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The Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse is a federal courthouse in Portland, Oregon. It is named in honor of former U.S. Senator Mark O. Hatfield. It is used by the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The federal government originally planned to increase courtroom space in Portland by building a 13-story annex adjacent to the Gus J. Solomon United States Courthouse. In 1992, the government shifted to the construction of a new building across the street from the Multnomah County Justice Center, where federal prisoners are held for trial. The General Services Administration chose what was then known as the Hamilton Hotel block between Second and Third avenues and Salmon and Main streets for the courthouse. With 16 stories, the courthouse rises to a height of 318 feet (97 m), making it the tenth-tallest building in Portland. The design is a collaboration between the architecture firms Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates of New York and Bora Architects previously named Broome, Oringdulph, O'Toole, Rudolph & Associates of Portland, Oregon. It was completed in 1997 at a cost of $129 million, making it the fifth most-expensive courthouse of its size constructed in the 1990s. The building contains approximately . Upon completion the District Court moved from the Solomon Courthouse that was built in 1933. The building's architecture is distinctive and contemporary, especially when compared with Portland's older, primarily rectilinear towers. The distinctive cantilevered roof shelters a small green planting area which is visible to traffic approaching on Washington Street. Designed with energy efficiency in mind, the building exceeded Oregon's Energy Code by 29 percent when it was built. In 1994, the General Services Administration launched a five-year plan calling for the construction of hundreds of new federal facilities – courthouses, agency offices, research labs, and border stations - in the biggest public building boom ever. GSA sought to elevate the design of courthouses and other federal buildings through its Design Excellence Program, which encourages design by nationally prominent contemporary American architects and invites prominent architects and critics to join judges and agency heads on the selection panels. This overhaul of government design was led by Edward Feiner, Chief Architect of GSA's Public Buildings Service. The new program called for regional sensitivity and urban vitality in federal architecture. The Mark O. Hatfield Federal Courthouse was designed and detailed by Kohn Pederson Fox Associates (KPF) of New York City, New York; and Portland's BOORA Architects, who were actually selected by a GSA panel before the institution of the Design Excellence Program. The design won a 1994 GSA National Honor Award, one of two honor awards given by GSA for new federal buildings in 1994. The building design reflects the dignity of the courts and welcomes and supports the public in an accessible, comfortable, functional and secure environment. The site selected for the structure is in downtown Portland, overlooking the Plaza Blocks, a trio of civic parks shared by City Hall and other civic buildings, including Michael Grave's 1984 Portland Building. The construction of the new courthouse on this site required the removal of the Hamilton Hotel, a property eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, and underground structures associated with 19th-century Chinese commercial activity in Portland. GSA, the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation entered into a Memorandum of Agreement in order to take into account the effect of the undertaking on the historic properties. The agreement contained several stipulations, including Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation of the Hamilton Hotel, salvage of architecturally and historically significant items, and archaeological testing, monitoring, and recovery from the site. It was agreed that a portion of the collection of the archaeological artifacts and specimens would be displayed in the first-floor lobby of the courthouse. The Arts in Architecture program for the courthouse was enhanced by GSA's participation in the City of Portland's percent for arts Floor-Area-Ratio (FAR) bonus credits. In November 1994, the Community Arts panel reviewed credentials and slides representing approximately 200 artists. From this extensive list, the panel recommended four artists and sites for GSA review and approval. GSA concurred and approved the selections. The artists and sites include Eric Orr - Main Lobby; Sandra Stone - Main Lobby; Tom Otterness - 8th Floor Roof Terrace; and Judith Poxson Fawkes – 16th Floor Special Proceedings Courtroom. The design of the building was initiated in October 1992. The base building was competitively bid at 92.3 million dollars. Site demolition, foundation, and non-court tenant improvements were constructed under separate contracts for a total construction cost of 97.9 million dollars. Construction began in June 1994 and was substantially completed in September 1997. The design for the new courthouse building is a creative, responsive and efficient solution to placing a large, complex program on a small 195' x 200' site in an important civic setting. BOORA Architects and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates separated the sleek limestone, steel, aluminum, and glass courthouse into two distinct volumes. An eight-story block, scaled to the height of the neighboring county courthouse building, incorporates administration offices and a law library with a roof terrace atop the 8th floor. Below the eight-story block are two levels of below-grade parking, building service areas, and storage space built out to the edge of the perimeter sidewalks. Behind the eight-story block, a 17-story tower contains two courtrooms per floor - each with a jury suite and judge's chambers - separated by a zone of services and circulation. Secure corridors wrap the north, south and east sides of the courtrooms, with punched windows that admit daylight into both jury suites and courts. The two courtroom per floor scheme results in an extremely efficient floor plan that maintains separate public, restricted, and secure circulation systems. The building organization also allows a sensitive urban design response to this important site. The courthouse building completes Portland's "Government Center" facing three historic park blocks; and maintains scale relationships with surrounding buildings, protects an important city view corridor, and maximizes important views from the building to the surrounding city, rivers, and mountains. The building site is bounded by Third Avenue to the west, Main Street to the south, Second Avenue to the east and Salmon Street to the north. As an urban expression the building sits on a rusticated stone base referencing Italianate palazzo design. Concrete sidewalks surround the building. The building sits on a black granite base. Immediately atop the granite is a rough-faced limestone veneer. The remainder of the building is clad with smooth limestone or steel/aluminum and glass curtain walls. A curved elevator tower punctuates the northwest corner of the building like a campanile. The building is capped by a vaulted metal roof canopy. The building's main entrance is located on its west elevation. The glass and steel storefront entrance is recessed at an angle from the plane of the elevation behind a row of massive pillars and is sheltered under a projecting metal canopy. The exterior wall surfaces of the eight-story block (southern half of the elevation) above the canopy is smooth limestone veneer with punched window openings, one such being a five-story opening which constitutes virtually half of the wall surface. It is divided into four bays by vertical metal fins which terminate as flagpoles or decorative poles and horizontally by metal spandrels and mullions. The top floor of the eight-story block contains the law library. Its west elevation is fully glazed and recessed from the plane of the elevation and set under another projecting metal canopy. An open-air rooftop terrace caps the eight-story block. The northern half of the west elevation above the main entrance canopy consists of the 16-story smooth limestone and glass and steel curtain wall tower. The northwest corner is a solid limestone shaft. A curved elevator penthouse with projecting metal skirt rises above the shaft like a campanile. The curtain wall portion follows the same recessed angle back from the plane of the elevation as the main entrance. The curtain wall is divided horizontally by projecting fins at the floor plates and intermediate window mullions. The same materials and similar details continue around to the south elevation. The employees entrance is located near the center of the first floor. The eight-story block of the south elevation features a wide, vertical band of windows near its west end and a punched four-story window opening which constitutes nearly two-thirds of the elevation's wall surface. The windows are divided horizontally by metal spandrels and mullions. The top floor of the eight-story block is fully glazed and sheltered under a projecting metal canopy. A four-story metal bracket appears to support the cantilevered canopy. The 16-story tower is set back from the plane of the eight-story block, allowing for the open-air rooftop terrace. The tower's elevation consists of a limestone center shaft flanked by glass and steel curtain walls. The limestone wall surface has punched window openings of horizontal bands and small squares. The curtain walls are divided horizontally by projecting fins at the floor plates and intermediate window mullions. The vaulted metal roof crowns the tower. The east elevation contains the building's vehicular and service entrances. The overhead garage doors are sheltered under a wide projecting metal canopy which stretches the length of the elevation. The next two floor levels are clad with smooth limestone and contain long horizontal bands of windows. At the fourth floor level, the elevation changes character. The southern half, the 16-story tower, consists of a projecting glass and steel curtain wall that appears to be supported by projecting metal brackets. The curtain wall is divided horizontally by the same projecting fins at the floor plates and intermediate window mullions. The curtain wall is divided vertically by a central recessed channel. A bracketed vertical metal fin, rising from the 4th through the 15th floors, accentuates this channel. The 16th-floor level is set back from the plane of the elevation, creating another open-air rooftop terrace covered by an open canopy which is an extension of the building's vaulted metal roof. The north elevation contains two-story window openings at its base, allowing natural light into the public lobby. The majority of this elevation is smooth limestone veneer with punched window openings. The projecting glass and steel curtain wall accents the northeast corner, and the solid limestone shaft with curved elevator penthouse accents the northwest corner. The building's vaulted metal roof crowns the tower. The courthouse incorporates extensive security measures using building design, technology, and personnel. The building provides three independent and separate circulation systems to protect court participants. Separate elevators and corridors are provided for the public, for persons in custody, and for court personnel. These circulation paths meet in the courtrooms. Extensive electronic technology includes video cameras, electronic locks, duress alarms, X-ray, and magnetometers. Architecturally significant interior spaces include the two-story main entrance lobby with marble stair and cascading water features, upper-floor court lobbies with semi-circular elevator lobbies, finely detailed wood-paneled courtrooms and hearing rooms, and the aforementioned rooftop terraces.

In building construction, roof pitch is a numerical measure of the steepness of a roof. Roofs may be functionally flat or "pitched". The pitch of a roof is its vertical rise divided by its horizontal span (or "run"), what is called "slope" in geometry and stair construction, or the tangent function in trigonometry. In the imperial measurement systems it is typically expressed with the rise first and run second. In the USA, the run is denominated by the number 12, giving a ratio of how many inches of rise or fall there are to each 12 inches (one foot) of run. For example, 3:12, 4:12, 5:12, and so on. Countries which use metric measurement systems use a degree angle, or what fall there is per unit of run, and expressed as a "1 in x" slope, a 1 in 1 slope being 45°. Where convenient, the LCMs are used, e.g. a 3 in 4 slope, rather than "9 in 12" or "1 in 1 1/3". The pitch matters for a variety of reasons including the type of roofing material used, walkability, proportions to the building as a whole which is sometimes a critical factor in some architectural styles such as a steep pitch in Gothic architecture and a low pitch in Classical architecture, and combinations of pitches form distinctive roof shapes such as a gambrel roof. The basic ranges of pitch are not uniformly defined but range from "flat", which are not perfectly flat but sloped to drain water up to 1/2:12 to 2:12 ( 1 in 24 to 1 in 6); "low-slope" roofing requires special materials and techniques to avoid leaks and ranges from 1:12 (2:12) to 4:12 (1 in 3); "conventional" from 4:12 (1 in 3) to 9:12 (3 in 4); and "steep-slope" roofing is above 9:12 (3 in 4) (21:12) (7 in 4) and may require extra fasteners. US convention is to use whole numbers when even (e.g. "three in twelve") or the nearest single or two-digit fraction when not (e.g. either "five and a quarter in twelve" or "five point two-five in twelve", each expressed numerically as 5.25:12). Definitions vary on when a roof is considered pitched. In degrees, 10° (2 in 12 or 1 in 6) is considered a minimum. The exact roof slope in degrees is given by the arctangent. For example: arctan(3/12)=14.0° The primary purpose of pitching a roof is to redirect water and snow. Thus, pitch is typically greater in areas of high rain or snowfall. The steep roof of the tropical Papua New Guinea longhouse, for example, sweeps almost to the ground. The high, steeply-pitched gabled roofs of northern Europe are typical in regions of heavy snowfall. In some areas building codes require a minimum slope. Buffalo, New York and Montreal, Quebec, Canada, specify 6 in 12, a pitch of approximately 26.6 degrees. Carpenters frame rafters on an angle to "pitch" a roof. Gable and other multi-pitched roofs allow for lower primary structures with a corresponding reduction in framing and sheathing materials. Historically roof pitch was designated in two other ways: A ratio of the ridge height to the width of the building (span) and as a ratio of the rafter length to the width of the building. Commonly used roof pitches were given names such as:- ***LIST***.

A form book is a tool used by attorneys to aid in the filing of pleadings, motions and other legal documents with a court or similar decision-making body. It is usually a binder containing loose-leaf pages, each of which has a form, or model, of a different kind of motion that the attorney might file with a court. Due to the exacting nature of legal forms and the time and effort required to prepare legal documents, form books were created as an aid in the drafting process. These books conserve time and serve as a reference to attorneys and law students seeking to use them in their practice. The importance of these books is not to be underestimated, as a form lacking proper language or information may jeopardize court proceedings. Forms can contain standard language to be used in court proceedings, or may more closely resemble a template which is to be filled in based on case specifics. Forms found in form books are often used as a reference, as the document that will be used must be tailored specifically to the court and situation in which it will be presented. In some cases, such as patent and bankruptcy, certain forms are legally required. Form books may be arranged chronologically, alphabetically, by subject, or by jurisdiction. They may also include additional resources such as outlines, research references, annotations, state considerations, and law practice checklists in addition to the forms. The style, format, and information required in court documents differs from one jurisdiction to another, between different levels of courts in a system, and between different areas of law. Therefore, the companies that publish casebook and other legal materials often publish form books as well, offering selections specific to the location and type of practice in which their customers are engaged. Many publishers offer the forms in their books on computer discs. Some books may be accompanied by CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs. The advent of the Internet has lessened demand for printed form books. Many forms are now distributed freely by various courts, and others are available for purchase online. Forms online may be offered with drafting tools and other resources. There are several different categories of form books available. These differ in their organization, subject, and the nature of the information contained. General form books usually fall into one of two categories: transactional, or covering pleading and practice processes. Transactional (or legal) forms give examples of contracts, wills, leases, deeds, mortgages, and other substantive matters. Pleading and practice forms provide formatting and examples for legal language to be used in various court motions such as complaints, answers, and motions to dismiss. General form books are not state specific, and are annotated and cross-referenced. They are usually arranged alphabetically or encyclopedically and may provide a topical index to aid researchers in finding specific forms. Publishers can provide form books that discuss a specific type of practice. Topics which might have their own form books include real estate, business law, and tax. Most states have form books containing state-specific forms. These can be published by various entities such as state courts or individual state bar association organizations. Other court systems may publish their own materials as well. Another type of form book is designed for those seeking legal forms but not trained as lawyers, commonly referred to as a “self-help” form book. Topics included could be leases, wills, and contracts. Typical forms included in a form book are a model complaint, answer, motion to compel discovery, motion for summary judgment, and request for permission to appeal. Other types of forms include: Transactional forms used to draft wills, contracts, and documents

John Laird Abercrombie (born December 16, 1944) is an American jazz guitarist, composer and bandleader. His work explores jazz fusion, post bop, free jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Abercrombie studied at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. He recorded his debut album, "Timeless" with Manfred Eicher's ECM label, and has recorded principally with this label since. Abercrombie has played with Billy Cobham, Ralph Towner, Jack DeJohnette, Charles Lloyd, Michael Brecker and Randy Brecker. He is known for his spare, understated, and eclectic style and his work with organ trios. John Abercrombie was born on December 16, 1944, in Port Chester, New York. He picked up the guitar at the age of 14. He began by playing along to Chuck Berry, but discovered jazz by listening to Barney Kessel. He attended Berklee College of Music from 1962 to 1966 and studied under famed guitar educator Jack Petersen. He often played with other students at Paul's Mall, a jazz club in Boston connected to the larger club Jazz Workshop. The gigs at Paul's Mall facilitated meetings with organist Johnny Hammond Smith and the Brecker Brothers (saxophone player Michael Brecker and his brother, trumpet player Randy Brecker). Smith asked Abercrombie to play with him, and they performed at Boston's Big M club as well as on tour. Abercrombie graduated from Berklee in 1967 and briefly attended North Texas State University before moving to New York in 1969. He quickly became one of the "most in-demand session players," recording with Gil Evans in 1974, Gato Barbieri in 1971, and Barry Miles in 1972 among others. In 1969, he joined Dreams, one of the first jazz-rock bands, which rose to prominence in the late 60s and early 70s and featured the Brecker Brothers and drummer Billy Cobham. He also recorded on several of Cobham's albums, "Crosswinds", "Total Eclipse" and "Shabazz". Abercrombie's following began to grow at this point, largely due to Dreams's growing success. They shared billing with such rock acts as the Doobie Brothers, and Abercrombie found his career taking a direction he had not expected. "One night we appeared at the Spectrum in Philadelphia and I thought, 'what am I doing here?'. It just didn't compute." In 1973 Manfred Eicher, the German producer and founder of ECM Records, invited Abercrombie to record for ECM. Abercrombie recorded his first solo album, "Timeless", in 1974 with drummer Jack DeJohnette and Hammond organist Jan Hammer. The album was well received and critically acclaimed and marked the beginning of his fruitful relationship with ECM. The label's understated, subdued music was representative of the music Abercrombie continued to make throughout his career. In 1975 he formed the band Gateway with DeJohnette and bassist Dave Holland, recording the albums "Gateway" (1976) and "Gateway II" (1978). After the Gateway albums, Abercrombie changed his playing style and instrumentation, moving toward a more traditional format. He recorded "Arcade", "The Abercrombie Quartet", and "M" with pianist Richie Beirach, bassist George Mraz, and drummer Peter Donald. Abercrombie said of this quartet, "it was extremely important to have that group...it was my first opportunity to really be a leader and write consistently for the same group of musicians." During the mid-1970s and into the 1980s, he also contributed to ensembles led by DeJohnette and took part in a number of other sessions for ECM, occasionally doubling on electric mandolin. He also toured and recorded two albums ("Sargasso Sea", 1976 and "Five Years Later", 1981) with guitarist Ralph Towner. During the mid-1980s, he continued to play standards with Mraz, and he played in a bop duo with guitarist John Scofield. Abercrombie began experimenting with a guitar synthesizer in 1984 while recording in a trio with Marc Johnson on bass and Peter Erskine on drums and while working with Paul Bley in a free jazz group. He played the guitar-synth until around 1990. The synthesizer allowed him to play, as he described it "louder, more open music." Abercrombie's trio released three albums during this time showcasing the guitar-synth: "Current Events" (1986), "Getting There" (1987) with Michael Brecker, and "John Abercrombie, Marc Johnson, & Peter Erskine" (1989). The 1990s and 2000s marked a time of constantly changing associations. In 1992, Abercrombie, drummer Adam Nussbaum and Hammond organist Jeff Palmer made a free-jazz recording. He then started a trio with Nussbaum and organist Dan Wall and released "While We Were Young" (1992), "Speak of the Devil" (1994), and "Tactics" (1997). He added trumpeter Kenny Wheeler, violinist Mark Feldman and saxophonist Joe Lovano to the trio to record "Open Land" (1999). The Gateway band reunited for the album "Homecoming" (1995). Abercrombie continues to tour and record and remains associated with ECM, with whom he has had a relationship for more than 40 years. His playing style is "spare" and "understated", and he has continued to experiment and push the boundaries of jazz while retaining a firm grounding in jazz tradition. He also uses electronic effects and timbre changes to achieve an emotional effect. As he said in an interview, "I'd like people to perceive me as having a direct connection to the history of jazz guitar, while expanding some musical boundaries."

The 1987 Maryland train collision occurred at 1:30 pm on January 4, 1987, on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor main line in the Chase community in eastern Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, at Gunpowder Interlocking, about northeast of Baltimore. Amtrak train 94, the "Colonial" (now part of the "Northeast Regional", from Washington, D.C., to Boston), crashed into a set of Conrail locomotives running light, and which had fouled the mainline. Train 94's speed at the time of the collision was estimated at about . Fourteen passengers on the Amtrak train were killed, as well as the Amtrak engineer and lounge car attendant. The Conrail locomotive crew failed to stop at the signals before Gunpowder Interlocking, and it was determined that the accident would have been avoided had they done so. Additionally, they tested positive for marijuana. The engineer served four years in a Maryland prison for his role in the crash. In the aftermath, drug and alcohol procedures for train crews were overhauled by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which is charged with rail safety. In 1991, prompted in large part by the Chase Maryland crash, the United States Congress took even broader action and authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in all industries regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) including trucking, bus carriers and rail systems. Additionally, all trains operating on the high-speed Northeast Corridor are now equipped with automatic cab signalling with an automatic train stop feature. Several safety issues were identified with Amfleet cars as well. At the time, the wreck was the deadliest in Amtrak's history. It was later surpassed in 1993, during the wreck at Big Bayou Canot in Alabama that killed 47. Amtrak Train 94 (the "Colonial") left Washington Union Station at 12:30 pm (Eastern time) for Boston South Station. The train had 12 cars and was filled with travelers returning from the holiday season to their homes and schools for the second semester of the year. Two AEM-7 locomotives, numbered 900 and 903, led the train; #903 was the lead locomotive. The engineer was 35-year-old Jerome Evans. After leaving the Baltimore, Maryland Amtrak station, the train's next stop was Wilmington, Delaware. Just north of Baltimore, while still in Baltimore County, the four-track Northeast Corridor narrows to two tracks at Gunpowder Interlocking just before crossing over the Gunpowder River. The train accelerated north toward that location. Ricky Lynn Gates, a Penn Central and Conrail engineer since 1973, was operating a trio of Conrail GE B36-7 locomotives light (without freight cars) from Conrail's Bayview Yard just east of Baltimore bound for Enola Yard near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Gates was later determined to have violated several signal and operating rules, including a failure to properly test his cab signals as required before departure from Bayview. It was later discovered that someone had disabled the cab signal alerter whistle on lead unit #5044 with duct tape, muting it almost completely. Also, one of the light bulbs in the PRR-style cab signal display had been removed. Investigators believed these conditions probably existed prior to departure from Bayview and that they would have been revealed by a properly performed departure test. Gates and his brakeman, Edward "Butch" Cromwell, were also smoking a marijuana cigarette. Cromwell was responsible for calling out the signals if Gates missed them, but failed to do so. As Amtrak Train 94 approached the Gunpowder Interlocking near the Chase community on the electrified main line, the three Conrail freight locomotives were moving north on one of the adjacent freight tracks. Before the adjacent tracks reached the bridge at the river, they merged into the two through tracks that cross the bridge. While the tracks and interlocking plant at this location are signalized to alert locomotive engineers when the interlocking switches are set for through track train movement, the switches are not designed to de-rail a locomotive or train that runs through them when they are aligned for through track train movement. In the case of the accident, the interlocking plant was properly set for through track movement only, so as to allow the Amtrak train to pass the freight locomotives (which should have been stopped on the side tracks) on the through tracks onto and over the bridge. The freight locomotive engineers ignored the stop signals in their locomotive cab (which were muted), and at trackside, visible to them from the cab of their locomotive. Speed/event recording devices indicated that the Conrail locomotives were moving at approximately when their brakes were applied for an emergency stop, after they had passed the trackside signals. This was, Gates later claimed, when he realized that he did not have a wayside signal to proceed north at the interlocking. He was, however, moving too fast to stop before passing the signal indicating he should stop clear of the main track on which #94 was approaching. Had Gates reacted either to an approach signal instructing him to reduce speed, or to the stop signal itself in a timely fashion, or had the brakeman called out the state of the signals as he was supposed to do, it was likely the Conrail engines could have stopped short of the switch. The Conrail locomotives came to a stop on the track directly in front of #94, which approached the interlocking a speed between . Although the maximum allowed speed for Amtrak AEM-7 locomotives carrying cars on this corridor was 125 mph, #94 was carrying one 'Heritage' style passenger car, whose maximum allowed speed was limited to . The conductor for #94 testified that he did inform the fatally injured train engineer of the Heritage car on the train; in any event, its presence meant that the Amtrak train was speeding. With little time to react, Amtrak engineer Evans apparently saw the diesels on the line in front of him and applied the brakes for an emergency stop. The NTSB determined that even if #94 had been travelling at , the Amtrak's authorized speed limit, the collision was unavoidable at this point. On impact, the rearmost Conrail diesel, GE B36-7 #5045 exploded and burned. It was completely destroyed down to the frame and was never rebuilt. The middle unit, #5052, sustained significant damage but was later rebuilt and returned to service. Lead unit #5044 had little damage. One of Amtrak's AEM-7s, #900, was buried under the wreckage, while the lead locomotive, #903, ended up among some trees on the west side of the right of way. Several Budd Company Amfleet cars were piled up, with some crushed under the pile. Cromwell, who was on the lead locomotive with Gates, suffered a broken leg in the collision. Gates was uninjured. The Amtrak engineer, lounge car Lead Service Attendant and 14 passengers were killed. The front cars on the Amtrak #94 train suffered the greatest extent of damage and were almost completely crushed. However they were nearly empty awaiting additional holiday passengers en route who would have boarded the train at stations further north. According to the NTSB, had these cars been fully occupied at the time, the death toll would have been at least 100. There were relatively few passengers on those cars, however, and so the death toll was much less. Most of the dead were on Amtrak car #21236. With a total passenger load of about 600 people, there was a great deal of confusion after the collision. Witnesses and neighbors ran to the smoking train and helped remove injured and dazed passengers, even before the first emergency vehicles could arrive at the location. While many of the injured passengers were aided by nearby residents, some of the uninjured passengers wandered away, making it difficult for Amtrak to know the complete story. Emergency personnel worked for many hours in the frigid cold, impeded as they were by the stainless-steel Amfleet cars' skin's resistance to the ordinary hydraulic rescue tools at their command, to extricate trapped passengers from the wreckage as helicopters and ambulances transported injured people to hospitals and trauma centers. It was over 10 hours after the collision before the final trapped people were freed from the wreckage. It was several days before the wrecked equipment was removed and the track and electrical propulsion system were returned to service. At first, Gates and Cromwell denied smoking marijuana. However, they later tested positive for the substance. A National Transportation Safety Board investigation revealed that had Gates slowed down at the signals as required, he would have stopped in time. It also determined that Gates and Cromwell's marijuana use was the "probable cause" of the accident. Gates and Cromwell were immediately suspended by Conrail pending an internal investigation, but resigned rather than face certain termination. Gates was eventually charged with manslaughter by locomotive; under Maryland law a locomotive is a motor vehicle. Prosecutors cut a deal with Cromwell in which he agreed to testify against Gates in return for immunity. Gates was sentenced to five years in state prison and one year's probation, and was later sentenced to an additional three years on federal charges of lying to the NTSB. Gates' history of DWI (driving while intoxicated) convictions as well as his admission that the crew had been using marijuana while on duty led for a call to certify locomotive engineers as to their qualifications and history. Toxicology tests on the Amtrak engineer's body returned negative. In a 3-2 decision, the NTSB report stated that the speed of train #94 at the time the brakes were applied, between , was an unauthorized excessive speed, since the maximum for an Amtrak train carrying Heritage cars was . The excessive speed was determined to have been a contributing factor to the amount of damage to both trains at the point of impact. The two dissenters to the report believed that it was unreasonable to assign contributory blame to the Amtrak engineer based solely on the premise of the Heritage car lowering its speed limit. Gates was released from prison in 1992 after serving four years (two years of a state sentence, then two more years of a federal sentence), and now works as an abuse counselor. In a 1993 interview with the "Baltimore Sun", Gates said the accident would have never happened if not for the marijuana. He also revealed he had smoked marijuana on the job several times. As a result of the wreck, all locomotives operating on the Northeast Corridor are now required to have automatic cab signalling with an automatic train stop feature. Although common on passenger trains up until that time, cab signals combined with train stop and speed control had never been installed on freight locomotives due to potential train handling issues at high speed. Conrail subsequently developed a device called a locomotive speed limiter (LSL), a computerized device that is designed to monitor and control the rate of deceleration for restrictive signals in conjunction with cab signals. All freight locomotives operated on the Northeast Corridor must now be equipped with an operating LSL which also limits top speed to . Previously, freight locomotives were only required to have automatic cab signals without an automatic train stop feature. Also as a direct result of this collision, federal legislation was enacted that required the FRA to develop a system of federal certification for locomotive engineers. These regulations went into effect in January 1990. Since then, railroads are required by law to certify that their engineers are properly trained and qualified, and that they have no drug or alcohol impairment motor vehicle convictions for the five-year period prior to certification. Another effect was that age-old Rule G ("The use of intoxicants or narcotics by employees subject to duty, or their possession or use while in duty, is prohibited." — UCOR, 1962) was revamped to: "An employee who reports for duty under the influence of alcohol or other intoxicant, cannabis in any form, an amphetamine, a narcotic, a hallucinogenic drug, any controlled substance (as defined by federal law), or a derivative or combination of any of these, or who uses any of the foregoing while on duty, will be dismissed. Possession of any of the foregoing while on duty, or possession, use, or being under the influence of any of the foregoing while on Company or occupying facilities provided by the Company is prohibited." Source: "Tennessee Valley Railroad Operating Rules book, effective March 15, 1995" Actually, a form of Rule G has existed in many railroad operating manuals for decades. However, the federal codification of this rule was deemed necessary to assure that any violator would be dealt with in a consistent and harsh manner. Also, anyone who passes a stop signal loses his or her FRA certification for a period not less than 30 days for a first offense. This is per 49 CFR part 249. In 1991—prompted in large part by the Chase crash—Congress authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in industries regulated by DOT. Ten years after the collision, the McDonogh School of Owings Mills, Maryland decided to build a 448-seat theater in memory of one of the crash's victims and alumna, 16-year-old Ceres Millicent Horn, daughter of American mathematicians Roger and Susan Horn. Ceres Horn graduated from McDonogh at age 15 and enrolled and was accepted at Princeton University at age 16 where she majored in astrophysics. On January 4, 2007, the 20th anniversary of the crash, her family visited the theatre for the first time and attended a ceremony at the McDonogh School held in honor of their daughter. The Baltimore County Fire Department's medical commander at the scene 20 years earlier told the newspaper that the Amtrak crash is still being used as a case study in effective disaster response. "The reason is how the members of the professional and volunteer fire departments and the community people got together." It was, he said, "a very sad but a very proud moment" in his career.

Gary Glen Mar QC, (; born July 26, 1962) is a former Canadian politician in Alberta, Canada. Gary Mar was appointed as the Province of Alberta’s Representative in Asia on October 14, 2011. He led the province’s strategic outreach efforts from his post in Hong Kong, from where he oversaw the province’s five other Asia offices in Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul and Taiwan. After more than 20 years as an Alberta politician and government official, Gary Mar’s public sector career came to an end on June 30, 2015, when his contract as Alberta’s representative in Asia expired, amid criticism of the former provincial Progressive Conservative administration’s payout of $140,000 as part of a contract it signed with Mar in December 2011. Mar had served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 to 2007 and prior to his diplomatic postings held several Cabinet portfolios – Community Development; Health and Wellness; Education; Environment; and International and Intergovernmental Relations. On December 3, 2007, he was appointed the Official Representative for Alberta in Washington, D.C., and worked in the Canadian Embassy with the official title of Minister-Counsellor of the Province of Alberta to the United States. In March 2011, he resigned his post in order to seek the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta in its 2011 leadership election which he ultimately lost. Mar was born in Calgary, Alberta as the grandson of Chinese immigrants who came to what is now Alberta before it became a province. He was named after actor Gary Cooper and astronaut John Glenn. The son and grandson of entrepreneurs, Mar spent his early years working in his family's restaurants and other businesses. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce (Finance) at the University of Calgary (1984) and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Alberta (1987). Before serving Albertans as an elected Member of the Alberta Legislature, Mar practiced general law in Calgary, Alberta. He was appointed Queen’s Counsel in 1994, an honorary designation conferred by the Crown in Commonwealth countries and recognized by the courts. He was the youngest person in the Commonwealth to be appointed Queen's Counsel. From 1987 to 1990 Mar worked at the law firm MacKimmie Matthews, Barristers and Solicitors in Calgary and corporate, commercial, and real estate law at Code Hunter, Barristers and Solicitors from 1990 to 1992. At the age of 30, Mar was first elected the Alberta Legislature in the 1993 general election. He won the electoral district of Calgary Nose Creek defeating incumbent Liberal MLA Yolande Gagnon. He served for 14 years as an MLA, winning four consecutive elections in Calgary, Alberta and has held several Cabinet portfolios. Premier Ralph Klein had campaigned on a debt-reduction platform, and in his first years as a Cabinet Minister in Klein's government he developed and reinforced his fiscal management and commitment to balanced budgeting. During his 14 years as MLA, he has had well-rounded experience serving as Minister of Community Development; Health and Wellness; Education; Environment; and International and Intergovernmental Relations, which has covered responsibility for the arts, amateur sport, seniors, education, environment, provincial parks, health care, Alberta's centennial celebrations, Alberta's international offices and international relations, and Alberta's relations with other governments within Canada. He was a member of the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Committee, the Members’ Services Committee and the Cabinet Policy Committee on Managing Growth Pressures. As Minister of Environment, he served as co-chair of Climate Change Central, a public/private partnership formed in response to the international agreement on climate change. He led efforts to create a new provincial park in the Spray Valley to protect this unique and vulnerable area of Alberta’s Rocky Mountains. As Minister of Education, Mar introduced First Things First…Our Children, an initiative that focused on school children of all ages. It made a commitment to ensuring children can read well by grade 3, and focused on high standards for junior and senior high school students, keeping them in school and ensuring they have the skills they need when they graduate. As Minister of Health and Wellness, he was instrumental in a number of changes to the system with long-lasting results, introducing a series of reforms to Alberta’s health care system that focused on patients and delivered improved care at lower costs, including a province-wide electronic health record system, an innovative pilot project to reduce wait times for hip and knee surgeries, and the creation of 500 new training spaces for doctors, nurses and technicians. He ensured primary care networks, in which physicians lead a team of health care professionals. This interdisciplinary, community-accessible approach became the focus of the health system. He reduced the number of health regions; took steps with electronic health records, negotiated for different funding from the federal government of Canada, and worked with the physicians union to create a controversial model for their pay. As Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations, Mar led the Alberta at the Smithsonian project in 2006 which included Alberta as the first Canadian province ever featured at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Leading up to the Folklife Festival, Alberta Week in Washington included forums and meetings between Alberta leaders and U.S. decision makers and policy makers in Washington, D.C. On September 27, 2007, Mar was named Alberta Envoy in Washington, D.C. Over four years, he led U.S. senators, congressmen and industry members to tour Alberta's oil sands, and promoted Alberta energy, agriculture and other products and opportunities in Washington and across the United States, speaking at conferences and symposiums, and representing Alberta at meetings and discussions. During his time in Washington, Mar was focused on raising awareness and knowledge among American political leaders about Alberta’s economic strengths and its emergence as a world leader in the supply of reliable, clean, safe energy. He traveled and spoke to a number of state legislatures to inform them about the responsible development of the oil sands. On March 16, 2011, after resigning his post in Washington, Mar announced he was seeking the leadership of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party. As a leadership candidate, he was the front-runner and caucus favourite. Although he received the most votes on the first and second ballots - achieving 40.76% of the votes on the first ballot and 42.51% of the votes on the second ballot - because he did not receive more than 50% of the vote, under the rules at the time voters' second preference votes were added and Alison Redford was declared the winner, with Mar losing the race. Mar was named Alberta's trade envoy to Asia on October 14, 2011. For the 2014 Winter Olympics, Mar, together with B.C. 's representative in Asia, Ben Stewart, asked the Canadian consulate in Hong Kong to allow CBC with a live-feed of men's gold medal hockey game, for the more than 300,000 Canadians in Hong Kong. "I miss home," said Mar, adding his mom lives in Calgary and his mother-in-law is in Edmonton. "That's the hardest part of the transition but in terms of being familiar with Hong Kong and the area here, I'm comfortable with that. Nancy is comfortable here." As Minister of Health and Wellness, Mar hired his former executive assistant, Kelley Charlebois, through his consulting firm, to provide advice and support to him and the department. Over 3 years, the dollar value of the advice and travel added up to $389,000 No contract was required or awarded. During question period in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Dr. Kevin Taft, Leader of the Official Opposition, asked what reports were provided by Charlebois Consulting had produced for the government, Mar responded that "there are no reports as such."

The Mount Hood Railroad is a heritage and shortline freight railroad located in Hood River, Oregon, east of Portland, Oregon, United States. The majority of the railroad's revenue is generated from passenger excursions although a few small freight shippers remain that generate several carloads of traffic per week. The northern terminus of the Mount Hood Railroad is at Hood River, Oregon, where the line interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad. The line starts out parallel to the Hood River for the first until it reaches a switchback. Switchbacks used to be common, but this is now only one of five remaining railroad switchbacks in use in the United States. After the trains reverse direction at the switchback, the line continues south through the communities of Pine Grove, Odell, and Dee before reaching the southern end of the line at Parkdale. The total length of the line is just over . The Mount Hood Railroad currently has three locomotives on its roster: ***LIST***. The MHRR roster also includes one excursion passenger train which consists of two closed coaches, one snack car, one open air coach, and a caboose. There is also a dinner train, which consists of four cars configured in dining seating arrangements. The railroad's new owners added a full-length dome lounge car in 2008. This is a former Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe car originally built by the Budd Company in 1954. Locomotive 89 was recently transferred to the Santa Cruz & Monterey Bay Railroad in Watsonville, California for operations on the former Union Pacific Santa Cruz Branch. The line south out of Hood River was first built in 1906, extending as far as Dee. In 1909 the line was extended to the present-day end of track at Parkdale. The Union Pacific acquired the line in 1968 and operated it with the primary customers being fruit shippers and the lumber operation at Dee. As local industries switched to truck-based transportation for their goods, carloads on the line dwindled and the Union Pacific proposed abandoning the line. In 1987 a group of local investors purchased the railroad from Union Pacific and began to offer passenger excursions to augment the freight business. The line was sold again in 2008 to Permian Basin Railways, a subsidiary of Chicago-based Iowa Pacific Holdings. Today the railroad offers four-hour scenic tours through the Hood River Valley and narrated historic excursion train tours, as well as special events. There are views of Mount Hood and Mount Adams along with the surrounding orchards and farmland of the Hood River Valley.

Joshua Radnor (born July 29, 1974) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for portraying Ted Mosby on the popular Emmy Award-winning CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother". He made his writing and directorial debut with the 2010 comedy drama film "Happythankyoumoreplease", for which he won the Sundance Film Festival Audience Award and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. In 2012, he wrote, directed and starred in his second film, "Liberal Arts", which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. In 2014, Radnor portrayed Isaac in the Broadway play "Disgraced", which earned a Tony Award for Best Play nomination. He then starred as Dr. Jedediah Foster on the PBS American Civil War drama series "Mercy Street". Radnor was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Carol Radnor (née Hirsch), a high school guidance counselor, and Alan Radnor, a medical malpractice lawyer. Radnor has two sisters, Melanie Radnor and Joanna Radnor Vilensky. He grew up in Bexley, Ohio, a small city nested inside Columbus. Radnor attended Orthodox Jewish day schools (including the Columbus Torah Academy) and was raised in Conservative Judaism. Radnor went to Bexley High School, and later Kenyon College, where his school's theater department presented him with the Paul Newman Award and during which he spent a semester (Spring 1995) training at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. He graduated from Kenyon with a Bachelor of Arts in drama in 1996. Radnor received his Master of Fine Arts degree in acting from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 1999. Radnor participated in an Israel experience program in Tzfat with Livnot U'Lehibanot in 1997. Radnor was cast as the lead in The WB series "Off Centre". However, the role was re-cast with Eddie Kaye Thomas before the first episode aired. In 2002, he made his Broadway debut in the stage version of "The Graduate", succeeding Jason Biggs, opposite Kathleen Turner and Alicia Silverstone. In 2004, Radnor starred in "The Paris Letter" alongside his future "How I Met Your Mother" co-star, Neil Patrick Harris. From 2005 to 2014, Radnor starred in "How I Met Your Mother", his biggest role to date. In July 2008, he starred opposite Jennifer Westfeldt in the premiere of the play "Finks", written by Joe Gilford and directed by Charlie Stratton for New York Stage and Film. Radnor made his directorial debut with the film "Happythankyoumoreplease", where he was both the writer and star of the 2010 comedy-drama. His second directorial effort, "Liberal Arts", starring himself and Elizabeth Olsen, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2012. Radnor appeared in the Broadway production of "Disgraced", which opened October 23, 2014 at the Lyceum Theatre. In October 2016, Radnor also confirmed he is in a band, Radnor and Lee, with Australian musician Ben Lee. The pair are currently recording their debut album, "Love Songs for God & Women". He is set to direct the sci-fi thriller film "The Leaves". In 2008, Radnor told the "Los Angeles Times", "I do Transcendental Meditation, and part of the reason I chose my house is that I thought it would be a great place to meditate." Radnor is an outspoken opponent of pornography. In a 2016 interview, he said, "I'm not a porn addict, though I believe the addiction is real. I didn't grow up in any kind of repressive, super religious environment. I never felt I was in danger of eternal damnation or anything... I do believe porn is a huge problem that has to be confronted. The battle, though, is ultimately an internal one. Each person has to decide for themselves whether to have this thing in their lives or not. I value love and connection and friendship and community. I want to encourage more creativity, joy, and peace in my life. Porn is opposed to all of that. I stand strong with anyone choosing to get porn out of their lives." Radnor is an avid Cloud Cult fan. He collaborated with the band to make the film "The Seeker" in 2016. Radnor explained, "What's true for me about a lot of music, but especially true for Cloud Cult's music, is that it stirs up the thing that's already in you and calls it out. If this film is able to do that, I'll sleep well at night."

The Melbourne General Cemetery is a large (43 hectare) necropolis located north of the city of Melbourne in the suburb of Carlton North. The cemetery is notably the resting place of four Prime Ministers of Australia, more than any other necropolis within Australia. Former Prime Minister Harold Holt's headstone is a memorial as his remains have never been discovered. The grounds feature several heritage buildings, many in bluestone, including a couple of chapels and a number of cast iron pavilions. The gatehouses are particularly notable. The tomb of famous Australian explorers Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills (see Burke and Wills expedition) is also located in the cemetery, with an inscription reading "Comrades in a great achievement and companions in death." Also buried here is Sir Isaac Isaacs, the first Australian-born Governor General and John Pascoe Fawkner, one of the founders of Melbourne. Peter Lalor leader of the Eureka Stockade was buried there in 1889. Walter Lindrum, a prodigious billiards player, has a distinctive tombstone in the shape of a billiard table. Boxing champion "Gentleman Jack" John Reid McGowan is buried in the northern Roman Catholic section. Patrick Hannan, who was the discoverer of gold at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia has a memorial in the northern part of the Cemetery. Sir Redmond Barry, the Acting Chief Justice who sentenced Ned Kelly to hang and was instrumental in the foundation of the Royal Melbourne Hospital (1848), the University of Melbourne (1853), and the State Library of Victoria (1854) is also buried in the northern part of the Cemetery. Dr John Singleton and his family are buried in Church of England Section Q Grave 229. Dr Singleton (1808-1891) was a physician, philanthropist, evangelical Christian and social reformer, whose lifetime's achievements included the establishment of the Royal Children's Hospital, the Collingwood Free Medical Mission Dispensary (now North Yarra Community Health and re-located to Hoddle Street), the Singleton Housing Equity Fund (now Housing Choices Australia), Melbourne Citymission, the Salvation Army in Victoria, and the Society for the Promotion of Public Morality, which led to the formation of the RSPCA, and dozens of "temperance" societies, among other notable charities and causes. Despite his enormous contribution to the founding of Melbourne, and to medicine, social welfare and philanthropy in Victoria, Dr Singleton remains relatively unknown. In June 2012, a visit to his gravesite revealed that his tombstone had fallen over, and the site had fallen into serious disrepair. Mendel Balberyszski a noted Jewish community leader and the biographer of the destruction of the Vilna Ghetto in Lithuania. The British opera singer Frederick Federici who created the title role in "The Mikado" in New York in 1885 is buried in the cemetery. Five Prime Ministers of Australia are memorialised at Melbourne General Cemetery. Three are interred in the cemetery's 'Prime Ministers Garden': Sir Robert Menzies (including Dame Pattie Menzies), Sir John Gorton and Malcolm Fraser. Harold Holt's (including Dame Zara Bate) is a memorial as his body was never recovered after he disappeared at sea. Dame Zara is buried at Sorrento Cemetery, the closest burial ground to where Holt disappeared. James Scullin (including Sarah Scullin) is buried in the Catholic section of the cemetery.

Trimborn Farm is a Victorian era estate located in Greendale, Wisconsin and owned by Milwaukee County. Spanning 7.5 acres (18.5 hectares) and nine buildings, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The farm is also a State Historic Site and designated Milwaukee County Landmark. In 1851, Werner Trimborn and Jacob Kier purchased an existing lime production business which covered ten acres (25 ha) on site. Kier left soon after, but Werner and his family continued on to become one of the largest producers of high quality lime in Wisconsin. At its height in the 1870s, the business held over 500 acres (1.2 km²; 1200 ha) of land and employed nearly 40 people. With the 1900s came a drastic change in building materials, including the introduction of Portland cement. The estate was soon subdivided and sold off, with much of it going to the Theodore Vollmer family for use in dairy farming. In 1919, the Froemming family purchased a large tract of land to build greenhouses on, a portion of which was later donated to Whitnall Park. In 1935, the farm, along with 3,400 acres (8.4 km²; 8400 ha) of surrounding land, was purchased by the federal government as part of a planned agricultural community known as the Greendale Project. It is now the village of Greendale, Wisconsin. After the Great Depression, the remaining farmland passed into private ownership, where it became home to crop dusters and a riding stable. The nine historic buildings and land which remain are part of the Milwaukee County Parks System. With the assistance of the Milwaukee County Historical Society, a variety of community events and activities are scheduled year-round. Property highlights include: ***LIST***. Also part of the farm complex is the neighboring Jeremiah Curtin House, which is a unique stone house that was the boyhood home of noted American linguist and folklorist Jeremiah Curtin; it was later sold to the Trimborn family.

The National Search and Rescue Program (NSP) is the name given by the Government of Canada to the collective search and rescue (SAR) activities in Canada. The NSP is administered by the National Search and Rescue Secretariat (NSS) and it provides for the coordination of public policy for the provision of SAR services. The primary goal of the NSP is to save lives at risk throughout Canada's Search and Rescue Region of Responsibility (SRR); this includes all of Canada's land mass as well as areas of the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans as designated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The NSP involves federal departments, provincial and territorial governments, municipalities, non-profit organizations, and volunteers working together to provide search and rescue in Canada. The Lead Minister for Search and Rescue (LMSAR) in the Government of Canada is the Minister of National Defence. Responsibilities are broken down within the federal government as follows: ***LIST***. The Department of National Defence is the lead federal department responsible for providing and coordinating SAR response for incidents involving aircraft that occur both on land as well as in all of Canada's ocean and inland waters. This is accomplished through the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), which provides personnel (air controllers) for the three Joint Rescue Coordination Centres (JRCCs) as well as various dedicated SAR squadrons of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans is tasked with responding to emergencies involving vessels that occur in waters of federal responsibility; this includes all navigable ocean waters on Canada's Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts, plus the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, and portions of connecting waterways. This is accomplished through the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), which provides personnel (marine controllers) for the three JRCCs, as well as various dedicated SAR vessels for inshore, near shore and off shore operations. The three JRCCs are: ***LIST***. The National Search and Rescue Secretariat (NSS) is an independent agency of the federal government, reporting to the LMSAR, and supports and promotes the activities of the National SAR Program (NSP) as a means to achieve highly effective and economically responsible search and rescue programs throughout Canada. The NSS was established as a national coordinating authority for SAR policy in Canada; this was one of the key recommendations resulting from the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the "Ocean Ranger" disaster. The Department of Transport, through its civil aviation and marine safety programs, plays a supporting role to the NSP by working to prevent air and marine transport incidents requiring a search and rescue response. This is accomplished through policies relating to regulations, inspections, enforcement, and safety promotion functions. Air resources for responding to search and rescue incidents in Canada are coordinated by, and often supplied by, the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Due to their rapid response, air resources are often the first equipment tasked to respond in remote inland, coastal or offshore locations, regardless of whether it is for an aircraft or marine incident. ***LIST***. Marine resources for responding to federal search and rescue incidents in Canada are coordinated by, and often supplied by, the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG). Marine resources are most often tasked to respond to a marine incident in waters of federal jurisdiction, however, they can also be tasked to respond to incidents involving an aircraft if that should also occur in waters of federal jurisdiction. ***LIST***. Within Canada's national parks, SAR resources and operations are supplied and coordinated by Parks Canada. This also includes national marine conservation areas, national park reserves, national historic sites, and national historic canals. In larger national parks that see a high degree of visitor usage, or have unique dangers for park visitors (e.g. ocean waters, mountains, back country, etc. ), Parks Canada supplies its own dedicated SAR resources in the form of specialized staff and equipment. Parks Canada often requests support from other federal resources, including the RCAF, CCG, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as well as provincial/territorial or municipal resources, depending on the location of the incident. In areas of provincial or territorial jurisdiction (e.g. on land or in inland lakes and rivers that are non-federal waters), SAR resources are coordinated by provincial or territorial governments. Response to, and the coordination and supply of resources to, a ground or inland water SAR incident in a province or territory is the responsibility of the provincial or territorial police agency (or a municipal police agency). That police agency, in coordination with the provincial or territorial (or municipal) government, may request federal resources to assist in responding to a ground or inland water SAR incident. This is often in the form of RCAF or CASARA aircraft and occasionally in the form of CCG or CCGA vessels (usually trailer deployed small craft). These requests are coordinated through inter-government agreements. Commercial air operators, in particular those operating helicopters, are also frequently called upon to assist provincial and territorial authorities with ground and inland water search and rescue missions. Many are certified to Transport Canada standards in the use of Helicopter Flight Rescue Systems (HFRS) or Helicopter External Transport Systems (HETS), and train routinely with the volunteer and Parks Canada specialists who conduct these types of rescue missions. All provinces and territories have volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) organizations that assist the responding police agency by providing the large amount of manpower necessary for a ground search, as well as specialized expertise, equipment, and local knowledge. The Search and Rescue Volunteer Association of Canada (SARVAC) is the national body representing ground and inland water SAR volunteers in Canada. ***LIST***. In Alberta, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Alberta Emergency Management Agency. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in Alberta and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the SAR Association of Alberta. ***LIST***. In British Columbia, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is Emergency Management BC. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in British Columbia and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the BC Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In Manitoba, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in Manitoba and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by Search and Rescue Manitoba. ***LIST***. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is Fire and Emergency Services-Newfoundland and Labrador. Policing services in Newfoundland and Labrador are shared between the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) in urban areas and the RCMP in rural areas. These police agencies are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Newfoundland and Labrador Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In New Brunswick, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the New Brunswick Emergency Measures Organization. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in New Brunswick and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the New Brunswick Ground Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In the Northwest Territories, the territorial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Northwest Territories Emergency Measures Organization. The RCMP is contracted to provide policing services in the Northwest Territories and are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the territory. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Northwest Territories Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In Nova Scotia, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Nova Scotia Emergency Management Office. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in Nova Scotia and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Nova Scotia Ground Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In Nunavut, the territorial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is Nunavut Emergency Management. The RCMP is contracted to provide policing services in Nunavut and are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the territory. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Nunavut Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In Ontario, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is Emergency Management Ontario. The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) provides all provincial policing services in Ontario and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Ontario Search and Rescue Volunteer Association. ***LIST***. In Prince Edward Island, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Prince Edward Island Emergency Measures Organization. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in Prince Edward Island and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Prince Edward Island Ground Search and Rescue Association. ***LIST***. In Quebec, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Ministère de la Sécurité publique. The Sûreté du Québec (SQ) provides all provincial policing services in Quebec and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Association québécoise des bénévoles en recherche et sauvetage. ***LIST***. In Saskatchewan, the provincial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Saskatchewan Emergency Management Organization. The RCMP is contracted to provide provincial policing services in Saskatchewan and they, or a municipal police force, are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the province. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Search and Rescue Saskatchewan Association of Volunteers. ***LIST***. In Yukon, the territorial government agency responsible for coordinating volunteer ground and inland water SAR is the Yukon Emergency Measures Organization. The RCMP is contracted to provide policing services in Yukon and are responsible for responding to ground and inland water SAR incidents in the territory. Volunteer ground search and rescue (GSAR) teams are represented by the Yukon Search and Rescue Association.

