicile in Finland enjoys all social and health services provided to Finnish citizens. Although dual citizenship is permitted, a Finnish citizen who is a citizen of another country will lose Finnish citizenship at age 22 unless he or she has sufficiently close ties with Finland. Persons with close ties include those: ***LIST***. Finnish citizens may lose the citizenship also if they formally petition for a permission to renounce the citizenship. To prevent statelessness, the citizenship may be renounced only if the person proves that he has received a citizenship of another state. While losing Finnish citizenship is rare, the benefits of the citizenship for persons residing abroad without close ties to Finland are few. A citizen without domicile in Finland and without municipal domicile has no rights to Finnish social security, to Finnish consular help in personal emergencies or to Finnish health services. The most important remaining rights are the absolute right to return to Finland, to vote in national elections, to have a Finnish passport, to work in the European Union without the working visa requirements faced by non-European Union citizens, and to enrol in Scandinavian universities as a European Union citizen so, unlike foreign students, he or she does not pay university fees. In addition, all Finnish citizens have the right receive consular protection from Finnish foreign missions in case of a major crisis in the host country or in case of arrest or incarceration. However, if a Finnish citizen has also the citizenship of the host country, Finnish foreign missions will not act on his behalf. Visa requirements for Finnish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Finland. In 2015, Finnish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the Finnish passport 2nd in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.

The Ford Fusion is a four-door, five passenger mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford across two generations in gasoline and gas/electric hybrid variants. Introduced for model year 2006, the Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant along with its rebadged variant the Lincoln MKZ — and formerly with its now discontinued rebadged variant, the Mercury Milan, all sharing the CD3 platform. Production on the first Fusions began on August 1, 2005. The Fusion replaced the Mondeo for the Latin American markets—except in Argentina (where the current European Mondeo is available) and in the United States and Canada (where it superseded the then mid-size Taurus and the compact Contour). The Fusion is positioned between the compact Ford Focus and full-size Ford Taurus. In the Middle East, this model is sold alongside the Mondeo. Versions sold there are available only with the 2.5-litre engine. Unlike in the United States, Canada and Latin America, no V6 engine is available in that region. The same is true in South Korea, where only the 2.5-liter engines (including those for the hybrid model) are available as of the 2012 model year. The second generation line-up includes a gasoline engine option, an EcoBoost engine option, a next-generation hybrid model, and a plug-in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi, making the Ford Fusion the first production sedan to offer these four options. Sales of the gasoline-powered and hybrid versions began in the U.S. in October 2012 under the 2013 model. Sales in Europe and Asia, as Ford Mondeo, are expected to begin in 2015, along with South Africa, where the Fusion name will be used. Deliveries of the Fusion Energi began in the U.S. in February 2013. The entire 2013 Ford Fusion line-up was awarded with the 2013 Green Car of the Year at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show. Built on the Ford CD3 platform, the Fusion was the first production car to feature the "new face of Ford" three-bar grille, which (along with two matching bars below the bumper/fascia forming a five-bar design) was first seen on a retro V10-powered rear-wheel-drive concept car called the Ford 427, unveiled in 2003 at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit. At its launch, the Fusion was available in S, SE, and SEL trims. The base engine was the Mazda-designed 2.3 L "Duratec 23" I4, paired with either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. SE and SEL models were available with a 3.0 L "Duratec 30" V6 and a 6-speed automatic. The Fusion shares some interior parts with the otherwise unrelated Mk III Ford Mondeo, such as part of the console and the seats. Both automatic and manual transmissions are available (the latter only with the I4 engine). Ford's early advertising campaign for the Fusion in the United States was entitled "Life in Drive", while in Canada it was "Create a Reaction". In January 2007, the company launched a new campaign for the Fusion titled "Fusion Challenge" (later renamed "Ford Challenge"). The American Ford Fusion emerged the winner over the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord based on the attributes of styling, handling, and “fun to drive” in head-to-head comparison tests with the Japanese sedans performed by subscribers of Car and Driver and Road and Track magazines in the Washington D.C. and Los Angeles regions. In July 2007, "Motor Trend" reported that Ford's Special Vehicle Team tuner group planned to release a Fusion GT in late 2009 or early 2010. Its 3.5-liter Eco-Boost V-6 would make about 340 horsepower. No such vehicle ever came to fruition. For 2007, all-wheel-drive became available on V6 models. Sirius Satellite Radio became available as an option on the SE and SEL models. The front passenger fold-flat seat was introduced and became standard on the Fusion SEL and SE models. Also, the Fusion gained front-seat side airbags and a side air curtain as standard features, as well as an anti-theft perimeter alarm. (All were previously available as cost options.) Also added was an auxiliary audio input jack for audio transmission from a portable audio player along with some equipment modifications. A DVD-based navigation system also became available. For the 2008 model year, ABS became a standard feature, as did a tire pressure monitoring system. New optional features include rear parking assist, Ford's "SYNC" multimedia and communication system, and ambient interior lighting. The DVD navigation was replaced with a new generation system featuring voice commands, and for the first time navigation is available also with manual transmission. Finally, 2 packages were added to the options list: Sport Appearance Package and Moon and Tune package. The latter makes the Audiophile 8-speaker audio system available on the SE trim line. Several colors were deleted and some others added. For 2009, electronic stability control was added as an option. A new appearance package with blue trim became available, and revisions were made to the exterior color palette as well. For 2006-2009: ***LIST***. In Mexico the Fusion was offered in two trim levels through 2005-06: SE and SEL, with automatic transmission only. For the 2007 model year, the S trim was introduced and a manual transmission was newly available for the S and SE trim levels. These two trims had standard 16-inch alloy wheels, while the SEL trim had 17-inch alloy wheels standard. The 2008 model year added Ford's Ford SYNC to the SEL trim. The manual transmission was discontinued after 2008 in Mexico due to poor sales. The 2009 model year was a very short one in Mexico because the 2010 Fusion arrived in dealerships by late February 2009. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: ***LIST***. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety: ***LIST***. Although the frontal offset test for 2007 (later release) to 2009 is rated good overall by IIHS, injury measures from head/neck and right leg/foot is rated acceptable. For the 2010 model year, Ford significantly updated the Fusion, along with the Mercury Milan and Lincoln MKZ, with new front and rear end fascia designs and interior and powertrain revisions. Powertrain options are similar to those that debuted on the 2009 Ford Escape, including the new 2.5 L I4 and 3.0 L PIP Duratec series V6 engine coupled to Ford's new 6F35 six-speed transmission. The 3.0 L Duratec provided with E85 fuel capability, while the I4 provided . The 3.5 L Duratec 35 producing was standard in the Fusion Sport. The I4 and 3.0 L V6 engines included adaptive knock control and aggressive deceleration fuel cutoff features to improve fuel economy. Interior changes included a new optional 8" screen navigation control system, a new center console design, and Ford's new trademark "Ice Blue" illumination for the controls and gauges that is shared with the current Ford Focus and Ford F-150. The Ford Fusion line-up was included in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2010 "Top Safety Picks" rating for the mid-size category. Due to the fact that Ford modified and strengthened the roof structure of the Flex, Fusion, and MKT vehicles, these 2010 ratings apply only to Lincoln MKZs, Mercury Milan and Fusions built after April 2010. In June 2010, it is reported that National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was investigating into floormat-related unintended acceleration in 2010 Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan. According to NHTSA's estimate, as many as 249,301 cars could be affected. On May 28, 2010, the NHTSA issued a statement that the stacking of all-weather floor mats from any manufacturer on top of the factory floor mat could cause accelerator entrapment. In their press release they stated the following: "NHTSA is urging drivers of 2010 Fusions to make sure they do not stack the rubber “All Weather” floor mat on top of the secured carpeted floor mat. Further, drivers are reminded to ensure that any driver-side floor mats (whether they are the carpeted floor mat or all weather floor mat) are properly installed and restrained by the retention hooks on the floorboard. Depending on vehicle and floor mat design, it is possible for unsecured floor mats to interfere with accelerator or brake pedals in a wide range of vehicles. Therefore, NHTSA reminds all drivers of all makes and models to check the driver-side floor mats for secure installation and to follow all manufacturer instructions for installing the mats." On October 2, 2014, the NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation opened an investigation into the Electronic Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) subsystem used in Ford Fusions, Lincoln MKZs, and Mercury Milans with model years between 2010 and 2012. The investigation was opened in response to over 500 complaints where motorists reported the sudden loss of power steering while driving. An estimated 938,000 vehicles are included in the investigation. The investigation is ongoing. On May 27, 2015, Ford issued a recall for 2011-2012 Ford Fusions, Mercury Milans, and Lincoln MKZ's made in Mexico, along with 2011-2013 Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKS and Lincoln MKT's built in Chicago