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32435 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20gine-gine%20da%20zane | Masanin gine-gine da zane | Masanin gine-gine shine mutumin da ke tsarawa da kuma kula da gine-gine. Yin aikin gine-gine yana nufin samar da ayyuka dangane da ƙirar gine-gine da sararin da ke cikin rukunin da ke kewaye da gine-ginen da mutane ke zaune ko kuma amfani da su a matsayin babban manufarsu. Etymologically, kalmar Architecture ta samo asali ne daga tsarin gine-ginen Latin, wanda ya samo asali daga Hellenanci ( arkhi-, chief + tekton, magini), watau babban magini.
Buƙatun ƙwararrun masu gine-gine sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Hukunce-hukuncen gine-ginen suna shafar lafiyar jama'a, don haka dole ne maginin ya sami horo na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi ilimi mai zurfi da ƙwarewa (ko horarwa) don ƙwarewar aiki don samun lasisin yin gine-gine. Aiki, fasaha, da kuma buƙatun ilimi don zama injiniyan gine-gine sun bambanta ta hanyar hurumi, kodayake nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka sana'ar gaba ɗaya.
Asali
A cikin tarihi na d ¯ a da na daɗaɗɗen, galibin ƙirar gine-gine da gine-ginen masu sana'a ne suka yi su—kamar mashin dutse da kafintoci, waɗanda suka kai matsayin ƙwararren magini. Har zuwa zamani, babu wani taƙamaiman bambanci tsakanin gine-gine da injiniya . A Turai, laƙabin gine-gine da injiniya sun kasance da farko bambance-bambancen yanki waɗanda ke magana akan mutum ɗaya, galibi ana amfani da su tare.
An ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba daban-daban a fasaha da lissafi sun ba da damar haɓakar ƙwararru za ta ba da shawarar. Ba a yi amfani da takarda ba a Turai don zane har zuwa ƙarni na 15 amma ya zama mai girma bayan 1500. An yi amfani da fensir sau da yawa don zana ta 1600. Samuwar duka biyun da aka ba da izinin yin zane-zanen da aka riga aka yi da ƙwararru. A lokaci guda, gabatar da hangen nesa na layi da sabbin abubuwa kamar yin amfani da tsinkaye daban-daban don kwatanta ginin mai girma uku a cikin nau'i biyu, tare da ƙarin fahimtar daidaiton ƙima, ya taimaka wa masu zanen gini sadarwa ra'ayoyinsu. duk da haka, ci gaban ya kasance a hankali. Har zuwa katrni na 18, gine-gine sun ci gaba da tsarawa da tsara su ta hanyar masu sana'a ban da manyan ayyuka.
Gine-gine
A yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kawai waɗanda suka cancanta da lasisi masu dacewa, takaddun shaida, ko rajista tare da ƙungiyar da ta dace (sau da yawa na gwamnati) na iya yin aikin gine-gine bisa doka. Irin wannan lasisi yawanci yana buƙatar digiri na jami'a, nasarar kammala, da lokacin horo. Wakilin kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane ta hanyar amfani da sharuɗɗa da lakabi an iyakance shi ga masu lasisi ta doka, kodayake gaba ɗaya, abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar masu zanen gine-gine ba su da kariya ta doka.
Yin aiki da gine-gine yana nuna ikon yin aiki ba tare da kulawa ba. Kalmar (ƙwararriyar ƙira), ta bambanta, lokaci ne mai faɗi da yawa wanda ya haɗa da ƙwararrun waɗanda ke yin aikin kansu a ƙarƙashin wata madaidaicin sana'a, kamar ƙwararrun injiniya, ko waɗanda ke taimakawa a cikin aikin gine-gine a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai lasisi. gine-gine irin su masu aikin gine-gine . A wurare da yawa, masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ba su da lasisi na iya yin ayyukan ƙira a waje da hani na ƙwararru, irin waɗannan gidaje masu ƙira da sauran ƙananan sifofi.
Yi aiki
A cikin sana'a na gine-gine, ilimin fasaha da muhalli, tsarawa da sarrafa gine-gine, da fahimtar kasuwanci suna da mahimmanci kamar zane. Duk da haka, ƙirar ita ce ƙarfin motsa jiki a cikin aikin da kuma bayan. Masanin gine-gine yana karɓar kwamiti daga abokin ciniki. Kwamitin na iya haɗawa da shirya rahotannin yuwuwar, binciken ginin gini, ƙirar gini ko na gine-gine da yawa, gine-gine, da sarari a tsakaninsu. Mai ginin gine-gine yana shiga cikin haɓaka abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so a cikin ginin. Duk cikin aikin (shirin zama), mai ginin gine-gine yana daidaita ƙungiyar ƙira. Tsarin, injiniyoyi, da injiniyoyin lantarki da sauran ƙwararrun abokin ciniki ne ko maginin gini ke ɗaukar hayar, waɗanda dole ne su tabbatar da cewa an daidaita aikin don gina ƙirar.
Matsayin ƙira
Mai ginin gine-gine, da zarar abokin ciniki ya yi hayar, yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi na ƙira wanda duka biyun suka dace da buƙatun waccan abokin ciniki kuma suna ba da wurin da ya dace da amfanin da ake buƙata. Dole ne mai zane ya sadu da, kuma yayi tambaya, abokin ciniki don tabbatar da duk buƙatun (da nuances) na aikin da aka tsara.
Sau da yawa cikakken taƙaitaccen bayani ba a bayyana gaba ɗaya ba a farkon: yana haifar da ƙimar haɗari a cikin aikin ƙira. Mai zane na iya yin shawarwari da wuri ga abokin ciniki, wanda zai iya sake yin aiki da ainihin sharuɗɗan taƙaitaccen bayani. "Shirin" (ko taƙaitaccen) yana da mahimmanci don samar da aikin da ya dace da duk buƙatun mai shi. Wannan to jagora ce ga mai ginin gine-gine a ƙirƙirar tunanin ƙira.
Gaba ɗaya ana sa ran shawarwarin ƙira su zama na hasashe da kuma na zahiri. Ya danganta da wurin, lokaci, kuɗi, al'adu, da kuma samar da sana'o'i da fasahar da za a yi zane a ciki, madaidaicin iyaka da yanayin waɗannan tsammanin za su bambanta.
Haskaka wa wani abu ne da ake buƙata domin zayyana gine-gine wani aiki ne mai sarƙaƙiya da buƙatar aiki.
Duk wani ra'ayi na ƙira dole ne a farkon matakin tsararrakinsa ya yi la'akari da adadi mai yawa na batutuwa da masu canji waɗanda suka haɗa da halayen sarari (s), ƙarshen amfani da tsarin rayuwa na waɗannan wuraren da aka tsara, haɗin gwiwa, alaƙa, da kuma al'amurran da ke tsakanin wurare ciki har da yadda aka haɗa su tare da tasirin shawarwari a kan kusa da wuri mai faɗi. Zaɓin kayan da suka dace da fasaha dole ne a yi la'akari da su, gwadawa da sake dubawa a matakin farko a cikin ƙira don tabbatar da cewa babu koma baya (kamar farashin da aka fi tsammani) wanda zai iya faruwa daga baya. Wurin da kewayensa, da al'adu da tarihin wurin, suma za su yi tasiri wajen zayyana. Zane kuma dole ne ya fuskanci ƙara damuwa tare da ɗorewar muhalli. Mai ginin gine-gine na iya gabatar da ( gangan ko a'a), zuwa mafi girma ko ƙarami, fannonin ilimin lissafi da gine-gine, sabon ko ƙa'idar gine-gine na yanzu, ko nassoshi ga tarihin gine-gine .
Wani muhimmin sashi na zane shi ne cewa mai zanen sau da yawa yana yin shawarwari tare da injiniyoyi, masu bincike da sauran ƙwararru a duk lokacin da aka tsara, tabbatar da cewa an haɗa nau'o'i irin su kayan tallafi na tsarin da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Sarrafa da tsara farashin gini kuma wani ɓangare ne na waɗannan shawarwari. Haɗin kai na nau'o'in daban-daban ya haɗa da babban matsayi na sadarwa na musamman, ciki har da fasahar kwamfuta mai ci gaba kamar BIM ( ginin bayanan gini ), CAD, da fasahar tushen girgije.
A kowane lokaci a cikin ƙira, mai ƙirar yana ba da rahoto ga abokin ciniki wanda zai iya samun ajiyar kuɗi ko shawarwari, yana gabatar da ƙarin canji a cikin ƙira.
Masu ginin gine-gine suna huɗɗa da hukunce-hukuncen gida da na tarayya game da ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idojin gini . Mai tsara gine-ginen na iya buƙatar bin dokokin tsare-tsare na gida da na yanki, kamar koma baya da ake buƙata, iyakokin tsayi, buƙatun ajiye motoci, buƙatun bayyana gaskiya (windows), da amfani da ƙasa . Wasu kafaffen hukunce-hukuncen suna buƙatar riko da ƙira da ƙa'idodin kiyaye tarihi . Haɗarin lafiya da aminci sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙira na yanzu, kuma a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana buƙatar rahotannin ƙira da bayanan da suka haɗa da abubuwan da ke gudana kamar kayan aiki da gurɓatawa, sarrafa sharar gida da sake yin amfani da su, sarrafa zirga-zirga da amincin gobara.
Hanyar ƙira
A baya can, masu gine-gine sun yi amfani da zane-zane don nunawa da samar da shawarwarin ƙira. Duk da yake har yanzu ana amfani da zane-zanen ra'ayi ta hanyar gine-gine, fasahar kwamfuta yanzu ta zama ma'aunin masana'antu. Koyaya, ƙira na iya haɗawa da amfani da hotuna, haɗin gwiwa, kwafi, linocuts, fasahar sikanin 3D da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a cikin samar da ƙira. Ƙarawa, software na kwamfuta yana tsara yadda masu gine-gine ke aiki. Fasahar BIM ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar gini mai kama-da-wani wanda ke aiki a zaman bayanan don raba ƙira da bayanan gini a duk tsawon rayuwar ƙirar ginin, gini da kiyaye wa. Abubuwan gabatarwa na gaskiya (VR) suna zama ruwan dare gama gari don ganin ƙirar tsari da sarari na ciki daga hangen nesa.
Matsayin muhalli
Kamar yadda gine-gine na yanzu an san su zama masu fitar da carbon zuwa sararin samaniya, ana ƙara sarrafawa akan gine-gine da fasaha masu dangantaka don rage hayaƙi, ƙara ƙarfin makamashi, da kuma yin amfani da makamashi mai sabunta wa. Za'a iya haɓaka hanyoyin makamashi masu sabunta wa a cikin ginin da aka tsara ko ta gida ko na ƙasa masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sakamakon haka, ana buƙatar mai ginin gine-ginen ya ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi na yanzu waɗanda ke ci gaba da tsanantawa. Wasu sabbin ci gaba suna nuna ƙarancin amfani da makamashi ko ƙirar ginin hasken rana . Koyaya, ana kuma ƙara buƙatar mai ƙirar don samar da yunƙuri a cikin ma'anar muhalli mai faɗi, kamar samar da sufuri mai ƙarancin kuzari, hasken rana na yanayi maimakon hasken wucin gadi, samun iska na yanayi maimakon kwandishan, gurɓatawa, da sarrafa sharar gida, amfani da sake yin fa'ida. kayan aiki da kayan aikin da za'a iya sake sarrafa su cikin sauƙi a nan gaba.
Matsayin gini
Yayin da zane ya zama mafi ci gaba da cikakkun bayanai, ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙididdiga an yi su ne daga dukkan abubuwa da sassan ginin. Dabarun samar da gine-gine suna ci gaba da ci gaba wanda ke ba da buƙata ga mai ginin don tabbatar da cewa ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da waɗannan ci gaban.
Ya danganta da buƙatun abokin ciniki da buƙatun hukunce-hukuncen, bakan hidimomin gine-ginen yayin matakan gini na iya zama mai faɗi (cikakkun shirye-shiryen daftarin aiki da bitar gini) ko ƙasa da hannu (kamar ƙyale ɗan kwangila ya aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙira masu yawa).
Masu ginin gine-gine yawanci suna sanya ayyuka don bayar da tallafi a madadin abokan cinikin su, suna ba da shawara kan bayar da aikin ga babban ɗan kwangila, sauƙaƙe sannan kuma gudanar da kwangilar yarjejeniya wacce galibi ke tsakanin abokin ciniki da ɗan kwangila. Wannan kwangilar tana aiki bisa doka kuma ta ƙunshi nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da inshora da Alƙawuran duk masu ruwa da tsaki, matsayin takaddun ƙira, tanade-tanade don samun damar gine-gine, da hanyoyin sarrafa ayyukan yayin da suke ci gaba. Dangane da nau'in kwangilar da aka yi amfani da shi, ana iya buƙatar tanadi don ƙarin ƙaramin kwangila. Mai ginin gine-ginen na iya buƙatar cewa wasu abubuwa sun rufe da garanti wanda ke ƙayyadaddun rayuwar da ake tsammani da sauran ɓangarori na kayan, samfur ko aiki.
A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, dole ne a ba da sanarwar kafin a fara aiki a wurin, don haka ba da sanarwar ƙaramar hukumar don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa. Mai zanen zai sake duba tare da duba ci gaban aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙaramar hukuma.
Mai ginin gine-ginen zai yawanci duba zane-zanen ƴan kwangilar da sauran abubuwan ƙaddamarwa, shirya da ba da umarnin rukunin yanar gizon, da kuma ba da Takaddun shaida don Biyan kuɗi ga ɗan kwangila (duba kuma Design-bid-build ) wanda ya dogara da aikin da aka yi har zuwa yau da kuma kowane kayan sauran kayan da aka saya ko haya. A cikin Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe, mai binciken adadi galibi yana cikin ƙungiyar don ba da shawarwari kan farashi. Tare da manya-manyan ayyuka masu sarƙaƙƙiya, ana ɗaukar manajan gini mai zaman kansa wani lokaci don taimakawa wajen ƙira da sarrafa gini.
A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana buƙatar takaddun shaida ko tabbacin kammala aikin ko ɓangaren ayyuka. Wannan buƙatar takaddun shaida ya ƙunshi babban haɗari - don haka, ana buƙatar duba aikin yau da kullun yayin da yake ci gaba a kan wurin don tabbatar da cewa ya dace da ƙirar kanta da kuma duk ƙa'idodi da izini masu dacewa.
Madadin yin aiki da ƙwarewa
Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun ga hauhawar ƙwararru a cikin sana'ar. Yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine da kamfanonin gine-gine suna mayar da hankali kan wasu nau'ikan ayyuka (misali, kiwon lafiya, dillalan, gidajen jama'a, gudanar da taron), ƙwarewar fasaha ko hanyoyin isar da ayyuka. Wasu gine-ginen sun ƙware kamar lambar gini, ambulaf ɗin gini, ƙira mai dorewa, rubutun fasaha, adana tarihi (US) ko kiyaye wa (Birtaniya), samun dama da sauran nau'ikan masu ba da shawara.
Mutane da yawa gine-gine zažužžukan don matsawa zuwa cikin dukiya (dukiya) ci gaban, kamfanoni kayayyakin tsare-tsare, aikin management, gini management, shugaban dorewa jami'an zane na ciki, birnin tsarawa, mai amfani gwaninta zane, zane bincike ko wasu related filayen.
Buƙatun ƙwararru
Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance daga wuri zuwa wuri, ana buƙatar yawancin masu gine-ginen duniya su yi rajista tare da ikon da ya dace. Don yin haka, ana buƙatar masu gine-gine yawanci don biyan buƙatu guda uku: ilimi, ƙwarewa, da jarrabawa.
Buƙatun ilimi gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi digiri na jami'a a fannin gine-gine. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ƙwarewa don masu neman digiri yawanci suna gamsuwa ta hanyar aiki ko horo (yawanci shekaru biyu zuwa uku, dangane da ikon). A ƙarshe, ana buƙatar Jarabawar Rijista ko jerin jarrabawa kafin a ba da lasisi.
Ƙwararrun da suka tsunduma cikin ƙira da lura da ayyukan gine-gine kafin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ba lallai ba ne su sami horo a cikin wani tsarin gine-gine na daban a fagen ilimi. Maimakon haka, sau da yawa suna horarwa a ƙarƙashin kafafan gine-gine. Kafin zamanin nan, babu bambanci tsakanin masu gine-gine da injiniyoyi kuma sunan da ake amfani da shi ya bambanta dangane da wurin da ake ciki. Sau da yawa suna ɗauke da laƙabin babban magini ko na safiyo bayan yin hidima na shekaru masu yawa a matsayin koyo (kamar Sir Christopher Wren ). Nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa sana'ar gaba daya, wanda ya zama babban jigon ci gaban fasahar gine-gine da ƙa'idar.
Amfani da "Architect" ko gajarta kamar "Ar." kamar yadda doka ke tsara take da sunan mutum a wasu ƙasashe.
Kuɗaɗe
Tsarin kuɗin gine-gine yawanci ya dogara ne akan adadin ƙimar gini, azaman ƙimar kowane yanki na ginin da aka tsara, ƙimar sa'o'i ko ƙayyadadden kuɗin dunƙule. Haɗuwa da waɗannan sifofin su ma na kowa ne. Kafafen kuɗaɗe yawanci ana dogara ne akan kuɗin da aka keɓe na aikin kuma suna iya bambanta tsakanin kashi 4 zuwa 12% na sabon kuɗin gini, don ayyukan kasuwanci da na hukumomi, ya danganta da girman aikin da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin. Ayyukan mazaunin sun bambanta daga 12 zuwa 20%. Ayyukan gyare-gyare yawanci suna ba da umarni mafi girma bisa ɗari, wanda ya kai 15-20%.
Gaba ɗaya lissafin kuɗi na kamfanonin gine-gine sun yi yawa, ya danganta da wuri da yanayin tattalin arziki. Lissafin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan yanayin tattalin arzikin gida a al'ada amma, tare da saurin haɗin gwiwar duniya, wannan yana zama ƙasa da wani abu ga manyan kamfanoni na duniya. Albashi kuma ya bambanta, dangane da gogewa, matsayi a cikin kamfani (ginin ma'aikata, abokin tarayya, ko mai hannun jari, da sauransu), da girman da wurin kamfanin.
Ƙungiyoyin sana'a
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa sun wanzu don haɓaka aiki da haɓaka kasuwanci a cikin gine-gine.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (UIA)
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIA) Amurka
Cibiyar Sarauta ta Masarautar Biritaniya (RIBA) UK
Hukumar Rajista ta Architects (ARB) UK
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Australiya (AIA) Australia
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAIA) Afirka ta Kudu
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun (ACA) Birtaniya
Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine masu lasisi (ALA) Amurka
The Consejo Profesional de Arquitectura y Urbanismo (CPAU) Argentina
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Indiya (IIA) & Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) Indiya
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙasa (NOMA) Amurka
Kyaututtuka
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi ne ke ba da kyautuka iri-iri, tare da sanin ƙwararrun masu gine-gine, gine-ginensu, tsarinsu, da ayyukan ƙwararru.
Kyautar da ta fi dacewa da mai ginin gine-ginen zai iya samu ita ce lambar yabo ta Pritzker, wani lokaci ana kiranta " Kyautar Nobel don gine-gine." Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Pritzker shine Philip Johnson wanda aka ambata "tsawon shekaru 50 na tunani da kuzari wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin gidajen tarihi, dakunan karatu na wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen lambuna da tsarin kamfanoni". An ba da lambar yabo ta Pritzker na bugu arba'in da biyu kai tsaye ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma a yanzu akwai ƙasashe 22 da ke da aƙalla na gine-gine guda ɗaya. Sauran lambobin yabo na gine-gine masu daraja sune lambar yabo ta Royal Gold, Medal na AIA (Amurka), Medal na Zinare na AIA (Ostiraliya), da Praemium Imperiale .
Masanan gine-gine a Burtaniya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan sana'a ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, har zuwa 1971 za a iya zaɓar su ƴan uwan Royal Institute of British Architects kuma za su iya rubuta FRIBA bayan sunansu idan suna jin karkata. Wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na RIBA bayan 1971 suna iya amfani da baƙaƙen RIBA amma ba za su iya amfani da tsohuwar ARIBA da FRIBA ba. Abokin girmamawa na iya amfani da baƙaƙen, Hon. FRIBA. kuma Fellow na Ƙasashen Duniya na iya amfani da baƙaƙen Int. FRIBA. Masu gine-gine a Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga sana'ar ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, an zaɓe su Fellows na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka kuma za su iya rubuta FAIA bayan sunansu. Masu gine-gine a Kanada, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga sana'a ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa ga bincike, malanta, sabis na jama'a, ko ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gine-gine a Kanada, ko kuma wani wuri, ana iya gane su a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada . za su iya rubuta FRAIC bayan sunansu. A Hong Kong, wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na HKIA na iya amfani da HKIA ta farko, kuma waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ta musamman bayan nadi da kuma zaɓen Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Hong Kong (HKIA), za a iya zabar su a matsayin ƴan uwan HKIA kuma suna iya amfani da FHKIA. bayan sunansu.
Masu gine-gine a Philippines da Filipino al'ummomin kasashen waje (ko su Filipinos ne ko a'a), musamman ma wadanda kuma suke da'awar wasu ayyuka a lokaci guda, ana magana da su kuma an gabatar da su azaman Architect, maimakon Sir / Madam a cikin magana ko Mr./Mrs. /Ms. ( G./Gng. /Bb. in Filipino) kafin surnames. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar ko dai a cikin kanta ko kafin sunan da aka bayar ko sunan mahaifi.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Masana ilimin zane
Masu zane
Masanan gine-gine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Burundi | 'Yancin Addini a Burundi | Kundin tsarin mulkin Burundi ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta wannan hakkin a aikace. Manufar gwamnati tana ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta. A cikin wani bincike na Gwamnatin Amurka na 2007, babu rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya bisa ga imani ko aiki na addini.
Alkaluman addini
Ƙasar tana da fadin da yawan jama'a 8,390,500. Ko da yake ba a samu kididdiga masu inganci kan mabiya kungiyoyin addinai daban-daban ba, amma majiya an kiyasta yawan kiristoci ya kai kashi 67 cikin dari, yayin da Roman Katolika ke wakiltar rukuni mafi girma a kashi 62 cikin dari. Furotesta da Anglican masu aikin sun ƙunshi sauran kashi 5 cikin ɗari. Wakilin yankin mai tsarki ya yi kiyasin cewa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika ya kai kusan kashi 65 cikin dari. Kimanin kashi 23 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar suna bin ka'idodin addini na asali na gargajiya; Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun tallata magungunan HIV, AIDS da sauran cututtuka. An kiyasta yawan al'ummar musulmi ya kai kashi 10 cikin 100, yawancinsu suna zaune ne a cikin birane. Ahlus-Sunnah su ne mafi yawan al'ummar musulmi, saura kuma shi'a ne.
Ƙungiyoyin mishan na ƙasashen waje suna aiki a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa
Kundin tsarin mulkin da aka fitar a watan Maris na 2005 ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan ’yancin a aikace. Gwamnati a kowane mataki na kokarin kare wannan hakkin gaba daya kuma ba ta amince da cin zarafi na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ba. An haramta wariya a kan hukuncin addini. Doka ta 1992 da ta shafi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, gami da ƙungiyoyin addini, ita ce ginshiƙin amincewa da rajistar ƙungiyoyin addini.
Babu addinin kasa.
Gwamnati ta bukaci kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Duk wata kungiya da ke da dabi’ar addini dole ne ta shigar da wadannan abubuwa zuwa ga ma’aikatar: ma’aikata ko alakarsu, kwafin dokokinta, adireshin hedkwatarta da ke kasar, adireshi a kasashen waje idan cibiyar addini ta gida ce reshe da bayanai game da hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar da wakilin shari'a. Idan wata ƙungiya mai ɗabi'a ta addini ta kasa yin rajista da Ma'aikatar, ana tunatar da wakilinta game da abin da ake bukata don yin hakan. Idan wakilin bai bi ba, an umurci wurin da ake yin ibada ko taron da a rufe sa. Duk da cewa ana iya daure wakilin cibiyar ko kungiyar addini na tsawon watanni 6 zuwa 5 saboda rashin bin wadannan umarni, amma a lokacin rahoton babu wani wakilin da ya samu wannan hukunci.
Gwamnati ta bukaci dukkan kungiyoyin addini su kasance da hedkwata a kasar.