The Weeden Island Cultures are a group of related archaeological cultures that existed during the Late Woodland period of the North American Southeast. The name for this group of cultures was derived from the Weedon Island site (despite the dissimilar spellings) in Old Tampa Bay in Pinellas County. Weeden Island cultures are defined by ceramics, which fall into two categories, sometimes called secular and sacred. Sacred ceramics are found primarily in mounds, while secular ceramics are found primarily in middens and house sites. The two types of ceramics have separate histories, and the secular ceramics show considerable variation between regions. Milanich, et al. compare the Weeden Island sacred complex to the Hopewell and Mississippian complexes, i.e., a ceremonial complex practiced by several cultures. Scholars believe that the secular components of Weeden Island cultures emerged from the Swift Creek culture during the Middle Woodland Period (ca. 200 - 500 CE) in the lower Chattahoochee-Apalachicola river drainage, where Alabama, Florida and Georgia meet. To the east of this Weeden Island heartland, Weeden Island secular components developed out of the Deptford culture, from which the Swift Creek culture had also developed. The sacred or ceremonial component of Weeden Island developed out of the Hopewell tradition-based Yent and Green Point traditions. It persisted in some areas until the end of the Woodland period ca. Weeden Island sites have been found from Mobile Bay to the Okefenokee Swamp, and from south of Tampa Bay to the fall line on the Chattahoochee River at Columbus, Georgia. The current subsistence model for the Late Woodland Period of Florida shows that the Weeden Island peoples primarily occupied coastal areas and large river basins, exploiting local marine and terrestrial resources. They used upland interior regions almost exclusively for resource extraction, although some scholars contest this. Although the multiple geographic variants of Weeden Island groups used slightly different subsistence strategies dictated by local environment (including small-scale agriculture in some areas), a trend toward the semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer exploitation of hardwood hammock areas and coastal/riverine marine resources accurately characterizes Weeden Island subsistence activities in general. The site on Weedon Island where Weeden Island sacred ceramics were first described was excavated by Smithsonian Institution archaeologist J. Walter Fewkes in 1923 and 1924. Archaeologists now recognize that the Weedon Island site is well outside the heartland of the Weeden Island culture. The Weedon Island site was part of the Weeden Island-related late Manasota culture. The Manasota culture developed around 500 BCE, 700 years before the development of the Weeden Island sacred complex. The secular component of the Manasota culture had no connection with the secular components of heartland Weeden Island cultures. Recent efforts have refined the Weeden Island culture concept so that the term "Weeden Island" includes several distinct regional manifestations which exhibited the same basic ceremonial complex (most likely associated with shared sociopolitical patterns), but that exhibited significant geographic variations. These include: the North peninsular Gulf Coast variant, found along the Gulf coast from Pasco County to the Aucilla River; the Cades Pond culture in north-central Florida; the McKeithen Weeden Island culture in northernmost inland Florida; the Manasota culture located within the central Peninsular Gulf Coast; the Northwest culture, extending from the Aucilla River through the Florida Panhandle to Mobile, Alabama; the early Kolomoki culture, located in the lower Chattahoochee Valley; the later Wakulla Weeden Island culture, in the lower Chattahochee Valley, the lower Flint River valley, in southwestern Georgia, and the upper Choctawhatchee River valley in southeastern Alabama. Undefined Weeden Island culture variants are found in southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia outside the Kolomoki/Wakulla Weeden Island areas. Several attempts have been made to segregate Weeden Island components into chronological phases based on temporal changes in settlement patterns, artifact assemblage, and ceremonial activities, all of which recognize an inherent distinction between the material culture of earlier and later Weedon Island manifestations. It is most widely accepted that the Weeden Island culture be split into two time periods: the "Weeden Island I" Period (200 AD - 700 AD) and "Weeden Island II" Period (700 AD - 1200 AD). Some Weeden Island II cultures later developed into local variants of the Mississippian culture, collectively known as "proto-Mississippian". The Weeden Island culture was preceded by the Deptford culture (and the later Swift Creek and Santa Rosa-Swift Creek cultures in the panhandle). It was followed by the Alachua culture in the Cades Pond culture area, by the Suwannee Valley culture in the McKeithen culture area and by the Fort Walton Culture in the Northwest area (the panhandle). Several archaeologists including William Sears indicate "that there was a sharp dichotomy between sacred and the secular" artifacts (particularly ceramics) within the Weeden Island culture, though this pattern has not been observed west of the Aucilla River. The north peninsular Gulf coast variant of the Weeden Island culture existed along the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida from the Aucilla River southward to what is now Pasco County. It also included such inland wetland areas as the Cove of the Withlacoochee (in Citrus County) and Gulf Hammock (in southern Levy County), as well as coastal sites such as the Crystal River site. This region has not received as much attention from archeologists as have other variants of the Weeden Island culture. While a number of sites have been surveyed, most of the mounds and shell middens in the area have been disturbed or destroyed by artifact hunters and "borrowing" for road-building material, and there have been no major excavations of sites in the region. As in other Weeden Island areas, there is a difference between ceremonial/prestige pottery, found primarily in burial mounds, and the utilitarian pottery found in village sites and shell middens. The prevalence of undecorated pottery and the lack of major excavations means that the chronology of the Weeden Island culture in the north peninsular Gulf coast is poorly understood. The Weeden Island culture was not uniform over the north peninsular Gulf coast. Ceramics related to the Swift Creek culture are found scattered at early sites throughout the area, but particularly so in Taylor County, the northernmost part of the region. Later sites in Taylor County show some influence from the Fort Walton culture. In Dixie County, to the south of Taylor County, later sites appear to have been influenced by the Alachua culture, which developed out of the Cades Pond variant of the Weeden Island culture. Later sites in the southern part of the region show influence from the Safety Harbor culture. Primary habitation sites were concentrated along the coast, with smaller sites adjacent to inland waterways. The inhabitants left numerous shell middens, composed primarily of oyster shells, but also including clam, scallop, whelk and conch shells. Fish of various kinds were another important component of the diet. Sea turtles, tortoises, alligators and deer were also consumed. Horticulture was absent or a late introduction, although the inhabitants of the southern end of the region (Pasco and Hernando counties) were growing maize at the time of first European contact. The McKeithen Weeden Island culture was a regional variant of early Weeden Island culture in north Florida. The area of the McKeithen Weeden Island culture was north of the Santa Fe River, extending east from the Aucilla River to the western edge of the St. Johns River drainage basin. It was lasted about 500 years, from 200 to 700. It was succeeded by the Suwannee Valley culture. The McKeithen culture is named after a landowner who invited archaeologists to excavate some mounds on his property before vandals destroyed them. The McKeithen site was a village next to a stream with three mounds. These three mounds were created in an isosceles triangle, with the main axis of the triangle pointing towards the summer solstice sunrise. The mounds were likely built between 350-475 CE. Abundant evidence of occupation was found in a crescent around a presumed plaza, which was essentially bare of artifacts. The three mounds flanked the plaza on three sides. Wood and charcoal found in the village have yielded radiocarbon dates of AD 200 to 750. The mounds served different purposes. The one named (arbitrarily) 'B' had a rectangular building on it that has been interpreted to be a temple or the residence of the priest who conducted ceremonies for the dead. The presumed holder of that office was buried inside the building. Evidence of animals chewing on some bones indicate that the body was exposed for a while after death before burial. A tomb of wood and earth was erected over the grave. The tomb and building were then burned, and the ashes scattered. After a ceramic bird head was pushed into the ground at the foot of the grave, a layer of dirt was spread over all of the mound. Three radiocarbon dates for this event average to 354. Mound 'A' was a charnel area where bodies were cleaned and buried temporarily. A wall of posts screened a number of burial pits from the village. Posts up to two feet in diameter apparently were used to mark graves. The decomposed bodies were later removed, and bones were bundled and moved to mound 'C'. Numerous potsherds and many small fire pits are interpreted as evidence of ceremonies connected with processing the bodies. In 354 the wall of posts and other posts were piled up over the empty grave pits and burned. Mound 'C' held a charnel house where bundled bones, typically a skull and limb bones, were stored. After some period of time, the bundles were buried around the periphery of the mound. In about 475, approximately 36 bone bundles were removed from the charnel house and buried. The charnel house was burned, then a fire was built of top of it for a feast. A large bowl with animal heads on its rim, which may have been used for serving ceremonial drinks such as the black drink, was left on the remains of the fire after its bottom was knocked out. At least 17 ceramic vessels, including hollow figurines of animals, were broken and left atop the graves of the bone bundles. The whole mound was then covered with a six-foot layer of earth. Pottery at the McKeithen site has been classified as secular, prestige, and sacred. Secular pots were undecorated, or had minimal decoration, and were all made with clay from local sources. Prestige ware was decorated with lines and dots and sometimes 'painted' with red clay. This prestige ware was found most often in the mounds, but occasionally elsewhere in the village. The sacred vessels, which were found only in the mounds, were elaborately decorated and sometimes were in the shape of animals. Some of the sacred vessels apparently were imported, but the ones with animal shapes usually were made from local clay.

The Panasonic Gobel Awards (formerly Panasonic Awards, becoming MNC Gobel Awards), are the annual awards presented to television programs and performances in Indonesia based on a people's choice poll. The first award was held in 1997 in partnership with "Tabloid Citra" and aired on Indosiar. Media Nusantara Citra have conducted the awards since 2000 and its broadcasting rights have been held by RCTI. Since 2003, MNCTV and Global TV also televising the awards. In 2004, "Tabloid Citra" stopped polling and instead started using survey data from Nielsen Media Research with the results tabulated and audited by Ernst & Young. Since 2012, INews TV and MNC Channels have also broadcast the Panasonic Gobel Awards. The Panasonic Awards were first held in 1997 in cooperation with PT. Panasonic Gobel Indonesia with Citra Tabloid (Kompas Gramedia Group, which this tabloid now have not been published). The method of determining the winner is the "Poll image" propagated in the mass media to then filled in writing and sent back by the community through the post. According to Maman Suherman, one of the initiators of this event, Panasonic Awards are intended to determine the people's conscience on impressions and his favorite performers. Overseas event like this so-called "People's Choice Awards". The purpose of Panasonic Gobel Awards is to provide an opportunity for viewers to use their views to choose the television shows or people that they consider to be the best. According to this criteria, in which each person is free and independent through a neutral and transparent polling method, and the process is validated by an independent, credible tabulator.

The Dark Mirror is a 1946 American film noir psychological thriller film directed by Robert Siodmak starring Olivia de Havilland as twins and Lew Ayres as their psychiatrist. The film marks Ayres' return to motion pictures following his conscientious objection to service in World War II. De Havilland had begun to experiment with method acting at the time and insisted that everyone in the cast meet with a psychiatrist. The film anticipates producer/screenwriter Nunnally Johnson's psycho-docu-drama "The Three Faces of Eve" (1957). Vladimir Pozner's original story on which the film is based was nominated for an Academy Award. Dr. Frank Peralta is stabbed to death in his apartment one night. The detective on the case, Lt. Stevenson (Mitchell), quickly finds multiple witnesses putting Peralta's lover, Terry Collins (de Havilland), at the scene. However, when Stevenson finds Terry and questions her, she has an iron-clad alibi with multiple witnesses. It is revealed that Terry has an identical twin sister, Ruth (de Havilland), and the pair share the same job and routinely switch places for their own benefit. Stevenson and the district attorney are unable to prosecute, since the twins refuse to confirm which one of them has the alibi. Unable to accept the "perfect crime", Lt. Stevenson asks Dr. Scott Elliot (Ayres) for help. Scott is an expert on twin study, and has been routinely encountering the Collins twins at their shared place of work, but does not know which one is which. As a front, Scott asks Terry and Ruth if he can study both of them individually as part of his research. The twins accept, though Ruth is worried that Scott might find out that Terry was at Peralta's apartment the night of the murder. However, Terry is attracted to Scott and insists that they can keep the secret for the sake of seeing him. She also comforts Ruth, reminding her that she was only at Peralta's apartment but didn't kill him. From Scott's psychological tests and by spending time with them, he discovers that Ruth is kind and loving, while Terry is highly intelligent, insane, and has been manipulating Ruth almost their entire lives. Terry is jealous that people keep preferring Ruth over her, and is again enraged when Scott falls in love with Ruth instead of her. Terry starts methodically gaslighting Ruth, making her believe that she's hallucinating and going insane, in the hopes of pushing her to suicide. Scott reports his findings to Stevenson, who advises him to warn Ruth immediately. That night, Scott arranges to meet with Ruth at his apartment, but Terry intercepts the message. Terry leaves Ruth alone at their apartment, and sets a music box in a hidden place to further drive Ruth to madness. Terry goes to meet Scott, but he's aware of who she really is. Scott explains everything he's learned about the twins' relationship and Terry's intense rivalry with her innocent sister. Scott also believes that Peralta, who didn't know they were twins, wooed Terry but was really in love with Ruth, and Terry killed him for it. Just as Terry is considering stabbing Scott, he receives a phone call from Stevenson, who is at the twins' apartment, having visited her on a hunch and found Ruth dead. Scott and Terry go to the sisters' apartment, where Terry "confesses" to Stevenson that her "sister" killed Peralta and committed suicide out of guilt. Terry confirms all of Scott's psychological test results, but she herself claims to be Ruth, and says that she's relieved that "Terry" is dead. Just then Ruth enters the room, alive and well, which causes Terry to throw her glass to a mirror in anger. Stevenson did visit Ruth on a hunch but only found her in distress, not dead; he then faked the phone call in order to trap Terry, who is arrested. When first released the staff at "Variety" magazine gave the film a mixed review, writing, ""The Dark Mirror" runs the full gamut of themes currently in vogue at the box office - from psychiatry to romance back again to the double identity gimmick and murder mystery. But, despite the individually potent ingredients, somehow the composite doesn't quite come off...Lew Ayres is cast in his familiar role as a medico - a specialist on identical twins. Slightly older looking and sporting a mustache, Ayres still retains much of his appealing boyish sincerity. But in the romantic clinches, Ayres is stiff and slightly embarrassed looking. Copping thespic honors, despite a relatively light part, Thomas Mitchell plays the baffled dick with a wry wit and assured bearing that carries belief." Bosley Crowther, film critic for "The New York Times", also was critical, writing, ""The Dark Mirror", like so many of its ilk, suffers from its author's lack of ingenuity to resolve his puzzle in a satisfying manner. As in his earlier and superior mystery, "The Woman in the Window", Mr. Johnson solves the problem with a bit of trickery which is no credit to his craftsmanship. Still, one must hand it to Mr. Johnson for keeping his audience guessing, if not always entertained." Film critic Dennis Schwartz liked the film and wrote, "Siodmak deserves high praise for keeping the melodrama agreeable and intelligent when dealing with both the doppelgänger effect and the sibling rivalry; he does it better than the way most films have covered those subjects, showing that identical twins might look the same but have different psychological attitudes."

Born in Lochinver to David and Margaret McLeod of Stoer, Norman spent his childhood days amongst the hills, lochans and peat bogs of remote Assynt. At the age of twenty-seven, he went to the University of Aberdeen to study for a Master of Arts degree. On graduating in 1812, he was awarded the Gold Medal for Moral Philosophy. To enable him to enter the ministry and be guaranteed a presbytery, he had to go to Edinburgh to complete a theology course. Before going to Edinburgh, he married Mary McLeod, who had long been his sweetheart and who would accompany him on his travels. On completion of the course, Norman and Mary moved to Ullapool, where he had been appointed as teacher at the SPCK school. Teachers with the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge also doubled as lay preachers, and he soon came into conflict with the established minister Dr Ross. Norman refused to attend services taken by Dr Ross. When the McLeods wished their son John Luther baptised, they took him to Lochcarron, 40 miles to the south. Norman's stipend was stopped and in 1815 he went to Wick where he spent a year in the local fishing industry. Planning to emigrate to Nova Scotia, it took him until 1817 to find a suitable passage for the family. July 1817 saw the family boarding the barque 'Frances Ann' and setting sail for the town of Pictou on the north coast of Nova Scotia. There was already a thriving Highland community there, mostly emigrants from Loch Broom. As the Highland Clearances were under way another 150 followed Norman to Pictou the following year. As no church had ever been set up in Pictou, although a building had been started in 1804, he found a community waiting on him to establish a church. Here he preached the Word, 'pure and incorrupted', as God intended. As his fame spread, his followers were dubbed Normanites. By 1820, Pictou was becoming overcrowded, and Norman was invited to Ohio to preach to a group there. The decision was tough, but finally he convinced his followers to go, they set out building a ship for the voyage, also known as the Ark. Though they initially set out for Ohio, a storm forced them to come ashore at St. Ann's on Cape Breton Island. They were the first Scots to arrive, but were soon followed by boatloads of others, from the Hebrides as well as the mainland. Soon he was surrounded by Gaelic speaking Presbyterian crofters and fishers, and their modest womenfolk who with their God-fearing ways kept the Sabbath holy and packed his church. Back in Pictou, the Presbyterian ways were under threat from Anglican and Roman Catholic chapels, but the Normanites remained true to their beliefs. As he had still not been ordained, he travelled to New York State in 1827 to be ordained at a Presbyterian Church there. Thus, at last, he was a sanctioned minister to his flock and in 1829, he built a school. Whilst by the early 1840s his meeting house with seating for 1200 was overflowing every Sabbath, his home church had been riven apart and the Free Church of Scotland had broken away. Facing as it does northeast, St Ann's Bay suffered the worst of severe winters, and access to the community was frequently blocked by sea ice, stopping all trade in or out. When potato blight struck in 1847-48, the hardships were too much for many who felt the need to find greener pastures elsewhere. One of Norman's sons, sailed back to Scotland, and then on to Australia, where he found work as a journalist. His letters describing the wonderful life he had found there unsettled the folk in St. Ann's. At the age of 68, Norman moved to Australia. The first priority was to build ships and throughout 1850 and into 1851, the skills of the highland boatbuilders were put to full use. By October 1851, the 'Margaret', a barque of 236 tons was afloat, and the smaller 'Highland Lass' was nearing completion. In early November, Norman and Mary with seven of their children, and 150 other Normanites set sail. Having called at Cape Town en route, they arrived in Adelaide in April 1852. 'Highland Lass', carrying another 155 parishioners, arrived in October. Adelaide was in the grip of a goldrush. Gold had been found at Ballarat, near Melbourne, and the accompanying greed and violence made Adelaide a misery for the Normanites. As they had sold the 'Margaret', they were trapped. When three of his six sons died of typhus, Norman believed that the Old Testament prophesy of plague and pestilence as a punishment for the worship of false gods was coming true. In early 1853, he wrote to the Governor of New Zealand, Sir George Edward Grey, asking for a grant of land for his people. They purchased a schooner the 'Gazelle', and set off. On 21 September 1853, their group is reported to have landed in the North Island. They settled on the far North east coast, between Auckland and the Bay of Islands, in the area around the Waipu River and Whangarei Heads. This land was virgin bush and forest, and being coastal, the skills of the Highlanders could be fully employed. The Normanites had found a permanent home. By the end of 1859, four more shiploads had arrived. It is reckoned that by 1860 there were 883 people there representing 19 Scottish clans. Norman lived happily in Waipu until his death in 1866. His flock continued in their Normanite ways, but as the years passed and they intermarried and moved away, their Gaelic roots dwindled as they became New Zealanders. There are memorial stones to Norman McLeod's memory in Clachtoll near Lochinver, Scotland and St. Ann's, Nova Scotia. The House of Memories in Waipu is a museum to the memory of all the Scots who went along the route taken by Rev Norman McLeod and his Normanites. McLeod's property on St. Ann's Bay in Nova Scotia was developed into the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts during the 1930s. The Gaelic College remains the centre of Gaelic education in Canada.

Terry Knight and the Pack (earlier known as the Pack) was an American garage rock band formed in Flint, Michigan in 1965. The band was signed to the Lucky Eleven label throughout most of its short recording career, and they produced one national hit with their cover version of the song, "I (Who Have Nothing)". Despite their inability to replicate their success, the band was still a frequent attraction in the Michigan rock scene. The Pack was fronted by singer, Terry Knight. In 1967, the group disbanded, but two of the members of the band, drummer/vocalist Don Brewer and guitarist Mark Farner, would later go on to form another band, Grand Funk Railroad. Former DJ, Knight was tenured in several radio stations before trying his hand at a solo musical career in 1964. As a DJ, he was an early advocate of The Rolling Stones, and imitated their style as soloist and later when he joined the band. His initial efforts, which included an unsuccessful single and local performances, were not met with much success, so Knight persuaded a band known as The Jazz Masters to accept him as their frontman in 1965. The group, impressed by Knight's contacts in the music industry, accepted him into the band. Knight quickly took control of the band, first by changing their name to The Pack, inspired by The Shangri-Las' hit, "Leader of the Pack". and taking the group out of uniforms and switching to a more casual look similar to The Rolling Stones. In the band, Knight became the singer and songwriter. Don Brewer played drums, Herm Jackson was on bass guitar, Curt Johnson was on lead guitar, and Bobby Caldwell provided keyboards. Knight was able to use his contacts to enable the Pack to record their first single, “Tears Come Rolling"/"The Colour of Our Love”, at the Golden World Studio in Detroit, released on the Wingate label. At this time the band was managed by Jim Atherton, of Flint, who felt that a traditional label such as Wingate could not properly promote a British-influenced Rock group like the Pack. Atherton convinced fellow Flint businessman Otis Ellis to record the band on his small Lucky Eleven label. Before the band recorded their second single, the band name was changed to Terry Knight and The Pack, reflecting Knight's de facto role as the charismatic front man and leader of the group. Six of their nine singles made regional Top 40s throughout Michigan, Ohio and New York, with two of them - "You're a Better Man Than I" (originally by The Yardbirds) and "I (Who Have Nothing)" (a cover of a Ben E. King song) - reaching the national charts. "I (Who Have Nothing)" went to #46 and earned the band an appearance on Dick Clark's television program "Where the Action Is". Their debut album, "Terry Knight and the Pack", and second album, "Reflections", were both released in 1966. Tracks by the band include: "This Precious Time" (composed and produced by P.F. Sloan), covers of the Rolling Stones' songs "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" and "Lady Jane", and several Knight originals: "Numbers", "A Change on the Way" and "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love" (later covered by Detroit roots rockers Brownsville Station). The Music Explosion issued an almost identical version of "Love, Love, Love, Love, Love", with the same instrumental backing track but a different vocal track; it's unclear whether The Pack or the Music Explosion recorded the "original". TK&TP were mainstays on Cleveland's TV rock & roll showcase, "Upbeat". In addition, they opened regional gigs for the Rolling Stones, the Dave Clark Five and the Yardbirds. After their second LP, "Reflections", Knight left the band to pursue a frustrated solo career as producer and singer. The Pack continued without Knight with even less success, releasing a few more 45 RPM singles under the names The Pack and The Fabulous Pack. The band was largely forgotten until Farner and Brewer formed the nucleus of Capitol Records' best-selling act of the early 1970s, Grand Funk Railroad, initially managed and produced by Knight. All recordings by Terry Knight and the Pack have been out of print since 1973, except for "I (Who Have Nothing)" which is included in the "Cameo Parkway 1957-1967" box set. Only one "best of" compilation was released in late 1972 by ABKCO Records as the double album "Mark, Don & Terry 1966-67" (plain blue cover) inspired by the Grand Funk Railroad doublet "" (plain black cover) released earlier that year on Capitol. The ABKCO-released album was later re-packaged in 1973 as "Funk-Off". Both albums are considered collectors items after being dropped from the ABKCO catalog. Another quasi-best-of compilation, "Track On", was released on Lucky Eleven circa 1969-70.

The Constitution of Andorra () is the supreme law of the Principality of Andorra. It was adopted on 2 February 1993 and given assent by the Andorran people in a referendum on 14 March 1993. According to the Constitution itself, it was to enter into force the day of its publication in the "Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra", which occurred on 28 April 1993. The Constitution was signed by Andorra's two co-princes, the President of France, and the Bishop of Urgell, who at that time were François Mitterrand and Joan Martí Alanis respectively. The new constitution stipulates that these two officials are Andorra's heads of state. Indeed, this arrangement has existed for centuries, although at one time, the French king held the position now held by the French president. "Article 1" of the Andorran Constitution lays out the form that the State takes, namely the co-principality with the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France as joint heads of state. It also states the country's official name: "Principat d'Andorra". It furthermore states that Andorra's sovereignty lies with its people. It ends by listing Andorra's parishes. "Article 2" states that Andorra's official language is Catalan, and that its national anthem, flag, and coat of arms are "those which tradition has given it". It also says that Andorra la Vella is the country's capital. "Article 3" declares the Constitution to be the supreme Andorran legal standard. It bans arbitrary punishment and recognises the principles of international law. It furthermore says that any international treaties or accords concluded by Andorra are to be incorporated into the country's laws, and may not be modified or abrogated by any law. "Articles 4 to 36" of the Constitution lay out Andorrans' rights and freedoms. "Article 4" recognises the intangibility of human dignity, and therefore guarantees certain inviolable and imprescriptible rights. "Article 5" declares that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is integrated into the country's legal system. "Article 6" declares that all persons are equal before the law, and that it is up to the "public powers" to create conditions that make individuals' equality and freedom real and effective. "Article 7" governs Andorran nationality. Andorrans risk losing their citizenship if they are also nationals of another country. "Article 8" recognises the right to life and protection thereof, forbids torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments, and explicitly forbids the death penalty. "Article 9" covers loss of freedom due to police and judicial action. It explicitly limits the period of police custody to forty-eight hours, after which the accused must be presented to a court. "Article 10" lays out a citizen's rights before the courts, specifically, the right to obtain a decision from the court that is firmly based in law, the right to have a lawyer in court, and even the right to have free legal representation in cases where this is necessary. "Article 11" covers freedom of religion, and says that it is an Andorran's right "not" to declare his religion if he does not want to. On the other hand, there are actually limits placed on the declaration of one's religion in cases where this would threaten public security or violate others' rights. The Roman Catholic Church is also accorded an explicit guarantee to be able to function freely and publicly, and to maintain its special relations with the state "in keeping with Andorran tradition". "Article 12" guarantees freedom of expression, and even freedom to keep professional secrets. Also, censorship and any other means of ideological control by the authorities are forbidden. "Articles 13, 14, and 15" cover marriage, spouses' rights in relation to each other, children's rights in relation to their families, the right to privacy, and the inviolability of an Andorran's home. "Articles 16 and 17" recognise Andorrans' rights to participate in peaceful demonstrations, as long as the authorities are notified beforehand, and to associate freely. "Article 18" states that Andorrans have the right to form professional or trade organizations, as long as they are Andorran in character ("i.e. ", not controlled from abroad) and democratic in nature. "Article 19" gives workers and business owners the right to protect their economic and social interests. "Article 20" covers education. This is guaranteed all Andorrans, and moreover, parents have the right to choose what kind of education that their children will have, in keeping with their own religious convictions. "Article 21" covers movement within Andorra, and exit from and entry to the national territory. Also, it gives Andorrans, and established foreign nationals, the right to make their home in Andorra. "Article 22" lays out foreigners' rights in cases of non-renewal of residency or expulsion order. It says that this can only be done as prescribed by law, and that the foreigner in such a case has recourse to the courts. "Article 23" gives everyone the right to submit a petition to the "public powers". "Articles 24, 25, and 26" spell out Andorrans' political rights, namely the franchise, the right to access to public institutions, and the right to form political parties as long as their activities are legal and they are democratic in nature. "Articles 27 to 36" cover "economic, social, and cultural rights and principles". As might be expected, it forbids Andorrans to be deprived of their property without due process, and it also recognises the right to enterprise in the framework of a market economy. It furthermore also recognises work as every Andorran's right. Also, the State must ensure a system of social security, as well as watch over the wise use of land and natural resources so as to preserve the natural environment for future generations. The State guarantees the conservation and development of Andorran heritage, as well as access thereto. "Article 37" provides for a fair taxation system. Everyone is supposed to pay whatever their means allow them to pay. "Article 38" allows the State to institute by law forms of "national civic service" in the general interest. "Articles 39 to 42" lay out exactly how the aforesaid rights are to be guaranteed in Andorran society. The "public powers'" ability to override these rights is forbidden in some cases, and restricted to changes in government legislation in others. It does also mention, however, that certain rights may be limited in cases of national emergency, such as those brought about by natural disasters or political upheavals, such as war. "Articles 43 to 49" lay out the function of Andorra's two co-princes, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France. "Articles 50 to 71" relate to the structure and function of the General Council of the Valleys, Andorra's legislative body. "Articles 72 to 78" relate to the government as a whole. For more information on these, see "Politics of Andorra". "Articles 79 to 84" lay out the function of the communes within Andorra as representatives of the parishes. These are responsible for certain local functions, according to Andorra's Constitution. See "Parishes of Andorra". "Articles 85 to 94" lay out the structure of Andorra's court system. The Judiciary must be independent. Judges serve six-year, renewable terms, and are elected by those with law degrees. "Articles 95 to 104" deal with the Constitutional Tribunal, which is the supreme authority for interpreting the Constitution, and whose decisions are binding on the "public powers" as well as on private individuals. Unlike some constitutions (the Constitution of Canada, for example), the amendment procedures for Andorra's Constitution, laid out therein, are quite straightforward. "Article 105" says that the initiative for constitutional change may come from the co-princes, jointly, or from one-third of the members of the General Council. "Article 106" requires a two-thirds majority in favour in the General Council for an amendment to be adopted. It must then forthwith be put to a referendum for ratification. "Article 107" requires the ministerial formality of the co-princes' sanction of the new amendment once the requirements of Article 106 have been satisfied (they have no power to overturn an amendment).

Riot shields are lightweight protection devices deployed by police and some military organizations. Riot shields are almost exclusively long enough to cover an average-sized man from the top of the head to the knees. Some riot shields are designed to be bullet resistant against low-velocity handgun and shotgun ammunition; however, most are not. They are generally intended to be used in riot control, to protect the user from shrapnel, thrown projectiles, and splash from various weapons such as a Molotov cocktail. They can also be used as short-ranged melee weapons to push back rioters. Riot shields are used in almost every country with a standardized police force and are produced by many companies. Most riot shields are constructed from transparent, high-impact polycarbonate to enable the bearer to see incoming thrown objects, so the shield can quickly be positioned to deflect them away from the user's body. Riot shields can come in various shapes, including: ***LIST***. Handle arrangements include: ***LIST***. A type that must be held in both hands does not let the user use a baton or gun in the other hand. Riot shields are commonly used for protection from thrown projectiles or blunt/edged weapons, but not firearms. Ballistic shields are commonly known by the brand names "Body Bunker" and "Baker Batshield". The extremely lightweight "Baker Batshield" ballistic shield is popular for police patrol first responders utilizing progressive "Immediate Action Rapid Deployment" (IARD) tactics when approaching high-powered handgun, shotgun or submachine-gun threats. "Body Bunker" ballistic shields are opaque with a small, clear, armored sight window and commonly have a bright light mounted on the frontal surface. Bunker shields are not normally used by riot police, but more often tactical SWAT teams, as they are bulky, heavy, and designed to be used during slow, methodical operations where there is a higher risk of the officers being shot at. In a dynamic entry situation, a team of special police (such as SWAT) try to clear a room quickly and decisively. For example, one member would smash the door open with a battering ram, then step aside as the first team member wielding the shield entered the room and protected the door. The other team members would enter behind him and take control of the room. Riot control tactics vary between different police and military forces the world over. Generally, riot shields are intended to protect the user from thrown objects and projectiles and interlinked with others to form a physical barrier against rioters/protesters etc. However, they are also used to push protesters back, and in some cases, can be used as short-range weapons against threats to the shieldbearer. There have been cases of demonstrators imitating police shield tactics, as in the image on the right. The people in the image on the right have most likely divided road safety barrels, put handles on them, and covered the top edge with foam pipe insulators. Most are a clear polycarbonate or multilayer Lexan weaves. These polycarbonate shields are generally made on polymer looms such as the RLCB30. Some shields are constructed of light metals with a view hole integrated into the design.

From A to Z, in the Chocolate Alphabet is a work by Harlan Ellison, a collection of 26 (one for each letter of the alphabet) "extremely" short stories on abstract and basically unrelated topics, displaying various aspects of Ellison's preoccupations with morality, mythology, the trivia of history, and humor. He wrote the collection in three days in the window of a bookstore. "The Chocolate Alphabet" appeared in the October 1976 issue of "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", where its genesis is explained in some detail in the afterword. It was reprinted as part of the Ellison collection "Strange Wine" and then adapted into comic book form by Larry Todd and published by Last Gasp. The last of ten story titles Ellison had kept on his desk for years, "The Chocolate Alphabet" was used (and expanded to its present title) when Ellison wrote the story in the window of a Los Angeles science fiction bookshop, A Change of Hobbit. The story was sparked by a painting by underground cartoonist Larry Todd entitled "2 Nemotropin", which Ellison saw in 1974, and around which he promised to write an eight-page comic story illustrated by Todd, and published by "San Francisco underground comix magnate Ron Turner" and his company Last Gasp Eco-Funnies. Flash-forward to February 1976. Ellison began a week-long stint literally in the front window of A Change of Hobbit, writing a complete story each day for six days as a fund-raiser. (This was the first in a long series of such stunts for other bookstores and in other locations, although Ellison had written short stories to order earlier, notably "O Ye of Little Faith" at the 1965 Westercon in Long Beach, California, to three words — "serape", "polyp", and "minotaur" — provided at an auction by the winning bidder, Larry Niven, whose last name is that of the story’s protagonist.) On Monday, February 23, 1976, Ellison wrote the 3000-word story, "Strange Wine," subsequently reprinted (along with other stories written the same week) in his 1978 collection of the same name. On Tuesday, realizing that he could not write an eight-page story for the comic based on Todd’s painting, he resolved to write 26 short-short stories, some as brief as one sentence, as a pastiche of Fredric Brown, the master of such brief stories. "From A to Z, in The Chocolate Alphabet" was begun that day and, after writing into the wee hours, was finished on Wednesday, February 25, 1976, at around 1:30 p.m. The comic book version, "Harlan Ellison's Chocolate Alphabet", with cover and art by Larry Todd, appeared in 1978, published by Last Gasp. Ellison wrote a sort of sequel to this entitled, "From A to Z, in the Sarsaparilla Alphabet," on November 10, 1990, at the bookstore Dangerous Visions in Sherman Oaks, California, beginning it in the window and then inside the store with his manual typewriter and completing it after health issues, which interrupted the writing, were addressed. Although a few people had seen it—photocopies were given to those who purchased over $50 worth of books while the story was being written—the story sat unpublished for nearly ten years, because Ellison, highly prolific at the time, had forgotten about marketing it (and even forgot to include it in his latest collection, "Slippage"). After "From A to Z, in the Sarsaparilla Alphabet" was published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 2001, it was nominated for a Bram Stoker Award. And because the 26 short-short stories in this novelette deal with gods and demons, it was subsequently collected in the expanded version of "Deathbird Stories", published in 2011 by Subterranean Press.

The Philadelphia Mint was created from the need to establish a national identity and the needs of commerce in the United States. This led the Founding Fathers of the United States to make an establishment of a continental national mint, a main priority after the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. The Coinage Act of 1792 was entered into law on April 2. It proclaimed the creation of the United States Mint. Philadelphia at that time was the nation's capital; therefore the first mint facility was built there. The Mint Act also instituted a decimal system based on a dollar unit; specified weights, metallic composition and fineness; and required each United States coin feature "an impression emblematic of liberty". David Rittenhouse, an American scientist, was appointed the first director of the mint by President George Washington. Two lots were purchased by Rittenhouse on July 18, 1792, at Seventh Street and 631 Filbert Street in Philadelphia for $4,266.67. The next day, demolition of an abandoned whiskey distillery on the property began. Foundation work began on July 31, and by September 7, the first building was ready for installation of the smelting furnace. The smelt house was the first public building erected by the United States government. A three-story brick structure facing Seventh Street was constructed a few months later. Measuring nearly wide on the street, it only extended back . The gold and silver for the mint were contained in basement vaults. The first floor housed deposit and weighing rooms, along with the press room, where striking coins took place. Mint official offices were on the second floor, and the assay office was located on the third floor. A photograph of the Seventh Street building taken around 1908 show that by then the year 1792 and the words "Ye Olde Mint" (in quotes) had been painted onto the facade. Between the smelt house and the building on Seventh Street, a mill house was built. Horses in the basement turned a rolling mill located on the first floor. In January 1816, the smelt and mill houses were destroyed by a fire. The smelt house was never repaired and all smelting was done elsewhere. The mill house, which was completely destroyed, was soon replaced with a large brick building. It included a new steam engine in the basement to power the machinery. Until 1833, these three buildings provided the United States with hard currency. Operations moved to the second Philadelphia mint in 1833, and the land housing the first mint was sold. In the late 19th or early 20th century, the property was sold to Frank Stewart, who approached the city, asking them to preserve or relocate the historic buildings. With no governmental help, the first mint was demolished between 1907 and 1911. Now, only a small plaque remains to memorialize the spot. On July 4, 1829, a cornerstone was laid for the building at the intersection of Chestnut and Juniper Streets. It was designed by William Strickland. The second Philadelphia Mint, the "Grecian Temple", was constructed of white marble with classic Greek-style columns on front and back. Measuring wide in front by deep, it was a huge improvement over the first facility, in space as well as image. Opening in January 1833, its production was constrained by the outdated machinery salvaged from the first mint. Franklin Peale was sent to Europe to study advanced coinmaking technologies which were brought back and implemented, increasing productivity and quality. Sold in 1902, the second mint was quickly demolished. The cornerstone buried in 1833 was unearthed and contained a candy jar with a petrified cork stoppering it. Inside the jar were three coins, a few newspapers, and a scroll with information on the first mint and the creation of the second. The site has been occupied since 1914 by the 19-story Widener Building, 1339 Chestnut Street. The third Philadelphia Mint was built at 1700 Spring Garden Street and opened in 1901. It was designed by James Knox Taylor. It was a block from the United States Smelting Company was at Broad and Spring Garden Streets. In one year alone, the mint produced 501,000,000 coins (5/7 of the U.S. currency minted), as well as 90,000,000 coins for foreign countries. A massive structure nearly a full city block, it was an instant landmark. Characterized by a Roman temple facade, visitors enjoyed seven themed glass mosaics designed by Louis C. Tiffany in a gold-backed vaulted ceiling. The mosaics depicted ancient Roman coinmaking methods. This mint still stands intact, and much of the interior is intact, as well. It was acquired by the Community College of Philadelphia in 1973. Two blocks from the site of the first mint, the fourth and current Philadelphia Mint opened its doors in 1969. It was designed by Philadelphia architect Vincent G. Kling, who would also help design Five Penn Center, Centre Square, and the Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts. It was the world's largest mint when it was built and held that distinction as of January 2009. The Philadelphia Mint can produce up to one million coins in 30 minutes. It took three years for the original mint to produce that many. The mint also produces medals and awards for military, governmental, and civil services. Engraving of all dies and strikers only occurs here. Uncirculated coins minted here have the "P" mint mark, while circulated coins from before 1980 carried no mint mark except the Jefferson nickels minted from 1942–1945 and the 1979 Susan B. Anthony dollar coins. Since 1980, all coins minted there have the "P" mint mark except cents. Tours can be taken where all stages of minting are explained, along with displays of past equipment. This takes place via an enclosed catwalk above the minting facility itself. Various video stations are placed along the tour route, where visitors can push buttons to watch videos about various stages of the minting process. Most of those videos were narrated by Baseball Hall of Fame announcer for the Philadelphia Phillies (and voice of NFL Films), Harry Kalas. On August 19, 1858, two well-dressed thieves on a tour of the mint used a counterfeit key to open a display case. They made off with $265.00 in gold pieces, but due to the rarity of the coins, the men were quickly apprehended while trying to spend them in local shops. In 1893, Henry S. Cochran, a weighing clerk, was found to have embezzled $134,000 in gold bars from the mint vault over a period of 8–10 years. A total of $107,000 was recovered from his home and from a cache in the ventilation system inside the mint. About 445,000 double eagle coins were minted in 1933, but only one was ever legally released. King Farouk of Egypt contacted Nellie Tayloe Ross, then Director of the U.S. Mint, and requested one 1933 double eagle for his extensive coin collection. Since the 1933 coins were not circulated, she took one coin to the Smithsonian Institution and received documentation of its rarity. She then issued an export document allowing the Egyptian king to receive his coin. After the deaths of Farouk and the general who inherited the king's collection, the coin disappeared into a European collector's possession. It resurfaced when Stephen Fenton acquired it. When he tried to auction it off, both he and the auctioneer were arrested and the coin was seized. It was placed in the vault of the Secret Service in their office in the World Trade Center. While the provenance and paperwork proving ownership was debated "ad nauseam" in the courts, the coin was transferred to Fort Knox for further safekeeping. The World Trade Center was attacked and destroyed later that year. An agreement was reached between the U.S. Government and Stephen Fenton. The Fenton Farouk, as it came to be called, was sold at auction for $7.9 million in 2002 with a 10% auctioneer's premium and $20 to "monetize" the coin. Fenton and the government split the proceeds of the auction, with the provision that any further 1933 double eagles would be seized and not auctioned. In 2003, a Philadelphia woman named Joan Switt Langbord found 10 1933 double eagles in a safe deposit box that once belonged to her parents; when she took them to be appraised, they were seized by the United States Treasury as stolen property. Investigators claimed that Langbord's father, Israel Switt, conspired with a clerk inside the mint to steal the coins. He had been investigated previously for the crime, leading to the confiscation of several gold pieces, but the statute of limitations had prevented him from being prosecuted. Langbord sued to have the coins returned to her, but in July 2011, a federal jury ruled the stolen coins were property of the U.S. government. In September 2011, former mint officer William Gray pleaded guilty in federal court to stealing error coins valued at $2.4 million and selling them to a distributor.

The dassie rat ("Petromus typicus") is an African rodent found among rocky outcroppings. It is the only living member of its genus, Petromus, and family, Petromuridae. The name "dassie" means "hyrax" in Afrikaans, and the two animals are found in similar habitats. "Petromus" means "rock mouse" and dassie rats are one of many rodents sometimes called rock rats. The family and genus names are sometimes misspelled as Petromyidae and Petromys. Dassie rats are squirrel-like in appearance. Their tails are hairy, but not bushy whereas the soles of their feet are distinctly bare and have pads. Their heads are noticeably flattened. The overall coloration can be a range of browns, greys, or almost black. The nose is yellowish and tends to stand out. They have no underfur. The teats are located on the sides of the torso, which allows the young to feed from the side when crammed in a narrow rock crevice. Dassie rats are restricted to rocky outcrops in Namibia, parts of Angola, and northwest South Africa. They are famous for being able to squeeze into extremely narrow crevices. This is accomplished due to their flattened skulls and flexible ribs. Dassie rats feed primarily on grasses, but will sometimes eat fruits, seeds, and leaves. They have high crowned and rooted cheek teeth. Females give birth to a pair of offspring just once a year, an unusually slow reproductive rate among rodents. Dassie rats are the only remaining members of a once-diverse family that first appeared in the Oligocene of Africa. Both morphological and molecular studies suggest the closest living relatives to the dassie rats are the African cane rats in the family Thryonomyidae. These two families, along with related fossil families such as †Phiomyidae, represented an important early radiation of rodents in Africa.

WKST-FM (96.1 FM) - branded as 96.1 KISS - is a Top 40 (CHR) outlet based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., the station broadcasts at 96.1 MHz, with an ERP of 44 kW. Its transmitter is located in Baldwin. The station originally signed on August 8, 1960 as WCAE-FM, co-owned with WCAE (AM) and WTAE-TV, and had a MOR format until 1976, when it simulcasted WTAE (AM) during the day and played disco at night, and became known as "Disco 96." As disco began to wane in popularity, the station flipped to a rock-leaning top 40 format as WXKX (96KX or "96 Kicks"). 96KX thrived for the next five years and ranked as the frequency's most highly rated format for three decades. On March 25, 1983, faced with new competition from WBZZ (B-94), the station shifted to a more mainstream top 40 format, and became WHTX, also known as "Hit Radio 96". The station evolved, in the latter part of the decade, into a gold-based adult contemporary format under the name of "Gold 96". On June 26, 1991, it switched calls to WVTY ("Variety 96") and format to an adult top 40 approach, which in turn would lead to a Modern AC format ("96.1 The River") on November 26, 1997. New call letters WDRV would follow on February 27, 1998. On February 12, 1999, at 5 p.m., WDRV returned to adult top 40, this time as WPHH ("Mix 96.1"). On September 29, 2000, at 5 p.m., they switched to the current format and became the current WKST-FM, "96.1 Kiss". During its first four years, WKST waged a battle with WBZZ from 2000 to 2004 by countering WBZZ's conventional Top 40/CHR approach with WKST's Rhythmic flavor. In 2007, the rivalry resumed again when CBS revived "B94" and used the same conventional direction by going after the same 18-34 audience that WKST has managed to cater. However, B94 still could not compete with WKST-FM, and would switch formats again, this time to sports talk in 2010. In 2012, WKST-FM became the first Top 40 (CHR) in Pittsburgh radio history to record #1 6+ and 12+ ratings. As mentioned above, WKST's musical direction had always favored Rhythmic and/or Dance hits since its 2000 debut, although at times it will add artists like The Lumineers to stay within the Mainstream realm. With B94 changing formats after Valentine's Day 2010, WKST-FM became the only top 40 station in Pittsburgh, and with competition coming from Adult Top 40 WBZZ (whose direction leans towards Top-40 and Rhythmic Contemporary) and a new version of WAMO (via a FM translator, as the AM is a daytimer; now a full-blown Rhythmic Top 40), WKST has continued to add more Rhythmic hits to distinguish itself from the two stations. In addition, as with other Clear Channel Top 40s, WKST also airs a pair of Ryan Seacrest programs, "On Air" during middays and "American Top 40" on Sundays. The Morning Freak Show with Mikey and Big Bob is KISS-FM's morning show. Mikey and Big Bob were involved with two other shows sharing "The Freak Show" name, the first one on WDRQ 93.1 in Detroit, Michigan. This show was followed by another one at Q102 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These two show were originally hosted by Tic Tak with Mikey and Big Bob as his co-hosts. When the offer came in for the morning show at current station 96.1 KISS-FM, Tic Tak did not choose to stay with the show. The Morning Freak Show caters to a young adult crowd. On April 25, 2006, Clear Channel announced that WKST-FM's HD2 subchannel will carry a format focusing on Dance hits. The HD2 signed on July 17, 2006, broadcasting the Club Phusion format, which was later replaced with the EDM-focused "Evolution" brand. In 2015, WKST-FM HD2 changed formats to "My 2K (which has since been renamed "iheart 2000s"), airing a 2000s hits format (the channel can be streamed on the iheartradio's mobile application and platform). In March 2016, WKST-FM HD2 moved iheart 2000s over to WXDX-FM HD2, and replaced it with Pride Radio.