or Oakville. The repair involves a software update and/or steering replacement due to a malfunctioning sensor. The 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Fusion sedan launched to the U.S. market in March 2009, with an initial sale price of US$27,270. EPA ratings for the Ford Fusion Hybrid are 41 mpg city and 36 mpg highway. In city driving a full tank delivers 700 miles. In April 2009 editors of Kelley Blue Book named the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid to its 2009 list of "Top 10 Green Cars". The Fusion Hybrid qualified for a hybrid tax credit of US$3,400 prior to March 31, 2009. The credit dropped to US$1,700 if purchased by September 30, 2009, and to US$850 if purchased by March 31, 2010. This credit phased out on April 1, 2010. This model gets better EPA-estimated fuel economy than the Toyota Camry Hybrid, the Nissan Altima Hybrid, and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid, viewed as its competitors in the mid-size "sedan" segment. "Consumer Reports" in its December 6, 2012 publication found that the Ford Fusion Hybrid and Ford C-Max Hybrid's tested fuel economy was 20% (8 MPG) short of Ford's EPA mileage claims. After many reports from owners and media of the Ford Fusion Hybrid getting less than the stated 47 MPG city/47 MPG highway/47 MPG combined, a class action lawsuit was brought against Ford on December 26, 2012. Consumer Reports reviewed several other vehicle makes and models and found the Fusion Hybrid from Ford were the worst under-performers compared to EPA fuel efficiency ratings in real world usage compared to 16 others including hybrids. The second generation Fusion was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show as a 2013 model. The redesigned Fusion is built on the Ford CD4 platform and is an example of Ford's global car strategy "One-Ford", with design led by Ford of Europe, started with the Focus and then the extension of Fiesta production, which both came into North America in 2012. The new model marks the re-convergence of Ford's mid-size platform for both Europe and the Americas - the CDW27 program which spawned the Countour/Mystique and the original European Mondeo had been the company's previous attempt at a mid-size car for the world, which was met with mixed success. As a One-Ford project, Ford of Europe Head of Advanced design team Chris Hamilton was commissioned as lead designer based in Detroit, under the guise Exterior Chief Designer for Ford/Lincoln, with design support led from Ford of Europe studios in Germany and the United Kingdom. Test and development of localized versions was undertaken in both North America and Europe, resulting in different engine choices, automatic gearboxes, suspension settings and tires. Like the previous generation Fusion, the final assembly takes place at Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Due to strong sales of the redesigned 2013 year model, additional capacity was added in Flat Rock Assembly Plant, Michigan. The hybrid version and the Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid will continue to be assembled in Mexico. The Mexican assembly plant won the prized MIT, Worlds Best Automobile Plant award. In Europe and other international markets, the engine range is similar, but the 2.5 will only be available in North America. In international markets, a three-cylinder 1.0L 123 bhp EcoBoost, claimed to produce just 125g/km of CO2 emissions; and the Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid is expected to be released between 2014 and 2015. The second generation Fusion was built with a longer wheelbase than the outgoing model's CD3 platform, is bigger overall, wider, and taller. In contrast to the front double wishbone suspension of the first generation Fusion, at front are MacPherson struts, and at rear is a multi-link rear suspension. Despite larger exterior dimensions, some aspects of the interior have shrunk, including the trunk, which fell slightly from . The 2013 Fusion is available in S, SE, and Titanium trim levels. Ford assembled five different powertrains for the second generation, including two hybrid variants. All available engines are four-cylinder offerings, dropping the previous model's 3.0L V6 as the top tier engine choice, as part of Ford's push to phase out the aging Duratec 30, as well as the Sport package's 3.5L V6 as a performance option. In the 2017 update, the Sport model returned, powered by a 2.7L turbocharged V6. The second generation Fusion introduced several driver assistance technologies based on sensors, cameras and radar. Safety features include Lane Keeping System; adjust vehicle speed to changing traffic conditions through adaptive cruise control with Forward Collision Warning; active park assist paired with a backup camera; and Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) with cross-traffic alert, which consists of sensors in both rear quarter-panels that are able to detect traffic in a driver’s blind spot, providing both audible and visual warnings if traffic unseen by the driver is detected. BLIS technology enables rear cross-traffic alert, aiding drivers backing out of parking space where visibility is obstructed. Other safety features include Ford Sync, second-row Inflatable Safety Belts, Auto Start-Stop, electric power-assisted steering, and Intelligent All-Wheel Drive. For the 2014 model year the chief improvement was new 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine option. The new 2013 line-up also includes a next-generation hybrid version, and a plug-in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi. The Ford Fusion became the first production sedan to offer these three options. Sales of the gasoline-powered and hybrid version began in the US in October 2012. Sales in Europe and Asia, as Ford Mondeo, are expected to begin in 2013. Deliveries of the Fusion Energi began the U.S. in February 2013. Sales of the Mondeo line-up, including the hybrid model, began in Germany in August 2014. For the second generation Fusion Hybrid the nickel-metal hydride batteries used in the hybrid first generation were replaced with lithium-ion batteries. The 2013 model year is more fuel efficient than its predecessor, with a US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rating of with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. This rating is also the same Ford achieved for the 2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid, as both hybrids share the same engine and drivetrain. These ratings allowed the 2013 Fusion Hybrid to outperform the 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE by city and highway, and to become the most efficient midsize hybrid sedan in the U.S. as of September 2012. The Duratec 2.5, and EcoBoost 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0 are sourced from Chihuahua, Mexico; Craiova, Romania; Bridgend, Wales; and Valencia, Spain respectively. The 6F and HF35 automatic transmissions are sourced from Ford's Van Dyke Transmission Plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan, while the B6 manual is produced at the GETRAG FORD Transmissions GmbH facility in Halewood, United Kingdom. Ford updated the Fusion for the 2017 model year. The facelifted version was first unveiled at the 2016 North American International Auto Show on January 11, 2016. All Fusions received new packages, new front and rear end styling, a new rotary-controlled automatic transmission, and two new trim levels of the gasoline-powered Fusion: the high-performance Sport, which marks the first time that a V6 engine has been installed into a second-generation Fusion, and the luxurious Platinum, which adds more luxury features onto the previously top-of-the-line Titanium trim level (the Platinum is also available for both the Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Energi Plug-In Hybrid models). Also new for 2017 on most Fusion models is Ford's new SYNC 3 infotainment system with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility, which replaces the troublesome MyFord Touch infotainment system that was offered on the 2016 Fusion. Pricing starts at $22,120 for a base gas-powered Fusion S model with the 2.5L Duratec 25 Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, and tops out at $39,120 for a top-of-the-line Fusion Energi Plug-In Hybrid Platinum model with 2.0L Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine and an Atkinson Cycle electric motor with EV Mode. In 2012, Ford recalled about 90,000 2013 Ford Escape and Fusion in the U.S. and Canada with 1.6-liter engines that may overheat and cause fires after 13 reports of fire were reported to Ford. In 2017, Ford recalled 2013-2014 Ford Fusion with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a “lack of coolant circulation”. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford. The Fusion also became the new body style for Ford automobiles in NASCAR beginning in 2006, replacing the Taurus. This marked the first time since the Torino in 1968 that Ford introduced a new model that went racing in NASCAR at the same time as its launch. For the introduction of the Generation 6 body design in 2013, the vehicles were updated to match the second generation Fusion. The Generation 6 body styles were also meant to closer resemble the production versions of their respective vehicles. Ford announced its attempt to use a fuel cell version of the Fusion, Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999, to set a land speed record on August 10–17 during Bonneville Speed Week in 2007. The Fusion 999 project was born in early 2006 when Ford fuel cell engineering manager Mujeeb Ijaz approached Roush Racing about a project to demonstrate the performance potential of a fuel cell-powered vehicle. Roush's team, led by Rick Darling, worked with a team of Ford engineers and technicians led by Matt Zuehlk to come up with a vehicle design that could meet the goal of exceeding on the Bonneville Salt Flats, fueled only by hydrogen. On August 15, 2007, the vehicle set the fastest fuel cell ground vehicle speed record of . The car was driven by retired Ford engineer Rick Byrnes, a long time Bonneville racer. According to Ford, consumer response to the 2006 Fusion had exceeded their expectations, with 30,000 sold during the first quarter of 2006. By October 2009, the Fusion became one of the top ten best-selling cars in the U.S. for the first time, as well as the best-selling car by a domestic automaker. An article reflecting on the retirement of the Taurus however noted that whatever its faults, Ford did sell a large volume of them, and at the time production ended, the Taurus was still outselling the smaller Fusion and larger Ford Five Hundred combined, thanks to Taurus' large fleet sales. For the 2007 model year, approximately 77% of Fusion sales were retail (as opposed to fleet). This sales mix has contributed, in part, to the Fusion's relatively high residual value compared to the Taurus. Ford also sells the Fusion in Mexico and Brazil. In Brazil, it became the highest-selling car in its class in 2008.