Duk da yake babu wata doka da ta ke ba wa kungiyoyin addini harajin haraji, gwamnati ta kan yi watsi da haraji kan abubuwan da ake shigowa da su na addini da cibiyoyin addini ke amfani da su da kuma shigo da kayayyaki na addini da aka tsara don ci gaban zamantakewa. Ma’aikatar Kudi tana tattaunawa kan wannan keɓe bisa ga shari’a, kuma babu wata alama ta addini wajen ba da irin wannan keɓe.
Shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin addini ana ba su matsayin diflomasiyya. Ƙungiyoyin masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukaka imaninsu a fili. Gwamnati ta yi marhabin da taimakon raya kasa da suke bayarwa.
Gwamnati ta amince da kwanakin tsarkaka na Katolika, gami da zato, hawan hawan Yesu zuwa sama, Ranar Dukan tsarkaka, da Kirsimeti. A shekara ta 2005 kuma gwamnatin kasar ta amince da bukukuwan karamar Sallah a hukumance da kuma bukukuwan karshen watan Ramadan da kuma Idin Al-Adha da ake yi a karshen aikin Hajji.
Takurawa 'yancin addini
Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da ayyukan addini gabaɗaya.
Cin zarafin 'yancin addini
Ba a san cin zarafi na 'yancin addini da Gwamnati ta yi a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo ba.
A baya, an dauki jam'iyyar 'yantar da 'yan kabilar Hutu (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) da alhakin kashe mabiya addinai, ciki har da fararen hula biyar da suka halarci taron addini a lardin Bujumbura a watan Yunin 2005 da limamin Katolika Gerard. Nzeyimana a lardin Makamba a watan Oktoba 2004. Ba a tuhumi kowa a wadannan kashe-kashen ba.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar.
Tilastawa addini
Ba a sami rahotannin addinai da aka tilasta musu yin addini ba, gami da na wasu ƴan ƙasar Amurka waɗanda aka sace ko kuma aka ɗauke su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Amurka, ko na kin barin irin waɗannan 'yan ƙasar a mayar da su Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya
Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya
A shekarar 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Burundi a matsayin 3 cikin 4, tare da lura cewa dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da Cocin Katolika ta tabarbare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Wani rahoto na shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa gwamnati ta amince da kuma yi wa kungiyoyin addini rajista ta hanyar dokar 2014 da ke tafiyar da tsarin gudanar da ayyukan kungiyoyin addini, wanda ya ce dole ne wadannan kungiyoyin su yi rajista da ma’aikatar cikin gida.
Duba kuma
Addini a Burundi
Hakkin dan Adam a Burundi
Manazarta
Sources
Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata . Burundi: Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya 2007 . Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda ke cikin jama'a .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah%20Hashim | Khadijah Hashim | Khadijah Hashim (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif da Dari tara da arba'in da biyu(1942) a cikin gundumar Batu Pahat, Jahar, Kasar Malaysia ) marubuciya ce, malama kuma ’yar jarida a Malaysia. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama sannan kuma a matsayin 'yar jarida tare da jaridun cikin gida Utusan Melayu a shekara ta (1974-1976) da Berita Harian a shekara ta (1976-1985). An fi saninta da marubuta, kuma ta samar da litattafai 19. Ta kuma faɗaɗa kirkirarta a fagen gajerun labarai, rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo , littattafan yara, waƙoƙi da shayari. An kuma zabi littafin waka na yara "Sayang Sayang" don ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na kwamitin kasa da kasa kan littattafan matasa (IBBY) a Basel, Switzerland a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu(2002) da kuma "Semerbak Poetry" a Macau, China a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006). Khadijah ta ci gaba da sha'awar burinta a rubuce, wanda ya haifar da sabuwar fasahar "Putera-puteri Malaysia".
Wallafa
Da yawa daga cikin gajeren labarai da litattafan Khadijah sun dace da wasan kwaikwayo na TV. Daga cikinsu akwai "Mawar Merah di Jambangan", "Sekapur Sirih Segeluk Air", "Ditepi Pagar", da "Badai Semalam" da "Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang". Littafin "Laila Azwa Gadisku" ya dace da fim din talabijin. A halin yanzu, an shirya litattafan "Mira Edora" da "Pelangi Pagi" a fina-finan finafinai tare da taken "Mira Edora" da "Bicara Hati" bi da bi.
Na farko kuma ɗayan sanannen sananniyar tatsuniyarta "Badai Semalam" a shekara ta (1968) an kuma yi amfani da ita azaman littafin makaranta a Singapore da Malaysia. An fassara labari zuwa Turanci, "Storms of jiya", na Mahani Abdul Hamid a shekara ta( 1991) da Spanish, "Tormentos del ayer", na Alberto Balanza da Yahia a cikin shekara ta( 2010) . "Badai Semalam" an sake buga shi sau da yawa kuma na baya-bayan nan ya kasance a cikin shekara ta (2006) ta Alaf (21) a cikin silsilar sabon labari. Hakanan an sake buga fassarar Ingilishi a shekara ta (2009) ta Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a ƙarƙashin Sashin Adabin Malaysian.
Littafin "Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi" ya sami kyautar ta'aziya a gasar rubutu a bikin cikar Malaysia shekaru goma da samun 'yanci. Hakanan Tatsun Hoshino ya fassara littafin zuwa Jafananci. An kuma zaɓi littafin "Exiled" don kyautar lambar yabo ta adabin Dublin ta Duniya a shekara ta 1997. Littafin nata mai suna "Langkah Pertama" ya lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Yara na Mobil-MABOPA a shekara ta 1995. Khadijah ita ce ta sami kyautar Marubutan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a cikin shekara ta 1999 kuma ta yi aikin Rubuta Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar Iowa a shekara ta 1994. Jerin littafin labarin yayanta, "Siri Lagenda", "Siri Aura dan Fauna" da "Siri Teladan dari Rimba" an fassara su zuwa Ingilishi daga Cibiyar Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a shekara ta (2009).
Littattafai
Badai Semalam, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1968, 201 shafuka.
Jalan ke Kubur, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1969, 139 shafuka.
Pelangi pagi, Johor Baru, Penerbitan Penamas Malaysia, 1971, 133 shafuka.
Merpati Putih Terbang lagi, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1972, shafuka 289.
Belum Masanya, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd., 1976, shafuka 96.
Di Tengah Kabus, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1980, shafuka 123.
Bila dan di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1981, shafuka 199.
Mira Edora, Kuala Lumpur: K Buga Sdn Bhd, 1984
Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang, Petaling Jaya: `` K 'Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 133.
Laila Azwa Gadisku, Kuala Lumpur: `` K 'Bugawa da Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 144.
Cinta Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: `` K 'Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1989
Alun Hidup, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1990, shafuka 217.
Di Ruangmu Aku di Sini, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1992
Ke Mana Kasih Hendak Dibawa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 133.
Melawan Arus, 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 229.
Sanata Adila, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa da Rarrabawa 1993
Langkah Pertama, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1994, shafuka 126.
Fasa Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1995
Mencari Azizah, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1998
Gajerun labarai
Segeluk Air, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1974, 142 shafuka.
Koleksi Cerpen-cerpen Malaysia (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Universiti Malaya, 1977, shafuka 446.
Cerpen-cerpen ASEAN (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1978, 279 pages.
Aku Anak Menteri, Petaling Jaya: Penerbitan Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. 1980, Shafuka 73.
Batas Menanti, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Latsa (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1982, Shafuka 95.
Hawa (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1984, shafuka 250.
Angin Senja, Petaling Jaya: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd .. 1985. Shafuka 93.
Bujang Kota, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 144.
Dongeng Merdeka (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 339.
Alun Menggulung Perlahan (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 286.
Kasih Entah di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2001
Mawar Merah di Jambagan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2001
Gajeren Labarin Matasa
Mawar Merah di Jambangan, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1979, shafuka 129.
Angin dari Sawah, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Sdn. Bhd., 1980, Shafuka 95.
Arnizah (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh) Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 82.
Malang Tak Berbau (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 54.
Rahsia Gadis Bisu (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 61.
Littattafan labarin yara
Anak Kucing, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Anak Monyet Mati Ibu, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Balik Kampung, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Dua Kali Dibedah, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Press (M) Sdn. Bhd. 1983.
Hati Nurani Berdebar, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Lauk Kenduri, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Sepatu Bola, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Tak Susah Sebut 'R', Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Ta Tsakiya (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Siri Citra Sang Unggas: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2009
Dendam Helang
Jalak. . . Ya .. Jalak
Hati Kera
Helah Murai
Gagak Putih
Siri Cerita Rakyat Si Awang: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.
Awang dengan Tempayan Buruk
Awang Lidi Sebatang
Awang dengan Bapa Burung
Awang Kenit
Awang dengan Gergasi
Siri Insan Madani: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Balasan Tsklabah
500 Tahun Beribadat
Allah Pencipta Alam
Pembukaan Kota Makkah
Kasih Sejati
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 1: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Sang Bedal yang Bebal
Buluh Berjasa
Kepingin Mentimun Muda
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 2: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Gong Berdengung
Benkung Bernyawa
Dendam Belum Berakhir
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 3: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Sang Bedal Tak Berbudi
Mati Hidup Semula
Kula da Berbisa
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 4: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Kenduri Besar
Cikgu Sang Kancil
Langit Nak Runtuh
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 5: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Kecundang Sudahnya
Bakal Pengantin
Hidangan istimewa
Siri Legenda: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Si Tanggang
Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup
Badang
Puteri Gunung Ledang
Bawang Putih Bawang Merah, Kuala Lumpur
Siri Teladan dari Rimba: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Helah Si Bangau Tua
Singa Mai Cin Ganyayyaki
Jasa Tikus dan Semut Hitam
Burung Hantu Tertipu
Gajah dan Ular Buta
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Semut Melancong ke Pulau Pinang
Sedap Rumput Enak Lagi Lobak
Rama-rama Nakal
Itik dan Buaya
Mencari Damai
Siri Sukabaca, 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Angsa Berjasa
Arnab Buta
Misi Katak ke Angkasa
Ikan Emas Mangsa Banjir
Atungiyar Anjing Manja si Kucing
Mafi Kyawun Labari da Aka Fada Game da Jerin: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Yaro da Kato
Yaro daga Kwakwa
Yaro da aku
Yaron Da Ya Ci Jarabawa
Yaron Da Bai Iya Rago Gatarin ba
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Mari Berpantun 1
Mari Berpantun 2
Mari Berpantun 4
Waka
808 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1997
1001 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1999
Mastika Warisan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2005
1010 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Tarin Littattafan Matasa
Cerdik Tak Berakal (Peny. ), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 87.
Ibuku Sayang (Peny. ) Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 90.
Sayang Telani (Peny. ), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka.
Waka
Semerbak Puisi, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2004
Dua Dimensi Khadijah Hashim (sajak dan lukisan berus Cina), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2008
Puisi Tunas Bangsa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2008
Putera-puteri Malaysia, 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Nazarin
Panduan Menulis Skrip Drama Radio, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, a shekara ta 1986, shafuka 136.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Khadijah Hashim di DBP.
Haifaffun 1942
Rayayyun mutane
Mutane daga johor
'Yan jarida
'Yan jaridan maleshiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olubunmi%20Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1982) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne a (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Akoko North East / Akoko North West na jihar Ondo. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya) bayan an zabe shi a watan Maris na 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da BTO a Oyin Akoko, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ansarudeen, Oyin Akoko daga 1987 zuwa 1990 da Hakda International School a Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kafin ya kammala firamare a Universal Primary School, Akure a 1993. Daga nan sai ya wuce makarantar sakandire ta FUTA staff, Akure inda ya yi karatun sakandire kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin babban shugaban dalibai a shekarar 1998.
A 1999, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) don karanta Injiniya da Lantarki. A shekarar 2002, a lokacin da yake shekara ta uku a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya wuce Jami’ar North London (yanzu Jami’ar London Metropolitan ) inda ya karanta Electronics da Communication Engineering kuma ya kammala a 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwar Dijital (Digital Communication and Networking) daga wannan cibiyar a shekarar 2006. Yana da takaddun shaida a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru goma sha takwas a ICT ciki har da babban lakabi na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin rukunin farko na masu satar da'a daga Royal Britannia IT Training Academy a Burtaniya kafin ya cika shekaru 24.
Sana'a
Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya kasance kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa tare da samun bunkasuwa a fannin ICT, inda ya zama shugaban wani babban kamfani mai ba da shawara na ICT a Najeriya, Matrix IT Solutions Limited, yana da shekaru 24. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren, yana riƙe da takaddun shaida a cikin Hacking Ethical da kuma Counter Measures. Shi ma ƙwararren injiniya ne na CompTIA Network Plus da kuma mai riƙe da takaddun shaida na Hardware A+ na Britannia.
A Najeriya, ya tuntubi Bankin Duniya da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da Asusun Bunkasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF), Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da JAMB, Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo (NFVCB), Hukumar Bunkasa Abubuwan Ciki da Kulawa ta Najeriya (NCDMB ), National Health Insurance Scheme, Abuja (NHIS), Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), Kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya, Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya, Hukumar Kula da Karatun Jama'a, Manya da Marasa Lafiya. Ilimin gama gari da sauransu.
Siyasa
A 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Akoko North East / Akoko North West na jihar Ondo a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan rantsar da shi, ya tara wasu ‘yan majalisa 246 domin marawa burin shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, a karkashin dandalin ‘yan majalisar dokoki na farko, wanda shi ke jagoranta. Bayan wasu watanni, sai shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). Ya jagoranci kwamitin majalisar wakilai wajen binciki zargin badakalar sama da Naira biliyan 80 a hukumar, wanda hakan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gudanar da bincike kan harkokin kudi na hukumar ta NDDC cikin sama da shekaru ashirin da kafuwa. A watan Maris na 2021, kudirin da ya gabatar na soke dokar NDDC wanda zai sa ba za a iya cin zarafin ofis ba, kudirin da ya tsallake karatu na farko.
Tunji-Ojo kuma mamba ne a kwamitocin majalisar wakilai mai kula da harkokin tsaro da leken asiri, abubuwan cikin gida, albarkatun iskar gas, hukumar raya arewa maso gabas (NEDC), gidaje, majalisar karamar hukumar FCT da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi ma'adanai da alhazai.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, 2021, Jami’ar Joseph Ayo Babalola (JABU) Ikeji Arakeji, Jihar Osun ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir kan harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Sir Ahmadu Bello Platinum Leadership da kuma Kwame Nkrumah Leadership Award a matsayin Jakada na Matasan Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya auri Abimbola Tunji-Ojo wanda shi ma dan jihar Ondo ne kuma suna da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Digiri na Daraja a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a - Jami'ar Joseph Ayo Babalola
Kyautar Jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah - "Jakadan Matasan Afirka" na Kungiyar Daliban Afirka (AASU)
Memba, Majalisar Sarauta ta Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, United Kingdom
Memba, Majalisar Kasuwancin E-commerce
Memba, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Fasahar Kwamfuta
Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Gudanarwa
Memba, British Society of Instrumentation and Control, United Kingdom
Memba, Electronic Consultancy Society, United Kingdom
Memba, Digital Communication Network, United Kingdom
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar APC |
52688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang%20Matheba | Bonang Matheba | Bonang Dorothy Matheba (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1987), mai gabatar da talabijin ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta sami lambar yabo, halayen rediyo, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da halayen kafofin watsa labarun. An san ta da ƙwarewar gabatar da fasaha da muryar sa hannu. Ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na SABC 1 LIVE (yanzu Live Amp ) wanda ya gina haskenta a cikin masana'antar. An kuma san ta da kasancewa Bakar fata ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka nuna a cikin mujallu da yawa.
A shekarar 2011, ta kasance mace ta farko a Afrika ta Kudu wacce ta shahara Inda ta kaddamar da shirin kai tsaye wanda ake kira da B*Dazzled. A 2013 ta kasance da ambasada na irin Revlon, a wajen Amurka.
Articles with hCards
No local image but image on Wikidata
A cikin 2014, ta dauki nauyin shirya gasar MTV Europe Music Awards na 2014, wanda ya sa ta zama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta karbi bakuncin bikin. A cikin 2015, ta zama ɗn Afirka ta farko da aka ba ta E! Labaran Afirka ta Musamman akan E! .
A cikin 2016, ta yi fice a bangon mujallar Forbes Woman Africa, tare da wasu mata uku waɗanda duk aka ba da kanun labarai na kasancewa Fuskokin Kasuwanci. Ta fito da littafinta Daga A zuwa B kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayon nata na gaskiya Being Bonang, duka a cikin 2017. A cikin 2018, an nuna ta a kan batun wutar lantarki na GQ SA, don fitowar Satumba.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bonang a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1987 a gundumar Mahikeng ta Arewa maso Yamma, zuwa Charlotte Mokoena, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Albarkatun Jama'a da Harkokin Kasuwanci na Sasol, da Gampi Matheba, babban malami a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma . Ita 'yar ƙabilar Tswana ce da ke yaren Bantu .
Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Leondale, a Gabashin Johannesburg, yayin da Bonang ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Fourways, makarantar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati a Fourways, Johannesburg.
Sana'a
Talabijin da fim
A cikin 2002, Matheba ta fara fitowa a talabijin a wasan kwaikwayon yara na SABC 2, ƙalubalen fantasy na Manhattan yayin da take shekara 15. Har ila yau, ta fito a cikin wasu yara na SABC 2 da dama. A cikin 2007, Matheba ya ba da amsa don lokacin farko na wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na SABC 1 LIVE (yanzu Live Amp ) bayan barin varsity. Daga baya an ba ta sarautar wadda ta lashe wasan tare da Tbo Touch. Ayyukan gabatar da ayyukanta sun yi babban nasara kuma a nan ne aka ƙirƙiri "Sarauniya B" ta sobriquet. An watsa shirinta na ƙarshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012 yayin da ta sanar da cewa za ta bar shirin. Bayan ta tashi daga LIVE, ta dauki bakuncin wasu nunin nunin da suka hada da Clash of the Choirs SA, Afternoon Express, Top Billing and KFC Taste Kitchen.
Matheba ta dauki bakuncin nunin kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma fitattun abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su shine MTV Africa Music Awards 2016, Miss South Africa 2018, da kuma shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards da BET Awards 2016 . A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2018, Matheba ta shirya taron kide-kide na Jama'a na Duniya : Mandela 100 tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci Trevor Nuhu, supermodel Naomi Campbell da sauran fitattun jama'a.
A cikin 2008, Matheba ta yi rawar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko akan nunin SABC 1, InterSEXions inda ta buga Nurse Seipati. Kamar yadda na 2019, Matheba ta yi tauraro kuma ta haɗa haɗin gwiwar fim ɗin shirin na Jama'a, wanda aka fara a Maris, 9 a Bikin Fim na Manchester.
Matheba ta kafa gidan samarwa da ake kira Bonang Matheba Entertainment a cikin 2017. Ƙungiyar samarwa tana da nuni ɗaya, wanda shine nunin gaskiya na 1Magic, Kasancewar Bonang wanda ke mayar da hankali da kuma nuna rayuwar yau da kullun na Matheba.
A watan Mayun 2022, ta dauki nauyin lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards.
Rediyo
A cikin 2009, Matheba ta sami kira daga gidan rediyon YFM inda aka gaya mata cewa za a ƙara ta cikin sabbin jerin masu gabatarwa. Ta sami nata nunin ranar ƙarshen mako mai suna "The B* Hive", wanda ya kasance nasara nan take wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan matasa masu sauraro. Daga nan ta bar shirin rediyo a 2014.
An sanar da Matheba a matsayin sabon rediyo DJ don tashar rediyon Metro FM a cikin 2015. Ta maye gurbin Siphokazi Janairu wanda ya zama sabon tsohon soja na Metro FM. Ramin Matheba ya nuna The Front Row, ya kasance mai sauraro mai girma da farin ciki har sai da aka samu sabani da manajan gidan rediyon, bayan wani sauyi a kan iska wanda ya ga Bonang yana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon tare da jita-jitar abokin hamayyarta na masana'antu Lerato Kganyago ba tare da sanarwar ta taso ba. A fusace da rashin sadarwar su, Bonang ya yi murabus daga gidan rediyon washegari.
Salo
A cikin 2008, Matheba ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da dillali na Legit wajen ƙaddamar da layin tufafinta na farko, "Just B". Daga nan sai ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wani mai zane na London don ƙirƙirar tarin jaka mai suna "Baby Star".
A cikin 2014, babban kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu Woolworths, ya bayyana haɗin gwiwa tare da Bonang. Sun jefar da layin kamfai "Distraction By Bonang", wanda har yanzu yana ci gaba yayin da aka gabatar da sabbin tarin.
A cikin 2018, Matheba tare da Superbalist, sun zubar da tarin T-shirts mai suna "BONANG ta Bonang Matheba". T-shirts na da shahararrun maganganun Bonang da aka buga a kansu, ciki har da "Mo'ghel", "Bawa Mutane Abin da Suke So" da "#IAmBonang".
Gidan BNG
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2019, Matheba ta yi haɗin gwiwa ta musamman tare da Woolworths wajen ƙaddamar da kewayon kayan alatu Méthode Cap Classique (MCC) da ake kira, "The House of BNG". Haɗin gwiwar ya sa ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka ƙara zuwa ƙungiyar Méthode Cap Classique Association.
Sauran ayyukan
Amincewa
A cikin 2013, an nada ta a matsayin jakada na kayan kwalliya Revlon a Afirka ta Kudu. Yarjejeniyar ta sanya ta zama jakadiyar kasa da kasa ta farko a wajen Amurka.
A cikin Oktoba 2016, Matheba an bayyana shi a matsayin jakada na alamar vodka, Cîroc a Afirka, tare da mai zane-zane David Tlale, mai zane-zane na hip hop, Da LES da kulob DJ, DJ Dimplez.
Bayan tafiya zuwa Brazil a cikin 2017, an nada ta sabuwar jakadan Alamar Afirka don takalman takalman Ipanema, wanda ke karbar mukamin daga supermodel Brazilian Gisele Bündchen . Daga baya an bayyana cewa a lokacin tafiyar ta ta yi ganawa da masu sana'ar takalma na Brazil har ma ta harbi wani talla a Rio de Janeiro.
A cikin 2018, Matheba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa tare da hanyar sadarwar salula Cell C, yarjejeniyar da ta ga tana haɗin gwiwa da su don ƙaddamar da nata app ɗin wayar hannu da fakitin emoji mai suna "BMoji". Sauran abubuwan da Bonang ya amince da su sun hada da Peugeot, BIC Razors, Brutal Fruit, Diva Divine Hair, Pads na Rayuwa, da Courvoisier .
A cikin 2020, an sanar da Bonang a matsayin jakadan Samsung na Afirka ta Kudu, don kewayon su na S20 da Z Flip. A cikin Satumba 2020, an nuna ta akan murfin Mujallar Glamour tare da samfurin Rich Mni.
Rubutu
A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2017, Matheba ta fito da littafin tarihin rayuwarta Daga A zuwa B wanda aka rubuta ta littafin Thabiso Mahlape na Black Bird. Littafin ya sami karɓuwa daga jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu, inda mutane da yawa suka caccaki littafin a shafukan sada zumunta game da kurakuran rubutunsa, na nahawu da na gaskiya. Kukan ya kai ga fitar da littafin daga kantunan kantin sayar da litattafai na musamman Littattafai . Daga baya an maye gurbinsa da bugu na biyu inda aka gyara yawancin kurakuran da suka gabata.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Matheba ya yi kwanan wata mai zanen hip-hop na gida, Slikour har zuwa 2009. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Slikour ya jefar da Matheba ta sakon Facebook. A cikin 2012, Matheba ya yi kwanan wata mai yin rikodin rikodin da faifan jockey Euphonik . An tuhumi Euphonik da laifin cin zarafi bayan da ya bayyana cewa ya yi mata duka . Sannan ta yi watsi da tuhumar bayan da ma'auratan suka sasanta. Yayin da ta yi watsi da tuhumar, mutane sun yi zargin cewa Matheba ta yi karya game da lamarin. Matheba ya musanta waɗannan ikirari, yana mai cewa: “Ban taɓa tunanin yadda za a yi mini mugun nufi ba sa’ad da aka ba da labarin rabuwata. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi zafi kuma wani lokacin ban san yadda na tsira ba", abin da aka yi magana game da shi a cikin littafinta, Daga A Zuwa B. Sai ta cire ambaton a cikin siga na biyu na littafin.
Daga ƙarshen 2015 zuwa 2017, Matheba ta yi kwanan wata rapper AKA . Dangantakar su, wanda ya fara a matsayin al'amari, ya cika da rikici, yana faruwa yayin da AKA ke hulɗa da wani mai ciki DJ Zinhle, wanda daga baya ya fallasa fling a watan Agusta 2015 bayan rabuwar su.