Kevin Bernard Gilbride (born August 27, 1951) is a retired American professional football coach. Gilbride was a coach for twenty years in the NFL and is a longtime friend of Tom Coughlin since his days in Jacksonville. He spent seven years as the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings. From 1997-1998, Gilbride was the head coach for the San Diego Chargers. Gilbride attended Southern Connecticut State University, where he played both quarterback and tight end and earned a degree in Physical Education. He then went to Idaho State University, where he earned a master's degree in athletic administration. Gilbride's coaching career began in 1974 as a graduate assistant, where he served as linebackers coach for the 1974 season. Gilbride was also the co-head coach for the Idaho State women's basketball team in their inaugural year. Gilbride joined Tufts prior to the 1976 season as a linebackers coach. He held that position for two seasons. Following the 1977 season, he joined American International College. Gilbride's team finished 3-8, winning their first game, and then their final two. Following the season he was hired by the Houston Oilers as their quarterback coach and made the jump to the National Football League. Gilbride served as assistant coach for the Rough Riders in 1985. The team finished 7-9 but made the playoffs, where they lost in the eastern semi-final to the Montreal Concordes. The next season they were 3-10 and failed to qualify for the postseason. Gilbride began his NFL career as a quarterbacks coach for the Oilers. In his first season, quarterback Warren Moon passed for over 3,600 yards with 23 touchdowns against 14 interceptions. Following a solid year by Moon, the Oilers named Gilbride Offensive Coordinator for the 1990 season. During his time with the Oilers, Gilbride ran a variation of the Run & Shoot offense. The team finished in the top 5 in scoring each year with Gilbride as offensive coordinator. The team scored 405 points in Gilbride's first season, including Moon passing for 33 touchdowns against 13 interceptions for over 4,000 yards. Despite the offense finishing second in the league, the team finished 9-7, second in the division. The next season, the Oilers finished 11-5 to win the division. Gilbride's offense finished fourth in the league with 386 points, the fourth ranked offense in the league and second in yards. The 1992 season saw Houston finish with a 10-6 record, second to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Gilbride's offense scored 352 points, good for sixth in the league. In the classic 1992 AFC Wild Card Game against the Buffalo Bills, dubbed "The Comeback" by Bills fans, the Oilers led 28-3 at halftime, but Buffalo scored 38 unanswered points to capture the victory. During the season, Gilbride was diagnosed with a rare form of Kidney Cancer. He had surgery on December 10. Injured quarterback Warren Moon, along with wide receiver coach Chris Palmer, stepped in as acting offensive coordinators. The following season, the Oilers improved to 12-4 scoring 368 points, fourth in the league. The team began 1-4, but rebounded, winning their final eleven games to capture a playoff berth and a first-round bye. Despite losing to the Chiefs in the second round, the offense was fourth in the league and 368 points and over 5,000 yards. A very memorable moment from Gilbride's career may be a 1993 season sideline incident which resulted in defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan throwing a punch at Gilbride during a nationally televised game against the New York Jets. The 1994 Oilers finished with a dismal 2-14 record, and the last-ranked offense in the league. Kevin Gilbride said of his experience with the punch in Houston on "A Football LIfe- Houston 93" that: "Through all the things you've been fortunate to be part of, that you're proud if, this is the last thing you want to be considered, you know, attached to for the rest of your life but uh it happened." For their inaugural season in 1995, the Jaguars hired Tom Coughlin as head coach and Gilbride as offensive coordinator. The team finished 4-12 scoring just 275 points, 27th in the league. The following year, the team went 9-7 scoring 325 points, fourteenth in the league, but second in yards. The Jaguars defeated the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Wild Card Game 30-27, and then the Denver Broncos in the AFC Divisional Game by the same score, but lost to the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game 20-6. Following the season, Gilbride was hired by the San Diego Chargers to fill their head coach position vacated after Bobby Ross stepped down. In his first season as head coach, Gilbride's Chargers finished 4-12, scoring just 266 points (26th in the league) while allowing 425 (last in the league). The following year was not much better, as the team scored 241 points (29th in the league), and finished 29th in the league. He was fired on October 14, 1998. On January 7, 1999, Gilbride was hired as Offensive Coordinator for the Steelers. The team scored 317 points and finished 6-10, with the 17th ranked offense and 22nd in yards. The next year, the team improved to 9-7, with the 17th ranked offense in the league, scoring 321 points. Following the 2000 season, he was fired. Following a season where they finished 13th in the league in total offense, the Bills hired Gilbride on February 9, 2002. The Bills finished 8-8, scoring 379 points, but set seven team records. The following year, the team finished 6-10, and 30th in the league in total points with just 243. Gilbride left the team after being hired by the New York Giants on January 26, 2004. In 2004, Gilbride was reunited with Tom Coughlin in New York, where he became the Giants' quarterbacks coach. He worked with Eli Manning in that position for three years during which Manning led the Giants to a 6-10 record in his first season, but rebounded in 2005 to lead the team to an 11-5 record, capturing not only their first playoff berth since 2002, but their first division title since 2000. The Giants returned to the playoffs in 2006 but were ousted in the first round by the Philadelphia Eagles. Following that season, the Giants announced that the entire coaching staff would return on one-year contracts for the 2007 season. Midway in the 2006 season, Gilbride was named interim Offensive Coordinator. The 'interim' tag was removed following the season, and on January 18, 2007 Gilbride was officially announced as the Offensive Coordinator. In his first full season, the Giants went 10–6 and defeated the heavily favored Green Bay Packers on a Lawrence Tynes field goal in overtime of the NFC Championship Game to set up a trip to Super Bowl XLII against the undefeated New England Patriots. In what is called one of the greatest upsets of all-time, the Giants won 17–14 to capture their third Super Bowl title. Under Gilbride, the Giants had four years where their offense has scored 400 or more points. In 2008, the Giants finished with a 12–4 record, but were ousted in the first round of the playoffs by the Eagles. Gilbride's offense scored 427 points, third in the NFL. In 2008, the Oakland Raiders received permission to interview Gilbride for their vacant head coach position. The job eventually went to Tom Cable. The following year, the Giants fell to 8–8, yet still scored 402 points, good for eighth in the league, and the fourth highest total in team history. In 2010, the Giants improved to 10–6, starting 6–2. However, a rash of injuries down the stretch doomed the Giants as they once again missed the playoffs. Despite the poor finish, the Giants had the seventh ranked offense in points and fifth in yards. Following a tumultuous free agency period and some bad injuries prior to the season, the Giants began 2011 with a loss against Washington. By the bye week, they had a 4–2 record after defeating the Buffalo Bills in week 6. The team had a 6–2 record by week 9, which fell to 7–7 after a week 15 loss to the Redskins. However, they won a Christmas Eve game against the crosstown rival Jets, followed by a Week 17 game to sweep the Dallas Cowboys in the season series. In the first round of the playoffs, they handily defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24–2 holding them to a first quarter safety being their only score. This was followed by a 37–20 divisional win against the Green Bay Packers, and set up another NFC Championship game appearance. The Giants faced the San Francisco 49ers in a game that ended 20–17 with Lawrence Tynes kicking a game-winner to send the Giants to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XLVI, the Giants once again faced the Patriots, and as they had four years prior, they defeated New England 21–17 to capture their fourth title. For the season, they finished 9th in the league in offense scoring 394 points while allowing 400. Gilbride earned his second Super Bowl ring after the victory. For the 2012 season, the Giants finished 9–7 once again, but missed the playoffs. They scored 429 points, sixth in the league, but missed the playoffs again despite starting 6–4, going 3–3 after the bye week. In 2013, the Giants began 0–6, causing many people to question Gilbride's future with the team. the team rebounded however, and won 7 of their final 10 games. Despite his two Super Bowl rings with the team, fans had grown impatient with his predictable play-calling. At the end of the season, owner John Mara said "I think our offense is broken right now. We need to fix that" On January 2, 2014, it was announced that Gilbride would retire. Gilbride and his wife, Deborah, have three children: daughters Kelly and Kristen and son, Kevin M. Gilbride. Kelly is a 1998 graduate of Harvard University, Kristen graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1999, and the younger Kevin graduated from the University of Hawaii in 2003 and is currently the Giants' tight ends coach.

Richard Manuel Jauron (born October 7, 1950) is a former National Football League (NFL) player and coach. He played eight seasons, five with the Detroit Lions and three with the Cincinnati Bengals. He was head coach of the Buffalo Bills from January 2006 until November 2009. Jauron had previously held head coaching positions with the Chicago Bears and, on an interim basis, with the Detroit Lions. He was the AP Coach of the Year in 2001 after leading the Bears to a 13–3 record. Jauron is a member of the National Football Foundation College Football Hall of Fame. He is a member of the Class of 2015 in the Hall. Jauron was selected a NFF Scholar Athlete in 1972. At Yale Jauron was a three time All-Ivy First Team selection in an era when freshmen were barred from playing varsity football, and a First Team All America selection senior year. Jauron was a three time letter winner on Yale's varsity baseball team. Jauron won the 1972 Asa S. Bushnell Award as Ivy League Player of the Year in football. He is the only athlete to hold a berth in the College Football Hall of Fame, win the Asa S. Bushnell award, and claim selection as a NFF Scholar Athlete. In 1973, Jauron won the William Neely Mallory Award, the most prestigious athletic award given to a senior male at Yale. Jauron was born in Peoria, Illinois. He attended Swampscott High School in Swampscott, Massachusetts, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. In football, he was a Parade All-American selection as a senior, and was featured in the November 1968 issue of Sport magazine as Teenage Athlete Of The Month. He has been honored as one of the top ten all-time Massachusetts high school football players by the Boston Globe. Jauron rushed for 2,947 yards in three seasons (freshmen were not eligible for the varsity team in the 1970s) at Yale, a record that stood until 2000, and was three times named to the All-Ivy League First Team, the first Yale football athlete to be so honored. His school-record streak of 16 consecutive 100-yard rushing games was not broken until 2006. Jauron was awarded the Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award for sportsmanship following his junior season and the Bulger Lowe Award, given to the best Division I-A/I-AA player in New England, after his senior season. Jauron recorded the best rushing performance, 183 yards, in "The Game" his senior season. Yale overcame a 17 - 0 halftime lead to defeat Harvard, 28 - 17. After graduating from college, Jauron was selected in the fourth round of the 1973 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. He was also drafted as a shortstop by baseball's St. Louis Cardinals in the 25th round of the 1973 MLB Draft. Jauron chose the NFL. He started at free safety as a rookie for the Lions. He was named to the 1974 Pro Bowl in his second season after leading the NFC in punt return average. Jauron played with the Lions for five seasons (1973–1977) and the Cincinnati Bengals for three seasons (1978–1980). He finished his playing career with 25 interceptions and two touchdowns. Jauron began his coaching career in the NFL in 1985 as the Buffalo Bills defensive backs coach. He was offered the position by Bills defensive coordinator Hank Bullough, who was the Bengals defensive coordinator when Jauron was a player. After one season with the Bills, Jauron was named the defensive backs coach for the Green Bay Packers. He worked with the team for eight seasons, serving under three different head coaches: Forrest Gregg, Lindy Infante, and Mike Holmgren. Jauron became the defensive coordinator for the expansion Jacksonville Jaguars in 1995 at the invitation of then-Jaguars head coach Tom Coughlin, whom he coached with at Green Bay. The Jaguars made the playoffs in three of Jauron's four seasons with the team, including an appearance in the 1996 AFC Championship Game. Following his first head-coaching job, Jauron served as the defensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions in 2004 and the first 11 games of the 2005 season before being named the team's interim head coach. Jauron became the 12th head coach in Chicago Bears history on January 23, 1999, when he was hired to replace Dave Wannstedt, who was fired after two consecutive 4–12 seasons. Jauron coached the Bears for five seasons (1999–2003), finishing with a 35–45 regular season record and one playoff appearance. In his first two seasons, the Bears finished last in the NFC Central with 6–10 and 5–11 records. Jauron, however, led the greatest turnaround in team history during his third season. In their 13–3 2001 campaign, Chicago finished 8–0 in games decided by seven points or less, including back-to-back overtime victories. Jauron was named the 2001 AP Coach of the Year and became the third coach in team history to record at least 13 wins in a season, joining George Halas and Mike Ditka, and eventually joined by his successor Lovie Smith. Former Bears head coach Lovie Smith joined that group following the Bears' 13-3 regular season in 2006. After earning their first division title in 11 years, however, Chicago lost a home game to the Philadelphia Eagles, 33–19, in the NFC Divisional Playoffs. The Bears did not return to the playoffs under Jauron, finishing 4–12 and 7–9 in his last two seasons with the team. He was fired by the Bears after the 2003 season and replaced by Lovie Smith. Jauron was then hired by the Detroit Lions as a defensive coordinator. He was promoted to interim head coach of the Lions on November 28, 2005, after the mid-season firing of Steve Mariucci. Detroit was 4–7 when Jauron took over and won only one of their last five games, finishing the season 5–11. Although Jauron was one of many candidates who interviewed for the head coaching position after the season, he was passed over for Rod Marinelli. Jauron was named the 14th head coach in Buffalo Bills history on January 23, 2006, following the resignation of Mike Mularkey. He led the Bills to three consecutive 7–9 records, finishing respectively third, second and fourth in the AFC East. In 2008 the team started 5–1, but ended the season on a 2–8 skid. Bills owner Ralph Wilson announced on December 30, 2008, that Jauron would be brought back for the 2009 season despite the expiration of his three-year contract. On the morning of Friday, September 4, 2009, Jauron fired his offensive coordinator, Turk Schonert, in a morning meeting before the regular season began. Two different viewpoints emerged, Jauron stating in a press conference the reason for his firing was a "lack of productivity", while Schonert claimed that Jauron told him that he "had too many formations, too many plays", and that he "didn't simplify it to his liking." Schonert was replaced the same day by former Buffalo Bills quarterback and then quarterbacks coach Alex Van Pelt. After taking over, Van Pelt brought back the no-huddle offense, in the form of Jim Kelly's "K-Gun" offense that led the team to four straight Super Bowls in the 1990s. On November 17, 2009, Jauron was fired by the Bills. On January 21, 2011, Jauron was named defensive coordinator by the Cleveland Browns. He replaced Rob Ryan, who then became defensive coordinator for the Dallas Cowboys. On January 18, 2013, newly hired head coach Rob Chudzinski hired Ray Horton instead of keeping Jauron.

Owens' entire Major League career was spent with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was the general manager and principal architect of the 1980 Phillies, the third Philadelphia club to win a National League pennant and the first Phillies team to win a World Series—breaking a 97-year streak of futility dating to the team's founding in . He was general manager of the Phillies from June 3, , through the end of , and twice (1972; 1983–84) added the title of field manager to his job description. In he took the managerial reins of the Phillies in midyear and led them to their fourth pennant, but lost to the Baltimore Orioles in the 1983 World Series. Nicknamed "The Pope" because of his resemblance to Pope Paul VI, Owens was born in Salamanca, New York, and attended St. Bonaventure University. Owens' professional playing career began in 1951 at the relatively advanced age of 27. Prior to 1951, Owens had spent the first several years of his baseball career with the Salamanca Merchants (a still extant team) in what was then the Suburban League, the local Town Team Baseball circuit. Owens played exclusively at the lower ends of the minor leagues, with his active career largely centered in his native upstate New York. A first baseman who batted and threw right-handed, he twice (1951, 1957) batted .407 with the Olean Oilers of the Class D PONY League (now the New York–Penn League) and set a league record by hitting safely in 38 consecutive games in 1951. During his relatively brief playing career, Owens compiled a lifetime average of .374. In 1955, Owens was named Olean's playing manager; the following year, the Oilers became a Phillies' affiliate and Owens moved into their organization. In 1958–59, he managed Class C Bakersfield of the California League. He then became a scout, and, in , director of the entire Philadelphia farm system. On June 3, 1972, he replaced John Quinn as the Phillies' general manager. Then, five weeks later, on July 10, Owens fired manager Frank Lucchesi and assumed that job as well, to get a closer (if temporary) look at the last-place Phillies' on-field struggles. He then returned to the front office and proceeded to turn the Phils into pennant contenders within three seasons. His farm system, one of the most productive in the game at the time, bore fruit—yielding players such as Mike Schmidt, Greg Luzinski, Bob Boone, Larry Bowa and Dick Ruthven. In addition, Owens aggressively swung trades to add missing pieces such as relief pitcher Tug McGraw and outfielders Garry Maddox and Bake McBride. The Phils won the NL East in ––—each time falling short in the National League Championship Series. Owens thought he added the final piece in when he signed free agent Pete Rose, but the Phils stumbled and finished fourth. In 1980, under manager Dallas Green, the Phillies beat Houston in an intense NLCS and then defeated the Kansas City Royals for the team's first world championship. On July 18, , Owens again decided to don a uniform and run the Phillies from the dugout as well as from the front office. He fired manager Pat Corrales—even though Philadelphia was in first place at the time, albeit just one game over .500—and led the club to 47 wins in 77 games. They then defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games in the NLCS to win the Phillies' fourth pennant. During the World Series, the Phils lost to Baltimore in five games. Owens returned to managing in , but the results were disappointing. The Phillies played only .500 ball and finished fourth, 15½ games behind the division champ Chicago Cubs. Owens was relieved of both his GM and managing jobs during the off-season, but remained with the Phillies as a senior advisor and special scout until his death, in 2003, at age 79 in Woodbury, New Jersey. For the 2004 season, the Phillies wore a patch on their right shoulder featuring a banner reading "Pope" in honor of Owens, and a shamrock in honor of former relief pitcher Tug McGraw, who had also died that winter. His career managing record was 161–158 (.505).

Marty Mornhinweg ( ; born March 29, 1962) is an American football coach and former player who is currently Offensive Coordinator for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Previously he was the Ravens' quarterbacks coach., was the head coach of the Detroit Lions from 2001 to 2002 and the Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator from 2006 to 2012. Born in Edmond, Oklahoma, Mornhinweg played high school football in San Jose, California. He led the Oak Grove Eagles to a Central Coast Section championship in 1978 with a rout of defending champion St. Francis of Mountain View in the title game Following the 1978 championship season as a junior, Mornhinweg was the 1979 Northern California Player of Year as a senior, but the Eagles fell 32–29 in the semifinals to Salinas. For his performance during his time at Oak Grove, the school honored Mornhinweg and inducted him into its hall of fame. Mornhinweg was a four-year starter at quarterback for the University of Montana in Missoula, where he set 15 passing records. During his junior season in 1982, Mornhinweg led the Griz to its first Big Sky Conference championship in a dozen years. Through Mornhinweg's performance, Montana inducted him into the Montana Hall of Fame. He earned his bachelor's degree in health and physical education/coaching, then went on to earn a master of science in health and physical education/sports administration from the University of Texas at El Paso. Mornhinweg was not selected in the 1985 NFL Draft. While a collegiate assistant coach, Mornhinweg became the starting quarterback for the Denver Dynamite in the Arena Football League in 1987. In his first start, he completed 3 of 4 passes for 30 yards and was sacked twice. Soon after, Mornhinweg blew out his knee. His team, however, went on to win the inaugural Arena Bowl I with a 45–16 victory over the Pittsburgh Gladiators. In 1985, Mornhinweg was the receivers coach at his alma mater, the University of Montana. Between 1988 and 1994, he coached at several universities, including: Northern Arizona (running backs), SE Missouri State (offense), Missouri (tight ends and the offensive line), and again at Northern Arizona (offense). During 1995 and 1996, Mornhinweg coached with the Green Bay Packers, first as an offensive assistant, then as the quarterbacks coach under head coach Mike Holmgren. From 1997 to 2000, he was offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers, under Steve Mariucci. In 2001, Mornhinweg became the head coach of the Detroit Lions, taking over a team that saw two head coaches leave in the previous season. He compiled a 5–27 record in two seasons. His most notable moment as a head coach came in 2002 against the Chicago Bears. The game went into overtime, and the Lions won the ensuing coin toss. However, Mornhinweg felt that having the wind in his favor was more important than getting the ball, despite having Jason Hanson (who hit a then-NCAA record 62-yard field goal in his college days at Washington State University) as his kicker. He elected to kick, rather than receive. As it turned out, the Lions never got the ball; on the Bears' opening drive, Chicago scored a field goal to win the game. In 2003, he joined the coaching staff of the Philadelphia Eagles. Mornhinweg masterminded the Eagles offense in the final six games of the 2006 season, and into the NFC playoffs. Coach Andy Reid gave Mornhinweg the play-calling responsibilities after the Eagles' disastrous loss to the Indianapolis Colts, 45–21. The Eagles won all six games, employing a more balanced run/pass attack. The wins included a three consecutive December divisional road games, all with a back-up quarterback, Jeff Garcia. It was the only time Reid yielded play-calling responsibilities, a role Mornhinweg continued through the 2012 season, until Reid (and his staff) was fired at the end of that season. Instead of continuing to coach under Reid in Kansas City, Mornhinweg took an offensive coordinator position with the New York Jets in 2013. During his time with the Jets he was the offensive coordinator under Rex Ryan. On January 21, 2015, Mornhinweg was hired as quarterbacks coach for the Baltimore Ravens. On October 10, 2016, Mornhinweg was promoted from quarterbacks coach to offensive coordinator after Marc Trestman was fired. During his career as an offensive coordinator, Mornhinweg's offenses have finished 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 9th, 10th, and 12th in total offense, and regularly highly ranked in big plays. Mornhinweg was at one time the youngest guarterback coach, the youngest offensive coordinator, and the second youngest head coach in the NFL. In all, Mornhinweg has coached a year of high school, ten years in the college ranks, and 20 years in the NFL. Throughout his coaching career, Marty has coached every position on the offensive side of the ball. Mornhinweg has earned a reputation as top quarterback coach by coaching five different Pro Bowl quarterbacks, Hall of Fame quarterbacks Steve Young and Brett Favre, and quarterback Joe Flacco. Mornhinweg and his wife, Lindsay, have four children, two daughters and two sons. Madi is a recent graduate of Penn and Molly attends Montana. Skyler was a quarterback in the Ivy League at Columbia (transferred from Florida), and Cade is in high school.

Jerry Michael Glanville (born October 14, 1941) is a former American football player and coach, former NASCAR driver and owner, and sportscaster. He served as head coach of the Houston Oilers from 1986 to 1990 and the Atlanta Falcons from 1990 to 1994, compiling a career NFL record of 63–73. From 2007 to 2009, he was the Head Football Coach at Portland State University, tallying a mark of 9–24. Glanville has worked as an analyst on HBO's "Inside the NFL", CBS's "The NFL Today"/"NFL on CBS" and Fox's coverage of the NFL. He has also raced on the Automobile Racing Club of America circuit. Glanville also briefly served as a consultant and liaison for the United Football League in 2011. While head coach of the Houston Oilers, Glanville coined the now-famous phrase "NFL means 'not for long'", while admonishing a game official for making what Glanville felt were bad calls. The exact quote is "This is N-F-L, which stands for 'not for long' when you make them fuckin' calls." The "NFL" line was in reference to the fact that the official Glanville was criticizing was in his first year in the league, having previously worked in college football. Glanville is also credited in creating the Pistol formation. Glanville played college football as a middle linebacker at Northern Michigan University, graduating in 1964 with a bachelor's degree. He also holds a master's degree from Western Kentucky University, where he worked as an assistant football coach on campus and roomed with fellow former NFL coach Joe Bugel. The two were known for drawing football plays on pizza boxes. During Glanville's time in the National Football League he was the special teams/defensive assistant for the Detroit Lions from 1974–1976, the secondary coach for the Atlanta Falcons from 1977–1978 and the Falcons defensive coordinator from 1979–1982, the secondary coach of the Buffalo Bills in 1983, the defensive coordinator of the then Houston Oilers from 1984–1985 and then as head coach from 1985–1989 (initially being the interim coach after the firing of Hugh Campbell, and then being the permanent replacement starting in 1986), and head coach of the Atlanta Falcons from 1990–1993. As an NFL head coach, Glanville led the Houston Oilers (1985–1989) during the era known as the "House of Pain." He was famous for often leaving tickets at will-call for Elvis Presley (who by that point had been dead for over a decade), wearing all black to be easily recognized by his players, and driving replicas of vehicles driven by actor James Dean. The Oilers were often chastised for being a dirty, cheap-shot style team, and Glanville often feuded with AFC Central Division rival head coaches Sam Wyche, Marty Schottenheimer. He received a highly publicized post-game handshake from Pittsburgh Steelers Head Coach Chuck Noll after the Oilers defeated the Steelers in the Houston Astrodome during the 1987 season. Glanville turned the Oilers, a team that had struggled through most of the 1980s, into an aggressive, hard-hitting group that preached a "hit the beach" mentality and he made players, such as future Hall of Fame QB Warren Moon into household names. The Oilers made three playoff appearances during Glanville's tenure (which happened to be during the last three seasons of his tenure), twice playing in the AFC divisional round, before he resigned in 1990 to become the head coach of the Atlanta Falcons (1990–1993). He had been a defensive coordinator for the Falcons, best known for developing the famous "Gritz Blitz" defense that featured rushing multiple players on the defensive side of the football against opposing offenses. Glanville claimed with Atlanta he inherited a "flat-tire" but would take the team to the NFC divisional round in the 1991 season. During his time with the Falcons, the team would pitch a "Back in Black" motto with new uniforms and the same aggressive type play on defense, an offensive system known as the "Red Gun" that would implement most of the principles associated with the Run-N-Shoot offense, and an emphasis on special teams as he had done in Houston. The Falcons featured talented players such as future Hall of Famer CB "Prime Time" Deion Sanders and were known for unorthodox antics. Expectations were high after the success of the 1991 season, but the team's consecutive 6–10 records for the 1992 and 1993 led the Falcons to dismiss Glanville in 1994. He was out of football until he became the University of Hawaii's defensive coordinator over a decade later. His career record as an NFL head coach is 63–73. When Atlanta Falcons general manager Ken Herock selected Brett Favre in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft, Glanville did not approve of the pick because of Favre's personal issues with alcohol and the party lifestyle. He said it would take a plane crash for him to put Favre into a game. Glanville also was known to place $100 bets (with Favre and others) on whether or not Favre could throw a football into the third deck of stadiums before games. Glanville claimed the trade in the off-season of 1992 was a wake-up call for Favre who was known for even being late to the team picture during his rookie season with the Falcons. Favre only threw four passes during his one season with Atlanta then was traded to the Green Bay Packers for a first round pick. Favre went on to play 19 seasons, starting every game from September 20, 1992 to December 5, 2010 and becoming the first NFL player to win three AP MVP awards. He would also appear in two Super Bowls, winning Super Bowl XXXI. On March 21, 2011, the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League announced that Glanville would serve as the team's head coach and general manager. The Colonials suspended operations in August of that year; Glanville would remain with the league as a consultant, color commentator for the league's television broadcasts, and liaison for potential expansion markets. Glanville left the league after one season. Glanville was formerly the defensive coordinator for the University of Hawaii's football team, working under his former offensive coordinator (and eventual successor) at Atlanta, June Jones, for two seasons. Prior to his tenure at the University of Hawaii, Glanville's earlier involvement with college football was the defensive ends/outside linebackers coach at Georgia Tech from 1968–1973 and the defensive coordinator at Western Kentucky University in 1967, shortly after his own career as a player had ended. On February 28, 2007, Glanville accepted the head coaching position at Portland State University (PSU), his first college head coaching job. Glanville, who replaced Tim Walsh, was PSU's 12th head coach in the history of the program. He resigned this position with the support of the university on November 17, 2009, with an overall record of 9–24 during his tenure. Glanville began racing by learning from seven-time Winston Cup Series champion Dale Earnhardt, who would mentor Glanville in tests at Richmond International Raceway. Glanville officially started his racing career in the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series in 1992 for Lewis Cooper with sponsorship from the Falcons. After failing to qualify in his first career attempt at Lanier Speedway, he made his series debut at Orange County Speedway, finishing 22nd. He ran six races during his three-year timespan in the series, with a best finish of 20th at Volusia County Speedway in 1992. Glanville returned to the series in 1999, but failed to qualify for all five races he attempted. He later ran in the ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series, running ten races in 1994 as an owner/driver of the No. 81, and recorded a best finish of ninth at I-70 Speedway. Glanville returned to ARCA in 2000, running a part-time schedule until 2004 for his and Norm Benning's teams, his best finishing being fourth at Nashville Superspeedway in 2002. In 1995, he participated in the Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic, the inaugural SuperTruck Series race, and finished 27th. He continued racing in the Truck Series from 1995–1999, with a best finish of 14th three times. In addition to the Busch and Truck Series, Glanville competed in the NASCAR Slim Jim All Pro Series in 1996, finishing 23rd at Gresham Motorsports Park. He later raced in the Winston West Series, his debut coming in 1997 at Pikes Peak International Raceway, where he finished seventh. From 1997–1999, he ran eight races in the Hooters Pro Cup, with a best finish of 12th at Southampton Speedway. The Sega Genesis system offered "Jerry Glanville's PigSkin Footbrawl", a medieval-themed arcade-style football game. The game was a port of the 1990 classic arcade game "Pigskin 621 A.D.", released by Bally Midway.

Perilymph (also named Cotunnius' liquid and liquor cotunnii for Domenico Cotugno) is an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea (part of the inner ear) in two of its three compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The major cation (positively charged ion) in perilymph is sodium: The values of sodium and potassium concentration in the perilymph are 138 mM and 6.9 mM, respectively. The inner ear has two parts: the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is contained within the bony labyrinth, and contains a fluid called endolymph. Between the outer wall of the membranous labyrinth and the wall of the bony labyrinth is the perilymphatic space which contains the perilymph. The membranous labyrinth is suspended in the perilymph. The perilymph in the bony labyrinth is continuous with the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space via the perilymphatic duct. Perilymph and endolymph have unique ionic compositions suited to their functions in regulating electrochemical impulses of hair cells. The electric potential of endolymph is ~80-90 mV more positive than perilymph due to a higher concentration of potassium cations (K) than sodium (Na). Perilymph is the fluid contained within the bony labyrinth, surrounding and protecting the membranous labyrinth; perilymph resembles extracellular fluid in composition (sodium salts are the predominate positive electrolyte) and, via the perilymphatic duct, is in continuity with cerebrospinal fluid. Endolymph is the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; endolymph resembles intracellular fluid in composition (potassium is the main cation).

Ruby McCollum, born Ruby Johnson (August 31, 1909 – May 23, 1992), was a wealthy married African-American woman in Live Oak, Florida arrested and convicted in 1952 for killing a prominent white doctor and state senator. She was not allowed to testify during her trial that he had repeatedly raped her, and forced her to bear his children. McCollum was tried and convicted in Live Oak, Florida that year for the murder of Dr. C. Leroy Adams, and sentenced to death. The sensational case was covered widely in the United States press, as well as by international papers, but McCollum was covered by a gag order. Her case was appealed and overturned by the State Supreme Court. Before the second trial, McCollum was examined and found mentally incompetent to stand trial. She was committed to the state mental hospital at Chattahoochee, Florida. In 1974 her attorney, Frank Cannon, obtained her release under the Baker Act, as she was not considered a danger to herself or others. In the 21st century, McCollum and her case have received renewed attention, with new books and four film documentaries exploring the issues of race, class, gender and corruption in local politics. In the long term, McCollum's case has been considered a landmark trial in the struggle for civil rights as she was the first black woman to testify against a white man's sexual abuse and paternity of their child. It is considered to have helped change attitudes about the practice of "paramour rights" by powerful men. McCollum's attorney, Releford McGriff, became part of a team who worked to change Florida's Jim Crow practice of selecting all-male, all-white juries. (Blacks were still disenfranchised at that time and thus not eligible to serve as jurors, who were limited to voters.) Ruby Johnson was born in 1909 to Gertrude and William Johnson in Zuber, Florida. She was the second child and first daughter among her six siblings. They attended local segregated schools. Ruby's parents recognized her intelligence and sent her to a private school, Fessenden Academy, where she excelled in bookkeeping. In 1931 Ruby Johnson married Sam McCollum, and they moved to Nyack, New York, as part of the Great Migration of rural blacks out of the South in the early 20th century. During the few years that they lived there, she had a son, Sam, Jr. In 1934, the couple relocated to the area of Fort Myers, Florida. Sam's brother Buck McCollum had amassed considerable wealth managing a Bolita gambling business. Sam went into business with him and was reported to be a player in North Florida gambling and liquor sales. These were illegal in the county, but flourished because of payoffs to local law enforcement. The McCollums also sold burial policies and owned a local funeral home. By the 1940s and early 1950s, the McCollums were reported to have "amassed a fortune." Sam and Ruby owned a "stately, two-story home," in Live Oak, Florida, a small town of 4,000 people, which they acquired from the prior bolita operator in the county when he was run out of town. Ruby McCollum drove a new Chrysler automobile each year. The McCollums owned several "jooks," served illegal liquor, collected money from the juke boxes, and had a farm outside of town with the largest tobacco allotment in Florida. The McCollums also owned a farm near Lake City, where Sam stocked fields with quail for hunting with his prized bird dogs. Ruby McCollum was described as the wealthiest black woman in town. The couple were considered financially successful and well respected in the community, where they contributed liberally to their church. Their son and oldest child, Sam Jr., had started college at UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) by 1952. The couple reared four children together: Sam, Jr., Sonja, Kay, and Loretta. McCollum later said that her youngest, Loretta, was her biracial child by Dr. C. Leroy Adams. Florida was a segregated state where blacks had been essentially disenfranchised since the turn of the century amid passage of a constitution and laws imposing poll taxes, literacy tests and other means to create barriers to voter registration and suppress black voting. The exclusion from voting meant that African Americans could not serve on juries, and they were generally excluded from any political office. The white Democrat-dominated state legislature following Reconstruction had passed laws to create legal segregation and Jim Crow. African Americans were kept in second-class status until passage in the mid-1960s of civil rights legislation following their decades of activism and support from the national Democratic Party led by President Lyndon Johnson. The power relations of white men taking sexual advantage of black women had a long history dating to slavery times, when many female slaves were forced to serve as concubines or occasional liaisons. From the late 17th century, Virginia and other colonies established laws that children of slave mothers were born into slavery, regardless of their paternity, under the principle of "partus sequitur ventrem." An assumption that powerful white men could take black women as sexual partners, regardless of their desires or social status, continued to underlie some 20th century relations. This was called "paramour rights" at the time of the trial. Dr. C. Leroy Adams had a reputation as a "benevolent and popular doctor who administered to the needy." In 1952 he was elected to the state senate. His associate, Dr. Dillard Workman, campaigned for him. Adams was considered to have a potential political future as governor. Workman was Ruby McCollum's physician when she was pregnant with Adams' child. He performed the autopsy on Adams and testified to McCollum's sanity during her trial. On August 3, 1952, Ruby McCollum met Dr. C. Leroy Adams, white physician and state senator-elect, in his office in Live Oak, Florida. She had driven there with her two young children in the car. She later admitted that she shot him four times with a revolver, after he would not agree to leave her alone. She said that over a period of years, he had repeatedly forced her to submit to sex and to bear his child. She said that her two-year-old daughter, Loretta, was his. In notes and letters, McCollum said that Adams had abused her, and that she was pregnant with another child by him when she killed him. She also said that Adams took part in her husband Sam's "illegal gambling operation." An employee at the doctor's office later described seeing the doctor accept "large deliveries of cash in examination rooms." McCollum was arrested and taken to the state prison 50 miles away. This was temporary and for her protection, according to contemporary accounts. Her husband Sam died the day after her arrest of a heart attack in Zuber, Florida, where he had taken his children for safekeeping with Ruby's mother. Zora Neale Hurston, a black anthropologist and writer on assignment from the "Pittsburgh Courier," was the first person to report on the trial for a newspaper outside Florida. She was required to sit upstairs in the segregated gallery of the courtroom. There were likely Ku Klux Klan members attending the trial. Her coverage helped McCollum gain a national and even international readership. McCollum was defended by Frank Cannon, a District Attorney from Jacksonville, Florida. The case was prosecuted by state's attorney Keith Black, and presided over by Florida's Third Circuit Court judge, Judge Hal W. Adams. (He was not related to the doctor, but had been an honorary pallbearer at his funeral). It was an all-white jury, made up only of men, some of whom had been Dr. Adams' patients. (As blacks were disenfranchised and generally not registered to vote, they did not qualify for the jury pool.) McCollum testified that Adams had forced sex upon her, that they had sex at her home and in his office (located immediately across the street from the courthouse), and that he insisted that she bear his child. The court prevented her defense attorney from presenting more complete information about their relationship. All of Cannon's efforts to introduce the doctor's pattern of repeated physical abuse of her at the office were objected to by the prosecutor and upheld by the judge. She was only allowed to testify to events on the day of the murder. She said that Adams had struck her repeatedly that day and they struggled. Essentially McCollum was silenced in court regarding additional testimony that would have established mitigating circumstances. According to Zora Neale Hurston, who reported on the trial for the "Pittsburgh Courier:" "Ruby was allowed to describe how, about 1948, during an extended absence of her husband, she had, in her home, submitted to the doctor. She was allowed to state that her youngest child was his. Yet thirty-eight times Frank Cannon attempted to proceed from this point; thirty-eight times he attempted to create the opportunity for Ruby to tell her whole story and thus explain what were her motives; thirty-eight times the State objected; and thirty-eight times Judge Adams sustained these objections. "The judge also imposed a gag order on McCollum, preventing the press from interviewing her, and preventing her attorneys from the opportunity to determine whether speaking with the press would be to her advantage. Hurston writes that defense attorney Frank Cannon, frustrated by the court's upholding the state prosecuting attorney's objections to most of the evidence he tried to introduce about McCollum's relationship with Dr. Adams, turned to the judge and said, "May God forgive you, Judge Adams, for robbing a human being of life in such a fashion." While this is written by Hurston, and quoted by Huie, there is no record of the statement in the trial transcript. Hurston reported that Thelma Curry, a witness, was told to leave the witness stand and go back where she belongs. This does not appear in the trial transcript. The prosecuting attorney said that McCollum had shot Adams in anger over a disputed bill, an account supported by three witnesses during the trial. McCollum testified that she had discussed a bill with Adams that day, but maintained that she fired at the doctor in self-defense when he attacked her. The prosecution questioned this, pointing out that Adams was 100 pounds heavier than Ruby McCollum and all of the shots were fired into his back. Residents of Live Oak knew that McCollum was a wealthy woman, and she and her husband were known to pay their bills promptly. McCollum was convicted by the jury of first degree murder on December 20, 1952. She was sentenced to death in the electric chair. Her case was appealed. During that period before the appeal was decided, McCollum was held in the Suwannee County Jail. Her conviction and death sentence were overturned on a technicality by the Florida Supreme Court on July 20, 1954. The court cited Judge Hal W. Adams, the presiding judge, for failing to be present at the jury's inspection of the scene of the crime. Concerned for her mental health, defense attorney Frank Cannon arranged for McCollum to be examined in the county jail, where she had been held for about two years. At the second trial, he entered a plea of insanity. Upon receiving the results of an examination of McCollum by court-appointed physicians, including Dr. Adams' associate Dr. Dillard Workman, the state attorney Randall Slaughter agreed to the plea. McCollum was declared mentally incompetent to stand trial. She was committed to the Florida State Hospital for mental patients at Chattahoochee, Florida. She was held there until 1974, when her attorney, Frank Cannon, successfully filed for her release under Florida's recently enacted Baker Act. It allowed release of mental patients who were not judged to be a threat to themselves or the community. There was extensive coverage of the trial, but the judge put McCollum under a gag order. The press was never allowed to interview McCollum. Ellis, who remembers the trial in his hometown, emphasizes that this isolation of McCollum from the press was done less to cover up the affair between McCollum and Adams, which was already making the gossip circuits of the town, than it was to conceal the illegal dealings between whites and blacks in the community related to gambling and liquor. The IRS was in town to collect taxes on unreported gambling and liquor sales. Ellis writes that this attempt to silence McCollum proved in the long run to be totally unsuccessful. Following his publication of the annotated transcript of the trial, McCollum and her case have been the subject of a number of books and documentaries published since his release of the annotated transcript of the trial. The noted African-American writer Zora Neale Hurston covered the trial for the "Pittsburgh Courier" from the fall of 1952 through Ruby McCollum's conviction just before Christmas that year. She was forced to sit in the segregated second-floor gallery of the courtroom. From January–March 1953, the "Courier" published Hurston's series entitled, "The Life Story of Ruby McCollum." Hurston, who was unable to attend the appeal or the second trial for financial reasons, contacted journalist William Bradford Huie to interest him in the case. They had worked together before and he had taken on controversial cases. She shared her notes from the first trial and corresponded with him to furnish additional information. She also asked for bus fare to attend the trial, but Huie did not respond. Huie did investigate the story and, after attending the appeal and second trial, published "Ruby McCollum: Woman in the Suwannee Jail" (1956). This book became a bestseller. Huie asked his publisher not to distribute the book in Florida due to his continuing legal troubles there. Huie's book also addresses his effort to fight Judge Adams' gag order against the press. He filed a First Amendment challenge, claiming freedom of the press to speak to the defendant, but did not succeed in his suit. At one point, Judge Adams charged Huie with contempt of court for attempting to influence Dr. Fernay, a witness scheduled to testify as to McCollum's sanity. The journalist served overnight in jail as a result of not paying a fine the judge had imposed in the contempt charge. During that period, Huie met the director, Elia Kazan. In 1960 they had discussions about Kazan's directing a film to be adapted from Huie's book and entitled "The Ruby McCollum Story." While other films based on Huie's books were produced in the 1960s and later, none was made from his account of the Ruby McCollum story. Huie says in his updated, fourth edition of his work (1964) that he was denied entrance to the Florida State Mental Hospital in Chattahoochee, Florida where Ruby McCollum was held. "Jet Magazine" reporters visited Ruby McCollum there in 1958 and published their interview with her. Huie never interviewed McCollum. In 1974, attorney Frank Cannon, who was her primary attorney during her murder trial in 1952, visited McCollum in the mental hospital. Without asking for any legal fees, he filed legal papers to have her released under the Baker Act, which allowed mental patients who were considered not to be a danger to be released to their families. Her initial commitment had been due to her having been found mentally incompetent to stand trial. McCollum lived after her release in a rest home in Silver Springs, Florida, funded by a trust set up by author William Bradford Huie. He had paid her $40,000 for the movie rights for a feature he hoped to have adapted from his book about the case, "Ruby McCollum: Woman in the Suwannee Jail" (1964, 4th edition). McCollum did see her children again. But, Sam Jr. followed his father into gambling, and in 1975 was convicted in federal court on 10 counts of gambling. He had been living in the McCollum homestead, from which the FBI confiscated $250,000. They later returned a good portion of it to him, after the IRS deducted appropriate taxes and penalties. McCollum's daughters Sonja and Kay both married and lived in Ocala, Florida. Kay Hope died in a car accident in 1978 and Sonja Wood died of a heart attack in 1979. In November 1980, Al Lee of the "Ocala Star Banner" interviewed McCollum at the rest home in Silver Springs. Lee wrote that McCollum had no memory of her ordeal. He reported that psychiatrists said that she may have suffered Ganser syndrome, or the suppression of painful memories. In those years, the State Mental Hospital at Chattahoochee was investigated more than once over issues of patient treatment, overuse of medications including thorazine, and the administration of electroshock therapy, which can affect memory. On May 23, 1992, at 4:45 a.m., McCollum died of a stroke at the New Horizon Rehabilitation Center, at the age of eighty-two. Her brother, Matt Jackson, had died less than a year before. The family arranged for her to be buried beside him and his wife in the cemetery behind Hopewell Baptist Church in Live Oak. Her name was mistakenly spelled on her death certificate as "Ruby McCollumn". The case has haunted people, in part because of Judge Adams's gag order . Commentators believed the silences were to preserve white supremacy and secrets of the powerful, which included white participation in Sam McCollum's illegal bolita operations where untaxed money was used to finance many of the businesses in town. As Judge Adams upheld prosecutor's objections during the trial, the defense attorney Cannon was prevented from introducing most of the evidence related to Adams' sexual abuse of McCollum. She was allowed, however, to testify to being forced to have Adams' baby. This was the first time that a black woman had testified to a white man's paternity of her child and other circumstances of her defense. This established the trial as a landmark case, since no other black woman who had shot and killed a white man had ever been allowed to testify in her own defense. In the 21st century, new non-fiction and fiction books continue to be published about McCollum and the case. C. Arthur Ellis, Jr. published a compiled and edited transcript of the trial in 2003, with a revised edition in 2007. His associated commentary describes the importance of this trial in the history of Civil Rights as the first time that an African-American woman testified in court against a white man to say that he had forced sex upon her, and testified to his paternity of their child. Until this time, Ellis notes, African-American women were afforded no protection under the law for rape by a white man. Ellis said he published the transcript because many scholars had mistakenly said that McCollum did not testify at her trial; they had noted the court upholding most of the objections of the prosecution to testimony about the abusive relationship. A 2014 episode of the Investigation Discovery show "A Crime to Remember", "The Shot Doctor," perpetuated this error. In his annotated edition, Ellis explores the intertwining of personal and professional relationships among the figures prominent in the case and the trial. He noted that late 20th and early 21st-century professional standards related to conflict of interest would likely classify certain figures as having violated those standards. As an example, he notes that Dr. Dillard Workman was Adams' medical associate. He treated McCollum for her prenatal care of her child by Adams. Workman had campaigned for Adams in his state senatorial race. He was commissioned to conduct Adams' autopsy and testified about it during the murder trial of his patient, McCollum, the defendant. In addition, at the second trial of McCollum, he testified as an expert witness as to her sanity. He would likely be considered today to be violating his obligation to her as his patient in these actions. In addition, the judge who presided over the trial was a pallbearer at Dr. Adams' funeral. In 2006, Tammy Evans published "The Silencing of Ruby McCollum: Race, Class, and Gender in the South" through University Press of Florida. The reviewer Elizabeth Boyd writes, "The starkness of the crime was matched only by the evasiveness that characterized its aftermath, and it is this prevarication--this collective dissembling on the part of Live Oak folk, white and black--that is the true subject of the book." Evans focuses on the town silencing Ruby McCollum, by prohibiting her from speaking to the press, freeing whites to create a "cover story." Ellis also maintains that the silence in the town towards "outsiders" was out of fear of IRS, whose agents were scouring the town to uncover covert gambling revenues for which taxes went unpaid. Ellis also points out that the "cover story" of Ruby McCollum murdering Dr. Adams over a doctor bill resulted from McCollum and Adams actually arguing over a bill at the time of the murder. Witnesses to the argument testified to the argument, leading to the assumption that the murder was because of the argument. In 2015, Ellis published "Hall of Mirrors: Confirmation and Presentist Biases in Continuing Accounts of the Ruby McCollum Story." He explores the biases of filmmakers and academicians in their interpretations of McCollum's story. Ellis publishes, for the first time, the letters of Ruby McCollum, written from prison and the Florida State Mental Hospital, and the letters of Dr. Adams's nurse, Edith Park. Ellis notes that one of McCollum's letters to her attorneys speaks of her turning down an interview with a reporter from a Jacksonville newspaper who visited her in prison at Raiford., a point that has never been made by other writers when they cite Judge Adams's gag order. Ellis also cites reporters who spoke with residents of Live Oak at the time, dispelling the notion that Live Oak silenced the story. Ellis presents a wealth of facts and accounts by contemporaries of the McCollums that place this fascinating story within its context and demonstrates that the trial, far from being the miscarriage of justice that it is when viewed by present standards, was a landmark in the long march toward equal justice for all. He also maintains that failing to recognize this fact does not serve crusaders for social justice well, since advances in civil rights should be celebrated along the arduous path toward social justice. Ellis maintains that such advances are always painful, seldom dramatic, and often earned only by sacrifice and even death. Ellis suggests that Ruby McCollum acted "authentically," outside the boundaries of the societal norms and legalities of her time.

As of 2012, Revelation TV has now a permanent television studio base in Spain. An underground car park space was converted into a new state-of-the art television studio, where a large amount of programmes now transmits from there, e.g. Voice in the Wilderness, Late Show, Q & A show etc. Formerly, channels like Revelation TV which operate from the UK were unable to ask for funds on-air, due to Ofcom restrictions. With the lifting of these restrictions, this is no longer the case and Revelation TV can now ask for funds on air. Another channel, Genesis TV, was formerly broadcast on Sky channel 592. It used to play much of the same content from RMusicTV, and a music show, The One to One Show, produced and hosted by Presenter and Gospel Personality, Michael Owusu. The channel made international news headlines in 2010 when a prankster whose YouTube name is 'Raepmykipz', tricked the presenter to read out the opening lyrics to the 1970s/'80's sitcom- "Diff'rent Strokes", followed by an e-mail containing the plot details from "Star Wars" and referring to a Nigerian man named Ben Kenobi who had battled with dark forces. On 22 March 2010, Genesis TV allowed a debate between the leader of the British National Party, Nick Griffin and the leader of the Christian Party, George Hargreaves, as the two were competing against each other for the Barking constituency in the 2010 General election. Genesis TV was closed down and merged with Revelation TV on 1 April 2010. Revelation TV later moved to Sky channel 581 after the slot was given up by GOD TV. On 10 March 2010, the station issued an announcement that two channels, Genesis TV and Revelation TV, would be merging into a single channel, to be called Revelation TV, with effect from 1 April 2010. On 10 February 2010, Justin Peters, an American evangelist was interviewed live on Revelation TV. Peters is an outspoken critic of the Word of Faith movement and, during the interview, mentioned several prominent proponents of this doctrine by name such as Benny Hinn, Creflo Dollar and Kenneth Copeland. The programme was taken off-air before its scheduled end time, due to concerns that making accusations against specific individuals who were not present breached Ofcom rules on fairness. Lesley Conder criticised Peters the following morning, but the Streisand effect ensured that the incident received widespread publicity. Broadcasts on health issues have revealed a divergence between presenters with fairly mainstream views, and a conflicting strand. Meanwhile, Revelation TV has been under fire from regulators Ofcom with regards to their views about homosexuality after complaints from gay rights campaigners and members of the public. Ofcom has warned Revelation TV that they must in future be fair and express all points of view when approaching this subject, or they face mandatory sanctions. The channels have also been the target of pranks by viewers, including a recent incident where a Genesis TV presenter read off a message from a prankster who calls himself 'Raepmykipz', which claimed to be a story of salvation, but was merely an adaptation of the theme tune of the American sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." The presenter then went to another message from the same person consisting of the plot of "Star Wars". A posting of the prank on YouTube went viral and has been viewed over 1,080,000 times. In November 2014 it was announced by the UK Charity Commission that Revelation TV was under investigation after it identified regulatory concerns about trustee benefits, conflicts of interest and a "potential significant loss of charitable funds". The regulator said it had scrutinised the charity’s accounts after it received complaints that the charity was being used for private advantage. The commission said that on further investigation it had identified a number of concerns, including the trustees’ decisions to transfer significant charitable assets and funds from the UK to Spain. The commission said its inquiry would look at the charity’s structure, including its relationship and transactions with several commercial organisations and whether these were in the best interests of the charity. In a statement on its website the Revelation Foundation said it welcomed the inquiry and would cooperate fully with proceedings. The chairman of the Revelation Foundation Gordon Pettie said that he is "horrified" by the claims. Speaking to Christian Today, Pettie said the Charity Commission first told Revelation in May about a viewer complaint, asking for some financial information and to meet with the board of trustees. Pettie said that the trustees are "amazed" at the way the Commission has handled the case so far. Pettie maintains that the Foundation is confident of its integrity, and that the allegations made against it are unfounded. He added that Revelation TV will continue to broadcast throughout the investigation. "That's what we're called to do, and as long as we have breath and the ability, we'll continue," he said. As of January 2015, Revelation TV released an update on what was happening with regard to the Charity Commission investigation. Revelation TV's Gordon Pettie wrote on their website the following: "It is now four months since the Charity Commission began their investigation of the Revelation Foundation and I write to give you an update of how it is progressing. Sadly there is a lack of information to give to you! After the initial flurry of activity, the Charity Commission have in the last four months only met for one to one ‘two hour’ meetings with four of the trustees of the Foundation. The next meetings are planned with Lorna and myself on the 27th January in Surbiton. They describe these meetings as fact finding and from our point of view, they resolve nothing." He continued, "We want to clarify that they have not examined the charity’s books and records. The only thing they did before the investigation began was look at the public audited accounts of the Revelation Foundation, which are filed with the Charity Commission and Companies House every year. They have now written to say that they would like to examine the Revelation Foundation’s books, bank statements, invoices etc, at our accountant’s offices in February. We are disappointed that it has taken five months to do what one would assume should have been the first action that they took!". On Tuesday 16 June 2015, Revelation TV released a statement regarding the Charity Commission's findings. It read "After a thorough investigation of Revelation Foundation over nine months the Charity Commission has identified no loss or misappropriation of charitable funds by the trustees. The day to day operations of Revelation Foundation have continued throughout, without interference from the Charity Commission and no criticism has been made of programme content or production. The Charity Commission has noted the legal and accounting complexities of Revelation Foundation’s activities in the UK and Spain and has appointed an accountant to act as an interim manager to work with the trustees to resolve issues relating to the legal and accounting procedures of Revelation Foundation and its associated Spanish companies. The trustees have nothing to hide and welcome this appointment and will draw upon the expertise of the accountant and his team to ensure the public have full assurance as to the work of the trust." On 1 December 2011 evangelist and preacher Jacob Prasch announced on his website that he had left Revelation TV after the channel began broadcasting a weekly Jesse Duplantis show. Duplantis is a well-known Word of Faith preacher. In light of Prasch leaving the station another presenter Bob Mitchell also left, and Prophetic Witness Movement International also pulled out of the station. Quote Jesus is a project launched by Howard Conder, the founder of Revelation TV, who was inspired to share the words of Jesus across the world. Howard’s belief is “that the Bible has a lot say about ‘hope’ and our strategy is simply to present the words of the Bible, leaving people free to respond as they choose”. Starting out in London, the bus campaign is slowly spreading across the UK.