"1 Thing" is a song written by American R&B singer and songwriter Amerie and Rich Harrison for Amerie's second studio album, "Touch" (2005). The song is influenced by go-go rhythms and features a prominent sample of The Meters' 1970 funk recording of "Oh, Calcutta! ", written by Stanley Walden. Its lyrics focus on an unidentified "thing" that fuels a romantic attraction. The song was released as "Touch"'s lead single in 2005, and is the only single from the soundtrack to the 2005 romantic comedy film "Hitch". "1 Thing" received acclaim from critics, and peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number four in the United Kingdom, becoming Amerie's first top ten single and her biggest hit to date, also peaking at number one on the U.S. R&B singles chart. Its digital download and ringtone releases were each certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song earned Amerie a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards. A remix of "1 Thing" features rapper Eve. It was later named the twenty-second and twenty-fifth best song of the 2000s decade by "Rolling Stone" and Robert Christgau, respectively. In 2004, when working on her second album, Amerie enlisted the services of producer Rich Harrison, who had helped produce and write her first album. In May 2004, Harrison heard "Oh, Calcutta!" for the first time and began working on the beat accompanying the ten-second back-and-forth breakdown between Meters drummer Ziggy Modeliste and guitarist Leo Nocentelli. Harrison said he loved the work of the Meters, especially Modeliste, commenting, "Ziggy, he's crazy." He processed the way the breakdown could be "flipped", added a bongo drum, a cowbell, and a ride cymbal, and sent it to Amerie. According to Harrison, they wrote and finished the song in two to three hours. Amerie's manager, Len Nicholson, felt the song was "the single" to release. When executives at Amerie's label, Columbia/Sony Urban Music, heard "1 Thing", they felt that the song's choruses needed to be "bigger". They recommended that more music be added to the percussion-focused beat, but Harrison and Amerie replied that adding more to the beat would overpower the song. Harrison and Amerie returned to the studio several times to rework the track. Each time they submitted a new version to the label, Columbia told them that the song sounded unfinished, but was unable to specify what should be changed. The label continued to refuse to release "1 Thing"; in Amerie's words, "People just weren't getting it". Later in 2004, six months after recording "1 Thing", Amerie and Harrison leaked it to U.S. radio stations in an attempt to get it released officially. The response from DJs and listeners was positive, and it consequently received airplay across the country. Columbia Records attempted to suppress the song because it was an unofficial release, and because Jennifer Lopez (another artist on the label) had expressed interest in recording the song for her own album, "Rebirth". Radio stations refused to retract the song from their playlists, and Columbia eventually began promoting "1 Thing" as a single, making it a last-minute addition to the "Hitch" soundtrack. Lopez settled on another Harrison-produced, funk-infused track, the Usher outtake "Get Right". "1 Thing" was produced by Harrison and is built around a sample of The Meters' 1970 version of the theme song from "Oh! ", "Oh, Calcutta! ", written by Stanley Walden. Built around The Meters' funky beat-driven percussion, "1 Thing" finds Amerie lamenting an aspect of a relationship that keeps her satisfied. Even if other factors are less than positive, there is one thing that keeps her hooked ("It's this one thing that's got me trippin'"). Amerie said that the inspiration for the song came from a conversation she had with Harrison "about relationships and how there's always one thing that keeps you attracted to someone. No matter what they do or how they act, there's that one undeniable thing that keeps you coming back." She told "Blender" that the "one thing" "could be bringing flowers, or something more ... physical. People think I'm just this good girl, but there are other sides they don't see." Despite being based on a New Orleans funk sample, the song belies a strong go-go influence. Harrison likened the two based on their heavy use of percussion and chant. Amerie stated, "You don't hear go-go outside of D.C. ... I was like, 'We have to do it in an up-tempo way because when you hear it on the radio in D.C., it's fast.' So it's a fresh sound for everybody but people in the D.C./Maryland/Virginia area. They [already] know what it is." The song is composed in the key of D # minor, moving at a tempo of 100 beats per minute in common time. It uses four-measure phrases with a I-III-II-I-VI chord progression. The first four chords are played on the measure's downbeat, and off-beat syncopation is used for the fifth chord. "1 Thing" received acclaim from music critics. In its review of "Touch", "Rolling Stone" named the song "an early front-runner for song-of-the-summer status," also ranking it the number one single of 2005. Pitchfork Media stated that Harrison "knows something about horns, big glorious ascending heavenly anthemic horns" and "drums, huge sweaty riotous back-and-forth second-line old-school Clyde Stubblefield drums." AllMusic described "1 Thing" as being "just as exciting" as "Oh, Calcutta!" for how it "[flails] all over the place with unbound joy". The song received second place behind Kanye West's "Gold Digger" on the 2005 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau. "Blender" ranked "1 Thing" number 191 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". It praised the song's "cascading drums…and Amerie's frantic, top-of-her-range vocals". Calling it "a pretty fucking smart move to wrap perfect pop around a question that stays open all night", Pitchfork listed the song as the second best single of 2005, behind Antony and the Johnsons' "Hope There's Someone". The song was ranked 32nd on Pitchfork's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and the publication included "1 Thing" in its collection of "The Pitchfork 500". Christgau named it the twenty-fifth best song of the 2000s. "1 Thing" became Amerie's most commercially successful song. In the United States, it debuted at the bottom of the "Billboard" Hot 100 on February 12, 2005. The song gradually climbed the chart over a ten-week period, peaking at number eight, and exited the chart after a total of twenty weeks. It received play from urban contemporary stations and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs in late April 2005. "1 Thing" also charted on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Pop 100, reaching numbers thirteen and twenty-eight respectively. The Recording Industry Association of America awarded a platinum certification to its digital download in October 2005, and another platinum certification to its ringtone release in June 2006. The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 48th Grammy Awards but lost to Mariah Carey's "We Belong Together". The song was successful in the British Isles. In the United Kingdom, "1 Thing" debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in late May 2005. It went on to spend fourteen weeks on the chart. The song ended the year as Britain's thirty-eighth best-selling single of 2005. In the neighboring Republic of Ireland, the single debuted at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart. It climbed to number six in two weeks, remaining on the chart for another nine weeks. "1 Thing" was successful in continental Europe, where it peaked at number thirteen on the European Hot 100 Singles chart. It reached the top ten in Denmark, Finland, and Norway; the top twenty in Belgium and the Netherlands; and the top forty in France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. The music video for "1 Thing", directed by Chris Robinson and Amerie, revealed to the public the singer's sexual side. It focuses on her dance routines, featuring her as a go-go dancer in various setups, intercut with footage from the film "Hitch". Amerie co-directed the video with Chris Robinson after she approached him with the video's concept in mind. The two collaborated again when directing the music video for the following single, "Touch". Lauryn Hill sampled "1 Thing" during the second and last part of "Doo Wop (That Thing)" during live performances. Girls Aloud used the song as an interlude in performances of its 2004 single "Love Machine" during its 2006 Chemistry Tour. Foo Fighters member Dave Grohl showed the video for "1 Thing" during "24 Hours of Foo", during a segment in which each member of the band presented one song that they considered their "guilty pleasure". Alternative rock band Elbow covered the song in a comedic fashion for an August 2005 performance on BBC Radio 1's "Live Lounge". "1 Thing" was used in the PlayStation 2 karaoke game "SingStar R&B". The Sweden-based Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun covered the song in an acoustic style on her 2013 album "Rarities". A cover of the song by British duo Peter and Kerry is featured on . The Irish singer-songwriter Hozier has performed "1 Thing" during concerts in 2014 and 2015. "1 Thing" was played during the pole dancing scene in "Somewhere". The song can also be heard in the soundtracks for video games "Saints Row 2", "Everybody Dance", "The Hip Hop Dance Experience" and "Grand Theft Auto V". The song's only official remix features guest vocals from rapper Eve, and an alternate version of the music video was created for it. Amerie that said she chose Eve to appear on the remix because most other female R&B singers were accompanied by male rappers, and that Eve "epitomizes that whole independent fearless female doing her thing. She's fashionable and very much a woman even though she definitely has a lot of attitude, the strength that most would attribute to men. ... With '1 Thing' being such an aggressive track, it was perfect to see two females really doing it." A second remix features Fabolous, a third features B.G., and little-known Torontonian producer Satya Rock arranged an extended underground remix to feature E-40, Method Man, Lyrics Born, One Be Lo, Dres, Joe Budden, Talib Kweli, Beanie Sigel, Edan, and MF DOOM. Siik remixed "1 Thing" by using instrumentals from a song by Japanese producer Nujabes. "Stylus Magazine" listed Siik's remix seventh on its list of the top ten remixes of 2005 and commented that "it's enough to warrant a whole change of venue, from the sizzling pep of the dance floor to the silk luxury of the bedroom." Most of the unofficial remixes were released on mixtapes, and Amerie said that she liked them all, particularly those by Fabolous, B.G., and Juelz Santana.

