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28171 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu | Fufu | Fufu
Fufu (ko fufuo, foofoo, foufou) abinci ne mai kaman kullu da aka yi da rogo sabo ko datti, wanda ake samu a yammacin Afirka da kuma abincin Caribbean. Baya ga Ghana, ana kuma samunsa a kasashen Saliyo, Guinea, Laberiya, Cote D'Ivoire, Benin, Togo, Najeriya, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Angola da Gabon. Sau da yawa ana yin ta a tsarin gargajiya na Ghana, Ivorian, Laberiya, da Cuban don haɗawa daban da daɗaɗa daidai gwargwado na dafaffen rogo tare da koren plantain ko cocoyam, ko kuma ta hanyar haɗa garin rogo/plantain ko garin kwakwa da ruwa a murɗa shi a murhu. Daga nan sai a gyara danko bisa ga son kai kuma a ci shi da miya irin na broth. Wasu kasashe, musamman Najeriya, suna da nau'in fufu da aka yi da kullun Rogo (wanda ake kira akpu da 'yan Najeriya) ake ci da miya mai kauri. Sauran fulawa, irin su semolina, garin masara, ko mashed plantain na iya maye gurbin garin rogo. Ana cin Fufu da yatsu, kuma za a iya tsoma ɗan ƙaramin ƙwallonsa a cikin miya ko miya.
Sunaye
Angola: ,
Benin: santana, fofou
Kamaru: couscous, couscous de manioc
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya: foufou
Kongo-Kinshasa da Kongo-Brazzaville: fufú, moteke, luku
Gabon: foufou
Ghana: , ,
Guinea: foufou
Cote d'Ivoire: foutou, foufou
Laberiya: fufu
Najeriya: fufu, akpụ, ụtara, loi-loi, haɗiye, Mr White
Saliyo:
Togo: foufou
Fufu na Afirka
'Yan kasuwan Portugal sun gabatar da rogo zuwa Afirka daga Brazil a karni na 16. A Ghana, fufu, wanda aka fi sani da fufuo, fari ne kuma mai ɗaure (idan plantain ba a haɗa shi da rogo ba lokacin da ake bugunsa). Hanyar cin fufu ta al'ada ita ce a datse wasu daga cikin fufu a cikin yatsu na hannun dama sannan a samar da shi ta zama ƙwallon zagaye cikin sauƙi. Ana tsoma kwallon a cikin miya kafin a ci.
Fufu da aka yi a Ghana
A cikin Twi, fufu ko fufuo na nufin "mash ko mix", abinci mai laushi da kullu. An yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar Ghana ta zamani, ta Asante, Akuapem, Guans, Akyem, Bono da Fante na ƙabilar Akan ta Ghana kuma yanzu an yarda da ita a duk faɗin ƙasar. A Ghana, ana yin ta ne da gutsuttsuran rogo da/ko wasu bututu irin su plantain ko cocoyam, ana nisa tare a cikin wani katon turmi na katako (woduro) ta hanyar amfani da pestle (mace). Tsakanin busa daga ƙwanƙolin, ana juya cakuda da hannu kuma ana ƙara ruwa a hankali har sai ya zama slurry, taushi da m. Daga nan sai a samar da cakuda a cikin wani katako mai zagaye a yi hidima. Tare da ƙirƙirar injin fufu ya zama mafi ƙarancin aiki. Ana cin abincin da aka samu da miya mai ruwa (nkwan) kamar miya mai haske (nkrakra nkwan), abenkwan (miyar dabino), da nkatenkwan (miyar man gyada), da miyar abubunu. Har ila yau, ana yin ta a cikin abincin Benin, abincin Kamaru, abinci na Guinea, abincin Najeriya, da kuma abincin Togo, inda ake ci da barkono mai zafi, da okra, ko wasu nau'o'in stew. An lura da yaɗuwar Fufu a yankunan Afirka ta Yamma a cikin wallafe-wallafen da marubutan yankin suka samar. An ambaci shi a cikin Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, alal misali.
Fufu da aka yi a Najeriya
A Najeriya, fufu ko akpu sanannen abinci ne da ake yi da rogo sabo ko datti. Ana buƙatar kwanaki da yawa don yin, akpu shine jikakken manna sau da yawa ana cin shi tare da miya egusi. Ana yin Akpu bisa ga al'ada ta hanyar bawo da wanke danyen rogo har sai ya yi fari. A bar cikin ruwa har tsawon kwanaki 3-4, rogo ta yi laushi kuma ta yi laushi. Sai a tace shi da lallausan kalabash ko siffa. Ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri yana zubar da sauri ta hanyar zuba jikakken manna a cikin buhu, wanda aka dora wani abu mai nauyi da lebur (misali, katako da bulo). Bayan haka sai a daka wannan manna a kwaba su cikin manya-manyan kwallaye sannan a yi murzawa na tsawon dakika 30-60, bayan haka sai a daka shi sosai a cire dunkule, a sake gyarawa cikin kananan kwalabe, a tafasa na tsawon mintuna 10-15, sannan a yi ta bugun har sai da santsi. Ya shahara a duk fadin Najeriya, musamman a kudancin kasar.
Fufu da aka yi a Cote d'Ivoire
A Cote d'Ivoire, ana kuma amfani da kalmar "foutou". “foufou” na Ivory Coast musamman ayaba ce mai zaƙi, yayin da “foutou” ya fi ƙarfi, manna mai nauyi da aka yi da abinci iri-iri kamar doya, rogo, ayaba, taro ko haɗaɗɗen kowane ɗayan waɗannan.
A cikin yankunan da ake magana da Faransanci na Kamaru, ana kiran shi "couscous" (kada a ruɗe shi da kuskus na Arewacin Afirka).
Irin wannan babban abu a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka shine ugali. Yawanci ana yin shi da garin masara (masa), kuma ana ci a Kudancin Afirka. Ana amfani da sunan ugali don komawa ga tasa a Kenya da Tanzania, ubugali a Ruwanda. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa ana kiran su nshima a Zambia, nsima a Malawi, sadza a Zimbabwe, pap ko vuswa a Afirka ta Kudu, posho a Uganda, luku, fufu, nshima, moteke, semoule, ugali da bugari a Jamhuriyar Kongo da kuma cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da phaletšhe a Botswana.
Fufu na Caribbean
A cikin ƙasashen Caribbean waɗanda ke da ɗimbin yawan jama'a na asalin Afirka ta Yamma, kamar Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Haiti da Puerto Rico, plantains, rogo ko dawa ana haɗe su da sauran kayan abinci. A cikin Kuba, tasa yana riƙe da asalin asalin sunan asalin Afirka, wanda ake kira da fufú kawai ko tare da ƙarin ƙarin bayani kamar fufú de plátano ko fufú de plátano pintón. A wasu manyan tsibiran, fufú yana da sunayen mangú a Jamhuriyar Dominican, mofongo da funche a Puerto Rico. Abin da ke bambanta Caribbean "fufú" daga danginsa na yammacin Afirka shine rubutu mai ƙarfi tare da ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi. Yayin da yake nisa daga Cuba, ainihin fufu ba shi da kullu mai yawa kuma ya fi daidaitaccen taro.
A Haiti ana kiranta tonm tonm da Foofoo. Mafi yawa ana yin shi da burodi amma ana iya yin shi da plantain ko dawa kuma yawanci ana yin sa da miya ko miya. Ana amfani da shi da farko a yankunan kudu maso kudu na Haiti wato Grand'Anse da sassan Sud. Ana ɗaukar birnin Jérémie a matsayin babban birnin tonmtonm na Haiti.
Puerto Rican mofongo, daidai da al'adun abinci na Caribbean, yana kula da fufú mafi girma da yawa da kayan yaji. Yayin da yake kiyaye halayen Afirka na zahiri, mofongo ya aro daga al'adar cin abinci na Iberian tsibirin, don ƙirƙirar tasa da aka yi da soyayyen kore da rawaya, rogo ko gurasa. Ba kamar mushier Caribbean da fufu na yammacin Afirka ba, mofongo gabaɗaya ya fi ƙarfi kuma ya fi crustier. Don shirya mofongo, koren plantain ana soya su sosai sau ɗaya ba kamar soyayyen toya sau biyu ba. Bayan haka, ana niƙa su a cikin 'pilon' (turmi) tare da yankakken tafarnuwa, gishiri, barkono baƙi da man zaitun. Sakamakon dusar ƙanƙara ana danna shi kuma a zagaye shi a cikin wani rami mara kyau. Nama, bisa ga al'ada, chicharrón, ana cusa shi a cikin ƙwallan soyayyen ciyayi. Wasu 'yan girke-girke suna kira ga nama ko kayan lambu salsa criolla" (wanda ke da alaƙa da American Creole sauce) an zuba a saman sararin zafi. A cikin "mofongo relleno," na yau da kullum na yammacin Puerto Rico, abincin teku ya ƙare, ciki da waje. Mofongo na gargajiya, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yana zuwa ne da kayan yaji ana cusa nama sannan a yi masa wanka a cikin miya na kaji. Saboda cikakken tsarinsa na shirye-shiryensa da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, mawallafin marubuci kuma marubuci Arose N Daghetto ya kira mofongo wani nau'i na "fufú paella" kuma ya sanya shi a matsayin "babban baba na fufús." Kodayake mofongo yana da alaƙa da soyayyen, dafaffen da gasasshen plantain mofongo ya riga ya rigaya soyayyen mofongo kuma har yanzu yana cikin farin ciki amma ba kasafai ake samu a Puerto Rico ba. Abincin da ake kira funche da aka yi da taro, kore da rawaya da aka dafa shi da man shanu, tafarnuwa, da kitsen naman alade ya taɓa shahara a Puerto Rico. Da zarar an daka shi sai a kafa ƙwallo kuma a ci shi da broth da aka yi da irin sesame. An rubuta Funche a farkon litattafan girke-girke na Puerto Rican a cikin shekarun 1800, amma ana iya komawa ga bayin Afirka a tsibirin. Funche a yau a Puerto Rico ana dafa masara a cikin madarar kwakwa da madara.
Kayan lambu ko miya na fufu a cikin Anglo-Caribbean ba a fara soya shi ba. Plantain ba a amfani da shi sosai, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin jita-jita da yawa. Fufu yakan kasance wani ɓangare na, ko ƙarawa, miya mai miya ko a gefe tare da kayan miya. A Antigua, ana amfani da fufu a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin ƙasa amma ana kiransa fungi/fungee kuma ana yin ta ta amfani da masara da okra. Hakazalika, a Barbados yana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tasa na ƙasa kuma ana kiransa cou cou kuma yana amfani da masara ko, ƙasa da ƙasa, gurasa maimakon, kamar sauran tsibirin Caribbean na Turanci.
Abinci mai gina jiki
A cikin abinci mai gina jiki, 100g busasshen nauyi fufu ya ƙunshi gram 2 na furotin, 0.1g na mai da 84g na carbohydrate. Akwai 267kcal na makamashin abinci a cikin hidimar 100g da aka yi da ruwa. Yana da ƙananan ƙwayar cholesterol. Yana da wadataccen sinadarin potassium, kuma likitoci ne sukan rubuta shi ga mutanen da ke da karancin sinadarin potassium a cikin jininsu.
Hotuna
Manazarta |
19816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusi%20Ado%20Bayero | Sanusi Ado Bayero | Sanusi Lamido Ado Bayero ( An haife shi 1 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 1956) shine babban ɗan Ado Bayero kuma ɗan'uwan Sarki na yanzu Aminu Ado Bayero. Shi ne Chiroma (Yariman Masarauta) na Kano daga shekara ta alif (1990), zuwa shekara ta alif( 2015 ), kuma sunansa Wambai (lakabi mai daraja) na kano daga ɗan'uwansa.
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Sanusi Lamiɗo Ado Bayero a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta alif 1956, a zamanin mulkin baffansa (Yayan mahaifinsa) Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I. Mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero, ɗan uwan Sarki ne, sannan ya zama Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da uku, 1963 zuwa shekara ta 2014. Shi ne ɗan fari da na farko ga mahaifinsa. An haifeshi a gidan mahaifinsa: Filin Chiranchi (Filin Chiranchi), inda mahaifinsa ya zauna kafin ya zama Sarkin Kano. Daga baya Sanusi Ado ya mayar da gidan a gidansa na asali a cikin Kano. ==
Iyali :
An haifi Sanusi Lamiɗo Ado Bayero a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta alif 1956, a zamanin mulkin baffansa (Yayan mahaifinsa) Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I. Mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero, ɗan uwan Sarki ne, sannan ya zama Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da uku, 1963 zuwa shekara ta 2014. Shi ne ɗan fari da na farko ga mahaifinsa. An haifeshi a gidan mahaifinsa: Filin Chiranchi (Filin Chiranchi), inda mahaifinsa ya zauna kafin ya zama Sarkin Kano. Daga baya Sanusi Ado ya mayar da gidan a gidansa na asali a cikin Kano.
Sanusi Ado shine babba primogeniture daga gidan sarauta, kuma an girmama da masarautu da kuma mutane. Ƙananan ƴan uwan nasa sun haɗa da Sarkin Kano na yanzu: Aminu Ado Bayero da Nasiru Ado Bayero Sarkin Bichi. Yayan nasa, Muhammadu Sanusi II (Sanusi Lamido Sanusi) ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2020, lokacin da gwamnatin jihar ta sauƙe shi daga gadon sarauta.
Sanusi Ado ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta kwana ta Rano daga shekara ta alif 1963 zuwa shekara ta alif 1969. Ya halarci Kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano daga 1969 zuwa 1973, kafin daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu, daya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan kwalejojin gwamnati a Arewacin Najeriya daga shekara ta alif 1973 zuwa shekara ta alif 1975, inda ya kasance shugaban dalibai. Ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nijeriya da ke Zariya daga shekarar 1975 zuwa shekara ta alif 1976.
Acikin shekara ta alif 1976, ya tafi Ecole International De La Langue Francoise a Paris, inda ya karɓi difloma ta Faransa a shekara ta alif 1979. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin shari’a a shekarar ta alif 1983, sannan aka kira shi zuwa Lauyan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1984. Bayan ya kira zuwa ga mashaya, ya bauta wa matasa sabis kamar yadda wani malami a Kaduna Polytechnic, daga shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1985.
Farkon aiki
Sanusi Ado ya yi aiki a Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Jihar Kano a matsayin lauyan gwamnati daga shekara ta (1985) zuwa shekara ta( 1987), kuma a cikin shekara ta (1986) ya kafa kamfanin Lamido & Co. mai zaman kansa a Kano, kafin ya zama mai ba da shawara kan sharia kuma sakataren kamfanin na saka hannun jari da kadarorin jihar Kano tsakanin shekara ta(1988) da shekara ta (1989), Ya kasance babban darakta a Majalisar Sarakunan Jihar Kano daga shekara ta ( 1991) zuwa( 1993 ), sannan daga baya aka sauya shi ya zama shugaban Ayyuka na Musamman na Gwamnatin Kano tsakanin sHekarata( 1993 )da shekarata (1996 ), Tsakanin shekara ta (1996 ) da shekara ta ( 2000), ya kasance sakatare na dindindin na Ma’aikatar Yada Labarai, Matasa da Al’adu. A watan Afrilun shekara ta (2015), an nada shi manajan darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya, ya rike matsayin da ya rike har zuwa lokacin da aka cire shi a watan Agustan a shekara ta( 2015).
Yarima mai jiran gado
A shekara ta (1990), Sanusi Lamido Ado Bayero ya samu sarautar Chiroma ta Kano (Yarima Mai Jiba), dan majalisar masarautar Kano kuma Hakimin Gwale na Sarki Ado Bayero.
Acikin shekara ta (2014), bayan shekaru hamsin da daya akan karagar mulki mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero ya mutu. Gwagwarmayar maye gurbin wanda zai gaje shi ya bayyana a cikin gidan sarauta tsakanin gidajen Bayero da Sanusi. A matsayinsa na babban ɗansa kuma magajinsa, ana ɗaukar Sanusi Ado a matsayin magajin ƙasa kuma rahotanni na farko sun sanar dashi a matsayin Sarki. A ranar (8) ga watan Yunin shekara ta (2014),dan uwan sa Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya zama Sarkin Kano. Sanusi Ado a zanga-zangar ya yanke shawarar barin Kano.
Gudun hijira da dawowa
A shekara ta (2015), an cire masa dukkan mukamai, bayan ya ki yi wa Sarki Sanusi Lamido Sanusi mubaya’a. Bayan shekaru biyar na gudun hijira na sarauta da duhu kuma tare da nadin Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi II da kuma nada kaninsa Aminu Ado Bayero a matsayin Sarki, a watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), an sake mayar da Sanusi Ado matsayinsa a majalisar masarautar Kano kuma aka mai da shi Wamban Kano.
Rayuwa
Sanusi Ado yana jin yaren Larabci, Hausa, Turanci da Faransanci sosai . Kuma yana jin daɗin wasa squash, karatu, tafiya, noma da hawan dawakai .
Take, salo da mambobi
Yulin (2020)don gabatarwa - Wambai na Kano (Matsayi daidai da Sarki)
Membobinsu
A cikin shekara ta (1995), ya zama Shugaban Bangon Birni da Gates
Memba na kungiyar Inter-Faith Conference Fez, Morocco
Memban kwamitin kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama
Memba na Taron Doha kan Tattaunawar Al'adu da Wayewa
Memba na kungiyar Ayyuka na theabi'ar Na gaba mai zuwa wanda gungiyar British Council ta gabatar .
Manazarta
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
'Yan siyasa daga Kano
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1956 |
31323 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis | Zoonosis | Zoonosis (jam'i zoonoses, ko Cututtukan oonotic ) cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa ( maganin kamuwa da cuta, irin su bacterium, virus, parasite ko prion ) wanda ya yi tsalle daga dabba (yawanci vertebrate ) zuwa mutum. Yawanci, mutum na farko da ya kamu da cutar yana watsa ƙwayar cutar ga aƙalla mutum ɗaya, wanda, bi da bi, yana cutar da wasu.
Manyan cututtuka na zamani kamar cutar Ebola da salmonellosis sune zoonoses. HIV cuta ce ta zoonotic da ake yaɗawa ga mutane a farkon ƙarni na 20, kodayake yanzu ta rikiɗe zuwa wata cuta ta ɗan adam kaɗai. Mafi yawan nau'in mura da ke kamuwa da mutane cututtukan mutane ne, ko da yake yawancin nau'ikan murar tsuntsaye da murar alade sune zoonoses; Wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta lokaci-lokaci suna haɗuwa tare da nau'ikan mura na ɗan adam kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka kamar mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya ko mura aladun 2009.
Taenia solium kamuwa da cuta yana daya daga cikin cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da aka yi watsi da su tare da lafiyar jama'a da damuwa na dabbobi a yankunan da ke da yawa. Zoonoses na iya haifar da nau'in cututtukan cututtuka kamar ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasowa, kwayoyin cuta, fungi da parasites; na cututtukan cututtuka 1,415 da aka sani suna cutar da mutane, 61% sun kasance zoonotic. Mafi yawan cututtukan mutane sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi; duk da haka, kawai cututtukan da ke haɗawa da waɗanda ba na ɗan adam ba a kai a kai ga ɗan adam, irin su rabies, ana ɗaukar zoonoses kai tsaye.
Zoonoses suna da hanyoyin watsa daban-daban. A cikin zoonosis kai tsaye ana kamuwa da cutar daga dabbobi zuwa ga mutane ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kamar iska ( mura ) ko ta cizo da miya ( rabies ). Ya bambanta, watsa kuma na iya faruwa ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin nau'in (wanda ake magana da shi azaman vector ), wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da rashin lafiya ba. Lokacin da mutane ke cutar da dabbobi, ana kiranta reverse zoonosis ko anthroponosis.t Kalmar ta fito daga Girkanci : ζῷον zoon "dabba" da νόσος nosos "ciwo".
Ƙwayoyin halitta masu masaukin baƙi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ko wane ƙwayoyin dabbobi za su iya yin kwafin kansu a cikin jikin ɗan adam. Kwayoyin cuta na dabba masu haɗari sune waɗanda ke buƙatar ƴan maye gurbi don fara kwafi kansu a cikin ƙwayoyin ɗan adam. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da haɗari tunda haɗuwar maye gurbi da ake buƙata na iya tasowa ba da gangan a cikin tafki na halitta ba.
Dalilai
Bayyanar cututtukan zoonotic ya samo asali ne daga cikin gida na dabbobi. Watsawar Zoonotic na iya faruwa a cikin kowane mahallin da akwai hulɗa tare da ko cin dabbobi, samfuran dabbobi, ko abubuwan da suka samo asali na dabba. Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin abokiyar gida (dabbobin gida), tattalin arziki (noma, kasuwanci, yanka, da sauransu), farauta (farauta, yanka ko cin naman daji) ko mahallin bincike.
Kwanan nan, an sami ƙaruwar bayyanar sabbin cututtukan zoonotic. "Kimanin ƙwayoyin cuta miliyan 1.67 da ba a bayyana su ba ana tsammanin suna wanzuwa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, kusan rabinsu an kiyasta cewa za su iya shiga cikin mutane," in ji wani bincike wanda masu bincike a Jami'ar California, Davis suka jagoranta. A cewar wani rahoto daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Duniya, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun hada da sauyin yanayi, rashin dorewar noma, cin gajiyar namun daji, canjin amfani da ƙasa. Wasu kuma suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam kamar ƙarin motsi. Ƙungiyoyin sun ba da shawarar matakan da za su dakatar da tashin.
Lalacewar abinci ko ruwan sha
Mafi mahimmancin cututtukan zoonotic da ke haifar da cututtukan abinci sune O157:H7, Campylobacter, Caliciviridae, da Salmonella.
A cikin 2006 wani taro da aka gudanar a Berlin ya mayar da hankali kan batun cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na zoonotic akan amincin abinci, yana mai yin kira ga gwamnati da ta sa baki da kuma lura da jama'a game da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci daga cin abinci na gona zuwa tebur.
Yawancin ɓarkewar abinci ana iya danganta su da cututtukan zoonotic. Yawancin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban waɗanda suke da asalin dabba na iya zama gurɓata. Wasu abubuwan abinci na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen zoonotic sun haɗa da ƙwai, abincin teku, nama, kiwo, har ma da wasu kayan lambu. Yakamata a kula da barkewar cutar da ta shafi gurbataccen abinci a cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen hana ɓarkewar annoba da kuma shawo kan barkewar cikin inganci da inganci.
Noma, kiwo da kiwo
Yin hulɗa da dabbobin gona na iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin manoma ko wasu waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da dabbobin gonaki masu kamuwa da cuta. Glanders da farko yana shafar waɗanda ke aiki tare da dawakai da jakuna. Kusanci cuɗanya da shanu na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar anthrax, yayin da kamuwa da cutar anthrax ya fi zama ruwan dare ga ma'aikata a mayanka, masana'antar fatu da masana'antar ulu.
Kusa da tunkiya da suka haifa kwanan nan zai iya haifar da clamydiosis, ko zubar da ciki na enzootic, a cikin mata masu juna biyu, da kuma ƙara yawan haɗarin Q zazzabi, toxoplasmosis, da listeriosis a cikin ciki ko in ba haka ba immunocompromised. Echinococcosis na faruwa ne ta hanyar tsutsotsi da ake iya yaɗawa daga tumakin da suka kamu da abinci ko ruwan da aka gurɓace da najasa ko ulu. Murar tsuntsaye ta zama ruwan dare a cikin kaji. Duk da yake da wuya a cikin mutane, babban abin da ke damun lafiyar jama'a shine cewa nau'in murar tsuntsaye zai sake haɗuwa da kwayar cutar murar mutum kuma ta haifar da annoba kamar 1918 na Mutanen Espanya. A cikin 2017, an ba da umarnin kajin masu cin abinci a Burtaniya su kasance a ciki na ɗan lokaci saboda barazanar murar tsuntsaye. Shanu wani muhimmin tafki ne na cryptosporidiosis kuma galibi yana shafar marasa lafiya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Minks na iya kamuwa da cutar. A cikin kasashen yammacin Turai kuma nauyin Hepatitis E ya dogara ne akan bayyanar da kayan dabba, musamman naman alade shine muhimmin tushen kamuwa da cuta ta wannan fanni.
Likitocin dabbobi suna fuskantar haɗari na musamman na sana'a da cututtukan zoonotic. A cikin Amurka, bincike ya nuna ƙarin haɗarin rauni ga raunin da kuma rashin sanin ilimin dabbobi game da waɗannan haɗarin. Bincike ya tabbatar da mahimmancin ci gaba da ilimin likitan dabbobi akan haɗarin sana'a da ke da alaƙa da raunin tsoka, cizon dabbobi, sandunan allura, da yanke.
Wani rahoto na Yuli na 2020 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa karuwar cututtukan zoonotic yana da alaƙa kai tsaye ga lalata dabi'ar ɗan adam da ƙaruwar buƙatun nama a duniya, kuma noman masana'antu na aladu da kaji musamman zai zama babban haɗari na farko. don zubar da cututtukan zoonotic a nan gaba.
Kasuwancin namun daji ko harin dabbobi
Kasuwancin namun daji na iya ƙara haɗarin zubewa saboda kai tsaye yana ƙara yawan hulɗar tsakanin nau'ikan dabbobi, wani lokacin akan ƙananan wurare. Asalin cutar ta COVID-19 da ke gudana tana zuwa kasuwannin rigar a Sin.
Rabies
Ƙwarin vector
Ciwon bacci na Afirka
Dirofilariasis
Gabas equine encephalitis
Jafananci encephalitis
Saint Louis encephalitis
Goge typhus
Tularemia
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Zazzabin Yammacin Kogi
Western equine encephalitis
Zazzaɓin Zika
Dabbobin gida
Dabbobin gida na iya yada cututtuka da dama. Ana yi wa karnuka da kuliyoyi allurar riga-kafin cutar rabies. Dabbobin gida kuma na iya watsa tsutsa da Giardia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa a cikin dabbobi da mutane. Toxoplasmosis cuta ce ta kowa da kuliyoyi; a cikin mutane cuta ce mai sauƙi ko da yake tana iya zama haɗari ga mata masu ciki. Dirofilariasis yana haifar da Dirofilaria immitis ta hanyar sauro da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke kamuwa da su kamar karnuka da kuliyoyi. Cutar katsina tana haifar da Bartonella henselae da Bartonella quintana daga ƙuma waɗanda ke da yawa a cikin kuliyoyi. Toxocariasis shine kamuwa da mutane na kowane nau'in tsutsotsi, ciki har da nau'in nau'i na musamman ga kare ( Toxocara canis ) ko cat ( Toxocara cati ). Cryptosporidiosis ana iya yadawa ga mutane daga dabbobin dabba, irin su damisa gecko . Encephalitozoon cuniculi ƙwayar cuta ce ta microsporidial da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa ke ɗauke da su, gami da zomaye, kuma shine muhimmin ƙwayar cuta mai fa'ida a cikin mutanen da ke da rigakafi ta HIV/AIDS, dashen gabbai, ko rashi CD4+ T-lymphocyte. Dabbobin dabbobi kuma na iya zama wurin tafki na cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da kasancewar wasu cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri a cikin yawan ɗan adam. Misali, kusan 20 Kashi% na karnuka na gida, kuliyoyi da dawakai suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rigakafin cutar Hepatitis E don haka wataƙila waɗannan dabbobi suna ba da gudummawa ga nauyin cutar Hepatitis E na ɗan adam. Ga mutanen da ba su da rauni (mutanen da ba su da rigakafi) nauyin cutar da ke haɗe shi ne, duk da haka, ƙananan.
nuni
An gano barkewar cutar zoonoses zuwa hulɗar ɗan adam tare da fallasa su ga sauran dabbobi a wuraren baje koli, kasuwannin dabbobi masu rai, gidajen dabbobi, da sauran saitunan. A cikin 2005, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) sun ba da sabon jerin shawarwari don hana watsa zoonosis a cikin saitunan jama'a. Shawarwari, waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da Ƙungiyar Likitocin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa, sun haɗa da nauyin ilimi na masu gudanar da wurin, iyakance hulɗar dabbobin jama'a, da kula da dabbobi.
Farauta da naman daji
HIV
SARS
Sake sare bishiyoyi, asarar rabe-raben halittu da lalata muhalli
Kate Jones, shugabar nazarin halittu da bambancin halittu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, ta ce cututtukan zoonotic suna daɗa alaƙa da canjin yanayi da halayen ɗan adam. Rushewar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ake yi ta hanyar sare itace, hakar ma'adinai, gina tituna ta wurare masu nisa, saurin bunƙasa birane da haɓaka yawan jama'a yana kawo kusanci da nau'in dabbobin da wataƙila ba su taɓa samun kusanci ba. Sakamakon yada cututtuka daga namun daji zuwa ga mutane, in ji ta, yanzu ya zama "boyayyen tsadar ci gaban tattalin arzikin dan Adam".
A cikin labarin baƙon da IBES, Peter Daszak da wasu shugabannin uku suka buga na 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Josef Settele, Sandra Díaz da Eduardo Brondizio, sun rubuta cewa "yawan saran gandun daji, rashin kulawa da fadada aikin gona, noma mai zurfi, haƙar ma'adinai da samar da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma yadda ake amfani da namun daji sun haifar da 'cikakkiyar guguwa' don yaduwar cututtuka daga namun daji zuwa ga mutane." Joshua Moon, Clare Wenham da Sophie Harman sun ce akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa raguwar rayayyun halittu na da tasiri a kan bambance-bambancen runduna da yawan hulɗar ɗan adam da dabba tare da yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta.
Wani bincike na Afrilu 2020 da aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society Part B ya gano cewa ƙaruwar abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar cutar daga dabbobi zuwa mutane na iya danganta su da asarar rayayyun halittu da lalata muhalli, yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da mamaye filayen daji don shiga aikin noma, farauta da hakar albarkatu. ya zama fallasa ga ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda galibi za su kasance a waɗannan wuraren. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun ninka sau uku a kowace shekaru goma tun daga 1980. Wani bincike na watan Agusta na 2020 da aka buga a cikin Nature ya kammala da cewa lalata tsarin halittar ɗan adam don manufar faɗaɗa aikin gona da matsugunan ɗan adam yana rage bambancin halittu kuma yana ba da damar ƙananan dabbobi kamar jemagu da beraye, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da matsin ɗan adam kuma suna ɗauke da mafi yawan cututtukan zoonotic., don yaduwa. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da ƙarin annoba.
A cikin Oktoba 2020, Tsarin Tsarin Siyasa-Tsarin Tsarin Mulki akan Diversity and Ecosystem Services ya buga rahotonsa game da 'zamanin annoba' da masana 22 suka yi a fagage daban-daban, kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa lalata halittar ɗan adam na samar da hanyar zuwa zamanin annoba, kuma zai iya haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta kusan 850,000 daga dabbobi - musamman tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa - ga mutane. Ƙarfafa matsin lamba a kan yanayin halittu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar "haɓaka mai girma" na cin abinci da cinikayyar kayayyaki kamar nama, dabino, da karafa, wanda akasarin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suka sauƙaƙe, da kuma karuwar yawan mutane. A cewar Peter Daszak, shugaban kungiyar wanda ya samar da rahoton, "babu wani babban asiri game da musabbabin cutar ta Covid-19, ko kuma wata annoba ta zamani. Ayyukan ɗan adam iri ɗaya waɗanda ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu suma suna haifar da haɗarin annoba ta hanyar tasirin su ga muhallinmu."
Canjin yanayi
A cewar wani rahoto daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Duniya mai suna: "Hana annoba ta gaba - cututtukan Zoonotic da yadda za a karya sarkar yada ƙwayar cutar" sauyin yanayi yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar mutane 7. na cututtukan zoonotic.
Jami'ar Sydney ta ba da a watan Maris 2021 wani binciken da ke yin nazarin abubuwa, yana ƙara yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da annoba kamar cutar ta COVID-19. Masu binciken sun gano cewa "matsi kan yanayin muhalli, sauyin yanayi da ci gaban tattalin arziki sune muhimman abubuwan" wajen yin hakan. An sami ƙarin cututtukan zoonotic a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin canjin yanayi da watsa COVID-19 ta jemagu. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa canje-canjen yanayi a cikin rarrabawa da wadatar nau'ikan jemagu da ke ɗauke da coronaviruses na iya faruwa a wuraren da ake fama da su a gabashin Asiya (kudancin China, Myanmar da Laos), wanda ya zama direban juyin halitta da yaɗuwar cutar.
Watsawa ta biyu
Ebola da Marburg misalan cututtukan jini ne.