"Croatoan" is a short story by Harlan Ellison, published in 1975 in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction", and both anthologized in "Strange Wine" and released in an illustrated version in "Heavy Metal" in 1978. The story was short-listed for a Hugo Award, and won a Locus Award. The story is also used for a specimen of analysis by Stephen King in "Danse Macabre". The story's narrator, Gabe, is forced by a hysterical girlfriend to descend into New York City's sewers, into which he has just flushed her aborted baby. Arriving there, he finds that fetuses populate the sewers, astride similarly disposed-of crocodiles, and the word "Croatoan", crudely lettered on a wall near the entrance to the sewer. Although abortion figures into the plot of "Croatoan", the issues surrounding abortion are not central themes in the story. In the story's introduction, Ellison states that the story is neither for nor against abortion, but rather a promotion of personal responsibility (he goes on to say that after writing the story he had a vasectomy). The story is character driven, focusing on Gabe's growth beyond the pleasures of sex and casual relationships to embracing fatherhood and maturity. The critic Joseph Patrouch comments that the theme of searching for the responsibilities and maturity of fatherhood present in this story complements the recurring theme of searching for a father figure that is present in much of Ellison's work. Patrouch also comments that the structure of the story highlights the emphasis on character over actions. Three distinct flashbacks are used at different moments in the narration in order to further develop the character of Gabe. The development of the plot is governed by Gabe's growth rather than external events. The non-linear narrative structure of "Croatoan" is typical of Ellison's style, and is a feature of many of his most famous stories.

Mead High School (also Mead Senior High School, MHS) is a four-year public secondary school in Spokane, Washington. MHS is one of two traditional high schools in the Mead School District #354 and has an enrollment of around 1,600. The school colors are navy blue and gold and the mascot is a panther. According to the school's website, the co-curricular programs (GHQ, drama, music, debate, DECA, leadership, journalism, and Model U.N.) attract the participation of over 700 students each year. The MHS band and choir have also won many awards and are lauded for their performances. The nationally known Mead High School Jazz Ensemble has participated and placed in competitions around the United States. They were selected as one of the top 15 high school jazz bands in the nation and were invited to perform at Lincoln Center as part of the 2004 and 2007 Essentially Ellington festivals. The theater department produces two full-stage productions a year and a musical production once every two years in addition to student-directed one-acts and occasionally hosting a major Northwest theater festival. The Model U.N. program was represented at the Washington conference at the University of Washington in 2008 by 12 students, and representation was tripled at the Washington conference in 2009. The Mead High School yearbook staff (The Pantera) was again set amongst the top 5% best yearbooks in the country by Walsworth Publishing Company. The staff has received this honor consecutively since 2000 and has been awarded and recognized by top journalism schools including Columbia University. The Dance Team is also a nationally awarded team, winning 1st place in the Championship Drill Category and 1st place in the Dance/Drill Category in 2008. 2010 they competed and won 1st in Drill, 1st in Dance, 2nd in Dance/Drill, 3rd in Character, and 4th in Hip Hop. Mead competes in WIAA Class 3A with the largest schools in the state and is a member of the Greater Spokane League (GSL). MHS has won 19 state championships (in various sports) in the last 14 years, and has won the Washington All-State trophy six times in that same span, as well as three second place finishes. The volleyball team won its first 4A state title in 1998 and then took five consecutive from 2003–07. The Panthers won again in 2009 for their seventh state title in 12 seasons, took third in 2011, and second in 2012. In addition to team championships, the school also has had a number of athletes win individual state championships in wrestling, golf, track & field, and cross-country which has won their 15th state championship this year (2008). Mead men's cross country team has competed in the Nike Team National cross country meet several times. In 2010, the Mead Panther's Track teams (boys and girls) won GSL titles by going the entire season undefeated. Mead's best-known athletic alums are former Gonzaga star and former Los Angeles Lakers player Adom Morrison and former Washington State University and former Detroit Lions kicker Jason Hanson who is currently the 3rd all-time NFL leading scorer. Former tennis professional Jan-Michael Gambill also attended Mead High School. Gambill was ranked as high as No. 14 in the world in 2001 and won three ATP tournaments during his career. MHS completed an extensive remodel; Demolition and construction began in May 1999 and was completed in August 2001. Over were renovated and more than were added during this 30-month project. The result is a facility. The new MHS theatre seats 500 and includes an orchestra pit, excellent lighting, fine acoustics, and views from every seat. The outdoor athletic facilities include over of athletic fields for all outdoor sports, including a new track and ten tennis courts. Inside the school, the athletic teams enjoy a gymnasium that seats 2,500, a field house, and a weight room, equipped with weight-training and fitness equipment.

The "'Culture of Saint Lucia" blends the influences of African, French, and English heritage. The official language of the island is English but Kreole, a form of French patois, remains an influential secondary language. The people are predominantly Catholic but the religious climate is tolerant. Lucia holds every year two main traditional festivals, "La Woz" ("The Rose", on August 30) and "La Magwit" ("The Marguerite", on October 17), organized by the two rival historic cultural associations ("societés") with the same names whose affiliates comprise most of the country's population. The Christmas season is celebrated and a number of small festivals and parades take place throughout the island. Saint Lucia also celebrates a cultural festival known as Creole Day ("Jounen Kwéyòl"). This is celebrated each year on the last Sunday of October. On the Sunday of this week, the various towns chosen to host this festival put out the result of their grand preparations; local foods and drinks such as breadfruit, green fig, plantain, salt fish, king fish, manicou (opossum), roast pork, Johnny Cake (fried bake) and a famous dish, bouyon (fish, chicken or meat stewed with dasheen, yams, plantains, banana and dumplings), lime drinks, guava drinks and more. Most people commemorate this day by wearing the island's national wear known as the Madras. Persons who do not want to wear the extreme layers of skirts and dresses make clothing out of the special plaid material. Secular observances include an internationally renowned Jazz Festival. Beginning in 1991, this annual festival draws crowds of music-lovers from around the world. The musical culture of Saint Lucia includes an indigenous folk music tradition, as well as other Caribbean music genres such as Calypso, soca, zouk and reggae. Saint Lucia is produces very high quantity of zouk music which leaves them as one of the most leading county to do such. Modern Saint Lucia today has produced more talented musicians than the years before some of these artists include Teddyson Jonhn, Ricky T, Superman hd, Kayo, Zionomi, shani, Mecca, [kheera also known as Singing Keekee ,Crocodile]], Trenz Lenja, yardie, Mongstar, Shemmy J, Emran Nerdy. Saint lucia also produced production giants in the Soca realm penn & ace the creators of studio 758 who produces beats for the likes wyclef jean, Machel Montano, busy signal, faye ann lyons, skinny fabulous, Mr Vegas, benjai, Sizzla, Anthony B, Third World, Maxi Priest just to name a few Courtney curty Louis of Dutch Productions who produces for the likes of Mr killa Denise Belfon Shurwayne Winchester, Machel Montano, cecile other popular productions include Nigel Nicholas,Gilly and Patrice of Slaughter Arts Records,TC Brown of Changa Productions,francis 'leebo' delima of Heights studio,Matthias of Rhythm House St Lucia's national dish is green banana and saltfish. The Island's Cuisine is a unique blend of West African, European (mainly British and French) and East Indian cuisine this creates dynamic meal dishes such as Macaroni pie, Stew chicken, rice and peas, hearty fish broths or fish water, hearty soups packed full with fresh locally produced vegetables. St Lucian cuisine is similar to many other commonwealth Caribbean nations such as Dominica, Jamaica Neighboring St Vincent and Trinidad. Typical essential food stuff are potatoes, onions, celery, thyme, coconut milk, the very hot scotch bonnet peppers, flour and cornmeal. All mainstream meat and poultry are eaten in St Lucia meat and seafood are normally stewed and browned to create a rich gravy sometimes served over ground provisions or rice. Due to St Lucia's East Indian influenced by its small Indo-Caribbean population, curry is very popular. However, due to the blend of between cooking styles, curry dishes have a distant Caribbean twist to it. In recent years, roti, a flatbread of Indian origin, has become very popular being imported from the twin island nation of Trinidad and Tobago to the south. This bread is typically served as a fast food snack. The bread itself is very flat (sometimes very thin) and is wrapped around curried vegetables such as chickpeas, potatoes, or meat. Dr The Honourable Dunstan Gerbert Raphael St. Omer, renowned St. Lucian artist, was knighted in the 2009/2010 New Year's honours list, for his services to art. The investiture ceremony was held on 9 April 2010, at Government House where the Governor General on the advice of Her Majesty the Queen, invested Sir Dunstan St. Omer with the Insignia of a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG). The UK Telegraph has described him as “the Michelangelo of the Caribbean”. Designer of the St Lucian flag. In 2007 the Folk Research Centre declared him a National Cultural Hero. Born in Castries, on October 24, 1927. Died, aged 87, on May 5, 2015. Traditionally, in common with other Caribbean countries, Saint Lucia held a carnival before Lent. In 1999, it was moved to mid-July so as not to clash with the much larger Trinidad and Tobago carnival, and in effort to attract more overseas visitors. It is a two-day festival where people walk about two miles. Before carnival, there is a competition among women in the country to be the queen of carnival of year. Another popular sport in Saint Lucia is Football. Football played all over the island as well as cricket. Darren Sammy is currently the captain of the west Indies Cricket team

Dover House is a Grade I-listed mansion in Whitehall, and the London headquarters of the Scotland Office. The building also houses the Office of the Advocate General for Scotland and the Independent Commission for Aid Impact. Dover House was designed by James Paine as a private residence for Sir Matthew Fetherstonhaugh, Bart., MP, in the 1750s. It was remodelled by Henry Flitcroft, as "Montagu House", for George Montagu, created 1st Duke of Montagu, who had removed from Bloomsbury. It was refurbished once again, by Henry Holland for HRH The Prince Frederick, Duke of York, from 1788 to 1792. The building belonged to the Melbourne family from 1793 to 1830. It has also been home to a French ambassador and Lady Caroline, with whom the romantic poet Lord Byron famously had an affair. Its most notable feature is an entrance hall in the form of a rotunda inserted into the former forecourt by Holland, which is a unique entrance to a London mansion. The last private owners were the family of the Whig politician George James Welbore Agar-Ellis, created (1831) Baron Dover, whose title it has retained. The Agar-Ellis heirs owned Dover House from 1830 to 1885, when it became the Scottish Office, the UK government department responsible for Scottish affairs. Although mostly used for the Scottish Office, this building was used by the Colonial Office from several years from 1941 onwards. In 1946 the Glasgow Herald speculated that "It will not be many years before the building will be put to demolition and new Government offices raised on the site." It was still in use by the Colonial Office when Zionist terrorists planted a bomb there in April 1947. When Scotland acquired a devolved parliament, the responsibilities of the Scottish Office were reduced and, in 1999, was renamed the Scotland Office with Dover House remaining as its chief London building. The Scotland Office also has a Scottish headquarters, on Melville Crescent in Edinburgh's New Town. The Independent Commission for Aid Impact is also based at Dover House

Ebbetts Pass, named after John Ebbetts, (el. ) is a high mountain pass through the Sierra Nevada range in Alpine County, California. Ebbetts is the eastern of two passes in the area traversed by State Route 4. The western pass is the Pacific Grade Summit (el ). The pass is registered as a California Historical Landmark. The Pacific Crest Trail, a long National Scenic Trail crosses State Route 4 at Ebbetts Pass. Ebbetts Pass was used by the Miwok and Washoe Indians in the area to cross the mountains, and it was most likely the route taken by Jedediah Smith in late spring of 1827 when leaving California at the end of his first exploratory journey, the first crossing ever of the Sierra Nevada by a non-native. The pass was later used by John Bidwell on his emigration to California. John Ebbetts, a California pioneer, traversed the pass in April 1851 with a large train of mules. He hoped it would make a suitable route for the transcontinental railroad, as he noted little snow at the time. However, this was likely an anomaly, as the current highway is generally closed from November through May due to snow accumulation. He later surveyed near the pass for a possible railroad route, but found it unsuitable. He intended to return to the pass itself to survey it for a road but was killed in the explosion of the steamboat "Secretary" on San Pablo Bay in 1854 before he could do so. While the pass was referred to by his name earlier, it was not until 1893, when the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed the Markleeville quadrangle, that the pass was officially named after him. The route was used only occasionally until silver was discovered east of the Sierra, and merchants in Murphys had a road constructed to Markleeville to more easily transport supplies over the pass to the miners. This became a toll road in 1862. From Markleeville, travel further eastward was taken along established routes. It was not until the early 1950s that the road over Monitor Pass to U.S. Route 395 was completed, connecting the eastern terminus of State Route 4 to U.S. Route 395 via State Route 89 near the community of Topaz. Ebbetts Pass was designated as a California State Scenic Highway in 1971 and was honored with National Scenic Byway status September 22, 2005 by the U.S Department of Transportation in Washington D.C. It is one of only seven nationally designated byways in California and 151 in the nation. Today, Ebbetts Pass is one of the least traveled passes in the Sierra Nevada. An extensive section of highway over the pass is less than two lanes with no dividing line. It has very steep sections with hairpin corners. The eastern slope is particularly difficult, as many of the hairpin corners are blind, and steepen suddenly at the apex, making it necessary to shift to first gear in most vehicles. It is rarely used by commercial traffic and is not recommended for vehicles towing long trailers.

David Cross Campo (born July 18, 1947) is an American football coach and former player. Campo served as the head coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) from 2000 to 2002, compiling a record of 15 wins and 33 losses. He has also been an assistant coach for numerous NFL and college teams. Campo attended Central Connecticut State, where he lettered football and baseball. In football, he played defensive back. In baseball, he played shortstop and was a two-time All-East selection. In 1999, Campo was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from his alma mater. Of more than 50 such degrees awarded by CCSU, Campo's remains the only one titled "Doctor of Health and Physical Education". Campo began his coaching career in 1971 at his alma mater, coaching two seasons followed by stints at Albany (1973); Bridgeport (1974); Pitt (1975); Washington State (1976); Boise State (1977–79); Oregon State (1980); Weber State (1981–82); Iowa State (1983); and Syracuse (1984–86). In 1987, Campo joined the University of Miami staff under head coach Jimmy Johnson as secondary coach. At Miami, he helped the Hurricanes to a two-year record of 23–1 and the 1987 National Championship. Safety Bennie Blades was the 1987 Thorpe Award winner before being selected with the third pick in the NFL draft by the Detroit Lions. After two seasons with the Hurricanes, Campo followed Johnson to the Dallas Cowboys in 1989 as a defensive assistant coach. After Dick Nolan (a Landry holdover) left following the 1990 season, Campo became the defensive backs coach and was a part of two Super Bowl championships (the 1992 and 1993 seasons). When Butch Davis left the Cowboys to become the Miami Hurricanes' head coach after the 1994 season, Campo was promoted to defensive coordinator. In his first season as defensive coordinator, the Cowboys won the Super Bowl. After five seasons as defensive coordinator, Campo was named as the fifth head coach of the Cowboys on January 26, 2000. After the firing of Chan Gailey in 2000, he was hired to take over the head coaching duties of the Dallas Cowboys, over candidates Joe Avezzano and Hudson Houck. Campo's head coaching debut was marred by a successfully executed, surprise on-side kick on the opening kickoff by the underdog Philadelphia Eagles in the season opener. Later in the game, the Cowboys lost Joey Galloway, their prize off-season free agent acquisition, for the season and quarterback Troy Aikman for several games with a concussion. The Cowboys lost to the Eagles 41–14 and ultimately finished the season at 5–11. With considerably lower expectations for the 2001 season after Aikman's retirement, the Cowboys again finished 5–11, but Campo was given credit by many for getting the most out of a less talented team. However, Campo was harshly criticized after a Thanksgiving Day game against the Denver Broncos when, trailing 26–10 early in the fourth quarter, Dallas scored a touchdown to make the score 26–16. Campo at first decided to go for two which would narrow the lead to 8 points (a one possession game) but after a timeout decided to kick the extra point leaving Dallas down by 9 points and needing two possessions rather than one. Dallas was only able to score one more touchdown and lost 26–24. In 2002, Dallas was believed to have much better talent, having acquired all pro defensive lineman La'Roi Glover and drafting talents such as safety Roy Williams and receiver Antonio Bryant, and a now-more experienced starting quarterback in Quincy Carter. The team was featured on HBO's "Hard Knocks" in the pre-season and Campo's leadership on that show was widely praised. However, the Cowboys stumbled in the season opener losing to the expansion Houston Texans in the Texans' very first game. Dallas entered week 13 with a 5–7 record and led the San Francisco 49ers 27–24 with about 2 minutes to play. Facing a fourth and one at the 30-yard line, Campo opted for a field goal attempt even though there was a considerable amount of time left in the game. The attempt failed and taking over at the 30, the 49ers drove down the field to win the game. Campo's team was blown out the next two games and finished the season 5-11 again, after which he was fired. To date, he is the only Cowboys head coach to have left the team without posting a winning season or coaching a playoff game. After his dismissal from the Cowboys, Campo was hired as defensive coordinator by Cleveland Browns head coach Butch Davis, Campo's predecessor as Cowboys defensive coordinator. After Davis resigned from the Browns, his successor Romeo Crennel, fired Campo. Campo then joined the Jacksonville Jaguars as assistant head coach and secondary coach. In January 2008, Campo was re-hired by the Cowboys as their secondary coach.

The World Classical Network (WCN) is an internet-delivery classical radio broadcasting service owned by CCB Media in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The service has been in existence since February 1998, when it was owned and operated by Charles River Broadcasting. It filled a void left by the demise of the U. S. version of Classic FM, the classical music satellite service of SW Networks. WCN programming is carried on Cape Cod Broadcasting's WFCC-FM, licensed to Chatham, Massachusetts. WFCC is the WCN flagship station. The service is also syndicated, with the following affiliates: ***LIST***. Current hosts on the World Classical Network include Mark Calder (mornings), Don Spencer (afternoons) and Larry King (evenings). Longtime classical announcer Steve Murphy joined the WCN as morning host on September 16, 2008.

"Jeffty Is Five" is a fantasy short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 1977, then was included in DAW's "The 1978 Annual World's Best SF" in 1978 and Ellison's short story collection "Shatterday" two years later. According to Ellison, it was partially inspired by a fragment of conversation that he mis-heard at a party at the home of actor Walter Koenig: "How is Jeff?" "Jeff is fine. He's always fine," which he perceived as "Jeff is five, he's always five." Additionally, Ellison based the character of Jeffty on Joshua Andrew Koenig, Walter's son. "Jeffty is Five" concerns a boy who never grows past the age of five — physically, mentally, or chronologically. The narrator, Jeffty's friend from the age of five well into adulthood, discovers that Jeffty's radio plays new episodes of long-canceled serial programs, broadcast on radio stations that no longer exist. He can buy all-new issues of long-discontinued comic books such as "The Shadow" and "Doc Savage", and of long-discontinued pulp magazines with new stories by long-dead authors like Stanley G. Weinbaum, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Robert E. Howard. Jeffty can even watch films that are adaptations of old pulp fiction novels like Alfred Bester's "The Demolished Man". The narrator is privy to this world because of Jeffty's trust, while the rest of the world (the world that grew as Jeffty did not) is not. When Jeffty's world and the "real" world intersect, Jeffty loses his grip on his own world, eventually meeting a tragic end. "Jeffty is Five" won the 1977 Nebula Award for Best Short Story and the 1978 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, and was nominated for the 1978 World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction. It was also voted in a 1999 online poll of Locus readers to be the best short story of all time. "Publishers Weekly" called it "touching but scary", and Tor.com called it "heartbreaking", while at the SF Site, Paul Kincaid described it as "a wonder of sustained nostalgia coupled with despair at the modern world", but noted that it "only really succeeds because of the tragedy of [its] ending."

In biology and immunology, an alphavirus belongs to the group IV Togaviridae family of viruses, according to the system of classification based on viral genome composition introduced by David Baltimore in 1971. Alphaviruses, like all other group IV viruses, have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are thirty alphaviruses able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes making the alphaviruses a contributor to the collection of Arboviruses – or Arthropod-Borne Viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. The alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped viruses with a genome of a single positive sense strand RNA. The total genome length ranges between 11,000 and 12,000 nucleotides, and has a 5’ cap, and 3’ poly-A tail. The four non-structural protein genes are encoded in the 5′ two-thirds of the genome, while the three structural proteins are translated from a subgenomic mRNA colinear with the 3′ one-third of the genome. There are two open reading frames (ORF’s) in the genome, non-structural and structural. The first is non structural and encodes proteins (nsP1–nsP4) necessary for transcription and replication of viral RNA. The second encodes three structural proteins: the core nucleocapsid protein C, and the envelope proteins P62 and E1 that associate as a heterodimer. The viral membrane-anchored surface glycoproteins are responsible for receptor recognition and entry into target cells through membrane fusion. The proteolytic maturation of P62 into E2 and E3 causes a change in the viral surface. Together the E1, E2, and sometimes E3, glycoprotein "spikes" form an E1/E2 dimer or an E1/E2/E3 trimer, where E2 extends from the centre to the vertices, E1 fills the space between the vertices, and E3, if present, is at the distal end of the spike. Upon exposure of the virus to the acidity of the endosome, E1 dissociates from E2 to form an E1 homotrimer, which is necessary for the fusion step to drive the cellular and viral membranes together. The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein, which is structurally different from the class I fusion proteins found in influenza virus and HIV. The structure of the Semliki Forest virus revealed a structure that is similar to that of flaviviral glycoprotein E, with three structural domains in the same primary sequence arrangement. The E2 glycoprotein functions to interact with the nucleocapsid through its cytoplasmic domain, while its ectodomain is responsible for binding a cellular receptor. Most alphaviruses lose the peripheral protein E3, but in Semliki viruses it remains associated with the viral surface. Four nonstructural proteins (nsP1-4) which are produced as a single polyprotein constitute the virus' replication machinery. The processing of the polyprotein occurs in a highly regulated manner, with cleavage at the P2/3 junction influencing RNA template use during genome replication. This site is located at the base of a narrow cleft and is not readily accessible. Once cleaved nsP3 creates a ring structure that encircles nsP2. These two proteins have an extensive interface. Mutations in nsP2 that produce noncytopathic viruses or a temperature sensitive phenotypes cluster at the P2/P3 interface region. P3 mutations opposite the location of the nsP2 noncytopathic mutations prevent efficient cleavage of P2/3. This in turn affects RNA infectivity altering viral RNA production levels. The nucleocapsid, 40 nanometers in diameter, contains 240 copies of the capsid protein and has a T = 4 icosahedral symmetry. The E1 and E2 viral glycoproteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer. Single E1 and E2 molecules associate to form heterodimers. The E1-E2 heterodimers form one-to-one contacts between the E2 protein and the nucleocapsid monomers. Replication occurs within the cytoplasm, and virions mature by budding through the plasma membrane, where virus-encoded surface glycoproteins E2 and E1 are assimilated. These two glycoproteins are the targets of numerous serologic reactions and tests including neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition. The alphaviruses show various degrees of antigenic cross-reactivity in these reactions and this forms the basis for the seven antigenic complexes, 30 species and many subtypes and varieties. The E2 protein is the site of most neutralizing epitopes, while the E1 protein contains more conserved, cross-reactive epitopes. A study of this taxon suggests that this group of viruses had a marine origin - specifically the Southern Ocean - and that they have subsequently spread to both the Old and New World. There are three subgroups in this genus: the Semliki Forest virus subgroup (Semliki Forest, O'nyong-nyong and Ross River viruses); the eastern equine encephalitis virus subgroup (eastern equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses) and the Sindbis virus subgroup. Sindbis virus, geographically restricted to the Old World, is more closely related to the eastern equine encephalitis subgroup, which are New World viruses, than it is to the Semliki Forest virus subgroup which is also found in the Old World. Barmah Forest virus is related to the Semliki Forest virus. Middelburg virus, although classified as a separate complex, may be a member of the Semliki Forest virus group. It seems likely that the genus evolved in the Old World from an insect-borne plant virus. Sindbis virus may have originated in South America. The equine encephalitis viruses and Sindbis viruses are related. The Old World and New World viruses appears to have diverged between 2000 and 3000 years ago. Divergence between the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and the eastern equine virus appears to have been ~1400 years ago. The fish infecting clade appears to be basal to the other species. The southern elephant seal virus appears to be related to the Sinbis clade. There are many alphaviruses distributed around the world with the ability to cause human disease. Infectious arthritis, encephalitis, rashes and fever are the most commonly observed symptoms. Larger mammals such as humans and horses are usually dead-end hosts or play a minor role in viral transmission; however, in the case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis the virus is mainly amplified in horses. In most other cases the virus is maintained in nature in mosquitoes, rodents and birds. Alphavirus infections are spread by insect vectors such as mosquitoes. Once a human is bitten by the infected mosquito, the virus can gain entry into the bloodstream, causing viremia. The alphavirus can also get into the CNS where it is able to grow and multiply within the neurones. This can lead to encephalitis, which can be fatal. When an individual is infected with this particular virus, its immune system can play a role in clearing away the virus particles. Alphaviruses are able to cause the production of interferons. Antibodies and T cells are also involved. The neutralizing antibodies also play an important role to prevent further infection and spread. Diagnoses is based on clinical samples from which the virus can be easily isolated and identified. There are no alphavirus vaccines currently available. Vector control with repellents, protective clothing, breeding site destruction, and spraying are the preventive measures of choice. Alphaviruses are of interest to gene therapy researchers, in particular the Ross River virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus have all been used to develop viral vectors for gene delivery. Of particular interest are the chimeric viruses that may be formed with alphaviral envelopes and retroviral capsids. Such chimeras are termed pseudotyped viruses. Alphaviral envelope pseudotypes of retroviruses or lentiviruses are able to integrate the genes that they carry into the expansive range of potential host cells that are recognized and infected by the alphaviral envelope proteins E2 and E1. The stable integration of viral genes is mediated by the retroviral interiors of these vectors. There are limitations to the use of alphaviruses in the field of gene therapy due to their lack of targeting, however, through the introduction of variable antibody domains in a non-conserved loop in the structure of E2, specific populations of cells have been targeted. Furthermore, the use of whole alphaviruses for gene therapy is of limited efficacy both because several internal alphaviral proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis upon infection and also because the alphaviral capsid mediates only the transient introduction of mRNA into host cells. Neither of these limitations extend to alphaviral envelope pseudotypes of retroviruses or lentiviruses. However, the expression of Sindbis virus envelopes may lead to apoptosis, and their introduction into host cells upon infection by Sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped retroviruses may also lead to cell death. The toxicity of Sindbis viral envelopes may be the cause of the very low production titers realized from packaging cells constructed to produce Sindbis pseudotypes. Another branch of research involving alphaviruses is in vaccination. Alphaviruses are apt to be engineered to create replicon vectors which efficiently induce humoral and T-cell immune responses. They could therefore be used to vaccinate against viral, bacterial, protozoan, and tumor antigens.

Francis Marion Campbell (May 25, 1929 – July 13, 2016) was an American football defensive lineman and coach. He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs from 1949 until 1951, where he was appropriately nicknamed "Swamp Fox". During his National Football League (NFL) playing career, he played for the San Francisco 49ers (1954–1955) and the Philadelphia Eagles (1956–1961), winning Pro Bowl honors in 1959 and 1960 and also being named 1st team All-Pro in 1960 as part of the Eagles' championship team that year. He was one of the last of the NFL's "two-way" players who played all offensive and defensive snaps in a game. Campbell was head coach of the Atlanta Falcons (twice) and Philadelphia Eagles as well as the defensive coordinator for each team separate from his times as head coach. He also served as defensive line coach for the Boston Patriots (1962–1963), Minnesota Vikings (1964–1966), and the Los Angeles Rams (1967–1968). He was an expert in the 3–4 defense; his Eagles defenses ranked first in the league in points allowed in 1980 and 1981, and second and first in yards allowed. At 46 games under .500, Campbell's 34-80-1 head coaching record is the fifth lowest winning percentage among head coaches who have coached five seasons in the NFL. The only coaches with worse winning percentages are Phil Handler, Bert Bell, Carl Storck, and David Shula. Campbell spent two years in the United States Army between college and the NFL. He lived in St. Augustine, Florida with his wife, the former June Roberts. The Campbells have two children: a daughter, Alicia Johnson, and a son, Scott. In 2013, Campbell fell and broke multiple vertebrae in his neck. He died on July 13, 2016.

Ame ni mo makezu (Be not Defeated by the Rain) is a famous poem written by Kenji Miyazawa, a poet from the northern prefecture of Iwate in Japan who lived from 1896 to 1933. The poem was found posthumously in a small black notebook in one of the poet's trunks. The text of the poem is given below in Japanese, as a transliteration using romaji, and in translation. While this version includes some kanji, the poem was originally written in Katakana (see style). Miyazawa chose to write the poem using katakana. This could seem to be stylistically odd from a modern perspective, as katakana is nowadays (usually) only used in Japanese writing to denote foreign words. However, at the time, katakana rather than hiragana was the preferred syllabary. The limited use of kanji might be viewed as a move to make his poem more accessible to the rural folk of northern Japan with whom he spent his life, or perhaps as similar to American poet E. E. Cummings's style in using primarily lower case.

Arlington Catholic High School (ACHS) is a coeducational Catholic high school in Arlington, Massachusetts. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston and serves grades 9-12. The members of St. Agnes Parish, a Catholic church in Arlington, established the school in 1960. Monsignor Oscar O’Gorman headed the school's development. Initially the school had 9th grade students. The rear of the school building includes a portion of the Russell School, a Victorian-style school building first built in 1873. In 1956 Russell School closed due to the opening of nearby Francis E. Thompson Elementary School, and the first and second floors of the building were built into the Arlington Catholic facility. Arlington Catholic's first class graduated in 1964. the school has about 650 students, including American students and students who were citizens of eight other countries. Students reside in over 47 communities in the area. Over 50 churches within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston had members who were students. the school's athletic program has twenty-six sports which have varsity-level teams. In addition there are twenty-three activity programs and student clubs.

David Johnston (born 4 December 1941) is a retired Australian television news presenter. Johnston, known as "DJ" to hundreds of thousands of viewers and colleagues, presented his last bulletin on the Seven Network on 23 September 2005. He and wife Eve retired in a property at Bendigo to enjoy country life and be close to their daughter, her husband and their grandchildren. After emigrating from Wales as an 11-year-old with his mother Lillian in 1953, David Johnston settled in Victoria's western districts and later started his secondary education at Terang High School. But his mother soon moved them to Olinda to start a children's holiday home and when that venture failed financially, David had to leave school aged 15 to earn some money. He did various jobs, including working in a nursery and in the middle of it all David realised he wanted to be on radio. With his mother's help, David found the Bill Roberts Radio School in Melbourne known as "The Vincent School of Broadcasting" and made the journey, sometimes hitchhiking, from Olinda to Ferntree Gully to catch the train into the city. The radio school regularly sent student tapes to radio stations around the country. David's was one voice on an audition tape sent to 2RG in Griffith, New South Wales and at 17 he secured his first professional radio gig. David spent three years at 2RG and it was in Griffith that he met his future wife, Eve, to whom he later had two daughters, Georgie (born 1971) and Romy (born 1973). David enjoyed riding his small motor-scooter around the streets of Griffith and hanging out with fellow announcers John Knox, Graham Miles and Peter Churchley, all of whom went on to have long careers in radio in Brisbane, Melbourne and the Sunshine Coast. In 1962 Johnston had a 15-month stint with 4KQ in Brisbane before returning to Melbourne as a general announcer and news presenter on 3DB. Nearly 12 months down the track, HSV7 was looking for someone to present the late-night news and Dan Webb suggested Johnston at 3DB, who showed promise. His first major bulletin was announcing the death of US President John F. Kennedy. Johnston split his time between the closely aligned 3DB and the Seven Network in Melbourne until 1967, when he was appointed full-time news reporter and presenter. On 22 June 1972 he hosted, with Lucy Kiraly, the first Tattslotto draw on Melbourne television. Johnston held that role for the next ten years before shocking many people by leaving television to run a news agency in Elsternwick. In 1980, he returned to television to presented the prime time "Eyewtiness News" on ATV-10 with Jana Wendt and latterly, Jo Pearson. His successful partnerships with both anchors helped make "Eyewitness News" the leading nightly news bulletin in Melbourne throughout the 1980s. David stayed in this role until returning to the Seven Network in 1996 to become the weekday anchor of "Seven Nightly News" in Melbourne. He presented this bulletin solo from 1996 until mid-1999, when he became a co-anchor with Anne Fulwood. Johnston became a relief anchor a year later but returned full-time in 2003 to anchor a national news bulletin, titled "Target Iraq", at 4.30 pm each weekday afternoon to cover the major story, and to summarise Australian news from Sydney. When the strike on Iraq ended, Seven decided it would keep the bulletin, with production moving to Melbourne and Johnston continuing at the helm until his retirement in 2005.

WQCW, UHF digital channel 17 (virtual channel 30), is the CW affiliate for the Huntington/Charleston, West Virginia television market. The station is owned and operated by Gray Television as part of a duopoly with NBC affiliate WSAZ-TV. It is licensed to Portsmouth, Ohio and is the one of two commercial stations in the market licensed outside of West Virginia. Its transmitter is now located in Milton, West Virginia on the WOWK tower. Although a construction permit was issued for channel 30 in 1984 under the calls WUXA, no station signed on this channel until 1998, when WHCP signed on as an affiliate of The WB. It added UPN programming in 2000 after it was dropped from WVAH-TV, airing it off-pattern on weekends and after WB network time. The station's analog transmitter, despite its over 2 million-watt ERP, was not strong enough to cover the entire Huntington/Charleston market, even though it identifies itself on-air as "Portsmouth-Charleston." The market, the largest geographic market east of the Mississippi River, covers 61 counties in central West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and southern Ohio. Most of this territory is a very rugged dissected plateau, making UHF reception difficult. WVAH faced similar problems when it originally signed on in 1982 on channel 23, forcing it to move to channel 11 in 1988. WHCP did not have that recourse, and could not increase their analog station's power due to probable interference with digital television stations in Roanoke, Virginia and Knoxville, Tennessee. Shortly after going on the air, it signed on two low-power satellites--WBWV-LP channel 69 in Huntington and WOWB-LP channel 53 in Charleston. The station effectively depended on cable and satellite for most of its viewership, which is all but essential for acceptable television in much of this vast market—especially in Eastern Kentucky. Dish Network had carried the station since it began offering a local Huntington/Charleston feed, with DirecTV following suit on January 25, 2006. The station began to be carried in high definition on DirecTV on November 9, 2010, with Dish following on March 7, 2012. When UPN and The WB shut down and merged to form The CW in 2006, WHCP joined the new network more or less by default. On May 26, WOWB and WBWV became WOCW-LP channel 21 and WVCW-LP channel 45, respectively, in preparation for the new affiliation. WHCP followed suit on May 31, changing its calls to WQCW. It initially rebranded itself as "The Q," with a logo showing The CW's logo turning into a capital "Q", but eventually followed the network's generic regional branding style as "Tri-State's CW." On January 20, 2007, longtime owner Commonwealth Broadcasting sold the station to Lockwood Broadcast Group. The deal closed on May 21, 2007. All of Lockwood's stations are either primary CW affiliates or have The CW on a digital subchannel. The WVCW-LP license was surrendered to the FCC on June 1, 2012 as Lockwood did not intend to convert the station to digital. In the digital transition, the transmitter was moved to the WOWK tower near Huntington. At the same time, the station's power was boosted to a full million watts, equivalent to five million watts in analog. This gave the station a coverage area comparable to those of the other stations in the market. On November 15, 2013, Lockwood announced that it would sell WQCW and WOCW-LP to Excalibur Broadcasting for $5.5 million. Had the purchase been approved by the FCC, WQCW would have commenced a shared services agreement with Gray Television, owner of NBC affiliate WSAZ-TV. Excalibur's president Don Ray was a former general manager at WSAZ. However, in February 2014, this deal was abandoned in favor of selling WQCW and WOCW to Gray outright for that same $5.5 million; Gray noted in the updated filing with the FCC that WQCW is not among the four highest-rated stations in the market and that there would still be eight unique station owners upon the completion of the WQCW purchase, and in a statement said that "it made more sense to own the stations outright." In the interim, Gray took over WQCW and WOCW through a local marketing agreement on February 1. The sale was completed on April 1. On January 14, 2015, the low power repeater WOCW was sold to DTV America for a token payment of $100; WQCW's move to the WOWK tower made the repeater redundant. WQCW shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 17. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 30. The station's local programming efforts have been mostly high school sports and local professional wrestling promotions such as the Portsmouth-based promotion Revolutionary Championship Wrestling. Under Lockwood's ownership, the station did not produce much local content, and served mostly as a "pass-through" for automated programming. The station, under the WHCP call letters, attempted a local news operation between November 7, 2005 and February 21, 2006, with longtime local anchor Tom McGee as the station's main anchor and news director for weeknight shows at 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. The program was done on a very low budget; it didn't have teleprompters or an IFB system, and its presentation style was very crude even by small-market standards. The station also did not subscribe to Associated Press newswires. As a result, it never seriously competed with the major stations in the market at 6 p.m., nor WVAH's 10 p.m. show. McGee was forced from the station on February 21, 2006 over claims the station refused to provide health insurance to his reporters, and because of low revenues allegedly paid some employees with discounted and/or free food from station advertisers, and a dispute over the addition of a news helicopter. The news department was shuttered altogether two days later. On March 31, 2014, concurrent with Gray's purchase of WQCW, WSAZ-TV moved its 10 p.m. newscast from WSAZ-DT2, its second digital subchannel, to WQCW. The newscast was also expanded from thirty minutes to one hour, putting it in direct competition with the 10 p.m. newscast on WVAH that is produced by ABC affiliate WCHS-TV.

The Roanoke Express were a team in the ECHL from 1993 until 2004. Home games were played at the Roanoke Civic Center in Roanoke, Virginia. Roanoke Valley's first minor league ice hockey team, called the Salem Rebels, played its inaugural season at the Salem Civic Center in the 1967-1968 season with Jim Jago as team captain. The first season had some sparse crowds of less than 1,000 in the 4,848 seat arena. Over the next few years, the team developed a fanbase and a number of games were sold out. In 1971, the team moved to the newly built Roanoke Civic Center near downtown Roanoke and were renamed the Roanoke Valley Rebels. For most of the 1980s and early 1990s, various teams such as the Virginia Lancers and Roanoke Valley Rampage played in a custom built facility called the LancerLot in Vinton. The Virginia Lancers were owned by Henry Brabham, who also owned a chain of convenience stores named Lancer Mart. The roof of the LancerLot collapsed as a result of heavy snowfall during the Blizzard of 1993 resulting in hockey moving back to the Roanoke Civic Center. The Express proved to be a success both on the ice and in drawing more fans than previous hockey teams in the Roanoke Valley. During the mid to late 1990s, some crowds nearly filled the over 9,000 seat civic center. In 1995-1996, average attendance was 5,679. The team's hard-nosed style of play reflected their coach, Frank Anzalone, who later coached the ECHL's Johnstown Chiefs. The Express typically had outstanding goalkeeping with Daniel Berthiaume and Dave Gagnon. The team continued to be successful, and in fact reached new heights, after Anzalone left for the Lowell Lock Monsters and was replaced by Scott Gordon. However, by the early 2000s, the novelty of hockey in the Roanoke Civic Center had worn off and the team's inability to advance deep into the playoffs led to a frustrated fanbase and sagging attendance. Turmoil in management and ownership contributed to bad press for the team and less effective marketing than in the team's early years. The Express folded after the 2003-2004 season.

Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes is a BBC television drama series co produced with WGBH Boston, a PBS station, originally broadcast in 2000 and 2001. Its premise is that during Conan Doyle's time as a general practitioner in Southsea, England he solved mysteries with his mentor, Dr Joseph Bell, who travels from Edinburgh for each case. It was inspired by the fact that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle based the character of Sherlock Holmes on his tutor at the University of Edinburgh, Dr. Joseph Bell, and that Bell did occasionally do forensic work for the Edinburgh police. It is said that Dr. Bell had similar deductive and observation skills to the famous Sherlock Holmes. The series exaggerated the similarity between Bell and Holmes for dramatic effect, with Doyle acting as Watson, and included several scenes from the books (the assumption being that these would later inspire Doyle's fiction). One of the most notable Holmes references is a version of a scene in "The Sign of Four" in which Holmes deduces that a pocket watch provided by Watson was formerly owned by a drunkard, upon which a furious Watson believes Holmes has callously acquired information about his unfortunate brother (to whom the watch had belonged) for the sake of a cheap trick. The series' version of the scene has Bell deduce the mental state of Doyle's father, inspiring much the same reaction. (This scene also appeared in the otherwise unrelated drama "The Strange Case of Arthur Conan Doyle", also by David Pirie.) The 2000 episode starred Ian Richardson as Dr. Bell and Robin Laing as Arthur Doyle, and was filmed in Scotland and in Cromer in Norfolk. Richardson had earlier played Sherlock Holmes in 1983 television versions of "The Hound of the Baskervilles" and "The Sign of Four". The original episode was followed by an extended series of four feature-length stories under the same title. Richardson reprised his role as Dr Bell but this time Doyle was played by Charles Edwards. Produced by the BBC's Films arm rather than the drama division, no second series was commissioned despite critical and audience success. One BBC insider wryly commented that it was "too successful for the wrong department." Pirie also wrote three novels related to the series: "The Patient's Eyes" (2001), "The Night Calls" (2003) and "The Dark Water" (2004). A DVD (Region 2) boxed set of the series was produced by IMC Vision in 2011 under the covering title of "The Ultimate Collection". It included a documentary titled "In the Footsteps of Sherlock Holmes" that was presented by Patrick Macnee.

The village is fortunate to have an ancient church that is thought to date from the 12th Century. The interior wall has a partially faded mural of the Lion and the Unicorn that dates from the second half of the 17th century. It also contains an arch sourced from Hailes Abbey after the latter was destroyed following the dissolution of the monasteries. The village has a population of less than 300, of which the majority are professional commuters and elderly pensioners. The population increased to 393 at the 2011 census. It has an archaic water pump, a village hall and some property dating from the 18th century and earlier. Nearby is the "Teddington Hands" pub, the name of which refers to the crossroads sign that was renovated as part of the 2000 Millennium celebrations. Opposite the pub and outside a Texaco service station is a standing stone of purportedly mystical significance and is believed to be over 2,000 years old. The village dates from the 8th Century. The Teddington Hands Inn (nearby but not in the village) was originally known as the Cross Hands Inn and the name change only took place in the late 1980s after construction of the Teddington Hands Roundabout which realigned the Stow road away from the side of the premises due to a high volume of serious road traffic accidents. The area gets its name from the historic fingerpost which formerly stood at the crossroads but now stands adjacent to the entrance to the pub. The finger post is a listed structure. During the Second World War an American military base was in the field to the rear of the pub and Joe Louis the heavyweight boxer fought an exhibition match in the field and all the surrounding villagers were invited. Glenn Miller also entertained troops in an adjacent field and visited the pub for refreshments prior to going to Cheltenham to perform a further concert. The following day he left from a nearby airfield for France. He and the plane he was travelling in was never seen again. The current theory being is small plane was hit by bombs discharged from returning allied bombers over the channel. So the Teddington Hands Inn is possibly the last pub Glenn Miller ever visited. The villages of Teddington and Alstone, separated by the tiny hamlet of Bengrove lie in gently rolling countryside near the foot of the Cotswold escarpment, almost equidistant from the towns of Cheltenham, Tewkesbury and Evesham. Each a distinct community but their proximity to each other and their small size, a combined adult population of almost 330, means that the people who live here join together for social occasions and religious observances. Many of the close personal friendships forged as a result have prove long and lasting. Teddington and Alstone now lie in the Anglican Diocese of Worcester, although they have been part of Gloucestershire since 1932, falling within the borough and Parliamentary constituency of Tewkesbury. Please visit the Teddington and Alstone Parish Council website below. The existence of this parish began when the standing stone was founded and was thought to bring good-natured happenings and luck. Travellers came into the area looking to see the stone until there was a whole community of travellers and settlers. After a few years there were thriving businesses and schools worthy for education of children. Even today people moving house or coming into retirement like to travel to Teddington for its famous brews and the "mystical significance" of the standing stone.

The of Japan is one ranking system for Shinto shrines. The system was established during the Heian period. The shrines listed below receive special offerings from the Imperial Court. Most were selected from shrines that were in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto, the capital of Japan at the time. Under the Ritsuryō law system, the shrines that the Imperial Court would present offerings to for rites such as the "kinensai" (祈年祭), a service to pray for a good harvest, were mostly decided by the , but once the Ritsuryō system began to deteriorate, the offerings were only given to a select few shrines. In 965, Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers were sent to report important events to the guardian "kami" of Japan. These "heihaku" were presented to 16 shrines: 1. Ise; 2. Iwashimizu; 3. Kamo; 4. Matsunoo; 5. Hirano; 6. Inari; 7. Kasuga; 8. Oharano; 9. Miwa; 10: Isonokami; 11. Ōyamato; 12. Hirose; 13. Tatsuta; 14. Sumiyoshi; 15. Nibu and 16. In 991, Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list—17. Yoshida; 18. Hirota; and 19. Kitano; and two more were added three years later in 994;—20. Umenomiya; and 21. In 1039, Emperor Go-Suzaku ordered that one more shrine be added to this list, 22. Hie, and this unique number of Imperial-designated shrines has not been altered since that time. Near the end of the Heian period, there was a movement to add Itsukushima Shrine to the list, but it did not happen. However, until the end of the Muromachi period, the Imperial Court made offerings to it, and in the Edo period, offerings were again made after disasters occurred. When the Nijūni-sha are considered as a grouped set, they are conventionally presented in order of rank, not in terms of the chronological sequence in which they were designated. The three rank ranked groupings originally derived from a complex array of Heian geopolitical relationships.

David Thomas Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead (3 October 1913 – 18 December 1994), was a British Labour Party politician, general practitioner and political activist. Born in Grenada, he was the second peer of African descent, to sit in the House of Lords. Born in St. David's, Grenada, Pitt won a scholarship to come to Britain in 1933 to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where he was an active member of Edinburgh University Socialist Society. He went on to graduate with honours. He was always concerned for broader social issues. He witnessed the poverty of the working classes in the slums of Edinburgh and saw similarities to the rural poverty he witnessed as a child. Nicholas Rea, in the "British Medical Journal", said of Pitt: “it was in the slums of Edinburgh as much as in the Caribbean that he became convinced of the links between poverty, disadvantage, and ill health". In 1936, he joined the Labour movement. He returned to the Caribbean to begin his medical career, founding his own practice and in 1943 married (Lady) Dorothy ("née" Alleyne). His passion for social justice continued alongside his medical career. In 1941, Pitt had been elected to the San Fernando Borough Council and then in 1943, he became a founding member and leader of the West Indian National Party (WINP) – a socialist party whose main aim was to deliver political autonomy across the Caribbean. Under Pitt, the party demanded self-government for Trinidad and Tobago, constitutional reform and the nationalisation of commodities industries such as oil and sugar. After decades of campaigning, the people of Trinidad and Tobago were granted universal adult suffrage by the British Parliament in 1945. The first elections took place in 1946. WINP and others formed the United Front with Pitt as one of the candidates. He was not successful but he continued his activism and in 1947 led a group of WINP members to Britain to lobby the Clement Attlee government for Commonwealth status for a Federation of the West Indies. In 1947, Pitt again travelled to Britain and settled in London. He opened a medical practice in the Euston area of London, and he treated both white and black patients. In the 1959 general election, he was the first person of African descent to be a parliamentary candidate, standing as the Labour Party candidate for the north London constituency of Hampstead. From the mid 1950s, Pitt had become involved in local politics. After delivering a speech at the 1957 Labour Party Conference, Roy Shaw OBE, the then treasurer of the Tribune, asked if he would stand for Parliament. The issues of race were injected into the campaign, and he was defeated by the Conservative Party candidate, Henry Brooke. During the course of the campaign, Pitt received racist death threats, as did his family; however, despite the racist abuse, he refused to withdraw from the contest. He subsequently founded the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination, Britain's first civil rights organization. Two years later, in 1961, he was elected to the London County Council (LCC) as member for Hackney and served on the LCC and its successor, the Greater London Council (GLC), until 1975; he was the first minority candidate to be elected to this position in local government. He was deputy chair of the GLC from 1969 to 1970, and in 1974 he was the first black person to become chair of the GLC. Pitt's second attempt to be elected as an MP came in 1970, when he was the Labour candidate for Clapham. Although this had been seen as a safe seat for Labour, the Conservative William Shelton was elected. Enoch Powell was simultaneously campaigning on ending immigration; consequently, many believe that racism was a factor in this general election defeat as well. In 1975, the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, recommended Pitt's appointment to the House of Lords as a life peer, and he was created Baron Pitt of Hampstead, of Hampstead in Greater London and of Hampstead in Grenada on 3 February 1975. As a member of the House of Lords, he played a leading role in campaigning for the Race Relations Act 1976. He was a leader in the movement against apartheid in South Africa. Pitt was described as a black radical for suggesting that more ethnic minorities should apply to become police officers; this, ironically, angered many in the black community who felt that the police were institutionally racist. Lord Pitt is quoted as saying: "Some black people regard me as an Uncle Tom, while some whites regard me as a Black Power revolutionary. So I imagine I got it about right." From 1985 to 1986, Pitt was the president of the British Medical Association, which he described as his most valued honour. In 2004, he was named as one of "100 Great Black Britons", as part of Black History Month.