The Wirral line is one of two commuter railway lines operated by Merseyrail and centred on Merseyside, England, the other being the Northern line. A third line of the Merseyrail network, the City Line, is not operated by the Merseyrail train operating company, though it also receives funding from Merseytravel, the passenger transport executive for Merseyside. The Wirral line connects Liverpool to the Wirral Peninsula via the Mersey Railway Tunnel, with branches to New Brighton, West Kirby, Chester and Ellesmere Port. Beneath Liverpool, the line follows a clockwise circular route in a single-track tunnel called the Loop, built in the early 1970s. The line was created by the amalgamation of several historic railways, and has carried its present name since the opening of the Merseyrail network by Queen Elizabeth II on 25 October 1978 during the British Rail period. The Wirral line is fully electrified with a DC third rail, and has existed in its current form since May 1994 with the start of electric services to . A total of 34 stations are served, with connections available to mainline services at and . The line also connects with the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network at and . The Wirral line was not originally conceived as a single route, but was built as several lines by individual private railway companies. Even after the Grouping Act of 1921, three of the Big Four companies were active on the Wirral Peninsula until the in 1948 when all four were absorbed into British Railways. During the 1970s under British Rail, the Merseyrail network was developed and privatisation during the 1990s has resulted in services once again being run by private operators, now known as train operating companies. Part of the Chester and Birkenhead Railway forms the oldest section of today's Wirral line. The route between the two settlements was surveyed by George Stephenson in 1830, however the railway company itself was not incorporated until 12 July 1837 after a previous bill had been rejected a few months earlier. Between 1830 and 1837 an alternative route was surveyed by Francis Giles, but Stephenson's plans were favoured with construction work starting in May 1838 and allocated to three different contractors. By October 1839 over 900 navvies and 40 horses were employed on the southern of the route which included the construction of Mollington Viaduct over the Shropshire Union Canal at Moston, now Grade II listed, and in 2011 having recently undergone strengthening work at a cost of around £800,000. The total cost of the railway was around £513,000, more than double the original estimate of £250,000, and the full length of opened as a single track line on 23 September 1840 between temporary termini at Grange Lane in Birkenhead and Brook Street in Chester, close to the present location of Chester railway station. The inaugural service was operated by locomotive "The Wirral", taking 50 minutes to travel the length of the line from Birkenhead. In 1842 the company purchased Monks Ferry station and extended their railway north from Grange Lane to reach the new combined rail and ferry terminal, which opened on 23 October 1844. On 22 July 1847 the line was merged with the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Railway into the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway who doubled the track. Chester General station opened a year later on 1 August 1848, still extant today as the southern terminus of the Wirral line and renamed to simply "Chester" in 1969 following the closure of Chester's other station, Chester Northgate. In 1859 the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway shortened its name to become the Birkenhead Railway, but was taken over in 1860 by the Great Western Railway (GWR) and the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) who operated the line as a joint affair known as the Birkenhead Joint Railway. Birkenhead Woodside station opened on 31 March 1878 as a new terminus to replace the facilities at Monks Ferry. To connect the new station to the railway, a tunnel was dug using the cut and cover method. On 28 July 1863 the Hoylake Railway was incorporated due to The Hoylake Railway Act being granted Royal Assent which authorised the construction of a railway line between Birkenhead and Hoylake. A single track line was constructed between and (adjacent to Wallasey Bridge Road), and the railway opened to passengers on 2 July 1866. The railway had ambitious plans that included the construction of a bridge across the Dee Estuary to join the LNWR North Wales Coast Line at Mostyn, but due to financial difficulties the company went into receivership on 13 February 1869. The railway was bought by the Hoylake and Birkenhead Tramway Company who passed a bill for a new tramway from the Bridge Road station to Woodside Ferry Terminal on 18 July 1872. The Hoylake Railway reopened on 1 August 1872 and in 1878 was extended to West Kirby to the west and an interchange with the tramway and the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board railway system to the east where Birkenhead Dock station had been built. The tramway was sold to the Birkenhead Tramways Company on 11 October 1879 which was already operating other tramways in Birkenhead. On 18 July 1881 the railway became the Seacombe, Hoylake & Deeside Railway Company and acts were passed for lines to , Deeside and Warren Drive, later extended to New Brighton. Before these extensions were complete the railway became the Wirral Railway Company and a decision was made to double the track as far as the western terminus at West Kirby. Whilst the new lines to Seacombe and New Brighton were being surveyed and built, a new joint company, later to become the North Wales and Liverpool Railway Company (NW&LR), took over the construction of the Deeside line due to a lack of Wirral Railway funds. The planned NW&LR route would pass through the heart of the Wirral Peninsula from on the Wirral Railway to in Flintshire, Wales where it would meet the Chester and Connah's Quay Railway and the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway (WM&CQR). The North Wales and Liverpool Railway opened for passengers on 18 May 1896, but powers to extend the service from Bidston to the more appealing destination of Seacombe were not granted until 1898. The NW&LR and WM&CQR were both acquired by the Great Central Railway (GCR) on 1 January 1905, and due to a high level of goods traffic the GCR opened a new connection to the docks in 1907 as part of what forms the now-disused Birkenhead Dock Branch. Today the railway from Bidston to Hawarden Bridge forms the northern part of the Borderlands line which is the only railway line on the Wirral that does not form a part of the present-day Wirral line. The first proposal to connect Birkenhead and Liverpool by a rail tunnel was made in 1864 by the Liverpool and Birkenhead Railway Company. The bill received the support of the chairman of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and of John Laird, the Member of Parliament for Birkenhead at the time, although ultimately it was unsuccessful due to strong opposition from the LNWR. A second tunnel proposal was made in 1865 by Sir Charles Fox who planned to build a single track pneumatic railway under the Mersey between the two settlements. The Mersey Railway Act was passed in 1866 although the project was hindered with knowledge of engineering difficulties and limitations with pneumatic railways in other parts of the country. On 22 December 1869, Fox held a meeting with Liverpool businessmen and merchants where it was decided that the pneumatic single track railway would be substituted with a conventional steam double track line. Powers for the Mersey Railway Company to build a steam railway were granted in 1871 as well as those to extend the original planned route to connect with the joint Great Western and London and North Western railway at . A contract was made with John Dickson to raise the necessary funding and then construct the railway, but he soon became bankrupt. Work on constructing the tunnel did not commence until December 1879 when a preliminary contract was entered with Major Samuel Isaac, a London businessman, to dig a pilot tunnel for determining the nature of the strata beneath the Mersey. Isaac subcontracted the construction work to John Waddell & Sons of Edinburgh who appointed James Brunlees and Charles Douglas Fox, eldest son of Sir Charles Fox, as engineers in chief. Two shafts were dug in the grounds of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board for the pilot tunnel - one in Birkenhead with a diameter of and the other in Liverpool of diameter . It was determined that there was an almost uninterrupted stratum of red sandstone beneath the river and as a result construction began in August 1881 before the pilot bore had been completed. A total of three tunnels were constructed — the main railway tunnel, a ventilation tunnel and a drainage tunnel. The railway tunnel was horseshoe shaped and bored to a width of and height of for two standard gauge tracks. With six layers of brickwork through sandstone and eight courses through clay, a total of around 38 million bricks were required. The drainage tunnel sloped down from the centre to pumping shafts on each side of the river each deep, lined with cast iron through water-bearing strata, and with a capacity of of water. Whilst water was encountered during the construction work, it was not a serious problem and the ground under the riverbanks was found to be wetter than that under the river itself. The ventilation tunnel is in diameter and was bored parallel