Tarihi
A lokacin mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta na kafin tarihin ɗan adam ƙila ƙanana ne. Wataƙila irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi hulɗa da wasu irin waɗannan makada da wuya kawai. Irin wannan keɓewar da zai sa a keɓe cututtukan annoba ga kowane yanki na yanki, saboda yaɗawa da faɗaɗa annoba sun dogara da yawan saduwa da wasu mutane waɗanda har yanzu ba su sami isasshen rigakafin rigakafi ba . Don dawwama a cikin irin wannan yawan, ƙwayar cuta ko dai dole ne ya zama kamuwa da cuta na yau da kullun, yana kasancewa kuma yana iya kamuwa da cutar a cikin mai cutar na dogon lokaci, ko kuma ya sami wasu ƙarin nau'ikan a matsayin tafki inda zai iya kula da kansa har sai ƙarin masu saurin kamuwa da runduna. da aka tuntube kuma suka kamu da cutar. ga yawancin cututtuka na "mutane", a zahiri an fi kallon ɗan adam a matsayin wanda aka azabtar da shi na bazata ko wanda ya faru da shi kuma mai gida na ƙarshe. Misalai sun haɗa da ciwon huhu, anthrax, tularemia da cutar ta West Nile . Don haka, yawancin bayyanar da ɗan adam ga cututtuka sun kasance zoonotic.
Yawancin cututtuka na zamani, har ma da cututtuka, sun fara a matsayin cututtukan zoonotic.Yana da wuya a tabbatar cututtuka ne suka yi tsalle daga wasu dabbobi zuwa ga mutane, amma akwai ƙarin shaida daga jerin DNA da RNA, cewa kyanda, ƙwanƙwasa, mura, HIV, da diphtheria sun zo ga mutane ta wannan hanya. -daban na mura da tarin fuka suma suna daidaita nau'ikan iri. ba da shawarar cewa duk cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam asalin zoonotic ne.
Zoonoses suna da ban sha'awa saboda yawanci cututtuka ne waɗanda ba a gane su a baya ba ko kuma suna da ƙaruwa a cikin yawan mutanen da ba su da rigakafi. Cutar ta West Nile ta bayyana a Amurka a cikin 1999 a yankin New York City, kuma ta ratsa cikin ƙasar a lokacin rani na 2002, ta haifar da damuwa. ce ta zoonotic, kamar yadda ake kira salmonellosis, Dutsen Rocky zazzaɓi. da cutar Lyme .
Babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta na zoonotic a cikin yawan ɗan adam shine ƙara cuɗanya tsakanin mutane da namun daji. Ana iya haifar da hakan ko dai ta hanyar kutse ayyukan ɗan adam zuwa yankunan jeji ko kuma ta motsa namun daji zuwa wuraren ayyukan ɗan adam. Misalin wannan shine barkewar kwayar cutar Nipah a cikin ƙasar Malesiya a cikin 1999, lokacin da aka fara noman alade mai tsanani a mazaunin jemagu na ƴaƴan itace masu cutar. ba a tantance ba ya ƙara ƙarfin kamuwa da cutar, inda daga ƙarshe ya yaɗa cutar ga manoma tare da haddasa mutuwar mutane 105.
Hakazalika, a cikin ƴan kwanakin nan, cutar mura ta jiragen ruwa da cutar ta West Nile sun yaɗu a cikin jama'a mai yiwuwa saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin mai ɗaukar hoto da dabbobin gida. da-gidanka masu yawa kamar jemagu da tsuntsaye na iya gabatar da haɗarin watsa zoonotic fiye da sauran dabbobi saboda sauƙin da za su iya ƙaura zuwa wuraren zama na ɗan adam.
Domin sun dogara ga ɗan adam na wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu, cututtuka irin su schistosomiasis na Afirka, makanta kogi, da elephantiasis ba a bayyana su a matsayin zoonotic ba, ko da yake suna iya dogara ne akan yaɗa ta ƙwari ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta.
Amfani a alluran rigakafi
Alurar riga kafi ta farko da Edward Jenner ya yi a shekara ta 1800 ta hanyar kamuwa da ƙwayar cutar zoonotic bovine ce ta haifar da wata cuta mai suna cowpx. Jenner ya lura cewa masu shayarwa suna da juriya ga ƙanƙara. Milkmaids sun kamu da cutar mafi sauƙi daga shanu masu kamuwa da cuta waɗanda ke ba da rigakafi ga cutar ɗan adam. Jenner ya zayyana wani shiri na 'cowpox' mai kamuwa da cuta kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da shi don yin allurar rigakafin cutar sanƙarau. Sakamakon haka, an kawar da cutar sankara a duniya, kuma an daina yin allurar rigakafin wannan cuta a shekara ta 1981.
Jerin cututtuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tarin AVMA: Sabuntawar Zoonosis
WHO cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da zoonoses
Ganewa da Binciken Farko na Dabbobin Daji da Cututtukan Zoonotic
Bugawa a cikin Zoonotics da Cututtukan Dabbobi
Saƙo daga yanayi: coronavirus . Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53198 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Hamid%20Zainal%20Abidin | Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin | Abdul Hamid bin Ngah @ Zainal Abidin (Jawi: عبدالحميد بن ڠه @ زين العابدين; 20 ga Fabrairu, 1944 - 30 ga Disamba, 2014) shi ne tsohon Shugaban Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) daga 16 ga Yuli 2004 zuwa 2009. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Parit Buntar kuma ya zama Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista.
Shi da Zakir Abdul Karim Naik daga Indiya an zabe su a matsayin Tokoh Maal Hijrah 1435/2013M . An gabatar da kyautar ne a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2013 a Putrajaya . Yang di-Pertuan Agong ne ya ba da kyautar a Babban Zauren, Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Putrajaya (PICC), Putrajaya . Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ya gabatar da kyautar.
Ilimi
Abdul Hamid ya sami ilimi a ƙauyen Kampung Tanah Lalang, Bagan Datoh, da Madrasah Irsyadiah, Bt. 26, Bagan Datah, Perak . Sa'an nan kuma ci gaba da karatu a Madrasah Alawiah, Arau, Perlis da Kwalejin Musulunci ta Malaya, Petaling Jaya . Bugu da ƙari, suna ci gaba da karatun difloma a ilimi (Kolejin Islama); Jagora (Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Alkahira, Misira da Kwalejin Musulmi, London). Har ila yau, digiri na biyu a Master of Islamic Law a Jami'ar Takhassus al Azhar, Misira .
Ayyuka
Ya kasance malami a makarantar sakandare ta Tunku Besar, Tampin, Negeri Sembilan (1971-1972); malami a Cibiyar Victoria, Kuala Lumpur (1972-1977); malami na Nazarin Musulunci da Kwalejin Malamai ta Larabci-Islama, Lembah Pantai (1972-1980); mukaddashin shugaban Sashen Nazarin Musulmi da Kwalejar Malamai na Larabci da Musulunci (1980-1981).
Na gaba ya kasance babban mataimakin darektan harkokin dalibai, Sashen Ilimi na Malamai - Ma'aikatar Ilimi (1982-1983) da Kwalejin Malamai ta Musulunci, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur (1984-1985)
Lokacin da aka kafa rundunar sojin Malaysia (KAGAT) - Ma'aikatar Tsaro, ya zama darektan KAGAT na farko (1985-1995) na shekaru 10. Firayim Ministan Malaysia na lokacin, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya nemi ya shiga soja lokacin da yake da shekaru 40. Saboda haka dole ne ya sami horo na soja kamar horo na soja, makamai, makamai da duk ka'idojin soja. Bayan samun horo daban-daban, Yang di-Pertuan Agong ya ba da takardunsa tare da matsayin kolin kuma ya nada darektan KAGAT na farko. Ana iya aika membobin KAGAT a ko'ina, gami da yin aiki a ƙarƙashin tutar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kamar Bosnia da Herzegovina da Somalia.
Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya sake nada shi a matsayin babban darakta na farko, Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Musulunci ta Malaysia (JAKIM) (1995-2001). An fara kafa JAKIM ne don maye gurbin ƙaramin sashin da aka sani da Sashen Harkokin Musulunci na Sashen Firayim Minista (BAHEIS) a Cibiyar Musulunci. A wannan lokacin ne Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya kira Abdul Hamid a waya yayin aikin hajji zuwa Makka. A lokaci guda kuma an kafa Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Malaysian Syariah (JKSM).
A shekara ta 2001, bayan shekaru 6 a JAKIM, an nada shi Sanata kuma ya zama Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista (2001 - Maris 2004). Tan Sri Dr Mohd Yusof Noor ne ya rike mukamin sannan Tan Sri Abdul Hamid Othman.
Matsayinsa na karshe shi ne Shugaban Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) (16 ga Yulin 2004 - 2009). Shi ne kuma shugaban Jami'ar Kuala Lumpur da kuma Pro Chancellor (UniKL)
Siyasa
Firayim Minista na Malaysia Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ne ya zabe shi don yin takara a mazabar majalisa ta Parit Buntar a cikin Babban Zabe na 2004 kuma ya kayar da Datuk Dr Hasan Mohamed Ali. Abdul Hamid ya samu kuri'u 19,317 yayin da Dokta Hasan ya samu kuriʼu 14,619. Tun da farko, Dokta Hasan ya kayar da dan takarar BN-NOUM Abdul Rahman Suliman, ɗan jarida mai rinjaye 2,094.
Nasarar Abdul Hamid ta kasance tare da nasarar BN-UMNO a kujerar jihar Titi Serong da kuma riƙe mazabar Batu Kurau.
Amma ba a zabi Abdul Hamid a matsayin dan takara a babban zaben 2008 ba. Sanata Datuk Abdul Rahman Suliman ya sake dawo da matsayinsa a kan Dokta Mujahid Yusof Rawa . Ya zama cewa dan takarar BN-UMNO ya sha kashi a hannun dan takarar PAS tare da mafi rinjaye na kuri'u 7,551. A cikin 2013, Datuk Dr Mujahid ya sake cin nasara ta hanyar kayar da Mua'amar Ghadafi Jamal Datuk Wira Jamaludin daga BN-UMNO tare da mafi rinjaye ya karu zuwa kuri'u 8,476.
Daraja
:
Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1990)
Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - Tan Sri (2011)
Malaysian Armed Forces :
Warrior of the Most Gallant Order of Military Service (PAT) (1991)
:
Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) – Dato' (1991)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) - Dato' Seri (2003)
Mutuwa
A shekara ta 2000, Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin ya yi aikin tiyata na zuciya.
A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2014, ya mutu a Cibiyar Zuciya ta Kasa (IJN), Kuala Lumpur saboda gajeren numfashi da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 70. Za a binne kotun a Kabari na Musulunci na Bandar Tun Hussein Onn, Cheras .
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1944
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41198 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiodun%20Faleke | Abiodun Faleke | Abiodun James Faleke (An haifeshi ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1959). Mai kula da kasuwanci ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan dabaru. Dan siyasa ne kuma dan majalisar wakilan Najeriya daga cibiyar kasuwanci ta Legas. A farkon aikinsa Faleke ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai na gudanarwa tare da manyan kamfanoni da dama. Ya kasance tare da Aluminum Manufacturing Company of Nigeria (ALUMCO) PLC a matsayin Manajan Siyayya kuma a farkon 2000 ya koma Crown Agents Ltd a matsayin Manajan Kasuwanci.
Faleke ya shiga harkar siyasa ne a shekarar 2003 bayan Ahmed Bola Tinibu, gwamnan jihar Legas a lokacin ya nada shi babban sakataren zartarwa na farko na sabuwar karamar hukumar Ojodu (LCDA) ta jihar Legas. A shekarar 2011 Faleke ya lashe zaben wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikeja na jihar Legas a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya. A shekarar 2015, ya tsaya takarar mataimakin gwamna Abubakar Audu a jiharsa ta Kogi. Sun samu rinjayen kuri'un da aka kada a zaben da aka yi kaca-kaca da jam'iyyar PDP a karon farko cikin fiye da shekaru goma tare da samun rata mai gamsarwa. Amma Abubakar Audu ya rasu jim kadan kafin a bayyana sakamakon a hukumance. Daga nan sai jam’iyyarsu ta All Progressives Congress (APC) ta mika kuri’u ga Yahaya Bello wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Faleke ya kalubalanci hukuncin da jam’iyyar ta yanke har zuwa kotun koli amma ya sha kaye.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Faleke a Ekinrin Adde a karamar hukumar Ijumu a tsohuwar lardin Kabba. Da aka kafa jihar Kogi a shekarar 1991, karamar hukumar Ijumu ta zama yankin Kogi ta Yamma. Faleke ya yi karatunsa na farko a Ijumu. Tsohon dalibin Abdulazeez Atta Memorial College, Ijumu. A shekarar 1986, ya kammala a Kaduna Polytechnic da Higher National Diploma (HND) a fannin Siyayya da Kula da Supply tare da lambar yabo na dalibin da ya fi kowa daraja a ajinsa da Upper Credit.
Ya yi digirinsa na biyu (MBA) a fannin harkokin kasuwanci tare da gudanarwa a matsayin babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a jami'ar jihar Imo, Owerri a 2003. Shi ɗan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Sayayya ta Kasuwanci (CIPS), London, da Fellow, Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a (IPA).
Tsakanin 1986 zuwa 2003, Faleke ya yi aiki a wurare da dama na gudanarwa a cikin sayayya, sharewa da turawa, ajiyar kaya, rarrabawa da gini. A shekarar 1986, a lokacin hidimar matasa na kasa (NYSC), Faleke yana Siyan Expediter a Asibitin Orthopedic na kasa, Legas. Ya kasance Manajan Material a Kayo Foods Limited, Ilupeju, Legas kafin ya koma Tate Industries PLC a matsayin Manajan Siyayya, Clearing, Distribution da Commercial Manager. Faleke ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Siyayya a Kamfanin Air Liquid PLC, da Aluminum Manufacturing Company of Nigeria (ALUMCO) PLC inda ya kare aikin sa da sarrafa kayayyaki da Kamfanin Crown Agents Ltd a matsayin Manajan Kasuwanci a shekarar 2003.
Siyasa
Aikin siyasar Faleke ya fara ne a shekarar 2003 inda aka nada shi a matsayin babban sakataren zartarwa na karamar hukumar Ojudu (LCDA) ta jihar Legas. Ya kasance a wannan matsayi na wucin gadi tsakanin Nuwamba 2003 zuwa Afrilu 2004, lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukuma. Ya rike wannan ofishin na wa'adi biyu wanda ya kare a shekarar 2011.
A shekarar 2006, ya samu kuri'ar zama shugaban Conference 57, ( kungiyar shugabannin kananan hukumomi) a jihar Legas har zuwa 2011, lokacin da wa'adinsa na Ojodu LCDA ya kare. Faleke a wannan lokaci ya gudanar da ayyuka a kwamitin gyara zabe na jihar Legas da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara ga gwamnan jihar Legas.
Zaben majalisar wakilai
An zabi Faleke a matsayin dan majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya a shekarar 2011, domin wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikeja a jihar Legas. An san shi da kyakkyawar gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga muhawara a cikin majalisar. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da'a da kimar kasa, kuma memba na kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan sayan gwamnati, MDGs, cikin gida, asusun gwamnati, kimiya da fasaha, da kwamitin majalisar kan binciken tallafin man fetur.
Tallafin Kudi
Faleke ya dauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka hada da dokar yiwa masu yi wa kasa hidima na NYSC gyaran fuska, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin inshorar rai ga ‘yan NYSC, da kudirin haramta sayarwa da amfani da kakin soja saboda hadurran da jami’an tsaro ke fuskanta, kuma har yanzu yana mai da hankali kan kalubalen tsaron kasa. ya dauki nauyin wani kudiri kan bukatar rufe hanyoyin kan iyaka sama da 1,400 domin dakile tashe-tashen hankula.
Zaben gwamna na 2015 a jihar Kogi
Faleke ya kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna ga Abubakar Audu a zaben gwamna da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2015 a jihar Kogi. Sun yi takara ne a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa da jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, APC ta dauki nauyin yi. Audu da Faleke sun yi yakin neman zabe a fadin kananan hukumomi 21 na jihar da tsarin jama’a da kuma alkawarin inganta rayuwar al’umma.
Audu da Faleke sun kasance kan gaba a sakamakon sakamakon zaben kananan hukumomi 21 na jihar. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan nasarar zaben Abubakar Audu. Daga nan sai Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ta ayyana zaben a matsayin wanda ya kunshi.
Bisa lafazin Sakamakon da jami’in kula da masu kada kuri’a, Emmanuel Kucha (Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Makurdi), Abubakar Audu/James Abiodum Faleke ya bayyana na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ya samu 240,867 yayin da Idris Wada wanda shi ne gwamna mai ci a karo na biyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu. Jam'iyyar PDP ta samu kuri'u 199,514.
Mista Kucha ya ce tazarar kuri’u tsakanin Messrs Audu da Wada shine 41,353. Kuma cewa zaben bai kammalu ba saboda jimillar wadanda suka yi rajista a rumfunan zabe 91, a kananan hukumomi 18, inda aka soke zaben ya kai 49,953.
Wannan adadi ya haura kuri’u 41,353 da Mista Audu ke gaban Mista Wada.
APC ta mayarwa Audu/Faleke kuri'u zuwa Yahaya Bello
Bayan rasuwar Audu da ayyana zaben ya hada da APC ta tsayar da Yahaya Bello wanda shi ne ya zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na APC. domin ya gaji kuri'un da Audu/Faleke ya samu a babban zaben kasar inda ya nemi Faleke ya ci gaba da zama mataimakinsa na gwamna. Sai dai faleke ya yi watsi da matakin da APC ta dauka inda ya ce an kammala tattara sakamakon zaben kuma ana jiran a bayyana wanda ya lashe zaben a hukumance kafin rasuwar Audu ba zato ba tsammani kuma a matsayinsa na dan takara daya tilo da ya rage a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa ya kamata a ayyana shi a matsayin zababben gwamna. Faleke ya rubuta INEC yana bayyana kansa a matsayin zababben gwamna. Amma APC ta yi watsi da gardamar nasa inda ta shiga zaben cike gurbin tare da Yahaya Bello a matsayin dan takararta na gwamna.
Kamar yadda karin sakamakon zaben da Mista Kucha, mataimakin shugaban jami’ar noma ta Makurdi ya bayyana, jam’iyyar APC ta samu kuri’u 6,885, wanda ya kai jimillar kuri’u 247,752, inda ta samu kuri’u 240,857 a zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba.
Wanda ya zo na biyu, jam’iyyar PDP da dan takararta, Idris Wada, wanda shi ne gwamna mai ci, ya samu kuri’u 5,363 a karin zaben. Don haka, PDP ta samu kuri’u 204, 877, inda ta samu 199,514 a zaben da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba.
Faleke ya kalubalanci hukuncin da APC ta yanke a kotu
Faleke ya garzaya kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe yana kalubalantar sahihancin hukuncin da APC ta yanke na mayar da shi mataimakin Yahaya Bello. ba a zaben ranar 21 ga Nuwamba lokacin da aka kada kuri'u masu yawa a zaben.
Ya shaida wa jam’iyyarsa cewa ba zai halarci bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna Yahaya Bello ba. “Ba zan ba wa Yarima Abubakar Audu kunya ba. Ni James Abiodun Faleke, ba zan halarci rantsuwar ba idan ba mu gama shari’ar ba kafin ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2016”. “Ba wanda ya tuntube ni kafin ya sanya ni mataimakin Bello. Bello ma bai tuntube ni ba. Na bayyana matsayina ga shugabannin jam’iyyar kan haka. Ban shirya cin amana da bata wa Yarima Abubakar Audu kunya ba.” Dangane da wannan alwashi, Faleke bai gabatar da kansa a matsayin mataimakin Yahaya Bello ba.
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1959
Rayayyun mutane
Articles with hAudio microformats
Yarbawa yan siyasa
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar APC
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Mutane daga jihar kogi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
49191 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Ghana | Yawon Buɗe Ido a Ghana | Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta Ghana ce ke kula da yawon bude ido a Ghana. Wannan ma'aikatar tana da alhakin haɓakawa da haɓaka ayyukan da suka shafi yawon shakatawa a Ghana.
Abubuwa masu jan hankali na yawon bude ido da kididdigar yawon bude ido
Masu yawon bude ido zuwa Ghana sun hada da baƙi daga Kudancin Amurka da Latin Amurka, Asiya da Turai. Masu yawon bude ido suna zuwa Ghana don jin daɗin yanayin zafi na duk shekara da namun daji. Ghana tana alfahari da magudanan ruwa (irin su Kintampo Waterfalls da mafi girma a cikin Afirka ta Yamma, Tagbo Falls, Gana rairayin bakin teku masu yashi, kogo, tsaunuka, koguna, tasirin tasirin meteorite. Sauran abubuwan jan hankali sun hada da tafkunan ruwa da tafkuna irin su Tafkin Bosumtwi ko Bosumtwi meteorite crater da tafki mafi girma da man-made a duniya ta sararin sama, tafkin Volta. Har ila yau, Ghana tana da ɗimbin tudu da garu, wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.
Kididdigar dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya a shekarar 2010 ta nuna cewa Ghana ta kasance ta 108 a cikin kasashe 139 a matsayin kasar da ta fi yawan yawon bude ido a duniya. Kasar ta koma matsayi na biyu daga matsayi na 2009. A cikin shekarar 2011, Mujallar Forbes, ta buga cewa Ghana ta kasance kasa ta goma sha ɗaya mafi yawan abokantaka a duniya. Sanarwar ta samo asali ne daga wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 na wani bangare na matafiya. A cikin dukkan kasashen Afirka da aka sanya a cikin binciken, Ghana ce ta kasance a matsayi mafi girma. Ghana ita ce kasa ta saba'in-mafi kwanciyar hankali a duniya kuma a matsayin kasa ta 58-mafi zaman lafiya a duniya.
A shekarar 2011, Ghana ta samu dalar Amurka biliyan 2.19 ($2,019,000,000) daga fannin yawon bude ido, daga masu zuwa yawon bude ido miliyan 1.1 na kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2012, bangaren yawon bude ido na Ghana ya samu dala biliyan 1.7 daga masu yawon bude ido 993,600 na duniya, inda ya samar da aikin yi ga mutane 359,000. Ghana za ta samu dalar Amurka biliyan 8.3 kowace shekara daga fannin yawon bude ido a shekara ta 2027, a bayan kiyasin masu zuwa yawon bude ido miliyan 4.3 na kasa da kasa.
Don shiga Ghana, ya zama dole a sami takardar izinin shiga daga Gwamnatin Ghana, sai dai wasu ƴan kasuwa da manyan ƴan kasuwa waɗanda ke kan tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci.
Yawon buɗe ido na gado
Yawon buɗe ido na al'adun gargajiya a Ghana yana jagorancin wani biki mai suna Bikin Tarihi na Pan-African ko PANAFEST. Bikin dai wani taron al'adu ne da nufin kara azama kan kasashen Afirka da ci gaban Afirka. Ya ƙunshi bikin kansa da kuma bikin da ke kewaye da ranar 'yanci. PANAFEST da farko yana faruwa ne a birane biyu, Elmina da Cape Coast, waɗanda sune manyan katangar cinikin bayi a ƙasar. Bikin yana gudana ne sama da kwanaki takwas zuwa tara kuma ana farawa da shimfidar furen biki. Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin PANAFEST sun haɗa da ranar carnival, balaguron dawowa daga waɗanda ke cikin wasu ƙasashe, ranar haihuwar Rita Marley, lacca na ilimi kan mata da matasa, bikin suna daga mutane daga ƙasashen waje, da kuma a ƙarshe "Dare na girmamawa".
PANAFEST bayyana ce ta al'adun Ghana kai tsaye. Har ila yau, rabon shi da jarin da gwamnatin Rawlings ta yi. Hakika, Rawlings ya bunkasa bukukuwan al'adu na kasa da kasa kamar PANAFEST a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga ga Ghana ta hanyar bunkasa yawon buɗe ido a Ghana. Ya tabbatar da yin tasiri.
Yawon shakatawa a Ghana: farkon farawa
Kafin gwamnatin Jerry Rawlings a shekarar 1981, yawon bude ido a Ghana ba wata hanyar samun kudin shiga ba ce ga al'ummar Ghana, don haka ya kasance wata damar da aka rasa wajen taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin Ghana. Gwamnatin Rawlings ta ga wannan yanki na dama kuma ta yi amfani da shi, a ƙarshe dace al'adun Ghana da kuma yin amfani da su a matsayin hanyar samun kudaden shiga. Ta hanyar maido da manyan gine-ginen da aka taɓa amfani da su a masana'antar bayi, da kafa abubuwan tunawa da jama'a na girmama "'ya'ya maza masu kyau" na Ghana, tare da ƙarfafawa daga gwamnati ta hanyar ƙarfafa jari na masu zaman kansu, gwamnatin Rawlings ta sami damar ciyar da yawon buɗe ido gaba. kudin yin amfani da al'adun Ghana.
An san masana'antar yawon buɗe ido a Ghana don haɓaka yawon buɗe ido mai ɗorewa wanda ya haɗa da: yawon buɗe ido na al'adu, yawon buɗe ido na gado, yawon buɗe ido na nishaɗi, yawon buɗe ido na kasada da yawon buɗe ido. Yawon buɗe ido na al'adu yana mai da hankali kan bukukuwa da abubuwan da suka faru, yayin da yawon buɗe ido na gado yana mai da hankali kan tarihin hanyoyin bayi. Yawon buɗe ido na nishaɗi yana ba masu yawon bude ido damar bincika rairayin bakin teku da wuraren shakatawa na jigo. Yawon shakatawa na kasada yana duba dazuzzukan ruwan sama da wuraren shakatawa na wasa, kuma yawon buɗe ido na taron yana mai da hankali kan albarkatu da taro.
Yawancin wuraren yawon bude ido na gado suna bayyana abubuwan da suka gada daga kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje da kuma tsarin zamantakewar al'umma. A sakamakon haka, waɗannan binciken sun yi tasiri ga haɗin gwiwar masu yawon bude ido da wuraren yawon buɗe ido na gado ta hanyar ba da zurfin al'adu ga kwarewarsu.
Muhimmancin ci gaban kasa
An yi la'akari da yawon bude ido yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ghana da ci gabanta.
Manazarta
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52894 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama%20Rashid | Osama Rashid | Osama Jabbar Shafeeq Rashid ( ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Iraki wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob ɗin Primeira Liga Vizela da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iraki .
Aikin kulob
Sana'ar matasa
An haife shi a Kirkuk, Iraki, Rashid ya koma Feyenoord a shekarar 1999 daga ZOB, kulob mai son daga Zuidoostbeemster . Ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma tare da kafa matasa na kungiyar gwagwalad kuma yana cikin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun amfanin gona na 'yan wasa da suka kammala karatun digiri a makarantar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Sauran wadanda suka kammala karatun sun hada da Stefan de Vrij, Jordy Clasie, Bruno Martins Indi, da Luc Castaignos tsakanin gwagwalad sauran su. Rashid ya samu rauni a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship wanda ya hana shi yin atisaye da na farko wanda ya yi imanin ya shafi damarsa da kungiyar ta farko. Ba a ba Rashid kwangilar ƙwararru ba da zarar ya cika shekaru 18 da haihuwa don haka bai ci gaba da aiki da Feyenoord ba.
Den Bosch kuma ya kasa canjawa wuri zuwa Werder Bremen
Rashid ya rattaba hannu a FC Den Bosch bayan an sake shi daga Feyenoord. Ya buga lokacin 2011 – 12 a cikin Eerste Divisie, rukuni na biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Netherlands. Ya buga wasanni 12 inda ya zura kwallaye biyu yayin da Den Bosch ya kare a matsayi na shida a gasar kuma ya kasa samun tikitin zuwa gasar Eredivisie . Rashid ya bar Den Bosch a karshen kakar wasa.
A cikin shekara ta 2012, Wolfgang Sidka, tsohon dan wasan Werder Bremen wanda ya kasance kocin Iraki a lokacin, ya shirya gwaji ga Rashid a kulob din Bundesliga . An gayyace shi don wani gwaji kuma a ƙarshe Werder Bremen ya ba shi kwangila, wanda ya ƙi yin la'akari da sha'awar kammala karatunsa. Tuni dai Rashid ya bayyana cewa tattaunawa tsakanin Feyenoord da Werder Bremen ta ci tura duk da cewa Feyenoord ba ta da gwagwalad hakkin biyan diyya.
Excelsior Massluis
Neman ƙarin lokacin wasa, Rashid ya rattaba gwagwalad hannu kan ƙungiyar ta Excelsior Maassluis ta mataki na uku don kakar 2012–13. Ya buga gwagwalad wasanni 20 inda ya zura kwallaye biyar a gasar.
Alphense Boys
A cikin shekara ta 2013, Rashid ya rattaba hannu kan Alphense Boys a mataki na biyar na ƙwallon ƙafa na Holland. Bayan da ya buga wasanni 34 inda ya zura kwallaye 15, ya bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2014–15 ya koma SC Farense a kasar Portugal.
Farance
Rashid ya sanya hannu kan SC Farense a cikin rukuni na biyu mafi girma na Portuguese . Ya yi wasansa na farko a kan 8 Agusta 2015 da Académico Viseu . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a karawarsu da Covilhã a ranar wasa 7. Rashid ya kasance mai taka-leda a kungiyar inda ya buga wasanni 41, ya zura kwallaye 6. Daga nan ya samu tayin daga Bulgaria, wanda hakan ya bashi damar taka leda a wata babbar kasa a karon farko a rayuwarsa.
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
Rashid a karshe ya samu rabonsa na kwallon kafa na saman jirgin bayan ya shiga kungiyar Lokomotiv Plovdiv na Bulgaria. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Slavia Sofia a ranar wasa 3. Rashid ya bar Bulgaria da sauri yayin da ya kasa daidaita rayuwa a can kuma ya koma Portugal shiga CD Santa Clara .
Santa Clara
Kungiyar LigaPro Santa Clara ce ta sanar da rashi rashi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Santa Clara a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan da Gil Vicente ranar 12 ga Fabrairu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a kwanaki uku bayan ya ci 2-0 a kan Cova Piedade kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko. Kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 10, ba tare da samun ci gaba ba.
A farkon kakar wasa ta gaba, Rashid ya zura kwallo a wasanninsa na farko na kakar wasa a duka kofin da gasar. Sannan ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni ukun da suka biyo baya, domin fara kakar wasa ta bana yana zura kwallo a raga a kowane wasa hudu na farko na gasar. Ya yi rajistar taimakonsa na farko a ranar 9 ga Satumba a kan CF União Madeira a wasan da kungiyarsa ta ci 2-1. Rashid ya ji rauni a watan Janairu kuma ya ɗauki kusan watanni uku don murmurewa, ya koma mataki a kan CD Nacional, yana taimaka sau biyu a wasan 3-3. Rashid sa'an nan ya zira kwallaye a cikin wasanni biyu na gaba, da Famalicão da Oliveirense don taimakawa Santa Clara lashe gabatarwa da kuma isa Primeira Liga .
A kakar wasansa na farko a cikin babban jirgin Portugal. Osama ya zura kwallaye uku sannan kuma ya taimaka wa wasu uku a wasanni shida na farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Ya fara wasanni 14 na farko yana wasa a matsayin hagu, tsakiya, ko mai tsaron gida. Bai buga wasanni hudu masu zuwa ba a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 2019, inda kasar Qatar ta fitar da Iraqi a zagaye na goma sha shida. A wasan ranar 21 da suka fafata da Boavista Osama ya tsage ligament din gwiwarsa kuma an cire shi a minti na 31. Ya rasa wasanni biyar saboda rauni, kafin ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu da Vitória Guimarães . Ya kawo karshen kakar wasan cikin gida da wasanni 25, kwallaye 7, da taimakawa shida yayin da Santa Clara ya kare a matsayi na 10 da maki 42.
Gaziantep
A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, Rashid ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din Gaziantep na Turkiyya.
Khor Fakkan
A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, Rashid ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din UAE Khor Fakkan .
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Netherlands U-17
Bayan ya koma Netherlands tun yana yaro, Rashid ya cancanci kuma ya buga wa tawagar Netherlands U17 ta gwagwalad wakilci sau 11. Yana cikin tawagar da ta buga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2009 inda ta kai wasan karshe a gasar da ta sha kashi a hannun Jamus. Rashid ya buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar U19 ta Holland.
tawagar kasar Iraqi
Rashid ya sauya sheka zuwa kasarsa ta haihuwa ta Iraki, lokacin da tsohon dan wasan Brazil Zico ke jagorantar tawagar kasar, kuma ya fara buga wasansa a wasan da Brazil ta doke su da ci 6-0. An kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC a Australia a 2015 inda Iraki ta zo ta hudu.