Tun daga lokacin Matheba ta adana bayanan abokan zamanta da na rayuwarta cikin sirri.
Filmography
Talabijin
Fim
Yabo
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bonang Matheba on Facebook
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15006 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Ladipo%20Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika (an haife ta 7 Maris 1968) marubuciya ce 'yar asalin Burtaniya- 'yar asalin Najeriya wacce take rubuce-rubucen litattafai, gajerun labarai da kuma makaloli. Ita ce marubuciya guda biyu da aka karɓa sosai, In Dependence (2009) da Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (2016), kuma yana da aikin bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe ciki har da Granta, Transition, Guernica, da OZY, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Editan Littattafai na OZY. Ayyukan Manyika kuma yana cikin fasalin 2019 New Daughters of Africa.
Farkon rayuwa
Sarah Manyika an haife ta kuma ta girma a Nijeriya. Ta kuma zauna a Kenya, Faransa, Zimbabwe, da Burtaniya. Mahaifinta dan Najeriya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Birtaniya ce. Manyika ta gaji sunan haihuwarta (Ladipo) daga mahaifinta, wanda aka haifa a garin Ibadan (Kudu Maso Yammacin Najeriya) a ƙarshen 1930s. Mahaifinta ya sadu kuma ya auri mahaifiyarta a cikin Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1960s. Sarah ta kwashe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas da kuma garin Jos a Jihar Filato. Yayinda take matashiya, ta zauna tsawon shekaru biyu a Nairobi, Kenya, kafin dangin ta su koma Burtaniya.
Ayyuka
Manyika ta yi karatu a Jami'o'in Birmingham (UK), Bordeaux (Faransa), da California (Berkeley), inda ta sami Ph.D daga na biyun. Ta yi aure a Harare, Zimbabwe, a 1994, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin San Francisco (inda ta koyar da adabi a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco), London da Harare.
Rubuce-rubucen nata sun hada da kasidu da aka wallafa, takardun ilimi, bitar littattafai da gajerun labarai. Gajeren labarinta mai suna "Mr Wonder" ya bayyana a cikin littafin 2008 Women Writing Zimbabwe. Littafinta na farko, In Dependence, asali an buga shi a farko Jaridar Legend, London ce ta buga shi a shekarar 2008, kuma babbar shagon sayar da litattafai ta Burtaniya ta zabi shi a matsayin littafin da ya fito da shi na watan Black History Month. A 2009, In Dependence, Cassava Republic ce ta buga shi, wata jaridar wallafe-wallafen da ke zaune a Abuja, Nijeriya (da kuma na baya-bayan nan, a Burtaniya), tare da wadatattun marubuta waɗanda suka haɗa da Teju Cole da Helon Habila. Da take magana game da shawarar da ta yanke na sa hannu tare da wani mawallafin Afirka, Manyika ta ce: "Na fahimci cewa ta hanyar bayar da haƙƙin duniya ga wani mawallafin Afirka zan iya, a wata ƙaramar hanya, tooƙarin magance rashin daidaiton iko a cikin duniyar da masu tsaron ƙofofin adabi, har ma da abin da ake kira labaran Afirka, suna da tushe a yamma." A shekarar 2014, kamfanin Weaver Press ya buga In Dependence a kasar Zimbabwe, in da yake wani littafi ne tsayayyen wanda ya dace da shi domin ci gaban Adabin Ingilishi. Hakanan an gabatar da In Dependence ta hanyar JAMB a Nijeriya don candidatesan takarar da ke zaune a 2017 UTME.
Littafin na biyu na Manyika, Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun, a kan buga shi a cikin bazarar 2016 wasu marubuta da yawa sun amince da shi, gami da Bernardine Evaristo ("Labarin Manyika game da wata tsohuwa 'yar Najeriya ba shi da nutsuwa, yana da wayewa kuma yana faɗaɗa kundin adabin zamani na Afirka zuwa maraba da sabon yanki"),
Aminatta Forna ("kyakkyawa kuma kyakkyawa ce aka kirkira ... Labarin Sarah Manyika yana nuna mutane na gari cikin mafi kyawun su. lifaukakawa!"), NoViolet Bulawayo ("Mai hankali, mai son sha'awa, mai ban dariya, da motsi"), Jamal Mahjoub ("Manyika tana rubutu da babbar murya da nutsuwa, tana haskaka halayenta da wayewar kai"), Peter Orner ("Kyakkyawan, muhimmin sabon labari, kuma wanda zai ci gaba da yin kuwwa a cikin tunanin mai karatu na dogon lokaci bayan"), E. C. Osondu ("wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba ... tunani mai ƙarfi kan rashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙaura da kadaici. Abubuwan haruffa a cikin wannan littafin zasu kasance tare da ku "), kuma Brian Chikwava ("Wani ƙagaggen labari ne, koyaushe abin mamaki ne"). An fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa.
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun an jera shi a cikin Satumba 2016 don Goldsmiths Prize (tare da littattafai ta Rachel Cusk, Deborah Levy, Eimear McBride, Mike McCormack and Anakana Schofield), "labari na farko na Afirka da aka fara tunanin samun wannan kyautar", wanda aka kirkireshi don bayar da lada ga almara wanda ya karya tsarin ko ya faɗaɗa damar sabonn littafin. Hakanan an zaba littafin don kyautar California Book Award a cikin labaran almara (tare da ayyukan irin waɗannan marubutan Andrew Sean Greer, Percival Everett, and Viet Thanh Nguyen). Na farawa don Like a Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun Manyika ta ce: "Na sadu da tsofaffi mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi rayuwa mai launuka iri-iri, amma duk da haka idan ya zo ga almara, ban sami labarai da yawa da ke nuna wannan ba, musamman idan ya zo ga rayuwar baƙar fata mata. Lokacin da ba zan iya samun labaran da zan so karantawa ba, sai in gwada rubuta su da kaina." Sunan labarin sabon layi ne da aka yarda dashi daga wata waka da Mary Ruefle ta kira "Donkey On".
Manyika ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, edita daga Margaret Busby, shiga cikin abubuwan haɗi.
Rubuce-rubuce marasa almara na Manyika sun haɗa da kasidu na sirri da kuma bayanan zurfin bayanan mutanen da ta haɗu da su, gami da Evan Mawarire, Toni Morrison and Michelle Obama.
Manyika tana aiki a kan allunan Hedgebrook da Museum of the African Diaspora(MOAD) a San Francisco. Ta kuma dauki bakuncin jerin bidiyo na OZY, Rubuta, kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Editan na mujallar.[1] Ta kuma taba zama alkali a gasar adabi, da Etisalat Prize for Literature a 2014 da kuma Goldsmiths Prize a 2020. Manyika ta gabatar da jerin hirarraki na fim kowane wata don MOAD, wanda ake kira "Conversations Across the Diaspora", kuma baƙunta daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun haɗa Ibrahim Mahama, Jess Cole, Strive Masiyiwa, Tatyana Ali, and Anna Deavere Smith.
Rayuwar Aure
Ta auri :en:James Manyika a Harare, Zimbabwe a shekara ta 1994.
Ayyuka
Litattafai
In Dependence (Legend Press, 2008; Cassava Republic Press, 2009)
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (Cassava Republic Press, 2016,
Gajerun labarai
"Mr Wonder" in Women Writing Zimbabwe (Weaver Press, 2008)
"Modupe" in African Love Stories (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2006)
"Girlfriend" in Fathers & Daughters (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2008)
"The Ambassador's Wife" a cikin Margaret Busby (edita), New Daughters of Africa (Myriad Editions, 2019)
Littafin surori
"Oyinbo" in Prolematizing Blackness (Routledge, 2003)
Zaɓaɓɓun rubutun
"Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie", Guernica, 23 Yuni 2015.
"Betting on Africa", Brittle Paper, 28 Maris 2016.
"For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books", OZY, 29 Oktoba 2017.
"Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes", OZY, 2 Nuwamba 2017.
"On Meeting Toni Morrison", Transition, No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp. 138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research a Jami'ar Harvard.
"What James Baldwin Means To Me", Brittle Paper, 4 Maris 2019.
"On Meeting Mrs Obama", Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling, 22 Maris 2019.
Rahoton bincike
Ph.D. Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Report to the Rockefeller Foundation. Haɗin gwiwa tare da David Szanton (Jami'ar Berkeley, California, 2002).
Nassoshi |
41965 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal%20Bolkiah | Hassanal Bolkiah | Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1946) kuma shine sultan na 29 kuma Yang di-Pertuan na Brunei tun 1967 kuma har ila yau shine Firayim Ministan kasar Bruni tun daga samun 'yancin kai daga hannun Burtaniya a shekara ta 1984. Yana daya daga cikin Sarakuna mafi shahara da suka rage a duniya. Shine babban da ga Omar Ali Saifuddien III da Raja (sarauniya) Pengiran Anak Damit, kuma ya gaji mulkin ne daga hannun sarkin Brunei bayan gazawar mahaifinsa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoban 1967.
An saka sarkin acikin jerin attajiran duniya. A shekara ta 2008, Forbes ta kiyasta yawan dukiyar sarkin da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 20. Bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta Burtaniya a cikin 2022, Sultan a halin yanzu shine sarki mafi dadewa a duniya a yanzu, kuma shine shugaban kasa mafi dadewa a yanzu. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2017, Sarkin ya yi gagarumin biki don murnar cika shekaru 50 a kan karagar mulki.
Kuruciya
An haifi Sarkin ne a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1946, a Istana Darussalam, a Garin Brunei (yanzu ana kiransa Bandar Seri Begawan ) a matsayin Pengiran Muda (Yarima) Hassanal Bolkiah. Sarkin ya sami karatun sakandare a Victoria Institution da ke Kuala Lumpur, bayan haka kuma ya halarci Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Burtaniya, inda ya kammala a 1967.
Mulki
Ya zama Sarkin Brunei Darussalam a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoban 1967, bayan mahaifinsa ya yi murabus. An gudanar da nadin sarautarsa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1968, kuma ya zamo Yang di-Pertuan ( Shugaban Ƙasa ) na Brunei. Kamar mahaifinsa, Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth II ta bashi matsayin dakare na kasar Burtaniya, yayinda Brunei ta kasance yankin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya har zuwa 1984.
A karkashin tsarin mulkin Brunei na 1959, Sultan shine shugaban kasa mai cikakken ikon zartarwa, gami da ikon gaggawa tun 1962. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, 2006, an ba da rahoton cewa Sultan ya yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Brunei kwaskwarima don ya mai da kansa ma'asumi a karkashin dokar Brunei. Bolkiah, a matsayin Firayim Minista, kuma shine shugaban gwamnati. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu yana rike da mukaman ministan tsaro, ministan harkokin waje da kuma ministan kudi. Saboda haka a matsayinsa na ministan tsaro shi ne babban kwamandan rundunar sojoji na kasar Brunei, haka nan kuma mai girma Janar na sojojin Birtaniya da na Indonesiya sannan kuma babban Admiral a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta sarki . Ya nada kansa a matsayin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda (IGP) na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Royal Brunei .
Bolkiah ya yi jawabi a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan shigar Brunei Darussalam a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumban 1984. A shekarar 1991, ya gabatar da akidar ra'ayin mazan jiya ga Brunei mai suna Melayu Islam Beraja ( Masarautar Musulunci ta Malay, MIB), wacce ke gabatar da sarauta a matsayin mai kare addini. Kwanan nan ya goyi bayan kafa gwamnatin Brunei tare da ayyana kansa Firayim Minista kuma Shugaban kasa. A shekara ta 2004, an sake buɗe Majalisar Dokoki, wadda aka rushe tun 1962.
Hassanal Bolkiah ya kirkiri gidauniyar Sultan Haji ta Hassanal Bolkiah (YSHHB).
An baiwa Hassanal Bolkiah shugaban taron shugabannin APEC a shekarar 2000 lokacin da Brunei Darussalam ta karbi bakuncin taron. Hassanal Bolkiah shi ne kuma shugaban kungiyar ASEAN a shekara ta 2013 lokacin da Brunei Darussalam ta karbi bakuncin taron.
Hassanal Bolkiah shi ne Shugaban Addini, kuma Musulunci shi ne addini na hukumar kasar. An gina masallatai da wuraren sallah da rukunoni a fadin kasar. Sarkin ya bada umurnin a gudanar da bukukuwan Musulunci kamar na farkon Maulidin Annabi, Isra da Miraj da Nuzul Alqur'ani mai girma. Yana yawan halartar masallatai da wuraren ibada a fadin kasar nan domin gabatar da sallar juma'a.
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah ya kuma ba da shawarar a dauki hukuncin shari'ar Musulunci, ciki har da cewa za a hukunta mazinata ta hanyar jefewa.
Hassanal Bolkiah ya kuma haramta gudanar da bukukuwan Kirsimeti a 2015, ciki har da sanya hula ko tufafi masu kama da Santa Claus. Haramcin ya shafi musulmin yankin ne kawai. Har yanzu ana barin Kiristoci su yi bikin Kirsimeti. A cewar Bishop na Brunei kuma Cardinal Cornelius Sim, a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2015, akwai kusan 4,000 daga cikin 18,000 na Katolika na Brunei, galibin 'yan kasar China da baƙi da ke zaune a ƙasar, waɗanda ke halartar taron jajibirin Kirsimeti da ranar Kirsimeti. Duk da yake babu cikakkiyar dokar hana bukukuwa, an hana yin illa ga kayan ado na Kirsimeti a wuraren taruwar jama'a, musamman kantunan kasuwanci; haramcin bai shafi kananan shaguna ba ko kuma gidaje masu zaman kansu ciki har da majami'u.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946 |
25175 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallar%20Sunnah | Sallar Sunnah | Sallar Sunnah (Larabci: صلاة السنة) sallar nafila ce ko nafila (sallar layya) da za a iya yi ban da salloli biyar na yau da kullun, waɗanda tilas ne ga dukkan Musulmi. Sallar Sunnah tana da halaye mabambanta: wasu ana yin su ne a lokaci guda da sallolin wajibi biyar na yau da kullum, wasu ana yin su ne kawai a wasu lokuta (misali da daddare), ko don takamaiman lokuta (misali lokacin fari); wasu suna da nasu suna (misali Tahajjud) wasu kuma ana gane su ta yadda ake yin su (misali "4 (rakat) kafin Zuhr da 2 bayan"). Tsawon sallar sunnah kuma ya bambanta.
Yayin da salloli biyar na yau da kullun suna wajib/farilla (na wajibi), sallar sunnah (da sauran ayyukan sunnah) Mustahabb ne (yana ƙarfafa gwiwa) - waɗanda ke yin su za su sami lada a lahira, amma babu hukuncin sakaci da su.
Sunnah (a cikin addinin musulunci na yau da kullun), na nufin al'adu da ayyukan da (aka yi imani da su) suna bin misalin annabin musulunci Muhammad. Dangane da labarai, ruwayoyi, fassarori, al'adun musulmai, dukkan waɗannan sallolin Muhammadu ne ya yi su (ban da sallolin farilla guda biyar na yau da kullun).
Bambance -bambance
Idan aka kwatanta da sallar tilas
Sohaib Sultan ya bayyana cewa matakan yin sallar sunnah (Takbir, fatiha, da sauransu) daidai suke da sallolin farilla (farilla) guda biyar na yau da kullun, amma bambanta dangane da sallar shine adadin rakat (shima rakʿah (Larabci: ركعة rakaʿah, furta [ˈrakʕah]; jam'i: ركعات rakaʿāt), wanda shine raka'ar sallah.
Ana yin addu'o'i ne kawai a wasu lokuta
Tahajjud da Tarawih sallolin dare ne da akeyinta lokacin Ramadan, Tarawih ne kawai a cikin Ramadan. (duba ƙasa)
Ana yin addu'o'i don takamaiman lokatai
Salatul istasqa addu’a ce ta rokon Allah akan ruwan sama. Ana yin Kusuf a lokacin faɗuwar rana; Khusuf lokacin kusufin wata. (duba ƙasa)
Sallar Sunnah wacce ake yin ta a lokaci guda da sallar tilas
A cewar Sohaib Sultan, annabin musulunci Muhammad yayi sallar sunnah "kafin da/ko bayan kowace sallar farilla" don samun karin ni'ima da fa'ida daga Allah. Misalan wadannan sunna mu’akkadah ko “tabbatar” sunnar sallar, kamar yadda aka kafa a mazhabar fiqhu ta Hanafi, (a cewar Faraz Rabbani) sun hada da:
"Raka'a 2 kafin sallar Asuba"
"Raka'a 4 kafin Zuhur da 2 bayanta"
"Raka'a 2 bayan Magrib"
"Raka'a 2 bayan Isha'i"
Wannan sallar sunnah ba ta da suna na musamman. Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha duk sunayen sallolin dole ne. Rakat - shima rakʿah (Larabci: ركعة rakʿah, furta [ˈrakʕah]; jam’i: ركعات rakaʿāt) - shine motsi daga tsayuwa, yin ruku’u a ƙasa, zuwa sake tsayawa, wannan yana cikin kowane sallar salat.
Sallah tabbatattu da kuma wanda ba tabbatattu ba
Wani rarrabuwa tsakanin sallolin da ba na farillah ba shine ko sun “tabbata” ko “ba a tabbatar ba”:
Sunnah mu’akkadah ko “tabbatar da sunnah” ko "Sunnah mai karfi"addu’o’i, wanda Muhammad “ya ci gaba da yi kuma kusan bai taɓa yin watsi da shi ba” (bisa ga al’ada). Misalan sunnar mu’akkadah sun hada da “Sallar Idi, ko raka’a biyu bayan sallar magriba”.
Ghair mu’akkadah ko “sunnas da ba a tabbatar da su ba”. Waɗannan Muhammadu ba su da saurin aiwatarwa kamar yadda ya yi su wani lokacin "wani lokacin kuma ya yi watsi da su". Misalin ghair mu’akkadah shine raka’a biyu kafin sallar Isha.
Ire -iren wadannan addu’o’i guda biyu suna da “kalmomi da hukunce -hukunce daban -daban”.
Wasu misalan sallolin sunnah da ba a tabbatar da su ba
Raka'ah 4 bayan Zuhur (ko dai ta hanyar yin raka'o'in sunna guda 4 da aka tabbatar 4, ko daban),
Raka'ah 4 ko 2 kafin sallar Asuba
Raka'ah 6 (salatul awwabin) bayan magriba, da kyau a cikin saiti biyu (za a iya haɗa sunna da aka tabbatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na 6 idan mutum ya zaɓi)
Raka'ah 2 kafin Isha'i
Raka'ah 4 bayan isha'i (mutum na iya haɗa sunnonin da aka tabbatar a cikin wannan idan ana so).
(Idan sallah tayi kwafa sunnonin da aka tabbatar a sama za a iya hada su da sallolin sunnah da aka tabbatar ko a'a).
Sunnar sallah
Kada a rikita sallar sunna da sunnonin sallah. Ba wai kawai akwai nau'o'in salloli na wajibi da na tilas ba, amma sassan wajibi da na zaɓi (kalmomi da ayyuka) na sallah (aƙalla ga Musulman Salafi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid).
Misalan kalmomi da ayyuka na wajibi da “ginshiƙi” sun haɗa da:
i. Tsayuwa yayin sallolin farilla idan mutum ya sami damar yin hakan;
ii. Takbeer mai buɗewa wato faɗin “Allaahu akbar”;
iii. Yin Fatiha a farkon raka'a
Misalan kalmomin sunnah da ayyuka sun hada da:
i. Yana cewa bayan bude takbier, "Subhaanaka Allaahumma wa bi hamdika, wa tabaaraka ismuka, wa ta'aala jadduka wa laa ilaaha ghayruka babu abin bautawa sai Kai). " Wannan shi ake kira du’aa ’al-istiftaah (buɗe du’a)
ii. Neman tsari da Allaah
iii. Bismillah
iv. Yace Ameen
Yin watsi da waɗannan baya ɓata salla.
Tahajjud
Tahajjud (Larabci: صلاة التهجد) ana yin sallar ne da daddare, kuma ana son a yi ta bayan an fara bacci na ɗan wani dare. Malamai suna da ra’ayoyi mabambanta game da ko bacci na farko yana da cikakken buƙata ko a’a. A Saudiyya a lokacin azumin watan Ramadan, akwai mutane da yawa da ke barin sallar Tarawih a babban masallaci cikin gaggawa domin su koma gida, su yi barci, sannan su farka su yi sallar Tahajjud da sanyin safiya. Wasu kawai suna zama a cikin masallaci suna yin waɗannan sallolin na tilas kafin su koma gida.
Lokacin sallar Tahajjud ya fadi tsakanin lokutan sallar isha'i da sallar asubahi. Haka kuma an so a yi sallar a cikin sulusin dare na qarshe. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa lada ya fi girma ga waɗanda suka yi wannan addu'ar daga baya. (Yana da wuyar farkawa da yin addu’a da sassafe, yana ƙarawa ƙoƙarin mutum girma, yana haifar da lada mafi girma daga Allah).
Kowace addu'a ga musulmi ana yin ta ne tare da maimaita ayyuka da aƙalla raka'a ɗaya. Sallar Tahajjud tana kunshe da mafi karancin rakat daya da matsakaicin lamba 11. Wasu suna cewa 13 amma duk lambar da ta wuce 13 bidi'a ce (Innovation); domin babu wani hadisi; Wannan sahihi ne (mai ƙarfi) yana nuna cewa Muhammadu ya wuce raka'a 13 (a cewar Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Nasr al-Marwazee)
An ruwaito daga Manzon Allah (sallal Lahu alaihi wa aalihi wa sallam) cewa ya ce: "Ku yi riko da sallar dare, domin ita ɗabi'ar salihai ce a gabanku, kuma hanyar kusantar ubangijinku ce. kaffara ga zunubai, da nisantar zalunci. " [Tirmizi da Hakim]
Abdullahi bn Amr bn al-As (RA) ya ruwaito cewa Manzon Allah (tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi) ya ce da shi, “Ya Abdullahi, kada ka zama kamar mai-haka, ya kasance yana yin addu’a. a cikin dare sai ya bar sallar dare ”. [Bukhari da Muslim]
An so a yi tahajjud a yi sallar a cikin sulusin dare na qarshe, amma yin ta a kowane lokaci ya fi alheri fiye da rashin yin ta kwata -kwata.
Tarawih
Tarawih (Larabci: صلاة التراويح) sallar dare ne muakada na sunnah yayin Ramadan. Addu'a ce wacce ake yin ta kawai a lokacin azumin musulmi na Ramadan. Ana iya yin shi kaɗai, a cikin ƙungiya, a gida, ko a cikin masallaci ko wani wurin taron jama'a ba kome. Yawanci, Musulmai suna taruwa suna yin tarawih a matsayin ƙungiya, galibi tsakanin dangin dangi a cikin babban gida. Wasu na iya haduwa a masallacin unguwarsu, zauren taro, ko ma a filin waje. Dangane da ƙasar, ana iya yin sallar tarawihi a masallaci maza kawai, ko kuma cakuda maza da mata (duk da cewa sun rabu da juna a zahiri). Adadin raka'ar sallar Tarawih raka'ah ashirin ne. Muhammadu yana tsoron cewa idan ya ci gaba da yin salloli a cikin masallaci, to mabiyansa za su iya tunanin cewa tilas ne ba na tilas ba.
Bayan Muhammadu, Taraweeh har yanzu ana yin sallar raka'a 20. Batun da mutane ke yi cewa ya yi sallah 8 yana game da Tahajjud (salah). A babban masallacin Makka, Imam (limamin sallah) yana yin raka'a ashirin sannan ku yi sallar isha'i da witiri. Adadin mutanen da ke shiga sallar tarawihi a babban masallacin Makkah na iya kaiwa miliyan 3-4. Suna cika dukkan matakai a cikin masallaci, rufin leɓe, waje a farfajiya, wasu titunan da ke kusa (waɗanda aka rufe), kuma a wasu lokutan har ma suna amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin otal ɗin wasu otal -otal da ke kusa.
Haka kuma al'ada ce ga Imam a kowane masallaci ya karanta dukkan abinda ke cikin Alkur'ani a cikin watan azumi ta hanyar karanta kusan sashi daya a rana. Wannan aikin karatun Alƙur'ani gaba ɗaya an san shi da khatm (cikakken karatun).