to the main tunnel. In 1883 the rate of work was greatly improved with the deployment of a Beaumont Cutter which was a compressed air boring machine invented by Colonel Frederick Beaumont of the Royal Engineers. Liverpool Pumping Station was built adjacent to George's Dock and contained a pair of pumps connected to a steam engine. On the opposite bank of the river Shore Road Pumping Station was constructed in Birkenhead. The pumping plants were designed with the capacity to deal with up to four-times the amount of water that entered the drainage tunnel and subsequently the pumping shafts. Steam-driven ventilating fans were installed at James Street, Shore Road and midway between and . The fans combined could draw out of the tunnel of air per minute which meant a complete change of air in the tunnel every seven minutes. At the start of 1884 construction work was pushed ahead with 1400 men and 177 horses underground. On 17 January of the same year two tunnel headings met from the Birkenhead shaft. A ceremony marked this occasion with Henry Cecil Raikes PC, Major Isaac, Colonel Beaumont, James Brunlees, Charles Douglas Fox, Robert Paterson (Mayor of Birkenhead) and David Radcliffe (Mayor of Liverpool) present. The tunneling work was complete by the end of 1885 and thousands of members of the public took the opportunity to walk through the gaslit tunnel ahead of its official opening. King Edward VII, then Prince of Wales performed the opening ceremony on 20 January 1886 accompanied by Prince Albert Victor and Prince George, later to become King George V. All three had spent the previous night at Eaton Hall and travelled on the Royal Train between and Rock Ferry where the locomotive was swapped for a Mersey Railway 0-6-4 tank engine and a temporary connection to the Mersey Railway traversed ahead of the journey through the tunnel to Liverpool. At in the afternoon the Prince inaugurated the railway in James Street before attending a meal at Liverpool Town Hall. The first Mersey Railway passenger service ran ten days later on 1 February 1886. Around 36 thousand passengers travelled on the railway on the first day of service and 2.5 million passengers were carried during the first six months. Upon opening, the railway ran from James Street in Liverpool to Green Lane in Birkenhead via intermediate stations at and . A branch from Hamilton Square to opened on 2 January 1888 where it connected with the Seacombe, Hoylake & Deeside Railway, later to become the Wirral Railway. Once this extension was complete passengers were able to travel from Hoylake to Liverpool without changing trains as only the locomotives were changed for the Mersey Railway tunneled section. On 16 June 1891 an extension was opened from Green Lane to Rock Ferry for connections with the Birkenhead Joint Railway. A further extension opened in Liverpool on 11 January 1892 from James Street to increasing the total length of the railway to . This extension was tunneled using the cut and cover method due to a ban on the use of explosives in Liverpool city centre. Despite the four ventilation fans, passenger numbers on the railway declined due to the steam engines filling the air with smoke and soot. Coupled with the high cost of running the fans and drainage pumps, the railway found itself bankrupt by 1900. Not long afterwards, George Westinghouse, an engineer and inventor, offered to fund and carry out electrification work on the line. By the end of April 1903, and at a cost of £300,000, the electrification work was complete making the railway Britain's first steam-operated line to be converted to electric traction. A generating station adjacent to the pumping station on Shore Road was built and installed with three Westinghouse generators which provided a direct current of 650 volts to the fourth rail system. The last steam train departed Liverpool Central on 3 May 1903 at 12.26 am and electric operation commenced that afternoon after a long morning of driver training. Passenger numbers rose again after electrification and the Mersey Railway carried over nine million passengers the following year. To operate electric services 24 motor and 33 trailer carriages were constructed of Baldwin-Westinghouse design. They were long, of an American styling, and were manufactured at the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Four additional trailer vehicles of the same design were built during 1908 by G. C. Milnes Voss & Company in Birkenhead. The electric Mersey Railway trains all used a multiple unit control system developed by Westinghouse which enabled trains with motor carriages at both ends to be driven from a single cab. From 1904, driving controls were also fitted to selected trailer vehicles which enabled trains to be divided into shorter units during quieter times, yet still be drivable from both ends. Additional vehicles were added to the fleet in 1925 and 1925, constructed by Cravens of Sheffield, and in 1936, built by the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. The Railways Act 1921 took effect on 1 January 1923, when most railway companies in Britain were grouped into one of the Big Four. The Wirral Railway became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) company, while the GCR, which it met at Bidston, was absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The Birkenhead Joint Railway and the Mersey Railway were both unaffected by the grouping of 1923 and remained in existence until the nationalisation of the railways in 1948. The Wirral Railway had considered electrification since 1900, but plans were not taken any further until 1935, when increasing traffic prompted the LMS to revive the scheme. Authorisation was granted for the West Kirby and New Brighton lines, and work was completed by February 1938. The LMS had adopted a 650 V DC third-rail system which differed from the fourth-rail system of the Mersey Railway. To allow through services to run to Liverpool, all trains had to be able to operate with both systems, and automatic changeover devices were installed between each set of rails at Birkenhead Park. The LMS ordered nineteen three-car units to operate their new electric services, which were later to become the Class 503 under the TOPS numbering system. The vehicles were built in Birmingham by Metropolitan Cammell and the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and were maintained at Birkenhead Central TMD. Station improvement and modernisation work also accompanied the electrification work at , , , Moreton, and . With Mersey Railway trains able to use the LMS electrification system and vice versa, on 13 March 1938 the Mersey Railway was given operation of the line from Birkenhead Park to New Brighton in exchange for LMS running powers between Birkenhead Park and Liverpool Central, thus removing the need for passengers to change at Birkenhead Park for travel to Liverpool. The first direct services from West Kirby and New Brighton to Liverpool Central ran on 14 March 1938, the LMS operating the West Kirby services and the Mersey Railway running the New Brighton services. To keep LMS and Mersey Railway workers familiar with each other's routes, on Sundays the LMS worked the Rock Ferry services, and the Mersey Railway trains ran to West Kirby. The Mersey Railway also ran additional services to West Kirby on bank holidays to cater for day-trippers. During the Second World War, the Liverpool Blitz of 1940-1941 caused severe damage to the Mersey Railway. While overground services were disrupted on several occasions, underground services always continued, despite damage to station buildings. The explosion of a parachute mine just west of Birkenhead Park station demolished the carriage shed that was located there; damaged vehicles were sent to Wolverton works and extensively rebuilt. The importance of a rail connection between Liverpool and Birkenhead during the war was such that four redundant six-car trains from the Hammersmith & City line of the former Metropolitan Railway were reconditioned by the London Passenger Transport Board and transferred to temporary LMS ownership; however, these trains never saw passenger service on the Wirral, despite being stored at Birkenhead North and Hoylake. took place on 1 January 1948 under the Transport Act 1947. All lines on the Wirral, including the Mersey Railway, were absorbed into the London Midland Region of British Railways. At first, services continued as before, with trains from New Brighton and West Kirby to Liverpool Central, and services on the former Birkenhead Joint Railway from Birkenhead Woodside to destinations such as , Chester General, North Wales, West Kirby (via Hooton), , and Shrewsbury General. In 1955 the original Mersey Railway fourth-rail system was replaced with the third-rail system adopted by LMS from Birkenhead Park to New Brighton and West Kirby, removing the need for automatic changeover switches. Despite the design already being 19 years old at the time, a new batch of 28 third-rail-only Class 503 units was delivered the following year. Of these, 24 were ordered as replacements for the original Mersey Railway trains, and the remaining four to replace stock damaged during the Second World War. As each new train was placed in service, a Mersey Railway train was withdrawn and hauled by steam locomotive to Horwich Works for breaking up. In March 1963, Dr Beeching published his first report on the future of the railways, recommending the closure of one third of the country's railway stations, including Birkenhead Woodside. His second report, in February 1965, proposed 'trunk routes' between major cities, including the West Coast route between