An yi watsi da Rashid musamman a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, yana yin bayyanuwa lokaci-lokaci yayin da Iraki ta fuskanci manajoji shida a cikin shekaru hudu. Koyaya, manajan Iraki Srečko Katanec ya dawo da Rashid cikin tawagar don gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 2019 . Ya buga minti 45 maras dadi a wasan farko na Iraki, inda aka doke Vietnam da ci 3-2, kuma bai buga sauran gwagwalad wasannin ba yayin da kasar Qatar ta fitar da Iraki a zagaye na 16 a zagaye na 16.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Osama yana da digiri a Kasuwancin Wasanni, kuma mai sha'awar kulob din Real Madrid ne na Spain.
Kididdigar sana'a
Girmamawa
Ƙasashen Duniya
WAFF Championship : 2012
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1992
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27o%27in%20Hausawa%20na%20gargajiya | Sana'o'in Hausawa na gargajiya | Sana'o'in Hausawa na gargajiya na nufin sana'o'in asali na mutanen Hausa na farko wanda aka san su da shi. Wadannan sana'oi sun kasance tushen tattalin arzikin kasashen Hausa tun a farkon, tarihinsu. Daga ciki akwai noma da rini da jima da kira da dai sauransu.
Sana'a
Sana’a kalma ce da aka aro ta daga Larabci, kuma tana ɗaukar ma’ana ta samar da wani abin amfani ta hanyar hikima a Hausance. Misali, sana’ar ƙira. A gargajiyance, Bahaushe yana da sana’o’in da yawansu ke da wahalar ƙididdigewa. Daga cikin irin waɗannan sana’o’i akwai manya, akwai kuma ƙanana, akwai na maza, akwai kuma na mata, sannan kuma akwai na gama-gari. Sannan kuma masana sun kasa su zuwa kashi uku wadanda suka haɗa da sana’o’in maza da na sana’o’in mata da kuma sana’o’in haɗaka ko na gamayya.
Sana'a na nufin duk wani nema ko hanyar da Dan Adam zai nemi abinci ta hanyar halak, ko kuma sana'a ita ce duk abinda mutun zai sarrafa domin ya sami wata lada, ya samu ya rayu, rayuwa mai kyau ba tare da wani cikas ba. Ko kuma a takaice mu ce sana'a na nufin dogaro da kai. Sana'ar mutum ita ce a bar alfaharinsa ko ina ya je da ita zai tinkaho. Akwai wasu mawakan Hausa da dama da suka y0i tsokaci a kan Sana'a, har wata daga cikinsu tana cewa a lokacin da take zaburar da mata a kan sana'a "Kai ku tashi ku koyi sana'a mata, macen da ba ta sana'a aura ce" kalmar aura a nan tana nufin jaka.
Sana’o’in maza su ne sana’o’in da maza zalla ne suka fi yin su. Koda an samu mata a ciki to yawansu bai kai a misalta ba. Misali, sana’ar ƙira da sauransu. Ire- Iren wadannan sanao’in gargajiya na Hausawa sun hada da:
Noma
saƙa
Fawa
Sassaka
Sussuka
Fatauci
Su(Kamun kifi)
Dukanci
Wanzanci
Kiwo
Rini
Jima
Ƙira
Farauta
Kasuwanci
Bayanin su
Bayan mun ga Ire-iren su bari mu tafi zuwa bayaninsu daya
bayan daya da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa.
Noma
"Noma na duke tsohon ciniki shine kirarin noma da Hausawa suke masa da dadewa".
A ƙasar hausa dacan babu wata babbar sana’a wadda zance maka kusan kowa yana yinta da ta wuce noma. Inda mafi yawancin Kakanni suke amfani da noma domin cida iyalansu ta hanyar shuka abun da zasu ci da kuma saidawa.
Shi noma ya kasu ne zuwa gida biyu ga su kamar haka:
Noma domin cida gida: Mafi yawancin noman da hausawa suke yi a ƙasar hausa a dacan sukeyi musamman talakawan da wanda zasu cida iyalinsu kawai, wanda zaka ga mutum ya noma abunda zasu ci da iyalinsa kawai. Misalin irin wannan shine wanda yake shuka hatsi irinsu masara, dawa, gero da ma sauransu waɗanda ake sarrafawa zuwa abincin gargajiya.
Noman Kasuwanci: Nau’i na biyu kuma shine wanda domin sai dawa kaɗai ake yinsa wanda ba a iya ci ya tsaya ba kamar waɗanda suke noma shukoki irin auduga da kuma irinsu ridi da sauransu. Duk da cewa daga baya an runguma noman Masara da Shinkafa da sauransu a matsayin noman kasuwanci.
Kiwo
Kiwo dai itace babbar sana'ar Fulani kuma sunfi kowace Ƙabila iya kiwo da yawan dabbobi, kamar yadda Noma yake babbar sana'ar Hausawa haka suma Fulani kiwo shine babbar sana'ar su. Sai dai kuma
Kiwo na daga cikin sana’oi wanda suka shahara a wajen hausawa wanda suke yi tun kaka da kakanni. Hausawa sun daɗe suna kiwata dabbobi daban-daban kama tun daga mayan dabbobi zuwa ƙananan dabbobi.
Misalan wasu daga cikin dabbobin da hausawa suka daɗe suna
kiwatawa sun haɗa da kaza, fannin raguna, shanu rakuma da sauransu. Yawancin dalilin da yake sa ana kiwo shine domin a sai da a
samu kuɗi don biyan wasu buƙatun yau-da-kullum, wani lokacin kuma domin a yi aikin noma da su Misali shanun Noma (Ga'in huɗa).
Rini
Sana’ar hannu ce wadda ake yi, yadda take shine ana canza
ma kaya launi ko kuma kala ta hanyar rina su da sinadarai.
Da dadewa hausawa sun dade suna rina kayansu wanda
wadanda ke rini a hausa ana kiransu da marina.
Dalilin yinsa shine don a samu kudi da wanda rini har yanzu
ana yinsa a yankunan hausawa daban daban a fadin duniya.
Jima
Tunda daɗewa an daɗe duniya ana jima bama a ƙasar hausa kawai ba, inda ake saida abubuwan da ake haɗa sanadiyyar jima a kasuwa.
Jima tana nufin samun fata ta dabbobi a tsaftace ta yadda za’a sarrafa ta zuwa abubuwan amfani.
Misalin abubuwan da ake haɗawa daga jima sun haɗa da
sulke, takalma, buzu da saurandsu.
DUKANCI
Sana’ar Dukanci, sana’a ce da ake sarrafa fata a mayar da ita wani abu mai amfani
kamar takalmi, guga, riga da sauransu domin samun abin masarufi. Baduku shi
ne sunan mai yin sana’ar Dukanci. Fatar da masu jima ke samarwa, ita dukawa
ke sarrafawa. Akwai unguwar da ta yi fice a kan wannan sana’a a cikin birnin
Kano da ake kira Dukawa.
-Kayan Aiki
Dukawa sukan gudanar da sana’arsu ta
dukanci ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin da suka haɗa da: fata, almakashi,
guduma, da sauransu
-Kayayyakin da Dukawa ke Yi
Matashi (fulo), majingini, buzu, laya, guru, daga, kambu, salka, garkuwa,
maratayi, taraha/tintimi, rigar sirdi, ragama, kube, gafaka, zabira, linzami,
takalmi, kwari, tandu, burgami, warki, guga, dagumi, sulkami, zugazugi (abin da
masu sana'ar ƙira ke hura wuta da shi), taiki, da sauransu.
KIRA
Ko shakka babu kira na daya daga cikin sanaoin gargajiya na
hausawa wanda suke yi tun zamanin kaka da kakanni.
Yadda ake kira shine za’a samu karfe a sa shi cikin wuta yayi
ja yadda za’a sarrafa shi zuwa abubuwan amfani.
Wanda yake kira ana kiranshi da makeri shikuma wajen da ake
kirar ana kiranta da makera.
Misalan abubuwan da ake kerawa sun hada da abubuwan aikin
gona akamar su lauje, hauya, gatari, mijagara da sauransu.
Akwai kuma abuwan yaki wanda suma a makera ake hada su
kamar su Takobi, adda, makari mashi, kibiya da sauransu.
FARAUTA
Farauta na nufin kamo dabbobin daji ta hanyar halbo su ko
kuma yi masu tarko yadda za’a kamasu.
Farauta ana yinta ne musamman don kamo nama daga daji
domin a ci ko kuma a sai da a kasuwa ga wanda suka dauke
ta a matsayin kasuwanci.
Wanda ya dauki farauta a matsayin kasuwanci ana kiranshi da
mafarauci a kasar hausa.
Sana'a
GA JERIN SANA'O'IN HAUSAWA
1. 'Kafinta shi Kafinta kala biyu ne akwai na sama akwai kuma na kasa, Kafinta sama shine wanda yake bugun kwano wato rafta da dai sauran su. Shi kuma Kafinta kasa shine mai hada kujeru da gadaje ds.
2. Su/Masunci/Mai kamun kifi Su sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita, tunda zaka ga da yawa masu yin su har bada maganin sanyi suke saboda alakar su da ruwa. Su na daga sana'a da ake gado tun daga iyaye har kakanni.
3. Qira Qira ita sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita wato qira na nufin sana'a ce da ake sanin yadda ake sarrafa karfe da wuta. Itama akan gade ta iyaye da kakanni masu qira na bada maganin wuta.
4. Kiɗa kida itama sana'a ce da akanyi ta a kasar Hausa tun zamanin da, itama akan dogara da ita. Makada sun kasu daban daban akwai makadin noma, na fada, na yan'bori da kuma makadi game gari shi kam kowa yana wa kids sarki, yan'bori manoma ds.
5. Sassaka itama sana'a ce da mai zaman kanta wadda masassaka keyin ta misali suna sassaka turmi tabarya, Kota/fartanya ds.
6. Dukanci ita dai sana'a baduku sana'a ce ta sanin yadda ake sarrafa fata da irin guru da layun nan gargajiya wato masu dinka laya.
7. Wanzanci itama sana'a wanzaci sana'a wadda Hausawa keyin ta misali sune sukeyin aski, kaciya ds.
8. Dinki' sana'a dinki sana'a ce da akeyi don dogaro da kai madunka suna dunka riguna sawa na maza da mata iri daban daban.
9. Noma shima noma sana'a ce mai mutukar amfani wadda itama da itace wasu suka dogara.
10. Kiwo sana'a kiwo sana'a ce wadda fulani suka fi shahara a cikin ta, tunba kiwon shanu ba, kusan dukan Annabawa sunyi kiwo.
11. Kasuwanci/Fatauci kasuwanci sana'a ce wadda ta samo asali tun daga fiyayyen halittu (S A W) yayin da itace sana'a da aka fi shahara akanta kusan acikin ko wace Al-ummah.
12. Gina/Gini Gina itama ta kasu kashi biyu akwai masu ginin gidaje sai kuma masu ginin tukwane ds.
13. Ɗori itama sana'a ce da mafi yawan ta gadon ta ake daga iyaye da kakanni. Wato madora sune masu dora mutum idan ya karye har ma dabbobi. Da dai sauran sana'o'in Hausawa da bamu ambata ba. Wadannan sune a takaice. Amma akwaisu da yawa bazasu ƙirgu ba.
Sana'o'in Mata
Suma dai matan Hausawa ba'a barsu a baya ba domin kuwa tun zamanin da suna yin sana'a ballantana wannan zamani
1. 'Kitso' sana'ar Kitso sana'a ce da mata sukeyin ta domin samun yan kwabbai kuma domin su taimaka ma junansu. wasu tun suna yara suke koyo wasu kuma sai sun girma. Amma yanzu sukan bude saloon na zamani.
2. Fura itama sana'a ce ta Mata wadda akeyin ta don sai fura wani lokacin ma hada Nono.
3. Tuwo itama sana'a ce ta saida tuwo wadda aka fi sani da tuwo-tuwo, mafi yawa Mata keyin ta.
4. Kaɗi kaɗi sana'a ce ta Mata wato masu sarrafa Auduga/kaɗa don yin wasu abubuwa tunba mazari da kuma kayan sawa. Amma yanzu ba'a yi sana'a ta koma ta zamani.
5. Koda itama sana'a ce da mata keyi musamman tsofaffi, sana'a Koda na nufin sussukau mata masu sussukau hatsi musamman gero dawa ds. Amma anfi yin wannan sana'a a kauyuka. Yanzu ma dai ta kusa komawa ta zamani da inji akeyin sussuka.
6. Lalle/kwalliya'' itama sana'a ce wadda Mata keyi musamman idan za'a kai sabuwa amarya. Wato lallen Amare.
7. 'Reda' Reda sana'a ce da mata keyi amma a da can lokacin da babu wadatuwar injina musamman kauye. Anayin reda ne wata Nika hatsi masara,dawa, gero da dai sauran su don yin tuwo. Duwatsu ne guda biyu daya sama daya kasa sai adinga zuba hatsi ana gogawa har ya zamo gari.
Amfanin Sana'a
Sana'a tana da amfani sosai don akasar Hausa idan mutum baida sana'a ko aure ba'a bashi babban amfani sana'a tana sa a samu Al-ummah managarciya watau ingantacciya.
Manazarta |
27804 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27ar%20HaGai | Sha'ar HaGai | Sha'ar HaGai (Ibrananci: שער הגיא), da Bab al-Wad ko Bab al-Wadi a Larabci (Ibrananci: באב אל-ואד, Larabci: باب الواد ko باب الوادي), lit. Ƙofar Kwarin a cikin harsunan biyu, wuri ne a kan babbar hanyar Tel Aviv-Jerusalem, mai nisan kilomita 23 daga Urushalima, inda hanyar ta fara haye ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi da ke gefen tsaunin dutse mai tsayi, mai suna a cikin Larabci Wadi Ali.
Suna
An yi amfani da sunan Larabci Bab al-Wad, 'Ƙofar Kwarin', a cikin Ibrananci kuma, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin waƙar 1948, har sai bayan kafa Ƙasar Isra'ila da ƙirƙirar sunan Ibrananci, Sha'ar HaGai. , fassarar sunan Larabci a zahiri.
Zamanin Ottoman
Titin Jaffa-Jerusalem da farko Ottoman ya fara samun damar yin amfani da motocin masu keken hannu a cikin 1867 kuma tun daga nan ya zama babbar hanyar zuwa Urushalima, wanda aka fifita fiye da hanyoyin da suka dace da yanayin yanayi kamar Route 443, wanda aka sani tun lokacin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin “hawan Beth. Horon". Tafiya daga Jaffa zuwa Kudus ta ragu, albarkacin wannan haɓakawa, daga kwana uku zuwa biyu kuma Bab al-Wad ya zama wurin da matafiya suke tsayawa su kwana. Don haka, daular Usmaniyya ta gina wurin masauki ko ayari, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ba da jimawa ba, a shekara ta 1869, shekarar da aka kaddamar da mashigin ruwa na Suez Canal, ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyen masarautar zuwa Kudus kamar Franz Joseph I na Austria-Hungary, nan gaba. Sarkin Birtaniya Edward VII da kuma Sarkin Jamus Frederick III na gaba. A cikin 1898 Sarkin Jamus Wilhelm II da matarsa Augusta Victoria suka sake yin amfani da wurin, waɗanda suka kwana a sansanin. Kararrawa mafi girma ga cocin Augusta Victoria Foundation, wanda Wilhelm ya qaddamar a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1898 da aka gina tsakanin 1907 zuwa 1910, ya auna nauyin tan shida kuma ya bukaci a fadada hanyar da shimfida.
Yakin 1947-1948
A lokacin yakin basasa na 1947-48 a Falasdinu tilas da kuma yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a 1948, wannan yanki da sansanin 'yan sanda da ke kusa da Latrun sun gamu da kazamin fada tsakanin sojojin Larabawa da ayarin motocin yahudawa a kan hanyar killace birnin Kudus. Bab al-Wad da ƙazantar da take gadin sun canza hannu tsakanin Sojojin Yancin Larabawa da ke samun goyon bayan Larabawa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa Palmach da Haganah, har zuwa Afrilu 20 1948, lokacin da Larabawa suka sake kwace tuddai a kusa da Bab al-Wad da ke rufe Tel Aviv- Hanyar Urushalima.
Daga tsakiyar Mayu 1948, sansanin soja a Latrun, kilomita biyu kawai yamma da Bab al-Wad, Arab Legion, ingantaccen, horar da Birtaniyya kuma ya umarci sojojin Transjordan. Brigade na 10 na Palmach (Harel) a ƙarƙashin umarnin Lt. Col. Yitzhak Rabin, Firayim Minista na Isra'ila na gaba, ya sami nasarar kama Bab al-Wad da kansa, amma ɓangaren titin yamma da shi, wanda aka sarrafa daga Latrun, ya kasance a hannun Jordan har zuwa 1967, yana yanke wannan babbar hanyar zuwa Urushalima. Don wucewa ta hanyar da ke cikin Arab, Isra’ilawa sun gina hanyar Burma, wacce aka sanya wa suna sanannen hanyar yakin duniya na II zuwa China. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar ta hanya mai mahimmanci yayin farkon, muhimmin ɓangaren yaƙin, ana maye gurbinsa bayan watanni shida kawai ta hanyar mafi tsayi amma mafi aminci.
Bayan 1967
Bayan yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekarar 1967, lokacin da Isra'ila ta kwace yankin Latrun, an sake gina babbar hanyar Tel Aviv-Jerusalem akan mafi guntuwar hanyar da ta wuce Latrun da Sha'ar HaGai. A yau babbar titin 1 mai fadi da hanyoyi hudu a halin yanzu (2016) ana fadada shi saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ta hanyar yin zane-zane a cikin gangaren rafin Wadi Ali.
Abubuwan tunawa da yaki
Motocin Sandwich
Har zuwa 2000s, ragowar motocin sulke na ayarin motocin Yahudawa da aka lalata a lokacin yaƙin 1948 suna kan hanya a matsayin abin tunawa ga matattu na yaƙi. Yawancinsu manyan motoci ne na yau da kullun da nagartattun sulke da aka yi da karfe biyu da katako a tsakani, wanda hakan ya sa ake kiransu da “motocin sandwich”. Daga nan sai da sojoji suka mayar da su zuwa sassan biyu na kwazazzabo, inda aka tsare su daga barayin karfe, a ajiye su a baje kolinsu a gefen babbar hanyar.
Dandalin tunawa da Mahal
A wani wurin shakatawa a kudu da babban titin akwai Monument na Mahal Memorial, wanda ke tunawa da ca. Sojojin sa kai na Yahudawa 4000 da ba Yahudawa ba wadanda suka fito daga kasashen waje don taimakawa wajen kafa kasar Yahudu a 1947-48, wadanda 119 daga cikinsu suka rasa rayukansu a lokacin yakin.
Tunawa da wadanda suka mutu a titin Jerusalem
Wani "Bikin Tunawa da Majagaba na Hanyar Kudus", wanda aka kafa domin tunawa da mayakan Yahudawan 'Yancin kai da suka mutu a fadace-fadacen da aka gwabza akan hanyar zuwa Kudus, ya tsaya a gefen babbar hanyar da ke kusa da Neve Ilan. Aikin 1967 na sculptor na Isra'ila Naomi Henrik an gina shi da bakin karfe da siminti kuma ya ƙunshi tarin bututu masu kama da rokoki da ke nuni zuwa Urushalima.
Waka
Waƙar Ibrananci, Bab al-Wad, da kalmomin Haim Gouri da kuma waƙar Shmuel Fershko sun yi bikin tunawa da yaƙe-yaƙe na 1948. Shahararrun mawakan Isra’ila da dama ne suka yi waƙar, kamar Yafa Yarkoni, Shoshana Damari, Shlomo Gronich, da Harel Skaat. Waƙar tana da ayoyi huɗu, tare da aya ta huɗu ana magana kafin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙarshe.
Anan nake tafiya shiru
Kuma ina tuna su, kowane guda
Anan muka yi yaƙi tare, bisa manyan duwatsu da duwatsu
Anan muka kasance dangi daya
Babban Wad
Ka tuna da sunayenmu har abada
Yayin da ayarin motocin suka kutsa cikin birnin
Matattunmu suna kan titi
Bakin karfe yayi shiru kamar abokina
Isra'ilawa suna magana game da wurin a rayuwar yau da kullun suna kiranta da sunan Ibrananci Sha'ar HaGai (שער הגיא) a cikin Ibrananci, amma sanannen waƙar ya kira ta da sunan Larabci Bab al-Wad - kiyaye gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1948, sojojin matashin Isra'ila ya kira shi. Dukansu sunan Ibrananci da Larabci suna nufin iri ɗaya - "Ƙofar Kwarin".
Duba kuma
Yaƙin Urushalima (Disamba 1947 - Yuli 1948)
Jerusalem corridor, babban yanki wanda ya ƙunshi Bab al-Wad/Sha'ar HaGai da kwazazzabo Wadi Ali
Operation Ha-Har na sojojin Isra'ila a watan Oktobar 1948, wanda ya kai ga IDF ta karbe iko da hanyar Jerusalem.
Manazarta |
57694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kula%20da%20filayen%20jiragen%20sama%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya | Jiragen saman fasinja a Najeriya ya yi kaca-kaca da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. Amma sama da komai, ya samo asali ne daga wani hatsarin tarihi da aka yi tun a shekarar 1925 a wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba - tsohon birnin Kano mai katanga.
Jirgin sama na farko da ya taba sauka a Najeriya Airco DH.9A na 47 Squadron (Station a Helwan Kusa da Alkahira ), jiragen sun sauka a Maiduguri a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1925,akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kano da Kaduna a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Shugaban Squadron Arthur Coningham ne ya jagoranci tafiyar.
Wani lokaci a cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara birnin na Arewa ya yi fama da takun saka tsakanin mazauna garin da jami'an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Gwamnatin Birtaniyya a lokacin tana rike da sansanin sojojin sama na Royal Air Force(RAF)a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan.Da jin matsalar Kano,sai Landan ta yi gaggawar yiwa kwamandan rundunar RAF Squadron Khartoum lamba,inda ta umarce shi da ya tashi zuwa birnin Arewacin Najeriya, ya kai rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin da matukin jirgin ya tashi da wani jirgin yaki na Bristol,ya yi kasa a gwiwa a kan titin tseren dawaki a Kano,wanda hakan ya shiga tarihi a matsayin aikin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya.
Ba tare da hanyoyin iska ba,taswirori ko sadarwar rediyo ana ɗaukar jirgin a matsayin"aiki mai haɗari musamman". Don haka jami’ai suka firgita da cewa an yi tunanin cewa idan har za a yi titin Khartoum-Kano zai zama dole a samu wuraren saukar gaggawa a kowane mil 20 na hanya.
Za a fara jigilar jirage na gaba daga Alkahira,Masar inda RAF kuma ke da tushe.Saukowar da aka yi ta yi matukar ban sha'awa,har wani dan Kano ya motsa ya yi zanen wurin(hoton kalar ruwa daga baya gwamnati ta samu).Ayyukan RAF sun kasance daga baya sun zama taron shekara-shekara,tare da mitar da hanya zuwa Maiduguri.
Aikin jirgin sama na farko da aka fi sani da kasuwanci a Najeriya ana ba da shi ga wani mutum mai hankali,"Bud"Carpenter, wanda ya mallaki farkon nau'in jirgin sama na Light,de Havilland Moth.Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kan yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu hatsarin gaske a tsakanin Kano da Legas,inda ya yi amfani da titin dogo a matsayin jagoransa tare da yin tazarar tazara.
A farkon shekarun 1930,wani matukin jirgi mai hazaka ya dauki wasu fasinja masu biyan kudin tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Legas da Warri.Tare da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na RPLF na shekara-shekara,ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya sun yi yawa, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar jiragen sama.
Saboda haka,wakilin ma'aikatar jiragen sama a Landan ya ziyarci Najeriya don duba abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin"filayen sauka".An zabi wuraren a Maiduguri,Oshogbo,Legas, Minna,Kano da Kaduna.
Wing Commander EH Coleman,daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara lura da juyin halittar jiragen sama a Najeriya,ya bayyana yanayin jirage kamar haka:
Dole ne a tuna,duk da haka cewa abin da ake kira aerodrome a wancan lokacin ba zai cika buƙatu na wasu ƙananan jiragen sama na zamani ba.A zamanin farko an yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a gina hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama da yawa masu daidaitawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don guje wa ƙetarawar iska da tashi, saboda tsofaffin nau'in keken wutsiya ya fi saurin lilo fiye da nau'ikan ƙafafun hanci na zamani.
A cikin 1935,an maye gurbin ayyukan RAF da na Imperial Airways waɗanda ke jigilar jiragen sama na yau da kullun da fasinjoji daga London zuwa Najeriya.Ta haka ne waɗannan hidimomin suka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na duniya a Najeriya,ko da yake sai a shekarar 1936 ne jirgin kasuwanci ya shigo Nijeriya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways,wanda shi ne na farko na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya (BOAC),ya yi amfani da manyan jirage masu injina hudu,da aka fi sani da Hannibal class ko kuma Handley,akan hanyar Nilu daga Alkahira zuwa Kisumu, Uganda.A karshen shekarar 1936,an bullo da wata hidima ta mako-mako,sannan wata hanya,daga Khartoum–Kano – Lagos,jirgin da ya dauki kwanaki bakwai, ana sarrafa shi da wani karamin jirgi mai injina guda hudu De Havilland 86 (daya daga cikin rijiyoyin DH 86).Fasinjojin da aka sani shine Sir Bernard Bourdillon, wanda ya tashi a jirgin farko na kasuwanci daga Legas).
A Najeriya matukin jirgi na farko sun kasance jajirtaccekuma dole ne su fuskanci tsananin harmattan da yanayin ruwan sama. Amma akwai wata saukar gaggawa ta musamman kusa da Maiduguri a 1937.Nan take aka aike da injiniyoyi daga Kano.Sun iso kwana guda a kan doki da kayan aikinsu.Bayan an gyare-gyaren an sake fitar da jirgin an sake sanya shi aiki:Bayanai sun nuna cewa yakan dauki tsawon yini guda kafin ya tashi daga Kano zuwa Legas a cikin wani jirgin DH8,la'akari da fasaharsa da farko da kuma kan hanyarsa ta tsayawar mai.
An tuhumi WAAAC da"haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama a ciki da tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma".Kamfanin jirgin ya fara sabis da jirgin De Havilland Dove mai kujeru shida.Ayyukanta na cikin gida na Najeriya ana sarrafa su tare da Dove yayin da sabis na Kogin Yamma ke aiki tare da Bristol Wayfarers.Kulawa da gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sun kasance ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi amfani da odar United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator a matsayin ikon doka.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1957 Ghana ta fice daga kamfanin jirgin sama,kuma a watan Agustan 1958 gwamnatin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar BOAC da Layukan Elder Dempster suka kafa West African Airways Corporation(Nigeria)Limited (wanda daga baya zai kwatanta zuwa Nigeria Airways na yau).Wannan mataki guda daya mai cike da tarihi ya shelanta tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama a Najeriya.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu,2023 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da sabon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama na Najeriya(FAAN) kuma wa'adin zai dauki tsawon shekaru hudu.
Kulawa
Lokacin da ake ma'amala da cikakken kewayon hadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don amincin sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin muhalli,kowane daki-daki ana yin la'akari da shi don tsara kayan aikin kiyayewa da tallafin dabaru. Wadannan su ne kayan aikin kulawa da sabis na tallafin kayan aiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ingantaccen sabis na kulawa wanda FAAN ke bayarwa:
Na'urorin saka idanu na waje/na ciki
Cibiyar kula da tsakiya/dakin gwaje-gwaje
Sauran tsarin tallafi na dabaru
Na'urorin Kula da Kayayyakin Waje/Na Cikin Gida A halin yanzu,ana karɓar kayan aiki da matsayin hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya matsayin kayan aiki/kayan aiki da bayanan gazawa ta hanyar rahoton masu amfani da sabis da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sa ido daban-daban Duk da haka,tare da ƙudurin Hukumar don inganta ayyuka,ƙarin fayyace.na'urorin sa ido da nufin gano kayan aiki/gazawar kayan aiki yanzu ana hasashen su jimre da haɓakar haɓakar tsarin daban-daban.Na'urar da ke da nuni na gani a cikin ɗakin kayan aiki zai nuna tsarin duk kayan aikin da aka haɗa a ainihin lokacin
Bincike
Wannan ƙayyadaddun bita ne/dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman inda ake gudanar da takamaiman tsarin kulawa zuwa matakin-bangaren.Kulawa, gyare-gyare,gyare-gyare da dai sauransu,na duk sassan analog ana aiwatar da su tare da na'urorin aunawa na al'ada kamar na'urori masu yawa na gargajiya,janareta, oscilloscopes,da dai sauransu.Ana duba aikin waɗannan kayan aikin gwajin kuma ana sake yin gyaran fuska kowace shekara biyu.
Dabaru
Sayen kaya,adanawa da kyau da kuma dawo da kayayyakin cikin sauki wani nauyi ne na farko na sashin shaguna na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya.Bisa la'akari da yawan adadin kayayyakin kayayyakin da aka tanadar ga kowane tsari,akwai tsare-tsare na sarrafa wannan fanni na kwamfuta domin inganta aiki.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kula da FAAN sun hada da ingancin kayayyakin amfanin jama’a kamar hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa,NEPA(wato wutar lantarki ta jama’a),hukumar sadarwa ta Najeriya(NITEL)da kuma allunan ruwa daban-daban.
Ayyuka
filayen jiragen sama
Mallakar ta kuma FAAN:
Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Port Harcourt
Kaduna Airport
Maiduguri International Airport
Yakubu Gowon Airport
Yola Airport
Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport
Margaret Ekpo International Airport
Akanu Ibiam International Airport
Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport
Ibadan Airport
Filin jirgin sama na Ilorin
Bida filin jirgin sama
Sauran ayyuka
Makarantun filin jirgin na Murtala Muhammad(MMAS)na gudanar da azuzuwan renon yara da karbar baki a cikin gidajen ma'aikatan FAAN da ke Ikeja, Legas,kusa da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammad.Makarantun firamare da sakandare na makarantar suna makwabtaka da gidajen ma'aikata.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
FAAN Official website
Portal mai ɗaukar kaya FAAN
Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
56990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Temple-Wood | Emily Temple-Wood | Emily Temple-Wood (an haife shi a watan Mayu 24, 1994) likitan Ba'amurke ne kuma editan Wikipedia wanda ke da sunan Keilana akan rukunin yanar gizon. An san ta da ƙoƙarin da take yi na magance illolin da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia, musamman ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kasidu game da mata a fannin kimiyya . An ayyana ta a matsayin mai karɓar haɗin gwiwa na lambar yabo ta Wikipedian na shekarar 2016, ta Jimmy Wales, a Wikimania a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2016. Temple-Wood ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Loyola Chicago da Jami'ar Midwestern . Ta yi aikin likita a Chicago.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Temple-Wood ya halarci Makarantar Avery Coonley a Downers Grove, Illinois . A 2017 Wired labarin ya bayyana ta a matsayin "nau'in makarantar sakandare wanda ya ƙi tsayawa ga Alkawarin Amincewa, saboda ta yi tunanin ra'ayin sa yara ya rantse rantsuwar aminci ya kasance abin ban mamaki." Ta ci 2008 DuPage County Spelling Bee. Wannan nasarar ta kai ta shiga cikin Scripps National Spelling Bee a wannan shekarar, inda ta dade har zuwa matakin kwata fainal kuma ta kare a matsayi na 46. Bayan gasar, a watan Yuni 2008 ta samu karramawa daga lokacin Laftanar gwamna na Illinois, Pat Quinn, tare da sauran yanki haruffa zakarun kudan zuma. Ta ci gaba da zuwa Downers Grove North High School, inda ta kasance memba na tawagar magana. Wannan ƙungiyar ta sami lambobin yabo huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine na farko, a taron 2011 Illinois High School Association a Peoria . A matsayinta na babbar jami'a, an ba ta suna a cikin "manyan kashi biyu" a cikin 2012.
A watan Mayun 2016, ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago da digiri a kan ilmin kwayoyin halitta da Larabci da karatun Islama. Ta fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Midwestern ta Chicago a cikin bazara na 2016. Tun daga 2020, ta kammala karatun digiri na likita kuma likita ce a Chicago.