Istisqa
Salat ul istasqa (Larabci: صلاة الإستسقاء) addu’a ce ta rokon Allah ruwan sama. Ya kunshi raka'a biyu. Kamar yadda Ibn Qudaamah ya ce: "Addu'ar ruwan sama sunna ce tabbatacciya, ta tabbatar da aikin manzon Allah ... da na magadansa"
Liman yana yin sallah, tare da mabiya, raka'ah biyu a kowane lokaci ban da lokutan da ba a son yin su a cikinsa. A raka’ar farko liman yana karanta Suratul A’la bayan suratul Fatiha. Kuma a raka'a ta biyu, yana karanta Suratul Ghashiyah bayan Fatiha, kuma yana gabatar da khutbah kafin sallar ko bayansa. Da zaran ya gama khutbah (huduba), mutane suna fuskantar alkibla (alkiblar sallah) kuma suna rokon Allah. An fara gabatar da ita a Madina a cikin watan Ramadan na 6 ga Hijira.
Akwai hadissan Muhammadu da dama da ke magana game da addu'ar samun ruwan sama. Ash-Shaf'i yana cewa an samo shi ne daga Salim ibn Abdullah, a kan mahaifinsa cewa Muhammadu zai ce ga ishsqa:
"Ya Allah, ka ba mu ruwan sama mai albarka, mai albarka, mai yalwa, janar, mai ci gaba. Ya Allah, ka ba mu ruwan sama kuma kada ka sanya mu cikin masu yanke tsammani. Ya Allah, (bayinka), ƙasa, dabbobi, da (halittunka) duk suna shan wahala kuma suna neman kariya.Kuma ba mu yin korafi sai kai. Ya Allah ka sa amfanin gonarmu ta yi girma, kuma a cika nono. Ka ba mu daga albarkar sama ka tsiro mana daga albarkar kasa. Ya Allah ka yaye mana wahala da yunwa da rashin haihuwa kuma ka yaye mana masifa kamar yadda babu mai kawar da masifa sai Kai. Ya Allah muna neman gafarar ka kamar yadda kai mai gafara ne, kuma ka aiko mana da ruwan sama mai yawa ". Ash-Shaf'i ya ce: "Na fi son liman ya yi addu'a da wannan (sallah)."
Sa’ad ya ba da rahoton cewa ga ishsqa, Muhammadu zai yi addu’a: “Ya Allah, ka rufe mu da gizagizai masu yawa waɗanda ke da ruwan sama mai yawa da amfani, akai - akai yana sauƙaƙa mana ruwan sama kuma yana yayyafa mana da walƙiya. Ya Allah, kai ne cike da daukaka, falala da Daraja ”. Wannan yana da nasaba da Abu 'Awanah a cikin Sahihinsa.
Amr bn Shu'aib ya ba da labari daga babansa, a kan kakansa, cewa don istisqa ', Muhammadu zai ce: "Ya Allah, ka wadata ruwa ga bayinka da dabbobinka, ka nuna rahamarka kuma ka rayar da ƙasashen da suka mutu." Abu Dawud ne ke da alaka da wannan.
An fi son wanda ke yin wannan addu'ar ya ɗaga hannayensa da bayan hannayensa zuwa sama. Rubuce -rubucen Musulmi daga Anas cewa Muhammad zai nuna da bayan hannunsa yayin ishsqa.
An kuma fi son ganin ruwan sama, a ce: "Ya Allah ka sanya ruwan sama mai amfani" kuma ya kamata ya tona wani bangare na jikinsa ga ruwan sama. A gefe guda kuma, idan mutum yana tsoron cewa ruwan sama ya yi yawa, ya kamata ya ce: "Ya Allah ka yi mana rahama kada ka azabtar da mu, bala'i, halaka ko ambaliya. Ya Allah ka sanya shi a kan dazuzzuka, gonaki da bishiyoyi. "Ka sanya shi a kusa da mu ba kan mu ba."
Kusuf da Khusuf ((Hasken Rana da Hasken Wata)
Salatul-Kusuf (Larabci: صلاة الكسوف) addu’a ce da ake yi yayin kusufin rana; Ana yin Salatul Khusuf (Larabci: صلاة الخسوف) yayin kusufin wata. Dukansu Nafl ne (ba na wajibi ba) tare da sallar rakat guda biyu da yakamata al'ummar musulmai su yi a cikin jama'a.
Ana yin Rakat (Raka'ah) guda biyu ko huɗu na Khusuf salah a cikin Jama'a (Rukuni) ko ɗaiɗai, tare da fifikon addu'o'in mutum ɗaya. Ba Adhan (Kiran Sallah) ko Iqamah (Kiran Sallah na Biyu) da ake kira Khusuf salah. Ana iya yin karatun Alqur'ani a lokacin Khusus salah ko a cikin shiru ko da karfi.
A lokacin Muhammadu, an yi masassarar rana. Mutane sun yi gaggawar danganta wannan da abin duniya, wato mutuwar ɗan Muhammad, Ibrahim. Muhammad ya bayyana musu gaskiyar wannan lamari. A cikin Sahihinsa (ingantaccen hadisi), Imam Muslim ya ruwaito cewa A'ishah (rali) ta ce:
Akwai kusufin rana a zamanin Manzon Allah. Ya mike yayi sallah ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa sosai. Sannan ya sunkuya ya kuma tsawaita ruku'u sosai. Sannan ya ɗaga kansa ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa da yawa, amma bai kai (duration) na tsayuwar farko ba. Sannan ya sunkuya ya kuma dade yana ruku'u da yawa, amma bai kai tsawon lokacin ruku'u na farko ba. Sannan yayi sujjada sannan ya mike ya tsawaita tsayuwar, amma bai kai tsayuwar farko ba. Daga nan sai ya sunkuya ya tsawaita ruku'u, amma bai kai na farko ba. Daga haka ya ɗaga kansa sannan ya miƙe ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa, amma bai kai tsayuwar farko ba. Sannan yayi ruku'u kuma ya dade yana ruku'u kuma bai kai ruku'u na farko ba. Sannan ya yi sujjada; sa’an nan ya juya, rana ta yi haske, ya yi wa mutane jawabi. Ya yabi Allah kuma ya yabe shi ya ce: "Rana da wata alamu ne na Allah guda biyu; ba su rufuwa saboda mutuwar wani ko saboda haihuwar kowa. Addu'a, ku yi sadaka.Ya ku Al'ummar Muhammadu, babu wanda ya fi hasala fiye da Allah lokacin da bawansa ko kuyangarsa ta yi fasikanci.Ya ku mutanen Muhammadu, Wallahi, da kun san abin da na sani, da kuka yi kuka mai yawa da dariya kaɗan. Ya Allah. shaida, na sanar da su."
Duba kuma
Sallar Nafila
Manazarta
Bayanan kula |
51445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Elior | Rachel Elior | Rachel Elior(an haife ta 28 Disamba 1949) farfesa ce ta Isra'ila a falsafar Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima a Urushalima,Isra'ila.Manyan batutuwan bincikenta sune Hasidism da tarihin sufancin Yahudawa na farko.
Aikin ilimi
Elior ita ce John da Golda Cohen Farfesa na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tunanin Sufanci na Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci,inda ta koyar tun 1978.A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Sashen Tunanin Yahudawa.Ta sami PhD Summa cum laude a 1976. Kwarewarta sune Sufancin Yahudawa na farko,Littattafan Tekun Matattu, Littattafan Hekhalot,Almasihu, Sabbatianism,Hasidism,Chabad, Frankism da kuma rawar mata a al'adun Yahudawa.
Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Princeton,UCL,Jami'ar Yeshiva,Jami'ar Tokyo,Jami'ar Doshisha a Kyoto,Case Western Reserve University.a Cleveland,a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Michigan-Ann Arbor .
Ita mamba ce a kwamitin majalisar kasa da kasa na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila .
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin 2006,Elior ya sami lambar yabo ta Gershom Scholem don Bincike a Kabbalah daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bil'adama ta Isra'ila.
Suka da jayayya
A fannin ƙwarenta na farko,Hasidism, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,Farfesa a Arewa maso Yamma,ya ce"Elior yana amfani da wani tsohon ra'ayi na motsi [hasidic]don tabbatar da labarinta.Ta bar ra'ayi,ra'ayoyi,fahimta
da bayanan da masana suka tattara waɗanda suka daɗe sun rabu da tsarin tunanin Dinur ko Scholem."Kuma cewa Elior,da sauransu,"ya kamata ya sake duba tsarin ra'ayi na[marubuta na farko na labarun hasidic'],wanda kafofin suka kasance tare a cikin yanayin da ba na zamani ba kuma suna magana da juna cikin yardar kaina,a matsayin ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar Platonic."
Rubutun Tekun Matattu
Ka'idarta ta tushen sufanci a cikin ajin firist ta fuskanci kalubale daga Prof. Yehuda Liebes na Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma fahimtarta game da tsohuwar kalandar Sacha Stern ta ƙi.Eibert Tigchelaar ta lura cewa misalan nata suna da"rashin ƙayyadaddun tarihi waɗanda ke da damuwa da takaici."Yusuf Dan ya kare ta.Farfesan Princeton Peter Schaefer ya ce ta ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutu da lokuta,kuma ba ta kula da mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa.Ya kuma lura cewa ra’ayinta game da mala’iku a Qumran da kalandar ba daidai ba ne.Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb ta ga aikin Elior"ba zai yuwu ba".Himmelfarb ya ce Elior ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin haɗin kai, alaƙar tarihi ba tare da tushe ba,kuma yana ganin abubuwan da kawai"ba a can."
Elior yayi iƙirarin cewa Essenes, waɗanda ake zaton marubutan Littafin Tekun Matattu ba su taɓa wanzuwa ba.Ta yi jayayya(kamar yadda Lawrence Schiffman,Moshe Goshen-Gottstein,Chaim Menachem Rabin,da sauransu suka yi) cewa Essene da gaske ’ya’yan Zadok ne masu tawaye,wani rukunin firist da sarakunan Girka suka kore daga Haikali na Urushalima a ƙarni na biyu BC.Ta yi zato cewa an ɗauke littattafan da aka kore su."A Qumran,an sami ragowar babban ɗakin karatu,"in ji Elior,tare da wasu nassosin Ibrananci na farko tun daga ƙarni na 2 BC.Har sai an gano Littafin naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu,farkon sanannen sigar Tsohon Alkawari tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD.“Littattafai sun tabbatar da gadon firistoci na Littafi Mai Tsarki,”in ji Elior,wanda ya yi hasashen cewa an ɓoye littattafan a Qumran don adanawa.
James Charlesworth,darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Tekun Matattu kuma farfesa a Makarantar tauhidin tauhidin Princeton,ya ce akwai"babban shaida game da wanzuwar Essenes"kuma"Ba shi yiwuwa Josephus ya kirkiro ƙungiyar da Philo ya riga ya ambata,wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima."Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb, farfesa a addinin Princeton,ta ce ba ta tunanin aikin Elior ya kasance kamar "sanarwa ta tarihi"kamar yadda sauran bincike kan Littattafai,tana mai cewa,"[Elior] ba ya son yin amfani da tarihin tarihi wanda aikin sauran malamai ke yi." -->
Duba kuma
Moshe Idel
Ada Rapoport-Albert
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov da mutanen zamaninsa,Kabbalists,Sabbatians, Hasidim da Mithnagdim, Urushalima Karmel Publication House 2014
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Mantuwa:Sirrin Rubuce-rubucen Tekun Matattu,Cibiyar Van Leer da Hakibutz haMeuchad,2009
Dybbuk da matan Yahudawa, Urushalima da New York,Urim Publications,2008
Littattafan Heikhalot da Al'adar Merkavah Tsohuwar Sufancin Yahudawa da Tushensa,Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronot;Sifrei Hemed:2004 (Ibrananci)
Herut al Haluhot-Nazari a cikin Tushen Sufi na Hasidism,Tel Aviv: Jami'ar Cast mai Yadawa: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Press 1999.
Paneiah ha-Shonot shel ha-Herut -Iyunim be-Mistika Yehudit(Alpayim 15,Am Oved 1998)
Torat HaElohut BaDor haSheni shel Hasidut Habad,Jerusalem:Jami'ar Hebrew:Magnes Press 1982 (Ibrananci)
Heikhalot Zutarti:Rubutun Sufi na Farko na Lokacin Talmudic Mishnaic, Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci: Magnes Press 1982(Ibrananci)
Galia Raza:Rubutun Kabbalistic na Karni na 16,Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci 1981(Ibrananci)
Judah Liebes,"Yaran Rana vs.Yaran wata"Haaretz 4/6/2003
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin Facebook
Prof. Shafin gidan Elior a Jami'ar Hebrew
Asalin Rubutun Tekun Matattu ya haifar da muhawara
Bayahuden Isra'ila
Rayayyun mutane |
30898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyne%20Akombe | Roslyne Akombe | Roselyn Kwamboka Akombe (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) tsohuwar kwamishiniyar Kenya ce ta Hukumar Zaɓe da Kan Iyakoki (IEBC) ta Kenya.
Ta shahara a kafafen yada labarai na kasar Kenya bayan ta bayyana a gaban hukumar da ke tattaunawa da wadanda za su nada a hukumar, ta kuma ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi sabon mukaminta na kwamishina, duk da cewa hakan na nufin za a rage ma ta albashi da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga aikinta na baya. a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta ce wannan sadaukarwa ce da ta ke a shirye ta yi wa kasarta. Ta shahara a duniya bayan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishina a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Jim kadan bayan murabus din nata, ta tashi daga kasar saboda fargabar rayuwarta a cikin yanayin siyasar da ake ciki.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a cikin 1976, a gundumar Nyamira ta yau, a cikin lardin Nyanza a lokacin, Kenya. Ta girma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na cikin gida. Ta sami digiri na farko, Digiri na Ilimi, daga Jami'ar Nairobi.Daga baya, ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a Harkokin Duniya, daga Jami'ar Rutgers, ta Amurka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa, a cikin wannan fanni, kuma daga Jami'ar Rutgers.
Aiki
An dauki Akombe a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar kan harkokin siyasa a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York.
Aikin a IEBC
A watan Janairun 2017, aka nada ta a matsayin kwamishina a hukumar ta IEBC, lamarin da ya bai wa jama’a mamaki lokacin da jama’a suka fahimci cewa za ta rage albashin kashi 70 cikin 100 daga tsohuwar aikinta ta yin aiki da hukumar. Ta bayyana cewa wannan lamari ne na kishin kasa ga kasarta kuma tana da burin taimakawa kasar ta gudanar da sahihin zabe da kuma fatan taka rawa a cikinsa. Kafofin yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, "An ba ta hutu na musamman ba tare da albashi ba don yin aiki a hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta Kenya," kuma "za ta ba da goyon baya na fasaha ga hukumar a shirye-shiryen zaben 2017 da kuma goyon bayan kokarin hanawa. rikicin bayan zabe a Kenya." Ta yi aiki tare da IEBC Akombe ba zata karɓi kowane albashi a matsayin ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Matsakaicin albashin Akombe a matsayinsa na kwamishinan IEBC an kiyasta shi akan KES 800,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 8000) a wata.
Bayan aikinta a IEBC, nan take Roselyn ta zama fuskar hukumar, kuma ta halarci taron manema labarai da yawa da aka baiwa jama'a. Hasali ma, ita ce ke da alhakin fitar da da yawa daga cikin wadannan tarukan manema labarai, inda ake ganin ta a matsayin mai iya magana da santsi. Hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suke ganin ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar, duk da cewa ita kwamishina ce kawai. A cewar jaridar Daily Nation ta Kenya, Akombe "wata matasa ce, mai magana da kai tsaye kuma kwamishina mara kunya tare da manyan kunci wanda ya bayyana abubuwa da murmushi." Ayyukanta a hukumar sun hada da horas da jami'ai, yin jawabi ga taron manema labarai, bayar da rahoto ga shugaba da babban jami'in hukumar da kuma daukar wasu ayyuka don tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci a zaben Kenya.
Rigimar murabus
A ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban 2017, Akombe ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishiniyar hukumar ta IEBC a lokacin da kasar ke cikin rikici bayan da kotun koli ta soke zaben Kenya na 2017. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Kotun Koli ta Kenya ta yanke hukuncin da ta bayyana sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa na ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2017. Kotun ta ce hukumar ta IEBC ta gaza cika sharuddan da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya na gudanar da sahihin zabe tare da bayar da umarnin sake gudanar da zaben cikin kwanaki 60.
Sakamakon haka, IEBC ta shirya gudanar da sabon zabe tare da sanar da sabon ranar zabe a matsayin ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, sannan ta tura shi zuwa 26 ga Oktoba 2017. Sai dai jam'iyyar adawa ta National Super Alliance (NASA), karkashin jagorancin Raila Amolo Odinga ta yi tur da matsin lamba kan hukumar, tana mai cewa ba za ta iya gudanar da zabe kamar yadda aka tsara a halin yanzu ba. Wannan ra'ayi ya samu goyon bayan dukkanin 'yan siyasa masu alaka da dan takarar NASA, Raila Amolo Odinga, ciki har da abokin takararsa Kalonzo Musyoka. Hasali ma, hakan ya kai ga kauracewa zaman da daukacin ‘yan majalisar dokoki da na majalisar dattawa suka yi tare da cewa ba su amince da shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa ba. Sai dai kuma, Uhuru Kenyatta da dukkan 'yan siyasa masu alaka da jam'iyyarsa ta Jubilee Party sun yi adawa da wannan ra'ayi, suna masu cewa Raila ba shi da hurumin jagorantar IEBC kan ayyukanta. Bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan jiga-jigan biyu ya haifar da abin da wasu ke kira da rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka mai wuya, IEBC ta yi kokarin gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin 'yan adawa da gwamnati ba tare da cimma wata nasara ba. A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hukuncin kotun, Raila da jam'iyyarsa ta NASA sukan bayar da wa'adi, wanda ta kira a matsayin mafi karanci da ba za a iya ragewa ba idan ba tare da wanda ba za a iya gudanar da sahihin zabe a Kenya ba. Yayin da IEBC ta fito yana cewa ba za ta iya cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, Raila Odinga ya bai wa kasar da al’ummar duniya mamaki da cewa ya janye daga takarar shugabancin kasar da aka maimaita saboda hukumar ba ta da ikon bai wa ‘yan kasar Kenya zabe mai inganci da gaskiya. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a Kenya yayin da Raila da jam'iyyarsa suka tayar da hankali na soke zaben da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2017, yayin da Uhuru da jam'iyyarsa suka matsa kaimi a sake zaben. Dangane da wannan rugujewar siyasar da aka yi, ya bayyana cewa ’yan iska da ma’aikata daga jam’iyyar Jubilee Party da NASA ne suka kutsa cikin hukumar kuma an yi mata magudi.
A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, Akombe ta tabbatar da wannan jita-jita lokacin da ta yi murabus a cikin takardar murabus din ta da aka buga a yanar gizo.
Tasiri kan maimaita zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2017
Murabus din da Kwamishinan ya yi ya jawo hankulan kafafen yada labarai. An ci gaba da sabon zaben duk da cewa Raila Odinga daya daga cikin manyan 'yan takara ya janye daga zaben kuma ya bukaci magoya bayansa da kada su shiga kada kuri'a. An ayyana Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da rantsar da shi, kuma ‘yan sanda sun kashe masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar.
Manazarta |
30266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20na%20muhalli | Yanayi na muhalli | Halin muhalli, yanayi Na muhalli, ya kasance yanayi shine kowane abu, abiotic ko biotic, wanda ke rinjayar rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin yanayi, adadin hasken rana, da pH na ƙasan ruwa wanda kwayoyin halitta ke rayuwa. Abubuwan da suka shafi halittu zasu haɗa da samuwar kwayoyin abinci da kasancewar ƙayyadaddun ilimin halitta, masu fafatawa, mafarauta, da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayanin
Genotype na kwayoyin halitta (misali, a cikin zygote) wanda aka fassara zuwa cikin phenotype na manya ta hanyar haɓakawa yayin tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana ƙarƙashin tasirin muhalli da yawa. Sannan kuma A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya kallon nau'in phenotype (ko yanayin phenotypic) azaman kowane siffa mai ma'ana da ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta, kamar yawan jikinsa ko launin fata.
Baya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na gaskiya na monoogenic, abubuwan muhalli na iya ƙayyade cigaban cuta a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun yanayin. Damuwa, cin zarafi na jiki da tunani, abinci, fallasa zuwa gubobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, radiation da sinadarai da aka samu a kusan duka. Da samfuran kulawa na sirri da masu tsabtace gida sune abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke ƙayyade babban ɓangaren cututtukan da ba na gado ba.
Idan tsarin cuta ya ƙare ya zama sakamakon haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli, ana iya kiran asalinsa na etiological a matsayin yana da nau'i mai yawa .
Ciwon daji galibi yana da alaƙa da kuma abubuwan muhalli. Kula da nauyin lafiya, Kuma cin abinci mai kyau, rage barasa da kuma kawar da shan taba yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, a cewar masu bincike.
Hakanan an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli don asma da Autism .
Bayyanawa
Exposome ya ƙunshi saitin yanayin muhalli na ɗan adam (watau waɗanda ba kwayoyin halitta ba) fallasa tun daga tunanin gaba, wanda ya cika kwayoyin halitta . Sannna Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji Christopher Paul Wild ya fara gabatar da wannan fallasa ne a shekara ta 2005 a wata kasida mai suna "Complementing the genome with an"exposome": fitaccen kalubalen auna bayyanar da muhalli a ilimin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. Manufar bayyanar da yadda za a tantance shi ya haifar da tattaunawa mai raɗaɗi tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin shekarata 2010, 2012, 2014 ] 2021.
A cikin labarinsa na shekarata 2005, Wild ya bayyana cewa, "A mafi cikakke, bayyanar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan rayuwa ), tun daga lokacin haihuwa." An fara gabatar da ra'ayin ne don jawo hankali ga buƙatun samun ingantacciyar bayanai da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin muhalli don bincike mai haɗari, don daidaita saka hannun jari a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cewar Wild, ko da sigogin da ba su cika ba na fallasa na iya zama da amfani ga ilimin cututtuka . A cikin shekarar 2012, Ƙirar daji ta ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin, gami da na'urori masu auna firikwensin mutum, na'urorin biomarkers, da fasahar ' omics ', don mafi kyawun ayyana bayyanar. Ya yi bayanin yanki guda uku masu ruɓani a cikin fallasa:
yanayi na waje na gaba ɗaya ciki har da yanayin birane, ilimi, abubuwan yanayi, zamantakewar jama'a, damuwa,
wani yanayi na musamman na waje tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, radiation, cututtuka, abubuwan rayuwa (misali taba, barasa ), abinci, motsa jiki, da dai sauransu.
yanayi na ciki don haɗawa da abubuwan ilimin halitta na ciki irin su abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa, hormones, microflora gut, kumburi, damuwa na oxidative .
A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayyana wannan ma'anar a cikin zurfin zurfi a cikin littafi na farko a kan fallasa. A cikin shekarata 2014, marubucin wannan mawallafin ya sake sake fasalin ma'anar don haɗawa da martanin jiki tare da tsarin rayuwa na ƙarshe wanda ke canza sarrafa sinadarai. Kwanan nan, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka a ciki da kuma kusa da lokacin daukar ciki, bayyanar cututtuka na mahaifa ya haɗa da bayyanar cututtuka irin su kiba na uwa / kiba da ciwon sukari, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ciki har da abinci mai kitse mai yawa / calorie mai girma, wanda ke hade da matalauta tayi., Kuma Girman jarirai da yara, da ƙara yawan kiba da sauran cututtuka na rayuwa a rayuwa ta gaba.
Aunawa
For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of diabetes have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible. However, it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E".
Ayyukan bincike
Tun daga shekarata 2016, maiyuwa ba zai yiwu a aunawa ko ƙirar cikakkiyar bayyanar ba, amma yawancin ayyukan Turai sun fara yin ƙoƙari na farko. A cikin shekarar 2012, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da manyan tallafi guda biyu don ci gaba da bincike mai alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da aikin HELIX a Cibiyar Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Barcelona a kusa da shekarata 2014, kuma da nufin haɓaka bayyanar farkon rayuwa. Aiki na biyu, Exposomics, tushen a Imperial College London, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin a shekarata 2012, da nufin yin amfani da wayoyin hannu ta amfani da GPS da na'urori masu auna muhalli don tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa.
A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an fara wani babban shiri mai suna "Ƙungiyoyin Lafiya da Muhalli- Faɗin Ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙimar Ƙwararrun Ƙididdiga kuma ta fara. Kuma An zana shi a matsayin mafi girman binciken da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a Turai, HEALS yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da yanayin da aka ayyana ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin jerin DNA, gyare-gyaren DNA na epigenetic, bayyanar kwayar halitta, da abubuwan muhalli.