London and Liverpool/Manchester, which was then being electrified. Once Birkenhead to Birmingham and London services were replaced with electric trains from Liverpool Lime Street, only local diesel services to Chester and remained using Birkenhead Woodside, which closed to passengers on 5 November 1967. Local services were terminated at Rock Ferry where a change to Liverpool city centre was available. The programme of route closures in the early 1960s, known as the Beeching Axe, included the closure of two of Liverpool's mainline terminal stations, and high-level in Liverpool, and also Birkenhead Woodside terminal Station. Riverside terminal station at the Pier Head was the fourth terminal station to close. This was not a part of the Beeching cuts: the demise of the trans-Atlantic liner trade forced its closure in 1971. The Beeching Report recommended that the suburban and outer-suburban commuter rail services into both Exchange and Central High-level stations be terminated and that long and medium-distance routes be concentrated on Lime Street Station. Liverpool City Council took a different view, and proposed the retention of the suburban services and their integration into a regional rapid-transit network. This approach was backed up by the Merseyside Area Land Use and Transportation Study, the MALTS report. Liverpool City Council's proposal was adopted and Merseyrail was born. The Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority, later named Merseytravel, was formed in 1969 with representatives from all Merseyside local authorities taking responsibility for the local rail network, henceforth known as 'Merseyrail'. At that time, the lines out of Liverpool Exchange, Liverpool Central Low Level and Liverpool Lime Street stations were completely separate and were given the names of 'Northern line', 'Wirral line' and 'City Line' respectively. The new Wirral line was to have a loop tunnel under Liverpool's city centre which would be an extension of the Mersey Railway tunnel. This arrangement meant trains would only terminate in the Wirral. Trains would leave Wirral terminus stations, run into Liverpool's city centre and loop back out. Four underground stations would be on this loop under Liverpool's city centre. A further underground Link Tunnel connection between a new Moorfields through underground station and underground creating a Liverpool north-south crossrail was planned. Moorfields would replace terminus station. The Mersey Railway Extensions Act was passed in 1968 to authorise the first stage of these improvements. The Transport Act 1968 established the Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority to control policy on public transport in the conurbation, and the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive to manage ferry services and to make agreements with the National Bus Company and British Railways Board. The one track Loop Tunnel was designed to allow trains to run in a clockwise direction beneath Liverpool's city centre. It diverged from the Mersey Railway tunnel beneath Mann Island extending the short Huskisson Dock branch tunnel. This short tunnel was designed to extend to Huskinson Dock for freight purposes, however the works never materialized. A new platform was built at James Street. From James Street the tunnel continued to new deep-level platforms at , and before rejoining the existing Mersey Railway tunnel beneath the Queen Victoria monument to allow trains to continue serving one of the existing platforms at James Street. The existing 1886 tunnel from James Street to Liverpool central was relegated to shunting purposes. The Loop is a single-track tunnel, in length, in diameter, and was driven during 1972 and 1973 through mainly sandstone rock. The depth of the tunnel varies between and lined with concrete. To bore the tunnel, three new DOSCO electro-hydraulic excavating machines were used, giving a maximum work rate of per week. In addition to the construction of the Loop Tunnel, a burrowing junction was constructed at , taking the line towards Birkenhead Park beneath the Rock Ferry lines. This would allow peak-time frequencies to be increased by removing interfering train paths at the flat crossing. A new platform was built at Hamiton Square for this diversion, and the new tunnel is in length. In 1974, Merseyside was created, with Merseyside County Council taking over the responsibilities of the Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority. The Northern line, including the new Link Tunnel between Moorfields and the original Mersey Railway platforms at Liverpool Central, was opened to passengers on 2 May 1977 and the Loop Tunnel opened a week later with Wirral line trains serving Rock Ferry, New Brighton and West Kirby. The first phase of the Merseyrail development was formally opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on 25 October 1978, when she visited Liverpool Central station and rode to on the Northern line. To operate the new Merseyrail services, procurement of new stock began for the Wirral line. Following extensive testing of PEP stock, 43 Class 508 units were ordered and constructed at BREL York during 1979-1980. Due to a stock shortage in the Southern Region, the new four-car trains were first introduced to operate inner-suburban services from . This allowed the few remaining 4-SUB trains to be withdrawn so that their electrical equipment could be reclaimed for the new Class 455 units. In 1981, the first two Class 508 units were sent north to Birkenhead, and three more were transferred in February 1983 as Class 455s began to enter service. The new Class 455/7 units were originally specified as having four vehicles, but they were delivered with only three vehicles as it was decided that one trailer would be removed from each Class 508 unit before being sent north to Birkenhead. The remaining Class 508 units were reduced to three carriages and delivered to Birkenhead by December 1984, allowing the Class 503 units to be withdrawn. In the early 1980s plans were made to extend the Wirral line from Rock Ferry to along the former Birkenhead Joint Railway route. Third-rail electrification work was carried out during 1985, and Hooton to Liverpool services started on 30 September that year, at a 15-minute frequency. Bromborough Rake station opened along the line to coincide with the introduction of electric services, and diesel multiple units provided onwards connections at Hooton to Helsby and Chester. Further electrification work to Chester and was planned to start in 1990. Electric services through to Liverpool from Chester commenced on 3 September 1993 and from Ellesmere Port on 29 May 1994. The privatisation of British Rail began in 1993 and the Railways Act 1993 allowed separate parts of the railway to be transferred to the private sector. The Merseyrail network continued to operate as part of the Regional Railways sector of British Rail until 11 December 1996 when MTL was announced as the preferred bidder for the Merseyrail franchise. MTL ran the Merseyrail franchise as Merseyrail Electrics until 2000 when MTL was sold to Arriva by its shareholders and later rebranded as Arriva Trains Merseyside. The franchise was then run as Arriva Trains Merseyside. In 2003, Merseytravel took over responsibility for the Merseyrail franchise from the Strategic Rail Authority. In conjunction with this, on 20 July 2003, the franchise was awarded to Serco-NedRailways (now Serco-Abellio), a 50-50 joint business venture between Serco and Abellio, a subsidiary of Dutch national train operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Merseyrail Electrics 2002 Ltd was established by Serco-Abellio and the franchise is run under the "Merseyrail" brand with a 25-year contract ending in July 2028 and a review taking place every five years in line with the Merseyside Local Transport Plan. On 21 March 2016 it was announced that the Wirral line loop will be having its track renewed, with works to take place between January 2017 and June 2017. The Wirral line is built to standard gauge. The majority of the track has a loading gauge of W6 and the line has a Route Availability (RA) of RA 8 except for the New Brighton branch which is RA 6. This makes the whole line fairly restrictive and not very attractive for freight traffic. In 2017, the track laid in the late 1970s which runs under the Mersey will be replaced by Network Rail. This will see phased closures of Wirral line services from James Street to Birkenhead North and Birkenhead Central with Rail Replacement buses scheduled. The work is expected to start in January 2017 and to finish in June of the same year. The Wirral line is electrified using the 750 V DC third rail system. The Mersey Railway was electrified in 1903, making it the first railway in the world to be converted entirely to electrification. The former Wirral Railway, by then part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), was electrified in 1938. The opening of the Loop in 1977 led to three electrified terminals on the Wirral: New Brighton, West Kirby and Rock Ferry. Electrification south from Rock Ferry to Hooton followed in 1985, with extensions to Chester and Ellesmere Port in 1993 and 1994 respectively. In 1938 following the electrification of the former Wirral Railway, the LMS introduced new trains with air-operated sliding doors. These electric multiple units were eventually designated as Class 503. Further Class 503 units were built in 1956 to replace the former Mersey Railway carriages. The entire Class 503 stock was replaced in 1983 with Class 508 units originally built in the late 1970s for services from . A few