Yi aiki akan Wikipedia
Temple-Wood ya sami ɗaukar hoto na ƙasa don ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da masana kimiyya mata, da kuma yunƙurinta na ƙara wakilcin su akan Wikipedia. Ta fara gyara ta zuwa Wikipedia a cikin 2005, tana da shekara 10. Ta fara ba da gudummawa ga rukunin yanar gizon tun tana ɗan shekara 12, kuma a lokacin tana 12 ne aka fara tursasa ta a kan layi sakamakon gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia. Ta fara ƙoƙarinta game da mata masana kimiyya lokacin da take makarantar sakandare. A cikin 2007, ta zama mai gudanarwa akan Wikipedia kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin sasantawa daga 2016 zuwa 2017. Ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyyar mata na WikiProject na Wikipedia a cikin 2012; tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta ɗaruruwan shafukan Wikipedia game da mata masana kimiyya. Gyarawa a ƙarƙashin sunan mai amfani "Keilana", ta fara ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan labaran lokacin da ta lura cewa mata kaɗan waɗanda ke cikin Royal Society suna da labarin Wikipedia. Ta shaida wa gidauniyar Wikimedia cewa lokacin da ta fara lura da hakan, sai ta ji haushi ta rubuta labarin a daren. A zahiri na zauna a cikin falon gidan har zuwa karfe 2 na safe na rubuta mata na farko a labarin kimiyya." Labarin da ta fi alfahari da ita ita ce a kan Rosalyn Scott, mace ta farko Ba-Amurke da ta zama likitar thoracic.
Temple-Wood ya kuma shirya edit-a-thon a gidajen tarihi da dakunan karatu da nufin haɓaka wakilcin mata masana kimiyya akan Wikipedia. A watan Oktoban 2015, ta gaya wa jaridar The Atlantic cewa ta gano masana kimiyya mata 4,400 da ba a rubuta labarin Wikipedia game da su ba duk da cewa kowannen su ya yi fice sosai da daya ya rufe. A cikin Maris 2016, ta sami hankalin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya saboda yadda ta bi ta hanyar cin zarafi ta yanar gizo da ta samu: ga kowane irin imel ɗin da ta samu, ta yi shirin ƙirƙirar labarin Wikipedia game da wata mata masanin kimiyya. A wannan watan, ta gaya wa BuzzFeed News cewa game da yin hakan, "Burina shi ne in ba da takaicin da nake ji daga ana tursasa ni zuwa wani abu mai amfani." A cikin Mayu 2016, ta gaya wa The Fader : "A matsayina na Wikipedian, martani na na halitta don ganin gibi a cikin ɗaukar hoto shine fara aiki, don haka abin da na yi da aikin mata masana kimiyya ke nan. Maza ne suka mamaye labarin tarihin, kuma tabbatar da cewa an haɗa tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin Wikipedia zai iya zama hanyar mu ta rubuta mata a cikin wannan labarin." .
Ayyukanta sun kai ga sunanta a matsayin haɗin gwiwar Wikipedian na shekara a cikin 2016, tare da Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight .
Matsayi
Temple-Wood memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Wikimedia DC, Gundumar Columbia - yanki na ƙungiyar Wikimedia. Ita ma memba ce ta hukumar Wiki Project Med Foundation, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Wikipedian a Mazauni a Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Kasa .
Tasirin Keilana
Wata takarda, "Interpolating Quality Dynamics in Wikipedia da Nuna Tasirin Keilana", game da wani al'amari mai suna bayan aikin Temple-Wood, Aaron Halfaker ya gabatar da shi a OpenSym '17, Taron Taro na kasa da kasa kan Bude Haɗin kai. Wannan binciken ya sami maƙasudin juzu'i a cikin ingancin labarai ga masana kimiyyar mata a ƙarshen 2012, lokacin da Temple-Wood, aka User:Keilana, ya motsa ƙoƙarin al'umma akan hakan.
Ayyuka
Reprinted in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2017. Jahren, Hope, editor. Boston. . OCLC 1004672002.
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1994
Articles with hAudio microformats
Editocin Wikimedia na Shekara
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42573 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi%20Kamara | Titi Kamara | Aboubacar Sidiki " Titi " Camara (an haife shi 17 ga watan Nuwambar 1972), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Guinea wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Ya kuma kasance kociyan tawagar ' yan wasan ƙasar Guinea, wanda ya zama kyaftin kuma ya buga mata wasa. Ya kuma kasance ministan wasanni na Guinea, kafin a maye gurbinsa da shi a watan Oktoban 2012. An fi saninsa da zama tare da Liverpool a kakar shekarar 1999-2000, inda ya zura kwallaye 10 a wasanni 37 a dukkanin gasa, inda ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Arsenal a Highbury.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
Camara ya taka leda a Saint-Étienne, Lens da Marseille a Faransa, (wasa a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta shekarar 1999 na karshen) kafin a canza shi zuwa Liverpool .
Liverpool
Jarumi na kungiyar asiri da jama'a da aka fi so a Anfield, Camara an fi tunawa da shi don wasa a Anfield da West Ham a watan Oktobar 1999, da safe bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya zira kwallayen nasara sannan kuma ya durƙusa a gabansa. Titin Anfield ta tsaya da hawaye. Ya kuma sami nasarar zura kwallo a wasanni uku a jere a gasar Premier ga Reds a karshen kaka na shekarar 1999. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, ya ci nasara a Highbury, wanda ya jagoranci Liverpool zuwa nasara a kan Arsenal 1-0. Duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci da ya yi a Liverpool, an zabe shi a matsayi na 91 a cikin zaben shekarar 2006 Ƴan wasa 100 da suka girgiza Kop", wanda gidan yanar gizon Liverpool Football Club ya gudanar. Sanya Camara ya sanya shi zama na biyu mafi girman dan wasan Afirka, bayan Bruce Grobbelaar .
West Ham United
Mai sarrafa Harry Redknapp ya sanya hannu a ranar 21 ga watan Disambar 2000 akan farashin £1.5 miliyan wanda, dangane da wasu dalilai, zai iya tashi zuwa £2.6 miliyan, Camara ya sanar, "Na zo West Ham don buga wasa, wasa, wasa - da ci, ci, ci. Idan batun kudi ne, da zan iya zama a Liverpool na karba. Ina bukata in yi wasa, kuma idan ban yi ba, ba shi da ma'ana gaba daya." Yin wasansa na farko na West Ham a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2000 a 2–1 a waje da Leicester City ta sha kashi, Camara ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha hudu kawai, a duk gasa, ba tare da zura kwallo ba.
Al-Itihad
A cikin Janairu 2003 Camara aka aika a kan aro zuwa Al-Ittihad na sauran kakar 2002-03.
Al-Siliya
Bayan faduwar West Ham a 2003 daga gasar Premier Camara ya bar kulob din zuwa Al-Siliya bayan da aka soke kwantiraginsa da amincewar juna.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Titi Camara ya kasance jigo a tawagar Guinea tun daga farkon 1990s har zuwa farkon 2000s. Ana kallonsa a matsayin babban jigo wajen dawo da martabar Guinea a fagen kwallon kafar Afirka, ya kuma buga wa kasarsa gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a 2004, inda ya ci kwallaye 3 a matakin rukuni, wanda hakan ke nufin ya kammala kwallo daya kacal a gaban manyan maki a gasar. gasa.
Aikin koyarwa
A cikin Disamba 2005, an danganta shi da aikin da ba kowa a cikin manajan tare da tawagar kasar Guinea . A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2009, Kyaftin Moussa Dadis Camara, Shugaban Guinea ya bayyana a fili cewa yana son ya jagoranci tawagar kasar. A karshen watan Mayun 2009, an nada Camara a matsayin Daraktan Fasaha na Kasa (NTC). A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2009, an nada Camara a matsayin babban kocin Syli National don ya gaji Robert Nouzaret . Camara ya kasance yana aiki a cikin ayyuka biyu na NTC kuma babban kocin Syli National. A ranar 15 Satumba 2009, watanni uku bayan an zabe shi a matsayin babban kocin Syli National, Camara ya maye gurbin Mamadi Souaré, tsohon Kyaftin na Syli National, sakamakon mummunan sakamako, rashin haɗin kai / fahimtar juna tare da wasu mambobi na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Guinea. Tarayya (FGF), da kuma rashin dangantakar "sauki" tare da wasu mahimman abubuwa na Syli National.
Karya kwangila
A cikin watan Satumba na 2003, Camara ya kai karar West Ham United. A shekara ta 2006, West Ham ta yi nasarar kare zargin cin zarafin da Camara ya yi wa babbar kotu.
Ministan wasanni
A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2010, sabon shugaban kasar Alpha Condé ya nada Camara ministan wasanni na Guinea, wanda ya zama tsohon dan wasa na farko a kasar da ya rike mukamin gwamnati. An tilasta masa barin mukaminsa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2012 a wani sauyi da gwamnati ta yi.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Titi Camara at Soccerbase
Thisisanfield.com Forgotten Hero
Player profile at Liverpool FC
LFChistory.net player profile
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1972
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13273 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emna%20Mizouni | Emna Mizouni | Emna Mizouni ( larabci : آمنة الميزوني, an haife ta a shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987) ) yar asalin Tunisia ce mai gwagwarmaya ta yanar gizo da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, yar Jarida ce mai zaman kanta, masaniyar sadarwa da kuma zartarwar a kasuwanci. Bayan samun nasarar taimako wajan shirya RightCon Tunis, a watan Yulin 2019 an nada ta tayi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na duniya na Kungiyar International Now, kungiyar kare hakkin bil-adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar intanet . A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Mizouni ya kafa Carthagina, wani yunƙuri da aka ƙaddamar don ƙirƙirar sha'awar al'adun Tunusiya a gida da waje. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2019, a Taron Wikimedia a Stockholm, an karrama ta a matsayin Wikimedian na Shekarar 2019 sakamakon rawar da ta taka a ci gaban al’ummomin kasashen larabawa da na Afirka da kuma nasarorin da ta samu wajen bunkasa tarihi da al'adun gargajiya. Tunisiya.
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
An tayar da shi a Tunis babban birnin Tunisiya, Mizouni ya takaita ne daga Lycée Khaznadar a gundumar Le Bardo a cikin 2006. Daga nan sai ta halarci École supérieure de commerce (ESCT) a Tunis inda ta fara digiri na biyu a cikin gudanarwa (2009) sannan ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a cikin kasuwanci, tattaunawar kasuwanci, da sadarwa (2011). Bayan karatun ta, ta yi aiki a cikin tallata kuma a matsayinta na 'yar jarida kuma mai gabatar da radiyo. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2012, an ba ta mukamin Jami'in Kula da Sadarwa da Sadarwa na Majalisar Burtaniya.
Aiki
Bayan sufirin ta larabawa, Mizouni ta fahimci cewa ilimin game da tarihin kasarta da al'adun su sun takaita. Sakamakon haka, tare da sauran masu haɗin gwiwar, ta kafa Carthagina (dangane da Carthage, tsohuwar sunan Tunis) wanda aka tsara don inganta al'adun al'adun Tunusiya. Pr Safwan Masri, wanda aka ambata a cikin littafinsa «Tunisiya an an Analyaly» cewa yayin ganawa da Emna, ta ba shi labarin "mahimmancin bayan juyin juya halin Jasmine na Tunisiyanci game da bambance bambancen da tarihin rayuwar Bahar Rum yayin da suke tsara makomar su". A shekara ta 2017, a matsayinta na shugabar shirin, ta yi bayani: “Bayan juyin juya halin, mutane da yawa sun yi mamakin asalin kasar. Bambancin gabatarwa game da tarihinmu da al'adunmu sun nuna ƙarancin iliminmu sosai. " Tare da Wikipedia da Wikimedia Commons, ta shirya gasawar hoto da ta mayar da hankali kan rukunin al'adun kasar Tunusiya, tare da samun nasarar mahalarta su gabatar da daruruwan hotunan tare da hadin gwiwar aikin GLAM na Wikimedia. Wannan ya haifar da aikin Carthagina "MedinaPedia", yana ba da damar samun bayanai game da shafukan Tunis Medina a kan wayoyin hannu ta lambobin QR. Wani aikin GLAM ne ya jagoranci ta hanyar Mizouni; Wikimedian a Gida a cikin Diocesan Library of Tunis, tare da haɗin gwiwar Library da Archdiocese na Tunis wanda Archbishop na Ilario Antoniazzi ya sanya hannu kuma ɗayan membobin Carthagina da Wikimedian Zeineb Takouti ne suka sanya hannu . Mizouni ya kuma ga Carthagina a matsayin wani abin ƙarfafawa ga matasa don nuna sha'awar kasarsu ta hanya mai ƙarfi, maimakon bin kawai abubuwan darussan tarihi a makaranta.
Emna Mizouni kuma wakilin kungiyar karama ce ta kare hakkin mata na Tunisiya. kuma, tare da Leila Ben-Gacem da Zeineb Takouti, sune suka kafa kungiyar ba da riba ta Digital Digiri wacce ke ba da damar samun bayanai game da ilimin boko na dijital don karancinsu. kungiyoyi. Har ila yau ita ce mai ba da izini ta Duniya Shapers, Tunis, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwancin zamantakewa, 'yan ƙasa da al'adu..
Bayan samun nasarar taimaka wajan shirya RightCon Tunis, a watan Yuli na 2019 an nada ta ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na duniya na Kungiyar International Now, kungiyar kare hakkin bil-adama ta kasa da kasa ta hanyar intanet . A watan Agusta na 2019, a Taron Wikimedia a Stockholm, an karrama ta a matsayin Wikimedian na Shekarar 2019 sakamakon rawar da ta taka a ci gaban al’ummomin kasashen larabawa da na Afirka da kuma nasarorin da ta samu wajen bunkasa tarihi da al'adun gargajiya. Tunisiya.
Katherine Maher, Babban Darakta na Wikimedia Foundation, ta yaba wa Mizouni kan kokarin da ta yi: "Emna ita ce mai ba da gajiya da kuma gwarzo don neman ilimi kyauta. Aikinta, haɗin gwiwa, da sha’awarta don kiyaye al'adun Tunisiya ya buɗe al'adun Tunisiya, mutane, da tarihin sauran ƙasashen duniya,"
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe
2018: Mizouni, Emna: kimantawa de la stratégie de sadarwa d'un nouveau kafofin watsa labarai, Editions universitaires européennes, ISBN|978-3-639-50786-7
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Emna Mizouni game da.me
Emna Mizouni
Emna Mizouni
Emna Mizouni
Bidiyo na Zaman rufewa a Wikimania 2019: Kyautar Mizouni daga karfe 24:00
Editocin Wikimedia na Shekara |
29914 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C6%99iya%20mai%20ha%C9%97ari | Walƙiya mai haɗari | Yajin walƙiya ko walƙiya shine fitarwar lantarki tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa. Yawancin ya samo asali ne a cikin gajimare na cumulonimbus kuma yana ƙarewa a ƙasa, wanda ake kira walƙiya -zuwa ƙasa (CG). Wani nau'in yajin da ba a saba sabawa ba, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa gajimare (GC), walƙiya ce mai haɓakawa zuwa sama wanda aka fara daga wani abu mai tsayi kuma yana shiga cikin gajimare. Kusan kashi 69 cikin 100 na duk abubuwan da ke faruwa na walƙiya a duk duniya suna faruwa ne tsakanin yanayi da abubuwan da ke daure ƙasa. Yawancin su ne intracloud (IC) walƙiya da gajimare-zuwa-girgije (CC), inda fitarwa kawai ke faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Walƙiya tana afkawa matsakaicin jirgin sama na kasuwanci aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, amma injiniyanci da ƙira na zamani yana nufin wannan ba matsala bace. Motsin jirage ta cikin gajimare na iya haifar da tashin walƙiya.
Walƙiya guda ɗaya ita ce "flash", wanda ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, tsari mai yawa, wasu sassa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba. Yawancin CG suna walƙiya kawai "busa" wuri ɗaya na jiki, wanda ake magana da shi azaman "ƙarewa". Tashar gudanarwa ta farko, haske mai haske, wanda ake iya gani kuma ana kiranta "yajin", kusan inci ɗaya ne kawai a diamita, amma saboda tsananin haske, sau da yawa ya fi girma ga idon ɗan adam da hotuna. Fitowar walƙiya yawanci tsayin mil ne, amma wasu nau'ikan watsawar a kwance na iya kaiwa sama da dubun mil a tsayi. Dukan filasha yana ɗaukar ɗan juzu'in daƙiƙa ɗaya kacal
Yajin aiki
Walƙiya na iya cutar da mutane ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
Kai tsaye
Yajin kai tsaye - mutumin wani yanki ne na tashar walƙiya. Yawancin kuzari suna wucewa cikin jiki da sauri, yana haifar da konewa na ciki, lalata gabobin jiki, fashewar nama da kashi, da lalacewar tsarin juyayi. Dangane da ƙarfin walƙiya da samun dama ga sabis na likita, yana iya zama mai mutuwa nan take ko ya haifar da rauni da lahani na dindindin.
Raunin tuntuɓa - abu (gaba ɗaya madugu) wanda mutum yake taɓawa yana samun wutar lantarki ta yajin aiki.
Fashewar gefe - rassan igiyoyin igiyoyin ruwa "tsalle" daga tashar filasha ta farko, tana kunna mutum.
Raunin fashewar - jifa da fama da rauni mai ƙarfi daga girgizar girgiza (idan yana kusa) da yuwuwar lalacewar ji daga aradu .
Kai tsaye
Ƙarƙashin ƙasa na halin yanzu ko "yiwuwar mataki" - saman duniya yana cajin tseren zuwa tashar walƙiya yayin fitarwa. Saboda ƙasa tana da babban haɗari, na yanzu "zaɓi" mafi kyawun jagora, sau da yawa kafafun mutum, suna wucewa ta jiki. Matsakaicin saurin fitarwa na kusa yana haifar da yuwuwar (bambanci) akan nisa, wanda zai iya kai adadin volts dubu da yawa a kowace ƙafar madaidaiciya. Wannan al'amari (wanda kuma ke da alhakin rahotannin mutuwar dawa da yawa a sakamakon guguwar walƙiya) yana haifar da ƙarin raunuka da mutuwar fiye da uku na sama. haɗe.
EMPs - tsarin fitarwa yana haifar da bugun jini na lantarki ( EMP ), wanda zai iya lalata na'urar bugun zuciya ta wucin gadi, ko kuma ya shafi tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun.
Ana iya haifar da ruɗi a cikin mutanen da ke tsakanin a ƙalla 200 m (650 ft) na guguwar walƙiya mai tsanani.
Sakandare ko sakamako
Fashewa
Gobara
Hatsari
Alamomin faɗakarwa na yajin da ke gabatowa a kusa na iya haɗawa da ƙarar sauti, jin daɗin wutar lantarki a gashi ko fata, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi na ozone, ko bayyanar hazo mai shuɗi a kusa da mutane ko abubuwa ( Wutar St. Elmo ). An shawarci mutanen da aka kama a cikin irin wannan matsanancin yanayi - ba tare da sun iya guduwa zuwa wuri mafi aminci ba, cikakken sararin samaniya - an shawarci su ɗauki "matsayin walƙiya", wanda ya haɗa da "zauna ko tsuguno tare da gwiwoyi da ƙafafu kusa da juna don ƙirƙirar wuri ɗaya kawai. Sannan Kuma tare da ƙasa" (tare da ƙafafu daga ƙasa idan zaune; idan ana buƙatar matsayi na tsaye, ƙafafu dole ne su taɓa).
Raunin
Hatsarin walƙiya na iya haifar da munanan raunuka, kuma suna da mutuwa a tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 30% na lokuta, tare da kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda suka tsira suna samun raunuka na dogon lokaci. Wadannan raunuka masu tsanani ba yawanci ba ne suke haifar da ƙonawar zafi, tun da halin yanzu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don zafi da kyallen takarda; A maimakon haka, jijiyoyi da tsokoki na iya lalacewa kai tsaye ta hanyar babban ƙarfin lantarki da ke samar da ramuka a cikin membranes na tantanin halitta, tsarin da ake kira electroporation .
A cikin yajin kai tsaye, igiyoyin lantarki a cikin tashar walƙiya suna wucewa kai tsaye ta cikin wanda aka azabtar. Yawan faɗuwar wutar lantarki a kusa da mafi ƙarancin na'urorin lantarki (kamar ɗan adam), yana haifar da iskar da ke kewaye da ionize kuma ta karye, sannan kuma walƙiya na waje yana karkatar da mafi yawan magudanar ruwa ta yadda ya zagaya "zagaye" jiki, yana rage rauni. .
Abubuwan ƙarfe da ke hulɗa da fata na iya "maida hankali" ƙarfin walƙiya, idan aka yi la'akari da shi shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar halitta da kuma hanyar da aka fi so, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni, kamar konewa daga narkakkar da ƙarfe ko ƙafe. Akalla lokuta biyu (2) ne aka bayar da rahoton inda wani yajin aikin sanye da iPod ya samu munanan raunuka sakamakon haka.
A lokacin walƙiya, to Amman kodayake, halin yanzu yana gudana ta hanyar tashar da kewayen jiki na iya haifar da manyan filayen lantarki da EMPs, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ɓacin rai (surges) a cikin tsarin juyayi ko bugun zuciya, yana ɓata ayyukan yau da kullun . Wannan tasirin na iya bayyana lokuta inda kamawar zuciya ko kamawa ya biyo bayan yajin walƙiya wanda bai haifar da rauni na waje ba. Hakanan yana iya yin nuni ga wanda aka azabtar ba a buga shi kai tsaye ba kwata-kwata, amma kawai yana kusa da ƙarshen yajin.
Wani illar walƙiya akan masu kallo shi ne ga jinsu . Sakamakon girgizar tsawa na iya lalata kunnuwa. Hakanan, kutsewar wutar lantarki ga wayoyi ko belun kunne na iya haifar da lalatar amo .
Epidemiology
Kimanin al'amura kimanin 240,000 game da walƙiya na faruwa a duniya kowace shekara.
A cewar National Geographic, kimanin mutane kimanin 2,000 a duk shekara ana kashe su a duniya ta hanyar walƙiya. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, to, matsakaicin ɗan adam yana da kusan ɗaya daga cikin 60,000 zuwa 80,000 damar faɗaɗa wa walƙiya a cikin rayuwar kusan shekaru 65-70. Haka kuma, saboda karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun masu kula da walƙiya da kariya, adadin masu mutuwan walƙiya a kowace shekara yana raguwa a kowace shekara.
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa, a cikin shekaru 40 da suka wuce, Amurka ta yi asarar rayuka 51 a duk shekara, lamarin da ya sa ya zama na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar masu nasaba da yanayi bayan ambaliya . A cikin Amurka, tsakanin 9 zuwa 10% na waɗanda aka kashe sun mutu, tare da matsakaicin mutuwar 25 na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru goma na shekarar 2010 (16 a cikin shekarata 2017).
A Kisii da ke yammacin Kenya, kimanin mutane kimanin 30 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon tsawa. Yawan kashewar walƙiyar Kisii na faruwa ne saboda yawan tsawa da kuma saboda yawancin gine-ginen yankin suna da rufin ƙarfe.
Wadannan kididdigar ba su nuna bambanci tsakanin hare-haren kai tsaye ba, inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance wani bangare na hanyar walƙiya, sakamakon kai tsaye na kusa da wurin ƙarewa, kamar igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa, da kuma sakamakon, inda abin da ya faru ya taso daga abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar gobara. ko fashewa. Ko da mafi yawan ƙwararrun masu amsawa na farko ba za su iya gane raunin da ya shafi walƙiya ba, balle cikakkun bayanai, wanda ma'aikacin likita, mai binciken 'yan sanda, ko kuma a wani lokaci da ba kasafai ƙwararren ƙwararren walƙiya na iya samun wahalar gano yin rikodin daidai ba. Wannan yana watsi da gaskiyar cewa walƙiya, a matsayin abin da ya faru na farko, na iya ɗaukar alhakin gaba ɗaya da sakamakon haɗari.
Rikicin kai-tsaye na iya yin sama da adadin da aka ruwaito.
Tasiri akan yanayi
Tasiri kan ciyayi
Bishiyoyi sune masu jagorantar walƙiya akai-akai zuwa ƙasa. Tunda ruwan 'ya'yan itace maras nauyi ne, juriyar wutar lantarki ya sa ya yi zafi da zafi zuwa tururi, wanda ke fitar da bawon a wajen hanyar walƙiya. A cikin yanayi masu zuwa, bishiyoyi suna girma wurin da suka lalace kuma suna iya rufe shi gaba ɗaya, yana barin tabo a tsaye kawai. Idan lalacewar ta yi tsanani, to bishiyar ba za ta iya farfadowa ba, kuma rubewar ya taso, daga ƙarshe ya kashe bishiyar gaba ɗaya.
A yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha da Siberiya, walƙiya na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gobarar dazuzzuka . Hayaki da hazo da wata babbar gobarar dajin ke fitarwa na iya haifar da cajin wutar lantarki, tare da kunna ƙarin gobara a ƙasan kilomita da yawa sosai.
Fasa duwatsu
Lokacin da ruwa a cikin dutsen da ya karye ya yi saurin zafi ta hanyar yajin walƙiya, sakamakon fashewar tururi zai iya haifar da tarwatsewar dutse da kuma jujjuya duwatsu. Yana iya zama wani muhimmin al'amari na zaizayar wurare masu zafi da tsaunuka na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba a taɓa samun dusar ƙanƙara ba. To Amman Shaidar faɗuwar walƙiya ta haɗa da filayen maganadisu marasa kuskure.
Lalacewar lantarki da tsarin
Wayoyin hannu, modem, kwamfuta, da sauran na’urorin lantarki na iya lalacewa ta hanyar walƙiya, saboda cutar da ke tattare da wuce gona da iri na iya isa gare su ta hanyar jack ɗin wayar, kebul na Ethernet, ko wutar lantarki . Kusa-kusa yana iya haifar da EMPs, musamman a lokacin " fitowar walƙiya".
Wutar walƙiya tana da saurin tashi sosai, akan tsari na kusan 40 kA a cikin microsecond. Don haka, masu gudanar da irin wannan igiyoyin suna nuna alamar tasirin fata, yana haifar da mafi yawan igiyoyin ruwa suna gudana ta hanyar waje na mai gudanarwa.
Baya ga lalacewar wayoyi na lantarki, sauran nau'ikan lalacewar da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da tsari, gobara, da lalacewar kadarori.
Rigakafi da raguwa
Fannin tsarin kariyar walƙiya babbar masana'anta ce a duk duniya saboda tasirin walƙiya kan gine-gine da ayyukan ɗan adam. Walƙiya, kamar yadda ya bambanta a cikin kaddarorin da aka auna a fadin oda mai girma kamar yadda yake, na iya haifar da tasiri kai tsaye ko kuma yana da tasiri na biyu (2); kai ga rugujewar kayan aiki ko tsari ko kuma kawai haifar da gazawar firikwensin lantarki mai nisa; zai iya haifar da dakatar da ayyukan waje saboda matsalolin tsaro ga ma'aikata yayin da tsawa ta kusa kusa da wani yanki kuma har sai ta wuce isasshe; yana iya ƙone kayayyaki marasa ƙarfi da aka adana a cikin adadi mai yawa ko tsoma baki tare da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki a lokuta masu mahimmanci sosai.
Yawancin na'urori da tsarin kariya na walƙiya suna kare tsarin jiki a cikin ƙasa, jirgin sama a cikin jirgin ya kasance sanannen keɓanta. Yayin da aka biya wasu hankali ga ƙoƙarin sarrafa walƙiya a cikin sararin samaniya, duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi ya kasance mai iyaka a cikin nasara. Chaff da azurfa iodide kristal an ƙirƙira su don yin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da ƙwayoyin gajimare, kuma an ba su kai tsaye cikin gajimare daga wani jirgin sama mai wuce gona da iri. An ƙera ƙashin ne don magance alamun wutar lantarki na guguwar daga ciki, yayin da aka ƙirƙiri fasahar gishirin iodide na azurfa don tunkarar ƙarfin injina na guguwar.
Tsarin kariya na walƙiya
Ana amfani da ɗaruruwan na'urori, gami da sandunan walƙiya da tsarin canja wurin caji, don rage lalacewar walƙiya da tasiri hanyar walƙiya.
Sanda mai walƙiya (ko kariyar walƙiya) tsiri ne na ƙarfe ko sanda da aka haɗa da ƙasa ta hanyar madubi da tsarin ƙasa, ana amfani da shi don samar da hanyar da aka fi so zuwa ƙasa idan walƙiya ta ƙare akan tsari. Ajin waɗannan samfuran ana kiran su da "ƙarshe" ko "air terminal". Sanda mai walƙiya ko kuma "sandan Franklin" don girmama sanannen mai ƙirƙira, Benjamin Franklin, sandar ƙarfe ce kawai, kuma ba tare da haɗa shi da tsarin kariya na walƙiya ba, kamar yadda ya kasance a wasu lokuta a baya, ba zai ba da ƙarin kariya ga tsari. Sauran sunaye sun hada da "dukiya mai walƙiya", "mai kama", da "mai fitar da wuta"; duk da haka, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an shigar da waɗannan sunaye cikin wasu kayayyaki ko masana'antu tare da hannun jari na kariya ta walƙiya. Sai dai Mai kama walƙiya, alal misali, sau da yawa yana nufin haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo waɗanda ke fashewa lokacin da yajin ya faru zuwa layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don kare mafi tsadar tasfoma a kan layi ta buɗe kewaye. A zahiri, farkon nau'i ne na na'urar kariya mai nauyi mai nauyi. Masu kamawa na zamani, waɗanda aka gina su da ƙarfe oxides, suna da ikon yin watsi da matsananciyar wutar lantarki da ba ta dace ba zuwa ƙasa yayin da suke hana gajartawar tsarin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙasa.
A cikin shekarata 1962, Hukumar ta USAF ta sanya ginshiƙan hasumiya mai kariyar walƙiya a duk wuraren da aka harba makami mai linzami na Jupiter MRBM na Italiya da Turkiyya bayan wasu hare-hare biyu da ke ɗauke da makamai masu linzami.
Tsarin kulawa da faɗakarwa
Har yanzu ba a iya tantance ainihin wurin da walkiya za ta kasance da kuma lokacin da zai faru. Koyaya, an ƙirƙira samfura da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sarƙaƙƙiya don faɗakar da mutane yayin da yuwuwar yajin aikin ke ƙaruwa sama da matakin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar kimanta haɗarin yanayi da yanayin wurin. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne a fannin gano walƙiya ta hanyar na'urorin kallo na tushen ƙasa da na tauraron dan adam. Ba a yi hasashen buguwa da walƙiya na yanayi ba, amma matakin dalla-dalla da waɗannan fasahohin suka rubuta ya inganta sosai a cikin shekaru a ƙalla 20 da suka gabata.
Ko da yake yawanci ana danganta shi da tsawa a kusa, walƙiya na iya faruwa a ranar da kamar babu gajimare. Ana kiran wannan abin da ya faru da "kullun daga shuɗi [sky]"; Walƙiya na iya afkawa har zuwa mil kusan 10 daga gajimare.
Walƙiya tana tsoma baki tare da sigina na rediyo na amplitude (AM) fiye da siginar daidaitawa (FM), yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don auna ƙarfin walƙiya na gida. Don yin haka, ya kamata mutum ya daidaita daidaitaccen mai karɓar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na AM zuwa mitar ba tare da tashoshi masu watsawa ba, kuma ya saurari ƙuƙumma a tsakanin madaidaicin . Ƙarfi ko walƙiya na kusa zai haifar da tsagewa idan an kunna mai karɓar zuwa tasha. Yayin da ƙananan mitoci ke yaɗuwa tare da ƙasa fiye da na sama, ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyin igiya (MW) (a cikin kashi 500-600). kewayon kHz) na iya gano alamun walƙiya a nesa mai tsayi; idan band longwave (153-279 kHz) yana samuwa, yin amfani da shi na iya ƙara wannan kewayon har ma da ƙari.
An ƙirƙira tsarin gano walƙiya kuma ana iya tura shi a wuraren da walƙiya ke haifar da haɗari na musamman, kamar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. An tsara irin waɗannan tsare-tsare don gano yanayin da aka yi imanin zai taimaka wa faɗakarwar walƙiya da kuma ba da gargaɗi ga waɗanda ke kusa da su don ba su damar ɗaukar matakan da suka dace.