Skolt Sami ( 'the Saami language' or "nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll" if a distinction needs to be made between it and the other Saami languages) is a Uralic, Sami language spoken by approximately 400 speakers in Finland, mainly in Sevettijärvi, and approximately 20–30 speakers of the Njuõʹttjäuʹrr (Notozero) dialect in an area surrounding Lake Lovozero in Russia. Skolt Sami also used to be spoken in the Neiden area of Norway. It is written using a Roman orthography that was made official in 1973. The term "Skolt" was coined by representatives of the majority culture and has negative connotation which can be compared to the term "Lapp". Nevertheless it is used in cultural and linguistic studies. On Finnish territory Skolt Sami was spoken in four villages before the Second World War. In Petsamo, Skolt Sami was spoken in Suonikylä and the village of Petsamo. This area was ceded to Russia in the Second World War, and the Skolts were evacuated to the villages of Inari, Sevettijärvi and Nellim in the Inari municipality. On the Russian (then Soviet) side the dialect was spoken in the now defunct Sami settlements of Motovsky, Songelsky, Notozero (hence its Russian name – the "Notozersky" dialect). Some speakers still may live in the villages of Tuloma and Lovozero. Skolt Sami is spoken by approximately 400 people by the government as one of the official Sami languages used in Lapland and can thus be used by anyone conducting official business in that area. It is an official language in the municipality of Inari, and elementary schools there offer courses in the language, both for native speakers and for students learning it as a foreign language. Only a small number of youths do learn the language and continue to use it actively. Skolt Sami is thus a seriously endangered language, even more seriously than Inari Sami in the same municipality, which has a nearly equal number of speakers. From 1978 to 1986, the Skolts had a quarterly called Sääʹmođđâz published in their own language. Since 2013 a new magazine called Tuõddri pee'rel has been published once a year. In 1993, language immersion programs for children younger than 7 were created. At present, however, no funding has been forthcoming for these programs in years and as a result they are on hold. These programs were extremely important in creating the youngest generation of Skolt Sami speakers. Like Inari Sami, Skolt Sami has recently borne witness to a new phenomenon, namely it is being used in rock songs sung by Tiina Sanila, who has published two full-length CDs in Skolt Sami to date. In addition, 2005 saw the first time that it was possible to use Skolt Sámi in a Finnish matriculation examination, albeit as a foreign language. The Finnish television sami language news Yle Ođđasat had Skolt Sami speaking newsreader for the first time at 26 August 2016. Otherwise Yle Ođđasat presents individual news stories in Skolt Sami every now and then. Skolt Sami uses the ISO basic Latin alphabet with the addition of some special characters: The letters Q/q, W/w, X/x, Y/y and Ö/ö are also used, although only in foreign words or loans. The caron marks postalveolars (Š , Ž , Č , Ǯ ) and palatal sounds (Ǧ and Ǩ ). The letters Đ and Ǥ mark fricatives . The letters Ʒ and Ǯ mark voiced affricates. Skolt Sami has a separate glyph, Ŋ, for the velar nasal ("eng"). Additionally, suprasegmental palatalization is marked by a prime (ʹ) added after the vowel. A short period of voicelessness or "h", known as preaspiration, before geminate consonants is observed, much as in Icelandic, but this is not marked, e.g. "joʹǩǩe" 'to the river' is pronounced . The epenthetic vowels are not phonemic or syllabic, and are thus not marked, e.g. "mieʹll" 'sandbank' cf. "mielle" [mielle] 'to the mind'. The system of vowel phonemes is as follows; their orthographic representations are given in angle brackets. ***LIST***. Long and short vowels contrast phonologically: cf. "leʹtt" ‘vessel’ vs. "leeʹtt" ‘vessels’. All vowels can occur as both long and short. The vowels can combine to form twelve opening diphthongs: All diphthongs can occur as both long and short, although this is not indicated in spelling. Short diphthongs are distinguished from long ones by both length and stress placement: short diphthongs have a stressed second component, whereas long diphthongs have stress on the first component. Diphthongs may also have two variants depending on whether they occur in a plain or palatalized environment. This has a clearer effect with diphthongs whose second element is back or central. Certain inflectional forms, including the addition of the palatalizing suprasegmental, also trigger a change in diphthong quality. The inventory of consonant phonemes is the following; their orthographic representations are given in angle brackets: ***LIST***. Consonants may be phonemically short or long (geminate) both word-medially or word-finally; both are exceedingly common. Long and short consonants also contrast in consonant clusters, cf. "kuõskkâd" 'to touch' : "kuõskâm" 'I touch'. There is one phonemic suprasegmental, the palatalizing suprasegmental that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable. In written language the palatalizing suprasegmental is indicated with a free-standing acute accent between a stressed vowel and the following consonant, as follows: The suprasegmental palatalization has three distinct phonetic effects: ***LIST***. Skolt Sami has four different types of stress for words: ***LIST***. The first syllable of any word is always the primary stressed syllable in Skolt Sami as Skolt is a fixed-stress language. In words with two or more syllables, the final syllable is quite lightly stressed (tertiary stress) and the remaining syllable, if any, are stressed more heavily than the final syllable, but less than the first syllable (secondary stress). Using the abessive and the comitative singular in a word appears to disrupt this system, however, in words of more than one syllable. The suffix, as can be expected, has tertiary stress, but the penultimate syllable also has tertiary stress, even though it would be expected to have secondary stress. Zero stress can be said to be a feature of conjunctions, postpositions, particles and monosyllabic pronouns. Skolt Sami is a synthetic, highly inflected language that shares many grammatical features with the other Uralic languages. However, Skolt Sami is not a typical agglutinative language like many of the other Uralic languages are, as it has developed considerably into the direction of a fusional language, much like Estonian. Therefore, cases and other grammatical features are also marked by modifications to the root and not just marked with suffixes. Many of the suffixes in Skolt Sami are portmanteau morphemes that express several grammatical features at a time. Like the other Uralic languages, the nominative singular is unmarked and indicates the subject or a predicate. The nominative plural is also unmarked and always looks the same as the genitive singular. The "genitive" singular is unmarked and looks the same as the nominative plural. The genitive plural is marked by an "-i". The genitive is used: ***LIST***. The genitive has been replacing the partitive for some time and is nowadays more commonly used in its place. The accusative is the direct object case and it is unmarked in the singular. In the plural, its marker is "-d", which is preceded by the plural marker "-i", making it look the same as the plural illative. The accusative is also used to mark some adjuncts, e.g. "obb tääʹlv" (the entire winter). The locative marker in the singular is "-st" and "-n" in the plural. This case is used to indicate: ***LIST***. In addition, it is used with certain verbs: ***LIST***. The illative marker actually has three different markers in the singular to represent the same case: "-a", "-e" and "-u". The plural illative marker is "-d", which is preceded by the plural marker "-i", making it look the same as the plural accusative. This case is used to indicate: ***LIST***. The comitative marker in the singular is "-in" and "-vuiʹm" in the plural. The comitative is used to state "with whom or what" something was done: ***LIST***. To form the comitative singular, use the genitive singular form of the word as the root and "-in". To form the comitative plural, use the plural genitive root and "-vuiʹm". The abessive marker is "-tää" in both the singular and the plural. It always has a tertiary stress. ***LIST***. The partitive is only used in the singular and can always be replaced by the genitive. The partitive marker is "-d". It appears after numbers larger than 6: ***LIST***. This can be replaced with "kääʹuc čâustõõǥǥ". It is also used with certain postpositions: ***LIST***. This can be replaced with "kuäʹđ vuâstta' 3. It can be used with the comparative to express that which is being compared: ***LIST***. This would nowadays more than likely be replaced by "pueʹrab ko kåʹll" The personal pronouns have three numbers: singular, plural and dual. The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. The next table demonstrates the declension of a personal pronoun "he/she" (no gender distinction) in various cases: Skolt Sami verbs conjugate for two grammatical numbers: ***LIST***. Unlike other Sami varieties, Skolt Sami verbs do not inflect for *dual number. Instead, verbs occurring with the dual personal pronouns appear in the corresponding plural form. Skolt Sami, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Skolt Sami, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) and number (singular and plural). Note that "ij" + "leat" is usually written as "iʹlla", "iʹlleäkku", "iʹllää" or "iʹllä" and "ij" + "leat" is usually written as "jeäʹla" or "jeäʹlä". Unlike the other Sami languages, Skolt Sami no longer has separate forms for the dual and plural of the negative verb and uses the plural forms for both instead.

Robin Hood Gardens is a residential estate in Poplar, London designed in the late 1960s by architects Alison and Peter Smithson and completed in 1972. It was built as a council housing estate with homes spread across 'streets in the sky': social housing characterised by broad aerial walkways in long concrete blocks, much like the Park Hill estate in Sheffield; it was informed by, and a reaction against, Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation. The landlord is Tower Hamlets Council. As with many other council housing blocks in the UK, tenures have diversified somewhat and include social housing tenants, leaseholders who exercised the right to buy and subsequent private owners, and private tenants of leaseholders. The estate comprises two long curved blocks facing each other across a central green space, and in total covers . The blocks are of ten and seven storeys, built from precast concrete slabs and contain 213 flats. In the central green area is a small man-made hill. The flats themselves are a mixture of single-storey apartments and two-storey maisonettes, with wide balconies (the 'streets') on every third floor. The complex is 200m north of Blackwall DLR station, with its direct links to the City of London and separated by a bus terminus. It is within sight of the nearby Balfron Tower; both are highly visible examples of Brutalist architecture. A redevelopment scheme, involving the demolition of Robin Hood Gardens as part of a wider local regeneration project, was approved in 2012; however, as of March 2016 the estate was still intact and many flats were still occupied. An earlier attempt, supported by a number of notable architects, to head off redevelopment by getting the estate listed status, was rejected by the government in 2009. A campaign was mounted in 2008 by "Building Design" magazine and the Twentieth Century Society to get Robin Hood Gardens listed as a historical landmark in order to save it from destruction, with support from Richard Rogers and the late Zaha Hadid; the latter counted it as her favourite building in London. However, English Heritage did not back the proposal, with its commissioners overruling the advice of its own advisory committee. This was because it did not fully meet the strict criteria for listing post-war buildings, and because the building had suffered serious shortcomings from the start, as the designers had been forced to compromise on issues including the width of the access decks. The campaign to save Robin Hood Gardens drew very little support from those who actually had to live in the building, with more than 75% of residents supporting its demolition when consulted by the local authority. In May 2009 the Minister of Culture, Andy Burnham, reiterated an earlier government decision not to list the estate and also granted a Certificate of Immunity from listing, meaning that the structure could not be reconsidered for listing for at least 5 years. This ministerial decision endorsed the recommendation of English Heritage that Robin Hood Gardens "fails as a place for human beings to live" and did not deserve statutory heritage protection, leaving the way open for Tower Hamlets Council to proceed with its demolition and redevelopment. A resident's own survey, published in "Building Design" in June 2009, found that 80% of residents wanted it refurbished. In October 2009, opposition councillor Tim Archer accused the Council of ignoring maintenance problems to encourage residents to move out. The Council declared the site to be part of a larger regeneration area named Blackwall Reach, bounded by East India Dock Road to the north, the Blackwall Tunnel Northern Approach (A102) and East India Docks to the east, Aspen Way to the south and Cotton Street to the west. It plans to provide 1,600 new homes in this area along with improvements to the primary school, a new park and other community facilities. In April 2010, Tower Hamlets shortlisted groups of architects, housing associations and developers to undertake the £500 million project. Before the final announcement, the designs for replacement buildings were condemned in "The Observer" as "generic developers' fare, with... no sense of place". Swan Housing Association was selected, with a plan to replace the current broader green-lined estate of 252 homes with up to 1,700, of which 700 would be for social housing and shared ownership. It would also include open space, community facilities, and better connections to the surrounding area. The demolition plans were passed by Tower Hamlets Council on 15 March 2012. Final planning approval for the redevelopment scheme was given in December 2012; however, despite reports that demolition has begun, as at March 2016 no part of the estate had been demolished. Some flats were empty and boarded up; others were still occupied. The project was the subject of a BBC documentary "The Smithsons on Housing" (1970), made by B.S. Johnson, in which both Smithsons are interviewed. Although Peter Smithson admitted he had been driven by a combination of urgency, practicality and idealism, he claimed in a 1990s interview that the project had failed, although he largely blamed social issues rather than architectural ones for this failure. "In other places you see doors painted and pot plants outside houses, the minor arts of occupation, which keep the place alive. In Robin Hood you don't see this because if someone were to put anything out it people will break it." Asked why he felt this was the case, Smithson cited 'social jealousy', he then went on to say, "The week it opened, people would shit in the lifts, which is an act of social aggression."

John Laird (14 June 1805 – 29 October 1874) was a shipbuilder and key figure in the development of the town of Birkenhead. He was the elder brother of Macgregor Laird. He was one of the first to use iron in the construction of ships. Born in Greenock, Scotland, the eldest son of Scottish entrepreneur, William and Agnes (née Macgregor) Laird, John Laird was raised in Liverpool and educated at that city's Royal Institution. In 1824 the Laird family moved to Birkenhead, where William Laird and Daniel Horton established the Birkenhead Iron Works. This manufactured boilers near Wallasey Pool. This partnership was dissolved in 1828 and William Laird was joined in his business by John Laird, who had been a solicitor's articled clerk. The company was renamed William Laird & Son. Laird realised that the techniques of bending iron plates and riveting them together to build ships were similar to the principles involved in making boilers. Laird's first vessel was a 60 ft pre-fabricated iron lighter in 1829 – displacement sixty tons – which was used on canals and lakes in Ireland. This was followed by further orders for more lighters and in 1833 the paddle steamer "Lady Lansdowne" was built for the same firm. Many of the orders were for pre-fabricated river steamers. In 1834, he built the paddle steamer "John Randolph" for Savannah, Georgia, stated to be the first iron ship seen in America. For the East India Company, he built in 1839 the "Nemesis", the first iron vessel carrying guns. In 1839 Lairds built their first screw-propelled steamer, "Robert F. Stockton", a 63 ft tug for use on North American waterways. By 1840, Lairds had built another 21 iron paddle-steamers including four gun boats for anti-piracy patrols for the British East India Company. Further orders for paddle frigates included the 1,400 ton HMS "Birkenhead" (which he designed) of 1848 which was famously wrecked off South Africa with the loss of over 400 soldiers in 1852. Perhaps their most famous vessel was the Confederate raider CSS "Alabama". In 1857 the business moved to a new yard upstream from the Woodside Ferry, where it remained. In 1844 John Laird started the construction of the Birkenhead Docks in the tidal Wallasey Pool. These were intended to compete with the Port of Liverpool but the venture was not a success and the system was merged with Liverpool docks in 1858. In October 1863, Laird and his shipbuilding company were caught making two naval ram vessels for the Confederate States Navy: "El Toussoun" and "El Monastir". The Royal Navy additionally deployed a gunship, HMS "Heron", to the area to prevent the half constructed ships from leaving the port. Laird then sued the British government for impeding on his construction because their construction did not violate the 1819 Foreign Enlistment Act nor British neutrality. In fact, the Lincoln Administration had requested Laird to build armed iron clads for the Union in 1861. In 1829 Laird married Elizabeth Hurry. In 1860, John Laird was joined in partnership by his three sons, William, John and Henry. However, John Laird retired in 1861 and the business was taken over by his sons. It merged with Charles Cammell & Co to form Cammell Laird in 1903. He was the first mayor of Birkenhead and as chairman of the Birkenhead Improvement Commission, he played a key role in the development of the town. He was one of the first Commissioners in 1833, which were appointed to erect a market, to light and clean the streets and to maintain a police force. When Birkenhead became a Parliamentary Borough in 1861, John Laird retired from shipbuilding to become its first Member of Parliament for Birkenhead. He served from 1861 to 1874 as a Conservative. He was also Deputy Lieutenant of Cheshire and Justice of the Peace. He contributed a great deal to the continuous improvement of the town as a benefactor. Laird was responsible for the building of the Dock Cottages. He made some generous donations for the erection of Saint James Church, the Borough Hospital and the Laird School of Art. He died at his home, 63 Hamilton Square, Birkenhead, following a riding accident. He is buried in the grounds of Birkenhead Priory, next to his yard. An appeal for donations for a statue of John Laird quickly raised more than required from nearly 2,400 donors. The statue was sculpted by Albert Bruce-Joy. Over 2,000 people walked in procession for the statue's unveiling in 1877. It was unveiled by his friend, Lord Tollemache. The statue now stands in Hamilton Square in the centre of Birkenhead, though it was moved from its original position to make way for a cenotaph.

A non-ideal op amp's equivalent circuit has a finite input impedance, a non-zero output impedance, and a finite gain. This article illustrates some typical applications of operational amplifiers. A real op amp has a number of non-ideal features as shown in the diagram, but here a simplified schematic notation is used, and the reader is reminded that many details such as device selection and power supply connections are not shown. Operational amplifiers are optimised for use with negative feedback, and this article discusses only negative-feedback applications. When positive feedback is required, a comparator is usually more appropriate. See Comparator applications for further information. In order for a particular device to be used in an application, it must satisfy certain requirements. The operational amplifier must ***LIST***. With these requirements satisfied, the op amp is considered ideal, and one can use the method of virtual ground to quickly and intuitively grasp the 'behavior' of any of the op amp circuits below. Resistors used in practical solid-state op-amp circuits are typically in the kΩ range. Resistors much greater than 1 MΩ cause excessive thermal noise and make the circuit operation susceptible to significant errors due to bias or leakage currents. Practical operational amplifiers draw a small current from each of their inputs due to bias requirements (in the case of bipolar junction transistor-based inputs) or leakage (in the case of MOSFET-based inputs). These currents flow through the resistances connected to the inputs and produce small voltage drops across those resistances. Appropriate design of the feedback network can alleviate problems associated with input bias currents and common-mode gain, as explained below. The heuristic rule is to ensure that the impedance "looking out" of each input terminal is identical. To the extent that the input bias currents do not match, there will be an effective input offset voltage present, which can lead to problems in circuit performance. Many commercial op amp offerings provide a method for tuning the operational amplifier to balance the inputs (e.g., "offset null" or "balance" pins that can interact with an external voltage source attached to a potentiometer). Alternatively, a tunable external voltage can be added to one of the inputs in order to balance out the offset effect. In cases where a design calls for one input to be short-circuited to ground, that short circuit can be replaced with a variable resistance that can be tuned to mitigate the offset problem. Operational amplifiers using MOSFET-based input stages have input leakage currents that will be, in many designs, negligible. Power supply imperfections (e.g., power signal ripple, non-zero source impedance) may lead to noticeable deviations from ideal operational amplifier behavior. For example, operational amplifiers have a specified power supply rejection ratio that indicates how well the output can reject signals that appear on the power supply inputs. Power supply inputs are often noisy in large designs because the power supply is used by nearly every component in the design, and inductance effects prevent current from being instantaneously delivered to every component at once. As a consequence, when a component requires large injections of current (e.g., a digital component that is frequently switching from one state to another), nearby components can experience sagging at their connection to the power supply. This problem can be mitigated with appropriate use of bypass capacitors connected across each power supply pin and ground. When bursts of current are required by a component, the component can "bypass" the power supply by receiving the current directly from the nearby capacitor (which is then slowly recharged by the power supply). Additionally, current drawn into the operational amplifier from the power supply can be used as inputs to external circuitry that augment the capabilities of the operational amplifier. For example, an operational amplifier may not be fit for a particular high-gain application because its output would be required to generate signals outside of the safe range generated by the amplifier. In this case, an external push–pull amplifier can be controlled by the current into and out of the operational amplifier. Thus, the operational amplifier may itself operate within its factory specified bounds while still allowing the negative feedback path to include a large output signal well outside of those bounds. Amplifies the difference in voltage between its inputs. The circuit shown computes the difference of two voltages, multiplied by some gain factor. The output voltage: Or, expressed as a function of the common mode input "V" and difference input "V" the output voltage is In order for this circuit to produce a signal proportional to the voltage difference of the input terminals, the coefficient of the "V" term (the common-mode gain) must be zero, or With this constraint in place, the common-mode rejection ratio of this circuit is infinitely large, and the output where the simple expression "R" / "R" represents the closed-loop gain of the differential amplifier. The special case when the closed-loop gain is unity is a differential follower, with: An inverting amplifier is a special case of the differential amplifier in which that circuit's non-inverting input "V" is grounded, and inverting input "V" is identified with "V" above. The closed-loop gain is "R" / "R", hence The simplified circuit above is like the differential amplifier in the limit of "R" and "R" very small. In this case, though, the circuit will be susceptible to input bias current drift because of the mismatch between "R" and "R". To intuitively see the gain equation above, calculate the current in "R": then recall that this same current must be passing through "R", therefore (because "V" = "V" = 0): A mechanical analogy is a seesaw, with the "V" node (between "R" and "R") as the fulcrum, at ground potential. "V" is at a length "R" from the fulcrum; "V" is at a length "R". When "V" descends "below ground", the output "V" rises proportionately to balance the seesaw, and "vice versa". A non-inverting amplifier is a special case of the differential amplifier in which that circuit's inverting input "V" is grounded, and non-inverting input "V" is identified with "V" above, with "R" ≫ "R". Referring to the circuit immediately above, To intuitively see this gain equation, use the virtual ground technique to calculate the current in resistor "R": then recall that this same current must be passing through "R", therefore: Unlike the inverting amplifier, a non-inverting amplifier cannot have a gain of less than 1. A mechanical analogy is a class-2 lever, with one terminal of "R" as the fulcrum, at ground potential. "V" is at a length "R" from the fulcrum; "V" is at a length "R" further along. When "V" ascends "above ground", the output "V" rises proportionately with the lever. The input impedance of the simplified non-inverting amplifier is high, of order "R" × A times the closed-loop gain, where "R" is the op amp's input impedance to differential signals, and A is the open-loop voltage gain of the op amp; in the case of the ideal op amp, with A infinite and "R" infinite, the input impedance is infinite. In this case, though, the circuit will be susceptible to input bias current drift because of the mismatch between the impedances driving the "V" and "V" op amp inputs. Used as a buffer amplifier to eliminate loading effects (e.g., connecting a device with a high source impedance to a device with a low input impedance). Due to the strong (i.e., unity gain) feedback and certain non-ideal characteristics of real operational amplifiers, this feedback system is prone to have poor stability margins. Consequently, the system may be unstable when connected to sufficiently capacitive loads. In these cases, a lag compensation network (e.g., connecting the load to the voltage follower through a resistor) can be used to restore stability. The manufacturer data sheet for the operational amplifier may provide guidance for the selection of components in external compensation networks. Alternatively, another operational amplifier can be chosen that has more appropriate internal compensation. Produces a very low distortion sine wave. Uses negative temperature compensation in the form of a light bulb or diode. Operational amplifiers can be used in construction of active filters, providing high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, reject and delay functions. The high input impedance and gain of an op-amp allow straightforward calculation of element values, allowing accurate implementation of any desired filter topology with little concern for the loading effects of stages in the filter or of subsequent stages. However, the frequencies at which active filters can be implemented is limited; when the behavior of the amplifiers departs significantly from the ideal behavior assumed in elementary design of the filters, filter performance is degraded. An operational amplifier can, if necessary, be forced to act as a comparator. The smallest difference between the input voltages will be amplified enormously, causing the output to swing to nearly the supply voltage. However, it is usually better to use a dedicated comparator for this purpose, as its output has a higher slew rate and can reach either power supply rail. Some op-amps have clamping diodes on the input that prevent use as a comparator. The integrator is mostly used in analog computers, analog-to-digital converters and wave-shaping circuits. Integrates (and inverts) the input signal "V"("t") over a time interval "t", "t" < "t" < "t", yielding an output voltage at time "t" = "t" of where "V"("t") represents the output voltage of the circuit at time "t" = "t". This is the same as saying that the output voltage changes over time "t" < "t" < "t" by an amount proportional to the time integral of the input voltage: This circuit can be viewed as a low-pass electronic filter, one with a single pole at DC (i.e., where ***formula***) and with gain. In a practical application one encounters a significant difficulty: unless the capacitor "C" is periodically discharged, the output voltage will eventually drift outside of the operational amplifier's operating range. This can be due to any combination of: ***LIST***. A slightly more complex circuit can ameliorate the second two problems, and in some cases, the first as well. Here, the feedback resistor R provides a discharge path for capacitor C, while the series resistor at the non-inverting input R, when of the correct value, alleviates input bias current and common-mode problems. That value is the parallel resistance of R and R, or using the shorthand notation ||: The relationship between input signal and output signal is now: Simulates an inductor (i.e., provides inductance without the use of a possibly costly inductor). The circuit exploits the fact that the current flowing through a capacitor behaves through time as the voltage across an inductor. The capacitor used in this circuit is smaller than the inductor it simulates and its capacitance is less subject to changes in value due to environmental changes. This circuit is unsuitable for applications relying on the back EMF property of an inductor as this will be limited in a gyrator circuit to the voltage supplies of the op-amp. The voltage drop V across the forward biased diode in the circuit of a passive rectifier is undesired. In this active version, the problem is solved by connecting the diode in the negative feedback loop. The op-amp compares the output voltage across the load with the input voltage and increases its own output voltage with the value of V. As a result, the voltage drop V is compensated and the circuit behaves very nearly as an ideal ("super") diode with V = 0 V. The circuit has speed limitations at high frequency because of the slow negative feedback and due to the low slew rate of many non-ideal op-amps.

Bhimavaram is a city in West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Bhimavaram mandal in Narasapuram revenue division. census, it is the second most populous city in the district with a population of 142,184. It one of the major pilgrimage centers in the state, which is home to Somaramam, one of the five great Pancharama Kshetras. Along with much of present-day coastal Andhra Pradesh, Bhimavaram was controlled by the Chola dynasty. Under Kulothunga Chola I, Bhimavaram was ruled by his sons who served as viceroys. Various stone inscriptions have been found in the town dating from his reign (c. 1096 C.E. The name Bhimavaram literally means "the gift of Bhima". According to a legend, in around 890–918 AD, an Eastern Chalukya king named Chalukya Bheema built a Siva temple and laid the foundation to this town. It was originally called "Bhimapuram", but the name gradually changed to "Bhimavaram"; "puram" refers to a dwelling place while "varam" means an endowment in Telugu. census of India, the town had a population of 142,184. The total population constitutes 70,066 males and 72,214 females —a sex ratio of 1031 females per 1000 males. 12,157 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 6,149 are boys and 6,008 are girls —a ratio of 977 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 83.41% with 1,08,535 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 73.00%. While, its urban agglomeration population was 146,961. Bhimavaram is located in the epicentre of the Godavari delta region. It is one of the principal trade centres of paddy in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Agriculture-based businesses like food processing, aqua culture, rice mills etc., are the chief sources of the town's revenue. The town serves as a distribution centre as well as commercial centre to its hinterland. The town is the regional centre for higher education and is known for its specialized health services. Civic administration Bhimavaram Municipality was established in the year April 1948. It was upgraded to "Selection Grade municipality" in 2011. The municipality is spread over an area of . Its urban agglomeration covers Bhimavaram municipality, partly out growths of Rayalam (rural) and Chinamiram. It has an area of . Politics Bhimavaram assembly constituency is a legislative assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh. The town has a total road length of . The town is well connected with different places in the country by national highways. NH 214 passes through the town. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Bhimavaram bus station. Bhimavaram town railway station is classified as a "A–category" station in the Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone. Gudivada–Bhimavaram section connects it with Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section of Howrah-Chennai main line. Bhimavaram is famous for the Gunupudi Someswara (Somarama) temple, which is one of the five holy Pancharamas. Built during the 3rd century A.D., the Shiva lingam is known for changing its color according to the lunar month; black during amavasya and white during pournami. There are many notable people from cinema industry such as, Byrraju Ramalinga Raju, Trivikram Srinivas, Sivaji Raja, Penmatsa Subbaraju, Sunil (actor), Prabhas, Raja Ravindra, J V K Narayana Raju,etc. Other notable personalities include Chintalapati Venkata Prasada (Ch.V.P) Murthy Raju, K. V. K. Raju, Yellapragada Subbarow in Science field, Swami Jnanananda in mystics, Sri Dantuluri Narayana Raju (an academician), Sagi Rama Krishnam Raju The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the "School Education Department" of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu. There are numerous educational institutions in and around Bhimavaram. Some of the renowned institutions are S.R.K.R Engineering College, D.N.R Educational Institutions, K.G.R.L Group of Educational Institutions, Sri Vishnu Educational Society, Bhimavaram Institute of Engineering & Technology, Grandhi Varalakshmi Venkatarao Institute of Technology (GVIT).

Paul Haig (born 1960) is a Scottish indie musician, singer and songwriter. He was originally a member of 1980s post-punk band Josef K who were signed to the Postcard record label. Other bands on Postcard at the same time were Orange Juice, Aztec Camera and the Go-Betweens. Between 1979 and 1981 Josef K recorded five singles and an album ("The Only Fun in Town") with Haig on lead vocals, before splitting in August 1981; their final Scottish date was in Glasgow. The break-up was due to a combination of too-great expectations, too-small financial returns, Haig's dislike of touring, and disagreements over future direction. The following year Haig told Johnny Waller in "Sounds": "I was pretty depressed for a week because it was the end of an era, but after that I was really happy that we'd split, because I could get on with everything I wanted to do. I've lost a lot of the ideals I had in Josef K. About not wanting to be commercially successful, suffering for your art and all that. I want to be signed to a major and make a great record that will get radio airplay and be a big hit, then make my own money from that. I don't mind being manipulated to a certain extent to get what I want, but in time I want to control everything." With Postcard disintegrating in the wake of the Josef K split, Haig signed with stylish Belgian independent label Les Disques Du Crépuscule for mainstream solo releases, and also adopted the moniker Rhythm of Life Organization (RoL) for a variety of side-projects. These included two interim singles on Edinburgh independent Rational, run by manager Allan Campbell. The first of these, "Soon", was a collaboration with fellow Edinburgh musician Stephen Harrison (formerly of Metropak), while the second, "Uncle Sam", saw Haig guesting on a record by artist Sebastian Horsley. Exploring territory first charted by Public Image Limited and Heaven 17 in their BEF guise, both singles appeared as Rhythm of Life, this anonymity reflecting Haig's avowed dislike of personal publicity. Also via Rational, he released a limited edition (700 copies) cassette-only set of home-recorded electronica titled "Drama", featuring Franz Kafka texts set to music, as well as a deconstruction of Josef K's "Forever Drone". Haig subsequently teamed up with a Belgian independent record label Les Disques du Crépuscule, and in January 1982 played his first solo live shows in Edinburgh and London as Rhythm of Life. At this stage Haig's new material was not so different from late-period Josef K songs such as "Heaven Sent", "Adoration" and "Heart of Song", though with a greater emphasis on a stripped-down funk style. Eschewing a live drummer in favour of a rhythm box, RoL earned plaudits from the press, and in February took part in Crépuscule's first European package tour, Dialogue North-South, which also included Durutti Column, The Names, Marine, Richard Jobson, Isabelle Antena and Tuxedomoon. Haig relocated to Brussels in March where embarked on an intensive recording schedule at Little Big One studio. This yielded two self-produced singles, "Running Away" and "Justice", as well as "Swing In '82", an EP of big band standards. However, after four months Haig tired of Belgium and returned home to Edinburgh. "Running Away", a cover of the Sly Stone classic, appeared in May on Crépuscule and reached number 19 on the UK Independent Chart, its success unhampered by the simultaneous release of another version by The Raincoats. The follow-up single, "Justice", was shelved after Crépuscule signed a licensing deal with major label Island Records. 7-inch test pressings (TWI 100) survive, as does a separate 12" release featuring two club mixes of the song "Blue For You". In July, almost a year after the Josef K split, and with just one proper solo single to his name, Haig was labelled "the face and sound of 1982" by Paul Morley in a lead feature for the "NME". According to Morley, Haig was the "enigmatic fourth man" in a New Pop quartet which also included Billy Mackenzie, Jim Kerr and Martin Fry, all of them deemed potential pop saviours in a parallel universe where Morley deemed Dollar "the most avant-garde group in the world". Even by Morley's standards the statement was hyperbolic, although the writer would later go some way towards validating it by directing ZTT signing Propaganda to cover "Sorry for Laughing" on their debut album "A Secret Wish". The media hype around Haig paved the way for a licensing deal with Island Records, which saw Haig record his first album in New York at the close of 1982, with Alex Sadkin producing. Featuring a host of crack session players (including Bernie Worrell, Anton Fier, and Jack Waldman), his new direction – polished club pop – sounded radically different from Josef K. The first single released from the album, "Heaven Sent" (a dance remake of an earlier Josef K song) stalled at number 74 in the British charts, and failed to provide Haig with the hit many had confidently predicted. The "Rhythm of Life" album appeared in October 1983 and was accompanied by a short seven date UK tour. Haig's touring group included Malcolm Ross on guitar, together with bassist David McClymont (also fresh from Orange Juice), drummer James Locke and former Associate Alan Rankine. None of the three singles released from the album provided solid hits which might have allowed Haig to cross over to a wider audience. Island failed even to release the album – or the singles – in America, although a slick "New York Remix" mini album was belatedly issued in 1984. Haig later recalled of this period: "The main thing was that I didn't want to be the centre of it all. The initial idea was just to keep working with different people under the name Rhythm of Life. But Island wanted a pop image to sell... and they didn't get one." During 1984 Haig collaborated with a number of likeminded post-punk peers, recording electro track "The Only Truth" with Bernard Sumner of New Order and Donald Johnson of A Certain Ratio respectively, as well as the more experimental "The Executioner" with Cabaret Voltaire. November saw the completion of a second album, largely recorded in London with Alan Rankine co-producing. However the chart failure of "The Only Truth" as a single ultimately led to Island dropping Haig from their roster, and so the untitled second album was shelved. Rather than release the shelved set on Crépuscule, it was decided to combine the best material with several new songs written and recorded throughout 1985. Haig returned at the end of the year with a powerful single, "Heaven Help You Now", and a reconfigured second album, titled "The Warp of Pure Fun". Co-produced with Alan Rankine, it was a more involving collection than its predecessor, offering warmer songs and arrangements, and live drums in place of programmed rhythm tracks. In the UK the album appeared on short-lived Crépuscule offshoot, Operation Afterglow, and sold well as an independent release around Europe. Second single "Love Eternal" remains one of Haig's best regarded songs. Haig spent most of 1986 writing new material and looking for a new major deal. He also found time to embark on a fruitful partnership with another Associate, Billy Mackenzie, the result being low key dates in Glasgow and Edinburgh, which mixed their own greatest hits with covers such as "Running Away" and Yoko Ono's "Walking on Thin Ice". Later the pair united to perform "Amazing Grace" on a Scots Hogmanay television programme, and each donated a song to the other's forthcoming album. "Chained" proved a highlight on the next Haig album, although Mackenzie's version of "Reach The Top" remained unreleased after the Associates' "Glamour Chase" project was shelved by WEA. Following Mackenzie's untimely death in 1997 an entire album of Haig/Mackenzie material, "Memory Palace", appeared on Haig's own label Rhythm of Life. Haig briefly returned to Crépuscule in September 1987 to record several tracks, resulting in the single "Torchomatic". This was followed by a compilation album called "European Sun" which including most of the shelved Island album not included on "The Warp of Pure Fun" plus several experimental b-side tracks and the previously unreleased Cabaret Voltaire collaboration. In 1988 Haig financed the recording of a new album himself, once more produced with Alan Rankine, and eventually issued by Virgin offshoot Circa Records in May of the following year. The title track of "Chain" was co-written with Billy Mackenzie, while lead single "Something Good" remains a fan favourite. Live performances were limited to UK and included a showcase at the ICA in London on 18 May. 1988 also saw the release of a single credited to "Dub Organiser", this being a club cut recorded in collaboration with Allan Campbell and released as a one-off on Manchester indie label Play Hard. Circa financed the recording of a new album produced in New York and Chicago by dance gurus Curtis Mantronik and Lil Louis. Lead single "I Believe in You" featured additional mix work by The Chimes, whose drummer James Locke had been a periodic Haig collaborator since 1981. The album marked a return to the dance orientation of Rhythm of Life five years earlier, as Haig explained to "Melody Maker": "The whole idea was to work with different producers and let them get on with it, which was a departure since I'd produced myself for so long. We recorded the stuff with Mantronik at his Sound Factory studio. He works very quickly, rattling stuff off in a couple of hours. He replaced all my beats with a combination of programming and breakbeats, mostly '70s funk stuff. Lil Louis took a completely different approach. He replaced the rhythm tracks on two of the songs and one we left as was He works with much more basic equipment – he's not as computerised as Mantronik. There was absolutely no sampling with Lil Louis, he's much more into the real musician school of thing." Although "I Believe in You" achieved a measure of club success, Circa delayed releasing Right on Line until a reworked "Flight X" (featuring rapper Voice of Reason) was issued. When two versions of this track stalled early in 1991 the album was shelved. With the "Right on Line" album in limbo, in September 1991 Haig released an instrumental set of imaginary film themes through LTM, the label which had previously issued the Josef K back catalogue on CD. "Cinematique" comprised three distinct suites: "City of Fun" (noir jazz), "Lagondola" (ambient) and "Flashback" (electronica). In 1993 "Right On Line" finally emerged as "Coincidence Vs Fate" on Crépuscule, with two new tracks added. Haig went on to release two more volumes of "Cinematique" on his own RoL label, as well as several archive releases by his late friend Billy Mackenzie. "Memory Palace" (1999) compiled a number of tracks recorded as joint demos by the pair, as well as tribute single "Listen to Me". RoL would also release albums by Skyline and Subterraneans. In 2007, Haig's first single for 14 years, "Reason" (a BBC Radio 2 single of the week), was released and made available via download and on 7-inch vinyl. This was followed soon after by "Electronik Audience", Haig's first new, non-"Cinematique" release since "Coincidence Vs Fate" in 1993. This album showcased Haig's influences from Kraftwerk and New Order to Cabaret Voltaire. 2007 also saw his first live appearance in many years when he joined Subterraneans onstage at a Billy Mackenzie tribute concert in London. Another new album, "Go Out Tonight", a more organic album than "Electronik Audience", was released in April 2008. "Go Out Tonight" saw Haig return to his guitar-roots, with tracks such as "Trouble Maker" very reminiscent of early solo recordings such as "Chance". Haig also embarked on his first tour since 1989, performing both old and new tracks at dates in Scotland as well as selected shows in Nottingham and London in April 2008. December 2009 saw the release of "Relive", a new studio collection which featured the song "Trip Out The Rider", later remixed for a 7" single release by Lemon Jelly founder Fred Deakin. A more experimental electronic album "Kube" was issued on RoL in 2013, followed by a comprehensive anthology of Crépuscule recordings titled "At Twilight" in 2014.

Australian Volunteers International or AVI recruits skilled professionals from Australia to work with partner organisations in Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Middle East. Its work focuses on reducing poverty, promoting human rights and gender equality, increasing access to education and health services, and protecting the environment. In the last 50 years AVI have placed more than 6000 volunteers and other field workers in 70 countries. AVI has a vision of a peaceful and just world; where all people have access to the resources they need, the opportunity to achieve their potential, the right to make decisions about the kind of development they want and to participate in the future of their own communities. Through the AVI Volunteer Program, skilled Australians live and work with local organisations and communities, sharing their skills and building relationships with local people. They receive support including airfares, living allowances and insurance. The organisation also offers a range of people-centred development projects. It runs a short-term program for young Australians, and a range of professional services to Australian organisations including international recruitment and cultural effectiveness training. AVI programs are funded by the Australian Government through AusAID, other government and corporate agencies, and donations from the Australian community. The first volunteer, Herb Feith, travelled to Jakarta, Indonesia in 1951, taking up the challenge to work alongside Indonesians as a translator as the country dealt with issues of independence. His journey helped establish the Volunteer Graduate Scheme to Indonesia. In 1961 the Volunteer Graduate Scheme became the Overseas Service Bureau, an organisation with Jim Webb as its founding Director. In 1963, The Bureau launched a program called Australian Volunteers Abroad (AVA) and the first 14 Australian Volunteers (AVAs) commenced assignments in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tanzania and Nigeria. In 1999 it changed its name to Australian Volunteers International. AVI is governed by a Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer Paul Bird, and a Senior Management Team.

The Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB, known as English-language Separate District School Board No. 40 prior to 1999) is an English-language public-separate school board for Toronto, Ontario, Canada, headquartered in North York. It is one of the two English boards of education in the City of Toronto, serving the former municipalities of Scarborough, North York, York, East York, Old Toronto and Etobicoke. With 85,864 students, the TCDSB is one of the largest school boards in Canada, and is the largest publicly funded Catholic school board in the world. Until 1998, it was known as the Metropolitan Separate School Board (MSSB) as an anglophone and francophone separate school district. Prior to 1998, the Metropolitan Separate School Board was the governing body of all publicly funded Roman Catholic schools in Toronto. In 1998, the board was reorganised, resulting in the separation of English and French language schools, the latter of which are now part of the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud. The resulting board was named the Toronto Catholic District School Board. The Toronto Catholic District School Board mission statement relies on as "an inclusive learning community uniting home, parish and school and rooted in the love of Christ" that "educates students to grow in grace and knowledge and to lead lives of "faith, hope and charity"." The vision encourages learning communities of the Board to "transform the world through "witness, faith, innovation and action"." The school board is governed by 12 elected trustees who serve for a four-year term. Each year one secondary school student is selected to serve on the board as a student trustee (who is not entitled to vote). The chair of the board, the vice-chair, and the honorary treasurer are elected at the inaugural meeting of the board, and serve for one year. As of August 2013, Ann Andrachuk serves as chair, and Sal Piccininni serves as vice-chair. Trustees are paid $18,500 a year in salary, and can claim up to $18,000 for expenses. Prior to the 1998 separation of French-language schools, the Metropolitan Separate School Board had three French language seats. The policies of the Board are administered by the Director of Education and designates. There are more than 85,864 students serving over 200 Catholic schools, and represent close to 475,000 Catholic school supporters in all of Toronto. The TCDSB also has staff consisting of 6,000 teachers, 2,800 support staff, 360 principals and vice principals, and 200 administrators. In addition, the Board operates standing three committees: the "Student Achievement and Well Being, Catholic Education and Human Resources", "Corporate Affairs, Strategic Planning and Property", & "Governance Framework". The current director of education is Angela Gauthier who was appointed on August 1, 2013. She served as interim director in 2011. Like the TDSB-built schools, 70% of the TCDSB stock of school buildings outside of the old City of Toronto were built after World War II and during the 1950s. These are typically Mid-Century modern in style with two to three storey brick facade and large double hung windows albeit from the cross attached. Some are built in Tudor Gothic style ones in the late 1800s. Uniforms are mandatory for students at the secondary level and elementary starting in the fall 2011. In 2010 some elementary schools started implementing use of uniforms. In 1988, the MSSB ruled that public separate high schools are required to wear uniforms. At the time, all of the high schools in Scarborough except for Blessed Cardinal Newman had uniforms. Some trustees anticipated protests from parents and students from Newman. , all TCDSB elementary students must wear a uniform of a white or navy blue top, and navy blue bottoms. This is enforced in special programs such as the gifted program and ME. While Catholic high schools are funded by the provincial government, making them open to any students who wish to attend, elementary schools do not have to enroll non-Catholic students. Many argue that the practice of fully funding separate schools exclusively for the Catholic faith is discriminatory to other religions (the United Nations has twice chastised the province for this policy). Supporters of the current Catholic education system point out that it has existed, in one form or another, since Confederation, and that the Constitution Act, 1867 enshrines the right to government-funded religious education to all Catholics. The opposition, however, argues that this is an appeal to tradition, and point to other provinces in Canada which amended the constitution to abolish Catholic school funding. It is up to the school principal whether or not non-Catholics are enrolled. The board was embroiled in controversy in May 2008 when a report commissioned by the provincial government uncovered spending abuses by certain trustees, including charges for meals, promotional materials, and prohibited benefits. Provincial supervisor Norbert Hartmann was appointed to oversee administration of the board as a result. The official symbol of the Toronto Catholic District School Board was designed in 1969 by the internationally recognized design artist, Allan Fleming, who designed the Canadian National logo. It combines the cross, the anchor, and the heart representing the three theological virtues of faith, hope and charity. It is based on the cross and anchor symbol used by the early Christians in the catacombs, the added heart representing humanity.

WHAM-TV is the ABC-affiliated television station for Rochester, New York. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on VHF channel 13 from a transmitter on Pinnacle Hill on the border between Rochester and Brighton. The station can also be seen on Charter Spectrum channels 13 and 1200 in standard definition and high definition. Owned by Deerfield Media and operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group (owner of Fox affiliate WUHF) under a local marketing agreement, it has studios on West Henrietta Road (NY 15) in Henrietta (though the mailing address says Rochester). The station signed-on at 4 in the afternoon on September 15, 1962 as WOKR (for "We're OK Rochester"). Right from the start, it was an ABC affiliate and is the only commercial station in the area that has never changed its affiliation. It originally operated from studios located on South Clinton Avenue in Rochester. In March 1970, it was sold to Flower City Television Corporation. Flower City sold the station to Post Corporation, a media conglomerate based in the Fox Cities region of Wisconsin in 1977. George N. Gillett Jr. purchased the Post Corporation stations in 1984 transferring it into Gillett Holdings, Inc. Hughes Broadcasting Partners (Paul Hughes and Veronis, Suhler & Associates) purchased the station in 1991. Hughes then sold WOKR to Guy Gannett Communications in 1995. Guy Gannett sold its stations to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1998; as Sinclair already owned WUHF, it then spun off WOKR to the Ackerley Group, with the acquisition closing in April 1999. The station came under common ownership with WHAM radio (1180 AM) in June 2002 after the Ackerley Group merged with Clear Channel Communications, WHAM radio's owner. Speculation immediately started about whether WOKR would take on the WHAM-TV calls, which had been used on what is now WROC-TV from 1949 until 1956. On January 10, 2005 at 1:42 in the morning, channel 13 signed off-the-air for the last time as WOKR and returned to the air at 4:59 that same day as WHAM-TV. The WOKR call letters then moved to sister station WUCL in Remsen, New York (now Air 1 affiliate WARW; in 2015, when WARW dropped the calls, a radio station in Rochester picked up the WOKR calls and returned them to the market). For many years, WOKR was one of three Rochester area stations offered on cable in the Ottawa/Gatineau and Eastern Ontario regions. The Rochester area stations were replaced with Detroit channels in September 2003 when the microwave relay system that provided these signals was discontinued. Until January 2009, WHAM-TV was also the ABC affiliate carried in several Central Ontario communities such as Belleville, Cobourg, and Lindsay. Buffalo ABC affiliate WKBW-TV replaced WHAM-TV in these communities. On November 16, 2006, Clear Channel announced its intention to sell off all of its television stations after the company was bought by private equity firms. On April 20, 2007, the company entered into an agreement to sell its entire television stations group to Newport Television, a broadcasting holding company established by the private equity firm Providence Equity Partners. The sale separated WHAM-TV from WHAM radio (which remains owned by Clear Channel, now iHeartMedia); however, the WHAM-TV call sign has been retained, and the two stations have continued a news partnership. On July 19, 2012, Newport Television announced the sale of 22 of its 27 stations to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Cox Media Group. While most of WHAM-TV's New York State sisters were sold to Nexstar, a buyer for WHAM-TV was not announced until December 3, when Newport sold its non-license assets to Sinclair. The license was sold to Deerfield Media for $54 million. Sinclair cannot acquire the WHAM-TV license because of its continued ownership of WUHF (though it holds an option to do so); Nexstar could not purchase WHAM-TV because it already owned CBS affiliate WROC-TV. Rochester has only five full-power stations--not enough to legally permit a duopoly. WHAM-TV is also the only ABC affiliate owned by Newport Television that wasn't sold to Nexstar. With the announced sales in November of two additional stations to Nexstar and KMTR in Eugene, Oregon to Fisher Communications (which was later sold itself to Sinclair in May 2013), WHAM-TV was the last Newport Television station without a buyer. On January 30, 2013, the FCC granted approval of the transaction, and it was consummated two days later. On December 31, 2013, WUHF terminated its eight-year SSA with WROC-TV, and the station was re-located to WHAM-TV's studios. On January 1, 2014, WUHF introduced two WHAM-TV-produced newscasts, "Good Day Rochester" and a 10 p.m. newscast, which were both previously seen on its The CW subchannel WHAM-DT2. WHAM-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 13, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 59, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 13. What is now WHAM-DT2 was launched in 2000 as cable-only "WRWB". It was an affiliate of The WB through The WB 100+. The station was operated by Time Warner Cable (then owned by Time Warner) and the call sign was used in a fictional manner. On January 24, 2006, The WB and UPN announced that they would end broadcasting and merge. The new combined network would be called The CW. The letters would represent the first initial of its corporate parents: CBS (the parent company of UPN) and the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner. On February 22, News Corporation announced that it would start up another new network called MyNetworkTV. This new service, which would be a sister network to Fox, would be operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division Twentieth Television. MyNetworkTV was created in order to give UPN and WB stations, not mentioned as becoming CW affiliates, another option besides becoming Independent. It was also created to compete against The CW. UPN was seen locally on Class A station WBGT-CA. WRWB's CW affiliation was officially announced on March 7. As a result of Time Warner's half ownership in the new network, this was virtually a guarantee. After the switch on September 18, the station's on-air identity changed from "Rochester's WB 16" to "Rochester's CW" (with a "TV 16" logo used to denote its cable channel) and the fictional WRWB calls were laid aside. Meanwhile, WBGT became part of MyNetworkTV when that network launched on September 5. On November 13, 2006, WHAM-TV took over the operation of "Rochester's CW" from Time Warner Cable. It renamed the service "CW WHAM" and began to simulcast on a new second digital subchannel of WHAM to offer over-the-air viewers access to CW programming. "CW WHAM" moved its operations from the downtown Time Warner Cable offices on Mount Hope Avenue into this station's facilities on West Henrietta Road (both Mount Hope Avenue and West Henrietta Road are part of NY Route 15). On September 8, 2007, WHAM-DT2 began airing "Next Era Wrestling's Superstars of Wrestling", a popular wrestling program filmed and produced locally for the Rochester audience. The show was canceled after eight episodes. CW WHAM was later re-branded as The CW Rochester. Syndicated programming on WHAM-TV includes: "Rachael Ray", "Family Feud", "Steve Harvey", "Dr. Phil", "The Insider", "Entertainment Tonight", and "Extra". Syndicated programming on WHAM-DT2 includes: "Family Guy", "The Big Bang Theory", and "How I Met Your Mother". It is one of the CW affiliates on a subchannel that does not use The CW Plus to acquire certain syndicated programming for the station. WHAM-TV has led the news ratings in Rochester for many years and lead anchor Don Alhart has been at the station since 1966 along with longtime anchors Ginny Ryan and Doug Emblidge. As of 2007, portions of WHAM-TV's programming (including its weekday noon newscast) is streamed live on its website. On January 15, 2007, the station expanded its weekday morning show to include two hours (7 to 9) on WHAM-DT2. On September 13, 2010, WHAM-TV became the first station in Rochester to broadcast newscasts in high definition. The station debuted an updated logo featuring the "circle 13" design (derivative of the circle 7 logo) similar to ABC affiliate WTVG in Toledo, Ohio. The shows on WHAM-DT2 were included in the upgrade and currently can be seen in HD over-the-air or on Time Warner Cable channels 16 and 1212. On January 1, 2011, WHAM-DT2 began airing a half-hour prime time newscast every night at 10. This at the time competed with Fox affiliate WUHF that has a nightly 45 minute broadcast produced by WROC-TV. As a result of changing operational partners from WROC-TV to WHAM-TV, WUHF begin having its nightly prime newscast and a new weekday morning show produced by this ABC outlet. Essentially, the same two shows currently airing every night at 10 and weekday mornings at 7 moved from WHAM-DT2 to WUHF. These changes took take effect January 1, 2014. On WUHF, the prime time broadcast became "13WHAM News at 10 on Fox Rochester" and its weekday morning program is now known as "Good Day Rochester". The slots on CW Rochester were filled by syndicated sitcoms and paid programming. On September, 2014, 13WHAM News This Morning (5:00-7:00) has since been renamed Good Day Rochester and WUHF now simulcasts the last half hour (6:30 a.m.) of the program.