years earlier (1978–1980), almost identical Class 507 units had been introduced on the Northern line to replace Class 502 stock. Following the privatisation of British Rail in 1993, Class 507 and 508 units have been used interchangeably on both the Wirral and Northern lines and in 2003–2004 the 59-strong Class 507/508 fleet was refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works at a cost of £32 million. Maintenance of the Class 507 and 508 fleet is carried out at Birkenhead North TMD and Kirkdale TMD. Birkenhead North TMD, just west of Birkenhead North station, focuses on major overhauls of the electric fleet, whereas Kirkdale TMD, situated south of Kirkdale station on the Northern line, is used for undertaking minor repairs and cleaning activities. Train cleaning operations took place at the now-defunct Birkenhead Central TMD beside Birkenhead Central station until the late 1990s. It was expected by Merseyrail that the 507s and 508s would be withdrawn around 2014 and replaced by a new EMU, but this has been postponed following the latest refurbishment. In May 2012, Merseytravel announced that it had formally begun a project for replacement of the 507s and 508s. In December 2016, Merseytravel announced that Stadler had won the £460 million contract and that the new trains would be delivered from summer 2019 with all the old trains replaced by 2021. In May 2014, the lease on the Class 507s and 508s was extended to 2018. As part of the agreement with Angel Trains, the fleet will receive a refresh package including external re-livery, internal enhancements and engineering work. During Monday to Saturday, trains run every 15 minutes from Liverpool to each of New Brighton, West Kirby and Chester, and every 30 minutes to Ellesmere Port. Hooton is the point of interchange between trains to Ellesmere Port and trains to Chester, and is served by six trains per hour from Liverpool, four of which continue to Chester (only two call at Capenhurst) and two calling at stations to Ellesmere Port. Interchange with the Northern line is available at Liverpool Central and Moorfields, and with the City Line at Liverpool Lime Street. Arriva Trains Wales operate services from Bidston along the Borderlands Line to . Various proposals over the years have suggested the electrification of part or all of this route and incorporating it into the Wirral line, as well as also electrifying beyond Ellesmere Port through to . Connections are available with other National Rail services at Liverpool Lime Street and Chester. There is also a very limited connecting service from Ellesmere Port to Helsby and . Parts of the Wirral line in Ellesmere Port saw frequent freight traffic until 1996 with branches to several wharves as well as Eastham Oil Terminal. In 2005 a single track line to Manisty Wharf in Ellesmere Port was reopened for a regular coal flow to Fiddlers Ferry power station. This freight route enters the terminus station Ellesmere Port, from the east, only using the Wirral line tracks through the station and branches north immediately after the station to reach the wharf. Freightliner Heavy Haul currently operates the service, with two trains per day. Freightliner Heavy Haul also has a contract with Quinn Glass to deliver sand from Sibelco's Middleton Towers Quarry in Middleton, Norfolk to their site at Elton which outputs 1.2 billion glass containers per year for the food and beverage industry. A trial service ran on 7 April 2011 and a twice-weekly service every Wednesday and Friday commenced on 13 April 2011. At present the sand is transported by road the final five miles to the Quinn Glass plant from a former Cawoods siding in Ellesmere Port beside the Manchester Ship Canal, south of Manisty Wharf, but from November 2011 trains were due to begin using a dedicated terminal at the plant itself. It was announced during this month that construction work had been delayed due to the discovery of a badger sett on the proposed site. Completion of the new line was set back to the end of June 2012 with a reported total cost of more than £2 million. In November 2012 it emerged that Quinn Glass had broken a planning condition requiring the rail terminal to be operational by November 2011. The company cited additional demands by Network Rail and the Environment Agency's decision to switch off the Frodsham Marshes pumping stations as causes of delay. Quinn Glass have since been granted an extended period by Cheshire West and Chester council during which to complete the project. A number of incidents have occurred on the Wirral line. Unit 508118, while in storage in the siding at Birkenhead North, was subject to an arson attack in 2001. The unit was scrapped. On 19 May 2004, Unit 507009 derailed at points as it approached Birkenhead North station. The leading bogie of four wheels came off the track, but the train remained upright. None of the 20 or so passengers on the train were injured. The cause was a worn switch rail and an imbalance in wheel loads across the leading carriage of the train. At 17:41 on 26 October 2005 the rear bogie of unit 508124 derailed in the Loop tunnel between Liverpool Lime Street and Liverpool Central. Due to concerns by Network Rail as to the condition of the track, there had long been a temporary speed restriction of in the tunnel, although at the time of the derailment the train was travelling at only . None of the 119 passengers were injured; the guard attended hospital overnight with a neck injury, but was not detained. In August 2006 a report by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) cited poor track maintenance, inadequacy of the rail fastening system, and the track infrastructure and trains not being designed as a complete system, as causes of the derailment. Liverpool-bound services terminated at James Street instead of going around the Loop while investigation and track renewal work took place. On 19 April 2006 a small fire in the Mersey Railway Tunnel caused electrics to short circuit. The 06:30 service from Ellesmere Port to Liverpool Central was in the tunnel at the time of the incident. All 120 passengers were escorted through the tunnel to . At 11:57 on 11 January 2007, unit 507019 hit the buffers at West Kirby as it was arriving from Liverpool Central. There were no injuries to the 20–30 passengers, but the driver and guard were treated for shock and minor rib injuries respectively. The train was travelling at around at the time of impact when it demolished the buffers and caused other minor damage. The unit was towed to Crewe Works and repaired. On 30 October 2007 a fire broke out on a Liverpool Central to Chester service. The train was evacuated at . The fire was caused by an electrical fault, and the carriage involved was damaged. The West Kirby branch of the line has several level crossings, and accidents at these, involving pedestrian fatalities, have taken place in July 2007, January 2008, and November 2009.

The Northern line is one of the two commuter rail lines operated by Merseyrail in Merseyside, England, with Wirral line being the other. A third line, the City Line, is not owned or operated by Merseyrail. All three lines are funded by Merseytravel. The Northern line passes underground through Liverpool city centre with termini at: ***LIST***. The line runs from Hunts Cross via the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) route towards Liverpool Central. Brunswick station between and Liverpool Central was added in 1998 to provide a connection to the Brunswick Business Park. Just south of Liverpool Central, the line leaves the CLC route, in tunnel at that point, into a 1970s tunnel that drops to a lower level into the underground Mersey Railway Liverpool Central (Low Level) station. North of Central the line uses the Mersey Railway tunnel for about half of the route to Moorfields, an underground station built in the 1970s to replace the surface-level Liverpool Exchange. North of Moorfields the route emerges from the tunnel to join the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway lines from the former Exchange station. After Sandhills, the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway branches off towards Southport, while the other routes continue to Kirkdale on what was a joint section of track between Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway and the Liverpool and Bury Railway. After Kirkdale, the Ormskirk and Kirkby lines diverge. Trains from Hunts Cross continue to Southport, while trains to Ormskirk and Kirkby start at Liverpool Central. Daytime trains operate every 15 minutes on each of the three routes Monday to Saturday and every 30 minutes on Sundays, except in summer when Sunday frequencies on the Southport route are increased to every 15 minutes. In peak hours the frequency on that route is every eight minutes during peak hours, when trains on the Southport and Ormskirk routes are increased to six carriages, as are weekend services during the summer on the Southport route. Interchange with the Wirral line is available at and . As the Northern line does not pass through , passengers must use the Wirral line as a connection, but given the short distance between Central and Lime Street, many with light luggage prefer to walk. Interchange with other National Rail services can be made at Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby, Liverpool South Parkway and Hunts Cross. Liverpool South Parkway opened on 11 June 2006, replacing Garston and providing connections to the City Line formerly available at . "This list is incomplete." Apart from Garston, all closures were prior to the formation of the Northern line. ***LIST***.