A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta {asa ta {asar Amirka, ta gudanar da wani taro mai suna "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Personal Exposomes." Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka bayyani, "Exposome and Exposomics", ya zayyana wurare uku masu fifiko don yin bincike kan abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano. Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH) sun saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin da ke tallafawa bincike mai alaka da abubuwan da suka hada da biosensors, kuma suna tallafawa bincike kan hulɗar mahalli .
Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP)
An gabatar da ra'ayin wani Project Exposome Project, mai kama da Human Genome Project, kuma an tattauna shi a cikin tarurrukan kimiyya da yawa, amma kamar na shekarar 2017, babu irin wannan aikin. Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin fayyace yadda kimiyya za ta bi wajen aiwatar da irin wannan aikin, an yi rashin tallafi. Rahotanni kan lamarin sun hada da:
wani bita na shekarata 2011 game da ilimin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa da bayyanar da Paul Lioy da Stephen Rappaport, "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa da Bayyanawa: damar samun daidaituwa a cikin ilimin lafiyar muhalli" a cikin mujallar Muhalli na Lafiya .
Rahoton a shekarata 2012 daga Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa a cikin Ƙarni na 21st: A Vision and A Strategy", yana bayyana ƙalubalen da ke cikin ƙididdiga na yau da kullum na exosome.
Filaye masu alaƙa
Ma'anar ƙaddamarwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarwarin shekarata 2010 na sabon tsari a cikin nau'in cututtuka, "ka'idar cuta ta musamman": Kowane mutum yana da tsarin cututtuka na musamman da ya bambanta da kowane mutum, la'akari da bambancin bayyanar da tasirinsa na musamman akan kwayoyin halitta. pathologic tafiyar matakai ciki har da gyare-gyare a cikin interactome . An fara bayyana wannan ka'ida a cikin cututtukan neoplastic a matsayin "ka'idar ƙwayar cuta ta musamman". Dangane da wannan ƙa'idar cuta ta musamman, filin interdisciplinary na ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (MPE) ya haɗu da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan cututtuka.
Direbobin tattalin arziki
Sauye-sauyen duniya yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa; duk da haka manyan abubuwa guda biyar da ke kawo sauyi a duniya su ne: karuwar jama'a, karuwar tattalin arziki, ci gaban fasaha, halaye, da cibiyoyi. Wadannan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin duniya guda biyar suna iya samo asali ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma wanda kuma, ana iya ganin waɗannan a matsayin direbobi ta fuskar su. Abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi na zamantakewar al'umma na iya haifar da buƙatun zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki na albarkatu kamar buƙatun katako ko buƙatar amfanin gona. Kuma A cikin saran gandun daji na wurare masu zafi alal misali, babban abin tuƙi shine damar tattalin arziƙin da ke tattare da hakar waɗannan albarkatun da mai da ƙasar zuwa amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ana iya bayyana waɗannan direbobi a kowane mataki, daga matakin duniya na buƙatar katako har zuwa matakin gida.
Ana iya ganin misalin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki ke shafar sauyin yanayi a cinikin wake tsakanin Brazil da China. Kasuwancin waken waken soya daga Brazil da China ya karu matuka a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaban da ake samu a harkokin kasuwanci tsakanin wadannan kasashen biyu ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga direbobin tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin masu tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki a nan sun hada da karuwar bukatar waken waken soya na kasar Sin a kasar Sin, da Kuma karuwar canjin amfanin gona a fannin noman wake a Brazil, da kuma muhimmancin karfafa cinikayyar waje tsakanin kasashen biyu. Duk waɗannan direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa suna da tasiri a canjin yanayi. Alal misali, haɓakar ci gaban noman waken soya a Brazil yana nufin akwai buƙatar ƙarin filaye da aka samar don wannan albarkatu. Wannan ya sa gaba dayan dazuzzukan ya koma gonakin noma wanda a nasa bangaren ke da tasiri ga muhalli. Wannan misalin canjin amfani da ƙasa wanda buƙatun albarkatu ke haifarwa, ba wai yana faruwa ne kawai a Brazil tare da samar da wake ba.
Wani misali kuma ya fito ne daga The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union lokacin da suka ba da umarnin bunƙasa albarkatun man fetur ga ƙasashen da ke cikin membobinsu. Tare da direban tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa na haɓaka samar da albarkatun halittu yana tasiri ga amfani da ƙasa a waɗannan ƙasashe. Lokacin da ƙasar noma ta koma ƙasar noman makamashin halittu, wadatar amfanin gona ta asali tana raguwa yayin da kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da direban tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa don buƙatar ƙarin filayen noma don tallafawa buƙatun girma. Duk da haka, tare da rashin wadataccen fili daga maye gurbin amfanin gona zuwa man fetur, Kuma dole ne kasashe su duba yankunan da ke nesa don bunkasa wadannan filayen noman na asali. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasashe inda wannan sabon ci gaba ya faru. Misali, kasashen Afirka suna mayar da savannas zuwa gonakin noma kuma wannan duk ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na son samar da makamashin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, direban zamantakewar tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da canjin amfani da ƙasa ba duka ke faruwa a matakin duniya ba. Waɗannan direbobin suna iya samun gogewa har zuwa matakin gida. Sauya amfanin gona ba wai kawai ya fito ne daga canjin yanayin noma ba, babban canji ya zo daga Tailandia lokacin da suka canza aikin noman poppy na opium zuwa amfanin gona marasa narko. Kuma Wannan ya haifar da bunƙasa fannin noma na Tailandia, amma ya haifar da tasiri a duniya ( maye gurbin opium ).
Misali, a Wolong China, mazauna wurin suna amfani da gandun daji a matsayin itacen mai don dafawa da dumama gidajensu. Kuma Don haka, direban zamantakewar tattalin arzikin da ke cikin wasa anan shine buƙatar katako na gida don tallafawa rayuwa a wannan yanki. Da wannan direban, jama’ar yankin na rage kayan aikin da suke samu na itacen mai don haka sai su ci gaba da yin nesa da su domin kwato wannan albarkatun. Wannan motsi da buƙatun katako yana taimakawa ga asarar pandas a wannan yanki saboda yanayin yanayin su yana lalacewa.
Duk da haka, lokacin da ake binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida an mayar da hankali kan sakamako maimakon yadda canje-canje a cikin direbobi na duniya ke shafar sakamako. Tare da wannan ana faɗin, ana buƙatar aiwatar da tsare-tsare na al'umma yayin da ake nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin zamantakewar al'umma.
A ƙarshe, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki a kowane mataki suke taka rawa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam a kan muhalli. Waɗannan direbobin duk suna da tasiri a kan ƙasa, mutane, albarkatu, da muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kuma Tare da wannan ana faɗin, mutane suna buƙatar cikakken fahimtar yadda direbobin tattalin arzikinsu za su iya canza salon rayuwarmu. Misali, idan muka koma misalin waken waken soya, a lokacin da wadata ta kasa biyan bukatar waken waken, kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona na karuwa wanda hakan ke shafar kasashen da suka dogara da wannan amfanin gona don samun abinci. Wadannan tasirin na iya haifar da tsadar waken soya a shaguna da kasuwanninsu ko kuma na iya haifar da rashin wadatar amfanin gona gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Sannan Tare da waɗannan sakamakon biyun, matakin na gida yana shafar matakin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa na karuwar buƙatun waken soya na Brazil a China. Daga wannan misali ɗaya kaɗai, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa ke yin tasiri ga canje-canje a matakin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na duniya, yanki, al'umma, da matakin iyali. Babban manufar da za a cire daga wannan ita ce ra'ayin cewa komai yana da alaƙa kuma cewa ayyukanmu da zaɓin mu a matsayinmu na mutane suna da manyan abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke tasiri ga duniyarmu ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"TAU Kwararru Yana Bitar Abubuwan Haɗin Muhalli (hairspray! Lipstick! Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta , Labaran Likitan Yau .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23848 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magana%20Jari%20Ce | Magana Jari Ce | Magana Jari Ce ma'ana Yin fa'ida yana da fa'ida ko a zahiri yana nufin Hikima dukiya ce Ko kuma "ikon ba da labari abu ne mai ƙima" kamar yadda Rupert East ya bayyana, littafin labari ne wanda aka rubuta da harshen Hausa, littafin ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin littafi mafi girma da aka taɓa faɗa a cikin Harshen Hausa a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya, littafin a hukumance an amince da shi a matsayin littafin litreure a Makarantun Sakandare na Najeriya don darussan Hausa da manhaja, fitaccen marubucin wanda ya fito daga Arewa ya rubuta littafin Najeriya Protectorate wanda aka fi sani da Abubakar Imam, an fara buga sigar farko a 1937 ta Kamfanin Nigerian Publishing Company Limited da sauran sassan littattafan da Zariya Coparation. Magana Jari ce ya kasan ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan littatafai a jadawalin kundin tarihin littafai na Hausawa.
Labarin tarihin rigiyar kusugu
Magana Jari Ce part 1 aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1937 daga Kamfanin buga littattafan Arewacin Najeriya, yayin da na biyu da na uku a cikin shekaru daban -daban ta Coparation Zaria.
An rubuta littafin ne sakamakon hallartar Abubakar Imam a gasar rubutu da Rupert East ta shirya a 1933, wanda Abubakar Imam ya ci tare da littafinsa na farko na farko da aka sani da Ruwan Bagaja, cikin tsawon watanni shida na rayuwarsa a Zariya, ya rubuta Magana Jari Ce a matsayin littafinsa na biyu, wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin 1937, sannan kashi na 2 da kashi na 3 a cikin shekaru daban -daban.
Bugawa
An buga littafin a siga uku, Magana Jari Ce 1, 2 da 3, an buga kowane juzu'i a cikin Shekaru daban-daban.
Tsarin labari
Labari ya gaya wa wani labarin wani matashi Yariman da aku Pet da aka sani da Aku, shi ma ya siffanta royalist da sarauta rayuwa a cikin Hausa Emirates, inda royalist gwagwarmayar sarauta suna gado, abin da ya sa su kaffa yin tsare-tsaren da inherite wani na sarki, sarauta da kuma darajoji masu daraja . A cikin littafin, kwatsam ya fara da labarin wani babban sarkin masarautar da ke da masarauta, abin takaici a gare shi, ba shi da wani yaro da zai gaji duk dukiyar sa ya zama sarki na gaba, sa'ar da sarkin, Shehun gargajiya ya yi mafarkin cewa idan Masarautar za ta tara limamai arba'in don yi masa addu'o'i na kusan kwanaki arba'in, Allah zai amsa addu'arsu kuma ya albarkace shi da ɗa, mafarkin da ya samu har zuwa haihuwar Musa, ƙaramin yarima mai jiran gadon sarauta. masarautar, wanda ya zama adali kusa da wanda aka jefa lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu.
Musa yana da kimanin shekara goma sha biyu, wani masarautar masarautar Sinari ya aika da mai ganinsa ga Emire Abdurahman, mahaifin Musa, yana ba da shawarar yin aure tsakanin 'yarsa Yarima Sinaratu tare da Yarima Musa, shawarar auren da ta bata wa Sarki Abdurahman rai, wanda hakan ya sanya shi abin kunya. mai son ganin Sinari ta hanyar gaya masa magana mara daɗi kuma fitar da shi daga masarautarsa a wulakance.
Dangane da abin da ya faru, mai hangen nesa ga Sarki Abdurahman yana son hada hannu da Sarkin Sinari don yakar masarautar sa a madadin kujerar sarauta, ya aika da bawansa don ya jagorance su zuwa masarautar ta hanyar bin hanyar da ba a sani ba don shiga cikin masarautar sannan ya jefa masarautar., shirin bai yi nasara ba wanda ya sa Emire Abdurahman ya rama ta hanyar fada, Sarki Abdulrahman dole ya fita yaki, don haka ya bar mai ganinsa a kan karagar mulki don ya yi mulkin masarautar, bai san cewa mai ganinsa mayaudari ne ga masarautar ba.
Bayan ya barin, da visier acquire wani ra'ayin da kashe kambi yarima da kuma shiryawa domin Emire ya mutu a yakin, wanda zai sa shi righteousus dauki kan jefa, mahaifin kambi yarima Musa bar daula domin yaki, yayin da ya mahaifin ya bar fadar don yin gwagwarmaya don yaƙi, ya yi watsi da bayinsa da suka fi aminta da su don kare ɗansa daga duk wani maciya amana na cikin gida wanda zai iya cutar da yarima, kamar yadda yaron zai zama Emire na gaba idan bai dawo da rai ba, yanayin da ya sa mai hangen nesan sa ya yi niyyar ɗaukar abin da aka jefa ta hanyar kashe ƙaramin yaro, yana fatan sarki ya mutu a fagen fama, wannan tabbas zai sa ya zama mai adalci ga wanda aka jefa idan sarki da yarima mai jiran gado sun mutu.
A daya bangaren kuma dabbar da aka saya wa yarima mai jiran gado da aka sani da Aku, ya san kowane lokaci, ya san abin da ya gabata, na yanzu da na gaba, don haka aku ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aiki da yarima mai jiran gado ta hanyar ba shi labarai, don yarima ba zai bar fadar cikin kadaicin mahaifinsa ba, barin fadar zai sa mai hangen nesa ya ci moriyar cimma ɗaya daga cikin burinsa biyu.
Jarumai
Jaruman wasan littafin sun hada da
Sarki Abdurahman sarkin masarautar, mahaifin yarima mai jiran gado Musa kuma kakan Mahamudu.
Waziri mai hangen nesa ga Sarki Abdurahman wanda ya yi mubaya'a ga Sarkin Zinari don ƙirƙirar masarautar a madadin mayar da shi sarautar sarauta.
Musa yarima mai jiran gado, dan Sarki Abdurahman.
Mahamudu ɗan ɗiyar Sarki Abdurahman, kuma abokin ƙuruciya ga yarima mai jiran gado Musa, shima ɗa ne ga kwamandan masarautar mai shekaru 70, tun yana ƙaramin yaro don ya gaji matsayin mahaifinsa, dole ne ya yi fafatawa da juna tare da Emire a cikin yaki.
Waziri Aku wanda ke nufin aku, dabba ne ga yarima mai jiran gado Musa, wanda daga baya ya zama mai hangen nesa ga masarautar masarautar, shine mai ba da labari ga yarima mai jiran gadon sarauta don kawar da son zuciyarsa da kuma karkatar da yarima mai jiran gado daga barin fadar don bin mahaifinsa zuwa yaƙi, wanda mai hangen nesa zai so ya ci moriyar kashe yarima mai jiran gado a gefen fadar.
Sarkin Zinari, Abdulaziz dan Shehu Mukhtar, masarautar kishiya ga Sarki Abdurahman, wanda ya fusata sakamakon kin amincewa da shirin aurensa da Musa dan Sarki Abdurahman da kuma wulakanta wanda ya aiko shi don neman shawarar.
'Yar Sinaratu ' yar Sarkin Zinari, wacce yake so ta auri yarima Musa, yin watsi da shawarar tare da wulakanci shine abin da ke ba shi haushi.
Wazirin Sinari visier ga Sarkin Zinari, Sarki Abdurahman ya tozarta shi lokacin da aka aiko shi da neman aure, Ya kasance mai biyayya ga masarautar sa sabanin mai ganin Sarki Abdurahman.
Duba kuma
Abubakar Imam
Ruwan Bagaja
Kamfanin buga littattafai na Arewacin Najeriya
Harshen Hausa
Littafin tarihin
Furniss, Graham (1996). Waka, karin magana da al'adun da suka shahara a kasar Hausa. Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya. Edinburgh: Jami'ar Edinburgh Press don Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya.
Muhammad, Abdulwahab (2015). Nazarin Manyan Na'urorin Lexical a cikin Abubakar Imam Magana Jari Ce (1. Aufl ed. ). Saarbrücken. ISBN 978-3-639-86078-8 .
Manazarta
Littattafai
Litattafan 1937 |
18370 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usani%20Uguru%20Usani | Usani Uguru Usani | Usani Uguru Usani (an haife shine a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta.alif 1961) fasto ne, malami ne, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Niger Delta a cikin gwamnatin Najeriya .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Usani ne a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961 a Nko, karamar hukumar Yakurr ta Jihar Kuros Riba . Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Nko, St. Brendan's Secondary School, Iyamoyong, karamar hukumar Obubra , Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato ; Jami'ar Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba; Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas, Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas da Sarauniya Mary da Kwalejin Westfield, Jami'ar Landan . Usani yana da Digiri Kimiyya a fannin ilimin kasa, ya yi Babar difloma a fannin Gudanarwa, sannan kuma ya yi Digiri na biyu a kan Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci, sannan kuma ya karanci ilimin Falsafa a fannin kula da muhalli, sannan kuma ya yi karatun Digiri na biyu a Dunkulewar Duniya da Ci gaba kuma a yanzu haka dalibin Digiri ne a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Jihar Kaduna .
Ayyuka
Usani fasto ne. Usani ya yi aikin bautar kasa (NYSC) a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati, Kagara, karamar hukumar Rafi ta Jihar Neja . Bayan hidimarsa ta NYSC, ya kasance malami daga watan Agusta a shekarar (1988) zuwa watan Janairu shekara ta (1992) a Community Secondary School, Iko-Esai da makarantar sakandare ta, Adim, duk na Jihar Kuros Riba . Daga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1992) zuwa watan Nuwamba shekara ta (1993) Usani ya yi aiki a Ofishin Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Gwamna Clement Ebri kan Rubuta Jawabi da Nazarin Manufofi, a lokaci guda a matsayin Sakatare, Tsarin Gyara Tsarin (SAP) Kwamiti (shirin ajanda na gwamnati don sauƙaƙe sakamakon Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ) tare da ƙarin haƙƙin lamuran Hulɗa da Majalisa. A tsakanin wannan lokacin, an nada shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Sojojin Najeriya, Kwamitin Jihar Kuros Riba. Tsakanin shekara ta (1994 zuwa 1995) an nada shi a matsayin Darakta Oban (Nijeriya) Rubber da Palm Estates Limited.
A watan Yulin shekara ta (1995) an nada Usani Kwamishina a Ma’aikatar Matasa, Wasanni da Ci Gaban Jama’a, Jihar Kuros Riba a karkashin Shugaban Gudanarwar Sojoji Gregory Agboneni ; a watan Nuwamba A shekara ta (1995) aka fadada jakar don hada ayyukan Fasaha. A watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1997) a wani hukuma rushe kuma reconstitution, an sabunta aikin sa a Ma'aikatar Gona Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma bunkasa karkara, a karkashin mulkin Soja Umar Farouk Ahmed inda ya yi aiki har sai da ya kai shekara ta( 1999) bayan hidima tare da Christopher Osondu, har karshen mulkin Soja a garin Cross River Jiha . Daga watan Janairun shekarar (2001) zuwa Janairun shekara ta( 2004) an nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kare Hakkokin mallaka na Najeriya .
Usani ya tsaya takarar kujerar Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba sau uku. A zaben shekarar (2003) karkashin jam'iyyar Democrats , Donald Duke ne ya kayar da shi, a shekara ta (2012) karkashin jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) Liyel Imoke ya kayar da shi kuma a shekara ta (2015) a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress . Daga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2004) zuwa (2006) Usani ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Koyon Ilimin Gudanarwa ta London, Ilford, Essex, yayi kwasa-kwasai da dama ga masu karatun kasuwanci, ɗaliban MBA da ƙwararrun candidatesan takarar ABE da ACCA. Ya kuma koyar a Kwalejin Ilimi ta London, Stratford, London.
Tsakanin watan Yulin shekarar (2014) zuwa Nuwamba a shekara ta (2015) an zabe shi Shugaban Jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) na Jihar Kuros Riba.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Shugaba Mohammadu Buhari ya nada Usani a Majalisar zartarwar Tarayyar Najeriya a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Neja Delta . Ya hango Rahoton Bincike na Fasaha na ayyukan daga farkon Ma’aikatar kuma an gudanar da bincike na asali game da tushen zamantakewar al’umma da kayayyakin more rayuwa na yankin (wanda UNDP ta taimaka). An sake duba shirin Tsara Neja Delta. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Fadar Shugaban Najeriya ta umarci Usani ya kaddamar da kwamitin, sannan daga baya ya sanya ido kan ayyukan Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC), a zaman wani bangare na ayyukan da Ma’aikatar Neja Delta ke bin doka.
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekarar (2017) Usani ya sami lambar girmamawa ta ci gaban kasa daga kungiyar Masana binciken kasa tare da nada Adjunct Malami a sashen nazarin kasa a jami'ar jihar Nasarawa, Keffi, jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya.
Manazarta
Gwamnonin Nijeriya |
50254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohja%20Kahf | Mohja Kahf | Mohja Kahf ( , an haife ta a shekara ta 1967 a Damascus) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya 'yar Siriya ce, marubuci, kuma farfesa. Ta rubuta Waƙoƙin Hagar waɗanda suka sami karramawa a cikin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2017 na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Larabawa. Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Pushcart don maƙalarta na ƙirƙira, "The Caul of Inshallah" da memba ƙungiyar wasanni ta hukuma Arkansas a shekara ta 2002 akan waƙa. An nuna waƙarta a cikin ɓangarorin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Jenny Holzer.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Kahf a Damascus, Siriya. A cikin watan Maris 1971, tana da shekaru uku da rabi, ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ta taso ne a gidan musulmai masu ibada. Duk iyayenta sun zo Amurka a matsayin dalibai a Jami'ar Utah. Kahf da danginta sun koma Indiana bayan iyayenta sun sami digiri na jami'a. Lokacin da take aji na goma, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa New Jersey. A cikin shekara ta1984, Kahf ta zauna a Iraki na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A lokacin kwaleji ta yi semester daya a matsayin daliba mai ziyara a jami’ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jeddah, Saudi Arabiya.
Kakan mahaifiyar Kahf ya kasance ɗan majalisar dokokin Siriya a shekarar 1950, amma an kore shi daga Siriya saboda adawa da gwamnatin Baath. Mahaifinta memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, ƙungiyar da aka haramtawa kasar Siriya, kuma a dalilin haka aka yi gudun hijira daga Siriya.
Kahf ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Douglass a shekarar 1988 sannan ta sami Ph.D. a cikin fagen kwatancen wallafe-wallafe daga Rutgers, Jami'ar Jihar New Jersey a cikin shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995 ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Arkansas inda ta yi aiki a cikin Shirin Kwatanta Adabi da Nazarin Al'adu, kuma memba ce a Cibiyar King Fahd na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Arkansas, Fayetteville.
A lokacin aikinta a Rutgers, Kahf ta koyar da ka'idojin mata, matan gwagwarmayar Falasɗinu, da mata masu fafutuka na Black Power. Bayan ta koma Arkansas, Kahf ta yi aiki na wani lokaci a kan kwamitin Ozark Poets da Writers Collective, ta shiga cikin shagunan wakoki na gida kuma, bayan da ta ci nasara a kan "Team Ozarks" tare da Brenda Moossy, Lisa Martinovic, da Pat Jackson, wakilci. yankin tare da ƙungiyar mata duka a shekara 1999 National Poetry Slam a Chicago,
Kahf ya kasance memba na RAWI, Radius na Marubutan Larabawan Amurka, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1993 Kahf a halin yanzu memba ce na Kungiyar Ta'addanci ta Siriya. A shekarar 2011, Kahf da 'yarta sun ziyarci kan iyakar Turkiyya zuwa Siriya domin yin aiki da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya. Kahf ta rubuta game da abin da ya faru a cikin maƙalar "Hanyar 'ya ta Siriya."
Kahf ya halarci jerin gwanon zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yakin da Amurka ke yi a Iraki.
Aikin adabi
Aikin Kahf ya binciko jigogi na rashin jituwar al'adu da cuɗanya tsakanin musulmi Ba'amurke da sauran al'ummomi, na addini da na zamani. Siriya, Musulunci, da'a, siyasa, mata, 'yancin ɗan adam, jiki, jinsi, da kuma batsa sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin aikinta. A cikin littafinta na waka, Emails From Schherazad, Kahf ta yi bincike kan al'adun Larabawa da musulmi daban-daban, ta yin amfani da ban dariya akai-akai. Ta sake fasalin mata da yawa na al'adar Musulunci, musamman a cikin Wakokin Hajara.