KRWG-TV, virtual channel 22 (UHF digital channel 23), is a PBS member television station located in Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States. The station is owned by the Regents of New Mexico State University. KRWG-TV maintains studio facilities located at Milton Hall on McFie Circle in Las Cruces, and its transmitter is located atop Tortugas Mountain in central Dona Ana County (east of the Las Cruces city limits). On cable, the station is available on Time Warner Cable channel 4 (El Paso-based CBS affiliate KDBC-TV, which broadcasts on virtual channel 4, is instead carried on channel 3) and in high definition on digital channel 886. The station's signal is relayed on low-power analog translator stations across southwestern New Mexico. The station first signed on the air on June 29, 1973; its call letters were named after Ralph Willis Goddard, an educator and pioneer broadcaster in Las Cruces, who was employed as an instructor at the college; Goddard founded Albuquerque AM radio station KOB (now KKOB). The KRWG call letters were first used by the sister radio station at 90.7 FM that signed on in 1964. The station produces a weeknight newscast, currently titled "News22", which is one of the few student-produced broadcasts among the journalism schools in the United States. KRWG-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 22, on June 10, 2009 (two days before most full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate on June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 23. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 22.

Joseph Victor O'Connor is an Irish novelist. His 2002 historical novel "Star of the Sea" was an international number one bestseller. Before success as an author he was a journalist with the "Sunday Tribune" newspaper and "Esquire magazine". He is a regular contributor to Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He is a member of the Irish artists' association Aosdána. Eldest of five children and brother of singer Sinéad O'Connor, he is from the Glenageary area of south Dublin. His parents are Sean O'Connor, a structural engineer later turned barrister, and Marie O'Connor. Educated at Blackrock College, O'Connor graduated from University College Dublin with an M.A. in Anglo-Irish Literature. He did post-graduate work at Oxford University and received a second M.A. from Leeds Metropolitan University's Northern School of Film and Television in screenwriting. In the late 1980s he worked for the British Nicaragua Solidarity Campaign; his second novel, "Desperadoes", drew on his experiences in revolutionary Nicaragua. His novel "Cowboys and Indians" (1991) was on the shortlist for the Whitbread Prize. On 10 February 1985 O'Connor's mother was killed in a car accident. He had the mother of the character Sweeney in "The Salesman" (1998) die in such a manner. In 2002, he wrote the novel "Star of the Sea," which "The Economist" listed as one of the top books of 2003. His most recent novel, "Ghost Light" is loosely based on the life of the actress Maire O'Neill, born Mary "Molly" Allgood, and her relationship with the Irish playwright John Millington Synge. It was published by Harvill Secker of London in 2010. O'Connor has been a Research Fellow at the New York Public Library and Visiting Professor of Creative Writing/Writer in Residence at Baruch College, the City University of New York. In 2014 he was announced as the inaugural Frank McCourt Chair in Creative Writing at the University of Limerick, where he teaches on the MA in Creative Writing. He was a regular contributor to "Drivetime", an evening news and current affairs programme on RTÉ Radio 1. O'Connor is married to the television and film writer, Anne-Marie Casey. They have two sons. He and his family have lived in London and Dublin, and from time to time in Manhattan during his work in New York City.

Samuel Hamilton Walker (February 24, 1817 – October 9, 1847) was a Texas Ranger captain and military officer of the Republic of Texas and the United States armies. Walker served in several armed conflicts, including the American Indian Wars and the Mexican-American wars. Walker enlisted in the Washington City Volunteers for the Creek Indian Campaign in Alabama in 1836. The following year he mustered out and worked as a scout in Florida until 1841. He arrived in Galveston, Texas in 1842 and served under Captain Jesse Billingsley against a Mexican invasion led by General Adrian Woll. Walker was captured on December 26, 1842 and marched to Mexico City as a prisoner of war. He survived what became known as the Black Bean Episode and was held prisoner for two years before he escaped to Louisiana and returned to Texas. He joined the Texas Rangers in 1844 under the command of Captain John Coffee Hays. Promoted to captain, he led a Ranger company during the Mexican–American War, serving with General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott's armies. Walker is best known as the co-inventor of the famous "Walker Colt" revolver, along with arms manufacturer Samuel Colt. Walker is said to have self-funded a trip to New York City to meet with Colt and proposed to him the concept of a weapon based on the then-popular five-shot Colt Paterson revolver, with many enhancements such as adding a sixth round, being powerful enough to kill either a man or a horse with a single shot and quicker to reload . Colt's firearms company was no longer in business, but the large order allowed Colt to establish a new company. He hired Eli Whitney, Junior, already in the arms business, to make his new revolvers. Colt used his prototype and Walker's improvements to create a new design. Blake produced the first thousand-piece order, known as the Colt Walker. The company then received an order for an additional one thousand more. Colt's share of the profits was $10. By 1847, the new revolver was available. The United States Army's mounted rifle companies were issued them, and they proved extremely effective. Walker was killed on October 9, 1847, at Huamantla, in Tlaxcala, while leading his troops in the Battle of Huamantla during the Mexican–American War. He was struck down by a shotgun (escopeta) fired from a balcony, although popular legend claim he was killed by a lance. The following year, his remains were moved to San Antonio. On April 21, 1856, as part of a battle of San Jacinto anniversary memorial, Walker was reburied in the Odd Fellows' Cemetery at San Antonio. Walker County, Texas, was renamed for him after the original namesake, Robert J. Walker, sided with the Union during the Civil War.

Carroll Street is a local station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway, located in the neighborhood of Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, at Carroll and Smith Streets. It is served by the F and G trains at all times. This underground station opened on October 7, 1933. The station has four tracks and two side platforms. The two unused center express tracks are at a lower level, under the local tracks, at the north end. They ramp up throughout the station to the same level by the southern end. After leaving this station, the four track line ascends onto the only original IND elevated structure. It rises above the Gowanus Canal toward Smith–Ninth Streets, the next station south. Both platforms have a green trim line on a black border and name tablets reading "CARROLL ST." in white sans-serif lettering on a black background and green border. Small directional and station signs in white lettering on a black background are below the trim line and name tablets. Large square columns painted in green run at regular intervals on both platforms with alternating ones having the standard black and white station signs. Despite the station name, there are no entrances/exits from Carroll Street. The full-time fare control is at the extreme south end of the station. A single staircase from each platform goes up to a crossover, where a turnstile bank provides entrance/exit to the system and mosaic signs point to the platforms. The mezzanine has a token booth and one staircase to the southeast corner of Second Street and Smith Street while another staircase built inside a building leads to the northwest corner of Second Place and Smith Street. Both platforms have an un-staffed fare control area at their north ends. Each one has two exit-only turnstiles and one high entry/exit turnstile, all on platform level. The one on the northbound platform has two staircases going up to either eastern corners of Smith and President Streets while the one on the Coney Island-bound platform has one staircase going up to the northwest corner.

Alderton is a village and civil parish in the Tewkesbury District of Gloucestershire, England. The village is about north of Cheltenham, east of Tewkesbury, south of Evesham and west of Stow-on-the-Wold. The main roads are the B4077 (Stow Road) and the A46. The village has about 500 residents. Alderton was officially named the most beautiful and welcoming village in 1918. The Church of England parish church of St Margaret of Antioch may originate from the Anglo-Saxon era. The current building is mostly 14th century and was restored in 1890-92. St Margaret's ecclesiastical parish forms part of the Alderton benefice that incorporates the nearby villages of Dumbleton, Little Washbourne and Greater Washbourne. The benefice is administered from St Peter's church, Winchcombe. Alderton Methodist chapel was built in 1899. It is now a private house. Alderton parish includes the satellite settlement of Alderton Fields, which is conjoined with Gretton Fields, Gretton. The distinctiveness of Alderton Fields, as a separate entity to Gretton Fields, was the subject of controversy when in the early 2000s, a road sign declared the whole area to be named Gretton Fields. The sign has since been moved to the Gretton parish boundary, and a new sign for Alderton Fields erected. The name of the hill between Alderton and Dumbleton is the subject of local rivalry. There are three peaks to the hill, which are distinctively and separately named Dumbleton Hill, Alderton Hill and Oak Hill on Ordnance Survey maps. To avoid controversy, the local primary school - which has two sites, one each in Alderton and Dumbleton - took the name Oak Hill. However, local residents will use the three names Oak Hill, Dumbleton Hill and Alderton Hill interchangeably to refer to the same hill, rather than the individual peaks. The village has the Gardners Arms pub, a local garage and petrol station, and a village shop that includes a post office. There is also the Junior campus of Oak Hill Primary School - the Infant campus being in nearby Dumbleton. There is a number of pubs in the outlying areas around the village, including the Hobnails Inn at Little Washbourne. A milkman continues to provide doorstep delivery of dairy and bakery goods on certain days of the week - including milk sourced locally from dairy farms in the parish (although pasteurisation occurs at the Cotteswold Dairy plant in Tewkesbury). Most of the residents are either retired or commute to jobs in nearby Tewkesbury, Cheltenham or Evesham. A small number of people work in farming: there is a large dairy farm in the parish, plus sheep and wheat farming. Others work in tourism: there are several Bed and Breakfast guest houses, and a number of houses available as holiday lets. The Winchcombe Camping and Caravanning Club has a large campsite on the B4077 near Gretton. There is a free public WiFi hotspot provided from nearby Frampton Cottages. ADSL broadband is available throughout the parish. In December 2006 a book documenting life in the village, along with some of its history, was published. The book was featured in the April 2007 edition of "Country Life". Lying on the edge of both the Cotswolds and the Vale of Evesham, the village incorporates both Cotswold stone and red brick architecture, in addition to wattle and daub half-timbered thatched buildings, plus more modern houses and bungalows with Cotswold stone cladding. There are also a small number of council houses with white pebbledash. Several houses in the outlying areas of the parish are built in a Victorian style using local red brick manufactured from a now-disused clay mine on the top of the nearby Oak Hill (also called Dumbleton Hill or Alderton Hill); these were originally constructed as farmworkers' cottages for the Dumbleton Hall estate (the hall itself is now a hotel). A footpath system connects the village over the wooded Oak Hill to the nearby village of Dumbleton. These footpaths are known locally as "The Dungeons" due to the deep channel that they cut into the hillside and the darkness of overhanging trees. Oak Hill itself remains a managed estate, with organised game bird shooting and rearing of deer for sale to other game estates. A number of gamekeepers ensure public safety by directing ramblers to keep to marked footpaths.

Bergen Street is a bi-level station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Bergen Street and Smith Street on the border of Cobble Hill and Boerum Hill in Brooklyn. It is served by the F and G trains at all times. This station was opened in March 1933 as the original terminus of the Culver Line, which was referred to then as the Smith Street Line or the South Brooklyn Line. The station opened in advance of the opening of the remainder of the line to allow for it to compete with existing streetcar lines belong to the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation. Once the rest of the line was ready, in October 1933, the line was extended, making this stop a normal through station. Bergen Street was originally designed as an express station, but only the upper level is currently in service; the lower level is neither in regular service nor usable due to its deteriorated condition. The lower level of the station was used when express service was provided on the Culver Line between 1968 and 1976. Express service was eliminated due to the loss of direct local service along the line to Manhattan. The express platforms were permanently removed from service during the 1990s, and due to a fire in 1999 the relay room was damaged, making the express tracks unusable. The relay room was rebuilt in 2008, and after repairs were done on the line, the implementation of express service become feasible. In 2016, it was announced that the MTA was considering having express service brought back to the line. However, unlike the earlier express service, express trains will skip this station due to the high cost of rebuilding it, thus making the station a local stop. Bergen Street opened on March 20, 1933, as the first station of the IND Culver Line. Service began one month after the expansion of the IND into Brooklyn to Jay Street–Borough Hall. The station's construction was expedited in order to both connect with and compete with the Bergen Street and Smith Street streetcar lines of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). Construction was slightly stalled due to delays in the delivery of steel flues for the ventilation system. Upon opening, only the primary entrances of the station at Bergen Street (see below) were in use, with the southern exits completed at a later date. The first express train for Manhattan from Bergen Street left at 6:25 A.M. carrying 30 passengers, and the first rush hour of service for the station brought 121 passengers, of which most came from the Bergen and Smith Street Line Trolleys of the BMT. and trains from the IND Eighth Avenue Line terminated here, running to 207th Street in Manhattan and 205th Street in the Bronx respectively. A southward extension to Church Avenue opened on October 7 of that same year. In 1937, the IND Crosstown Line was connected to the station, served by the train (today's service). The lower-level express platforms, while built with the rest of the station, were only operated between 1968 and 1976 when express service was operated along the line. They were permanently removed from service in 1992, and support facilities were added to the platforms. There are no plans to restore express service to the station, even with the proposed introduction of rush-hour F express service on the IND Culver Line in fall 2017 (see below). Around the 1990s, the station was modernized. After water shorted out old wires in the station, on March 11, 1999, a major fire occurred originating in an equipment room on the station's lower level. A 1930s-era relay room, which controlled the interlocking north of the station, was destroyed in the fire. The station was closed for several months, with G service suspended south of Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets and F trains simply bypassing the station at a lower-than-normal operating speed. Signals and switches at the station were replaced and modernized after the fire, and again in Fall 2008 when the relay room was rebuilt. In May 2016, the MTA revealed plans to restore express service on the Culver Line between Jay Street and Church Avenue by Fall 2017. The Bergen Street lower level, however, will not be restored and reactivated for express service. This is in spite of the fact that the station is one of the most heavily used on the line. Bergen Street is laid out similar to other subway stations located below narrow streets, with two levels. The upper level—the only one used in regular service—serves local trains, while the lower level has formerly seen express service. As a result of the station's proximity to ground level, there is no room for a mezzanine, making it one of only three as-built express stations in the system that do not allow free transfers between directions. As a result passengers wishing to transfer from a Brooklyn-bound G to a Manhattan-bound F, and vice versa, cannot do so at this station. Each platform has two same-level fare control areas, one at either end of the station, and there are no crossovers or crossunders. The full-time ones are at the north end and each has a turnstile bank, token booth, and two street stairs. The ones on the Manhattan-bound platform go up to the northeast and southeast corners of Bergen and Smith Streets while those on the Coney Island-bound platform go up to the northwest and southwest corners. The fare control areas on the south end of the platforms are unstaffed, containing full height turnstiles and one street stair to the northeast corner of Warren and Smith Streets on the Manhattan-bound platform and the northwest corner for the Coney Island-bound platform. The south fare control area is more heavily used. Bergen Street's lower level, though opened at the same time as the upper level, was not used in revenue service until 1968, when rush hour F express service along the IND Culver Line began. This service ran until 1976, ending due to service cuts and complaints from Culver local residents about losing direct access to Manhattan. The lower level was abandoned afterward; trains rerouted via the express tracks during construction or service disruptions bypass the station towards Jay Street (northbound) or 7th Avenue (southbound). The lower level platforms have not been used since except for a scene for the movie "Jacob's Ladder". The tile was removed during 1990's renovations, leaving unpainted concrete and corrugated metal, old lights and signage (including original IND signs reading "BERGN" on support pillars), and modern Exit signs, none of which are in usable condition. The only remaining IND tilework exists in the stairwells between the levels, with copperplate directional plaques reading "EXPRESS TRAINS" and pointing to the lower level. Steel doors on the upper level block access to the staircases to the lower level, which is used for support facilities, storage of heavy equipment and occasional layups of ' and ' trains. When the station was used for express service, passengers would wait on the staircases to see from which level the next Manhattan-bound train would arrive at. This currently occurs at the Delancey Street/Essex Street station where passengers wait to see whether a Queens-bound F arrives on the lower level, or whether a Queens-bound M arrives on the upper level. Repairs to restore the lower level to operating conditions, as well as required upgrades to make the station ADA-accessible, are estimated to cost over $75 million. As a result, the station would be bypassed by F express service if it is implemented as recommended. At the north (Manhattan- and Queens-bound) end of the upper level, the Culver Line local tracks diverge, splitting into four tracks. The F train, using the outer pair of tracks, ramps down to the lower level, merges with the innermost, express tracks located on the lower level, and continues north to Jay Street–MetroTech. Meanwhile, the G train, using the inner pair of tracks, stays on the upper level before making a hard right turn east under Schermerhorn Street to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets. The lower level tracks can only be reached by trains running to or from Jay Street–MetroTech since they do not connect to the IND Crosstown Line. Both levels have a switch south of the platforms, allowing terminating trains to reverse direction. The switches were used when the station was the southern terminus of the line. Both platforms on the upper level have a dark green trim line on a lime green border and name tablets reading "BERGEN ST." in white sans serif lettering on a dark green background and green border, much of which was installed during the 1990s renovations. New tiles replaced the original small "BERGEN" tiles, and covered existing advertisement panels. Dark green i-beam columns run along the entire length of both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.

In Canada and the United States, jock is a stereotype of an athlete, or someone who is primarily interested in sports and sports culture, and does not take much interest in intellectual culture. It is generally attributed mostly to high school and college athletics participants who form a distinct youth subculture. As a blanket term, "jock" can be considered synonymous with "athlete". Jocks are usually presented as practitioners of team sports, such as football, basketball or ice hockey. Practitioners of individual sports, such as track and field or swimming, are seldom presented as jocks. Similar words that may mean the same as "jock" (in North America)include "meathead," "musclebrain," and "musclehead." These terms are based on the stereotype that a jock is muscular, but not very smart, and cannot carry a conversation on any topic other than one relating to sports, exercise, or sex. The use of the term "jock" to refer to an athletic man is thought to have emerged around 1963. It is believed to be derived from the word "jockstrap," which is an undergarment worn to support/protect the male genitals while playing sports. Jocks are often contrasted with another negative stereotype, nerds. This dichotomy is a theme in many American movies, television shows, and books. In the UK the term 'Jock' is a sterotypical (possibly, but not necessarily, derogatory) term for a Scotsman. The following list includes the various characteristics of the jock stereotype the media often borrowed: ***LIST***. As such, a common belief is that jocks are given preferential treatment (such as little or no punishment for misbehavior, and/or receiving unearned passing grades) solely to maintain the jocks' athletic eligibility (treatment that, by implication, would not be given to non-jocks).. Stereotypical jocks are often present in books, movies, and television shows involving high school or college. The stereotype is most prevalent in movies for teenagers such as "College", "American Pie", and "Revenge of the Nerds" movies. The stereotype extends beyond the high-school and collegiate age group, trickling down into media intended for younger audiences. Examples of this include the high school football quarterback Dash Baxter in the Nickelodeon cartoon "Danny Phantom" and Kevin from "Ed, Edd n Eddy". Other notable portrayals of the stereotype include the popular athlete love interest "Tommy Ross" in "Carrie", the spoiled bullying antagonist Luke Ward in the first season of "The O.C. ", and Kim's wealthy athlete boyfriend Jim in "Edward Scissorhands". The mass media borrows many stereotypical characteristics of jocks, and they are commonly used to portray a character who is relatively unintelligent and unenlightened, but nonetheless socially and physically well-endowed. Usually, jocks will play aggressive sports such as football or basketball. Examples from television shows include Ryan Shay in the sitcom Suburgatory and Jimmy Armstrong (Dan Cortese) in the sitcom Hot in Cleveland. The main jock character often occupies a high position, such as the quarterback or captain of the football team. In many cases the jock is shown to come from a wealthy family: driving a fancy, expensive sports car or SUV, and wearing expensive, name-brand clothing; however, this is not always the case. In this regard there may be significant overlap with the preppie stereotype. As a protagonist, the jock is often a dynamic character who through an epiphany or new understanding will lead to a change in the values of the jock. This change often means a cessation of athletics and/or some other equivalent social sacrifice which leads to the character no longer being considered a jock. Examples from movies include Randall "Pink" Floyd in "Dazed and Confused" and Andrew Clark in "The Breakfast Club". Examples from television shows include Nathan Scott in the teen drama series "One Tree Hill", Whitney Fordman in "Smallville" and Luke Ward in "The O.C.". As antagonists, jocks can be stock characters shown as lacking compassion for the protagonist, and are generally flat and static. Often, in high school comedies or dramas where the main characters are not popular, the jock is the chief antagonist and cruel to the main characters. He is disliked by the nerds and other people considered unpopular, and usually has an unfortunate (and in some cases, violent and/or fatal) ending. "Heathers "Kurt" and "Ram" roles, the "Spider-Man" character Flash Thompson, high school football jocks and Connie D'Amico's cronies Scott and Doug in "Family Guy", high school football captain Oliver Wilkerson in "The Cleveland Show", Jean Grey's first boyfriend in ', middle school bully and "Crush Ball" player Rodney Glaxer from "Lloyd in Space", and Massimo Lenzetti (Justin Chambers) in the film "The Wedding Planner" are such examples. There are also numerous jock antagonists found in teen dramas such as the rapist Dean Walton from "". On the show "Pretty Little Liars", Emily Fields is the athletic one of the group. In the 1978 movie "Grease" Danny Zuko changed his greaser look for jock to impress Sandy. In the 2006 hit movie "High School Musical", Troy Bolton was a star jock of East High School in addition to other characters Chad Danforth, Zeke Baylor, and also Troy's father Jack Bolton. In 2013's "Monsters University", Johnny Worthington is the proud leader of Roar Omega Roar (RΩR). Additionally, Kevin Thompson of "Daria", which satirized high school life, conformed to the "dumb" athlete stereotype, though was never mean towards lead character Daria Morgendorffer and her friend Jane Lane; another jock character, Mac Mackenzie, was depicted as intelligent and cordial to the main characters, and was never shown to be a bully (even though he was often annoyed at Kevin's dimness). The general perception that athletes are unintelligent is derived from the idea that athletic and academic success are mutually exclusive. Prior to 1990, many researchers were critical with respect to the impact of extracurricular activities and athletics in particular on education. According to the so-called "Zero Sum Model", education and extracurriculars compete for student's time. However, later studies present a strong evidence that athletic or cultural extracurricular activities in school would increase school attendance, self-confidence, grade (in some instance) and college attendance but would reduce performance in standarized test. Despite the fact that many schools recruit for sports, they put stipulations in place that require student athletes to maintain minimum academic grade in order to maintain their scholarships. Schools recruit students to their athletic teams, but require a student maintain a certain grade-point average (GPA) in order to have the scholarship renewed. For many young athletes, this is imperative as they could not afford higher education on their own. Therefore, they balance proper study with the demands of their sport. At the college level in the United States, the NCAA does have some education requirements that must be met for high school students to play in a Division I school, and to be eligible for a scholarship. The most recent standards passed by the NCAA, which will apply to all incoming college freshmen beginning with the class of 2016, requires that 16 core high school courses be completed by the student-athlete, 7 of which must be either math, science, or English, and 10 of those 16 classes must be completed prior to their senior year of high school. As well, the students must graduate high school with a minimum 2.3 GPA (up from the 2.0 GPA requirement that was in place prior to these new standards). Such requirements have been debated for years, however.

Kirkbymoorside is a small market town and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, about north of York, midway between Pickering and Helmsley, on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. It has a population of about 3,000, measured in the 2011 Census as 3,040. Kirkbymoorside is noted as "Chirchebi" in "Domesday Book" (1086). It has served as a trading hub at least since 1254, when it became a market town. There are two ancient coaching inns extant, the Black Swan with its carved porch, and the cruck-framed George and Dragon, which originated in the 13th century. The Georgian façades point to later periods of commercial prosperity on the coaching route between York and Scarborough. Some Ancient British, Viking and Anglo-Saxon remains have been found in the vicinity. The Norman baron Robert de Stuteville built a wooden moated castle on Vivers Hill. The estate passed to the Wake family in the 13th century, who brought prosperity to the town. However, it was badly hit by the Black Death of the mid-14th century, after which the wooden castle lay in ruins. Prosperity returned after 1408, when the Neville family took over, although little remains of the fortified manor they built to the north of the town. The Nevilles remained Catholic and took part in the Rising of the North of 1569. By 1660 there was a grammar school. (The building is now part of the library.) The great Toll Booth in the middle of the town was built about 1730 with stone taken from the Nevilles' manor. The old Market Hall was gutted by fire but rebuilt in 1872. By 1881 the population of the town was 2,337. There is some dispute as to the correct spelling (the alternative spelling being "Kirbymoorside", as it is traditionally pronounced), but it is usually and officially spelled with the "k". Signposts also read "Kirkbymoorside". "Kirk" means church and "-by" is the Viking word for settlement, so the name translates as "settlement with a church by the moorside." A valley near the town is known as Kirkdale. More recently, Kirkbymoorside was the last town in England to adopt double yellow lines to restrict parking. George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, died on 16 April 1687, in the house of a local tenant, from a chill caught whilst hunting nearby. England’s oldest fox hunt, still running today, is the Bilsdale Hunt in Yorkshire, which the Duke founded in 1668. The building, Buckingham House, is located in the town centre. Manor Vale, a stretch of woodland managed by the town council, was formerly part of a deer park and contains the Grade II remains of the manor. It contains areas of both acidic and alkaline soil. It is home to a rare beetle species, "Oedemera virescens". An electoral ward in the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 3,444. The town is home to one of only two British aircraft producers left, Slingsby Aviation, the other being Britten-Norman on the Isle of Wight. Many sub-sea vehicles and robots are also manufactured at Slingsby Aviation, which is located roughly 1 mile south of the town centre. The town is home to Kirkbymoorside Town Brass Band, which has achieved success on a national level, most recently winning the North of England Brass Band First Section Championship in 2004, 2008 and 2015. As a result of their 2008 success, the band competed in the National Finals in Harrogate on 28 September 2008 and claimed 3rd place overall. The anarchist poet and critic Herbert Read was born at Muscoates, about four miles south of Kirkbymoorside, and the area surrounding the town provided the inspiration for his only completed novel, "The Green Child". Kirbymoorside railway station(sic) was connected to the national railway network from 1875 until 1964.The track was lifted by August 2015. The last passenger trains ran in the early 1950s but a goods train ran from Malton via Gilling East until 1964. The rails between Kirkbymoorside and Pickering were lifted in the 1950s and the main A170 road runs over part of the trackbed to the east of the town. There were plans, since withdrawn, for a Tesco store to be built on the site of the old railway station, which caused some controversy in the town. The station buildings were demolished in 2010 and the site is now occupied, in part, by new houses. Today the 128 bus route is run by Scarborough and District (part of the East Yorkshire bus company) from Helmsley to Scarborough and passes through the town via West End and Piercy End. The service operates at approximately hourly intervals on Mondays to Saturdays but actual times vary from hour to hour. In summer the service forms part of the Moorsbus network on Sundays and Public Holidays when it extends westwards beyond Helmsley to Sutton Bank. Connections to York are by the Stevensons of Easingwold company's 31X service via Helmsley. There is one direct bus to and from Kirkbymoorside on Monday to Saturday. Transdev operates the 840 route from Pickering to York and Leeds via Malton, accessible by using the 128 from Kirkbymoorside. There are no connections at Pickering between the two bus routes. The 840 also calls at Kirby Misperton, the location of Flamingoland theme park and zoo, and at Malton bus and railway stations. The town is in the catchment area of Ryedale School which located in Nawton, 3 miles away, and has approximately 600 pupils. There is also a primary school in the village. The Anglican place of worship is All Saints' Parish Church, a Grade I listed building dating back to the 13th century, but extensively restored in the mid-19th century under the direction of Sir George Gilbert Scott. There are 187 parishioners on the church's electoral role, of whom 27 are non-resident. There are two services each Sunday with a combined average attendance of 60–80. The Catholic church of St. Chad is served by two Benedictine priests from nearby Ampleforth Abbey; Kikbymoorside being in the Diocese of Middlesbrough. Although the church is not listed, it does fall within the Kirkbymoorside conservation area at Piercy End. The foundation stone was laid in 1896, and the church built on land acquired from Lord Feversham; the architect was Bernard Smith. There is also a Methodist and church in the town. Earlier there were also Independent and Primitive Methodist chapels. The Bethel Chapel was an independent chapel built in 1792. During the period 1861–77 the minister was the former missionary John Abbs. The single-storey Quaker Meeting House in West End dates from 1691. Some 20–30 people worship there on Sunday morning. It belongs to the Pickering and Hull area meeting. Among those buried in the Quaker burial ground was the evangelist John Richardson (1667–1753), who left a lively account of his life as a preacher in Britain, Ireland and the American colonies. Kirkbymoorside is home to Kirkbymoorside Football Club which has been in existence since around 1890. After many years playing in the Scarborough & District League they moved to the Teesside Football League in 2005 and finished as runners up in Division One in the 2007–08 season and as a result moved up into the Wearside Football League which is a Step7 League and part of the National Pyramid system for the 2008–09 season, finishing in mid table, with a similar finish in 2009–10. 2010–11 saw a move up to 6th place and also an appearance in the final of the historic Monkwearmouth Charity Cup which sadly ended in defeat with Ryhope CW scoring the only goal in the last minute of extra time. The club also has a reserve side which play in the Beckett Football League, winning the League in 2010–11 by remaining unbeaten through the season and also winning the Scarborough FA Junior Cup, and several Junior teams. The football club shares facilities with the town's Cricket Club who, after finishing as runners-up in the 1st Division, now play in the Premier Division of the Reader's Scarborough Beckett League. The team is also a member of the Ryedale Beckett League, and play in the top division. The town has a golf club with an 18-hole, par-69 course. Three-time Ryder Cup captain Bernard Gallacher opened its new clubhouse in November 1998. The club celebrated its unofficial centenary in 2008. Being located on the southern edge of the North York Moors National Park, a wide range of other outdoor activities such as walking, cycling and climbing can also be done in and around the Kirkbymoorside area.

TVR Cultural () was the cultural channel of Romania's government-funded television network Televiziunea Română.It provided cultural news, documentaries about the arts, as well as various shows, musicals and theatrical pieces. It was closed in September 2012. TVR Cultural began transmission in 2002. It was built after the model of the Franco-German TV channel Arte, and other European channels, that promote programming in the areas of culture and the arts. Due to the financial crisis in which Romanian Television is immersed, Claudiu Saftoiu, president of TVR, decided to stop broadcasting in the summer of 2012. There is growing criticism of this decision, which comes at a time when other public broadcasters in the Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland’s Telewizja Polska and the Czech Republic’s Česká televize, "are planning to add to their channel portfolios"

The grizzled giant squirrel ("Ratufa macroura") is a large tree squirrel in the genus "Ratufa" found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting. It is the national animal of Sri Lanka. There are three subspecies, all of which are found in Sri Lanka. The subspecies "R. m. dandolena" (taken from the Sinhalese language name for the grizzled giant squirrel, "dhandu laena"-දඩු ලේනා) is also found in India. Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Shenbagathoppu, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu, India. Grizzled giant squirrels are named for the white flecks of hair that cover their greyish-brown bodies, giving them a grizzled look. An infant of a Sri Lankan giant squirrel is called a 'pup', 'kit' or 'kitten'. A female or male is called a 'doe' or 'buck', respectively. A group is called a 'dray' or 'scurry'. "R. macroura" is the smallest of the giant squirrels found in the Indian subcontinent, with a head and body length of , and tail measuring roughly the same or more, for a total length of . It has small rounded ears with pointed tufts. The home range of an individual is between 1,970 and 6,110 square metres. Subspecies "dandolena" is dorsally brown grizzled with white. Ventrally light brownish cream. Tail frosted with white fur. Forehead and feet are black in color. Whereas ssp. "melamochra", upper parts are jet black which contrast brownish cream to orange yellow ventral surface. Tail frosted with black fur. Snout of both ssp. are pinkish color. Hands are normally pentadactylous, with four digits and a rudimentary thumb. Fingers have large broad soft pads, where the inner pad is expanded for gripping while moving through branches. Feet are also comprised with soft pads with both fore and hind limbs possessing long, sharp claws. In India, "R. macroura" has been recorded from Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni Forest Division, Palni Hills, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Anaimalai Tiger reserve, Sirumalai, Thiruvannamalai Forest Division of the Eastern Ghats, Hosur Forest Division and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. In Sri Lanka, it is recorded from all parts of the dry zone, specially in Anuradhapura, Mihintale, Kandalama, Matale, Wasgamuwa, and Central Hills and Uva Province. "Ratufa macroura" are known to eat fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees. The fruit of the climber "Combretum ovalifolium" is an especially important food source where it occurs. Young squirrels, upon first emerging from the nest, have been observed to feed exclusively on this fruit. The species is almost entirely an arboreal, very rarely coming to the ground to escape from predators, to flee from an intruder, attack males of the territory, and connecting with females. Their vision is good, which aids them in detecting predators. Their sense of hearing is relatively poor. Unlike its relatives, the giant squirrel balances using its two hind feet, instead of its tail. The call is staccato and loud with repeated shrill cackle. It is usually uttered in morning and evening. A low "churr" is also used to communicate with nearby groups. The three subspecies are easily recognizable due to color distinctions. They are also geographically separated demes. The table below lists the three recognized subspecies of "Ratufa macroura", along with any synonyms associated with each subspecies: According to "Mammals of Sri Lanka", the three subspecies are identified as follows: ***LIST***. Males are 35 cm long and females with 37 cm. Tail is 37 cm long in males and 38 cm in females. Jet black dorsal area with a sheen. Rump with white grizzling appearance. Underparts brownish creamy to pale yellow. Tail is with dark black fur with white tip. Face has pink color in naked areas. Fur moderately long with few coarse hairs. Geographically, this subspecies is restricted to central highlands up to 2000m, such as Horton Plains. ***LIST***. Males are 37 cm long and females 35 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 40 cm in females. Males are larger than females. Dorsal surface is brown instead of jet black in subsp. White rump. Distinct maroon tinge between shoulders. There is a brownish cream crown patch. Underparts are light brownish cream. Tail is dark brown and there is a reddish-brown tip. Fleshy parts of face are pink. Fur moderately long and coarse. Inhabit dry zone parts of the island, as well as India. ***LIST***. Males are 35 cm long and females 37 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 38 cm in females. Upperparts are jet black with contrasting color variation with creamy yellowish ventral surface. Fur is shorter and coarser. Found in low country wet zone, and intermediate zones of the country.

Centre Laval is a shopping centre located in the Chomedey district of Laval, Quebec, at the corner of Saint-Martin West and Le Corbusier boulevard. It is a 10-minute walk from the Montmorency metro station in nearby Laval-des-Rapides. Though located only 2.5km away from the bigger and more popular Carrefour Laval, Centre Laval is a large shopping mall in its own right with nearly of retail space. It has 130 shops, services and department stores, including Ares, The Brick, Staples, Best Buy, Mark's, Hudson's Bay and Sports Experts. There is also a branch of the Bank of Montreal. The mall began in 1968 with a Famous Players theatre, Woolco and Steinberg's. A mall expansion was supposed to be anchored by Morgan. But by the time the expansion was completed in 1972, the Morgan chain had been renamed to the Bay and the store at Centre Laval inaugurated under the new banner. Centre Laval had two more expansions before reaching its current size in 1988. The Woolco store became a Walmart when Walmart purchased Woolco Canada in 1994 to establish a Canadian presence. Walmart left Centre Laval in November 2012 to relocate as a Walmart Supercentre on the site formerly occupied by Centre 2000. Walmart's location at Centre Laval became a Target store during Target's ill-fated foray into Canada from 2013 to 2015. In April 2007, Homburg Invest Inc acquired Alexis Nihon REIT and thereby officially took ownership of the shopping centre. Centre Laval was transferred to Homburg Canada REIT in 2009 which eventually changed to Canmarc Real Estate Investment Trust in September 2011. Since March 2012, Centre Laval is owned and managed by Cominar following its acquisition of Canmarc.

"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" is a novelty Christmas song. Written by Randy Brooks, the song was originally performed by the husband-and-wife duo of Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. In the lyrics, a grandmother gets drunk from drinking too much eggnog and, having forgotten to take her medication and despite warnings from her family, staggers outside into a snowstorm. On her walk, she is trampled and killed by Santa Claus and his reindeer. The second and third verses describe the next day's Christmas gathering: "all the family's dressed in black" and a question is asked as to whether grandma's gifts should be opened at all or sent back for possible refunds or exchanges (the group answer to that question is a loud "Send them back!") while the widower acts as if nothing's happened, drinks beer, watches football and plays "cards with cousin Mel". The song closes with a warning that Santa, "a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves", is unfit to carry a driver's license, and that the listeners should beware. According to Brooks, he played the song while sitting in with Elmo and Patsy at the Hyatt Lake Tahoe in December 1978, and after the show they had him make a cassette of the song for them to learn. A year later, they were selling 45s of the song from the stage, with Elmo himself appearing in drag on the album cover as Grandma. The song was originally self-released in the San Francisco area by the Shropshires in 1979 on their own record label (on "Elmo 'n' Patsy" #2984), with the B-side titled "Christmas". Initial copies appeared on a cream-colored label, with a sketch of a pig clearly visible, at left. Once initial copies had sold out, later-pressed #2984 cream-colored 45 label copies retained the same pig sketch, but decided to both move the sketch, and add the word "Oink", to the top of the 45's label. Meanwhile, the duo's names were moved to the bottom of the label, below the song title. By the early 1980s, the song was becoming a seasonal hit, first on country stations and then on Top 40 stations. Oink Records, still based in Windsor, California, continued distribution of the 45 rpm record in the western U.S., with "Nationwide Sound Distributors" (NSD) of Nashville, Tennessee pressing and distributing the song on its Soundwaves Records in the eastern U.S., peaking at #92 on the country singles charts. In 1982, the duo both re-recorded and re-released the song as a single, again as Oink #2984. But this time, Oink chose to handle all nationwide product distribution themselves, ending the old NSD-Soundwaves agreement. Re-recorded Oink #2984 45 copies appeared on a white label, not a cream-colored label, however. That is the easiest way (aside from listening to the 45 itself) to differentiate between the original, 1979 Oink #2984 recording and its now-much-more familiar, 1982 re-recording. An entire LP, named after their hit song, was also recorded in 1982, and was initially released as Oink #8223. In 1984, with the song now a big hit nationally, CBS Records was interested in re-issuing both the 1982 Oink 45 re-recording, and the 1982 Oink LP. Soon after, Epic Records acquired the rights to both, from Elmo and Patsy. The Epic #04703 45 opted to replace the Oink 45's B-side, "Christmas", with a track from the LP, ("Percy, the Puny Poinsettia"). Epic's 1984 re-release of the 1982 Oink LP was a straight re-issue, on Epic #39931. By the end of 1984, it was reported that sales of "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" were, by record label: Oink: 50,000 45s sold; Soundwaves: 175,000 45s sold; Epic: 150,000 45s sold and 90,000 LPs sold. The Epic Records version charted at #64 on the country charts in 1998 and #48 in 1999. The original version was released in the United Kingdom on Stiff Records (BUY 99) in 1980. It did not chart. Other releases by the original artist(s) would follow: ***LIST***. A sequel, "Grandpa's Gonna Sue the Pants Off of Santa", was released by Elmo Shropshire on his album, "Dr. Elmo's Twisted Christmas" (1992). Grandpa gets lawyers to fight Santa in court. Z100 Portland Morning Zoo made a New Kids on the Block-bashing parody of the song for Christmas 1989, entitled "New Kids Got Run Over by a Reindeer". A parody "Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck" was released by Da Yoopers in 1993. Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own parody titled "Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer". Cledus T. Judd in 1996 released a parody called "Grandpa Got Run Over by a John Deere" as a sequel to "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" and as well did a cover of the song in 2002. Stan Boreson sings a Norwegian-American version, "Lena Got Run Over by a Reindeer" on his Christmas album, "Stan Boreson Fractures Christmas". Others include "Grandma Got Molested at the Airport" by Donny Aldridge, also sung by Dick Mango; and "Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw". Edison Media Research and Pinnacle Media Worldwide independently survey radio listeners on which Christmas songs they like and dislike. In both surveys, results of which were reported in 2007, the only song that reached the top of both liked and disliked lists was "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer." Its "loved" ratings in the Edison and Pinnacle polls were relatively high—47 and 32 percent, respectively—but so were the "hate" or "dislike" ratings—17 and 22 percent. A major Washington, D.C. radio station, WASH (97.1 FM), dropped the song from its playlist. "It was too polarizing," says Bill Hess, program director. "It wasn't strong, except with a few people, and it had a lot of negatives." Shropshire claims it is "a beloved holiday favorite." The video of the song was "a holiday staple on MTV for many seasons." It has been "incorporated into talking toys and a musical greeting card." "My royalties are four or five times what they were" 20 years ago, claims Elmo, who performs the song with his bluegrass group year-round. "A lot of younger people say it's not really Christmas until they hear it." The 2000 animated television program "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" portrays the events depicted in the song, though made for children; the cartoon is toned down a bit, so that Grandma survives. Moreover, Santa is actually innocent of the crime, which was instead masterminded by scheming relative Cousin Mel, who is mentioned briefly in the song but made into a gold-digging villainness in the special. Elmo Shropshire narrates the special and voices Grandpa. The special is a staple of Cartoon Network's holiday programming and airs every holiday season on The CW (The special originally aired on the WB Network every holiday season until the 2006 merge with UPN to form The CW, where it continues to air today). The promotional music video for Elmo & Patsy's "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" was released in the mid-1980s, and aired on MTV for at least 18 years. The video could also be seen on VH1, CMT, TNN, GAC, and VH1 Classic during the holiday season, as well as being on Spike's official website and YouTube. Elmo Shropshire played Grandpa and Grandma while Patsy played Cousin Mel. While the family matriarch was run over by Santa Claus's reindeer, she has survived the accident (unlike in the song) and thus reappears toward the end of the video, alive and very much well, but somewhat fazed by the trampling. While being escorted inside the house by two policemen, she finally speaks the cautionary last line of the last verse as though commenting on Santa's driving: "They should NEVER give a license/To a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves".

Emu Heights is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Emu Heights is located 58 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith. Emu Heights sits on the land of the Dharug people, who are the traditional owners of the area. Sitting on the Blue Mountains escarpment and on the western side of the Nepean river, the suburb is just outside the Sydney metropolitan area. It is bounded to the east by the Nepean River and to the west by Blue Mountains local government area. The Dharug people inhabited the land now known as Emu Heights and are the traditional owners of the land. Emu Heights was established by George Innes, a free settler from Bathurst who obtained in 1831, near McCann's Island and named it Emu Heights. However, the name "Emu Heights" wasn't officially assigned to the neighbourhood until early 1976. Emu Heights Public School was founded in 1972. The school had only eighty seven pupils and three teachers, but now has over three hundred students enrolled. The school's teaching revolves around seven Key Learning Areas, English, Mathematics, Science, ICT, Human society and its environment, the Creative Arts and Personal Health and Social Development. Clissold Park is host to great diversity of Australia's fauna and flora and features basketball, netball and children's playground facilities. The park does not have formal field sporting facilities but is more than large enough for such and regularly used by the close knit people of Emu Heights for community events. There is a peaceful stream that flows down from the mountain escarpment, though this stream has been recorded to flood the whole park and north along Wedmore Rd in major storms. (The stream was diverted east by housing developers in the 1980s who followed a farmers drainage channel rather that the original flow north beside Wedmore Rd to the Nepean river). A larger unnamed parkland also exists at the north end of Emu Heights, between the suburb and the Nepean River, giving wide access to the river. Sporting fields and golf facilities are being considered for this parkland. Fishing and canoeing are popular as this section of the river is not used by power boats. The section of river accessible from Emu heights is home to a large variety of native and migratory waterbirds. In the early 1960s, the native egg laying mammal the platypus could still be found in this section of the river but has since become extinct. According to the 2011 census, there were 3,362 residents in Emu Heights. The majority of people (83%) were born in Australia and the most common ancestries were Australian 33.4%, English 30.1%, Irish 8.1%, Scottish 7.2% and German 2.9%. Almost all private dwellings were separate houses (97.5%) and the majority of residents (54.1%) were paying off their home with a mortgage.

The California gnatcatcher ("Polioptila californica") is a small long insectivorous bird which frequents dense coastal sage scrub growth. This species was recently split from the similar black-tailed gnatcatcher of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. This bird is often solitary, but joins with other birds in winter flocks. The male California gnatcatcher is dusky gray overall, distinguished only by its black crown and thin black beak. It has a long, thin black tail with narrow white tips and edges on the underside of the tail feathers. However, the male loses its plumage colors by winter, and obtains a plumage color like the females. The female is similar to the male, but with a blue-gray instead of a black crown. In its range from coastal Southern California south through Baja California and Baja California Sur, this inconspicuous non-migratory resident is most often seen flitting hastily into undergrowth, or heard giving its call, which sounds like a kitten's meow, a rising and falling "zeeeeer, zeeeeer". In the northern part of its range (Southern California) this species was listed as Threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 1993 due to increasing development in its habitat, coastal sage scrub (current loss of coastal sage scrub in U.S is estimated at 70 to 90 percent). Critical Habitat designation under the Endangered Species Act is on hold pending court-ordered review. This species is especially vulnerable as a metapopulation due to its small populations in a limited habitat often live in the prime land to be developed for housing and commerce that can be easily isolated and reduced in size. Though some of its habitat has been saved in national forests and state parks, its population has been severely fragmented. There are, however, ongoing efforts to preserve more open land in southern California to help ensure that this species will not disappear from its former range. California gnatcatchers are a focal species in many regional habitat conservation planning efforts. Monogamous pairs care for their brood of 3–5 eggs in cone-shaped nests. Brown-headed cowbirds are parasites that lay eggs in their nests.