Tsaro na sirri
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasar Amirka tana ba da shawara ga jama'ar Amirka da su yi shiri don kare lafiyarsu lokacin da hadari ya faru kuma su fara shi da zarar an ga walƙiya na farko ko aka ji tsawa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda walƙiya na iya tashi ba tare da faɗuwar ruwan sama ba. Idan za a iya jin aradu kwata-kwata, to akwai hadarin walƙiya. Wuri mafi aminci shine cikin gini ko abin hawa. Idan a ciki, guje wa kayan lantarki da famfo, gami da shawa. Hatsarin ya kasance har zuwa mintuna a ƙalla 30 bayan walƙiya ko tsawa ta ƙarshe.
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyar FB (flash to boom) don auna nisa zuwa yajin walƙiya. Walƙiyar walƙiya da sakamakon tsawa na faruwa a kusan lokaci guda. Amma haske yana tafiyar kilomita kusan 300,000 a cikin dakika 1, kusan sau miliyoyi gudun sauti. Sauti yana tafiya a hankali cikin sauri kusan 340 m/sec (ya danganta da yanayin zafi), don haka ana ganin walƙiyar walƙiya kafin a ji aradu. Hanya don tantance tazara tsakanin yajin walƙiya da mai kallo ya haɗa da kirga daƙiƙa tsakanin walƙiyar walƙiya da tsawa. Sannan, a raba uku don tantance tazarar kilomita, ko da biyar tsawon mil. Ya kamata a dauki matakan gaggawa don guje wa walƙiya idan lokacin FB ya kasance daƙiƙa kimanin 25 ko ƙasa da haka, ma'ana, idan walƙiya ya kusa kusa da 8. km da 5 mil.
Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa ko mutum yana tsaye, yana tsugunne, ko yana kwance a waje yayin da ake tsawa ba kome ba ne, domin walƙiya na iya tafiya tare da ƙasa; wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kasancewa a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ko abin hawa ya fi aminci. A cikin Amurka, matsakaicin adadin masu mutuwa na shekara-shekara daga walƙiya yana kusan mutuwar mutane 51 a kowace shekara, kodayake kwanan nan, a cikin lokacin shekarata 2009 zuwa 2018, Amurka ta sami matsakaicin asarar walƙiya 27 kawai a kowace shekara. Ayyuka mafi haɗari sun haɗa da kamun kifi, kwale-kwale, zango, da golf. Mutumin da ya ji rauni ta hanyar walƙiya ba ya ɗaukar cajin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya kula da shi lafiya don neman taimakon gaggawa kafin isowar sabis na gaggawa. Walƙiya na iya shafar ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke sarrafa numfashi.
Yawancin bincike da aka gudanar a Kudancin Asiya da Afirka sun nuna cewa ba a yi la'akari da illolin walƙiya da muhimmanci a can ba. Wata tawagar bincike daga Jami'ar Colombo ta gano cewa ko a unguwannin da suka fuskanci mace-mace sakamakon walkiya, ba a dauki matakan kariya daga guguwar da za ta yi gaba ba. A shekarar 2007 ne aka gudanar da taron kwararru kan yadda za a wayar da kan jama'a game da walƙiya da kuma inganta matakan kariya daga walƙiya, tare da nuna damuwa cewa ƙasashe da dama ba su da ƙa'idojin kafa sandunan walƙiya a hukumance.
Sanannen al'amura
Dukkan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa ko waɗanda ake zargi da haifar da lalacewa ana kiran su "haɗuwar walƙiya" saboda abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci.
Hujjojin ƙarewar walƙiya, a cikin mafi kyawun misalan da aka bincika, su ne kaɗan (rami a cikin ƙarfe ƙasa da wurin alƙalami) ko kuma wanda bai dace ba (launi mai duhu).
Abin da ya faru na iya fashe ko kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata duk ƴan ƴan shaidar da ka iya samuwa nan da nan bayan yajin aikin da kansa.
Tashar walƙiya da fitarwar kanta ba ita ce kaɗai ke haifar da rauni, ƙonewa, ko lalacewa ba, watau, igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa ko fashewar abubuwan fashewa.
Gashin hankalin ɗan adam bai kai na millise seconds ba a tsawon lokacin walƙiyar walƙiya, kuma ikon da mutane ke iya lura da wannan al'amari yana ƙarƙashin gazawar kwakwalwar fahimtarsa. Na'urorin gano walƙiya suna tafe akan layi, duka tauraron dan adam da na ƙasa, amma har yanzu ana auna daidaitonsu a cikin ɗaruruwan ƙafafu zuwa dubunnan ƙafa, da wuya su ba su damar tantance ainihin wurin da aka dakatarwa.
Kamar yadda irin wannan sau da yawa ba shi da ma'ana, kodayake sai mai yiwuwa walƙiyar walƙiya ta shiga, don haka rarraba shi a matsayin "al'amarin walƙiya" ya rufe dukkan tushe.
Duniya-daure
1660s: A cikin shekarata 1660, walƙiya ta kunna mujallolin bindiga a Osaka Castle, Japan ; Sakamakon fashewar fashewar ya kunna wuta a gidan sarauta. A shekara ta 1665, walƙiya ta sake ƙarewa a kan babban hasumiya na katangar, inda ta kunna wuta, wanda daga baya ya ƙone har zuwa tushe.
1769: Wani mummunar walƙiya ta faru a Brescia, Italiya . Walƙiya ta afkawa cocin St. Nazaire, inda ta kona mutane 90 ton na gunpowder a cikin rumbunsa; Sakamakon fashewar ya kashe mutane 3,000 mutane suka lalata kashi shida na birnin.
1901: An kashe 11 kuma daya ya shanye a kasa da kwatangwalo ta hanyar wani yajin aiki a Chicago.
1902: Yajin walƙiya ya lalata sashin sama na Hasumiyar Eiffel, yana buƙatar sake gina samansa.
1970 ga Yuli 12: Babban mast ɗin tashar rediyon Orlunda da ke tsakiyar Sweden ya ruguje bayan wata walƙiya ta lalata insulator na tushe.
1980 Yuni 30: Wata walkiya ta kashe dalibai 11 a makarantar firamare ta Biego a Kenya a gundumar Nyamira ta yau. Wasu almajirai 50 kuma sun sami raunuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ji rauni.
1994 Nuwamba 2: Wata walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar tankunan mai a Durunka, Masar, wanda ya haddasa 469 . mace-mace.
2005 Oktoba 31: Shanu sittin da takwas sun mutu a wata gona a Fernbrook a kan hanyar Waterfall kusa da Dorrigo, New South Wales, bayan sun shiga cikin lamarin walƙiya. Wasu uku kuma sun samu gurguzu na wani dan lokaci na tsawon sa’o’i da dama, daga baya suka samu cikakkiyar lafiya. Shanun dai suna mafaka ne a kusa da wata bishiya sai walkiya ta same su. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi na naman dabba girma. Lokacin da aka fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, ƴan ƴan mita sama da ƙafar dabba, ta cikin jikinta da ƙasa sauran ƙafafu na iya haifar da raguwar juriya ga wutar lantarki kuma daidai gwargwado mafi girma zai gudana ta cikin dabba fiye da ƙasa. wanda yake tsaye. Wannan al'amari, da ake kira hawan ƙasa mai yuwuwa, na iya haifar da girgizar wuta mai mahimmanci da lahani, wanda ya isa ya kashe manyan dabbobi.
Yuli shekarata 2007: Wata walƙiya ta kashe mutane 30 mutane lokacin da ta afkawa Ushari Dara, wani ƙauyen dutse mai nisa a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan .
2011 Yuni 8: An aika da walƙiya 77 Iska Tilasta jami'an tsaro zuwa asibiti lokacin da abin ya faru a tsakiyar sansanin horo a Camp Shelby, Mississippi.
2013 Fabrairu: An kwantar da yara 9 a Afirka ta Kudu a asibiti bayan da wata walkiya ta faru a filin wasan kurket a makarantarsu, inda ta raunata yara biyar a filin wasa da kuma ‘yan mata hudu da ke tafiya gida.
2016 Mayu–Yuni: An soke bikin Rock am Ring da ke kusa da birnin Frankfurt bayan da aƙalla mutane 80 suka jikkata sakamakon walƙiya a yankin. Bugu da kari. Yara 11 a Faransa da kuma manya uku a Jamus sun ji rauni sannan an kashe mutum daya a kudancin Poland a daidai wannan ranakun.
2016 Agusta 26: An kashe wani garke na daji a Hardangervidda a tsakiyar Norway, inda ya kashe 323. Kakakin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Norway Kjartan Knutsen ya ce ba a taba jin adadin wadanda suka mutu irin wannan ba. Ya ce bai sani ba ko an sami wasu hare-hare da dama, amma duk sun mutu a cikin “lokaci daya”.
2017: Rikodin rayuwa ta farko na yajin walƙiya a kan tsiri na bugun zuciya ya faru a cikin wani saurayi matashi wanda ke da rikodin madauki a matsayin mai saka idanu na zuciya don syncope neurocardiogenic .
2018: Wata walkiya ta kashe akalla mutane 16 tare da raunata wasu da dama a wani cocin Seventh-day Adventist a kasar Rwanda .
2021: Wata tsawa ta kashe wani yaro dan shekara 9 a wata gona a Blackpool, Ingila.
2021: A cikin Afrilu, aƙalla mutane 76 a duk faɗin Indiya sun mutu sakamakon tsautsayi a ƙarshen mako guda; Mutane 23 sun mutu a hasumiya ta Amer Fort, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido a Rajasthan, kuma an kashe 42 a Uttar Pradesh tare da adadin 14 mafi girma da ya faru a birnin Allahabad . A karshe, an kashe kusan 11 a Madhya Pradesh tare da kashe biyu daga cikinsu a lokacin da suke fakewa a karkashin bishiyoyi a lokacin da suke kiwon tumaki.
2021: A ranar 04 ga Agusta, an kashe mutane 17 sakamakon wata tsawa daya ta kama a Shibganj Upazila na gundumar Chapainawabganj a Bangladesh; Mutane 16 ne suka mutu nan take yayin da daya kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da ya ga sauran.
A cikin jirgin
Ana yawan afkawa jiragen sama da walƙiya ba tare da lahani ba, tare da buga irin na kasuwanci da aka saba yi aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Wani lokaci, ko da yake, sakamakon yajin aiki yana da tsanani sosai.
1963 Disamba 8: Pan Am Flight 214 ya fado a wajen Elkton, Maryland, a lokacin wata mummunar guguwar lantarki, tare da asarar duka 81. fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin. Jirgin Boeing 707-121, mai rijista a matsayin N709PA, yana kan matakin karshe na jirgin San Juan-Baltimore-Philadelphia.
1969 Nuwamba 14: The Apollo<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaY"> </span>12 manufa ta Saturn Roka V da ionized plume ɗin sa ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya mai walƙiya 36.5 dakika kadan bayan dagawa. Ko da yake fitar ta faru ne "ta hanyar" fatar karfe da tsarin motar, bai kunna wutar da rokar din ke da shi sosai ba.
1971 Disamba 24: Jirgin LANSA Flight 508, Lockheed L-188A Electra turboprop, mai rijista OB-R-941, wanda aka tsara a matsayin jirgin fasinja na cikin gida ta Lineas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anonima (LANSA), ya fado bayan wata walƙiya ta kunna tankin mai yayin da yake tafiya. Yana kan hanyarsa daga Lima, Peru, zuwa Pucallpa, Peru, inda ya kashe 91 mutane - duk 6 ma'aikatan jirgin da 85 daga 86 fasinjoji. Wanda ya tsira shine Juliane Koepcke, wanda ya fadi zuwa cikin gandun daji na Amazon wanda ke daure a kujerarta kuma ta tsira da gaske daga faɗuwar, sannan ta sami damar tafiya cikin daji na tsawon 10. kwanaki har sai da masunta na cikin gida suka ceto ta.
2012 Nuwamba 4: An bayar da rahoton wani jirgin sama yana fashe a bakin tekun Herne Bay, Kent, yayin da yake cikin jirgin. Hakan bai kasance haka ba; a maimakon haka, jirgin ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya, wanda ya sa masu kallo suka ba da rahoton jirgin kuma sararin samaniya ya bayyana mai haske.
2019 May 5: Aeroflot Flight 1492, Sukhoi Superjet 100, a cewar kyaftin din jirgin, walkiya ta same shi a yayin tashinsa, ya lalata na'urorin lantarki tare da tilasta matukan jirgin su yi yunkurin saukar gaggawa. Jirgin ya daki kasa da karfin tsiya ya kama wuta, lamarin da ya cinye jirgin a kan titin jirgin. Daga cikin mutane 78 da ke cikin jirgin, 41 sun mutu.
Dan Adam da ya fi kamuwa da cutar
Roy Sullivan yana rike da kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness bayan ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wata walkiya daban-daban guda bakwai. Ya samu raunuka da dama sosai a jikinsa.
Wutar walƙiya mafi tsayi
Wutar walƙiya ta shekarar 2020 a kudancin Amurka ta kafa tarihi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ganowa. Jirgin ya yi nisan mil 477 (kilomita 768) a kan Mississippi, Louisiana, da Texas, duk da cewa yana tsakanin gajimare ne kuma bai taba kasa ba. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta tabbatar da matsayinta na karya rikodin a cikin Janairun shekarata 2022.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Fulgurite wani lamari ne na fitarwa na walƙiya na CG wanda zai iya haifar da "walƙiya mai walƙiya", yana nuna babban, duk da taƙaitaccen adadin kuzarin da aka tura ta hanyar walƙiya. Suna iya nunawa a gani yadda makamashi zai iya yaduwa a ciki ko waje daga ɗaya ko dama tsakiya na ƙarshen ƙarshen, da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin diamita na waɗannan tashoshi, wanda ke tsakanin ƴan mm kawai zuwa santimita da yawa. Yiwuwar kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fulgurite sun bambanta da ban mamaki, suna nuna rikitattun kaddarorin lantarki, sinadarai, da zahiri na laka, dutse, ko yawan halittu.
Matsalolin da ke haifar da geomagnetically abubuwan al'ajabi ne da ke da alaƙa da hasken sararin samaniya, suna haifar da wuce gona da iri da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki waɗanda ke tasiri tsarin watsa wutar lantarki da bayanai akan sikeli mai faɗi. Filashin EMPs da igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa suna aiki iri ɗaya, amma sun fi yawa kuma suna da tasiri da yawa akan fasaha.
Keraunopathy shine nazarin likita na raunin walƙiya da jiyya mai alaƙa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Lokacin da walkiya ta afkawa mutane -NASA
Shafin Tsaro na Walƙiya - Sabis na Yanayi na Ƙasa Pueblo Colorado
Hotunan bidiyo - Bishiyar Beech (Fagus sylvatica) da walƙiya ta afkawa.
Walkiya
Tsawa
Yanayi
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40241 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Obika | Jonathan Obika | Jonathan Chiedozie Obika (an haife shi a ranar ga watan 12 Satumba shekarar 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar League One Morecambe.
Aikin kulob
Tottenham
Obika samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Tottenham Hotspur kuma shine babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a bangaren makarantar kimiyya a kakar shekarar 2007–08 . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin UEFA a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2008 da NEC Nijmegen. Ya kuma buga wasa da ƙungiyar FC Shakhtar Donetsk ta ƙasar Ukraine a gasar ɗaya. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi mafi aminci da kulob ɗin a watan Janairun shekarar 2009.
A ranar 19 ga watan Maris shekarar 2009 ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar League One Yeovil Town akan lamunin wata guda. An tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2008–09 a watan Afrilu. A matsayin aro na watanni biyu ya buga wasanni 10 inda ya zura kwallaye hudu.
Obika ya koma Yeovil akan lamuni na wata uku ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2009. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na uku na kakar shekarar 2009–10 da Leyton Orient . Ya sake zira kwallo a ranar 1 ga Watan Satumba a kan Bournemouth a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Kwallon kafa, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci. Tare da abokan wasan Tottenham Steven Caulker da Ryan Mason, an tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba.
A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, an mayar da Obika zuwa Spurs saboda komawar Yeovil na Arron Davies sannan kuma nan da nan aka aika shi aro zuwa ga Millwall na League One. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, Obika ya zira kwallo a ragar Millwall a karawar da suka yi da Yeovil a lokacin rauni kuma duk da abin da ake nufi da ci gaban Millwall, bai yi bikin a matsayin alamar girmamawa ga tsohon kulob ɗinsa ba.
A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, Obika ya koma kudancin Landan ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da haka an yanke wannan a farkon watan Janairu bayan jerin wasanni masu ban sha'awa, kuma ya tafi aro ga Peterborough United maimakon. Daga nan ya shiga garin Swindon bayan ƴan makonni har zuwa karshen kakar wasa amma an tuna da shi bayan rashin dama a Swindon. Daga baya Obika ya koma Yeovil har zuwa karshen kakar wasa, kulob dinsa na uku a kakar shekarar 2010-11, kuma ya buga wasanni 11 yana zura kwallaye 3.
Daga nan Obika ya koma Yeovil aro a farkon kakar 2011-12 har zuwa watan Janairu 2012, daga baya aka tsawaita wannan yarjejeniya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2011, Obika ya ci kwallo ta farko na sabuwar yarjejeniyar aro da Charlton Athletic tare da bugun daga kai, sannan ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a ragar Carlisle, Sheffield Wednesday da Leyton Orient.
A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2013, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan aro tare da Charlton Athletic ta Championship na sauran kakar shekarar 2012-13 sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekara guda tare da Spurs har zuwa shekarar 2014. Obika ne ya ci wa Charlton kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leeds United, a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida inda aka tashi 2-1. Obika ya biyo bayan haka ne a minti na 90 da ci wa Wolves.
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, Obika ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship Brighton & Hove Albion akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta farko ta wata uku. Ya ci wa Brighton kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a zagaye na hudu da Port Vale a minti na 78, Brighton ta ci 3-1. Rohan Ince da Solomon March ne suka ci wa Albion sauran kwallaye biyun. Bayan yarjejeniyarsa da Brighton ta kare, Obika ya koma Charlton Athletic a matsayin aro, na tsawon kakar wasa ta bana.
Garin Swindon
Obika ya bar Tottenham ya koma ƙungiyar League One Swindon Town a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2014 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don ci gaba da shi a The County Ground na tsawon shekaru biyu. A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2017, Obika ya tabbatar da cewa zai bar Swindon a kan ƙarshen yarjejeniyarsa ta yanzu bayan shekaru uku a Ground County .
Oxford United
Obika ya zama sabon koci Pep Clotet na farko da ya sa hannu a abokan hamayyar Swindon Oxford United lokacin da aka sanar da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu akan 5 Yuli 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Oldham Athletic a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2017–18, wanda ya kare da ci 2–0 da Oxford, kuma ya fara halarta a gida da fara bayyanarsa, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko. burin, a wasa na gaba, rashin nasara da ci 4–3 a Cheltenham Town a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL . An sake shi bayan kwantiraginsa ya kare bayan kakar 2018-19 .
St Mirren
A watan Agusta 2019, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar St Mirren ta Scotland . Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar, na karshe ya zo ne a wasan da suka doke Hearts da ci 1-0 wanda ya koma kungiyar Edinburgh.
Morecambe
A watan Yuni 2021, Obika ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Morecambe League One .
Ayyukan ƙasaa daƙasaa
An kira Obika ne domin ya wakilci Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 20 da za a karbi bakunci a Masar daga ranar 24 ga watan Satumba - Oktoba 16, 2009. Obika ya buga wasanni biyun farko da Ghana da Uruguay .
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Obika a Enfield, London kuma ya girma a Edmonton na asalin Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Bishop Stopford a Enfield. Shi ɗan uwan mawaki ne kuma tsohon dan takarar Kwalejin Fame Lemar .
Kididdigar sana'a
Girmamawa
Mutum
Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Sky Bet na mako 13/09/14 - 14/09/14
Nassoshi
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1990
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40961 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic%20Revolution | Neolithic Revolution | Juyin Halitta, ko Juyin Aikin Noma (Na Farko, shine babban sauyi na al'adun mutane da yawa a lokacin zamanin Neolithic daga salon farauta da hunting zuwa aikin noma da matsuguni, wanda hakan ya sa yawan jama'a ke karuwa. Waɗannan al'ummomin da aka zaunar da su sun ƙyale mutane su lura da gwaji da tsire-tsire, koyan yadda suke girma da bunƙasa. Wannan sabon ilimin ya haifar da shuka tsiro zuwa amfanin gona.
Bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa gidaje na nau'o'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban sun faru a wurare daban-daban a dukan duniya, tun daga zamanin Holocene shekaru 11,700 da suka wuce. Shi ne juyin juya hali na farko a duniya wanda aka tabbatar a tarihi a harkar noma. Neolithic revolution ya na ƙunsar nau'ikan abinci da ake samu, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ingancin abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam idan aka kwatanta da wanda aka samu a baya daga kiwo.
Neolithic revolution ya ƙunshi fiye da ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun dabarun samar da abinci. A cikin ƙarni na gaba ta canza ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta waɗanda suka mamaye tarihin ɗan adam zuwa ƙungiyoyin zaman jama'a (marasa ƙauyuka ) waɗanda aka gina a ƙauyuka da ƙarkara. Wadannan al'ummomi sun canza yanayin yanayinsu ta hanyar noman abinci na musamman, tare da ayyuka irin su ban ruwa da sare dazuzzuka wadanda ke ba da damar samar da rarar abinci. Sauran ci gaban da aka samu sosai a wannan zamanin sune kiwon dabbobi, gina tukwane, kayan aikin dutse masu gogewa, da kuma gidaje masu kusurwa. A cikin yankuna da yawa, karɓar aikin gona ta al'ummomin zamanin da ya haifar da saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a, lamarin da aka sani da canjin alƙaluma na Neolithic.
Wadannan ci gaban, wani lokacin da ake kira Neolithic package, ya ba da asalin tushen gwamnatocin tsakiya da tsarin siyasa, akidu masu matsayi, tsarin ilimin da ba a ba da izini ba (misali rubuce-rubuce), ƙauyuka masu yawa, ƙwarewa da rarraba aiki, ƙarin ciniki, ci gaban da ba za a iya ɗauka ba. fasaha da gine-gine, da kuma mafi girman mallakar dukiya. Sanin wayewar farko ta haɓaka a Sumer a kudancin Mesofotamiya ( ); fitowar ta kuma ta sanar da farkon zamanin Tagulla.
Dangantakar abubuwan da aka ambata na Neolithic da aka ambata zuwa farkon aikin noma, jerin abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin juna a wurare daban-daban na Neolithic ya kasance batun muhawarar ilimi, kuma ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, maimakon kasancewa sakamakon dokokin duniya. na zamantakewa juyin halitta. Levant ya ga farkon ci gaban Neolithic revolution daga kusan 10,000 BC, sai kuma shafuka a cikin Crescent mai fadi.
Fage
Mafarauta suna da buƙatun rayuwa daban-daban da salon rayuwa daga masana aikin gona. Mafarauta sau da yawa sun kasance masu tafiya da ƙaura, suna zaune a matsuguni na wucin gadi da cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu, kuma suna da iyakacin hulɗa da na waje. Abincinsu ya kasance daidai da daidaito ko da yake ya dogara sosai akan abin da yanayin zai iya samar da kowace kakar. Sabanin haka, saboda ragi da tsarin samar da abinci da noma ke samarwa ya ba da damar tallafa wa ɗimbin jama'a, masu aikin gona sun zauna a cikin matsuguni na dindindin a matsugunan da ke da yawan jama'a fiye da yadda rayuwar mafarauta za ta iya tallafawa. Bukatar yanayi na al'ummomin noma don tsarawa da daidaita albarkatu da ma'aikata sun karfafa rarraba aiki, wanda a hankali ya haifar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa. Ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci don musayar ragi kayayyaki da sabis ya sa masana aikin gona su yi hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin waje, wanda ya haɓaka musayar al'adu wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wayewa da haɓakar fasaha.
Koyaya, karuwar yawan jama'a da wadatar abinci ba lallai ba ne su yi daidai da ingantacciyar lafiya. Dogaro da ƙayyadaddun kayan amfanin gona iri-iri na iya yin illa ga lafiya har ma tare da ba da damar ciyar da mutane da yawa. Masara ba ta da ƙarancin wasu muhimman amino acid (lysine da tryptophan) kuma tushen baƙin ƙarfe ne mara kyau. Acid phytic da ke ƙunshe da shi na iya hana sha na gina jiki. Sauran abubuwan da watakila suka shafi lafiyar masu noma na farko da dabbobinsu na gida, da an ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da sharar ɗan adam da gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha. Taki da ban ruwa na iya kara yawan amfanin gona amma kuma da sun inganta yaduwar kwari da kwayoyin cuta a cikin muhallin gida yayin da ajiyar hatsi ya jawo karin kwari da beraye.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
11607 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan%20Usman%20Katsina | Hassan Usman Katsina | Hassan Usman Katsina (31 Maris din shekarar 1933 - 24 Yuli, shekara ta 1995) Ya kasance Manjo janar na hafsoshin sojan Najeriya na kasa, kuma ya kasance dan Usman Nagogo, wato dan Sarkin Katsina daga shekara ta 1944 zuwa shekara ta 1981. Ya kasance Gwamnan Yankin Arewacin Najeriya daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekarar 1967. A lokacin yakin basasar Nijeriya, ya taba kasancewa babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya da kuma mataimaki, kuma ya taba zama babban shugaban hedikwata na gudanarwa a karkashin mulkin Janar Yakubu Gowon.
Manjo Hassan Usman Katsina, shi ne gwamnan farko dan ƙasa na Lardin Arewa (Northern Region). An kuma haife shi a garin Katsina a shekarar 1933. Ya fito daga gidan sarautar Katsina. Shi da ne ga sarkin Katsina Usman Nagogo, shi kuma Usman Nagogo dan sarkin Katsina Muhammadu Dikko ne.
Tarihi
An haifi Hassan Usman Katsina a Birni Katsina, 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1933. An haifeshi a gidan mahaifinsa, Sarki Usman Nagoggo kuma su yan biyu ne. Sunan mahaifiyarsa Fatima, kuma anfi kiranta da “Cima” ko "Haijya Uwargida", ita yar wazirin Katsina Haruna ce, an kaishi gidan kanin kakansa watau Kankiya Nuhu, lokacin yana da shekara shida domin raino.
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
Tarihi ya nuna cewa Hassan mutum ne mai kwazo da hazaka ga son mutane kuma bashi da girman kai, ga son yara amma kuma bai son wargi ko kadan kuma Hassan mutum ne mai son wasan motsa jini. Kamar su Langa da wasan tsere da sauransu, sannan kuma shi mutum ne mai alƙawari kuma bashi munafirci.
Hassan ya fara karatu ne da karatun Alqur’ani inda ya sauke Hizifi sittin gaba daya. Inda ya samu haske sosai, Hassan ya fara makarantar frimari a makaranta elementary ta kankiya daga shekara ta 1940 zuwa shekara ta 1943, sai ya cigaba da Makarantar MIDIL ta katsina daga shekara ta 1944-1947. Daga nan ya halarci kwalejin Kaduna wanda aka fi sani a yanzu da kwalejin Barewa (Barewa College Dake Zaria) daga shekara ta 1948-1951. Bayan ya gama makarantar sakandare, ya tafi Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya da Makarantar Sakandare da Fasaha ta Najeriya da ke Zariya. Ya shiga rundunar sojojin Najeriya ne a cikin shekara ta 1956. Bayan nan ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Isntitute Of Administration dake zaria a shekara ta 1952, sannan ya zarce kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Najeriya, watau Nigerian College Of Art, Science and Technology. Zariya a shekara ta
1953 zuwa shekara ta 1955 daga baya ta zama Jami’ar Ahmau Bello.
Aikin sojan sa
Hassan Katsina ya kara sama ne a matsayi, kan mukamin sojojin Nijeriya daga kan mukaminsa na janar na biyu a shekara ta 1958, ya zama Manjo Janar kuma memba a Kwamitin Soja na Sojoji zuwa shekara ta 1975. Bayan haka, ya zama shahararre, kuma babban jami'in sojan Arewa, wanda ke da alaƙa da sarakunan gargajiya a arewacin da kuma hango halayen geriel ga yawancin Nigeriansan Najeriya gabaɗaya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in sojan siyasa, tun farkon aikinsa da kuma mukamin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soji daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1975.
Nan da nan bayan ya shiga soja a shekara ta 1956, ya samu horo a wasu cibiyoyi kamar su Mons Officer Cadet School da Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst inda yake tare da Iliya Bisalla . Ya zama Lt Conl ne a shekara ta 1966, bayan wannan, ya zama gwamnan lardin Arewacin Najeriya. Ya mutu a 24 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1995.
Rukunin sojoji
Kwamandan platun, bataliya na biyu .
Jami’in mai fikira, Kongo
Kwamandan Kamfanin, Bataliya ta 5, Kano
Jami’in Kwamandan, Recce Squadron, Kaduna.
Lokacin Matsayi
Laftanar na 2, 19 ga Satan Disamba shekarar 1958
Laftanar, 26 na watan Yuli, shekarar 1959
Kyaftin, watan Maris 1, shekarar 1961
Manjo, watan Agusta 19, shekarar 1963
Laftanar Kanal, 19 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1966
Kanar, 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1968
Birgediya Janar, 1 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1969
Manjo Janar, 1 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1971.
Gwamnan soja
A ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1966, Laftanar Kanar Hassan Usman Katsina ya zama gwamnan mulkin soja na lardin arewacin Najeriya. Ya mika marabus din madafun iko ne ga manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, ya mika madafun ikon ne a kun da ya kawo sojoji kan iko har ya haddasa mutuwan Ahmadu Bello, tsohon Firimiyan yankin arewa yim. Hassan Katsina ya hau sabon matsayin da ke bukatar shugabanci mai ƙarfi don kwantar da jijiyoyi sakamakon mamayar sojoji zuwa mulki da kuma mutuwar manyan shugabannin siyasa daga yankin. Gwamnatin sa, ta zabi ci gaba da Late Bello ta samu tare da kawo wasu manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati a yankin wadanda suka mallaki halayen gudanarwa wadanda za su iya ci gaba tare da nasarar da Ahmadu Bello ya samu. A lokacin da ya taƙaitaccen lokaci na shugabanci, da ya jagoranci gwamnatin wucin gadi a Common Services Agency, wata hukumar da gudanar da aiki na raba da gama albarkatu na yankin, a wani sabon rarraba siyasa da kuma tattalin arziki tsarin na shugabanci . Hassan Katsina, kuma revitalized siyasa hadin tare da Emirates a arewa a matsayin goyon baya tushe don ya sabuwar gwamnatin. kuma ya kusan dawo da tsohuwar tsarin Tsarin Mulki na tsarin mulkin mallaka, inda sarakunan suka taka rawa sosai. A nasa bangaren, ya kuma yi alkawarin kawo sauyi ga karamar hukuma da ta kananan hukumomi. Abubuwan da suka bayyana a cikin gwamnatin sa shine Ali Akilu, wanda daga baya suka taka rawa wajen kirkiro jihohi a arewa, Ibrahim Dasuki da kuma Sunday Awoniyi .
Hanyoyin Tawaye
Koyaya, wani lokacin mulkinsa dole ne ya sarrafa ayyukan tashin hankali daga jama'a da kuma sansanin sojojin sa. A cikin watan Mayu shekara ta 1966, wasu biranen Arewa suka mamaye wasu jerin kashe-kashen tashin hankali dangane da al'amuran siyasa daban-daban na wannan lokacin. Arewacin, wanda a cikin shekara ta 1952 bashi da fiye da uku (wannan ba gaskiya bane, kamar yadda a shekarun 1950 arewa ta mallaki makarantun sakandare 50) Barewa Zaria shekarar 1922, GCBida shekarar 1914, GSS Ilorin shekarar 1914, Rumfa Kano shekara ta 1909, GCKatsina Ala shekarar 1918, GCKeffi shekarar 1954, GCMakurdi! 954, Abdulazziz Attah Okene shekarar 1918, GSSKatsina shekarar 1914, Ramat Yola shekarar 1918, GCKangere shekarar 1954, GCMaiduguri shekarar 1954, Nigerian Military School Zaria shekarar 1954, and many more, go confirm) makarantun sakandare har yanzu suna fama da rashin cancanta a makarantun ilimi lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ironsi sanar da wani unitary tsarin tafiyar da gwamnati. Yawancin 'yan Arewa mazauna Arewa suna fargabar za su iya mamaye su a mukamai na mulki ta hanyar da yawa daga kudurorin ilimi musamman, Igbo, sun koma tashin hankali da aka ambata, da wasu' yan dalilai gami da ra'ayin cewa juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1966 juyin mulkin Igbo ne. Wannan ya haifar da ficewar wasu teran tsira daga yankin.