Waƙoƙin Hagar sun sami lambar yabo a cikin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2017 na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Larabawa. Kahf ta sami lambar yabo ta Pushcart don rubutunta na ƙirƙira, "The Caul of Inshallah," game da wahalar haihuwar ɗanta, wanda aka fara bugawa a Kogin Teeth a shekarar 2010. Littafin waƙa na farko na Kahf, Imel Daga Scheherazad, ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Paterson Poetry na shekarar 2004. Littafinta The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ya kasance "Littafi ɗaya" yana karantawa a Jami'ar Indiana Gabas (Richmond, Indiana) a cikin shekarar 2017. An zaɓi littafin a matsayin Rukunin Karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yuni a shekarar 2007 kuma a matsayin littafin shekara don Littafin Ɗaya, Tsarin Bloomington na Bloomington Arts Council, Laburaren Jama'a na Monroe County, Bloomington, Indiana, 2008. Kahf ta lashe lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar wasanni ta Arkansas a cikin shekarar 2002 don waƙa.
A cikin 2004, Kahf tana da shafi da ke binciko batutuwan jima'i akan shafin yanar gizon musulmi na MuslimWakeUp!.com. An kira wannan shafi mai suna "Sex and the Umma" kuma ta gabatar da gajerun labarai daga wurinta, wanda kuma ya karbi bakuncin baƙo marubuta a shafin, ciki har da Randa Jarrar, Michael Muhammad Knight, da Laila Al-Marayati. Asalin shafi na farko da aka buga, ɗan gajeren labari na Kahf, "Sahabbai masu sha'awa," daga baya an sake buga shi a gidan yanar gizon loveinshallah.com. Aikin da Kahf ta yi akan "Sex da Umma" ya jawo mata mummunar hari...marubuciyar, duk da cewa a lokaci guda ta kasance mai wasa da ɓarna a baki da jigo, amma da alama tana gabatar da wani salo na addinin Islama...na ƙara samun ci gaba. .daya" cewar Layla Maleh.
Waƙar Kahf ta fito a cikin ɓangarorin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Jenny Holzer. Waƙarta mai suna "Abokai Biyu Kamar Wuta" an saita shi zuwa kiɗan da Joseph Gregorio ya tsara, wanda Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙungiyar Darektan Choral ta Amurka ta ba da izini, kuma Soli Deo Gloria Women Chorale ta kaddamar. An fassara aikin Kahf zuwa Jafananci, Italiyanci, da Larabci. Wakokinta sun fito a cikin shirin shirin BBC, Wakoki daga Syria.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Waka
Wakokin Hagar, 2016, Jami'ar Arkansas Press
Saƙonnin imel daga Scheherazad 2003, Jami'ar Press na Florida
masoyina yana ciyar da ni 'ya'yan inabi. 2020. latsa 53.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1967 |
58495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20hanci%20da%20rashawa%20a%20Najeriya | Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya |
Tarihi da lokuta
Haɓaka ayyukan gwamnati da gano man fetur da iskar gas wasu manyan al'amura biyu ne da ake kyautata zaton sun haifar da ci gaba da yawaitar ayyukan rashawa a ƙasar.
Gwamnati ta yi kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar kafa dokoki da tabbatar da gaskiya amma ba a samu nasara ba.
An yi imanin cewa zari,salon raini,al'adu,da halayen mutane sun haifar da cin hanci da rashawa.Wani tushe kuma shine kabilanci. Abokai da ’yan uwa masu neman tagomashi daga jami’ai na iya sanya wa jami’an tarnaki tuwo a kwarya domin wadannan ’yan uwa suna ganin jami’an gwamnati suna rike da hanyoyin tsira da kuma ribarsu.
Kafin samun yancin kai da jamhuriya ta farko
Cin hanci da rashawa, ko da yake ya zama ruwan dare,an kiyaye shi a matakan da za a iya sarrafawa a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta farko. Sai dai a wasu lokuta ana tafka kura-kurai da cin hanci da rashawa a lokacin.
Azikiwe shine babban jigo na siyasa na farko da aka bincika don ayyukan da ba su da tabbas.A cikin 1944,wani kamfani na Azikiwe da iyali ya sayi banki a Legas.An sayo bankin ne don karfafa ikon cikin gida na masana'antar hada-hadar kudi.Ko da yake,wani rahoto kan hada-hadar da bankin ya gudanar ya nuna cewa Azikiwe ya ajiye mukaminsa na shugaban bankin,shugaban na yanzu wakilin sa ne.Rahoton ya rubuta cewa akasarin kudaden da aka biya na Babban Bankin Nahiyar Afrika sun fito ne daga Hukumar hada-hadar kudi ta yankin Gabas.
A yammacin Najeriya an binciki dan siyasa Adegoke Adelabu sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa da 'yan adawa suka yi masa.
A yankin Arewa,bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa wasu jami’an ‘yan asalin jihar Borno .Gwamnatin Arewa ta sanya dokar hana fita ta kwastam domin dakile duk wani saba doka. Daga baya,gwamnatin Burtaniya ce aka zarge ta da aikata almundahana a sakamakon zabe wanda ya dora shugabancin siyasar Fulani a Kano,daga baya an gano wasu rahotannin da ke alakanta hukumomin Burtaniya da kura-kurai a zaben.
Gwamnatin Gowon (Agusta 1966 - Yuli 1975)
Cin hanci da rashawa mafi akasarin gwamnatin Yakubu Gowon an nisantar da jama’a har zuwa 1975.Sai dai jami'an da aka sanar sun bayyana damuwarsu.Masu sukar sun ce Gwamnonin Gowon sun yi kamar iyayengiji ne da ke kula da rayuwar su.Ana kallonsa a matsayin mai kunya, kuma ya fuskanci gurbatattun abubuwa a gwamnatinsa.
A shekarar 1975,cin hanci da rashawa wata badakala ce da ta shafi shigo da siminti ta mamaye yawancin jami’an ma’aikatar tsaro da babban bankin Najeriya.Daga baya an tuhumi jami’an da yin karya a cikin bayanan jiragen ruwa da kuma kara yawan siminti da za a saya.
A lokacin gwamnatin Gowon,an zargi wasu mutane biyu daga tsakiyar kasar da cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ke rike da jaridun,don haka jaridun Daily Times da New Nigerian sun yi ta yada kalaman gwamnatin Gomwalk,da kwamishinan gwamnatin tarayya Joseph Tarka da masu suka biyu suka yi.Halin da zai iya nuna dalilin da ya sa aka yi watsi da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa.
Gwamnatin Murtala (1975 - Fabrairu 1976)
A shekarar 1975 gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed ta yi sauye-sauye na kawo sauyi.Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a kan karagar mulki, sabuwar gwamnatin ta kori dimbin jami’an gwamnati da ma’aikatan gwamnati da dama, wadanda akasarinsu aka sha suka kan yadda suka yi amfani da karfin ikon da suka yi amfani da su a karkashin sojojin Gowon wadanda ba su da ilimi.
Gwamnatin Obasanjo (Fabrairu 1976 - Satumba 1979)
Gwamnatin farko ta Olusegun Obasanjo ci gaba ce ta gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed kuma ta mayar da hankali wajen kammala shirin mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya, tare da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ci gaban kasa. Manyan ayyuka da suka hada da gina sabbin matatun mai,bututun mai, fadada jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen sama na kasa da kuma daukar nauyin FESTAC an yi su ne a lokacin wannan gwamnati.Yawancin waɗannan ayyuka na ƙasa sune hanyoyin rarraba abubuwan jin daɗi da wadatar 'yan siyasa masu alaƙa. Shahararren mawakin nan na Afrobeat,Fela Kuti, ya rera wakoki daban-daban kan manyan badakala da suka shafi kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ITT karkashin jagorancin Cif MKO Abiola a Najeriya,wanda aka alakanta shi da shugaban kasa na lokacin,Janar Olusegun Obasanjo. Baya ga wannan,shirin na Operation Feed the Nation Program,da kuma kwace filaye a karkashin dokar amfani da filaye da shugaban kasa a wancan lokaci ya aiwatar,an yi amfani da shi ne domin ba wa ‘yan baranda kyauta,kuma ana kyautata zaton shahararren Otta Farm Nigeria (OFN) ne.aikin da aka samu daga wannan badakala.
Gwamnatin Shagari (Oktoba 1979 - Disamba 1983)
Ana ganin cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a zamanin gwamnatin Shehu Shagari . Wasu ƴan gine-ginen gwamnatin tarayya sun kama wuta bayan da masu bincike suka fara binciken kuɗin jami'an da ke aiki a gine-ginen. A karshen shekarar 1985,binciken da aka yi kan rusasshiyar bankin Johnson Mathey na Landan ya yi karin haske kan wasu cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu.Bankin ya yi aiki ne a matsayin hanyar canja wurin kudi mai wuya ga wasu mambobin jam’iyyar a Najeriya.Wasu ‘yan manyan jami’ai da ‘yan siyasa sun tara makudan kudade.Sun nemi fitar da kudaden ne daga kasar tare da taimakon masu shigo da kayayyaki daga Asiya ta hanyar ba da lasisin shigo da kaya.
A shekarar 1981,karancin shinkafa ya haifar da zargin almundahana da gwamnatin NPN.Karanci da zarge-zargen da suka biyo baya sun haifar da karewa.Bayan zabenta,gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar kare manoman shinkafa na gida daga kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje.An kirkiro tsarin ba da lasisi don iyakance shigo da shinkafa.Sai dai kuma an yi zargin nuna son kai da kuma jita-jita da gwamnati ke marawa baya ga jami'ai da dama.
Gwamnatin Buhari (Disamba 1983 - Agusta 1985)
A shekarar 1985, an samu wasu gungun ‘yan siyasa da laifin cin hanci da rashawa a karkashin gwamnatin Janar Muhammadu Buhari,amma ita kanta gwamnatin ta shiga cikin wasu ‘yan lokuta na rashin adalci.Wasu sun bayar da misali da badakalar akwatunan wanda kuma a daidai lokacin da shugaban hukumar kwastam, Atiku Abubakar,ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1999,kuma aka tuhume shi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. “Batun akwatuna 53 sun taso ne a shekarar 1984 a lokacin da gwamnatin Buhari ta bayar da umarnin a binciki duk wata shari’a da ta isa kasar nan ba tare da la’akari da matsayin wanda ke da hannu a irin wannan ba. Sai dai an bi da akwatunan guda 53 ta filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed ba tare da tantance jami’an kwastam da sojoji suka yi ba bisa umarnin Manjo Mustapha Jokolo,mai taimaka wa Gen.Buhari. Atiku a lokacin shi ne Kwanturolan Hukumar Kwastam mai kula da filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed.”
Gwamnatin Babangida (Agusta 1985 - Agusta 1993)
Ana kallon gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ko IBB a matsayin hukumar da ta halasta cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatinsa ta ki bayar da wani bayyani game da guguwar yakin Gulf,wanda aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 12.4.Ya yi magudin zabe daya tilo da ya yi nasara a tarihin Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Yuni,1993.Yana zaune a wani katafaren gida mai kayatarwa a jiharsa ta Nijar.
Zaman Janar Ibrahim Babangida,cin hanci da rashawa ya zama siyasar jihar. Ya kan raba motoci da kyaututtukan kudi ga mutane don samun aminci,kuma tarbiyyar rundunar soji ta lalace.Kalmar"IBB Boys" ta fito, ma'ana gaba ga shugaban kasa a fagen kasuwanci, wanda zai yi mu'amala da kazanta daga mu'amalar miyagun kwayoyi da safarar kudade.
Duba kuma
Brown ambulan aikin jarida, Najeriya
Innoson Group vs GTBank shari'ar zamba
Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya da aka tsige
Gabaɗaya:
Laifuka a Najeriya
Cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa
Kwalejin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa da kasa
Kungiyar Kasashe Masu Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa
Ranar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya
ISO 37001 Tsarin Gudanar da Cin Hanci
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa
OECD Yarjejeniyar Yaƙin Cin Hanci da Rashawa
Transparency International
Nassoshi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48827 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20Angola%2C%20Namibiya%20da%20Zambiya%20ta%202009 | Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da Zambiya ta 2009 | Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da kuma Zambiya ta 2009 annoba ce da ta fara a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar aƙalla mutum 131 kuma ta shafi kusan mutane 445,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi yankuna bakwai na Namibiya, larduna uku na Zambia, yankuna biyu na Angola da kuma wani bangare na Botswana. Ruwan ya lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa tare da raba akalla mutane 300,000 da muhallansu. An kafa dokar ta baci a arewacin Namibiya a yayin da ake fargabar barkewar cututtuka. Hukumomin Red Cross da gwamnatocin kasashen biyu sun dauke matakai game da annobar, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta raba tallafi.
Dalilai
Yankunan kan iyaka na Angola, Namibiya da Zambia sun mamaye kananan koguna da ke ambaliya akai-akai a lokacin damina daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2008 ta kasance daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris kuma ta shafi mutane 250,000 a Namibiya inda mutane 42 suka rasa rayukansu. Ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta samo asali ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa; An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin tun daga watan Disamba fiye da yadda aka samu a duk lokacin damina na watanni biyar na bara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta yi muni fiye da yadda aka saba fuskanta. An bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwan na iya zama mafi muni a yankin tsawon shekaru arba'in. Cibiyar nazarin yanayi ta kasar Angola ta sanya dalilin ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya wanda ake sa ran zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kasar har zuwa watan Afrilu da zai fara tafiya kudu. Wani rahoto ya dora alhakin ci gaba da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya kan illolin yanayi na La Niña .
Illoli
Angola
Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa Angola a cikin larduna biyu: Cuando Cubango da Cunene . Lardin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne Cunene, wanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai . A cikin Cunene kadai mutane 125,000 ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa kuma 25,000 sun rasa muhallansu. A duk fadin kasar sama da mutane 30,000 ne ambaliyar ta raba da gidajensu. Akwai fargabar cewa ambaliyar za ta iya ta'azzara cututtukan da ake da su a yankin, musamman kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro . An kuma bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a Ondjiva, babban birnin yankin Cunene, kuma jami'an yankin na sa ran adadin zai karu. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta ce kawo yanzu an samu asarar rayuka 19 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Angola.
Botswana
Tsawon kogin Okavango ya shafi Botswana zuwa 8.62 m, zurfi mafi girma na biyu da aka rubuta kuma mafi girma tun 1969. Okavango ya ƙare a Botswana a cikin Okavango Delta kuma gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da sanarwar gargadi ga waɗanda ke zaune a gefen kogin su tashi zuwa tudu. Gwamnati ta kori iyalai 63 a cikin fargabar cewa ambaliyar ruwan za ta tsananta musamman a gundumar Chobe . Sama da mutane 400 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa kuma rundunar tsaron Botswana na kokarin taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa.
Namibiya
Yankuna bakwai na Namibiya ambaliyar ta shafa: Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana, Oshikoto, Zambezi, Kavango da Kunene . Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana da Oshikoto wadanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai. A yankin Zambezi ruwan ambaliya ya kai wurare 20 km daga inda kogin ya saba gudana. Mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Namibiya wanda ya raba kusan mutane 276,000 da muhallansu. Ambaliyar ruwan ta lalata amfanin gona, gidaje, makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kuma tituna a kasar wanda shugabanta, Hifikepunye Pohamba, ya ce zai iya fuskantar daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihin rayuwa. Hanyoyin tsakuwa sun shafi musamman inda kusan kashi 85% na wadanda ke yankunan da abin ya shafa suka lalace tare da yankewa mutane taimako. An dai tafi da mutane da dabbobi kuma an samu wasu kadawa da 'yan doki da ke ninkaya a cikin ruwan da ke kai hare-hare tare da kashe mutane. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a yankin Kunene da ambaliyar ruwan ta kara ta’azzara ta hanyar mamaye kayayyakin tsaftar muhalli da kuma rage samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro kuma ta karu, inda mutane 2,000 suka kamu da cutar inda 25 daga cikinsu suka mutu. Gwamnatin Namibiya ta bayyana cewa kawo yanzu mutane 112 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa.
Shugaba Pohamba ya bayyana cewa matsalar karancin abinci na iya biyo bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa noman amfanin gona a Namibia zai ragu da kashi 63 cikin 100 nan da shekara mai zuwa kuma mutane kusan 500,000 za su fuskanci matsalar karancin abinci. Farashin kayan abinci na gida ya riga ya tashi da kashi 37% saboda bala'in.
Zambiya
Zambiya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a Lardunan Yamma, Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu . Lalacewar ababen more rayuwa kadai ya kai sama da dala miliyan 5 kuma gundumomi guda daya, Shangombo, ya rage daga taimakon waje gaba daya. Ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 20,000 tare da lalata gidaje 5,000 a Lardin Kudu kadai.
Wani wuri
Ko da yake wannan lamari na musamman na ambaliya ya fi muni fiye da yadda aka fuskanta a baya a Namibiya da Angola, an sami raguwar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu wurare a yankin, kamar a kogin Zambezi, kuma ana sa ran damina za ta wuce makonni hudu kacal. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan Kariba da ke Zimbabwe da kuma madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a Mozambique za su kare kasashen da ke yankin Zambezi na kasa daga ambaliya da ruwan sama a kogin sama ya haifar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tana kuma sa ido kan guguwar ruwan zafi mai tsanani Izilda wacce ke kan hanyar zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Mozambique kuma za ta iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a can.
Martani
Shugaba Pohamba ya kafa dokar ta baci a yankuna shida na arewacin kasar, kuma ya bukaci taimakon kasashen duniya. Asusun bayar da agaji na jihar Namibiya ya dukufa a yankin inda yake kai ruwa da abinci da tantuna da sauran kayayyaki zuwa yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi kamari ta jirgin helikwafta da kwale-kwale. Sai dai kuma ana samun cikas sakamakon karancin jiragen sama da na kwale-kwale, kuma ana fama da karancin kudade. Hukumomin agaji na Red Cross a Angola da Namibiya sun mayar da martani kan bala'in. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Angola tana rarraba gidajen sauro, allunan tsaftace ruwa da kuma buhunan ruwa na Rehydration kuma kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Namibia tana rarraba allunan chlorine tare da inganta tsafta a wuraren da abin ya shafa. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta kuma mayar da martani tare da kai tan biyar na kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwan sha. Akwai fargabar cewa rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2007-2008 na iya takaita tasirin kungiyoyin agaji wadanda tuni suka yi kaurin suna a fadin Afirka. An kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Oshana, Oshikoto, Ohangwena da Omusati a Namibia kuma a halin yanzu suna dauke da mutane kusan 4,500 duk da cewa an ce sun cika makil da rashin ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama zuwa yankin domin horar da ma'aikatan gaggawa da kuma samar da kwararru kan rigakafin cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta zo dai-dai da ziyarar da Paparoma Benedict na 16 ya kai Angola, wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa tare da karfafa yunkurin sake gina kasar. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Namibia, NamPower, ya ba da gudummawar kayan abinci na Naira 50,000 ga wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruacana wanda ya kai kashi 70% na bukatun wutar lantarkin kasar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa ta kaddamar da neman dalar Amurka miliyan 1.3 don tallafawa ayyukan agaji don taimakawa mutane 20,000 a Namibiya.
Duba kuma
2008-2009 Cutar kwalara ta Zimbabwe
2008 Ambaliyar Namibiya
Manazarta |
52987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Mardini | Sarah Mardini | Sarah Mardini (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1995) tsohuwar 'yar wasan motsa jiki ce ta Siriya, mai tsaron rai kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Da suke tserewa daga kasarsu a shekarar 2015 a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya tare da 'yar'uwarta, mai iyo na Olympics Yusra Mardini, sun ja jirgin su tare da wasu 'yan gudun hijira zuwa gabar Bahar Rum ta Girka, suna ceton kansu da sauran fasinjoji. Ci gaba da tafiyarsu a fadin Balkans, sun isa Berlin, Jamus, a wannan shekarar. An kira ta daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya ta mujallar Time a 2023, tare da 'yar'uwarta.
Bayan an ba 'yan'uwa mata mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus, Sarah Mardini ta shiga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don taimakawa' yan gudun hijira a tsibirin Lesbos na Girka. Tare da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Seán Binder, an kama ta a shekarar 2018 kuma hukumomin Girka sun zarge ta da leken asiri, taimakawa shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma tana cikin kungiyar masu aikata laifuka. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Amnesty International sun karyata waɗannan zarge-zargen, suna sukar zarge-cargen da aka yi wa Mardini da sauran ma'aikatan jin kai da kuma kare ayyukansu a matsayin ayyukan shari'a.
Rayuwa ta farko da tashi
Sarah Mardini ta girma ne a Darayya, wani yanki na Damascus, tare da iyayenta da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Yusra da Shahed . Yayinda suke yara, duka Sarah da Yusra sun karfafa su kuma sun horar da su don gasa ta yin iyo daga mahaifinsu, ƙwararren kocin kuma tsohon mai yin iyo da kansa. Daga baya, sun shiga kungiyoyin yin iyo a Siriya da kuma kungiyar yin iyo ta Siriya.
Lokacin da aka lalata gidansu a yakin basasar Siriya, Sarah da Yusra sun yanke shawarar tserewa daga Siriya a watan Agusta 2015. Sun isa Lebanon, sannan Turkiyya. Sun shirya a shigo da su zuwa tsibirin Girka ta jirgin ruwa tare da wasu baƙi 18 a cikin jirgin da aka tsara don mutane 6 ko 7. Bayan motar ta daina aiki kuma jirgin ya fara ɗaukar ruwa a cikin Tekun Aegean, Yusra, Sarah, da wasu mutane biyu, waɗanda suka iya yin iyo, sun yi tsalle cikin ruwa. Sun ja jirgin cikin ruwa sama da sa'o'i uku, har sai kungiyar ta kai tsibirin Lesbos. Bayan wannan, sun yi tafiya da ƙafa, ta bas da jirgin kasa ta hanyar Girka, Balkans, Hungary da Austria zuwa Jamus, inda suka zauna a Berlin a watan Satumbar 2015. Iyayensu da ƙanwarsu daga baya sun tsere daga Siriya kuma an ba su mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus. A shekara ta 2017, Mardini ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Bard ta Berlin bayan an ba shi cikakken tallafin karatu daga Shirin Kwalejin Ilimi na Duniya da Canjin Jama'a.
Yunkurin 'yan gudun hijira da zarge-zargen shari'a
Da yake ba da shawara ga 'yan gudun hijira, ita da' yar'uwarta Yusra sun yi magana a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York da kuma masu sauraro a Jamus, Faransa, Belgium, Jamhuriyar Czech da Bulgaria. A cikin kaka na 2016, Sarah Mardini mai shekaru 21 ta koma Lesbos don aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa tare da Cibiyar Amsa ta Gaggawa ta Duniya (ERCI), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Girka don 'yan gudun hijira wacce ta yi aiki tare da Frontex da hukumomin iyakar Girka. ERCI tana aiki da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Moria, wanda Human Rights Watch da sauran kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin "kotu mai budewa". Bayan ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin mai fassara a wannan sansanin na watanni shida, Mardini ya ce: "Ina magana da su ta hanyarsa. Ina gaya musu, 'Na san yadda kuke ji, saboda na kasance cikinta. Na rayu, kuma na tsira, " kuma suna jin daɗi, saboda ni ɗan gudun hijira ne kamar su. "
An kama Mardini a filin jirgin saman Lesbos a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2018, lokacin da ta yi niyyar komawa Jamus don farkon shekara ta biyu a kwaleji a Berlin. A wannan rana, Seán Binder, mai horar da masu ceto kuma mai sa kai ga wannan NGO, ya tafi ofishin 'yan sanda don saduwa da Sarah Mardini kuma an kama shi da kansa. An kama memba na uku na kungiyar ba da agaji, Nassos Karakitsos jim kadan bayan haka.
A cewar wani rahoto a cikin The Guardian, an tsare su da wasu 'yan kungiyar ba da agaji guda biyu a tsare-tsaren da aka yi kafin a yi musu shari'a na kwanaki 106, "tare da Mardini da aka tsare a gidan yarin Korydallos na Athens". Bayan fiye da watanni uku a kurkuku, an saki Binder da Mardini a kan beli na Yuro 5,000 kuma suna iya barin Girka. Mardini, Binder da sauran masu fafutukar Girka ga 'yan gudun hijira an zarge su da kasancewa mambobi ne na kungiyar masu aikata laifuka, fataucin mutane, karkatar da kudi da zamba daga hukumomin Girka.
Ci gaba da zaman kotu
Lauyoyin wadanda ake tuhuma sun ce hukumomin Girka sun kasa samar da tabbacin shaida don tallafawa zarge-zargen. Idan a ƙarshe aka yanke masa hukunci, ana iya yanke wa wanda ake tuhuma hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku. Baya ga tsoffin mambobi 24 na ERCI, wasu ma'aikatan jin kai da yawa suna fuskantar tuhuma a Girka, kamar abin da ya faru a Italiya, inda aka kuma aikata laifuka don ba da taimako ga baƙi.