An emergency power system is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus. Emergency power systems are installed to protect life and property from the consequences of loss of primary electric power supply. They find uses in a wide variety of settings from homes to hospitals, scientific laboratories, data centers, telecommunication equipment and ships. Emergency power systems can rely on generators, deep cycle batteries, flywheel energy storage or hydrogen fuel cells. Emergency power systems were used as early as World War II on naval ships. In combat, a ship may lose the function of its boilers, which power the steam turbines for the ship's generator. In such a case, one or more diesel engines are used to drive back-up generators. Early transfer switches relied on manual operation; two switches would be placed horizontally, in line and the "on" position facing each other. a rod is placed in between. In order to operate the switch one source must be turned off, the rod moved to the other side and the other source turned on. Mains power can be lost due to downed lines, malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement weather, planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide failure. In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. Usually, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gasoline engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine. However, lately, more use is being made of deep cycle batteries and other technologies such as flywheel energy storage or fuel cells. These latter systems do not produce polluting gases, thereby allowing the placement to be done within the building. Also, as a second advantage, they do not require a separate shed to be built for fuel storage. With regular generators, an automatic transfer switch is used to connect emergency power. One side is connected to both the normal power feed and the emergency power feed; and the other side is connected to the load designated as emergency. If no electricity comes in on the normal side, the transfer switch uses a solenoid to throw a triple pole, single throw switch. This switches the feed from normal to emergency power. The loss of normal power also triggers a battery operated starter system to start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. Once the transfer switch is switched and the generator starts, the building's emergency power comes back on (after going off when normal power was lost.) Unlike emergency lights, emergency lighting is not a type of light fixture; it is a pattern of the building's normal lights that provides a path of lights to allow for safe exit, or lights up service areas such as mechanical rooms and electric rooms. Exit signs, Fire alarm systems (that are not on back up batteries) and the electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are almost always on emergency power. Other equipment on emergency power may include smoke isolation dampers, smoke evacuation fans, elevators, handicap doors and outlets in service areas. Hospitals use emergency power outlets to power life support systems and monitoring equipment. Some buildings may even use emergency power as part of normal operations, such as a theater using it to power show equipment because "the show must go on." Localizer, glideslope, and other instrument landing aids (such as microwave transmitters) are both high power consumers and mission-critical, and cannot be reliably operated from a battery supply, even for short periods. Hence, when absolute reliability is required (such as when Category 3 operations are in force at the airport) it is usual to run the system from a diesel generator with automatic switchover to the mains supply should the generator fail. This avoids any interruption to transmission while a generator is brought up to operating speed. This is opposed to the typical view of emergency power systems, where the backup generators are seen as secondary to the mains electrical supply. Computers, communication networks, and other modern electronic devices need not only power, but also a steady flow of it to continue to operate. If the source voltage drops significantly or drops out completely, these devices will fail, even if the power loss is only for a fraction of a second. Because of this, even a generator back-up does not provide protection because of the start-up time involved. To achieve more comprehensive loss protection, extra equipment such as surge protectors, inverters, or sometimes a complete uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is used. UPS systems can be local (to one device or one power outlet) or may extend building-wide. A local UPS is a small box that fits under a desk or a telecom rack and powers a small number of devices. A building-wide UPS may take any of several different forms, depending on the application. It directly feeds a system of outlets designated as UPS feed and can power a large number of devices. Since telephone exchanges use DC, the building's battery room is generally wired directly to the consuming equipment and floats continuously on the output of the rectifiers that normally supply DC rectified from utility power. When utility power fails, the battery carries the load without needing to switch. With this simple though somewhat expensive system, some exchanges have never lost power for a moment since the 1920s. In recent years, large units of a utility power station are usually designed on a unit system basis in which the required devices, including the boiler, the turbine generator unit, and its power (step up) and unit (auxiliary) transformer are solidly connected as one unit. A less common set-up consists of two units grouped together with one common station auxiliary. As each turbine generator unit has its own attached unit auxiliary transformer, it is connected to the circuit automatically. For starting the unit, the auxiliaries are supplied with power by another unit (auxiliary) transformer or station auxiliary transformer. The period of switching from the first unit transformer to the next unit is designed for automatic, instantaneous operation in times when the emergency power system needs to kick in. It is imperative that the power to unit auxiliaries not fail during a station shutdown (an occurrence known as black-out when all regular units temporarily fail). Instead, during shutdowns the grid is expected to remain operational. When problems occur, it is usually due to reverse power relays and frequency-operated relays on grid lines due to severe grid disturbances. Under these circumstances, the emergency station supply must kick in to avoid damage to any equipment and to prevent hazardous situations such as the release of hydrogen gas from generators to the local environment. Emergency power systems, called there Emergency Diesel Generators (EDGs), are a required feature in nuclear power plants. They are typically installed in sets of three. The EDG installation is designed to the same safety-grade requirements as the other safety systems in the plant. The next (upcoming) generation of nuclear power plants includes some designs with multiple independent banks of EDGs (as in the ABWRs ). For a 208 VAC emergency supply system, a central battery system with automatic controls, located in the power station building, is used to avoid long electric supply wires. This central battery system consists of lead-acid battery cell units to make up a 12 or 24 VDC system as well as stand-by cells, each with its own battery charging unit. Also needed are a voltage sensing unit capable of receiving 208 VAC and an automatic system that is able to signal to and activate the emergency supply circuit in case of failure of 208 VAC station supply.

Dundas Valley is a Northern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Dundas Valley is located 21 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Parramatta. The valley has been shaped by the Ponds Creek, around which many of the area's parks are located. The valley is bounded by both steep and gentle slopes feeding into the creek. The Ponds walk is a marked 6.6 kilometre track which follows the Ponds and Subiaco Creeks from Eric Mobbs Memorial Park in Carlingford to Jim Crowgey Reserve in Rydalmere. This walk follows a number of the parks in the Dundas Valley area. Dundas and surrounding areas were originally known as "The Ponds", a name still reflected in The Ponds Creek. The first private land grants in Sydney made in 1791 were in what is now North East Dundas and adjoining Dundas Valley and Ermington. This consisted of land grants to 14 former convicts and their families along the Ponds and Subiaco Creeks. The city of Parramatta has erected signs in the suburb documenting the initial land grants in the area. One subsequent grant was the 30 acre Lot 108 to John Love, a member of the NSW Corps, on 20 February 1794. In the early 1800s a number of the early settlers sold their grants to Lieutenant William Cox of the NSW Corps. Cox's holdings spread from Brush Farm into Dundas Valley where he grazed sheep and cattle and grew corn and wheat. Gregory Blaxland purchased Brush Farm in 1806.Lieutenant William Cox would refer the south eastern corner near Brush farm now bordering Deninstone West and Eastwood as Dundas Heights; Lieutenant William Cox would survey his land from the vantage point of Dundas Heights. The name Dundas was first used in the area in 1799, taken from a parish of the same name in England, although it is also claimed the area was initially named after Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville. The area was developed during the 1950s and 1960s with the construction of public housing. Dundas Valley was formally declared a suburb on 19 October 2007. Thomas Mitchell opened a quarry in 1832 on the site of the park that now bears his name. The quarry was a supplier of ‘blue metal’, used in road construction, into the 20th century. The 'blue metal' was quarried by convicts and carried to Ermington Wharf where it was ferried to Sydney. The quarry exposed a large volcanic formation between 200 and 250 million years old. Due to the geological significance of the area, it was visited by a number of famous scientists, including Charles Darwin and Douglas Mawson. A number of streets in Dundas Valley are named after ships of the First Fleet (Sirius, Supply, Alexander, Charlotte and Friendship) and the Second Fleet (Neptune). At the 2011 census, there were 4,628 residents in Dundas Valley. Just over half of residents were born in Australia (55.7%). The most common other countries of birth were China 9.5%, Korea, Republic of (South) 5.6% and England 2.4%. In Dundas Valley 55.5% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 8.6%, Korean 7.2%, Cantonese 6.2%, Arabic 4.1% and Armenian 1.4%. The major industries of emolyoment were Hospitals 4.1%, Cafes, Restaurants and Takeaway Food Services 3.6%, Building Cleaning, Pest Control and Gardening Services 3.5%, School Education 3.4% and Computer System Design and Related Services 2.6%. Dundas Valley has a small shopping centre in Yates Avenue, beside Curtis Oval. Please note majority of the site is currently being redeveloped, with apartments and retail on ground floor. Sir Thomas Mitchell Reserve and Curtis Oval host local club football (soccer), rugby union and cricket matches. Both parks also have recently upgraded play equipment for children. Dundas Park covers 6.5 hectares and also boasts two playgrounds, picnic & BBQ facilities and a Boy Scout and Girl Guides Hall. Curtis Oval has a dedicated bicycle and walking track. Sir Thomas Mitchell Reserve covers 3.9 hectares and is on the site of an old quarry. There are also a number of smaller parks in the suburb, including Lachlan Macquarie Park which features a netball court. A recent addition to the many facilities in the local area was the Philip ruddock water park, which is a wonderful addition for the children frequently visiting the facilities in the summer months . The Viking Club on Quarry Road is a registered club run by Parramatta Leagues Club. The Dundas United Recreation Club, based at Curtis Oval, fields teams in cricket, football (Soccer) and netball catering for players aged from Under 6 to adult (including Over 35 football).

In finance, margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit with a counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange) to cover some or all of the credit risk the holder poses for the counterparty. This risk can arise if the holder has done any of the following: ***LIST***. The collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading. On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds. Most of the exchanges today use SPAN ("Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk") methodology, which was developed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1988, for calculating margins for options and futures. A margin account is a loan account by a share trader with a broker which can be used for share trading. The funds available under the margin loan are determined by the broker based on the securities owned and provided by the trader, which act as collateral over the loan. The broker usually has the right to change the percentage of the value of each security it will allow towards further advances to the trader, and may consequently make a margin call if the balance available falls below the amount actually utilised. In any event, the broker will usually charge interest, and other fees, on the amount drawn on the margin account. If the cash balance of a margin account is negative, the amount is owed to the broker, and usually attracts interest. If the cash balance is positive, the money is available to the account holder to reinvest, or may be withdrawn by the holder or left in the account and may earn interest. In terms of futures and cleared derivatives, the margin balance would refer to the total value of collateral pledged to the CCP (Central Counterparty Clearing) and or futures commission merchants. Margin buying refers to the buying of securities with cash borrowed from a broker, using the bought securities as collateral. This has the effect of magnifying any profit or loss made on the securities. The securities serve as collateral for the loan. The net value—the difference between the value of the securities and the loan—is initially equal to the amount of one's own cash used. This difference has to stay above a minimum margin requirement, the purpose of which is to protect the broker against a fall in the value of the securities to the point that the investor can no longer cover the loan. In the 1920s, margin requirements were loose. In other words, brokers required investors to put in very little of their own money. Whereas today, the Federal Reserve's margin requirement (under Regulation T) limits debt to 50 percent. During the 1920s leverage rates of up to 90 percent debt were not uncommon. When the stock market started to contract, many individuals received margin calls. They had to deliver more money to their brokers or their shares would be sold. Since many individuals did not have the equity to cover their margin positions, their shares were sold, causing further market declines and further margin calls. This was one of the major contributing factors which led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which in turn contributed to the Great Depression. However, as reported in Peter Rappoport and Eugene N. White's 1994 paper published in "The American Economic Review", "Was the Crash of 1929 Expected", all sources indicate that beginning in either late 1928 or early 1929, "margin requirements began to rise to historic new levels. The typical peak rates on brokers' loans were 40–50 percent. Brokerage houses followed suit and demanded higher margin from investors". Short selling refers to the selling of securities which the trader does not own and borrowed from a broker, using the cash as collateral. This has the effect of reversing any profit or loss made on the securities. The initial cash deposited by the trader, together with the amount obtained from the sale, serve as collateral for the loan. The net value—the difference between the cash amount and the value of loan security — is initially equal to the amount of one's own cash used. This difference has to stay above a minimum margin requirement, the purpose of which is to protect the broker against a raise in the value of the borrowed securities to the point that the investor can no longer cover the loan. Enhanced leverage is a strategy offered by some brokers that provides 4:1 or 6:1+ leverage. This requires maintaining two sets of accounts, long and short. ***LIST***. The initial margin requirement is the amount of collateral required to open a position. Thereafter, the collateral required until the position is closed is the maintenance requirement. The maintenance requirement is the minimum amount of collateral required to keep the position open and is generally lower than the initial requirement. This allows the price to move against the margin without forcing a margin call immediately after the initial transaction. When the total value of collateral after haircuts dips below the maintenance margin requirement, the position holder must pledge additional collateral to bring their total balance after haircuts back up to or above the initial margin requirement. On instruments determined to be especially risky, however, the regulators, the exchange, or the broker may set the maintenance requirement higher than normal or equal to the initial requirement to reduce their exposure to the risk accepted by the trader. For speculative futures and derivatives clearing accounts, futures commission merchants may charge a premium or margin multiplier to exchange requirements. This is typically an additional 10%-25%. The broker may at any time revise the value of the collateral securities (margin), based, for example, on market factors. If this results in the market value of the collateral securities for a margin account falling below the revised margin, the broker or exchange immediately issues a "margin call", requiring the investor to bring the margin account back into line. To do so, the investor must either pay funds (the call) into the margin account, provide additional collateral or dispose some of the securities. If the investor fails to bring the account back into line, the broker can sell the investor's collateral securities to bring the account back into line. If a margin call occurs unexpectedly, it can cause a domino effect of selling which will lead to other margin calls and so forth, effectively crashing an asset class or group of asset classes. The "Bunker Hunt Day" crash of the silver market on Silver Thursday, March 27, 1980 is one such example. This situation most frequently happens as a result of an adverse change in the market value of the leveraged asset or contract. It could also happen when the margin requirement is raised, either due to increased volatility or due to legislation. In extreme cases, certain securities may cease to qualify for margin trading; in such a case, the brokerage will require the trader to either fully fund their position, or to liquidate it. The minimum margin requirement, sometimes called the maintenance margin requirement, is the ratio set for: ***LIST***. So the maintenance margin requirement uses the variables above to form a ratio that investors have to abide by in order to keep the account active. Assume the maintenance margin requirement is 25%. That means the customer has to maintain Net Value equal to 25% of the total stock equity. That means they have to maintain net equity of $50,000 × 0.25 = $12,500. So at what price would the investor be getting a margin call? For stock price "P" the stock equity will be (in this example) 1,000"P". ***LIST***. So if the stock price drops from $50 to $26.66, investors will be called to add additional funds to the account to make up for the loss in stock equity. Alternatively, one can calculate "P" using ***formula*** where "P" is the initial price of the stock. Let's use the same example to demonstrate this: ***LIST***. Margin requirements are reduced for positions that offset each other. For instance spread traders who have offsetting futures contracts do not have to deposit collateral both for their short position and their long position. The exchange calculates the loss in a worst-case scenario of the total position. Similarly an investor who creates a collar has "reduced" risk since any loss on the call is offset by a gain in the stock, and a large loss in the stock is offset by a gain on the put; in general, covered calls have less strict requirements than naked call writing. The margin-equity ratio is a term used by speculators, representing the amount of their trading capital that is being held as margin at any particular time. Traders would rarely (and unadvisedly) hold 100% of their capital as margin. The probability of losing their entire capital at some point would be high. By contrast, if the margin-equity ratio is so low as to make the trader's capital equal to the value of the futures contract itself, then they would not profit from the inherent leverage implicit in futures trading. A conservative trader might hold a margin-equity ratio of 15%, while a more aggressive trader might hold 40%. Return on margin (ROM) is often used to judge performance because it represents the net gain or net loss compared to the exchange's perceived risk as reflected in required margin. ROM may be calculated (realized return) / (initial margin). The annualized ROM is equal to For example, if a trader earns 10% on margin in two months, that would be about 77% annualized that is, Annualized ROM = 1.1 - 1 = 77% Sometimes, return on margin will also take into account peripheral charges such as brokerage fees and interest paid on the sum borrowed. The margin interest rate is usually based on the broker's call.

Eastlakes is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Eastlakes is located 8 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Bayside Council, and is part of the Eastern Suburbs region. Eastlakes is mostly residential with a shopping centre located at Evans Avenue. Eastlakes takes its name from the extensive lake system on its southeast and its location in the Eastern Suburbs. The area was once known as Botany Swamps. This was Sydney's third source of water when water was pumped from here to a reservoir in Paddington from 1859. The lakes were partly reclaimed from the swamp to create the Lakes Golf Course and Sydney Airport extensions. Part of the suburb is on the former site of the Rosebery Racecourse, which was redeveloped in the 1960s into a residential and commercial area. Part of the racecourse area is now the site of a park with a memorial to local soldiers who trained on that site during both world wars. According to 2011 census, The most common ancestries in Eastlakes were Australian 10.5%, English 9.1%, Chinese 8.3%, Greek 6.9% and Bangladeshi 5.0%. 39.6% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Bangladesh 6.2%, Indonesia 4.0%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 3.7%, Greece 2.7% and Turkey 2.6%. 31.3% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Bengali 7.8%, Greek 6.9%, Turkish 5.4%, Spanish 4.3% and Indonesian 4.2%. The most common responses for religion in Eastlakes (State Suburbs) were Catholic 26.0%, Islam 19.0%, Eastern Orthodox 11.5%, No Religion 10.1% and Anglican 6.0%. Eastlakes Public School began as an infants school in 1938 and was located in a church hall in O'Connor Street. It moved to Florence Avenue in 1944. When Rosebery Racecourse was demolished and the land developed as a residential area, enrolments at the school naturally increased and there was a need for a primary school, so Eastlakes included a primary school from 1979. The area is served by three churches as of 2009. A LDS Church is located in Mascot Drive. St Stephen's Anglican Church is located in Harry Street. Horner Memorial Hall, King Street, is a chapel in the Federation Carpenter Gothic style, which is used by Beckenham Memorial Uniting Church after relocating from their church after June 2015. This area is home to several parks and golf courses. The Lakes Golf course and Eastlake Golf Course fall within the boundaries of the suburb of Eastlakes. Bonnie Doon Golf Course, Mutch Park and Astrolabe Park are located in the adjacent suburb of Pagewood.

Penn State Lehigh Valley is a commonwealth campus of Pennsylvania State University. It is located in Center Valley, outside of Allentown in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, in the United States. Founded in 1912, Penn State Lehigh Valley is the oldest of Penn State's commonwealth campuses. In 1912, Penn State opened its first permanent "branch school" in the attic of an elementary school in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Designed to provide professional training to employees, the Allentown Branch School offered evening courses in engineering. Over the next few decades additional programs were added, including three-year evening programs in engineering, technology, and business administration, as well as "continuation school" offered one day a week for workers in silk mills and other local factories. Eventually the evening programs were compressed into a one-year daytime program designed to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans. By 1951, the curriculum had expanded to include associate degrees in Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Technology, business programs, and graduate credit classes for teachers. The University purchased a converted factory building at 725 Ridge Avenue in Allentown to house the "Allentown Center." In the 1970s, the Allentown Campus grew rapidly and moved first to larger quarters in the Fogelsville School Building, and then, in 1977, to its campus in Fogelsville, Pennsylvania which was built on a tract of land donated by Mohr Orchards. Along with the new facilities came a new mission to provide the first two years of Penn State baccalaureate degrees in addition to expanded continuing education programming. The 1990s brought considerable change and subsequent growth to the campus. Changing its name to Penn State Lehigh Valley to better reflect the community it serves, the campus became part of a college within the University composed of Penn State Lehigh Valley and Penn State Berks. The two-campus college was designated Penn State Berks-Lehigh Valley College. Together the campuses shared faculty and developed four-year baccalaureate degree programs in a number of disciplines. With the addition of four-year baccalaureate degree programs came an increase in enrollment, and in 2003 Penn State Lehigh Valley opened a second site, the Corporate Learning Center, located at 100 Brodhead Road in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The Bethlehem site currently housed continuing education programs as well as the Elementary Education degree program classes. In 2005 the University restructured across the state, and discontinued the Berks-Lehigh Valley College partnership. Currently, approximately 800 undergraduate students attend Penn State Lehigh Valley. An additional 3,000 students participate each year in its continuing education programs. On March 20, 2009 the Penn State University board approved the purchase of the facility owned by Lehigh Valley College in Center Valley. Classes moved to Center Valley in September 2009. Penn State shared the facility with Lehigh Valley College until that school closed in December 2009. The new facility more than doubled the size of the building on the old campus. With the increased space at the Center Valley campus, programs at the Corporate Learning Center were moved to Center Valley and the Corporate Learning was closed at the end of 2010. Penn State–Lehigh Valley teams participate as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). The Nittany Lions are a member of the Pennsylvania State University Athletic Conference (PSUAC). Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf and tennis; while women's sports include cross country.

The Organization of News Ombudsmen (ONO) is a non-profit organization that was formed in 1980. ONO membership comprises various news ombudsman, and readers' representatives from around the world. Both ombudsman and readers' representatives are individuals who work for a professional news organization, and handle complaints that are received or come their attention. The ombudsman or representative attempts to find mutually satisfactory solutions for all parties involved. The ONO states that it welcomes all news ombudsmen, readers' representatives, readers' advocates, and public editors. Annual membership dues are $150. One of the ways that the ONO helps various professional news ombudsmen is by having an annual conference where members can share their experiences about difficult situations. This conference is held over two or two and a half days and is held in a member's city. The people who attend the conference engage in a discussion of news practices that are, or may be, important to news ombudsmen. The topics that are discussed are usually of an ethical nature, because news ombudsmen are more often than not concerned with the ethics of reporting the news. Some of the topics that have been discussed include coverage of minorities, coverage of sex crimes, the ombudsman's relationship to the news department, the use of anonymous sources, invasion of privacy, plagiarism, conflicts of interest. Conference speakers have included David Shaw, "Los Angeles Times" media critic; British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper; Ben Bradlee, former "Washington Post" editor; ethicist Michael Josephson; Dr Roy Peter Clark of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies; and Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Steve Benson. ONO's 2009 conference was held May 10-13, 2009, in Washington, D.C., at the offices of National Public Radio, "The Washington Post" and the Washington Bureau of "The New York Times". The 2010 conference was held May 12-15, 2010, at Reuters Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, England, the 2011 conference (May 15-18) in Montreal, Canada, and the 2013 conference (May 19-22) in Los Angeles, California. Besides attending the ONO's annual conference, many members of the ONO often participate in small mini-conferences which are conducted by four-way conference telephone calls throughout the year. The ONO's central office helps members by coordinating the conference calls. During the conference calls members can talk about problems they are having and swap view points on a wide range of topics that news ombudsmen deal with on a regular basis. The goal of the conference calls is to providing participants with support, counsel and problem-solving ideas.

Sammy Nestico (born Samuel Louis Nistico, February 6, 1924 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is a composer and arranger of big band music. Nestico is best known for his arrangements for the Count Basie orchestra. Sammy Nestico has been a professional music arranger since 1941, when he became a staff arranger at age 17 for ABC radio station WCAE in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During his career, he arranged music for the Count Basie Orchestra (1967–1984), the U.S. Air Force Band (fifteen years) and the U.S. Marine Band (five years) both in Washington, D.C. In addition, he played trombone in the big bands of Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, and Charlie Barnet. In 1998–1999 Nestico was a professor at the University of Georgia, teaching commercial orchestration and conducting the studio orchestra. He also directed music programs at Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California, Westinghouse Memorial High School, and Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. During his long career in the television and film industry, he arranged and conducted projects for Bing Crosby, Sarah Vaughan, Toni Tennille, Frank Sinatra, Phil Collins, Barbra Streisand, and Count Basie. As orchestrator, he has worked on nearly seventy television programs, including "", "Mannix", "Charlie's Angels", and "The Mod Squad". He has written commercial jingles for Anheuser-Busch, Zenith, Ford Motor Company, Mattel Toys, Pittsburgh Paints, the National Guard, Dodge, Remington Bank, and Americard. He has published nearly 600 numbers for school groups and many for professional big bands. He has conducted and recorded his arrangements with several leading European Radio Jazz Orchestras, including the BBC Big Band in London, Germany's SWR Big Band and NDR Big Band and the DR Big Band. Nestico received a Bachelor's degree in music education from Duquesne University in 1950, and he has received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from his "alma mater". The Airmen of Note, the premier jazz ensemble of the USAF, sponsor an annual competition for composers and arrangers of big band music, in honor of Sammy Nestico. Previous winners are:

Mzimba is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mzimba. The district covers an area of 10,430 km.² and has a population of 610,944. It is the largest district in Malawi. There are twelve National Assembly constituencies in Mzimba: ***LIST***. Since the 2009 election most of these constituencies have been held by members of the Democratic Progressive Party The most common occupations are subsistence farming of maize and beans supplemented by cattle herding, in addition tobacco is grown as a cash crop. There are currently 98 active educational committees in Mzimba. The district consists of people of Tumbuka origin and descendants of Ngoni people from South Africa. However the main language spoken is chiTumbuka. The district headquarters is at Mzimba. However, the biggest town is Mzuzu, which is also the administrative headquarters of the Northern Region of Malawi. It is also the centre of netball in Malawi, Malawi's most successful sport. Most of the players in the national team, including international star Mwayi Kumwenda were born and grew up in Mzimba. History states that the Zwangendaba Ngunis were warriors who settled in northern Malawi. However, once Zwangendaba head of the family died, his sons resettled to what is now the Mzimba District and seven of his descendants still rule. Mzimba, which means human body, was riddled by calls to split the district into three in early 2016. Citizens and some officials wanted the province to be split, while the head ruler was not in favor of it. Khumbo Hastings Kachali (1966- ), a frontline politician for the United Democratic Front and the Democratic Progressive Party. Mwayi Kumwenda (1989- ), a netball player for the Malawi national team.

Precision Manuals Development Group (often abbreviated as PMDG) is a commercial add-on aircraft developer for the Microsoft Flight Simulator, Lockheed Martin Prepar3D, and X-Plane series. The company was founded by airline pilot Robert Randazzo, who stated that his ultimate goal was to develop the software to the point where it could be used by airlines and manufacturers to supplement pilot training. The company is based out of Virginia but has several employees in countries such Belgium, South Africa, and Canada. It has nine employees as of 2009, with a collection of beta testers which include multiple aviation professionals. PMDG's software has received praise for its realism. This led the company to be one of several flight simulation companies that were criticized in the wake of the September 11 attacks, as some critics felt that the software made it easier for potential terrorists to learn to fly commercial planes. The company began by producing detailed flight manuals, hence its name. However, the company soon moved on to developing add-on aircraft after creating only two manuals for the Microsoft Flight Simulator 747 and 757.announced on PMDG's AVSIM forum, that the Boeing 777-200LR base package will be available on the Prepar3D platform. With employees and contractors working around the world, PMDG is headquartered in Northern Nevada, approximately 15 nm north of Reno-Tahoe International Airport. On June 4, 2012, PMDG announced that they would move back to Virginia, where the company was founded. PMDG has created nine aircraft for Flight Simulator 2004 and ten aircraft for Flight Simulator X, two of which are extensions of the 747-400X. The PMDG Boeing 737 NGX is for Flight Simulator X and Prepar3d only and is currently available in 737-800/900 winglet/non-winglet models. The 737-600/700 winglet/non-winglet models are a continuation of the base package and are available as an expansion. The 777-200LR and accompanying 777-300ER expansion were the first PMDG products for Lockheed Martin's Prepar3D V2 which was released on February 7, 2015, as well as Flight Simulator X (the NGX was patched to P3D V2 compatibility after the 777). These two products are widely regarded as some of the best offerings for flight simulation in terms of system depth, fidelity, and function, as well as faithful exterior modelling, sound, and flight dynamics. With the arrival of P3D v4 the 747,777 and 737 aircraft are being freely upgraded from the P3D v3 32 bit to the 64bit P3D v4.

In the Vamsa Brahmana of Vedic literature, Aupamanyava is listed as a Vedic teacher and sage. of the Sama Veda. The patronymic "Aupamanyava" establishes him as a descendant of Upamanyu, while the name "Kamboja" suggests an association with the Kamboja kingdom of the (late Vedic) Mahajanapada period. Vamsa Brahmana informs us that "sage Anandaja" had received the Vedic learning from sage Samba, the son of "Sarkaraksa", as well as from Kamboja, the son or descendant of "Upamanyu". "Vamsa Brahamana" of the Sama Veda refers to one Rsi "Madragara Shaungayani" as the teacher of Aupamanyava Kamboja. As the name itself suggests, risi Madragara Shaungayani belonged to Madra tribe, i.e. the Uttaramadras. Dr Jain also observes: "Kamboja Aupamanyava, pupil of Madragara, is mentioned in the Vamsa Brahmana. This points to a possible relationship of the Madras or more probably of the Uttaramasdras with the Kambojas, who probably had Indian as well as Iranian affinities". Aupamanyava is repeatedly quoted as a grammarian by Yaska in his "Nirukta", and also mentioned in respect of the "Nisadas and the Panca-janah". Aupamanyava is also stated to have authored one Nighantu—a collection of Vedic words Pt Bhagva Datta points out that, Dr G. Opart has referred to one nirukta (etymology) whose authorship he attributes to a certain Upamanyu Commenting on the Vamsa Brahmana list of Vedic teachers, Albrecht Weber writes: ""One fact deserves to be especially noticed here, namely, that several of the teachers mentioned in the Vamsa Brahmana, by their very names, points us directly to the north-west of India, e.g. Kamboja Aupamanyava, Madaragara Saungayani, Sati Aushtrakshi, Salamkayana and Kauhala" ". And commenting on the same list, R Morton Smith also writes: "“The names Kamboja Aupamanyava, Sati Austraksi and Madragara Saungayani suggest a North-west connection for the main branch of Vamsa Brahmana". Among the entire lists of ancient Vedic teachers of the Satapatha Brahmana as well as the Vamsa Brahmana, Kamboja Aupamanyava appears as the first "Aupamanyava"' (i.e. "son or descendant of Upamanyu"). This Kamboja Aupamanyava was the guru of Anadaja Chandhanayana who in turn was the guru of Bhanumant Aupamanyava. Bhanumant Aupamanyava had instructed Urjayant Aupamanyava. Vedic teachers Bhanumanta Aupamanyava and Urjayant Aupamanyava of the Vamsa Brahmana list were probably the son and grandson of Kamboja Aupamanyava. "Upamanyu" also is one of the gotras of Hindu brahmins. The people with Upamanyu gotra live in far western part of Nepal and eastern Parts of Jammu & Kashmir. They are basically present just below the Mount Kailash as they pray to Lord Shiva only. However, according to Dr D. C. Sircar, Upamanyu gotra is not found in early Sanskrit literature and it is difficult to determine at this time whether it is a mistake for Aupamanyava gotra. Prof B. N. Datta comments: ""...In the list of Brahmana gotras mentioned in the Matsya-Purana, the name "Kamboja" is to be found. It is said to be an offshoot of the Vrigu (Bhrigus) gotras. This means that a Rishi hailing from the Kamboja tribe was also founder of a Brahmanical class...Weber says that the appearance of the name of Kamboja (an Indian-sounding name in Vedic text) as a Sama theologian is analogous of the discovery of the name of Gautama in Zoroastrian Mithra-Yesht. Upamanyu was of Kamboja descent, and Ushtaxri (Sati Austrakshi) was probably of Bactrian origin. Further, the name of prominent Rishi like Atharva sounds like Atharavan or Atharvan, the Persian fire-cult priest. The names of Atharva and Angirasa are connected with the introduction of fire-cult amongst the Vedic people. In this case, we find another infiltration of the foreign element (Kambojas etc.) in the ethnic composition of the Vedic Aryas" ".

In computer science, dancing links is the technique suggested by Donald Knuth to efficiently implement his Algorithm X. Algorithm X is a recursive, nondeterministic, depth-first, backtracking algorithm that finds all solutions to the exact cover problem. Some of the better-known exact cover problems include tiling, the "n" queens problem, and Sudoku. The name "dancing links" stems from the way the algorithm works, as iterations of the algorithm cause the links to "dance" with partner links so as to resemble an "exquisitely choreographed dance." Knuth credits Hiroshi Hitotsumatsu and Kōhei Noshita with having invented the idea in 1979, but it is his paper which has popularized it. The idea of DLX is based on the observation that in a circular doubly linked list of nodes, will remove node "x" from the list, while will restore "x"'s position in the list, assuming that x.right and x.left have been left unmodified. This works regardless of the number of elements in the list, even if that number is 1. Knuth observed that a naive implementation of his Algorithm X would spend an inordinate amount of time searching for 1's. When selecting a column, the entire matrix had to be searched for 1's. When selecting a row, an entire column had to be searched for 1's. After selecting a row, that row and a number of columns had to be searched for 1's. To improve this search time from complexity O(n) to O(1), Knuth implemented a sparse matrix where only 1's are stored. At all times, each node in the matrix will point to the adjacent nodes to the left and right (1's in the same row), above and below (1's in the same column), and the header for its column (described below). Each row and column in the matrix will consist of a circular doubly linked list of nodes. Each column will have a special node known as the "column header," which will be included in the column list, and will form a special row ("control row") consisting of all the columns which still exist in the matrix. Finally, each column header may optionally track the number of nodes in its column, so that locating a column with the lowest number of nodes is of complexity O("n") rather than O("n"×"m") where "n" is the number of columns and "m" is the number of rows. Selecting a column with a low node count is a heuristic which improves performance in some cases, but is not essential to the algorithm. In Algorithm X, rows and columns are regularly eliminated from and restored to the matrix. Eliminations are determined by selecting a column and a row in that column. If a selected column doesn't have any rows, the current matrix is unsolvable and must be backtracked. When an elimination occurs, all columns for which the selected row contains a 1 are removed, along with all rows (including the selected row) that contain a 1 in any of the removed columns. The columns are removed because they have been filled, and the rows are removed because they conflict with the selected row. To remove a single column, first remove the selected column's header. Next, for each row where the selected column contains a 1, traverse the row and remove it from other columns (this makes those rows inaccessible and is how conflicts are prevented). Repeat this column removal for each column where the selected row contains a 1. This order ensures that any removed node is removed exactly once and in a predictable order, so it can be backtracked appropriately. If the resulting matrix has no columns, then they have all been filled and the selected rows form the solution. To backtrack, the above process must be reversed using the second algorithm stated above. One requirement of using that algorithm is that backtracking must be done as an exact reversal of eliminations. Knuth's paper gives a clear picture of these relationships and how the node removal and reinsertion works, and provides a slight relaxation of this limitation. It is also possible to solve one-cover problems in which a particular constraint is optional, but can be satisfied no more than once. Dancing Links accommodates these with primary columns which must be filled and secondary columns which are optional. This alters the algorithm's solution test from a matrix having no columns to a matrix having no primary columns and if the heuristic of minimum one's in a column is being used then it needs to be checked only within primary columns. Knuth discusses optional constraints as applied to the "n" queens problem. The chessboard diagonals represent optional constraints, as some diagonals may not be occupied. If a diagonal is occupied, it can be occupied only once.

Born in Colyton, near Penrith, west of Sydney, the son of a hotel keeper, Smith was educated at public schools before gaining work with the railways. Following his marriage in 1879, Smith turned to auctioneering and grazing before following his brother, Thomas Richard, into Parliament. Smith was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1882, representing East Macquarie until its abolition in 1894 and then ran for nearby Bathurst. Described as "tall, spare and bearded" but "not renowned for his oratory skills", the non-smoking teetotaller was made Secretary for Mines by Henry Parkes in 1889 and the inaugural Secretary for Agriculture in 1890, in which position he founded Hawkesbury Agricultural College. He also found the time to serve as Mayor of Leichhardt Municipal Council from 1888–89. Smith lost his seat by 103 votes at the 1898 New South Wales election when he ran on what many considered to be an anti-federalist stance and ran unsuccessfully against Edmund Barton for Hastings and Macleay in a by-election later that same year before returning to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in a by-election for Canterbury on 9 June 1900. However, his victory (by five votes) was declared void and Smith was defeated at the subsequently reheld by-election on 28 July 1900. While not a parliamentarian, Smith served on the executive of the Free Trade Party and began planning his campaign for a seat in the new federal parliament. He decided to contest Macquarie at the first federal election in 1901 but was given little chance of victory by observers and the local press, who pointed to his earlier anti-federal views and his recent electoral losses as proof that he exercised little influence amongst the electorate. Smith however gained the endorsement of the local branch of the influential Loyal Orange Lodge and the support of Free Trade Party leader George Reid, who enjoyed a large personal support amongst voters. Following his election, Smith served as a senior member of the Free Trade Party in opposition before helping to engineer the downfall of the Chris Watson government and its replacement by George Reid as Prime Minister. Widely considered Reid’s most faithful henchman during his time in parliament, Smith was made Postmaster-General by Reid but retired from political life following his defeat at the 1906 elections. Smith died in Sydney on 21 February 1934, preceded by his wife and youngest son, killed during the Gallipoli landings. Smith’s eldest son, also named Sydney, served as President of the New South Wales Cricket Association from 1935–66.

Eleanor of Toledo (Italian: "Eleonora di Toledo" (1522 – 17 December 1562), born Doña Leonor Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, was a Spanish noblewoman who was Duchess of Florence from 1539, after Margaret of Austria.Although, Eleanor is often referred to as the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, she predeceased the creation of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. She is credited with being the first modern first lady, or consort. She served as regent of Florence during the absence of her spouse. Eleanor was born in Alba de Tormes, Salamanca, as the second daughter of the Viceroy of Naples, Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca (Charles V's lieutenant-governor) and Maria Osorio, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca. Her father was the second son of Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba and therefore, the 3rd Duke of Alba was his eldest brother. Eleanor was remembered for her beauty: brunette with hazel eyes, an oval shaped face, sweet and full features of an inherent majestic quality, as evident in her portraits. Eleanor was seen as an incredibly charming bride entering the Medici household. Cosimo was searching for a wife who could help strengthen his political position and had initially asked to marry Margaret of Austria, the widow of Duke Alessandro de’ Medici, who displayed enormous reluctance at the idea (thus serving her father’s own interest and plans for her). The Emperor, not wanting to antagonize Cosimo, offered him one of the daughters of the rich viceroy of Naples. The viceroy agreed, provided Cosimo settled a large amount of money on her as dowry. This marriage was politically beneficial as the Medici were new to their ducal status. Additionally, Eleanor's royal Castilian ancestors and relations with the Habsburgs provided the Medici with the blue blood they had hitherto lacked and began the process of placing them on a footing with other European sovereigns. Through her father, Eleanor also provided the Medici with a powerful link to Spain, at that time ultimately in control of Florence, so that the marriage offered Cosimo I the opportunity to show sufficient loyalty to and trust in Spain that Spanish troops could be withdrawn from the province. Eleanor married Cosimo I de’ Medici in the spring of 1539 at seventeen years of age. Eleanor was married by proxy on 29 March 1539, and set sail from Naples, 11 June, accompanied by her brother Garcia with seven galleys following. They arrived at Livorno on the morning of June 22. That same morning, Eleonora left for Pisa and halfway through, met Cosimo. After a short stay in Pisa, the ducal couple left for Florence, stopping for a few days at the Poggio a Caiano. July 29 marked the grandiose entrance of Eleonora from the Porta al Prato to the church of San Lorenzo for the official wedding, in a grand and lavish celebration. Eleanor and Cosimo had a long and peaceful married life. Surprisingly, Cosimo was faithful to Eleanor throughout their married life. Both were religious and led their lives accordingly. The ducal couple served as an example of a traditional couple, which served to strengthen Cosimo's various reforms and separate him from association with the former Duke. Eleanor and Cosimo had eleven children, including five sons who reached maturity (Francesco, Giovanni, Garzia, Ferdinando, and Pietro); before this time the Medici line had been in danger of becoming extinct. Thus by providing an heir, and ample spares, as well as through her daughters' marriages into other ruling and noble families of Italy, she was able to inaugurate an era of strength and stability in Tuscany. Two of her sons, Francesco and Ferdinando, reigned as grand Dukes of Tuscany. Eleanor's high profile in Florence as consort was initially a public relations exercise promoted by her husband whose predecessor as first sovereign Duke Alessandro de' Medici had died without legitimate heirs after years of politically damaging speculation about his sexual irregularities and excesses; Alessandro himself was reputed to have been the son of a black serving woman, his father was the seventeen-year-old Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later Pope Clement VII, and Clement VII was in turn the illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, who was assassinated in the Pazzi Conspiracy against the Medici. Alessandro became the first sovereign ruler of Tuscany belonging to the house of Medici, but was assassinated in 1543 by another member of the Medici family, Lorenzino de' Medici, before consolidating his dynasty's strength in Tuscany. The last of the old Medici line, Alessandro bequeathed to the Medici name a legacy and reputation of sex, scandal, and murder. Alessandro's distantly related successor, Cosimo I, needed to reassure the public of the stability and respectability of not only his family, but the new reign. Thus Eleanor, his attractive, charitable and fertile wife, was brought to the forefront, and the artist Agnolo Bronzino was commissioned to paint one of the first ever state portraits depicting a consort with her child and heir. During her marriage, despite her initial unpopularity as a Spaniard, she gained great influence in Florence, she encouraged the arts and was patron to many of the most notable artists of the age. A pious woman, she encouraged the Jesuit order to settle in Florence; she also founded many new churches in the city. Eleanor was also interested in agriculture and business. She owned great tracts of Tuscan land that she managed effectively which, helped to expand and increase the profitability of the vast Medici estates (her products were shipped as far as Spain), and through her charitable interests, the lot of the peasantry. She also supported unhesitatingly her husband and his policies, so much so that he consulted with her. So great was his trust in her that in his frequent absences he made her regent, a station which also established her position as more than just a pretty bearer of Medici children. As a consequence, it became known that Eleanor was the key to her husband, and those unable to gain an audience with Cosimo realized that through his wife their causes could at least be pleaded. No evidence exists, however, to prove that she greatly influenced him; but the importance of her usefulness to him cannot be ignored. Contemporary accounts of Eleanor belie the stern formal appearance of her many portraits. In her private capacity she loved to gamble, and she was a devoted traveller, moving endlessly from one of her "palazzi" to another. She employed continually 10 gold and silver weavers to work on her apparel. She may have needed the fine clothes to disguise her failing appearance, as 21st-century forensic examinations of her body have revealed a huge calcium deficiency which must have caused her enormous amounts of ill health, and dental pain. Eleanor of Toledo died at Pisa from malaria in 1562. Since her death, historians have tended to overlook her importance to Florentine history, and today she is often thought of as just another Medici consort and lover of luxury. This is probably due to the numerous portraits painted of her, which always show extravagance of dress. Her funeral dress still survives and is today in the care of the Galleria del Costume in Palazzo Pitti, which she purchased in 1549 as a summer retreat, and which after her death became the principal home of the rulers of Tuscany. In the earlier part of her marriage the Medici lived in Florence's Via Larga at what is now the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi and later at the Palazzo Vecchio. The rebuilding of the Pitti Palace was only partially completed at the time of her death. Part of Eleanor's final will and testament was the creation and funding of the prestigious and exclusive convent Santissima Concezione, the daughter house of one of Eleanor's favorite convents, Le Murate. It was built around the Sale del Papa of the prominent Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Novella, which once functioned as quarters for visiting popes. Though she would not live to see it completed, its founding following her death contributed to her legacy and the artistic commissions for the convent further reinforce the fact that Eleanor was the patron; they include “a bust of [Eleanor], and the coat of arms of the duke and duchess painted on the communion window between the sisters and the altar." For centuries after her death the myth pervaded that her 16-year-old son Garcia had murdered his 19-year-old brother, Giovanni, following a dispute in 1562. Their father Cosimo I, it was said, then murdered Garcia with his own sword, and Eleanor, distraught, died a week later from grief. The truth, proven by modern-day exhumations and forensic science, was that Eleanor and her sons, as the Medici family had always claimed, died together from malaria in 1562.

Elderslie is a suburb of the Macarthur Region of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia in Camden Council. In addition, it is located on the east side of the Nepean River. It has a small local shop, high school, primary school, netball courts, cricket, AFL, Football (Rugby League) oval, a BMX track and a historic house John Oxley Cottage built in the 1890s and converted into the Camden Visitors' centre in 1989. It was named after explorer John Oxley who held an early grant of land in the area. The area now known as Elderslie was probably originally home to the Tharawal people, based in the Illawarra region, although the Western Sydney-based Darug people and the Southern Highlands-based Gandangara people were also known to have inhabited the greater Camden area. Very early relations with British settlers were cordial but as farmers started clearing and fencing the land affecting food resources in the area, clashes between the groups arose until 1816 when a number of indigenous people were massacred and the remainder retreated from direct conflict with the settlers. In 1795, a group of lost cattle was discovered in the area, earning it the name Cowpastures. In 1805, a small hut was built at Elderslie near the ford on the Nepean River to house two constable assigned to keep an eye on the cattle. This was the first house built by British settlers in the Camden region. Later the same year, wool pioneer John Macarthur was granted 5,000 acres (20 km²) at Cowpastures. After the land was cleared, it was used for farming for most of the next 200 years until Sydney's suburban sprawl reached the town of Camden and modern suburbs like Elderslie were subdivided into housing blocks. Elderslie Post Office opened on 1 January 1839 and closed on 30 April 1841 when it was replaced by the nearby Camden office. It reopened on 1 August 1876 and closed in 1969. At the 2011 census, there were 4,252 residents in Elderslie. The most common ancestries in Elderslie were Australian 33.4%, English 31.2% and Irish 8.4%. The top responses for religious affiliation were Anglican 33.5%, Catholic 30.0% and No Religion 14.4%. Elderslie lies in the south ward of Camden Council, currently represented by Chris Patterson (who is also the Mayor of Camden), Eva Campbell and Fred Whiteman. It sits within the state electorate of Camden, represented by Liberal's Chris Patterson, and the federal electorate of Macarthur, represented by Labor's Dr. Michael Freelander.

The 1932 NFL Playoff Game was an extra game held to break a tie in the season's final standings in the National Football League. It matched the host Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans. Because of snowfall and anticipated extremely cold temperatures in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved indoors and played at the three-year-old Chicago Stadium on December 18 on a reduced-size field on Sunday night. Since the NFL's first season in 1920, the league title had been awarded to the team with the best regular season record based on winning percentage with ties excluded. Four of the first six championships were disputed, but only in 1921 did two teams ever finish tied atop the standings: the two teams disputing the title had played each other, splitting a two-game series, but league officials used a tiebreaker to controversially give the Bears (then known as the Staleys) the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1932, the Spartans and the Bears tied for first place with 6-1 records. Under the rules at the time, standings were based on winning percentage with ties excluded from the calculation, meaning that the Spartans and Bears each finished the regular season with identical winning percentages, ahead of the defending champion Green Bay Packers' (10 wins, 3 losses) winning percentage. Had pure win-loss differential or the post-1972 method of calculating winning percentage (counting ties as half-a-win, half-a-loss) been used at that time, the Packers' record 10–3–1 (, +7) would have won them a fourth consecutive championship, ahead of the Spartans' 6–1–4 (, +5) and the Bears' 6–1–6 (, +5). The Packers controlled their own destiny at the end of the 1932 season, but lost their final two games to the Spartans and Bears. Further complicating matters, the Spartans and Bears had played and tied each other twice during the regular season, rendering the league's only tiebreaker useless. So, for the first time, the league arranged for what amounted to a replay game to determine the NFL champion. Because the game was counted in the final standings, the loser would drop to 6–2 () and finish third, behind runner-up Green Bay. The league had to make a rule change to allow the game, since they had banned the practice in 1924. The game was set to be played at Wrigley Field, the Bears' home stadium, but due to severe blizzards followed by extremely cold temperatures and wind chill, the game was moved indoors to Chicago Stadium. Two years earlier, the Bears and Cardinals had played a charity exhibition game at the arena, after the 1930 season. The game was moved indoors primarily to ensure adequate attendance and gate revenue. Because of the limited dimensions of the indoor arena, special rules were adopted for the game: the tanbark-covered field itself was only 80 yards long (60 yards between the goal lines) and 45 yards wide, 10 yards narrower than the regulation width at the time. The sidelines were butted up against the stands. The goal posts were moved from the endlines to the goal lines. The ball was automatically moved back 20 yards every time one team crossed the 10-yard line. For the first time, all plays started with the ball on or between the hash marks, which were ten yards from the sidelines. Additionally, drop kicks and field goals were banned. With terrible footing on the mulch and limited room for the offenses to work, the defenses dominated the game's first three quarters, and the game remained scoreless. In the fourth quarter, the Bears scored on a controversial touchdown: Carl Brumbaugh handed the ball off to fullback Bronko Nagurski, who pulled up and threw to Red Grange in the end zone for the score. Rules at the time mandated that a forward pass had to be thrown from at least five yards behind the line of scrimmage. The Spartans argued that Nagurski did not drop back five yards before passing to Grange, but the touchdown stood. The Bears later scored a safety after the Spartans fumbled the ball out of their end-zone. The high temperature for that Sunday in Chicago was , warmer than anticipated earlier in the week. Because it proved so popular, the 1932 NFL Playoff Game started a new era for the National Football League and for American football in general. Through 1932, the league had used the same rules as college football. Beginning with the 1933 season, the NFL introduced its own set of rules. The goal posts were moved from the end line back to the goal line (reversed in 1974), the forward pass became legal anywhere behind the line of scrimmage, and all plays started with the ball on or between the hash marks. In , the NFL expanded to ten teams and divided into two divisions. The division winners met in a scheduled championship game to determine the NFL champion. The 1932 NFL Playoff Game is also regarded as the first major indoor football game, a variation of American football with rules modified to make it suitable for play inside arenas. While several attempts to develop a true indoor football game have been made since then, the only version to meet with anything resembling true success and acceptance has been arena football.

Elizabeth Bay is an affluent harbourside suburb in eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Elizabeth Bay is located 3 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The suburb of Elizabeth Bay takes its name from the bay on Sydney Harbour. Macleay Point separates Elizabeth Bay from Rushcutters Bay. The suburb of Elizabeth Bay is surrounded by the suburbs of Rushcutters Bay and Potts Point. Kings Cross is a locality on the south-western border and Garden Island is a locality, to the north. Elizabeth Bay was named in honour of Governor Lachlan Macquarie’s wife, Elizabeth. The area was originally known by the Aboriginal name 'Yarrandabby' and what is now Macleay Point was 'Jerrewon'. Alexander Macleay (1767–1848), the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, was granted here in 1828. He commissioned architect John Verge (1788–1861) to build Elizabeth Bay House, a Regency style home that was completed in 1837. Elizabeth Bay House is a historic home managed by the Historic Houses Trust, located in Onslow Avenue with views across Sydney Harbour. It was designed by John Verge in the Regency style and is listed on the Register of the National Estate. Ashton, located at the bottom of Elizabeth Bay Road, was designed by Thomas Rowe in the Victorian Italianate style and built circa 1875. It was originally part of a group of villas built for well-off clients who included Thomas Rowe, John Grafton Ross, Charles Henry Hoskins and Sir Cecil Harold Hoskins. In more recent years, the character of the area was changed radically by the building of blocks of flats, but Ashton survived as one of the few original buildings in the area. It has a New South Wales State Heritage listing. Across the road from Ashton is Tresco, a two-storey home designed by Thomas Rowe and built in 1868. It was constructed by Italian stonemasons who were brought to Australia by the Joubert brothers, who were prominent in the early settlement of Hunters Hill. In 1913 it became the official residence of the Flag Officer in Charge, Royal Australian Navy, Eastern Australia. Like Elizabeth Bay House, it is heritage-listed.<ref name="The Heritage of Australia, p.2/81">The Heritage of Australia, p.2/81</ref> Boomerang is perhaps the best surviving suburban estate of its period on the harbour foreshores. It was designed by Neville Hampson in 1926 for Frank Albert, a music publisher. This 'Hollywood Spanish Mission' style dwelling and flats are of stuccoed brick with vaguely classical windows and decoration, under a terracotta hipped roof. The exterior colour is dull brown. The interior maintains the theatrical air with rooms decorated in different styles from various historical eras. The gardens, now mature, are an amalgamation of palm trees, shrubs and fountains with tennis court and boat house. A private residence, it sold for A$20.7 million in 2005 to Lindsay Fox. It has been used as a backdrop for Hollywood films, including "", and is heritage-listed. At the 2011 census, there were 5,093 residents in Elizabeth Bay. Slightly more than half of people were born in Australia, with the top other countries of birth being England 6.6%, New Zealand 4.6%, United States of America 2.1%, Federal Republic of Germany 1.2% and Republic of South Africa 1.2%. Many people travelled to work by public transport (31.5%), and walking to work (25.3%) was also popular. The majority of dwellings in Elizabeth Bay were units or apartments (98.2%) and there were only 18 separate houses in the suburb. 58.7% of residents were renting their home and only 19.7% owned their home outright. The median weekly household income was $1,710 compared to the national median of $1,234.