Belconnen United Football Club is an Australian semi-professional association football club based in the northern Canberra region of Belconnen, ACT. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Capital Football. The "Belconnen United Football Club" was founded in 1970 as the Belconnen United Soccer Club. The football club has been based out of the north Belconnen suburb of McKellar since its inception during the establishment of the Belconnen district of Canberra in the 1970s. Belconnen has run youth and senior footballing programs from recreational to elite level since its establishment. The Blue Devils first appeared in the top flight of ACT men’s football (then known as the ACT Division One) in 1975. The club quickly set-itself up as one of the top ACT clubs with a string of major ACT titles (15 in total) during the 80’s, 90’s and early 2000’s. This included five league premierships, seven finals championships and three Federation Cups. In 2000, Belconnen United switched to the NSW Premier League and were renamed the Belconnen Blue Devils. Belconnen first competed in the NSW Premier League in the 2000-01 season. The Blue Devils competed in NSW top flight for five straight seasons before a dispute between the Blue Devils management and board of Football NSW resulted in the club losing its licence to compete in the competition from 2006 onwards. During the club’s brief time competing in NSW, The Blue Devils enjoyed success, reaching the finals series in each season post their first and becoming league premiers in the 2003-04 season, beating St George Saints to the title with a +3 goal difference over the South Sydney club. Belconnen started the finals series with a narrow 4-3 overtime loss at McKellar Park to Sydney club Bankstown City Lions in the major semi-final. This meant The Blue Devils had to compete in the preliminary final while Bankstown advanced straight to the grand final. Belconnen once again played host in the preliminary final against league runner-up and winner of the minor semi-final, St George Saints FC. The Blue Devils were victorious over St George with a 2-1 victory thanks to a brace to Belconnen striker Macor. The victory led Belconnen to reach the 2003-04 NSW Premier League Grand Final, held at Marconi Stadium, where the Blue Devils faced-off against Bankstown City Lions once again. In front of a crowd of 5,000 the Blue Devils succumbed to two second half goals to lose the grand final 2-0. Bankstown were given a penalty in the sixty-fifth minute that was converted by Saso Boskovski before Belconnen player, Lee Pietrukowski, scored an own goal seven minutes later. In the 2004-05 season Belconnen won the ‘Challangers League’ by three points over Marconi Stallions and Wollongong Wolves after the league split into two groups following the combined league section of the season. As such, Belconnen qualified for the 04-05 finals series along with the top four clubs of the ‘Champions League’. The Blue Devils defied the odds to beat former NSL club, Sydney United on penalties 2-2 (7-6) in the qualifying final and Blacktown City Demons 2-1 in the minor semi-final to reach the preliminary final. 18 June 2005, the Blue Devils took on Bonnyrigg White Eagles in the preliminary final held in Sydney. The match ended 0-0 after regular time meaning extra time was needed to split the two teams. The White Eagles’ scored twice in the first half of extra time to take a commanding 2-0 lead into the final fifteen minutes of the match. Belconnen scored in the one-hundred and seventeenth minute to set up a tense final few minutes, but the Blue Devils failed to score again, which resulted in a 2-1 victory for Bonnyrigg, who progressed to the grand final. In 2006, after separating with Football NSW, The Blue Devils returned to Capital Football in the ACT and were accepted back into the ACT Premier League. The Club was renamed Belconnen United Football Club, with Blue Devils reverting to being a nickname. 22 April 2006, Belconnen played its first match back in the ACT Premier League away to Canberra Olympic where United and Olympic played out a 1-1 draw. United finished the 2006 Act Premier League regular season as runner-up to Canberra Olympic by seven points. The Blue Devils qualified for the finals series where the club lost the major semi-final to Olympic 0-4 and the preliminary final to Cooma 1-2. In 2007, Belconnen signed a mutual benefiting relationship agreement with A-League club Central Coast Mariners. The two clubs agreed to play an annual pre-season friendly match in Canberra at McKellar Park named The Bank of Queensland Cup. The agreement opened up opportunities for a development pathway for ACT talent to the A-League while the Mariners gained a foothold within the ACT footballing community. The agreement lasted five years with annual matches played between 2007 and 2011, starting with a 4-0 victory to the visiting Mariners on 30 June 2007. Belconnen next won the Championship two seasons later in 2008. 14 September 2008, Belconnen met Canberra FC in the ACT Premier League grand final. Belconnen took a first half lead and were 2-0 up at half time before continuing the good form in the second half to secure a 4-1 victory for the club’s first title since returning to ACT competition. In 2012, Belconnen won the league premiership with a comfortable nine point first-place finish over Cooma Tigers, who finished second. Belconnen also reached the grand final of the finals series but lost the match to Cooma 1-2 at McKellar Park on the 15 September 2012. This turned out to be the last ACT Premier League Premiership title as the league re-structured in 2013 under the FFA national banner of National Premier Leagues (NPL). Belconnen United was a founding member of the NPL ACT in 2013 following Football Federation Australia’s national re-structure of football leagues in Australia. Belconnen finished their first NPL season in second place, seven points behind league premiers Canberra FC. The Blue Devils lost the major semi-final to the same opposition 0-4 before succumbing 2-4 to Canberra Olympic at McKellar Park in the preliminary final. Belconnen repeated its second-place finish in the league ladder in 2014 but performed better in the NPL Capital Football finals series by winning the grand final and thus claiming the championship. United claimed the title with a 3-2 shootout victory over long-time rival Canberra FC after the two sides finished the match 3-3. 3 July 2014, Belconnen also added the Federation Cup trophy to the trophy cabinet with a 3-2 final win over Canberra FC yet again. The Federation Cup victory would normally mean Belconnen would qualify for the round of 32 of the FFA Cup but after a formal challenge was lodged by 2013 cup winners Tuggeranong United, Capital Football granted the 2014 qualification spot to Tuggeranong, meaning Belconnen missed out. 10 April 2015, Belconnen United FC announced they had formed a formal relationship with A-League heavyweights Sydney FC. The agreement between the two clubs established a formal pathway for Belconnen youngsters to progress and gain the possibility of an A-League contract with Sydney FC. The agreement also opened up ongoing opportunities for Belconnen coaching staff to work with and information share with Sydney FC staff including Graham Arnold. Finally, Sydney FC agreed to tour Canberra in 2015 pre-season to host coaching clinics and play a friendly match against the Blue Devils. Belconnen lost the friendly match against Sydney 0-3 with second half goals to Andrew Hoole, Jacob Tratt and Matt Simon in front of 1,852 fans. 2 January 2017, Belconnen United entered into an mutual benefiting agreement with NSW NPL club Wollongong Wolves to co-host a "festival of football" in the South Coast town of Nowra. 28–29 January 2017, The two clubs played a number of women's and men's junior and senior exhibition matches, ran free all-ages coaching and refereeing clinics, training drills, player sessions and family activities at Nowra's Ison Park. Belconnen United has developed a club philosophy framework to establish a positive club culture and football approach and ensure the club remains a strong pillar of the community. This philosophy is broken into two groups, culture and football approach. Club culture philosophy is based around open communication between the club staff, players, parents and external entities. It is about setting and expecting the highest level standards, positive good behaviour and personal conduct. This includes for example, ensuring safety and well-being of the players, parental etiquette is maintained at training, matches and tournaments, and assisting in the development of personality, self-confidence, motivation, concentration and communication skills for all involved with the club. BUFC’s football philosophy is based off four main principles. The development, delivery and review of the BUFC curriculum, coaching development, player development and a focus on home-grown talent. This approach to the footballing department of the club will deliver consistent development of both players and coaches associated with Belconnen United. Belconnen has established four feeder club agreements (see feeder club section below) to create a comprehensive player development pathways that nurtures home-grown talent. The club has implemented sets of age and program related goals for both players and coaches, it provides a uniformed style and system of play that emphasis technique before tactics, and it has developed a skills acquisition and game training program for all ages to achieve set goals. Belconnen United has established a number of feeder club agreements with junior and senior clubs in the ACT and NSW to help create a pathway for junior and senior players alike. Currently Belconnen United has four agreements in place. Belconnen United have created their own club song to sing in times of victory and joy. The song is as follows: Belconnen United has always been based in the Belconnen suburb of McKellar, ACT. McKellar Park (formally known as McKellar Soccer Centre and Belconnen Soccer Centre) is the Blue Devils home venue and has been since its inception in 1970. McKellar Park went through a major renovation in 2002 with the building of a new grandstand and other armenities, transforming the once suburban ground into one of the premier association football stadiums in Canberra. The build cost was $1.10 million and was delivered on time by club partner Project Coordination. The venue was re-opened by former ACT Senator Margaret Reid on 23 November 2002. The first match played at the ground was a 2002/03 NSW Premier League match between Belconnen United and Bonnyrigg White Eagles, the match ended 2-2. McKellar Park now holds a capacity of 3,500 people with seating for approx. 600 people. The grandstand also contains a concession area, change rooms, public toilets, storage, moderate corporate areas and press facilities. Belconnen United ground share with W-League team Canberra United but because the W-League is played in the summer months and the NPL Capital Football league runs over the winter months, there is no overlapping in fixtures for use of the stadium. Belconnen United FC has always been financially supported by the licensed club, Belconnen Soccer Club. 20 January 2017, the Blue Devils announced a new front of shirt partnership with multi-national gym company Anytime Fitness. Anytime Fitness would also host junior gala days during the junior season.