A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2021, wata kotun da ke Lesbos ta dakatar da shari'ar da aka yi wa mambobi 24 na ERCI, ciki har da Mardini da Binder, "saboda rashin ikon kotun" kuma ta tura karar zuwa babbar kotun. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2022, Binder, Mardini da abokin hamayyar Girka Nassos Karakitsos sun halarci taron kotun su a kotun farko, kuma sun bayyana cewa ba su da wani abu da za su kara da maganganun da suka gabata. An shirya fara shari'arsu a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023, tare da wadanda ake tuhuma da ke fuskantar tuhumar da aka rarraba a matsayin laifuka masu laifi, yayin da ba a kammala tuhumar laifin ba.
Bayan fiye da shekaru hudu na tsawo na shari'a da hukumomin Girka suka yi da kuma damuwa da rashin tabbas ga wadanda ake tuhuma bayan kamawa na farko, an fara shari'ar masu ceto 24 a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tuhumar leken asiri a kan Mardini da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma aƙalla ba za a yarda da su ba, don haka biyo bayan rashin amincewar lauyoyin su. Daga cikin sauran ƙin yarda, waɗannan su ne gazawar farko ta kotun don fassara takardu ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a kasashen waje zuwa yaren da za su iya fahimta da kuma takardun da ba daidai ba na wasu zarge-zargen. Koyaya, tuhumar fataucin mutane ta kasance kuma waɗanda ake tuhuma dole ne su jira shari'a ta biyu. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar Die Zeit ta Jamus, hukuncin ba cikakkiyar wankewa ba ne ga Mardini, Binder da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma, amma aƙalla nasara ce ta tsakiya, da kuma siginar siyasa a cikin hanyar da wani rahoto daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kira 'mafi girman shari'ar aikata laifuka a Turai'. Bayan hukuncin, Seán Binder ya yi sharhi ga 'yan jarida a waje da kotun:
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Bidiyo game da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Binder, Mardini da sauran mambobin ERCI ta Amnesty International
Bidiyo 'Ba mai safarar mutane ba ne' tare da Sarah Mardini a BBC News
Bidiyo "Yadda aka kama ni saboda ba da bargo ga 'yan gudun hijira" tare da Sarah Mardini a TEDxLondonWomen
Rahoton 2020 game da matakan ƙuntatawa, takunkumi da azabtarwa na Turai akan mutanen da ke kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da' yan gudun hijira. ta Amnesty International
Trailer don shirin Sara Mardini: Gegen den Strom (A kan halin yanzu), Jamus 2023, wanda Charly Wai Feldman ya jagoranta a YouTube (Turanci tare da subtitles na Jamusanci)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1995 |
15234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binta%20Masi%20Garba | Binta Masi Garba | Binta Masi Garba (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1967) ƴar siyasa ce kuma ƴar kasuwa sannan kuma mai gudanarwa, tana aiki a matsayin Sanatan Adamawa ta Arewa ta Sanatan Adamawa tun daga shekara ta 2015. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar kungiyar, jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress reshen jihar Adamawa kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Jiha ta wata babbar jam’iyya mai rijista a Najeriya.
Binta ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya har sau uku, daga shekara ta alif 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2011. Ita ce 'yar siyasa ta farko da ta wakilci Tarayya biyu 2 daban-daban a shekarar 2009, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugaban mata na farko na' Yan Majalisun Mata na Commonwealth (CWP) a karkashin Kungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya ta Commonwealth (CPA) a Kamaru . Ita kadai ce mace da aka zaba a matsayin Sanata a cikin dukkanin Jihohin 19 na Arewacin Najeriya a zaben shekara ta 2015 . Ita ma, ita kadai ce mace da ta wakilci jihar Adamawa zuwa Taron Kasa a Abuja.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Binta Masi Garba an haife ta ne a Barikin sojoji dake a jihar Kaduna iyayenta sun kasance musulmai. Iyayenta sune Higgi daga Bazza, ƙaramar hukumar Michika a jihar Adamawa. Mahaifinta Mr Garba Tumba ya kasance Jami'in Soja. Ita ce ta biyu, don haka aka sanya mata suna Masi bisa ga tsarin suna na gargajiya na Higgi . Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1981, ta halarci Makarantar yara ta sojoji, New Cantonment D, Hayin Banki, Kaduna. Daga nan ne ta ci gaba da karatun Sakandare kuma ta samu (GCE / WAEC 'O' Level) a Makarantar Ranar Gwamnati, Kurmin Mashi, Kudancin Kaduna, Kaduna, tsakanin 1981 da 1987. Ta halarci Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna kuma ta samu Kwalejin difloma ta kasa (OND Marketing, 1990) da kuma babbar difloma (HND Marketing, 1997). A cikin 2004, ta tafi Harvard Kennedy School of Government - Jami'ar Harvard (Gudanar da Kuɗi na Jama'a). Tana da difloma biyu a fannin ilimin tauhidi daga Makarantar Bible School of Church Growth and Practical Ministry, da kuma Matthew Owujaye’s Ministry, Kaduna. Ita ce mai karɓar digirin digirin digirgir na digirin digirgir a cikin tiyoloji daga Smith Christian University, Miami, Florida.
Harkar siyasa
Binta Masi Garba ta fara harkar siyasa a shekarar 1998 a Kaduna, Najeriya. Kafin haka, ta yi aiki tare da Jaridun New Nigeria a matsayin jami’ar talla, shekarar da ta kamata a yi mata karin girma ba a ba ta ba saboda bambancin jinsi. Binta Masi Garba a koyaushe tana rajin kare haƙƙin mata; don haka ne ya sa ta dauki nauyin wakiltar su a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya mai wakiltar Mazaɓar Tarayyar Kaduna ta Kudu. Ba da daɗewa ba daga wannan ƙwarewar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, ta yanke shawarar tsunduma cikin siyasa a shekarar 1998 a Kudancin Tarayyar, wurin da al'adun gargajiya suka hana mata zama a cikin jama'a. Yunkurin da ta yi na farko a shekarar 1998 bata yi nasara ba. ta sake tsayawa takara a zaben shekarar 1999 na ofishin dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya kuma ta lashe da ƙuri’u 5,000. Ta kasance yarinya mafi ƙarancin shekaru a majalisar tarayya a Najeriya a shekarar 1999. Bayan nasararta ta farko, ta sake tsayawa takara a 2003 kuma ta yi nasara a kan abokiyar karawarta da tazarar da ba ta kuri'a dubu hamsin ba.
A shekarar 2006, kusan ƙarshen wa’adin ta na biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa na wancan lokacin, Boni Haruna, da ya ji irin rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kudancin Kaduna, ya roke ta da ta dawo Jiha ta asali, Jihar Adamawa, da kuma yi takara. Bayan yin shawarwari, ta yarda kuma ta sauko don tsayawa takarar dan majalisar wakilai a Mazabar Madagali / Michika ta Tarayya karkashin People Democratic party (PDP). Daga karshe ta samu nasarar lashe kujerar tare da wakiltar mazabar daga 2007 zuwa 2011. Bayan zaben shekara ta 2011 wani fim mai suna, "" Mafarki ga Najeriya ", wanda Cibiyar Republican ta Duniya ta yi game da manyan 'yan siyasar Najeriya mata kuma Garba na daga cikin matan da aka zaba. Sauran matan sune Hon. Suleiman Oba Nimota, Jihar Adamawa; Hon. Saudatu Sani, Jihar Kaduna; Hon. Titi Akindahunsi, Jihar Ekiti, Hon. Maimuna Adaji, Jihar Kwara, Hon. Florence Akinwale, jihar Ekiti da Hon. Beni Lar, Jihar Filato.
Bayan ta riƙe aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tarayya karo na uku a jere, ta sake tsayawa takara kuma ta sha kashi a hannun Titsi Ganama .
Jam'iyyar PDP a karkashin Shugabancin Bamanga Tukur ta yi fama da rikicin shugabanci kuma wani sabon ɓangare ya bulla a shekarar 2013. Sabon bangaren na PDP ya kasance a karkashin Shugabancin Abubakar Kawu Baraje. Sabon bangaren an kira shi sabuwar PDP (nPDP). An nada Binta Masi Garba a matsayin Shugabar mata ta nPDP. Daga baya ta koma All Progressives Congress (APC) tare da Gwamna Murtala Nyako da sauran Gwamnoni. Ta tsaya takara kuma ta zama Shugabar Jam’iyyar APC reshen Jihar Adamawa. Nasarar da aka samu a zaben ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Jiha a babbar jam’iyyar siyasa a Najeriya. Rikice-rikicen da suka dabaibaye zaben fidda gwani na Jam’iyyar APC reshen Jihar Adamawa sun kusan lalata jam’iyyar. Binta Masi Garba ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai don hada kan jam’iyya a jihar Adamawa Ta lura da daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu a zaben fidda gwani a jihar Adamawa a matsayin Shugabar jam’iyyar APC reshen jihar Adamawa. An bata damar tsayawa takarar sanata a zabukan fitar da gwani na jam'iyyar kuma daga karshe ta samu nasara a kan takwararta ta maza. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2015, ta lashe kujerar majalisar dattijai ta yankin Sanatan Arewa ta Arewa ta hanyar lashe kananan hukumomi 3 na ƙananan hukumomi 5 da ke shiyyar.
Akwai sama da sanatoci 100 da aka zaɓa a majalisar kasa ta 8, amma shida daga cikin waɗannan mata ne. Sauran sun hada da Monsurat Sunmonu daga jihar Oyo, Stella Oduah da Uche Ekwunife wadanda dukkansu ke wakiltar Anambra, Fatimat Raji Rasaki, Oluremi Tinubu da Rose Okoji Oko.
Kyauta
Binta Masi Garba ta ci kyaututtuka da dama, sun hada da:
Iorananan Chamberungiyar Theasa ta Theananan Matasa (TOYP) a cikin Kyautar Nijeriya ta shekara ta 2002
PRS - Matan Kyautar Zinare;
Firayim Minista na Duniya - Matan Mata a Shugabancin Kyautar Shugabanci a watan Mayu na shekara 2002
Ofungiyar Matan Mata da Maza, Roungiyar Samun Misalin Abuja a watan Satumba na shekara 2002
Dame Publication - Kyautar Matan Najeria (Misalin Jarumi) -a shekara ta 2002
Kyautar Kwamitin Tattalin Arzikin Mata na --asa - Kayan kwalliyarmu (NAWOMCO)
Kyautar Bambancin Shugabanci (Mafi Girma Wakilai)
Gudummawa mai inganci ga Ci gaban Demokradiyya ta Majalisa a Nijeriya.
NCWS; Kyautar girmamawa - a shekara ta 2016
Bayar da Shawara ga Matasan Arewa don Zaman Lafiya & Cigaba
WAELE / ARCELFA Alfahari da Kyautar Matan Afirka -a shekara ta 2016
Harafin Lyricsasa da ersungiyoyin Unionungiyoyin Mawaƙa
Christianungiyar Kirista ta ofungiyar Matasan Najeriya - a shekara 2016
Lambar Jagora ta Jagoranci (LLA) Sanatan Jihar Adamawa - a shekara 2016
Modibbo Adama Jami'ar Fasaha - Yola Kyautar Kwarewa - a shekara ta 2016
Northeast Star Magazine Media Merit Award Kyakkyawar 'Yar Siyasar Mata a Shekarar - 2017
Kyautar Gidauniyar Sheroes Kyautar Jagoranci - 2017
Ofungiyar Scientungiyar Masana kimiyya ta Laboratory Likita ta Mata ta Nijeriya. Kyautar Ganowa don Bautar Kai ga Dan Adam -a shekara 2017
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1967
Yan siyasar Najeriya
Sanatocin Najeriya Mata
Sanatocin Najeriya
Mutane daga jihar Adamawa |
47694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzabin%20Rawaya | Zazzabin Rawaya | Zazzabin Typhoid, shine akafi sani da typhoid, cuta ce da kwayoyin cutar Salmonella serotype Typhi ke haifarwa. Alamun sun bambanta daga wanda ze fara mai sauki zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yawanci suna farawa kwanaki shida zuwa 30 bayan kamuwa da kwayar cutar. Sau da yawa a hankali a hankali zazzaɓi mai tsanani yakan tashi bayan wasu kwanaki da yawa. Amma a wanna lokacin, yakan zo ne tare da rauni, ciwon ciki, cushewar ciki, ciwon kai, da amai marar tsanani. A Wasu mutane yakanzo masu da kurajen fata tare da tabo a jiki . A lokuta masu yawa, mutane na iya samun rudani. Idan ba'a yi magani ba, cutar na iya wuce makonni ko watanni. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani, amma ba a cika samun hakan ba. Wasu mutane na iya zama ɗauke da kwayar cutar ba tare da ta saka su rashin lapiya ba , amma har kuma suna iya yada cutar ma wasu. Zazzabin Typhoid nau'in zazzabi ne na ciki, tare da zazzabin paratyphoid . An yi imanin S. enterica Typhi tana sa rashin lapiya ne a cikin mutane kawai.
.
Ana samun cutar Typhoid ta hanyar kwayar cutar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, wadda take girma a cikin hanji, peyers faci, mesenteric lymph nodes, saifa, hanta, gallbladder, kasusuwa da jini . tyhoid tana yaduwa ne ta hanyar ci ko shan abinci ko ruwan da ya gurɓace da najasar mai kwayar cutar. Abubuwan da zasu iya saka ka samu cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da rashin tsafta . Wadanda har yanzu ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma suka ci gurbacewar ruwan sha ko abinci sun fi fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da alamun cutar. Mutane ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cutar; babu sanannun dabbobi da zasu iya kamuwa. Anayin binciken ganeta ne ta hanyar shuka kwayoyin cutar daga samfurin marar lapiya ko kuma gano garkuwar jiki wadanda jiki ya samar ta dalilin cutar. . Bada jimaw ba, sabbin manhajojin daukar bayanai da kuma yin bincike suna ba masu bincike damar kirkiro wasu sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar. Wannan ya hada da sauyawar kwayoyin dake cikin jini wadan da zasu iya nuna kwayar cutar typhoid.
Na'urorin bincike a wuraren da typhoid ta zama ruwan dare sunada karanci sannan kuma ingancinsu a wurin bincike yayi karanci, yawan lokacinda ake bukata wurin bincike, karuwar yaduwar jurewar magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsadar awo, suna daga cikin wahalaolin da ake samu inda babu isassun kayan aiki da ma'aikata na kula da lafiya.
Alurar rigakafin typhoid na iya hana kusan kashi 40 zuwa 90% na lokuta a cikin shekaru biyu na farko. Maganin na iya yin ɗan tasiri har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko kuma mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi. Sauran kokarin da ake na rigakafin cutar sun hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli da kuma wanke hannu . Har sai an tabbatar da cewa mutum ya warke, mai cutar bai kamata ya shirya abinci ga wasu ba. Ana yin maganin taifot da maganin kamar azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, ko cephalosporins na ƙarni na uku . kwayar cutar typhoid tana bijirewa magunguna , wanda ya sa maganinta yaketa kara wahala. A cikin 2015, an sami sabbin cututtukan typhoid miliyan 12.5. Cutar ta fi kamari a Indiya. tafi shafar yara. Typhoid ya ragu a kasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1940s sakamakon ingantacciyar tsafta da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi. . A kowace shekara ana ba da rahoton cutar kusan 400 a Amurka kuma an kiyasta mutane 6,000 suna da taifot. A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 149,000 a duk duniya - ƙasa daga 181,000 a 1990. Idan ba tare da magani ba, haɗarin mutuwa zai iya kaiwa kashi 20%. Idan kuma anyi magani, yana iya kaiwa tsakanin 1% da 4%. . Typhus cuta ce daban. Saboda irin alamun bayyanar su, ba a gane su a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban har zuwa 1800s. "Typhoid" na nufin "kamar typhus"..
Alamomin cuta
A bayyanance, ci gaban zazzabin typhoid ba tare da magani ba yana da matakai daban-daban guda uku, kowanne yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda. A tsawon waɗannan matakan, marar lapiya ze rika fama da gajiya da kuma ya yi rama
A cikin satin farko zafin jiki ze rika karuwa a hankali, kuma za aya rika samun zazzabi mai zuwa yana dawowa. Bugun zuciya zaya rika raguwa, ciwon kai, da tari. marar lapiya ze iya samun habo a kashi daya bisa hudun na mararsa lafiya. tare da ciwon ciki. Ragu adadin kwayar halittar garkuwar jiki,tare da eosinopenia da lymphocytosis; Idan anyi Gwaji na shuka kwayoyin cuta za'a iya samun S. enterica subsp. Cutar sankarau. Gwajin Widal baya nunawa.
A cikin mako na biyu, mutum yakan ji gajiya sosai wurin tashi, tare da zazzabi mai zafi a Filato kusan 40 °C (104 °F) da ragewar bugun gaba. Rudani yakan iya faruwa, inda marar lafia yakan kwantar da hankalina , amma bayan dan wani lokacin se kuma yasamu rudani. Wannan halaccin ya sanyawa typhoid lakabin "zazzabin fargaba". jajayen kuraje zasu iya fitar ma marar lafiya kirji da ciki a kusan kashi uku na marasa lafiya. Ana jin (sautin numfashi) a wurin huhu. Ciki yana zazzalowa zuwa bangarn dama na kasa. kuma yana jin zafi a cikin ƙananan kwata na dama, kuma za a iya jin sautin ruri. Zawo na iya faruwa a wannan mataki, sannan da cushewar ciki. Hanta da sefa zasuyi girma sannan zasuyi taushi., sinadaran transaminases na hanta zasu karu. Gwajin Widal yana da inganci mai ƙarfi, wanda akayi da ƙwayoyin rigakafin antin O da antin H. Shuka kwayoyin cuta acikin jini har yanzu hanyar gwaji ce mai inganci.
A cikin mako na uku na zazzabin typhoid, matsaloli da yawa na iya faruwa:
Har yanzu zazzaɓin yana da yawa kuma yana hawa ya sauka a cikin awa ashirin da hudu(24). Rashin ruwan jiki yana faruwa tare da rashin koshi na abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai haƙuri yana jin dadi. Kashi uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa suna samun kuraje a gangar jikii.
a
Zubar da jini CIKI hanji saboda zubar jini a cikin Peyer's faci. ; wannan na iya zama mai tsanani, amma yawanci baya kawo mutuwa.
Ciwon hanji a cikin janji mai na kasa yana da matukar tsananta kuma sau da yawa yana iya kawo mutuwa. Yana iya faruwa ba tare da alamu masu ban tsoro ba har sai kwayoyin cuta sun shiga acikin jini. ko yaduwa peritonitis ya shiga.
Cututtukan numfashi kamar su ciwon huhu da mashako mai tsanani
Encephalitis
Alamun ciwon jijiyoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da "muttering delirium" ko "coma vigil"), tare da ɗaukar tufafin gado ko abubuwan da aka sani.
Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteitis .
Ana ganin ƙananan adadin platelet ( thrombocytopenia ) wani lokaci.
Manazarta |
30483 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20British%20Columbia | Sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia | Sake sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia ya faru da yawa a lokutan da suka gabata, amma tare da sabbin yunƙuri da shirye-shirye masu tabbatar adadin sare gandun daji yana raguwa a lardin. A British Columbia, dazuzzuka sun rufe sama da kadada miliyan 55, wanda shine kashi 57.9% na kadada miliyan 95 na British Columbia. Dazuzzukan sun ƙunshi galibi (fiye da 80%) na itatuwan coniferous, kamar Pies, spruces da firs.
Batutuwan Muhalli
Sare gandun daji yana da mummunan tasiri a kan muhallin British Columbia da bambancinsa duk da cewa ya zama dole don faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da fa'ida ga tattalin arzikin Kanada.
Fitar da iskar carbon da iskar gas
Fitowar Carbon daga sare dazuzzuka lamari ne mai muhimmanci da za a duba tare da karuwar matsalar dumamar yanayi. Kuma A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 4% na jimlar gas ɗin Green House (GHG) na shekara-shekara yana fitowa daga saren gandun daji, sannan Kuma wanda ke da ƙarancin kaso idan aka kwatanta da jimillar hayaƙin BC na GHG, kuma yana aiki kusan kadada 6,200 na ƙasar gandun dajin an canza zuwa maras kyau. - amfani da gandun daji a kowace shekara. Bangaren gandun daji na BC ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin GHG daga amfani da burbushin mai da ake amfani da shi wajen sare dazuzzuka, inda ya ragu daga ton miliyan 4 na hayaƙin carbon a 1990 zuwa tan miliyan 1.8 a shekarata 2006. Rage saran gandun daji na BC tsawon shekaru ya kasance mai kyau ga rage hayakin carbon, yayin da gandun daji ke tsaftace iska ta hanyar tattara carbon da gurɓataccen iska.
Bambance-bambancen iri
Akwai bambanta muhimmancin yanayi na gandun daji bc kuma aikin lalacewa na iya rage bambance-bambancen ta hanyar ɗaukar mahalli da jinsin dabbobi su zauna. A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan 116, wanda kusan kusan kashi 10% na nau'in halittu ne a cikin BC, waɗanda suke kan jerin abubuwan haɗin yanar gizon BC waɗanda suke da nau'in hadari da ke hade da gandun daji. Abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzukan kamar noma, bullo da nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki da samar da katako suna barazana ga nau'in. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzuka, sake dasa bishiyoyin ya kuma samu raguwar bambancin yawan nau'in bishiyar a kowane yanki saboda rinjayen bishiyoyi guda daya. A halin yanzu, an sami sauye-sauye a dabarun sake dasaw nau'i daban-daban).
Tsarin ƙasa
Tsarin ƙasa yana shafar matakai daban-daban na sare dazuzzuka na cire bishiyoyi yayin da yake canza yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar tattarawa ko cirewa. Sannna Kuma Ƙasar tana riƙe da fiye da abubuwan gina jiki da tsire-tsire a cikin dazuzzuka, ta ƙunshi abubuwa marasa ƙarfi, kwayoyin halitta, iska, ruwa, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da macro-organisms. Aikin sare dazuzzuka ya bukaci sashen dazuzzuka su gina tituna, wanda hakan zai rage kasa mai albarka, don haka samun damar isa ga itatuwan da suka ragu daga kashi 4.6% na amfanin gonaki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa kashi 3.5% a shekarar 2008. Sabbin tsauraran dokoki game da hargitsin ƙasa ya rage matuƙar rage yawan ɓarnar ƙasa zuwa yankin da aka girbe daga ayyukan tilastawa 43 a shekarata 1995 zuwa 3 kawai a cikin 2008. Kiyaye ƙasa wani muhimmin al'amari ne na muhalli da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin da yake kiyaye ingancin ruwa, haɓakar yanayin muhalli, da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na gaba.
Ruwa
Ruwa wani muhimmin bangare ne ga yanayin dazuzzukan da suka hada da tsiro da nau'in dabbobin rayuwa, rafi, koguna da wuraren zama na tabkuna da kuma ayyukan mutane. Kuma Ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa da kuma yanayin halittun ruwa dake cikin dazuzzuka. Lokacin da saran gandun daji ke faruwa ta fannin gandun daji, sannan Kuma za a iya shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyar lalata, gurɓatawa da canje-canjen matakan ruwa. Lokacin da aka sanya hanyoyi don ketare rafuka da koguna, kashi 94% na mashigar titunan suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi zuwa matsakaicin damar isar da laka zuwa rafi, Lokacin da sare itatuwan ya faru a kusa da rafi, ana amfani da dabarun rafi don kiyaye yawan bishiyar. a kusa da rafi don karewa da ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga ingancin ruwa, yawa da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin yanayin ruwa. Tare da kashi 87% na yankin magudanar ruwa a cikin yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka yana cikin yanayin aiki yadda ya kamata, sashin gandun daji yana da babban ƙoƙarin kiyayewa don kare ruwa a cikin dazuzzuka. Ratsa nau'in kifin zuwa sama da magudanan ruwa na iya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwa kuma ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar su, musamman gina hanyoyi ta bangaren gandun daji. Tare da kawai kashi 42 cikin 100 na magudanar ruwa da ke da ƙarancin tasiri a kan ratsawar nau'in kifin, ragowar magudanar ruwa suna da babban haɗari zuwa matsakaicin haɗari na iyakance hanyar kifi. Tare da karuwar magudanar ruwa ta hanyoyi daga 421,830 a cikin shekarata 2000 zuwa 488,674 a 2005, ana kan aiwatar da wani shiri mai mahimmanci don magance matsalar kifin.