Raster Blaster is a 1981 computer pinball game for the Apple II resembling the classic Firepower table. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit family. This video game was written and designed by Bill Budge and published by BudgeCo. It showed a fullscreen high resolution display of a pinball game table. The 6502-based Apple II was not designed to support fast graphics and collision detection, but Budge mastered these problems and the game ran with such speed and visual accuracy that it stood head-and-shoulders above other arcade-style games of its day. "Raster Blaster" was one of the major hits of the "plastic baggies on pegboards" era of computer game stores, and Budge followed it with the popular "Pinball Construction Set" (1982). "Raster Blaster" was voted Softalk magazine's Most Popular Program of 1981. Even as the second game took off in sales, Budge and his sister were being overwhelmed by all the tasks involved in running the business. It took all of Budge's energy to just keep things going, let alone write games. Electronic Arts (EA) was formed that same year, and founder Trip Hawkins was impressed by Budge's titles. He approached Budge (with the help of Apple Computer co-founder Steve Wozniak) and invited him to join the initial group of EA developers, and leave the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution issues behind. Budge agreed, and became the central figure among EA's highly publicized designers. "Pinball Construction Set" became a mainstream hit, and the top title in EA's original line-up. Debuting in April 1981, the game sold 25,000 copies by June 1982, tied for fourth on "Computer Gaming World"s list of top sellers. "BYTE" praised the game's realistic physics, writing that "Most microcomputer games that are versions of existing board or equipment games aren't worth the disks they're printed on, but "Raster Blaster" does not fall into that category!" "Softline" stated when reviewing "David's Midnight Magic" that it "ratifies Bill Budge's extraordinary program as a programming tour de force" and "proof of Budge's technical lead over his rivals", as "Midnight" was merely equal to "Raster Blaster" despite being nine months ("an eternity in the Apple II world") newer. called the Atari version "addictive", although it noted some bugs.

Inuttitut, or Inuttut is a Canadian dialect of Inuktitut. It was once spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands have now been consolidated as "Nunatsiavut" and "NunatuKavut". The language has a distinct writing system, created by German missionaries from the Moravian Church in Greenland in the 1760s. This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, and its unique history of cultural contacts have made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition. It shares features, including Schneider's Law, the reduction of alternate sequences of consonant clusters by simplification, with some Inuit dialects spoken in Quebec. It is differentiated by the tendency to neutralize velars and uvulars, i.e. /g/ ~ /r/, and /k/ ~ /q/ in word final and pre-consonantal positions, as well as by the assimilation of consonants in clusters, compared to other dialects. Morphological systems (~juk/~vuk) and syntactic patterns (e.g. the ergative) have similarly diverged. Nor are the Labrador dialects uniform: there are separate variants traceable to a number of regions, e.g. Rigolet, Nain, Hebron, etc. Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported any Inuit language to be their mother tongue in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of Nain. Inuttitut is seriously endangered. Nunatsiavut uses a Latin alphabet devised by German-speaking Moravian missionaries, which includes the letter ĸ ("kra", often also written with an uppercase K). In 1980, the Labrador Inuit Standardized Writing System was developed during a meeting with elders and educators to provide consistency and clarity. The previous orthography used to represent /u/ before uvulars, however the Labrador Inuttitut no longer has a distinct /q/ at the end of syllables. In the new orthography, o represents /uu/. The main difference with the Latin orthography used for other Inuktitut dialects are the following letters: ***LIST***. At one time, there existed two dialects of the Inuttut language. The Inuit that reside south of the Davis Inlet in what is now known as NunatuKavut once spoke a divergent dialect known as "NunatuKavummiutut", indicated by differences in Toponymy. However, due to heavy European immigration into NunatuKavut, this dialect has since become extinct. The Nunatsiavummiut dialect has survived due to the isolation of the Inuit who reside north of the Davis inlet. There exist two sub-dialects of Inuttitut, the northern dialect (spoken mainly in Nain) and the southern dialect (spoken only by a few elders in Rigolet). They differ only in Phonology.

The Jewish family Auerbach, Авербах (אוּרבּך) of the 16th to 19th century was a family of scholars, the progenitor of which was Moses Auerbach, born around 1462, court Jew to the bishop of Regensburg as of around 1497. One of his daughters, who went to Kraków after her marriage, is the reputed ancestress of the celebrated Rabbi Moses Isserles (רמ״א). The Auerbach family gained Court Jew status and later nobility titles under the Habsburg Monarchy. Another branch of the Auerbach family settled at Vienna. A near-relative, Meshullam Solomon Fischhof-Auerbach, achieved eminence in that city and married Miriam Lucerna, the daughter of a well-known rabbi and physician, Leo Lucerna (Judah Löb Ma‘or-qat‘on L.). {Miriam is known to have died on July 29, 1654 (Frankl, Inschriften, No. In his old age, it was Meshullam's misfortune to be driven from Vienna and exiled (1670) with his coreligionists. Before his death (1677), he had the satisfaction of seeing his sons occupy honorable positions. Nearly twenty years before, his son, Menahem Mendel Auerbach, had been called as rabbi to Reussnitz, Moravia, after having officiated as assessor to the rabbinate at Kraków. The pupil of Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, Joel Sarkes, and Joshua ben Joseph at the Talmud school in Kraków, Menahem Mendel achieved an international reputation for Talmudic authority. The best known among Mendel's brothers is Simon Auerbach, who at the age of twenty-three wrote a penitential poem on the occasion of an epidemic that broke out among children in Vienna, in 1634. This poem passed through several editions, under the title "Mish'on (sic) la-Yeladim" (Support to Children), Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1711. The author died March 11, 1638, at Eibenschütz (). The poem was printed by the grandson of the author, Meshullam Solomon Fischhof, who added a commentary, "Rab Shalom" (Much Peace). He also published several prayers and hymns of Israel Nagara, with additions of his own (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1712). Hayyim Auerbach, a second brother of Menahem Mendel, settled at Kraków but later returned to Vienna as assessor of the rabbinate. He died there on 7 October 1665. A third brother, Benjamin Wolf Auerbach, settled at Nikolsburg and was held in high esteem as elder of the community, even officiating temporarily as chairman of the college of the rabbinate. His testament, printed together with the work "Meqor Chokmah" (Source of Wisdom), which contains an abundance of worldly wisdom and pious reflection, was published by his son, Meshullam Solomon, assessor of the rabbinate at Nikolsburg, who published an ethical work at the same time. Menahem Mendel's successor as rabbi of Krotoszyn was his grandson, who bore the same name, the son of Moses Auerbach (died May 9, 1739). Menahem Mendel ben Moses Auerbach served as rabbi of the congregation in Krotoszyn from 1732 to 1755, and was president of the Synod of the Four Lands; he died in 1760. He was the son-in-law of Rabbi Saul of Kraków. A son of Simon Wolf, mentioned above, was David Tebele, surnamed "HaKadosh" (the Holy), who died as chief rabbi of Prague. His name was commemorated by his son, Samuel Auerbach, the author of "Chesed Shmuel" (Samuel's Charity), published in Amsterdam. Hirsch Auerbach belongs to another branch of the family. He was first assessor of the rabbinate at Brody, fleeing thence to Germany with a part of the community to escape exorbitant taxation and the machinations of informers. After wandering from one place to another he settled at Worms, to which he had been called in 1733 to Rabbi Löb Sinzheim's college, and was appointed rabbi in the same community in 1763. He died at Worms May 3, 1778, in the eighty-eighth year of his life, his pious wife Dobresch (daughter of the president Isaac at Brody) dying a few weeks before him. His son, born at Brody, Abiezri Selig Auerbach, was at first rabbi at Edenkoben, then at Buxweiler, where he died in 1767; his wife was the daughter of Isaac Sinzheim, rabbi at Trier and Niederehnheim. Yet another member of the family was Meir Auerbach (1815), president of the Jewish court at Koło and author of "Imrei Bina" (Words of Wisdom). He emigrated to British Palestine and was the first Ashkenazic chief rabbi of Jerusalem to head the Poland Kolel.

Daisy Siete (lit. "Seventeen Daisies") is a long-running daily afternoon drama series top billed by the SexBomb Girls, an all-girl singing dance group in the Philippines. It premiered September 1, 2003 and unofficially ended on July 2, 2010. The title is a pun on a combination of "daisy" and the last three syllables of "diecisiete", Spanish for seventeen, for the original number of members of the group when it premiered. The program was produced by FOCUS Entertainment Inc. and aired over GMA Network in the Philippines. It was produced by Joy Cancio, head of Focus Entertainment and former Vicor dancer. Seasons 2 to 6 were weekly episodes, where the story is not continuous. Seasons 1 and 7-9 followed a soap opera-like approach. The first seasons were light; the real dramatic highlights were provided in Seasons 7 and so forth. Re-runs of the series are aired internationally on GMA Life TV. The last episode of "Daisy Siete" was shown on July 2, 2010, just short of a full six years. The show was replaced by the short-lived "Ang Yaman ni Lola" on August 23, 2010 after a summer hiatus period.

Fairfield West is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Fairfield West is located 33 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. Fairfield West is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Fairfield West shares the postcode of 2165 with the separate suburbs of Fairfield, Fairfield Heights and Fairfield East. When British settlers first arrived in Sydney, the area that is now known as Fairfield West was inhabited by the Cabrogal tribe. A railway station was built at neighbouring Fairfield in 1856 leading to substantial population growth around the station which eventually to Fairfield West being subdivided in the 1870s. At the time it was mostly small farms but a Progress Association was established leading to a post office, school and a sportsground being built in the community. Timber cutting became a significant local industry and the sawmills brought other businesses into the new town, which was well established by the end of the 1800s. Fairfield West Public School was built there in 1925. The "Endeavour Sports Reserve", located near Orphan School Creek, is a large floodlit urban park and a sports ground that features shared soccer, cricket, league and hockey fields, and four tennis courts. The vegetation along the creek side has been identified by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service as a "Cumberland Plain Endangered Ecological Community". The narrow woodland strip, which border the creek, feature a walking/cycling path, and are dominated by Eucalyptus moluccana and Eucalyptus tereticornis trees. Although not in the suburb, Brenan Park is adjacent to the northeastern vicinity of Fairfield West. At the 2016 census, there were 11,575 residents in Fairfield West. 41.7% of people were born outside of Australia. The most common ancestries were Vietnamese (16.3%), Australian (8.4%), English (8.3%), Chinese (7.6%) and Assyrian (7.4%). The most common countries of birth were Iraq (13.6%), Vietnam (12.8%), Cambodia (3.4%), New Zealand (1.5%) and Syria (1.4%). In Fairfield West 27.0%% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Vietnamese (19.7%), Arabic (9.3%), Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (8.8%), Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (4.8%) and Spanish (4.3%). The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic (34.2%), Buddhism (16.2%), No Religion (12.0%), Unstated (7.3%) and Islam (5.8%). The majority of dwellings (87.9%) were separate houses, with the remainder of dwellings being semi-detached or townhouses.

Forest Lodge is a small, inner-city suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Forest Lodge is located 4 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Ross Street and the intersecting St Johns Road, form the centre of the neighbourhood, with a small collection of bars, cafes and antique stores. The area is popular with students from the nearby University of Sydney and UTS. It is considered to be a quieter alternative to neighbouring Glebe, which shares many of its features. The housing stock is predominantly Victorian, a sizeable proportion of which has been converted into apartment houses in varying states of restoration. Forest Lodge Public School is on the corner of Pyrmont Bridge Road and Ross Street. The University of Sydney Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies is located here, as is the Medical Foundation. Historic points of interest include the Forest Lodge Public School and the Chapman Steps. The former Alexandra Hospital is past the southern boundary in Camperdown and the Glebe Town Hall is just over the eastern boundary of the suburb at Mount Vernon Street, Glebe. At the intersection of Wigram Road and Minogue Crescent can be found the "Lew Hoad Reserve", a small but pleasant park named in honour of Lew Hoad. Lew was born in 1934 and grew up at 43 Wigram Road. He learned to play tennis in the area and from the age of nine was a daily visitor to the Police Boy’s Club next to the reserve where he participated in boxing, wrestling, gymnastics, athletics, cricket and rugby league. Hoad went on to be a member of Australia’s four Davis Cup winning squads in 1952 to 1956, won Wimbledon twice and was the world’s number one tennis player in 1956 before turning professional. The reserve was named after him in 1965. The popular Forest Lodge Hotel has become an institution in the area, hailing multitudes of students and families alike. Having won the TimeOut Pub Awards in 2015, 2016 and being nominated in 2017. this local venue is quickly gaining a name for itself. Forest Lodge was named after a house built in the area in 1836 by Ambrose Foss. The house stood on the present site of 208-210 Bridge Road until it was demolished in 1912. At the 2011 census, there were 2,722 residents in Forest Lodge. 35.2% of people were attending an educational institution and of these, 56.1% were in a tertiary or technical institution. In Forest Lodge, 40.2% of people were born outside of Australia, with the top countries of birth being England 6.3%, New Zealand 3.1% and China 2.4%. There were lower than average rates of religious observance, with 45% of people stating they had no religious affiliation. Tertiary Education (7.9%) was the largest employer, followed by Hospitals (4.7%). The rate of car use was lower than average, with 32.6% of people travelling to work by car, compared with the national average of 65.8%. Housing in Forest Lodge was mainly medium or high density. 91.9% of occupied dwellings were semi-detached houses or apartments.

Tex Perkins (born Gregory Stephen Perkins on 28 December 1964 in Darwin, Australia) is an Australian singer-songwriter, who is widely known for fronting the popular Australian rock-band The Cruel Sea, but has also performed with the Beasts of Bourbon, Thug, James Baker Experience, The Butcher Shop, Salamander Jim, and Tex, Don and Charlie. He has also released many solo records. In 1997, a portrait of Tex Perkins by artist Bill Leak won the Packing Room award at the Archibald Prize. Perkins started his musical career in Brisbane cowpunk outfit Tex Deadly and the Dum-Dums, before moving to Sydney in 1982, garnering considerable attention in the Sydney independent music scene and also touring Melbourne, before the departure of guitarist Mark Halstead ended the band. He later formed Salamander Jim with Kim Salmon from The Scientists and Richard Ploog from The Church. Due to touring commitments for Ploog & Salmon, Perkins formed a different line up with Stu Spasm, Lachlan McLeod and Martin Bland. In 1985 this line-up recorded and released their only record, an EP titled "Lorne Greene Shares His Precious Fluids" on Red Eye Records. Perkins and Peter Read formed Thug in Sydney in 1987 when Read's flatmate had a fascination for collecting and amassing electronic equipment. After using some of the gear on initial recordings in Read's home studio, Perkins was eager to take it to the stage. With the help of Lachlan McLeod and others, Thug became one of Sydney's most unusual and confrontational live acts. Thug's live sets would last twenty to twenty-five minutes, featuring dancers, theatrics, bizarre electronic equipment and—at one performance—an entire audience showered in flour. Each Thug gig would end with its members mock brawling amongst themselves; audience members also would participate from time to time. Sometimes it would get out of hand, during one such mock brawl, Perkins required stitches after landing on a broken glass someone had thrown onto the stage. Thug, along with Lubricated Goat and Kim Salmon & The Surrealists spearheaded a very overlooked and underrated era of Australian music in the late 1980s. This output was released on the Red Eye Records offshoot Black Eye Records. Thug's debut 7" single was the legendary "Dad/Thug", an electronic affair which was an assault on the ears. The tracks from the "Mechanical Ape / Proud Idiots Parade" EP and the "Electric Woolly Mammoth" album were later released on CD as "Everything is beautiful in its own way". Another early group, The Bumhead Orchestra, was revived in 2005 for performances at festivals such as What Is Music? and Big Day Out. The group usually consists of roughly 20 members, and Perkins acts as a "conductor". The Beasts of Bourbon grew from a simple side project to a true supergroup of the Australian pub rock scene. Forming in Sydney in 1983, the original Beasts lineup comprised Perkins, Spencer P. Jones, James Baker, Kim Salmon and Boris Sudjovic. The band's first album, "The Axeman's Jazz", was an underground success, but the Beasts continued to be just a side project for its members until 1988 when the Beasts reformed to record "Sour Mash", followed by 1990's "Black Milk" and 1991's "The Low Road". In 1993, the group toured extensively to support the double album "From the Belly of the Beasts", then disbanded temporarily. They reformed to release "Gone" in 1997, which received lukewarm reviews, but produced a minor single called "Saturated". In 2003, they reformed to record a live album, "Low Life", released on Spooky Records. In 2006, they reformed to play the Big Day Out Festival around Australia and New Zealand. In late December 2006 it was announced that Albert Productions had signed an exclusive worldwide recording deal with the band and on 23 April 2007, released their new album "Little Animals". The Alberts label releases have been a huge influence on the Beasts of Bourbon, so to be signed to this legendary label is not only a great honour and the start of an exciting new chapter in the bands history, it feels like…..Destiny – Tex Perkins After toying with different band members, The Cruel Sea came into fruition in 1988 with the union of Ken Gormley on bass, Jim Elliot on drums, Danny Rumour on guitars and James Cruikshank on keyboards and guitars, taking their name from the 1960s surf instrumental group, The Ventures. In 1989 Perkins (their then-lighting technician) started joining them onstage. This sparked an interest from Red Eye Records, and the band was signed and released a 1989 album "Down Below" featuring Perkins on vocals. They received an ARIA award nomination in 1993 following the release of their second album, "This Is Not the Way Home". The instrumental single "4" and the title track received high rotation play on independent and commercial radio. The group's third album, "The Honeymoon Is Over" (1993), and its title song, won five ARIA Music Awards of 1994. They followed with a high-profile world tour. 1995 saw the release of the hugely successful "Three Legged Dog" album, which spawned the hits "Better Get a Lawyer" "Just a Man" "Anybody but You" and "Too Fast for Me". They claimed another ARIA award in 1995 for 'Best Group' with their work on "Three Legged Dog". The band then took a three-year break during which time Perkins released his first solo album, "Far Be it From Me". The Cruel Sea returned to their instrumental roots and embarked on a series of gigs without Perkins. In 1998, The Cruel Sea released "Over Easy" and again a rigorous touring schedule supporting their "Takin all day" national tour. After the success of his first album, Perkins released his second solo album "Dark Horses". Tex, Don and Charlie is an Australian super group formed by Tex Perkins, Don Walker from Cold Chisel and widely respected guitarist Charlie Owen. Their first album "Sad But True" was released in 1993. Their potent, distinctively Australian country-blues cocktail matured on stage, as faithfully reflected in their heady live album of '95, "Monday Morning Coming Down". The band was founded in 1992 as Tex Perkins relates: "I saw Charlie and thought "Jesus Christ". He was easily the best rock guitar player I had seen. He was really dexterous, but gutsy. Not flashy. I think it had a lot of jazz in him as well. I made a mental note that I'd like to work with Charlie and about I year later I heard he was playing with Don Walker in Catfish. Then somebody suggested I do something with Don Walker and I said "Sure, as long as Charlie Owen is there"." Over the next 10 years they mostly went separate ways, but remained in contact. Charlie Owen worked with Perkins and the Dark Horses during this time. In March 2005. Tex, Don and Charlie had been talking about a second album for four years; swapping songs in the mail for three; nailing them together over various stolen rehearsal sessions for nearly two. "All is Forgiven" was released in August 2005 and a successful tour followed. Originally part of a solo project to fulfil a recording contract, the Dark Horses had formed into a band by the release of the second album "Dark Horses" in 2000. Like much of Tex Perkins' musical past, Charlie Owens was a big part of the Dark Horses project. Other Dark Horse collaborators were Jim Elliot, Joel Silbersher, Murray Paterson and Skritch Needham. In August 2006 Perkins commented on ABC2's Dig program that the Cruel Sea and Dark Horses were no more. On 10 June 2011, Tex Perkins & The Dark Horses released a new, self-titled album, and in September and October 2011 they conducted a national tour to launch the album. Band members for the 2011 tour were Charlie Owen, Joel Silbersher and two new members, bassist Steve Hadley and drummer Gus Agars. ***LIST***. What started out as a bit of a joke, drew enormous interest and triggered a US and European tour in September 2006. After only a handful of shows together and 6 months songwriting (though many years friendship), Tim Rogers and Tex Perkins (T'n'T) quickly recorded a debut album in August 2006. With neither of them strangers to studio time, this debut album, My Better Half was released in September 2006. The first single was "Everybody Hates You When You're Popular". Consistent with his history of less serious bands, in 2008 Tex Perkins formed a new group to release an album of covers featuring duets with other Australian musicians such as Nic Cester, Suze DeMarchi, Adalita and Jimmy Barnes. Covering popular songs from the 70s and 80s by acts such as Dr Hook and Hall and Oates, "No 1s and No 2s" was followed by tour of non-traditional rock music venues such as Sydney's Star City Casino. Perkins has since dismissed this album as a contractual obligation - Universal Music wanted him to record a covers album, and the Ladyboyz were his passive-aggressive response. In 2010 and 2011, Tex Perkins and The Tennessee Four (Shannon Bourne, guitar; Shane Reilly, guitar; Steve Hadley, bass; Dave Folley, drums) performed a series of shows in Australia and New Zealand. Titled "The Man in Black - The Johnny Cash Story", the show featured two hours of Johnny Cash’s music interwoven with the story of his rise to stardom, his fight for survival and his eventual redemption. Tex Perkins (a baritone, as was Cash) and Rachael Tidd (as Cash's wife June Carter Cash), performed faithful renditions of Cash's songs while telling Cash's story in the third person between songs. During the show, Tex humorously emphasises the name of Cash's guitarist Luther Perkins. Tex Perkins and The Tennessee Four performed a further series of shows in 2013 and 2014. In 2015 Perkins and The Tennessee Four performed "Far From Folsom" at the now closed Parramatta Correctional Centre, to recreate Cash's concerts at Folsom State Prison. Perkins collaboration with The Steel Springs on "One Minute's Silence", released on Anzac Day, 2015, to commemorate the centenary of the landing at Anzac Cove. The track, written by author Matthew Hardy, features The Welsh Choir and a spoken word performance by Australian rules football legend Ron Barassi. Perkins has a cameo role in the 1998 Australian film, "Praise". He appeared on "Battle of the Choirs" on the Seven Network in Australia in 2008. He has hosted "RocKwiz" numerous times. He voiced a cartoon shark in the 2011 Movie Extra animated series "Shaaark". Perkins is a supporter of the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League. He invented the sport of zoneball, a cross between Australian rules football and tennis. According to AFL player Bob Murphy, "Tex is to zoneball what Tom Wills is to footy ... The creator, the maestro, the master of ceremonies."

Flemington is a locality within the suburb of Homebush West in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Flemington is located 16 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Strathfield. Flemington is devoted to commercial developments. The area between Flemington railway station and Parramatta Road is the site of Sydney Markets. The markets feature a number of divisions including Produce, Flowers, Growers, Fresh Food, Motor, Swap & Sell, Paddy's Markets and Sydney Markets Plaza. Sydney Markets Plaza features a supermarket, hotel, post office and many specialty shops below an office building. A small group of shops is located immediately south of Flemington railway station, in the area known as Homebush West. Flemington railway station is on the Airport, Inner West & South Line of the Sydney Trains network. Parramatta Road and the M4 Western Motorway demarcate the northern border of Flemington. Homebush Bay Drive forms the western border. This area was originally known Liberty Plains but was called Flemington by John Fleming, who was granted here in 1806. The bush was turned into paddocks and later was the site of a cattle saleyard (which gave its name to Saleyards Creek). In the early 1970s, the Sydney Markets were built at Flemington to relieve the Paddy's Markets at Haymarket, in the city. Since the establishment of Sydney Markets at Flemington in 1975, the residential part of the suburb, south of the railway line became known as Homebush West. Some residents of Homebush West, want their suburb renamed back to Flemington.

Westbury railway station is a railway station serving the town of Westbury in Wiltshire, England. The station is managed by Great Western Railway. The station is a major junction, serving the Reading to Taunton line with services to and from Penzance and London Paddington, Wessex Main Line with services to and from Cardiff and Portsmouth, services to Swindon, Heart of Wessex Line providing local services from Bristol to Weymouth, and services to London Waterloo. The buffet at Westbury appeared in a list of "highly commended" station cafes published in "The Guardian" in 2009. The station was opened by the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (WS&WR) on 5 September 1848, and was the initial terminus of the WS&WR line from . This line was later extended to , which opened on 7 October 1850. The Salisbury branch opened on 30 June 1856, whilst the opening of the line to Patney & Chirton in 1900 (along with that further west from Castle Cary to Cogload Junction six years later) completed the GWR's new main line from London Paddington to and beyond. In the 1880s, the station was one of the meeting places of the South and West Wilts Hunt. In 1899, Westbury station was entirely rebuilt to cater for the 1900 line, creating two island platforms six hundred feet long and forty feet wide. It has since been rebuilt and remodelled several times, most recently when the area was resignalled in 1985 (when the Down Salisbury platform line was lifted), but without changing the underlying form created in 1901. In 2013 the Swindon and Wiltshire Local Transport Body prioritised the reopening of this platform face at an estimated cost of £5.4m. A freight yard next to the station is used by bulk limestone trains from the rail-served quarries at Merehead and Whatley in Somerset. In April 2009 the rail-served Lafarge cement works to the east closed and was mothballed. The station is served by all three main routes that pass through it. On the main Reading to Taunton Line, the station is served by westbound trains to one of , , or ; and eastbound services to . There is a service on the to and Wessex Main Line, and a separate service between , Bristol and Westbury on this route. Some of these trains continue through to Weymouth and in the opposite direction certain trains extend through to and . Others run to Frome, Warminster and Southampton, along with through trains to and from . South West Trains runs a service between Bristol and via that calls here. There are also limited services to Yeovil Pen Mill. There are also services between Westbury and via , and , on the original Wilts, Somerset & Weymouth line. The frequency on this route was improved substantially (to eight trains each way weekdays, five on Sundays) at the December 2013 timetable change. At present, the line to Westbury is not due to be electrified as part of the 21st-century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line. Although local councillors support it, the extension of electrification beyond to Westbury was assessed as having a benefit–cost ratio of only 0.31.

Kelvin Grove is an inner northern suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia approximately from the CBD. This hilly suburb takes its name from Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow, Scotland. It is primarily residential with tree-lined streets and some commercial and light industrial activities along its main thoroughfare, Kelvin Grove Road. La Boite Theatre Company, Queensland's second largest theatre company, operates from the Roundhouse Theatre on the Kelvin Grove campus of the Queensland University of Technology. According to the 2011 Census there were 6,018 people living in the suburb with a median age of 27. In common with many inner suburbs of Brisbane, the suburb has a mixture of traditional "Queenslander" homes, some post-war worker's cottages and more modern apartment blocks. Kelvin Grove was part of the Shire of Ithaca (later the Town of Ithaca) before the town was amalgamated into the City of Greater Brisbane in 1925. In 1901 electric trams commenced operations along Kelvin Grove Road, running to the city. The tram service ceased in December 1968 and since that time diesel and more recently compressed natural gas buses operated by the Brisbane City Council have served the suburb. Electric trolley-buses, also operated by the Brisbane City Council connected the suburb with Fortitude Valley, via Herston between 1953 and 1969. Following the closure of the Gona Barracks in 1998, the site was used as the basis of an urban renewal program resulting in the Kelvin Grove Urban Village which integrates the Kelvin Grove campus of Queensland University of Technology with residential and commercial buildings. The Kelvin Grove Urban Village was officially opened by Queensland Premier Peter Beattie on 24 November 2003. In the , Kelvin Grove recorded a population of 6,018 people, 52% female and 48% male. The median age of the Kelvin Grove population was 27 years of age, 10 years below the Australian median. 60.8% of people living in Kelvin Grove were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were China 3.6%, Saudi Arabia 3.4%, England 2.9%, India 2.4%, New Zealand 2.3%. 69.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 4.6% Arabic, 3.7% Mandarin, 1.7% Cantonese, 1.5% Malay, 1.1% Korean.

Myrmelachista schumanni, also known as the lemon ant, is a species of ant that is notable for the creation of Devil's garden. Using its own herbicide they kill off all the plants in an area except for the myrmecophytes, or ant-plants, in which they reside. "M. schumanni" live in large clearings in the rainforest, called devil's gardens, where there is little to no bio-diversity compared to the surrounding area. There are only one to three species of plants found in these areas consisting of "Cordia nodosa", "Tococa guianensis", "Duroia hirsuta" or "Clidemia heterophylla". The few studies of the mutualism between "M. schumanni"–"D. hirsuta" have incorrectly concluded that these clearings are formed by allelopathy on the part of "D. hirsuta". It was established that worker ants were injecting leaves with formic acid, a toxin commonly produced in ant species, and the plants started to die within 24 hours. Lemon ants are the only known insect to use formic acid as a herbicide. By killing other plants, the lemon ants provide themselves with a nest site, usually residing in D. "hirsuta". Researchers estimate that the largest garden observed, contains 328 trees over 1,300 square meters and is around 800 years old. Lemon ants get their name from the lemony taste of acids produced as part of a glandular chemical defense system. When crushed or attacked, citronellal pheromones are created to communicate alarm to nearby individuals, which also produces a citrus odor.

Love to Love is a youth oriented romance-based series on Filipino television. It is aired on GMA Network. GMA decided to finally end the series with its 12th and final season featuring only one season mini-series instead of the usual two. Friends and partners in crime, Richmond (Oyo Boy Sotto) and Robbie (Bryan Revilla) learn that switching roles has its ups and downs. Richmond gets even closer to Trina (Maxene Magalona) and Robbie makes progress with Annaliza (Valerie Concepcion). But as to how long they can keep up their charade is up to their wits and luck? A modern-day version of Snow White, this episode revolves on the adventures and misadventures of Jen (Chynna Ortaleza), a rich girl from Cebu who tries to escape from here evil stepmother and finally reached Manila. In here, she met Dodong (Cogie Domingo) a family driver who helped her apply for work in a rich family. In the mansion, she came to know the spoiled balikbayan, Ralph (Richard Gutierrez) as well as Emilie (Nancy Castiglione), Ralph's kind sister. Who are made for each other? Richard Gutierrez plays a dual role — as hot teen star JM Rodriguez and farm boy Tomas. JM and Casey de Leon (Anne Curtis) are the hottest love team in the country. Nikki (Chynna Ortaleza), on the other hand, is Casey’s cousin, all-around assistant and best friend. Nikki is secretly in love with JM, but knows she has no chance to steal him from her cousin. Fans of JM and Casey are awaiting the premiere of an upcoming movie, "“My One, True Love.”" Some twist of fate, though, will change the lives of everyone. JM meets an accident and slips into a coma. Nikki is desperate. She has to find a way to keep the fans’ love for the love team burning. Like a miracle, she meets Tomas, a young man working in a rice farm. He looks exactly like JM. Now, you have a hint of what this teeny-bop love story is all about. Sunshine Dizon plays a nanny in household in one of the units in a condominium. She is Lovely Santos who is being pursued by a postman, Nonoy (Geoff Eigenmann). When she starts getting invitations to parties, Lovely becomes curious. She gets the surprise of her life when she meets a namesake, a magazine writer who lives in one of the units in the same condominium building. The other Lovely Santos is played by Tin Arnaldo. Frank Garcia plays a guy who become smitten with Lovely, the maid, whom he mistakes for Lovely, the writer. Chara (Angel Locsin) works as a mascot in an amusement park. She feels lucky that her job lets her wear a mask because she knows she is not pretty. But even if her face is not beautiful, she has a kind heart and great personality. This is why her friend Joseph (Cogie Domingo), a rides operator, is always by her side. Chara does not have any illusions that Joseph or any other guy could fall for her... she thinks she’s just too ugly. So all she does is fantasize. And the object of her fantasies is none other than Alfred (Dennis Trillo), the son of the coffee shop owner near the amusement park. Then one day, she receives a “magic lipstick” and she magically transforms into a beautiful girl! Nobody recognizes her & she introduces herself as Charina. Alfred meets Charina & will fall in love with her. Chara’s dreams are coming true! But she can’t kiss him because when the lipstick wears off, so will her beauty! And so by day, the ugly Chara is with Joseph. By night, the pretty Charina is with Alfred. But love has never quite this simple... how long can Chara keep pretending? Tammy (Toni Gonzaga) is vacationing at a beach resort when she meets Marvin (Jay-R), a cute Amboy. It is love at first sight. They hit it off when they discover that they have so many things in common, especially their love for singing. Tammy is a videoke queen, while Marvin has been asked by his mom to come back home and try showbiz here in the Philippines. In the few days together at the resort, a summer love is formed and when it’s time to say goodbye, they promise to keep in touch. All is well until they discover that their parents are embroiled in a bitter feud. Marvin’s mom, Aling Diana (Pinky Marquez) owns Diana’s Carinderia and Sing-along which. Right across Barry’s Turo-Turo and Videoke, owned by Mang Barry (Hajji Alejandro), Tammy’s father. Aside from being fierce business competitors, Diana & Barry share a past which went from sweet to sour. Now they are bitter & hostile towards each other, and that’s the way they want their kids to be too. Marvin & Tammy are caught in the crossfire. Can their summer love withstand all the pressure? Will love win after all? The story is about a campus basketball heartthrob named Ian, (Paolo Contis), who loses his athletic scholarship because of his poor performance in school. Determined to get back on the court, the basketball heartthrob tries out in the varsity teams of different schools. Since the basketball season has already started, no team was willing to take him in. Just as he was about to lose hope, Ian stumbles on a chance to regain his scholarship by joining an all-female basketball team. This is really an improbable plot line, but it normally works well with the young and naive audience. With the right wig, fake boobs, and a total makeover, Ian becomes Ianne, who convincingly blends in with the girls. In time she becomes the newest bombshell in campus. Everything runs smoothly until Ianne discovers that he is in love with his teammate Jamie (Nancy Castiglione). Will Ianne remove his disguise and risk education for love? Cathy (Karylle) is an orphan from Bantayan Island, Cebu. She is looking for a job so she can pay off her family’s debt. At the pier while waiting to board the ferry that would take her to Cebu City, Cathy suddenly finds herself amidst stranded passengers. She meets resort owner Derek (Edward Mendez), who was on his way to Cebu City to fetch his fiancé, Trisha (Iza Calzado). The couple is scheduled to go to Manila to announce their engagement to their families. Thrilled and excited Derek shows Cathy the engagement ring, an heirloom from his mother. Cathy admires the ring and happily tries it on. After a few minutes Cathy removes the ring so she can give it back to Derek for sake keeping, however, for some strange reason the ring wouldn’t come off. Derek, seeing Cathy having difficulty in removing the ring from her finger let her wear it for a while. Eager to see his fiancée, Derek hires a small canoe to take him and Cathy to the city. The boat capsizes. Derek gets lost in the vastness of the sea and only Cathy was rescued and taken safely to the city by the fishermen. With the ring on her finger, David (Dingdong Dantes), Derek’s brother, mistakes Cathy for his missing brother’s fiancée. And before she could set things straight, Cathy finds herself thrust into the whirl of life of Derek’s family. Cathy tries very hard to pretend that she knew Derek very well and even makes up tall stories about their life together. As days pass, she begins to realize that her heart is beating for David. The story is about Lora (Sunshine Dizon) a bestselling romance pocketbook novelist who has yet to find out if the happy-ending manuscripts she writes can happen for real, and a successful construction magnate named Paco (Antonio Aquitania) whose goal is to find the girl he will marry before the year ends. The loves and lives of Lora and Paco become intertwined when the novelist fails to pay her rent after most of her recent works gets rejected by her editor Joaquin (Brad Turvey), whom she secretly admires. Thus, checks have been coming in slow and bills are piling up. The two meet when Paco, the rich, brusque, well-organized, domineering businessman, is about to throw Lora out of the apartment.But when he realizes she might be of help in accomplishing the only thing that his mother asks him to do that is to find the woman he will marry Paco then offers the writer to stay in the apartment provided that Lora will help him snag a bride, to which Lora reluctantly agrees. The personality enhancement session is starting to have positive results because in no time Maricel (Jacque Estevez), a pretty Cebuana, is easily charmed by Paco. But Paco doesn't know that Lora is already falling for him! The situation becomes more knotty for Lora when her handsome editor starts to pay her special attention. With such complicated situations, will Lora be able to write the happy-ending of her very own romance? "Love Blossoms" highlights the love story of Jasmine (Jolina Magdangal), a florist and a true-blue romantic who has been dreaming to have a perfect wedding with a perfect partner handsome, smart, thriving in his profession and very much in love with her. Jasmine's love life will start to become colorful when she meets her childhood sweetheart Martin (Alfred Vargas), a rebellious but passionate guy who refuses to be bound by his parent?s decisions. The two accidentally arrive as guests in a wedding and are walking down the aisle when Jasmine trips and Martin catches her. Instantly, the two remember each other and rekindle their old flame. The colorful days of Jasmine get complicated when she meets Edward (Biboy Ramirez), a reliable, predictable and handsome hotel manager who becomes her persistent suitor. The florist finds that fate keeps throwing her towards Martin but she also thinks that she has something special with Edward. And since Jasmine likes her fortune being told, she gets her predictions mixed up! Could Edward be the one for her? But what if Martin is the one? How will she find her way back into his arms? "Wish Upon a Jar" tells the story of Neneng (Yasmien Kurdi), a street food vendor, and her new found treasure Obet, the Genie (Rainier Castillo). Pretty, simple and ambitious, Neneng dreams of becoming rich someday and this will be realized soon as she stumbles upon a unique jar that contains Obet, the Genie. Having been trapped in the jar for decades, Obet thinks he is still in the '70s when he first comes out of it. As a rule, Obet must grant Neneng's three wishes, and their heartwarming, romantic story begins as Obets falls in love with Neneng. Will Obet find a way to keep himself out of the jar and closer to Neneng? Will Neneng also fall in love with the charming genie and use her last wish to set him free? Francine Prieto plays Amy, a tour guide, and Keempee de Leon is Jason Patrick who has just been deported to the Philippines after staying for seven years in the US. He realizes that the right time has come for him to be a father to his daughter Marcia (Sandy Talag), his lovechild with his ex-girlfriend Lucy (Karla Estrada). But Lucy, who has just gotten married to a man who can fulfill her dreams of living in the States, refuses to give in to Jason?s plea, leading him to think of ways to get close to his daughter. Amy has been a second mother to Marcia and even treats the child as her own every time Lucy is away. Lucy dreams of going abroad to work there. Meanwhile, she is not earning enough from her work as a tour guide because having Marcia with her entails additional expenses. Lucy has left for the US but she?ll be back in a few months. Amy shares the rent of the apartment with Honeylet (Nancy Castiglione), who plays a physical therapist. Because she needs extra money, Amy accepts Jason Patrick (who poses as the gay Patricia) as a boarder. Mark Herras plays the role of Urok, who comes from the Malagumba Tribe from the Umbubalu-ubu mountains who is caught by the soldiers to be used in research. Urok is able to escape but because he doesn't know the way home, he got lost in the city where he crosses path with Nina, a city girl, played of course by Jennylyn Mercado. When transformed through a make-over, Urok becomes Rock. Will Nina fall for him when his looks are changed to that of a city boy? Nadia (Chynna Ortaleza), who works as call center agent, is the girlfriend of Nico (Paolo Contis) who lives alone in the house of her grandmother. Nadia feels her world collapsing when she learns of his boyfriend's death in an accident. Her problem is compounded with the appearance of Bogart (Jay-R), the boyfriend of Jessica (Cindy Kurleto) who plays a ghost. Bogart insists that the land on which Nadia's house was built is his grandfather's and it's his inheritance. So Nadia is forced to share the house with Bogart. "Stuck in Love" is about Siamese twins who have always dreamed of living separately. Though stuck together since birth, their personalities are totally different from each other because Barbie (Ryza Cenon), a.k.a. B1, is a totally boy-crazy girl while Berna (LJ Reyes), a.k.a. B2, is a conservative young lady. Barbie and Berna’s lifelong dream of living separately is granted when Fairy Godmother (Ruby Rodriguez) gives them a magical necklace that can be worn only for eight hours. As the twins get a chance to live a normal life, Kiko (CJ Muere), son of the twins’ nanny, will try to get closer and reveal his true feelings for Barbie. Meanwhile, JD (Mike Tan), the campus heartthrob, finds his way to soften the heart of the snobbish Berna. Conflicts arise when Barbie and Berna find out that their freedom comes with a price—the one wearing the necklace transforms to a pretty lass while the other becomes ugly. This will lead to a fight between the sisters over the magical necklace. Will sisters Barbie and Berna give up each other for love? The second story is about Princess (Ciara Sotto), a promdi girl who dreams of becoming a famous pop diva in Manila. This college undergraduate will do anything to fulfill her dreams so she agrees to be a helper in the house of Troy (Ian Veneracion), a powerful executive of a recording company. But Troy fires Princess when he learns the pop star-wannabe is not the nanny sent by the agency. And since Gemma (Jopay Paguia), Princess’ cousin, can’t pay Troy for the items she destroyed in the recording executive’s office, Gemma is forced to take on the job. Gemma falls in love with Troy and strives to be the type of woman the recording executive likes but just appears trying hard in the process. Meanwhile, Princess meets dancing policeman Eric (Paolo Ballesteros) who has been assigned to keep watch on Troy, who is suspected of being involved in piracy. Initially, Eric wants to use Princess to get close to Troy but fate seems to keep the paths of these two young souls to cross over again. "Miss Match" revolves around Joey (Jennylyn Mercado), a young small gym owner who is also a clumsy clairvoyant. But Joey is not an "I–see–dead-–people" clairvoyant, she only sees a cute, chubby Cupid, the universal matchmaker who has the power to make people fall in love with his magic crossbow. Joey, who teaches students not to depend on men, befriends Cupid but her clumsiness causes her to break his crossbow, leaving the chubby matchmaker useless. As punishment, Cupid orders Joey to do his duties — that is to make people fall in love but this time without the use of the magic crossbow. Trouble begins when Cupid orders Joey to do two assignments: First matchmake Migs (Jake Cuenca), a charming, rich entrepreneur who puts up a bigger gym near Joey’s fitness center; and second, bring her cousin Jonard (Dion Ignacio) and her best friend Portia (Katrina Halili) back into each other’s arms after their bad break-up several years ago. Will Joey leave her own fitness center and enrol in Migs’ gym to easily match him with someone? But what if she finds herself falling in love with Migs? How can she fulfill her assignment as a matchmaker? And can she bring Portia and Jonard back in each other’s arms even when they have sworn off each other as enemies? "Like Mother, Like Daughters" begins when Susan (Gloria Diaz), a mother neck-deep in debt, becomes desperate in looking for rich husbands for her daughters Arlene (Isabel Oli) and Cherry Pie (Julia Clarete). The only thing they have is a mansion left to them by Susan’s deceased husband. Problems arise when Susan’s stepsons Ivan (Paolo Contis) and Mike (Alfred Vargas) who both live in America, want the mansion back to them. Susan wants one of her daughters to charm Ivan, who is the first to arrive from the States, but Arlene turns unwilling while Cherry Pie easily agrees. Cherry Pie then tries to attract Ivan but to no avail. What Susan doesn't know is that Arlene has already charmed Ivan when they meet at the coffee shop where Arlene works. However, both do not know each other’s identity. Desperate in also keeping the mansion, the meddling mom makes Ivan a love potion to get him interested in Cherry Pie. Will Susan’s plan be successful? Mike, meanwhile, is a no-nonsense businessman who flies back home and forces Susan and her daughters to leave the mansion but Susan begs him to let the ladies stay in the mansion even if they will work as house helps. When Mike comes across Arlene, he dislikes her right away. Now that Mike and Arlene get to spend more time together in the house, will he admit to himself that he is falling for her? But Arlene has already set her eyes on Ivan and Ivan’s love is her not Cherry Pie. Will the love potion keep them from being with their true love? When Ariel (Mark Herras) was a little boy, he met someone that most people never get to meet—a mermaid, the same age as he. He only sees her one time and never again. Years later, Ariel goes to the beach to find inspiration as a painter. While out snorkeling, he nearly drowns, and he is rescued by a beautiful girl. He wakes up groggily to find out that the girl is a mermaid. She quickly jumps back into the sea, disappearing instantly. He tells his friends about this experience but no one believes him except for Patty (Bianca King), his fiancée. What Ariel doesn't know is that Patty was also a mermaid. She was banished from sea because of something she had done. And this is why she believes his story. Under the sea, we meet Maya (Pauleen Luna) a mermaid with a mission. She has to find the Green Pearl, stolen by the evil mermaid, Ara. Ara left the sea and went into hiding on land. It is up to Maya to recover the Green Pearl from Ara. Thalia, queen of the merfolk, gives Maya a magic oil which turns her mermaid tail into legs. Maya finds herself drawn to Ariel’s beach house. She watches Ariel from afar and falls in love with him. She even saves him from drowning one time. Yes, Maya is the same little mermaid he met as a child! Is this coincidence or destiny? How can Maya convince Ariel that she is `Ms. Right’? And should Ariel fall for her, there is one more problem. Does he stay on land and bid goodbye to Maya, or does he go with her and bid goodbye to humanity? And, to complicate matters, could Ara and Patty be one and the same person, er, mermaid? The story begins with Lolo Jose (Leo Martinez), a widower, and Lola Clara (Luz Valdez), an old maid. They are sworn enemies & neighbors who have grown old together in a small sleepy provincial town. Life suddenly changes when each one finds a magic vinyl record. When the record plays, they suddenly find themselves young again! Excited to have their youth back, Joey (Marky Cielo) and Claire (Jackie Rice) rediscover the joys of being young and carefree. Unknown to Clara and Jose, their parents had arranged to marry them off to each other when they were younger. Things didn't work out. Clara never married and Jose’s wife died young. Will this be their second shot at love? Meanwhile, Denise (Iwa Moto), Lola Clara’s grandniece, has just arrived from the city. She’s been sent to her Lola as punishment for being a naughty brat. While there, she meets Tonying (Gian Carlos), Lolo Jose’s grandson, a shy provincial boy raised by Jose since he was a kid. Tonying and Denise are total opposites and because of this, they don’t click right away. Then Denise meets Joey, the young Lolo Jose, and she is attracted with his debonair, old world charms. This dismays Lola Clara (aka Claire) who finds herself being pursued by Ton! Old-fashioned Clara is scandalized by Tonying’s modern ways of courtship. In this cotillion of lovers both young and young-at-heart will the right partners end up together? "Best Friends" revolves around the unusual relationship of gay Mandy (Paolo Ballesteros) and tomboy Sam (Ciara Sotto). The lives and loves of Sam and Mandy begin to get tangled when Sam’s crush, Kaye (Valerie Concepcion), falls in love with her bubbly best friend Mandy! Things get more complicated when Mandy becomes head over heels in love with his crush, Gio (Marco Alcaraz). But this chick boy finds it challenging to woo a hard-to-get woman like Sam than any other girls around. How will Mandy and Sam free themselves from this knotted situation? Will they find the affection they need in the arms of their crushes or will they find true love in each other? Do best friends really make the best of lovers? "Fat is Fabulous" is a magical tale of an obese student named Cristy (Isabel Oli), who have always dreamed of becoming thin. Her wish has been granted when a weird scientist plays fairy godfather to her and gives her some magic diet pills— instantly changing her figure from blubber to a slim and sexy young lady! With her new fabulous form and beauty, Cristy becomes an instant celebrity in school. She will have a cool and popular group of friends and, most of all, she will have a budding romance with her long-time crush, substitute instructor Bruce (Justin Cuyugan). As Cristy’s newfound life overwhelms her, she forgets her old-time friend and nerdy buddy Boyong (Paolo Contis). But what if Cristy’s magic diet pills begin to conk out? Will Bruce continue to love big fat Cristy? And once Cristy and Boyong learn to be proud of who they are, will they realize that their true colors match? "Jass Got Lucky" revolves around Jass (Lovi Poe), a cripple and a poor orphan who works in the school canteen. Gifted with a beautiful voice, Jass dreams of being the lead star in a school play and becoming famous someday. But insecurities about her handicap prevent her from pursuing her dream. Her fate changes when she founds a pair of magical high-heeled shoes that transforms her into the person she has always dreamed of. When Jass wears the magical high-heeled shoes, she becomes Angel, the cool, confident diva and the newest “crush ng bayan.” Angel has all the confidence and personality that Jass never had in her life. She then joins the talent show and meets the campus bad boy, Rico (Cogie Domingo), who rebels from his dad who's forcing him to play basketball when he wants to be a rocker. Also stars Bianca King as Paris, the school's Ms. Popularity; Ryza Cenon, Iwa Moto, and Gian Carlos together with Chuck Allie, Vaness del Moral, Arci Muñoz, Nikki Bacolod, Alyssa Alano and Joey Marquez.