Bayan rayuwa
Kodayake, wasu jami'an sojan da suka mutunta shi ya jagoranci juyin mulki a shekara ta 1975, kadan daga cikin wadanda ya inganta cikin hanzari, ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1975 daga baya ya yi watsi da rokon da aka yi masa na neman mukamin gwamnati bayan ya yi ritaya. Daga baya ya shiga sahun wasu kungiyoyi na siyasa kamar su National Party of Nigeria da kuma Kwamitin Kula da Jama'a. Hakanan ya kasance mai goyon baya a wasannin wasan polo . Ya zama mutum na farko da ya fito daga Katsina ya samu daukaka a cikin Sojojin Najeriya.
Biblio
Burji, Badamasi Shu'aibu G., 1968- (1997).Gaskiya nagartar namiji : tarihin rayuwar Janar Hassan Usman Katsina. Kano: Burji Publishers.ISBN 978-135-051-2, OCLC 43147940.
Manazarta
'Yan boko
Sojojin Najeriya
Janarorin Najeriya
'Yan Katsina
'Yan Najeriya Musulmai
Musulmai |
28247 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joellen%20Louise%20Russell | Joellen Louise Russell | Joellen Louise Russell (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970) ita 'yar Amurka ce mai binciken teku kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi.
Russell ita farfesa ce a Sashen Nazarin Geosciences a Jami'ar Arizona. A Tucson, AZ, tare da alƙawura na haɗin gwiwa a cikin Sashen Lunar da Kimiyyar Duniya, Hydrology da Kimiyyar yanayi, da kuma a cikin Sashen Lissafin Lissafi a cikin Ayyukan Lissafi. An nada ta a matsayin Thomas R. Brown Distinguished Chair of Integrative Science in 2017. An nada ta a matsayin Farfesa na Jami'a a 2021.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Russell a Seattle, WA a cikin 1970, kuma ta girma a Kotzebue, Alaska, ƙauyen kamun kifi na Eskimo mai nisan mil 30 daga arewacin Arctic Circle, inda mahaifinta ya yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Indiya. Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 12, ta san cewa tana son ta zama masanin ilimin teku. Russell ta halarci Makarantar St. Paul a Concord, NH, ta sami Shekarar Makaranta a Waje a Rennes, Faransa, ta kasance Masanin Ƙasa ta Radcliffe a Jami'ar Harvard inda ta sami A.B. in Environmental Geoscience. Ta yi balaguron bincike na farko zuwa Tekun Kudancin a cikin 1994 kuma ta shafe kusan shekara guda na aikinta na digiri a teku a can kafin ta kammala digirinta na uku a cikin Oceanography a 1999 daga Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography, Jami'ar California, San Diego. Ta sami JISAO Postdoctoral Fellowship a Jami'ar Washington sannan ta shafe shekaru da yawa a matsayin masanin kimiyyar bincike a Jami'ar Princeton da NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory a Princeton, NJ a yayin shirye-shiryen kimantawa na 4th ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) - AR4). Russell ya zama memba na sashen ilimin Geosciences a Jami'ar Arizona a cikin 2006, kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a cikin 2019.
Aiki da tasirin bincike
Binciken Russell ya binciko rawar da teku ke takawa a yanayin duniya, yana mai da hankali kan tekun Kudancin teku da kuma iskar Kudancin Hemisphere. Ta yi amfani da tsarin yanayi na duniya da tsarin duniya don kwaikwayi yanayin yanayi da zagayowar carbon na da, na yanzu da na gaba, kuma tana haɓaka ma'auni na tushen lura don kimanta waɗannan simintin. Ayyukan Russell akan iskoki na yamma ya kai ga babban nasararta na bincike ya zuwa yanzu: ƙirƙirar sabon salo a kimiyyar yanayi, wato yanayin zafi yana haifar da iskar yamma. Wannan hangen nesa ya warware ɗayan daɗaɗɗen yanayin yanayin yanayi, tsarin da ke da alhakin canja wurin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya zuwa cikin teku sannan kuma a sake dawowa yayin da muke maimaita hawan glacial-interglacial.
Russell ita ce jagorar taken yin tallan kayan kawa na Kudancin Tekun Carbon da Ayyukan Kula da Yanayi da Modeling (SOCCOM) gami da Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tekun Kudancin (SOMIP)
A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya ta NOAA, a matsayin Jagora Mai Maƙasudi don Kwamitin Kimiyya kan Binciken AntarcticClimate21, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta ƙasa (NCAR) Community. Tsarin Tsarin Duniya (CESM) kwamitin shawara.
Russell ita ce ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Science Moms, ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar yanayi mara ƙima, waɗanda kuma uwaye ne, suna aiki don lalata canjin yanayi.
Tasiri
Russell ita ce ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar yanayi 14 a baya bayanan amicus curiae da ke goyan bayan mai ƙara a cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli na tarihi na 2007 game da hayaƙin carbon dioxide da sauyin yanayi, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, et al. v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Wannan taƙaitaccen bayani shine kaɗai aka ambata a cikin wannan yanke shawara mai mahimmanci wanda ya tabbatar da cewa carbon dioxide gurɓataccen yanayi ne kuma dole ne EPA ta tsara shi.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
2021 - Farfesa na Jami'ar, Jami'ar Arizona
2017-yanzu - Thomas R. Brown Babban Shugaban Kimiyyar Haɗin Kai
2014 - 1885 Award na Al'umma Mai Girma Malami, Jami'ar Arizona
2012-present - Memba, Comer Family Foundation "Changelings" rukuni
2011-2012 – Babban Malami, Ƙungiyar Masana Geologists na Amurka
2010 - Kyautar Koyarwar Ilimi ta Gaba ɗaya ta Provost, Jami'ar Arizona
1989-1993 – Radcliffe National Scholar, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
IPCC, 2021: Canjin Yanayi 2021: Tushen Kimiyyar Jiki. Gudunmawar Ƙungiya ta Aiki zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Na shida na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Sauyin Yanayi [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, da B. Zhou (eds.)]. Jami'ar Cambridge Press. A cikin Latsa.
IPCC, 2013: Canjin Yanayi 2013: Tushen Kimiyyar Jiki. Gudunmawar Ƙungiya ta Aiki zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Na Biyar na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Canjin Yanayi [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex da kuma P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Jami'ar Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom da New York, NY, Amurka, 1535 pp.
IPCC, 2007: Canjin Yanayi 2007: Tushen Kimiyyar Jiki. Gudunmawar Ƙungiya ta I zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor da HL Miller (eds.)]. Jami'ar Cambridge Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom da New York, NY, Amurka, 996 pp.
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1970 |
7055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba%20%28Najeriya%29 | Asaba (Najeriya) | Asaba birni ce, a cikin jihar Delta, a cikin Najeriya. Tana nan daga yammacin gabar rafin Niger, ta karamar hukumar Oshimili South. Asaba na da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum 149,603 a kiadayar shekara ta 2006, da yawan mutane a birnin kimanin mutum dubu dari biyar.
An san birnin Asaba da mu'ala iri-iri musamman a dalilin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel dake garin, gidajen rawa, swuraren kallo na sinima, da wuraren shahulgula iri-iri. Akwai biki da ake gabatarwa duk shekara a garin wanda ake kira Delta Yaddah, ana tara mawaka a taron bikin. Ta'addanci yayi yawa a birnin saboda yawan jama'arta. Ta'addanci sun hada da yankan aljihu, kwace da sauransu. Akwai tsadar rayuwa a garin saboda mutane daga kasashen waje dake shigowa birnin. Gadar Onitsha itace iyaka tsakanin jihar Delta da Anambra, gadar ita ta raba Asaba da Onitsha.
Asalin Kalma
Kalmar Asaba ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ahabam ma'ana "Na zaba da kyau" ko kuma "I have chosen well" da turanci, kalmar da aka hakayo daga Nnebisi, wanda shine asalin wanda ya samar da Asaba. Mafi akasarin mutanen Asaba inyamurai ne.
Tarihi
Birnin Asaba ta kasance a da babban birnin yankunan mulkin Turawa na kudanci Najeriya wato Southern Nigeria Protectorate. An samar da birnin a shekara ta 1884.
A tsakanin 1886 da 1900, ita ke dauke da kamfanin Royal Niger Company, wanda turawa suka kafa don habaka kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen turai. Wannan kamfanin a yau shi ake kira da UAC Nigeria PLC. Matafiyin neman ilimi dan Faransa William B. Balkie, lokacin da yake waken yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da shugaban inyamurai Ezebogo a Asaba a ranar August 30, 1885, "Bayan gaisuwar mu, ina magana akan abota, ta kasuwanci, da ilimi, da kuma mafi muhimmanci akan sharrin yaki, da amfanin zaman lafiya, wanda duka anyi maraba da su".
Dangane da fitaccen tarihin Asaba da kuma labarin kasar ta, da kuma tasirinta a Najeriya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma kasuwanci, Ana yi wa Asaba lakabi da cibiyar yankin Anioma.
Labarin Kasa
Asaba na kan wani bisa kwarin rafin Niger, daura da Rafin Anambara. A bayan wadannan rafuka akwai kurgunmin daji mai tarin itace. A tarihance wannan rafin Niger River ya kasance cibiyar sufuri tsakanin kasashen Afurka har zuwa tekun Atlantic Ocean. Asaba ta hada mahada tsakanin yammaci, gabaci da arewacin Najeriya hanyar rafin River Niger daga arewa da kuma gadar Rafin Niger, wanda yake gabas-maso-yammacin yankin kuma babban tambari ne na Najeriya.
Asaba na nan daga degree6 daga arewacin equator, sannan tana da nisan iri daya daga meridian sannan tana da nisan kusan kilomita 160km (mil 100) daga arecin inda ruwan rafin Niger ke gangarawa cikin tekun Atlantic Ocean.
Asaba ta mamaye fili mai fadin 300kmsq. Tana da zafi na kimanin 32c a lokaci na rani, sannan da matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama na kimanin millimitoci 2,700m (106 in) a lokacin damuna.
Babban birnin Asaba ya hada sauran makwabtan garuruwa kamar as Igbuzo, Okpanam, Oko, Okwe and Ugbolu wanda ke yankin yammacin River Niger.
Ala'adu
Al'adun Asaba sun ta'allaka kwarau da gaske da soyayyar su ga "Asagba of Asaba", wanda shuwagabanninsu (da ake kira da "Diokpa”) na duka kauyukan garin guda biyar ke kai wa kukansu game da abun da ya shafi mutanen garin. Iyasele na Asaba [Iyase] ke taimakawa wa Asagba wanda shine matsayin prime minista na gargaijya kuma shugaban dattijai [Kamar [Olinzele, Otu Ihaza, Oloto, da dai sauransu.]
Jama'a
Inyamuarai suka kwashe kaso 63% na mutanen garin, kuma mafi akasarin su haifaffun birnin Asaba ne. Asaba ta habaka ta fannin yawan mutane da kusan rabin miliyan (500,000) tun daga lokacin da ta zamo babban birnin Delta. A yanzu ta tara mutane iri-iri wanda ba 'yan asalin birnin bane. Wasu daga cikin yarukan da ke zama a birnin sun hada da Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, Hausa, Itsekiri da kuma Yabawa.
Tattalin arziki
Asaba cibiyar gudanarwa ce kuma mazaunin gwamnati wanda aka samar da ita a lokacin kamfanin Royal Niger Company a yanzu (UACN), kuma itace babban birnin gudanarwa na jihar Delta. A dalilin hakan mafi akasarin mutanen birnin ma'aikatan gwamnati ne. Gwamnatin Najeriya a karkashin mulkin gwamnatin Samuel Ogbemudia suka samar da kamfanin Asaba Textile Mills da kuma kamfanin wutar Lantarki na Asaba. A birnin Asaba akwai kamfanoni dake sarrafa magunguna sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafa karafuna. Akwai masu zuwa yawan bude idanu da yawa cikin garin, wannan ya jawo habakar kasuwancin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel.
Kasuwanni
Akwai manya-manyan kasuwanni guda uka a Asaba wanda suka hada da: kasuwar Ogbe-Ogonogo, kasuwar Cable Point, da kuma kasuwar Infant Jesus.
Wasanni
Filin wasan kwallon kafa na Stephen Keshi Stadium na Asaba, wacce ke da budadden gaba saboda masu kallo daga gari ya dauki nauyin wasanni kwallon kafa da dama tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a karkashin mulkin Senator Dr. Ifeanyi Arthur Okowa, tare da amincewar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Filin shine matsayin filin wasanni na gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa na Delta Force FC.
Sufuri
Jirgin sama
Za'a iya ziyarta birnin Asaba da sauran biranen kewaye ta hanyar filin jirgin sama na Asaba international Airport.
Titin Mota
Babban titin Asaba zuwa Benin titi ne mai matukar muhimmanci saboda shi ya hada garuruwan yammaci da gabacin Najeriya. Sanna har wa yau akwai titin da ya hada Asaba da Ughelli, sannan titin Asaba-Ebu ya hada Asaba da arewacin Najeriya.
Ruwa
Ana iya zirga-zirga ta ruwa a birnin Asaba ta rafin River Niger, wacce ta zagaye yawancin garuruwan Afurka.
Sanannun Mutane
Chief Dennis Osadebay
Joseph Chike Edozien
Maryam Babangida
Lynxxx
SHiiKANE
Emma Nyra
Ike Nwamu
Frank Nwachukwu Ndili
Epiphany Azinge
Hotuna
Kara dubawa
Abraka
Asaba massacre
Ekumeku Movement
Warri
Asaba-Asa
Hanyoyin hadin waje
Asaba.com
Asaba.net
Asaba Association Non-profit Group
Asaba Development Association in the United Kingdom
Asaba Portal
Asaba History and Culture Collaboration Research Platform
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya |
38753 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Alabi | Joshua Alabi | Joshua Alabi (an haife shi 1 Maris 1958) ɗan ilimi ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ghana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun, Accra (UPSA) daga 2012 zuwa 2016. Ya taba yin aiki a matsayin Rector na wannan cibiyar daga 2009 zuwa 2012 da Pro-Rector daga 2005 zuwa 2008. A siyasar Ghana, Alabi ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Krowor a cikin Greater Accra daga 1997 zuwa 2001 kuma dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2001 kuma ya kasance karamin ministan babban birnin Accra da yankin Arewa daga 1997 zuwa 2001.
Alabi dan jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress ne kuma ya jagoranci sake fasalin jam’iyyar a yankin Greater Accra a shekarar 2001 bayan da jam’iyyar ta sha kaye a zaben 2000 a hannun ‘yan adawa. Bayan da aka sake fasalin, ya zama tsohon Ministan jam’iyyar na farko da ya tsaya takara kuma ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban jam’iyyar NDC a yankin Greater Accra daga 2001 zuwa 2005.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Dan kabilar Ga daga Nungua, an haifi Alabi a ranar 1 ga Maris 1958 a Accra. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin mota ne kuma manomi, mahaifiyarsa kuwa 'yar kasuwa ce. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a makarantar share fage ta St. John (yanzu St. John's Grammar School) da ke Achimota, a unguwar Accra, daga 1965 zuwa 1971. Daga nan ya wuce makarantar sakandare ta Tamale inda ya yi karatun sakandire inda ya yi karatu. Ya sami Takaddun Takaddun Karatu na Talakawa da Na gaba daga 1971 zuwa 1976. Alabi ya kammala karatunsa na ƙwararru a fannin Accountancy da Marketing a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (IPS) a lokacin daga 1976 zuwa 1980. Daga baya ya tafi Turai don yin digiri na biyu; daya cikin Masana'antu Tattalin Arziki (MSc) daga Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa ta Moscow, Plekhanov (Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki na Rasha a yanzu) a cikin 1986 da MSc a Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa daga Jami'ar Strathclyde a Glasgow Scotland inda ya ba da lambar yabo ta Mushod Abiola don Nagartar Kasuwanci a cikin 1992.
Shi Mataimakin Farfesa ne na Kasuwanci a UPSA, memba na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Chartered (CIM), Ghana, Fellow of Ghana Institute of Taxation da Fellow of Chartered Institute of Bankers, Ghana.
Aikin ilimi
Bayan ya kammala horon sana'a a IPS, Alabi ya fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Arewa da ke garin Tamale daga 1980 zuwa 1981 kafin ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don yin digiri na ilimi. Kafin nadinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Alabi ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin a rayuwarsa yana koyarwa daga 1987 zuwa 2005. A lokacin ya zama shugaban sashen tallace-tallace a 1989, ya zama shugaban sashen gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2005. .A shekarar 2001 ne jami’ar ta kara masa girma zuwa babban malami, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2008 kwamitin gudanarwa na jami’ar ya ba shi mukamin babban malami, bayan ya cika sharuddan karin girma da hukumar kula da nadi da kara girma ta jami’ar ta gindaya. Ya samu mukamin Pro-Rector daga 2005 zuwa 2008, da kuma Rector daga 2008 zuwa 2012.
A matakin hukuma, Alabi ya yi aiki a kwamitoci da dama da suka hada da: Majalisar Mulki ta UPSA, Kwamitin Dokoki, Kwamitin Kudi, Kwamitin Ilimi, Kwamitin Zartarwa, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare da Albarkatu, da Kwamitin Kasafi. Ya jagoranci wasu kwamitoci da suka hada da, kwamitin ci gaba, kwamitin wallafe-wallafe, kwamitin bincike da taro da kwamitin laburare.
Rayuwar Siyasa
A Matsayin Dan Majalisa
Al’ummar mazabar Krowor da ke yankin Greater Accra ne suka zabe Alabi a kan tikitin jam’iyyar NDC a matsayin dan majalisa daga 1997 zuwa 2001Yayin da yake majalisar, Alabi kuma ya taba zama memba na kwamitin kasuwanci na majalisar (1997 zuwa 2001); kuma memba na Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dokoki akan Abinci da Noma (1997 zuwa 2001).
A matsayinsa na karamin minista
Shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin mai girma Flt. Laftanar Jerry John Rawlings a matsayin Babban Ministan Yanki na Accra, daga baya an koma shi zuwa yankin Arewa don yin aiki a matsayin Ministan Yanki sannan kuma ya sake komawa Yankin Halittar Accra, wannan ya faru tsakanin 1997 da 2001. Ya shugabanci Majalisar Tsaron Yanki na Babban Accra da Arewacin Arewa a matsayin shugaba daga 1997 zuwa 2001.
Lokacin da NDC ta sha kaye a zaben 2000, an nada Alabi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin sake fasalin yankin Greater Accra. Ba da dadewa ba, ya samu zabe a matsayin shugaban yankin Greater Accra na NDC daga 2001 zuwa 2005. Ya kuma zama kodinetan yakin neman zaben Farfesa John Atta Mills a shekarar 2004.
A lokacin yana dalibi a Turai, Alabi ya kasance jakadan daliban Ghana, ya rike mukaman shugaban NUGS na Turai daga 1985 zuwa 1986, NUGS shugaban USSR na wa'adi biyu, daga 1983 zuwa 1985, da NUGS Moscow mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 1982 zuwa 1983. Kamar yadda NUGS, Shugaba, Alabi ya jagoranci "The Medicines for Health Project" kuma a cikin 1984 ya tattara kuma ya kai adadin magunguna ga shugaban kasa, Flt. Laftanar Jerry John Rawlings ga mutanen Ghana a lokacin da ake fama da koma bayan tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980.
Gudanar da wasanni
A fagen wasanni kuwa Alabi ya kasance babban sakataren kungiyar kulab din Ghana (GHALCA) daga 1994 zuwa 1997. Ya kuma kasance memba a hukumar gudanarwar hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ghana (GFA) kuma kodinetan kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar Black Stars na Ghana daga 1994 zuwa 1997.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Alabi Kirista ne. Ya auri Goski B. Alabi, wanda kuma malami ne kuma farfesa a fannin Gudanarwa da Jagoranci. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.
Sauran ayyukan sana'a
Alabi ya kuma yi aiki a shuwagabannin kamfanoni da dama a lokacin aikinsa. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Social Security da National Insurance Trust na kusan shekaru hudu (2013 zuwa 2016), yana ba da jagorar dabaru ga Trust da sauran jarin ta. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin HFC na tsawon kimanin shekaru biyu (2014 zuwa 2016). Ya kasance shugaban majalisar gudanarwa na kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Accra na tsawon shekaru biyar daga 2009 zuwa 2014. Ya kasance shugaban majalisar bunkasa litattafai ta Ghana daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2017. Alabi ya kuma kasance mamba a hukumar UNESCO ta Ghana kamar yadda ya saba. a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyyar zamantakewa na Hukumar UNESCO ta Ghana, daga 2009 zuwa 2014.
Alabi ya kasance memba na rukunin kwararru na hukumar zartarwa ta UNESCO (Paris) a 2011, memba na kwamitin zartarwa kuma ya jagoranci yankin yammacin Afirka na kungiyar shugabannin jami'o'i na duniya daga 2011 zuwa 2016.
Ya gudanar da ayyuka da dama na kasa da kasa da na kasa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban hukumar kula da Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarwari ta masu amfani (CAC) Ghana, memba mai haɗin gwiwa na Consumers International, (CI) kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe 115.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2016, Shugaban kasar Ghana, Mai girma John Dramani Mahama ya ba Alabi lambar yabo ta "Officer of the Order of Volta".
A cikin watan Yulin 2015, Alabi ya samu lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Chartered (CIB) don karramawa da jagorancinsa da sauya shekar IPS zuwa jami'a mai cikakken iko, da kuma yadda ya yi aiki a fannin banki da hada-hadar kudi.
Har ila yau, an nada shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Afirka na shekarar 2013 ta kungiyar daliban Afirka ta All-Africa. Bugu da kari, kungiyar daliban Ghana ta kasa (NUGS) ta ba Alabi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi a Ghana.
Alabi ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan kasuwar Ghana na shekarar 2012, ta Cibiyar Kasuwancin Ghana (CIMG) ta Chartered.
An kuma naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban mafi tasiri a fannin jama'a a Ghana na shekara ta 2012, ta Cibiyar Siyasa da Ilimi ta IMANI Ghana, wata manufa ta Think Tank, saboda natsuwa, tsayayye da jagoranci, wanda ya haifar da sauyi na IPS.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1958 |
51375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Arendt | Hannah Arendt | Hannah Arendt, an haifi Johanna Arendt a cikin sha huɗu ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida, a Hanover kuma ta mutuError on the Upper West Side ( New York ), yar asalin Jamus ce, masaniyarkimiyyar siyasa, falsafa, kuma 'yar jarida, wanda aka sani da aikinta akan harkokin siyasa, kama-karya, zamani, da falsafar tarihi .
Ta jaddada, duk da haka, cewa aikinta ba falsafa ba ne amma ka'idar siyasa ( « Mein Beruf shine Theorie na siyasa » ) . Shiyasa tace a « masanin kimiyyar siyasa « ««masanin kimiyyar siyasa ) maimakon masanin falsafa . An ambaci kin amincewarta na falsafa a cikin Condition de l'homme moderne inda ta yi la'akari da cewa « Yawancin falsafar siyasa tun lokacin da Plato za a iya fassara shi cikin sauƙi a matsayin jerin yunƙurin gano tushe na ka'idar da kuma hanyoyin da ta dace ta kuɓuta daga siyasa. » [4] .
Ana nazarin ayyukansa a kan al'amarin kama-karya a duk duniya kuma tunaninsa na siyasa da falsafa ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tunani na zamani. Shahararrun litattafansa su ne The Origins of Totalitarianism (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da daya ; asali take : Asalin Ƙarfin Ƙarya ), Halin Mutum na Zamani (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas) da Rikicin Al'adu (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya). Kalmar kama-karya ta bayyana ra'ayin cewa mulkin kama-karya ba wai kawai ana aiwatar da shi ne a fagen siyasa ba, amma a cikin duka, ciki har da na sirri da na sirri, da ke rikitar da dukkanin al'umma da kuma fadin kasa baki daya. Littafinta Eichmann a Urushalima, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da uku bayan gwajin Adolf Eichmann a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya, inda ta haɓaka ra'ayi na banality na mugunta, shine batun rikice-rikice na duniya.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Rayuwa dta a karatu nata Jamus
An haifi Hannah Arendt a Hanover a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida. Mahaifinta injiniya ne ta horarwa kuma mahaifiyarta tana jin Faransanci da kiɗa. A ɓangarorin biyu, kakanni Yahudawa ne masu zaman kansu . Mahaifin ta ya rasu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha uku daga ciwon syphilis .
A goma sha biyar, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya, Arendt ya karanta Psychology of Worldviews ta Karl Jaspers, darektan rubutun ta na gaba, kuma nan da nan ya zama mai sha'awar Søren Kierkegaard, marubucin mahimmanci ga falsafar Jaspers .
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu, bayan wucewa — Jamusanci daidai da ko a matsayin dan takara na kyauta tare da shekara guda a gaba, ta yi karatun falsafar, tiyoloji da ilimin falsafa a jami'o'in Marburg, Freiburg-en-Brisgau da Heidelberg inda ta bi kwasa-kwasan Heidegger, Husserl sannan Jaspers. Ta bayyana kanta tana da hazaka mai hazaka da rashin daidaituwa har yanzu ba a saba gani ba .
Haɗuwa da Martin Heidegger a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar wani babban al'amari ne a rayuwarsa, duka a hankali da tunani. Duk da haka, wannan taron ya sha mamaye ainihin gudunmawar Arendt kuma ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a fahimtar yanayin tunaninta. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar, Arendt ta kasance matashi sosai kuma tana da sha'awar Heidegger, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai. Mafarin dangantaka ce ta sirri (Heidegger tana da aure kuma mahaifin yara biyu), mai sha'awa da rashin tunani, wanda ya bar mata burbushi a tsawon rayuwarta, kodayake Karl Jaspers shine ainihin siffarta na tasirin tunani. Bayan da suka rabu, Arendt ta ci gaba da karatunta a Freiburg im Breisgau don zama almajiri na Husserl, sannan, bisa shawarar Heidegger, a Heidelberg don bin koyarwar Karl Jaspers, wanda ta rubuta karatun ta a kan ra'ayin Augustine Soyayya . Duk abin da Heidegger ke da madaidaicin matsayi game da Yahudanci da Nazism, ya kasance mai aminci ga dangantakar su da kuma tunawa da rawar da Heidegger ke tunani a cikin tafiyarsa . Bayan yaki da gudun hijira, ta zama mai ba da goyon baya ga masanin falsafa, wanda ya yi fice kamar yadda yake da rigima, a Amurka .
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da tara sai annah Arendt ta auri Günther Stern (daga baya mai suna Günther Anders), wani matashin masanin falsafa na Jamus wanda ta hadu da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar a cikin jami'a kuma ya zama abokinta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da bakwai . A wannan shekarar, ta sami tallafin karatu wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku akan tarihin rayuwar Rahel Varnhagen, Bayahude Bajamushe na zamanin Romantic (wannan aikin ba zai bayyana ba sai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas). Da hawan kyamar Yahudawa da hawan Nazis kan karagar mulki, ta kara sha'awar asalinta ta Yahudawa. Daga Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas, ta kasance kusa da Kurt Blumenfeld, tsohon shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, baje kolin yunkurin Sahayoniya, shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Jamus tun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu kuma aboki na iyali . An tuhumi Blumenfeld don gano jigogin farfagandar kyamar Yahudawa, an kama ta a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku da Gestapo kuma aka sake ta godiya ga jin tausayin dan sanda . Nan take ta bar Jamus .
Jirgin daga Jamus da gudun hijira zuwa Amurka
Ta isa Faransa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku, ta zama sakatariyar sirri na Baroness Germaine de Rothschild, ta yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Yahudawa da Larabawa a Falasdinu, ta shiga cikin maraba da Yahudawa, galibi ’yan gurguzu, suna tserewa Nazism kuma suna taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu . An sake aure a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, ta sake yin aure16 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in tare da ɗaya daga cikinsu, Heinrich Blücher, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus, tsohon Spartacist .
A cikin mai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in saboda ci gaban walƙiya da Sojojin Jamus suka yi a Faransa, ta sami kanta da gwamnatin Faransa tare da wasu marasa galihu a sansanin Gurs ( Basses-Pyrénées ). Cikin rud'ani bayan sanya hannu a hannun armisticejuin a cikin yuli a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in , an sake ta kuma ta sami damar gudu zuwa Montauba, inda ta sami mijinta . Sa'an nan kuma ta je Marseilles inda ta samu, godiya ga Cibiyar Gaggawa ta Amurka ta Varian Fry, takardar visa ga Portugal wanda ta shiga ta jirgin kasa. Daga nan sai ta zauna na wani lokaci a Lisbon da begen zuwa Amurka, wanda ya yiwu a watan Mayun 1941, ta hanyar shiga tsakani na jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Hiram Bingham IV, wanda ya ba ta takardar izinin shiga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba . tare da dubu biyu da dari biyar autres . Bayan yunƙurin hayewa, ta zauna a New York . A halin da ake ciki na rashin abin duniya, dole ne ta sami abin rayuwa kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin mai taimakon gida a Massachusetts . Ta yi shirin zama ma'aikacin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar komawa New York, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin jaridu da yawa, ciki har da Aufbau na mako-mako.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42523 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azedine%20Lagab | Azedine Lagab | Azzedine Lagab (an haife shi 18 ga Satumbar shekarar 1986), ɗan tseren keken hanya ne na ƙasar Aljeriya, wanda a halin yanzu yake hawa don ƙungiyar UCI Continental Groupement Sportif des Pétroliers . A lokacin aikinsa ya lashe lambobin yabo a gasar zakarun kasar Aljeriya, a gasar tseren keke na Afirka da na Larabawa da kuma a duk wasannin Afirka da na Pan-Arab .
Aiki
2006-2009
Tun yana matashi, Lagab ya halarci gasar Tour de l'Espoir, gasar dandali a kasarsa don matasa da masu hazaka. Ya gama a matsayi na biyu a matakin farko na wannan tseren tare da layin gamawa a Bordj Bou Arreridj . A farkon sana'ar mai tuka keke ne wanda zai zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tuka keke a kasarsa. Tabbacin hakan ya riga ya zo a cikin shekara ta gaba lokacin da ya zama na biyu a gwaji na kowane lokaci na gasar tseren keke ta kasar Aljeriya. Sannan a shekara ta 2008 ya ci gaba da lashe gasar tsere biyu a Tunisia, Grand Prix de la ville de Tunis da Grand Prix de la Banque de l'Habitat. Daga baya ya inganta gwajin lokaci na ƙasa a matsayi na biyu ta hanyar lashe gasar a shekarar 2008. Bugu da ƙari ya kuma zama na biyu a tseren hanya a gasar zakarun Turai guda. Wannan duk ya haifar da kwantiraginsa na farko da ƙungiyar UCI Continental wato Doha Team na kakar tseren keke na shekarar 2009. Tare da wannan tawagar, ya shiga cikin Tour d'Alger inda ya ci nasara a mataki na uku, tare da farawa da tashi a Alger da kuma rarrabuwa gabaɗaya a ƙarshe. A wani tseren matakin Algeriya, Tour de Wilaya de Tipaza ya kare a matsayi na uku gaba ɗaya. Sa'an nan a Jelajah Malaysia ya hau zuwa matsayi na biyar a mataki na shida, yayin da ya kare a matsayi na takwas gaba ɗaya a cikin yawon shakatawa na Singkarak . Daga nan sai tawagar Doha ta ba shi damar tafiya yawon shakatawa na shugaban kasar Iran inda ya dauki matsayi na bakwai gaba daya. A bana a gasar tseren keken motoci ta kasar Aljeriya ya dauki matsayi na biyu a gwaji na lokaci guda. Daga nan ya lashe gasar Grandglise a Belgium kafin ya halarci gasar Bahar Rum ta shekarar 2009 a Pescara inda ya sanya na 17 a cikin gwajin lokaci na mutum da na 19 a tseren hanya. A gasar Tour des Aéroports da ke kasar Tunisiya ya zo na biyu a mataki na farko, kafin ya samu lambar azurfa a gwajin lokaci daya na gasar tseren keke na kasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2009. Ya gama a shekarar 2009 tare da matsayi na uku a cikin Ouverture Saison de l'Algérie a ƙarshen Oktoba.