Dokar sare gandun daji na Zero Net
A shekara ta 2010 lardin British Columbia ya gabatar da wata sabuwar majalisa mai suna Zero Net Deforestation Act, Duk wadda ke shirin rage fitar da iskar gas da kuma kare dazuzzukan BC. Shirin ya bayyana cewa yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka da kuma sharewa na dindindin, za a dasa adadin bishiyu daidai gwargwado don ajiyar carbon, don haka zai haifar da wani sakamako na " net zero " kan sare dazuzzuka. Tare da manufar lardin British Columbia na raguwar kashi 33% na hayakin kore a shekarar 2020, wannan aikin zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin burin yayin da yawan gandun daji a cikin BC ya ba da damar sha da adana carbon.
Gudanar da gandun daji a British Columbia
Lardin British Columbia da ke Kanada an san shi da yawan ɗimbin halittun da ke da kashin bayan namun daji sama da 185, nau'in tsuntsaye 171, da bishiyoyi iri-iri da ciyayi. A cikin kula da gandun daji, Kuma yana da mahimmanci a gane tarin tasirin muhalli da sauye-sauyen muhalli waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yin barazana ga dazuzzukan BC. Duban dorewa a cikin kula da gandun daji yana buƙatar kwatanta tasirin muhalli na girbi katako da hargitsi na yanayi, kamar wuta, kwari da cututtuka.
Barazana ga dazuzzuka na British Columbia
Wuta
A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, ana kallon gobarar dazuka ta hanyar dan adam a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsaron jama'a da kuma batan katako da za a iya girbewa don amfanin dan Adam. Yayin da gobarar gandun daji na iya yin mummunar tasiri a kan balagaggen ciyayi, wuta tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji na Kanada. Bugu da ƙari, kiyaye yawan gandun daji, wuta ta fara kuma ta ƙare gadon ciyayi, yana rinjayar tsarin shekaru da nau'i) yana inganta rarraba kwari da cututtuka, yana rinjayar hawan keke na gina jiki, yana kula da bambancin yanayi, yana hana yashwar ƙasa, da kuma daidaita yanayin halittu. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ci gaban wuta da tsayawa (itace) tana da rikitarwa kuma tana buƙatar kulawa da hankali.
Ayyukan Dan Adam
British Columbia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da fiber itace a duniya. A cikin shekarata 2015 an ba da rahoton cewa gandun daji na British Columbia yana tallafawa ayyukan yi 145,800 da kasuwanci 7000, tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 15.7. A kasa baki daya, ana iya danganta saren gandun daji na Kanada ga ci gaban birane na hanyoyin sufuri da na shakatawa (19%), samar da wutar lantarki (10%), Kuma bangaren gandun daji (10%), da sauran masana'antun hakar albarkatun kasa (8%). British Columbia tana aiwatar da iyaka kan yanke izinin shekara-shekara ta hanyar saita iyakar adadin katako da kowane kamfani ya yarda ya girbe. A cikin lardin, 8.1% na British Columbia ana kiyaye su daga girbi, ana kiran waɗannan wurare masu kariya .
Nau'in Cin Hanci
Nau'in cin zarafi sune waɗanda ba 'yan asalin yanki ba ne, kuma suna da ikon kawar da nau'in gida da tarwatsa tsarin yanayin muhalli. Dutsen Pine irin ƙwaro yana da mummunan tasiri a kan balagagge conifer tsaye. Zazzaɓi mai zafi daga lokacin sanyi mai laushi yana rinjayar faruwar barkewar ƙwaro ƙwaro wanda ke rage yawan mace-macen ƙwaro a lokacin hunturu. Daga shekarun 1995 - 2005, British Columbia ta sami raguwar lafiyar bishiyoyin conifer kuma an gano hakan yana da alaƙa da haɓakar adadin ƙwararrun ƙwaro. Baya ga dutsen Pine ƙwaro, sauran nau'ikan ɓarna masu ɓarna sun haɗa da beetles, douglas fir beetles, spruce beetles, spruce shugaban weevil, da yammacin spruce budworm . Canjin yanayi yana tasiri ga rarrabawa, yanayin rayuwa, wuraren zama, da adadin mace-mace na waɗannan kwari masu cin zarafi. Tare da yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, Kuma ana samun tarin tarin tsutsotsi na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke ƙara damuwa da ciyarwa da tsinkewa akan rundunonin bishiya. Tasiri daga nau'ikan masu cin zarafi a cikin British Columbia duka biyu ne na muhalli da tattalin arziki, saboda rushewar samar da katako da ake samu don girbi.
Gudanar da Barazana da Daji na British Columbia
Gudanar da Wuta
Wutar daji ta dabi'a tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga yanayin yanayin gandun daji kamar gadon daji, daɗewar jinsuna, safa, nau'in halittu, rigakafin kwari, da kuma takin ƙasa. Ayyukan ɗan adam yana katse tasirin dabi'ar gobarar daji yana sa su ƙara ƙarfi kuma suna cutar da dazuzzuka. Don rage tasirin wuta akan shimfidar wuri, dabarun gudanarwa yakamata su rage yuwuwar farawar wuta da ƙara ƙarfin kashe wuta. Hanyar gudanarwa ta gama gari ita ake kira wajabcin ƙonewa . Sannan Kuma Ana yin ƙayyadadden konewa ta hanyar kunna wuta da gangan a wasu wurare na musamman don haɓaka ɗimbin halittu da lafiyar gandun daji, tare da iyakance ikonsa na yin tasiri mai tsanani na ɗan gajeren lokaci na zamantakewa. Don rage haɗarin albarkatu, ababen more rayuwa, da lafiyar jama'a, yanke-yanke iyakoki kamar tituna ko ƙetare hanyoyin da ake amfani da su azaman shinge.
Gudanar da Ayyukan Dan Adam
Don magance tasirin ɗan adam akan dazuzzuka a British Columbia, sannan Kuma gudanarwa yana buƙatar yin shiri na dogon lokaci (shekaru 100-200 a nan gaba). Rikicin sauyin yanayi da tsarin muhalli yana nufin cewa hanyoyin gudanarwa yakamata su kai ga tsarin halittu gabaɗaya, maimakon tsayawa akan bishiyoyi kawai. Hakanan ya kamata hanyoyin gudanarwa su kasance masu maƙasudi da yawa a aikace don tantance halayen daji kamar bambancin halittu, samar da katako, ajiyar carbon da dalilai na nishaɗi.
Ana kiran cikakkiyar dabarar gudanarwa da tsarin tallafi na yanke shawara (DSS). DSS ta zayyana sarkakiyar ayyuka dangane da gandun daji tare da magance illolin dabarun gudanarwa daban-daban akan kewayon alamomin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar nuna yuwuwar rikice-rikice, ta yin amfani da tsarin tushen kimiyya, isar da ilimi game da dorewar yanayin yanayin gandun daji, da kuma ba da jagora ta hanyar nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin masu nuni. Samfuran kwaikwaiyo suna da amfani don sanin menene hanya mafi kyau don girbi bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan samfuran don kula da takamaiman ko nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari ta amfani da ilimin kimiyya.
Hanyar gudanar da lardi da British Columbia ke aiwatarwa ita ce Ka'idar Ayyukan daji. Sannan Kuma Dole ne duk kamfanonin gandun daji su bi wannan lambar kuma akwai sakamako idan aka karya ka'idojin lambar. Hukunce-hukuncen sun haɗa da tara, rage girman izinin yankewa ko cire 'yancin yanke' kamfani.
Hanyar sarrafa albarkatun gama gari da ake amfani da su a fagage da yawa ita ce ka'idar yin taka tsantsan . Kuma Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ta bayyana cewa lokacin da ba a san tasirin aikin ba, bai kamata a aiwatar da aikin ba. A cikin wannan ka'ida akwai manufar ci gaba mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ƙasa wanda ke buƙatar kiyaye haƙƙin da ake samu, ana girbi abin da ke sama da tushe.
Gudanar da yanayin ƙasa wata dabara ce don kamfanonin gandun daji na kasuwanci don aiwatarwa ta hanyar ba da damar jujjuyawar tsayi tsakanin yanke. Dangane da halaye na yanki (watau yawan amfanin ƙasa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa, kusancin niƙa), ana iya sarrafa wasu yankuna musamman don samar da itace mai ƙarfi, yayin barin sauran wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba don sabuntawa . Wannan dabarar tana buƙatar kula da gandun daji gabaɗaya, maimakon wani yanki na musamman don yin la'akari da bukatun zamantakewa, muhalli, da tattalin arziƙin yanki
Gudanar da Nau'o'in Cin Hanci
Management for invasive species requires monitoring, modelling, and assistance in promoting migration and genetic diversity. In addition to this, reducing the amount of timber harvested will conserve the present stand of trees. Monitoring insect and disease occurrences over long periods of time gives a better understanding of the effects of climate change and how forests respond to it. The information from monitoring can be used to model and forecast the range of potential future changes with indicators such as volume harvested, gross profit, ecosystem carbon storage, age-class distribution and patch-size distribution. The data from monitoring and modelling can be used to determine which tree species to breed or reintroduce in an area in order to increase tree stand resilience and reduce susceptibility to invasive species.
Duba kuma
Ci gaba Karatu a British Columbia
sare itatuwa
sare itatuwa a kasar Canada
Jerin Yankunan daji da Gundumomin British Columbia
Magana
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40728 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Gwamnatin%20Tarayya%20Ta%20Legas | Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Ta Legas | Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Legas (FGCL) makarantar sakandare ce mai haɗin gwiwa a Ijanikin, Legas, Najeriya . Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta kafa ta a shekara ta 1975. Tunanin wannan kwaleji da ke Legas ya samo asali ne a cikin zukatan hukumomin Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya a farkon shekara ta 1974 lokacin da suke ganin ya zama dole a samar da cibiyar ilimi guda ɗaya ga jihar Legas kamar yadda ake a cikin dukkan jihohi 12 na lokacin. Tarayya.
Ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayya ce ta kafa kwalejin bisa kudirin gwamnatin tarayya na samar da makarantar koyar da ilimin haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya da sakandaren mata guda a kowace jiha. A farkon, kwalejin ta buɗe tare da ɗalibai guda 116 na Form One da 45 ƙananan ɗalibai 45 tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 20. Ɗaliban na Form ɗaya sun haɗa da maza 64 da mata 52, yayin da ɗaliban na kasa shida suka kunshi maza 24 da mata 21. Dalibai da ma’aikatan da aka raba su gida hudu ne: Mikiya, Giwa, Dawisu da Tiger. Ya zuwa 2005 kwalejin tana da yawan ɗalibai 2,585 da ma’aikatan koyarwa da marasa koyarwa 492. Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1980 an yi masa alama da raɗaɗi masu tasowa daga rashin wurin aiki na dindindin da sauran al'amuran ababen more rayuwa. Da farko makarantar tana da azuzuwa a cibiyar kasuwanci ta gwamnati ta Yaba yayin da daliban ke zaune a gidajen haya masu zaman kansu a Igbobi, Legas (kusa da harabar kwalejin Igbobi). A farkon taron ilimi na 1976-77, an gudanar da azuzuwa a cikin gine-ginen azuzuwa na wucin gadi da aka gina a harabar kwalejin gwamnatin jihar Legas, Ojo, wanda yanzu cibiyar jami’ar jihar Legas (LASU) take. A wannan lokacin ’yan matan na zaune ne a cikin gida guda a Ojo, yayin da yaran suka zauna a dakin kwanan dalibai na Igbobi, suna tafiya da motar makaranta zuwa da dawowa. An katse wannan tsari tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Maris, 1977, saboda yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar Legas zuwa Badagry, sakamakon bukin fasaha da al'adu na duniya baƙi da na Afirka (FESTAC '77), taron kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa da Najeriya ta shirya. Sakamakon haka makarantar tare da dakin kwanan yarinyar aka mayar da ita cibiyar kasuwanci ta Yaba.
A wani bangare na wani shiri na wucin gadi na kwalejin, an gudanar da Ayyukan Kimiyya (Laboratory) ga dalibai na kasa shida da na sama shida a kwalejin koyar da fasaha ta kasa, Legas tsakanin Oktoba, 1975 zuwa Afrilu, 1977. Tun daga watan Afrilun 1977, an mayar da yaran zuwa sababbin gine-gine a Garin tauraron ɗan adam, rukunin gidan da aka gina kuma aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin bikin FESTAC na 77 da ya gabata, yayin da aka mayar da 'yan matan zuwa cibiyar jihar Legas da ke Ojo. Ana jigilar yaran kullun a cikin motar bas daga Garin tauraron dan adam zuwa kuma daga ajujuwa a Ojo. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 1980 lokacin da makarantar ta koma wurin ta na dindindin kuma a yanzu a Ijanikin.
Makarantar ta fara zaman karatun 1980-81 a Ijanikin tare da kawo sauyi a tsarin gudanarwa na makarantar da tsarin gidan kwana. Na farko, mukamin mataimakin shugaban makarantar ya kasu kashi biyu na aiki, wato Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar da Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar. Na biyu, an fadada rukunin gidajen kwana na makaranta (tare da launukan gida masu kama da juna) daga rukunin farko guda hudu (sunan dabbobi) zuwa rukuni shida (sunan masu tarihi) kamar haka:
Dan-Fodio (Green) - a baya Eagle Elkanemi (Brown) - a baya Giwa Jaja (Blue) - a baya Peacock Macaulay (Purple) Moremi (Yellow) Oduduwa (Red) - a baya Tiger
An sake raba dukkan daliban zuwa gidajen kwana shida. Yayin da duka ɗalibai da ma'aikata suka ƙaru, kuma don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa mai inganci da kyakkyawan aiki, an ƙirƙiri mukaman Gudanarwa na Jami'in Gudanarwa (O/C) da Ilimin Jami'in-in-Charge (O/C). Don ƙara haɓaka aiki, an nada ƙarin O/C a cikin 1995.
Makarantar ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba sosai. Yawan jama'ar makarantar ta fuskar ma'aikata da dalibai ya karu sosai. An sami karuwa a cikin kayan aikin infra-structural tare da ƙarin halartar Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Iyaye (PTA). A gaskiya ma, PTA ta samar da wurare da yawa don kwalejin, daga cikinsu akwai gine-ginen ajujuwa, gine-ginen masauki, rumfar wasanni, da rijiyoyin ruwa. A ilimi kwalejin ta sami nasara da yawa-kolejin ta fara fitowa gabaɗaya a cikin ƙarni na farko na kwalejojin haɗin kai na tarayya.
Shugabanni na baya
Mrs. AA Ibukun (Janairu 2011 zuwa Fabrairu 2017)
Mrs Okebukola (Satumba 2006 zuwa Agusta 2011)
Mista JA Owoseye (Yuni 2004 zuwa Agusta 2006)
Mrs. OO Fagbayi (Nuwamba 1996 zuwa Yuni 2004)
Mrs. FS Robinson (Fabrairu 1995 zuwa Nuwamba 1996)
Mrs. BA Mowoe (Satumba 1991 zuwa Fabrairu 1995)
Mrs. OO Abisogun-Alo (Agusta 1986 zuwa Satumba 1991)
Mr. MB Ligali (Satumba 1985 zuwa Agusta 1986)
Mista JO Abolade (Agusta 1980 zuwa Satumba 1985)
Mrs. AA Kafaru (Decemba 1977 zuwa Agusta 1980)
Mrs TE Chukuma - Shugabar Buda Makarantar (Oktoba 1975 zuwa Disamba 1977)
Dr. Mrs. OAU Essien
Manazarta
Abokan FGC: Abokin karatun FGC kuma tsohon ɗalibi Yanar Gizo na Tsofaffin Dalibai
FGCL [ <span title="Dead link tagged December 2019">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> ]
https://web.archive.org/web/20130820071531/http://fgclalumni.org/the_school.html
http://www.fgclagos.org.ng
Ilimi a Jihar Legas
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Makarantan Gwamnati na JF Kennedy
Gine-gine
Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayya dake Katsina
Jami'a |
57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960)
A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma
Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources
Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi - Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa
Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya . New York & Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta .
Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 . Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, & Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya . (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. ). Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s . Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 . New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 — Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa. |
61143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Mursi | Mutanen Mursi | IRMursi people
Mursi (ko Mun, kamar yadda suke kiran kansu) ƙabilar Surmic ne a Habasha. Suna zaune ne a shiyyar Debub Omo na shiyyar Kudu, Al'ummai, da Jama'ar Kudancin, kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Bisa ƙididdigar da akayi a shekarar 2007, akwai Mursi 11,500, 848 daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a birane; daga cikin adadin kashi 92.25% na zaune ne a shiyyar Kudu maso Kudu.
Da yake kewaye da tsaunuka tsakanin kogin Omo da magudanar Mago, gidan Mursi na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan ƙasar da ke zama saniyar ware. Maƙwabtan su sun haɗa da Aari, Banna, Mekan, Karo, Kwegu, Nyangatom da Suri. Gwamnatin Habasha ta haɗa su tare da Me'en da Suri da sunan Surma.
Harshe
Mursi suna magana da yaren Mursi a matsayin harshen uwa. Wani yanki ne na dangin harshen Surmic. Mursi yana da alaƙa (sama da 80% cognate) da Me'en da Suri, da kuma Kwegu. Bisa kididdigar da akayi a shekarar 1994, akwai mutane 3,163 da aka tabbatar da cewa Mursi ne a jihar SNN; 3,158 sunyi magana da Mursi a matsayin yarensu na farko, yayin da 31 ke magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu. Bisa ƙididdigar ƙidayar kasa ta shekarar 1994, inda aka hada Mursi a karkashin Me'en, kashi 89.7% na harshe daya ne, kuma harsuna na biyu da ake magana da su su ne Bench (4.2%), Amharic, wanda ke zama daya daga cikin harsuna shida na hukuma na Habasha. (3.5%), Kafa (1.1%).
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na harshen Mursi. rubutun kalmomi Ɗaya shine tushen Amharic, ko da ya ke harshen Mursi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Surmic tareda tsarin wasula marasa daidaituwa da kuma jaddadawa da rashin damuwa idan aka kwatanta da Amharic. Harshen Surmic na Amharic AmharicNa biyu shine mafi da cewa da haruffa na Latin. Tushen Latin David Turton da Moges Yigezu na Jami'ar Addis Ababa ne suka ƙirƙiro rubutun Latin. Jami'ar Addis Ababa
Addini da al'adu
Kamar yawancin manoma da makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka, Mursi sun yi imanin cewa suna samun wani ƙarfi fiye da nasu, wanda suke kira Tumwi. Wannan yawanci yana cikin sararin sama, kodayake wani lokacin Tumwi yana bayyana kansa a matsayin wani abu na sama ( ahi a tumwin ), kamar bakan gizo ko tsuntsu. Babban ofishin addini da na al'ada acikin al'umma shine na Komoru, Firist ko Shaman. Wannan ofishi ne da aka gada, sabanin rawar siyasar Jalaba na yau da kullun. Kômoru ya ƙunshi jin daɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'umma da Allah (Tumwi), musamman idan ta fuskanci barazanar fari, kwari da cututtuka. Irin rawar daya taka ta kasance ta hanyar gudanar da al'adun gargajiya don kawo ruwan sama, don kare maza, da shanu da amfanin gona daga cututtuka, da kuma kawar da barazanar hare-hare daga wasu kabilu. Bisa manufa, domin kiyaye wannan alakar dake tsakanin jama'a da Tumwi, bai kamata Kômoru ya bar Mursiland ba ko ma ƙungiyar sa (bhuran). Ɗaya daga cikin dangi musamman, Komortê, ana ɗaukarsa, mafi kyau, dangin firist, amma akwai iyalai na firistoci a wasu dangi biyu, wato Garikuli da Bumai.
Addinin mutan Mursi an raba shi da Animism ,Ko da sun karbi addinin Kiristanci. Akwai Hidima a tashar Mishan da ke arewa maso gabashin Mursiland, wanda ke ba da ilimi, kula da lafiya na asali da koyarwa a cikin addinin Kiristanci.
Zagayen rayuwa
Mursi na gudanar da bukukuwa iri-iri, na ilimi ko horo. Farantin lebe sanannen bangare ne naj Mursi da Surma, waɗanda watakila sune ƙungiyoyi na karshe a Afirka wadanda har yanzu al'ada ce ga mata su sanya manyan tukwane, fayafai na katako, ko 'faranti', acikin lebbansu na kasa. Ana huda lebban 'yan mata tun suna shekara 15 ko 16. Wani lokaci mata marasa aure suna sanya farantin leɓe don rawa, kuma ana ƙara sanya su don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido don samun ƙarin kuɗi. Ana kiran farantin leɓe da dhebi a tugoin.
Mutuwar biki ( thagine ), wani nau'i ne na tashin hankalin mazaje na al'ada, wani abu ne mai kima da farin jini na mazan Mursi, musamman mazan da ba suyi aure ba, kuma babbar alama ce ta asalin Mursi. Tsararrun shekaru wata muhimmiyar siffa ce ta siyasa, inda ake samar da maza zuwa sunayen “tsawon zamani” kuma suna wucewa ta wasu “makin shekaru” a tsawon rayuwarsu; matan aure suna da darajar shekarun mazajensu.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Omo National Park
Ana zargin gidauniyar African Parks da jami’an gandun dajin na gwamnati da tursasa Mursi ya ba da filayensu da ke kan iyakokin dajin Omo ba tare da biyan diyya ba. Ana amfani da takardun ne don halasta iyakokin dajin, wanda wuraren shakatawa na Afirka suka mamaye.
Wata kungiya mai suna "Native Solutions to Conservation Refugees" ta ce takardun za su mayar da Mursi 'yan ta'adda ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan nasu kasar kuma irin wannan kaddara ta fada wa Suri, Dizi, Me'en, da Nyangatom, wadanda kuma suke zaune a cikin wurin shakatawa. Bayan da gidauniyar African Parks Foundation ta kwace dajin Omo, Mursi na fargabar cewa a karshe za a kore su daga filayensu kamar Guji-Oromo a dajin Nechasar.Sakamakon matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, gidauniyar Parks Foundation ta bayyana shirinta na barin dajin Omo a shekarar 2007.Mursi sun ayyana yankinsu a matsayin yanki na kiyaye al'umma tun daga watan Yulin 2008 kuma sun fara aikin yawon shakatawa na al'umma.
Dam din Gibe III da Babban Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Kasuwanci
Dam din Gibe III mai amfani da wutar lantarki, a tsakiyar Basin Omo kuma wanda aka kammala a watan Oktoba 2015,zai yi matukar gyara tsarin ambaliyar ruwa wanda dubban mutane a karkashin ruwa ke dogaro da su.Ta hanyar daidaita magudanar ruwa, da kuma 'dagawa' karancin magudanar ruwa a lokacin noman rani, hakan kuma zai sa a samar da manyan hanyoyin noman rani na kasuwanci, dukda cewa sabon rahoton da aka fitar ya nuna cewa babu isasshen ruwa a kogin Omo. ban ruwa yankin da aka tsara na shuka.Tuni dai Hukumar Kula da Suga ta kasar Habasha ta fara aiwatar da mafi girman buri a kan filin da aka karbo daga dajin Omo ko kuma Bodi da Mursi da Nyangatom da kuma Kara suke mamaye da su a halin yanzu. Idan aka tabbatar da tsare-tsare a halin yanzu, ƙananan Omo zai zama mafi girma a ƙasar Habasha, wanda aƙalla zai ninka yawan wuraren ban ruwa a ƙasar.
Manazarta
Ƙara karantawa
(2000) Pancorbo, Luis: "Los labios del río Omo" en "Tiempo de África", shafi. 176-190. Laertes. Barcelona. ISBN 84-7584-438-3
(2007) Silvester, Hans: Les Habits de la Nature Editions de la Martinière
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mursi Online
Mutanen Afirka
Harshen Mursi
Gidan Hoto na Kasa
Mursi na cikin hatsarin hana shiga ko kaura
Bayanin masanin ilimin ɗan adam akan Mursi da yanayin Park na Omo (kuma ana samunsu azaman fayil ɗin Word )
Gidauniyar Parks Foundation
Shafin Mursi Online akan harshen Mursi 'Surmic' (tugo)
Takaddun cikakken rubutu da labaran mujallu game da Mursi (Tilastawa Hijira Kan Lantarki, Laburaren Dijital)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Tafiya Tare da Mursi wani shiri ne na kasada/tafiya wanda ya mamaye nahiyoyi hudu yayin da David Willing ya haura 500 kilomita a fadin kwarin Omo mai nisa na Habasha tare da kabilun Mursi. |
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