2010
Don lokacin tseren keke na shekarar 2010, ƙungiyar Doha ba ta dawo cikin da'irar Nahiyar ba. Da yake Lagab bai samu sabon kwantiragi da wata kungiya ba sai da ya sake daukar wani mataki. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2010 ya zama shekara mai kyau a gare shi inda ya sami nasarori masu yawa. Tuni a watan Janairu, ya lashe tseren gida na Aljeriya mai suna Oued Al Alleug. A Grand Prix International d'Alger ya gama na uku a mataki na farko da na uku sannan kuma ya kai matsayi na uku a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna. Sai kuma a gasar Tour de Wilaya de Tipaza ta bana ya lashe mataki na farko kuma ya zo na uku a mataki na uku. Daga nan kuma Lagab ya zarce zuwa Maroko domin halartar gasar kalubalen du Prince. Ya gama na uku a cikin Trophée Princier, na biyu a Trophée de l'Anniversaire, kuma na huɗu a cikin Trophée de la Maison Royale. Komawa Aljeriya lokaci yayi da za a sake buga gasar tseren keke ta kasa. A wannan karon Lagab ta lashe kambun kasa a kan tseren hanya da ya fara zuwa a karshen a Chlef . Ya ci gaba da taka leda a gasar tseren keke na Larabawa a shekarar 2010 a Tunis inda ya dauki lambar azurfa a gasar gwaji na lokaci guda. An kara samun lambar tagulla a irin wannan horo a gasar tseren keke na Afirka da aka gudanar a Kigali . A can kuma ya kare na hudu a gwajin lokaci na tawagar (tare da Abdelmalek Madani da Hichem Chabane ) kuma na shida a tseren hanya.
2011
Sabuwar kungiyar UCI Continental Team a Algeria mai suna Groupement Sportif Pétrolier Algérie ya kulla yarjejeniya da Lagab a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011, wanda ya ba shi sabon matsayi. Ya zama shekara mafi kyau a rayuwarsa har zuwa lokacin kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallo a kungiyar. Sai da ya ɗauki har zuwa Afrilu don yin littafin sanannen sakamakonsa na farko tare da matsayi na biyu a cikin Kalubalen Phosphatiers I (wanda kuma ake kira Challenge Khoribga). Kusan wata guda bayan nasararsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta samu nasara yayin da ya zama na farko a gasar Trophée Princier of the Challenges du Prince. A cikin Trophée Fédéral ya ci matakin farko a Tiaret kuma ya zama na biyu a mataki na biyu. Wannan a hade tare da sakamakon a cikin sauran matakan ya ba shi nasara a cikin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya kuma. A Birtouta Lagab ya lashe kambun kasa a gasar zakarun gwaji na lokaci guda, yayin da ya zama na biyu a gasar tseren hanya da aka gudanar a Ouled Fayet . An samu gagarumar nasara a gasar Tour d'Algerie inda ya lashe mataki na biyu bayan ya zo na uku a matakin farko. Daga nan sai ya karbi rigar jagora bayan wannan mataki kuma ya sanya ta sauran matakan da suka rage har sai da ya ketare layin karshe na mataki na biyar a Chrea don kara samun nasara a cikin tafkunansa. Wannan nasara ta biyo bayan wata nasara a Circuit d'Alger.
A shekarar 2011 ya ci gaba da matsayi na 16 a yawon shakatawa na Eritrea a shirye-shiryen 2011 All-Africa Games da aka gudanar a Maputo . A babban birnin Mozambik ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a gasar tseren hanya, kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla a gwaji na lokaci guda. Adadin sakamakonsa na shekarar har zuwa lokacin ya ba shi matsayi na uku a matsayi na uku a cikin jerin shekarar 2011 na UCI Africa Tour . Lagab da kansa bai shirya don kammala a shekarar 2011 ba tukuna kuma ya ci gaba da lashe mataki na biyu da mataki na 5 na Tour du Faso . Daga nan kuma a kasar Eritrea ya zo na 4 a gasar tseren keken keke na Afirka ta shekarar 2011 tare da Abdelbasset Hannachi, Abderrahman Bourezza da Abdelmalek Madani . Ya kuma zo na hudu a gwajin lokaci na mutum daya da kuma na 14 a gasar tseren hanya guda daya da aka gudanar a Asmara . Bayan gasar ya lashe Ouverture Saison de l'Algérie kafin ya je gasarsa ta gaba, gasar Pan Arab Games na shekarar 2011 a Doha . A babban birnin Qatar ya ci wa Aljeriya lambobin yabo uku. Medal tagulla a cikin gwajin lokaci na mutum ɗaya da gwajin ƙungiyar (tare da Abdalla Ben Youcef, Abdelmalek Madani da Abderrahman Bourezza ), da kuma lambar azurfa a tseren hanya. Aljeriya ta kasance kasa ta farko da ta zo karshe da mahayi uku (sauran Abdelmalek Madani da Youcef Reguigui ), wanda ya ba Lagab da takwarorinsa lambar zinare a gasar tseren hanya ta tawagar.
2012
A cikin shekarar 2012 har yanzu Lagab an ba da kwangila ga ƙungiyar Groupement Sportif Pétrolier Algérie . Ya lashe mataki na biyar na Tour d'Algerie kuma ya kai matsayi na bakwai a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna. A gasar Tour du Maroc ya kare a matsayi na 14 gaba daya, yayin da a lokacin La Tropicale Amissa Bongo ya hau zuwa matsayi na tara a matakin gaba daya. A mataki na biyu na yawon shakatawa na Eritrea ya kare a matsayi na uku. A watan Yuni, ya sake lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren keke ta kasa, inda ya lashe gwajin lokaci na mutum a Souk Ahras .
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1986 |
30432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20El%20Filali | Amina El Filali | Amina El Filali (wani lokaci kuma ana kiranta da Amina Filali) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1996-2012) yarinya ce mai shekaru 16 daga Larache, Morocco, wacce ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan gubar bera a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2012, bayan danginta sun tilasta mata. don auren wani mutum da ya yi mata fyaɗe tana shekara 15. A cewar sashe na 475 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Morocco, an baiwa wanda ya yi fyaden damar kaucewa gurfanar da shi ta hanyar auren wanda aka azabtar. Wannan lamarin ya ja hankali sosai ga dokar Morocco, kuma mutane da yawa sun nuna sha'awar a canza dokar. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na yankin sun kuma yi kira da a soke doka mai lamba 475 na kundin hukunta laifukan yaki na Moroko, wanda ke kawar da aikata laifin fyaɗe idan wanda ya yi fyaɗen ya auri wanda aka azabtar. Shekaru biyu bayan kisan kai, majalisar ta yanke shawarar yin gyara a shafi na 475; An gyara shi a cikin shekara ta 2014.
A shekarar 2013 ne aka fitar da wani shirin fim game da Amina Filali, wanda ya nuna cewa an taba samun irin wadannan abubuwa guda hudu a tarihin garin.
Kashe kai da halayen gaggawa
Amina El Filali ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan gubar bera . A cewar ‘yan uwanta, ta yi hakan ne saboda fidda rai bayan an tilasta mata auren Mustafa Fellaq, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru goma wanda ya yi mata fyade sau biyu. Duk da rudani da aka samu a asusun danginta da kuma mijin da ya yi mata fyade nan da nan, Mustapha El Khalfi, mai magana da yawun gwamnati kuma ministan sadarwa ya bayyana cewa: “An yi wa yarinyar fyade sau biyu, na karshe lokacin da aka yi mata aure. Dole ne mu yi nazari mai zurfi game da halin da ake ciki da kuma yiwuwar ba da jimloli masu tsauri a cikin tsarin bita na labarin 475. Ba za mu iya yin watsi da wannan bala’in ba.”
Nan da nan kisan kai ya haifar da bacin rai na kasa da kasa. Mutane sun yada labarin da kuma bacin ransu a shafukan sada zumunta . Wani asusun Twitter da maudu'in #RIPAmina akan Twitter suna aiki tare da dubban saƙonni a duk faɗin duniya, kuma wata takarda ta yanar gizo "Avaaz-RIP Amina" ta tattara sa hannun sama da 770,000 a watan Afrilu 2012. Ko da yake an rage yawan su (200 zuwa 400), mutane ma sun nuna. A Larache, an shirya zaman dirshan a gaban kotu wadda da ita ce ke da alhakin shigar da karar Amina. An kuma gudanar da zanga-zanga a gaban majalisar inda mutane ke rike da allunan da ke cewa: "Dukkanmu Aminas ne", "Shari na 475 ya kashe ni", "RIP Amina." Kafofin yada labaran duniya ma sun yi ta yada labarin. Sun yi kira da a hukunta wanda ya yi fyaden, amma galibin a sake yin kwaskwarima ga dokar da ake ganin ta tsufa kuma mai laifi. A cikin kalmomin Khadija Rouggani, lauya kuma mai fafutuka: "Ta kasance wanda aka azabtar da wani labarin doka wanda ke shafe laifuka biyu: sace ko cin hanci da rashawa na karamar yarinya da fyade. Labari mai laifi na 475 ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ɗimbin ra'ayi na kundin hukunci wanda ke bayyana falsafar uba da mazan jiya. Mata sun zama jiki don a su ] ".
Yayin da Ministan Shari’a Mustafa Ramid, daga jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin kishin Islama mai mulki ta Justice and Development Party, ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya ambaci amincewar Amina maimakon fyade, ma’aikatar shari’a da kanta ta sake fitar da wani sako inda ta tabbatar da cewa tana mutunta doka da mafi girman sha'awar yaron [Amina El Filali] ta hanyar rashin kai ƙara. Kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Democratic League ta shigar da kara domin a hukunta mijin Amina El Filali. A halin yanzu, <i id="mwMQ">Al Massae</i>, jaridar da ta fi shahara a kasar Maroko, ta shirya wani taron zagaya da kuma gayyatar Bassima Hakkaoui, Ministar Mata, Iyali da Ci gaban Jama'a (kuma ministar mata daya tilo a gwamnati), dangin Amina da kuma, abin mamaki. mijin nata, wanda ya kara haifar da bacin rai, duk da bai halarta ba.
Mataki na 475 da gyara shi
Rubutun labarin 475 kafin a yi masa kwaskwarima a cikin shekara ta 2014 ya ƙunshi ambato mai zuwa: “Lokacin da yarinya ƙaramar shekarun aure da aka sace ko kuma aka lalata ta ta auri wanda ya sace ta, daga baya za a iya gurfanar da shi kawai idan masu gabatar da kara sun cancanci neman a soke auren. aure, kuma ba za a iya yanke hukunci ba bayan an bayyana sokewar" du mariage et ne peut être condamné qu'après que cette annulation du mariage a été prononcée").
Gwamnatin ƙasar Morocco ta sanar da shirin soke dokar kimanin shekara guda bayan kisan kai da Amina Filali ta yi. Daga karshe majalisar ta kada kuri’a don gyara labarin a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2014, kuma an fitar da sabuwar labarin a cikin watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2014. An fitar da ambaton aure. Kasidar ta yanzu ta 475 kawai ta bayyana haka: “Duk wanda, ba tare da tashin hankali, barazana ko zamba ba, ya sace ko cin hanci da rashawa karami ‘yar kasa da shekara 18, ana hukunta shi da zaman gidan yari na shekara daya zuwa biyar da kuma hukuncin dirhami 200 zuwa 500. "
Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin mata sun kasance masu mahimmanci, suna mai jaddada cewa sauran sassa na kundin hukunta laifukan har yanzu suna buƙatar sake fasalin, misali banbance tsakanin "fyaɗe a fili" da "fyaɗen furanni", ko rashin amincewa da fyade ga mata.
Duba kuma
475, wani fim ɗin tarihin ƙasar Moroko game da Amina Filali
Aure-ka-yin fyade
Les griffes du passé, wani fim na almara na Abdelkrim Derkaoui, wani bangare na labarin Amina Filali, ya fito a cikin 2014.
Lazywall na Morocco ya yi waƙa a cikin darija game da Amina Filali. Mai suna “Ana Amina” (Ni ce Amina) kuma ta fito a shekarar 2015 tare da faifan bidiyo.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Maroko ta tsai da kuduri kan auren fyade (17 Maris 2012)
www.globalrights.org : pdf, shafuka 14
Al Arabiya : Maroko: Iyayen Amina sun saba wa bayanan hukuma, sun dage cewa an yi wa diyarsu fyade
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Kisa
Fyaɗe |
42860 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromi | Uromi | Uromi, ainihin kalmar ita ce Urọnmhun ma'ana "wannan shine wurin zama na", ko kuma kewayena/mallakina. Birni ne da ke a arewa maso gabashin Esan, ƙabilar Benin a jihar Edo, Najeriya. A wurare daban-daban a tarihin Uromi, birnin da jama'ar birnin, sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare ga daular Benin.
Tarihi
Uromi, wanda aka fi sani da 'Uronmun', shi ne yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Esanland, inda gungun mutane biyu suka zauna. Mutanen farko sun kunshi bakin haure daga kasar Benin da sauran yankunan da ke kusa da juna tsakanin shekara ta 900 zuwa 1400 miladiyya. Waɗannan ƴan ƙauyuka na farko sun kafa wata al’umma da ba su da tushe, waɗanda suka fi yin noma da farauta kuma ba su samar da wata salon gwamnati ba; ƙungiyoyi sun kasance maimakon dangi da kuma sana'a. Yawancin wadannan ’yan Bini na farko ’ yan gudun hijira ne da suka tsere daga zaluncin mulkin Ogiso na Benin, kuma sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da gwamnatin sarauta.
Wasu ƴan hijirar da suka zo bayan na farko, sun shirya gagarumar ƙaura daga Bini, garin da ya kasance tun kusan 1460, lokacin mulkin Oba Ewuare mai son kai. Ya yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da ƙaura na mutanen Binis ɗin zuwa Esanland (ayanzu ana kiran wurin da Esanland) ta hanyar gina wani tudu a kewayen birnin. Yawancin waɗannan bakin haure a lokacin wannan hijira sun fito ne daga Idumoza na birnin Benin.
A daidai lokacin da ayarin masu hijira rukuni na biyu, bayan na farko, Oba Ewuare ya tura ɗansa ya sami masarauta ta kashin kansa. Ɗan na da alaƙa da wata mace ƴar ƙasar Fotigal. Duk da cewa ɗan fari ne, kuma ɗan fari ga Oba Ewuare, amma an nisanta shi daga idon jama’a saboda shi ɗan ƙabila ne; Ewuare ba zai iya auren mahaifiyar yaron ƴar ƙasar Fotigal ba, kuma ba za a iya naɗa yaron a gadon sarauta a matsayin magajin masarautar ba. Lokacin da yaron ya girma sai aka tura shi tare da ’yan baranda da masu gadi ɗauke da makamai, don su sami masarauta ta kansa. Bayan ya isa unguwar Uronmun an yi masa maraba a matsayin wanda Allah ya aiko shi. Mutanen da ke wurin ba su taɓa ganin rabin ƙabila ba a da, kuma waɗanda suka yi masa hidima sun ba da alamun asalinsa na sarauta. An karbe shi a matsayin Onojie (sarki) na farko na abin da ya zama yanki mai girma. Sai aka mayar da masu zuwa wurin Oba Ewuare domin su sanar da shi cewa ɗansa ya kafa masarauta a Uronmun sai Ewuare ya mayar da su da sakon cewa sabon sarki ya ɗauki laƙabin Ijesan (sarkin Esan). A tsawon lokaci an fi rubuta sunan kamar Ichesan.
Uromi wani yanki ne na ƙauyuka da aka kasa su gida uku, waɗanda aka sani da Okhiode, Obiruan da Obion.
Kauyukan Okhiode
Ya ƙunshi:
Eguare
Egbele
Onewa
Utah
Unuwazi
Arue and Isua
Uje Oro
Kauyukan Obiruan
Ya ƙunshi:
Ebhoiyi
Efadion
Ekhue
Ubierumun
Ubaidu
Uwalor
Idumoza
Ivue
Idumhengan Ebhoyi
Eko-Ibadin
Uwalor Okpere
Kauyukan Obion
Ukoni
Amedeokhian
Awo
Eguare, mazaunin Onojie na Uromi, yana da ƙauyuka bakwai, wato:
Ikekiala
Okpujie
Oyomon
Odigule
Okhieren
Uwalor-Okpere
Uwalor-Usogho
Idejie
Ƙauyukan bakwai suna da alhakin naɗin sabon sarki.
Ɗaya daga cikin jagororin hijira na rukuni na biyu zuwa Uronmun shi ne "Oghu", shi ma dan Oba Ewuare.Shi da mabiyansa sun zauna a Ivue, inda yake zama kuma ya gina fadarsa. An shiga gwagwarmayar siyasa don neman sarauta tsakanin 'yan'uwan Oghu da Ichesan. Ichesan ya yi tafiya a asirce zuwa Benin don sanar da mahaifinsa Oghu ya jajirce. Oba Ewuare ya bayyana wa Ichesan cewa, duk da cewa shi ne babban ɗansa, amma bisa al’adarsa ba ya da girma a kan kananan ’yan uwansa. Oba Ewuare ya ce zai aika wa Oghu ya shaida masa cewa shi (Ewuare) ya riga ya ba wa Ijesan sarauta kuma dole Oghu ya mutunta dokar mahaifinsa, amma Ewuare ya kuma bukaci Ijesan ya mutunta dan uwansa ya koma. Kuma shi ne birni mafi ƙanƙanta a Najeriya.
Bayan ya koma Uronmun, don gudun kada ya kunyata “babban” dan uwansa, kuma bisa ga umarnin mahaifinsa, Ichesan ya tashi daga Ivue zuwa yau Eguare, inda gidan sarautar Uromi ke zaune har yau.
Agba, sai Ikenoa,'Ehenoa, Ikhivabhojere, Okuoye, Akhize, Ikhimigbale, Uwagbo, Ediale, Akhilomen, Okolojie, Okojie (Ogbidi), Uwagbale, Edenojie Okojie II, Omelimen Edenojie I, da Anese.
Tattalin Arziki
Kashi mai yawa na tattalin arzikin Uromi yana samuwa ne daga noman gida da kasuwanci, tare da wasu gudummawar daga kasafin kudin gwamnati. Noman da Uromi ke samarwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon yanayin da take ciki a yankin dazuzzukan damina, da irin kasa mai laushi da yanayin wurin .
Har ila yau, Uromi na da kasuwanni da ke ba da dama ga manoman gida don yin cinikin kayan amfanin gona. Babban Kasuwar Uromi tana da shaguna masu tsari. Kodayake ana gudanar da ranar da kasuwar ke ci a hukumance na tsawon kwanaki huɗu, Babbar Kasuwar Uromi tana aiki kowace rana daga safiya zuwa maraice. A duk fadin Uromi, ana iya samun kasuwanni har uku a kowane kauye, wasu kasuwannin kauyukan suna aiki na tsawon kwanaki hudu, yayin da wasu ke yin ciniki a kowace rana.
Baya ga noma da ciniki, ana gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a kowace rana. A Eguare, akwai ofisoshin kasuwanci da yawa duka a ɓangaren kasuwanci mallakar gwamnati da kuma na kasuwanci masu zaman kansu. Wasu misalan kasuwancin hada-hadar kudi sun hada da bankin Union, United Bank for Africa (UBA), First Bank of Nigeria, Unity Bank, Zenith Bank, EcoBank, Fidelity Bank, Uromi Community Bank, da sauran kamfanonin hada-hadar kudi irin su Uromi Microfinance Bank, da dai sauransu.
Uromi na da Cibiyar Fasaha da Gudanarwa da ke Amedokhian da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Uromi a Kauyen Onewa.
Addini da imani
Addinin gargajiya na Uromi yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da addinin gargajiya na Bini, duk da cewa al'adun turawan yamma sun haifar da tasiri a Kiristanci da Musulunci. Kuma ba shakka, wannan saboda asalin Esan sun fito ne daga Masarautar Benin.
Addinin Esan yana da abubuwan bauta da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai:
Osanobua: wanda a zahiri shine babban kuma ainihin allahn Edo-Esan. An karɓi wannan suna zuwa Kiristanci a matsayin abin bautar su, don haka ma'ana da fassarar abin bautar su, a ƙasar Esan shine Osanobua.
Eshu: Wannan shine allahn wayo na Esan. Wannan allah yana da alaƙa da tatsuniyar Yarabawa da Edo. An kuma karɓi wannan suna “Eshu” cikin addinin Yamma, wanda Kiristoci mishan na mishan suka fassara shi da Shaiɗan.
Osun: Wannan allahn Esan ne na magani. Wannan allahn kuma ana iya cewa yana da alaƙa da allahn Yarbawa (wanda aka sani da osun ). Anan ne asalin sunan "Olokun" wanda aka fi sani da "dan magani" ya samo asali.
Bukukuwa
Idan ana magana akan Uromi, dole ne a ambaci wasu bukukuwan gargajiya tare da sanin cewa mutanen Uromi suna da daraja al'adarsu sosai. Da yake jawabi a daya daga cikin bukukuwan da aka fi sani da OTO-UROMI kuma a takaice akan Amukpe.
Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, ana yin bikin Oto-Uromi (Ƙasar Uromi) a cikin watan Yuli ko farkon Agusta. Ana yin wannan biki ne don gamsar da ƙasar Uromi don samun girbi mai kyau. Ranar da za a gudanar da wannan biki a kodayaushe rana ce ta kasuwa, wanda Onojie na Uromi ke yin aiki bisa shawarar Sarakunansa. Ana ba wa mutanen sanarwar kwanaki 15 bayan sanar da ranar da za a shirya.
Al’ada ce babu mai zuwa gona a ranar bikin. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a wurin da mutanen Iwienbola suka zaɓa. Don gamsar da ƙasa ko ƙasa, ana kawo waɗannan abubuwa; Sanda guda hudu na alli, kola-kwaya hudu, da shanu, da kabewa da kare. Jama'a na murna, suna raba kyaututtuka a tsakaninsu, musamman a kowane gida, mata kan aika wa mazajensu kyauta saboda ba su wani yanki na gonakin shekara. Bayan bikin, Onojie na Uromi ya gayyaci dattawansa da sarakunansa kuma ta hanyar su ya yaba wa jama'a bisa yadda aka yi bikin cikin nasara.
Wani biki da ake yi a Uromi shi ne bikin Amukpe da ake yi duk shekara a cikin watan Agusta. Kullum biki ne na rana wanda ake son shigo da sabbin doya.
Geography
Birnin Uromi yana arewa maso gabashin Esan a cikin jihar Edo, Najeriya, yana kan Longitude 3° 24' E da Latitude 6° 27' N. Kusan duk garin yana cike da filaye.
Yanayi
Yanayin Uromi yayi kama da na sauran Kudancin Najeriya. Akwai lokutan damina guda biyu, tare da samun ruwan sama mai yawa daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuli da kuma lokacin ƙarancin damina a cikin watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. Akwai ɗan gajeren lokacin ɗaukewar ruwan a watan Agusta da Satumba da kuma lokacin rani mai tsayi daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Ruwan sama na wata-wata tsakanin Mayu da Yuli ya kai sama da 300 mm (12 a), yayin da a watan Agusta da Satumba ya ragu zuwa 75 mm (3 inci) kuma a cikin Janairu kamar ƙasa da 35 mm (1.5 inci). Babban lokacin rani yana tare da iskar harmattan daga hamadar Sahara, wanda tsakanin Disamba da farkon Fabrairu zai iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Janairu shine 27 °C (79 °F) kuma ga Yuli shine 25 °C (77 °F). A matsakaicin watanni mafi zafi shine Maris; tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 29 °C (84 °F); yayin da Yuli shine watan mafi sanyi.
Siyasa da gwamnati
Uromi ba karamar hukuma ba ce, don haka ba ta da cikakken mulki ko mulki na gari amma a maimakon haka, karamar hukuma ce karkashin jagorancin shugaba.
Uromi ba karamar hukuma ba ce, ita ce kujerar karamar hukumar da ke mulkin karamar hukumar Esan-Arewa-Maso-Gabas . Gwamnatin Uromi ta kasu kashi goma sha ɗaya (11). Kowace Unguwa tana wakiltar Kansila da ke wakiltarta a zaɓen kansilolinta wanda aka saba yi shekara huɗu.
Fitattun mutane
Cif Anthony Enahoro
Chief Tony Anenih
Anthony Cardinal Olubunmi Okogie
Chris Aire
Dr. Robert S. Okojie (masanin bincike, NASA)
Benita Okojie (Mawaƙiyar Bishara, yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuciyar waƙa)
Mulki da shugabancin gargajiya
Masarautar Uromi yanki ne na masarauta a ƙarƙashin wani sarki (Onojie) wanda ke tafiyar da jagorancin masarautar. Jagoranci a masarautar Uromi tsarin sarauta ne na gado. Sarki shi ne sarkin da ke mulki tare da kungiyar sarakunan da ke taimaka wa sarki wajen jagorancin masarautar.
Sarkin Bini Oba Ewuare ne ya kafa masarautar a cikin 1463 wanda ke ba da sarauta ga Ichesan (Onojie na Uromi na farko). Tun daga 1463, sarauta ta wuce ta gado.
Jerin Sarakunan masarautar Uromi
Ichesan
Agba N'Ojie
Ikenoa
Ehenoa
Ikhivabhojere
Okuoye
Ikhize
Ikhimigbale
Uwagbo
Ediale
Akhilomen
Okolo N'Ojie
Ogbidi Okojie
Uwagbale
Edenojie Okojie I
Omelimen Edenojie I
Anslem Edenojie II
Garuruwan Uromi daban-daban suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dattawan ƙauyuka ɗaya waɗanda ke da alhakin sahalewar sarki. Majalisar Dattawa tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani dattijo ɗan ƙasar wanda a haihuwa shi ne babba a cikin dukan wani namiji ɗan asalin garin. Majalisar dattawa tana da nasu ikon yin doka don haka za su iya hukunta masu laifi a cikin naɗin nasu.
Hotuna
Duba kuma
Esan-Arewa-Gabas
Mutane da sunan Esan
Jihar Edo
Ƙarin bayani
Tarihin Uromi. c/o Uromi Community Association New York
Manazarta
Jihar Edo |
58230 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fola%20Adeola | Fola Adeola | Tajudeen Afolabi Adeola hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne kuma dan kasuwan Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Guaranty Trust Bank (GTBank Plc.), memba na Hukumar Afirka, da kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban gidauniyar FATE.
Ilimi
Adeola ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Methodist Boys High School, Legas. Ya samu Diploma a fannin Accounting a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a shekarar 1975 kuma ya zama Chartered Accountant a shekarar 1980 bayan horon da ya yi da Deloitte, Haskins and Sells da DO Dafinone & Company (dukansu Chartered Accountants). A cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya sami horon haɓɓaka ƙwararru a manyan cibiyoyi a duniya ciki har da Harvard Business School, INSEAD, da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gudanarwa ta Duniya a Switzerland.
A shekarar 1999 ya kammala hutun shekara guda a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa da ke Kuru, Jos, Najeriya, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan manufofin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi.
Sashin masu zaman kansu
A 1990, ya (haɗin-gwiwa da Tayo Aderinokun) ya kafa bankin Guaranty Trust Bank, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa daga 1990 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2002. Tuni dai bankin ya faɗaɗa fiye da Najeriya zuwa wasu ƙasashe makwabta na Afirka ( Gambia, Saliyo, Ghana da Laberiya ) da kuma kasar Ingila. A shekarar 1996, bankin ya shiga cikin kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya.
A shekarar 2002, Adeola ya yi ritaya ta raɗin kansa daga bankin Guaranty Trust, bayan shekaru goma sha biyu, inda ya miƙa wa mataimakinsa Tayo Aderinokun jan ragamar aikin. Tun daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban UTC, ARM, Lotus Capital, Eterna Oil, CardinalStone Partners Limited, Tafsan Breweries (memba na hukumar), da Credit Registry Services.
Har ila yau, shi ne shugaban Kamfanin (Main One Cable Company Limited) wanda ya kammala aikin gina hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa mai nisan kilomita 14,000 da kuma samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa da ƙasa da intanet zuwa ƙasashen da ke gaɓar tekun Atlantika daga Portugal zuwa Legas a shekarar 2010.
Bangaren jama'a
Adeola ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar fansho ta ƙasa, biyo bayan ƙaddamar da dokar fansho (wanda shi ne ya rubuta shi), da majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta yi. Ya jagoranci kwamitin ba da agajin bala'o'i na jihar Legas da aka kafa bayan fashewar makamai a Legas a ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, 2002. Ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar ACN a matsayin mataimakin tsohon shugaban hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa (EFCC) Nuhu Ribadu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2011.
Adeola ya kasance mamba a kwamitin karramawa da karramawa na ƙasa kuma an naɗa shi mamba a majalisar gudanarwa ta jami’ar jihar Legas a watan Nuwamba 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin kula da ma’adanai (gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa) kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin asusun tallafawa ci gaban jihar Ogun. Ya kasance kansila a Jami'ar Jihar Legas kuma har zuwa 17 ga Janairu 2011 ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo.
Aikin jama'a
Adeola ya kafa gidauniyar FATE a shekara ta 2000. FATE ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da niyyar ƙarfafa kasuwanci, ta yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar horarwa, jagoranci, tallafin lamuni da tuntuɓa don tallafawa matasan Najeriya. Ya zuwa yanzu, gidauniyar ta yi hidima ga matasa ƴan kasuwa a Najeriya sama da 30,000, waɗanda sama da kashi 65% na sana'o'insu ke da cikakken aiki kuma suna daukar ma'aikata kusan mutane hudu a aiki.
FATE ta buɗe wata cibiyar kirkire-kirkire a Abeokuta, Cibiyar Zane ta Kasuwanci, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Zane a Jami'ar Stanford, wacce ke gudanar da wani shiri na kasuwanci wanda ya mayar da hankali kan aikin injiniya, fasaha, da kirkire-kirkire, wanda ke da nufin inganta ci gaban masana'antu a Najeriya.
Adeola ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya kan Tallafawa Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na tsawon shekaru huɗu. A cikin 2001, an gayyace shi don shiga cikin wasu shugabannin kasuwanci ashirin da huɗu don Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Aspen ISIB Annual Business Leaders Dialogue a Aspen, Colorado. A watan Mayun 2004, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya naɗa shi Kwamishinan Hukumar na Afirka.
Ya kasance mamba ne na kansila, Hakazalika memba ne na Cibiyar Kula da Akantoci ta Najeriya ; Abokin Cibiyar Daraktocin Najeriya.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya yi masa ado a matsayin jami’in kula da oda na Tarayyar Tarayya (OFR) a watan Disamba 2002. Yana da digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Nkumba, Ntebbe, Uganda. Ma'aikacin Banki na Goma a cikin 2009 ta ƙungiyar Jaridar Vanguard. Kyautar Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗalibai daga Yaba Tech Shugabancin Zik a 2003. Kyautar This Day Awards ta 2011 - Masu Canje-canje a Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a
Rayuwa ta sirri
Adeola ya auri Hajara, kuma suna da ‘ya’ya shida.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
KADDARA
Haihuwan 1954
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Amartey | Daniel Amartey | Daniel Amartey (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko kuma ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Leicester City da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana.
Ya kammala karatun digiri a makarantar matasa na International Allies, Amartey ya kuma taka leda a Djurgården da Copenhagen kafin ya koma Leicester City a shekarar ( 2016).
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Djurgårdens IF
Amartey ya fara taka leda a kulob din International Allies na ƙasar Ghana a mataki na biyu inda Magnus Pehrsson ya gan shi yana dan shekara goma sha shida wanda ya je yawon bude ido a Afirka a lokacin da yake shirin karbar mukamin kocin Djurgårdens IF. Lokacin da Pehrsson ya zama manaja, ya kuma sami damar canja wurin Amartey daga ranar da ya cika shekara (18). Don taimakawa wajen shirya Amartey a komawa Sweden na dindindin a shekarar (2013) kulob din ya kawo shi na gajeren lokaci a cikin shekarar (2011) da kuma (2012) inda ya buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta kulob din.
Amartey ya fara buga wasansa na Svenska Cupen a ranar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar (2013) da Umeå FC l. Daga nan ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a shekarar (2013) Allsvenskan wasan budewa da Helsingborgs IF a ranar (31) ga watan Maris. Kafafan yada labarai sun yabawa Amartey saboda yadda ya fara kakar wasa ta shekarar (2013) da kuma kungiyoyin kasashen waje kamar FC Schalke 04 da 1. FC Kaiserslautern ta fara lekensa. A ranar (26) ga watan Mayu ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din lokacin da ya kai gida da 1–1 a wasan karshe na Svenska Cupen na shekara ta (2013) wanda Djurgården ya yi rashin nasara a kan IFK Göteborg a bugun fanariti. Bayan na farko kakar a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden league a matsayin mai shekaru goma sha takwas Amartey yana da ranked a matsayin 10th-mafi kyau player a cikin league da jaridar Expressen da 18th mafi kyau by Aftonbladet. A watan Nuwamban shekara ta ( 2013) Amartey ya tabbatar da cewa yana tattaunawa da Liverpool FC kan yiwuwar komawa kungiyar ta Ingila.
Copenhagen
A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta (2014) Amartey ya koma FC Copenhagen akan kuɗi na Yuro 2.5 miliyan da add-ons, kuma ya sanya Superliga-halarta a karon a 20 ga watan Yuli a wasan da Silkeborg IF.
Leicester City
A ranar( 22) ga watan Janairu, shekara ta (2016) Amartey ya koma Leicester City ta Premier a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi kan kudi kusan fan miliyan 6. A kakarsa ta farko a sabuwar kasarsa, Amartey ya buga wasa sau biyar yayin da kungiyarsa ta Leicester City ta lashe gasar Premier. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar (27) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2016) a gasar lig-lig ta gida da ci 1-0 a kan Norwich City.
A cikin kakar ahekara ta ( 2016 zuwa 2017) Amartey ya zama a ƙungiya ta farko ta yau da kullun bayan tafiyar N'Golo Kanté. abokin tarayya Danny Drinkwater a cikin rawar tsakiyar tsakiya. Yayin da aikinsa ya yi daidai da na Kanté, ya kasa daidaita takallinsa da tsangwama. A ranar (14) ga watan Satumba a shekarar (2016) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Leicester a ci 3–0 a waje da Club Brugge a matakin rukuni. Amartey ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leicester a minti na (88) da ta buga a waje da Stoke City a ranar (17) ga watan Disamba a shekarar (2016) inda suka tashi 2-2. A ranar (8) ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (2017) bayan sa'o'i 12 da komawa Leicester daga aikin kasa da kasa, Amartey ya buga mintuna 120 (ciki har da AET ) a gasar cin Kofin FA da ci 3-1 a zagaye na hudu a kan Derby County.
A watan Oktoban shekarar (2018) Amartey ya karya idon sawunsa a wasan da suka yi da West Ham United, inda ya fitar da shi a sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar (2018 zuwa 2019).
Ba ya aiki kusan shekara guda, Amartey mafi kusanci ya zo komawa ƙungiyar farko yana zaman benci a wasan EFL Cup da Luton Town a watan Satumba shekarar (2019). Ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko kusan shekaru biyu bayan raunin da ya samu a wasan cin kofin EFL da Arsenal a ranar (23) ga watan Satumba shekarar( 2020) wanda Leicester ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. Bayan kwana hudu ya dawo gasar Premier lokacin da ya fara waje a Manchester City a ci 5-2. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta( 2021) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar Europa League don Leicester a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Slavia Prague a wasan farko na zagaye na 32 na gasar Europa. A ranar (6) ga watan Maris a shekarar (2021) Amartey ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Foxes cikin sama da shekaru hudu, inda ya kai ga nasara a karshen wasan da suka doke Brighton & Hove Albion da ci 2–1. Amartey da Leicester sun fara kakar shekara ta (2021 zuwa 2022) tare da Garkuwan FA na shekarar (2021) da Manchester City . Amartey dai ya buga wasan ne a daidai lokacin da Iheanacho ya zura kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa a minti na (89) a bugun fenareti.
Ayyukan kasa
A watan Mayun shekarar (2012) Amartey ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ghana 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 wasa da Najeriya. An kuma zaɓe shi don taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na shekarar (2013) amma Djurgården ya so ya ajiye shi a Sweden tun lokacin da gasar ta ci karo da shekara ta (2013) Allsvenskan kakar. A watan Janairun shekarar (2015) Amartey ya buga wa Ghana dukkan wasannin rukuni-rukuni a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2015) inda Black Stars ta kare a matsayi na biyu.
Ya taka leda sau shida a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2017) inda ya kwashe mintuna (90) a kowane wasa don taimakawa Ghana ta zama ta hudu a gasar. Ayyukansa sun gan shi suna cikin tawagar CAF na gasar. Amartey ya fito a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar( 2021) a Kamaru wanda aka fitar da tawagar Ghana a farkon gasar.
Rigima
A ranar (15) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021) bayan nasarar da Leicester City ta yi a wasan karshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Chelsea, an dauki fim din Amartey yana daukar alkalami na Chelsea a dakin tufafin Leicester yana jefa ta a kafadarsa a kasa a wani faifan bidiyo da ya yi kama da hoto. Ya samu suka da kuma mayar da martani daga yawancin masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta, wadanda suka dauki matakin rashin mutuntawa. Daga baya Leicester City ta bayar da uzuri ga Chelsea, wadda ta amince.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Copenhagen
Danish Superliga : 2015-16
Kofin Danish : 2014-15, 2015-16
Leicester City
Premier League : 2015-16
Kofin FA : 2020-21
FA Community Shield : 2021
Ghana
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2015
Manazarta
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Leicester City FC
Daniel Amartey
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30591 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyoyin%20kare%20muhalli%20a%20Switzerland | Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Switzerland | Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kuma(ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) suna wakiltar ƙungiyoyin muhalli a Switzerland .
Yanayi ya kuma gabatar da siyasa tare da manufofin muhalli na Switzerland.
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyi sun wanzu kuma suna aiki akan ma'auni na gida, kantonal, tarayya da na duniya. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli sun bambanta sosai a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa da kuma yadda suke neman tasiri ga halaye da manufofin muhalli.
na gwamnati
Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli (tun 1971)
Na gwamnati
Pro Natura (tun shekarata 1909, Sashen Abokan Duniya na Swiss tun 1995) - mafi tsufa
Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Tsuntsaye (tun 1922, Sashen Swiss na BirdLife International )
Sashen Swiss na Asusun Duniya na Duniya (WWF Switzerland, tun shekarar 1961) - mafi yawan mambobi
Idon Jama'a (Bayanin Berne) (tun 1968)
Ecology da Yawan Jama'a (tun 1971)
Franz Weber Foundation (tun 1977)
Ƙungiyar Sufuri da Muhalli na Swiss (tun 1979)
Bio Suisse (tun 1981)
Pro Specie Rara (tun 1982)
Sashen Swiss na Greenpeace (tun 1984)
Alternative Bank Schweiz (tun 1990)
Bruno Manser Foundation (tun 1992)
Sashen Swiss na Green Cross International (tun 1994)
Summit Foundation (tun 2001)
Myclimate Foundation (tun 2002)
Swiss Climate Alliance (haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi 66, tun shekarata 2004)
Category: Swiss Climate Alliance
Matasan Swiss don Yanayi (tun 2015)
Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Yanayi (tun 2018)
Jam'iyyun siyasa
Green Party of Switzerland (tun shekarata 1983)
Green Liberal Party of Switzerland (tun 2007)
Sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa
BreakFree [daga burbushin mai] Switzerland (tun shekarar 2016)
Yajin yanayi Switzerland (tun 2018)
Kashe Tawayen Switzerland (tun 2018)
manufofin doka don Muhalli
Doka
A cikin shekarata 1874, an gabatar da wata kasida don kare gandun daji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland . A cikin shekarar 1962, an gabatar da labarin tsarin mulki don kariyar yanayi .
A cikin shekarata 1967, Dokar Tarayya game da Kariya da Halittu da Al'adun gargajiya ta gabatar da musamman haƙƙin roko na ƙungiyoyin muhalli ("haƙƙin ɗaukaka", labarin 12) wanda ya ba duk ƙungiyoyin Swiss da ke da alaƙa da kariyar yanayi 'yancin tayar da gaba ɗaya ƙin yarda ko zuwa shigar da kara kan wasu ayyuka. Haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin muhalli don ɗaukaka daga baya kuma an haɗa su a cikin Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Muhalli (1985, labarin 55 ) da Dokar Tarayya kan Fasahar Jini da Ba Bil Adama ba (2004, labarin 28 ).
A cikin shekarata 1971, kashi 92.7 cikin 100 na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun amince da wata ka'idar tsarin mulki don kare muhalli (Mataki na 24, a halin yanzu sashi na 74 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999) da Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Tsarin ƙasa (wanda aka sake masa suna Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli). a cikin 2006) an kafa shi (a matsayin ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri, Sadarwa da Makamashi ).
An gabatar da Inventory na Tarayya na Filaye da Abubuwan Mota na Halitta a cikin shekarar 1977.
A ranar 21 ga Mayu shekarata 2017, kashi 58 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a na Switzerland sun yarda da sabon Dokar Makamashi da ke kafa dabarun makamashi na 2050 (msar da makamashi ) da kuma hana gina sabbin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya.
Shahararrun himma
An ƙaddamar da wasu mashahuran yunƙurin tarayya don ƙara kare muhalli . An kar~i da dama daga cikinsu:
Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "don kariyar marsh" (" Rothenthurm initiative"), wanda kashi 57.8 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1987. Domin kare dausayi .
Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "dakatar da gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki (moratorium)", wanda kashi 54.5 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 23 ga Satumba shekarata 1990. Tsawon shekaru goma na dakatar da gina sabbin tashoshin nukiliya.
Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kare wuraren tsaunuka daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa" ("Initiative na Alps "), wanda kashi 51.9 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun 1994. Don kare yanayin Alpine daga mummunan tasirin zirga-zirga (duba kuma Ramin Gidan Gida na Gotthard ).
Shahararriyar shirin gwamnatin tarayya "don abincin da aka samar ba tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba", wanda kashi 55.7 cikin dari na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2005. Don dakatar da al'adar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara .
Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kawo ƙarshen ginin gidaje na biyu" (" Franz Weber initiative"), wanda kashi 50.6 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 12 ga Maris 2012. Don rage bazuwar birane ta hanyar iyakance adadin gidaje na biyu (tare da kaso na kashi ashirin cikin ɗari a kowace gari ).
Duba wasu abubuwan
2000-watt al'umma
Ƙungiyar yaƙi da makaman nukiliya a Switzerland
Bio Suisse
Energy a Switzerland
Nature Parks a Switzerland
Matakin fita daga jakunkunan filastik marasa nauyi (Switzerland)
Sandoz sinadarai zube
Gudanar da sharar gida a Switzerland
Manazarta
Sources
Peter Knoepfel, Stéphane Nahrath, Jérôme Savary and Frédéric Varone, Analyse des politiques suisses de l’environnement, 2010 ( ).
René Longet, Planète, sauvetage en cours, third edition, collection « Le savoir suisse », Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2016 ( ).
Philippe Roch, "Écologie en Suisse (histoire)", in Dominique Bourg and Alain Papaux , Dictionnaire de la pensée écologique, 2015 ( ).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Environment in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Environmental movement in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Protection of nature in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. |
34828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20%22American%20University%20of%20Nigeria%22 | Jami'ar "American University of Nigeria" | Articles using infobox university
Jami'ar American University of Nigeria Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya (AUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Yola babban birnin Adamawa, Najeriya. Tana gabatar da ilimi na gaba da sakandare ta hanyar fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi irin na Amurka a matakin digiri na biyu, da matakin ƙwararru. An kafa ta a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003. AUN, "Jami'ar Ci gaba" ta farko a Afirka, Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Ƙasa (NUC) ta bada izinin kafa ta. Fannukan koyarwa na yanzu guda 93, akwai akalla ɗalibai kimanin 1,500 a matakan karatun digirin ta da digiri na biyu. a matsayinta na jami'a ta farko mai tsarin sifar koyarwa irin na Amurka a yankin Saharar Afirka ,Hukumar kula da jami’o’i ta ƙasa (NUC) ce ta karrama AUN.
Tarihi
Tsohon mataimakin shugaban Najeriya kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PDP a zaɓen shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019, Atiku Abubakar ne ya kafa ta a shekara ta dubu biyu da huɗu 2004, Jami'ar American University of Nigeria ta fara daukan ɗalibanta na farko a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Jami'ar tana nan a babban birnin Yola, jihar Adamawa .
Da farko an fara sanya wa Jami'ar suna ABTI American University of Nigeria kafin daga baya aka canza zuwa AUN wanda itace jami'ar farko a yankin sahara na Afurka mai tsarin koyarwa irin na Amurka (irinta guda ɗaya ne a Afurka American University a Cairo, Egypt). AUN tana daga cikin kungiyar Global Liberal Arts Alliance.
Shugaban jami'ar na yanzu shine Dr. Margee Ensign, magabatansa sune Dr. David Huwiler, Dr. Michael Smith, Dr. Margee Ensign, Dr. Dawn Dekle .
An ƙirƙiri makarantar a matsayin jami'a da za ta mai da hankali kan lamuran ci gaba yayin ba da ilimi wanda aka ƙirƙira bisa kyawawan salon koyarwa na Amurka a darussa da ilmantarwa. Sassan makarantan na farko guda uku sune Arts & Sciences, Kasuwanci & Kasuwanci, da IT & Kwamfuta. A cikin 2007, an canza sunan cibiyar zuwa suna na yanzu na Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya (AUN). Ajin majagaba na ɗalibai 92 sun sauke karatu a shekara ta 2009. Kowane aji tun daga lokacin ya kammala karatunsa akan jadawalin.
A shekarar 2008, Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta kasa (NUC) ta amince da shirye-shiryen AUN kuma ta sake tabbatar da hakan a shekarar 2013. A cikin shekara ta 2012, AUN ta ƙaddamar da shirin matakin karatun digiri na gaba, babban digiri na biyu a Fasahar Sadarwa. Tun daga nan, ƙarin shirye-shirye har zuwa Ph.D. Hukumar NUC ta amince da matakin.
A shekara ta 2014 ne, aka buɗe ɗakin karatu na Robert A. Fasto da Cibiyar Koyon e-Learning.
Wuri
AUN tana Yola babban birnin jihar Adamawa. Harabar AUN ta mamaye yankin ciyayi tsaftata na savannah wanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman filin noma.
Harabar Makaranta
Babban harabar ya ƙunshi gine-gine 17 da suka haɗa da Zauren zama guda tara, ɗakin cin abinci mai faɗi, babban zauren farawa mai ɗaukar nauyi 3,500 wanda kuma ke aiki azaman wasan ƙwallon kwando na cikin gida da filin wasan ƙwallon raga, Cibiyar ɗalibai na sadaukarwa, ginin gudanarwa mai taken muhalli, Makarantar Arts & Kimiyyar gini, da ginin Peter Okocha wanda ke dauke da Makarantar Koyon Shari'a da kuma dakin karatu. Wani sabon gini mai girma na Sashin karatun Shari'a tare da dakin taro mai kujeru 100 yana buɗewa a cikin 2022. Robert A. Fasto Library da E-Learning Center, wanda ya ci nasarar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya na 2013, ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ɗakin karatu tare da fiye da 250,000 na dijital, dakunan karatu, ɗakunan karatu, yankunan karatu, Cibiyar Rubutu, azuzuwa don shirin Sabon Gidauniya, Sashen Ba da Shawarwari da Cibiyar Koyarwar Jama'a. Cibiyar Arewa, wacce a da ta kasance wurin wucin gadi, tana kan titin babban harabar.
Rayuwar dalibai
Sabbin dalibai suna fara ayyukan al'umma daga farkon semester a lokacin Freshmen Orientation. A cikin shekaru hudun su, ana ƙarfafawa ɗalibai su ba da kansu da himma a cikin kowane ayyuka na yau da kullun, na yau da kullun da Ofishin ke shirya kusan kowace rana na mako. Dalibai suna aiki tare da mutane da ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma, gami da makarantu, dakunan shan magani, ƙungiyoyin al'umma, da ƙaramar hukuma.
Karatu
Jami'ar ta ƙunshi makarantu shida, waɗanda ke ba da manyan digiri na farko da tsarin digiri:
Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya
Sadarwar BSc & Zane-zane na Multimedia
BSc Halitta & Kimiyyar Muhalli
BSc Petroleum Chemistry
BA Economics
BA Siyasa & Nazarin Duniya
BA Harshen Turanci & Adabi
Makarantar Kasuwanci & Kasuwanci
Gudanar da Kasuwancin BSc (tare da ƙwarewa)
BSc Accounting
BSc Finance
BSc Marketing
Gudanar da BSc & Kasuwanci
Makarantar Shari'a
LL. B (Bachelor of Laws)
Makarantar Injiniya
Injiniyan Kimiyya na BEng
BEng Computer Engineering
BEng Electrical/Electronics Engineering
BEng Systems Engineering
BEng Injiniya Sadarwa
Makarantar Fasahar Sadarwa & Sadarwa
BSc Injiniya Software
BSc Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
BSc Information Systems
Sadarwar Sadarwar BSc & Fasaha mara waya
Makarantar Nazarin Karatu
Diploma na Digiri a fannin Gudanarwa (PGDM)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Gudanar da Kasuwancin MSc
Gudanar da Kasuwancin PhD
Masters na Fasahar Sadarwa
Masters of Telecommunications
Masters of Information Systems Security Management
MSc Computer Science
MSc Information Systems
PhD Kimiyyar Computer
Tsarin Bayanai na PhD
Gini
Harabar AUN na da fadin hekta 2,400. Gida ce ga kusan ɗalibai 1,400 da membobin malamai 87.
Aikin wurin bita na zamani a jami'a ya karɓi nassi daga American Library Association na Ƙasashen Duniya a 2013.
Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai
DJ Bally
Emily Nkanga
Shugabanci
Kwamitin Amintattu na AUN ya kunshi dan kasar Amurka daya, Farfesa Tulane a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a, Dokta William Ellis Bertrand, da fitattun ‘yan Najeriya 12, tare da Sanata Ben Obi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Makaranta. Membobin BoT na AUN sun fito ne daga bangarori daban-daban a fannin ilimi, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Shugaba/Mataimakin Shugaban AUN shine Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa. Majalisar Zartarwa ta Shugaban kasa (PEC) ita ce babbar ƙungiyar gudanarwa kuma tana da a matsayinta na Provost/VP for Academic Affairs, shugabanin Makarantu shida, Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Gudanarwa / Magatakarda, Kuɗi, da Harkokin Student / Rayuwa; da shugabannin Tsaro, Gudanar da Shiga, Tallafin Fasaha, Tsare-tsare na Jiki, Talla & Sadarwa, da Abubuwan Jami'o'i. Majalisar dattijai ce ke da alhakin kula da harkokin ilimi da kuma kula da manhajoji yayin da taron wanda ya kunshi dukkan ma’aikatan da ke da mafi karancin digiri na farko, ta kan hadu a kalla sau daya a kowane zangon karatu domin karbar rahoton ci gaban da jami’ar ta samu daga shugaban kasa.
Jerin shugabannin
David Huwiler
Michael Smith
Margee Ensign
Dawn Dekle
Margee Ensign
Manazarta
Ilimi a Jihar Adamawa
Jami'oi da kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya |
41056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit | Sanskrit | Sanskrit (/;संस्कृत- _ _ _ _ _ , saṃskṛta-; mai संस्कृतम् , saṃskṛtam, IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm] ) harshe ne na gargajiya mallakar reshen Indo-Aryan na harsunan Indo-European. Ya taso ne a Kudancin Asiya bayan harsunan da suka gabace sa sun bazu a can daga arewa maso yamma a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze. Sanskrit shine harshen Hindu mai tsarki, harshen falsafar Hindu na gargajiya, da na rubutun tarihi na Buddha da Jainism. Ya kasance harshen haɗin gwiwa a zamanin da da na tsakiyar Asiya ta Kudu, kuma bayan watsa al'adun Hindu da Buddha zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Asiya da Asiya ta Tsakiya a farkon zamanin da, ya zama yaren addini da al'adu masu girma, kuma na manyan siyasa. a wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Sakamakon haka, Sanskrit ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan harsunan Kudancin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Asiya, musamman a cikin ƙamus ɗinsu na yau da kullun da koyo.
Sanskrit gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan yaren Indo-Aryan da yawa. Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine Vedic Sanskrit da aka samu a cikin Rigveda, tarin waƙoƙi 1,028 da kabilun Indo-Aryan suka yi ƙaura daga gabashin Pakistan zuwa arewa maso yammacin Indiya tsakanin 1500 KZ da 1200 KZ. Vedic Sanskrit ya yi hulɗa tare da tsoffin harsunan da suka rigaya sun kasance na yanki, suna ɗaukar sunayen sabbin tsirrai da dabbobi; bugu da kari, tsoffin harsunan Dravidian sun rinjayi salon sauti na Sanskrit. Sanskrit kuma yana iya ƙara kunkuntar zuwa ga Sanskrit na gargajiya, ingantaccen tsari kuma daidaitacce na nahawu wanda ya fito a tsakiyar karni na 1 KZ kuma an daidaita shi a cikin mafi ƙarancin nahawu na zamanin da, Aṣṭādhyāyī ('surori takwas') na Pāṇini. Babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Sanskrit, Kālidāsa, ya rubuta a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya, kuma an fara bayanin tushen ilimin lissafi na zamani a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya. Manyan almara guda biyu na Sanskrit, Mahābhārata da Rāmāyaṇa, duk da haka, an haɗa su cikin kewayon rajistar labarun baka da ake kira Epic Sanskrit wanda aka yi amfani da shi a arewacin Indiya tsakanin 400 KZ da 300 CE, kuma kusan. na zamani tare da Sanskrit na gargajiya. A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Sanskrit ya zama mai ɗaure al'ada, ya daina koyo a matsayin yaren farko, kuma a ƙarshe ya daina haɓaka a matsayin harshe mai rai.
Waƙoƙin Rigveda sun yi kama da mafi kyawun kasidu na iyalai na Iran da Girkanci, Gathas na tsohon Avestan da Iliad na Homer. Kamar yadda Rigveda aka watsa ta baki ta hanyoyin haddace na musamman hadaddun, tsauri da aminci, a matsayin rubutu guda ɗaya ba tare da bambance-bambancen karatu ba, da aka kiyaye ta archaic syntax da ilimin halittar jiki suna da mahimmanci mahimmanci a cikin sake ginawa. harshen magabata na gama gari Proto-Indo-European. Sanskrit ba shi da ingantaccen rubutun ɗan ƙasa: daga kusan ƙarshen karni na 1st CE, an rubuta shi a cikin rubutun Brahmic daban-daban, kuma a cikin zamani na yau da kullun a Devanagari. [lower-alpha 1]
An gane matsayin Sanskrit, aiki, da wuri a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Indiya ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Tsarin Harsunan Jadawali na takwas na Indiya. Koyaya, duk da ƙoƙarin farfaɗowa, babu masu magana da harshen farko na Sanskrit a Indiya. A cikin kowace ƙidayar shekara ta Indiya na baya-bayan nan, 'yan ƙasa dubu da yawa sun ba da rahoton Sanskrit ya zama yarensu na asali, amma ana tsammanin lambobin suna nuna buri na daidaitawa da martabar harshen. An koyar da Sanskrit a cikin gurukulas na gargajiya tun zamanin da; ana koyar da shi a yau a matakin sakandare. Kwalejin Sanskrit mafi tsufa ita ce Kwalejin Benares Sanskrit da aka kafa a 1791 yayin mulkin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Ana ci gaba da amfani da Sanskrit sosai a matsayin harshe na biki da al'ada a cikin waƙoƙin Hindu da na Buddha da waƙoƙi.
Etymology da nomenclature
A cikin Sanskrit, sifa na fi'ili sáṃskṛta- kalma ce da ta ƙunshi ('tare, mai kyau, da kyau, cikakke') da -('made, formed, aiki'). Yana nuni da aikin da aka “shirya da kyau, tsarkakakke kuma cikakke, goge, mai tsarki”. A cewar Biderman, kamalar mahallin da ake magana a kai a cikin asalin asalin kalmar shine tonal-maimakon ma'anar-halaye. Sauti da watsawa na baka sun kasance halaye masu kima sosai a tsohuwar Indiya, kuma masu hikimarta sun tace haruffa, tsarin kalmomi da ainihin nahawunsu cikin “tarin sauti, wani nau’in kyakyawan kyawon kide-kide”, in ji Biderman, a matsayin harshe na gama-gari. ake kira Sanskrit. Daga ƙarshen lokacin Vedic zuwa gaba, jihar Annette Wilke da Oliver Moebus, sauti mai raɗaɗi da tushe na kaɗe-kaɗe sun jawo "madaidaicin adadin litattafan harshe, falsafa da na addini" a Indiya. An hango sauti a matsayin "mafificin dukkan halitta", wani wakilcin duniya kanta; "Maganin ban mamaki" na tunanin Hindu. Neman kamala a cikin tunani da makasudin 'yanci na daga cikin ma'auni na sauti mai tsarki, kuma zaren gama gari wanda ya sadar da dukkan ra'ayoyi da zaburarwa tare ya zama neman abin da Indiyawan da suka yi imani da shi ya zama cikakken yare, "phonocentric episteme". ta Sanskrit.
Sanskrit a matsayin yare ya yi gogayya da yarukan Indiya da yawa, marasa madaidaicin harsunan Indiya da ake kira Prakritic harsuna (prākṛta). Kalmar a zahiri tana nufin "na asali, na halitta, na al'ada, mara fasaha", in ji Franklin Southworth. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Prakrit da Sanskrit tana samuwa a cikin matani na Indiya da aka kwanan wata zuwa karni na 1 AZ. Patañjali ya yarda cewa Prakrit shine yaren farko, wanda kowane yaro ya karbe shi da dukkan kurakuren sa kuma daga baya yana haifar da matsalolin fassara da rashin fahimta. Tsarin tsarkakewa na harshen Sanskrit yana kawar da waɗannan kurakurai. Mawallafin nahawu na Sanskrit na farko Daṇḍin ya bayyana, alal misali, cewa yawancin harsunan Prakrit sun samo asali ne a cikin Sanskrit, amma ya ƙunshi "asarar sautuna" da lalata da ke haifar da "rashin kula da nahawu". Daṇḍin ya yarda cewa akwai kalmomi da tsarin ruɗani a cikin Prakrit waɗanda ke bunƙasa ba tare da Sanskrit ba. Ana samun wannan ra'ayi a cikin rubutun Bharata Muni, marubucin tsohuwar rubutun Natya Shastra. Masanin Jain na farko Namisādhu ya yarda da bambancin, amma ya ƙi yarda cewa yaren Prakrit lalata ne na Sanskrit. Namisādhu ya bayyana cewa yaren Prakrit shine ('ya zo gabanin, asali') kuma ya zo ga yara bisa ga dabi'a, yayin da Sanskrit ya kasance gyaran Prakrit ta hanyar "tsarkake ta hanyar nahawu".
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39786 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkafa%20da%20wake | Shinkafa da wake | Shinkafa da wake, ko wake da shinkafa, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na shinkafa da wake ta wata hanya. Haɗin hatsi da kuma legumes suna ba da abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abinci sun wadata ko'ina. Ana iya caƙuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci.
Bayani
Abincin ya ƙunshi farar shinkafa ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun wake (yawanci Phaseolus vulgaris ko Vigna unguiculata ) kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, dafaffen dankali, da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban (nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su . Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka.
Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A Brazil, alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas . Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da " jajayen wake da shinkafa " galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade .
Tarihi
Amurka
Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na Phaseolus ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya. An gabatar da shinkafar Asiya ga Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya. Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya.
Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki
Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadaran iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da kansa wannan sinadarin ba.
Al'adu
A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a Brazil, wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a Amurka.
Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya
A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai shinkafa da wake, wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin:
Brazil : feijoada
Chile : arroz con porotos.
Caribbean : shinkafa da wake
Colombia : calento
Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina : shinkafa da wake
Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa
Costa Rica : gallo pinto kuma a cikin Caribbean ( Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo ) akwai shinkafa da wake wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile).
Cuba : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
Moros y cristianos : kuma aka sani da kawai moros, an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da congris .
Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban.
Jamhuriyar Dominican : Moro de guandules, shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico.
El Salvador : Casamiento ; duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador
Ghana : Waakye, waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa
Guatemala : casado ; wanda ake kira gallo pinto da shinkafa da wake
A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala ( Izabal ): ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa.
Honduras : Casamiento ; a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli
Indiya : Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa
Isra'ila : Orez shu'it, wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa
Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake
Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa.
Jamaica : shinkafa da wake
Koriya, Kongbap (shinkafar wake), patbap (shinkafar jan wake)
Mexico : pispiote, shinkafa da wake
Nicaragua : gallo pinto, kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa.
Panama : gallopinto
Caribbean Coast ( Colón, Bocas del Toro ): da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican.
Peru : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
calentado
taku-tacu
Puerto Rico :
arroz junto ; a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya.
arroz con gandules wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon.
Spain : Paella
Suriname : bruine bonen met rijst, tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa.
Trinidad da Tobago : shinkafa da wake
Amurka :
Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka
Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole
Venezuela : Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan:
Pabellón criollo : An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas".
Arroz con caraotas : Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su.
Palo A pique llanero : Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains.
Laberiya : A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman.
Ire-iren sunan Abincin
Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da;
Ana kiran shinkafa da wake arroz y habas, arroz con habichuelas, arroz con frijoles, gallo pinto, recalentao ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, arroz e feijão, arroz com feijão ko feijão com arroz a cikin Portuguese, risi e bisi a cikin harshen Venetian ak pwa in Haitian Creole, avas kon arroz ko avikas kon arroz a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish .
Duba kuma
Haitian cuisine – Culinary traditions of Haiti
List of legume dishes
List of rice dishes
Manazarta
Bibliography
Embrapa, Origem da História do Arroz da Origem e História do Feijão
Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível, Camaquã Alimentos
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
Sanannun abinci |
25883 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo | Mo | Mo ko MO na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane da nishaɗi
Halayen almara
Mo, yarinya a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen TV masu ban tsoro
Mo, wanda kuma aka sani da Mortimer, a cikin littafin Inkheart na Cornelia Funke
Mo, a cikin gidan yanar gizon Yesu da Mo
Mo, babban hali a cikin jerin littafin yara na ɓarna na Mo
Mo, ophthalmosaurus daga The Land Kafin Lokaci ikon amfani da sunan kamfani
MO (Maintenance Operator), mutum -mutumi a cikin jerin Filin Matasa Sentinels
Mo, babban hali a cikin Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist
MO (Microbe Obliterator), robot a cikin fim WALL-E
Mo clown, hali wanda Roy Rene, ɗan wasan barkwanci na Australiya na ƙarni na 20 ya buga
Mo Effanga, a cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na likitanci na BBC na Holby City
Mo Harris, a cikin wasan opera na BBC EastEnders
Little Mo Mitchell, a cikin wasan opera na BBC EastEnders
Fina-finai
"Mo" (魔 aljani), taken asali na The Boxer's Omen, fim na Hong Kong na 1983
<i id="mwNw">Mo</i> (Fim na 2010), fim ɗin talabijin game da ɗan siyasar Burtaniya Mo Mowlam
<i id="mwOg">Mo</i> (fim na 2016), fim ɗin tsoro na Tamil
Kiɗa
<i id="mwPw">MO</i> (album), kundi na 2013 na mawaƙin hip hop na Amurka Nelly
MO, ɗan wasan pop pop na Turanci
MO, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Yaren mutanen Holland
Mo Awards, kyaututtuka na shekara -shekara don nishaɗin raye-raye na Australiya
Yamaha MO, mai haɗa kiɗan
Sauran zane-zane da nishaɗi
Mo (Oz), ƙasar almara a cikin littafin The Magical Monarch of Mo by L. Frank Baum
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Rukunin Altria, tsohon Philip Morris (alamar New York Stock Exchange MO)
Calm Air (mai ƙirar jirgin saman IATA MO), kamfanin jirgin sama ne da ke Thompson, Manitoba, Kanada
Milicja Obywatelska, wata hukuma ce ta 'yan sanda a Poland daga 1944 zuwa 1990
Harshe
Mo (kana), Romanisation na Jafananci kana も da モ
Harshen Mo (disambiguation)
Harshen Moldavia (wanda aka soke ISO 639-1 lambar yare "mo")
Mutane
Mo (sunan da aka bayar)
Emperor Mo (disambiguation), sunan bayan sarakuna daban -daban na kasar Sin
Mo (sunan mahaifi na China)
Mo (sunan mahaifi na Koriya)
Mariano Rivera, dan wasan kwallon baseball na Amurka mai ritaya mai suna Mo
MØ, mawaƙin Danish mawaƙin Karen Marie Ørsted (an haife shi a 1988)
Mo Jamil, mawaƙin Burtaniya wanda ya ci nasara a jerin na shida na Muryar UK
Mista Mo (rapper), mawaƙa, memba na ƙungiyar Jim Crow
Mista Mo (mawaƙi), memba na ƙungiyar Danish Kaliber
Mo Twister, rediyon Filipino DJ da mai watsa shirye -shiryen TV Mohan Gumatay (an haife shi a 1977)
Mo (kokawar), sunan zobe na Robert Horne (an haife shi 1964), ƙwararren kokawar
Wurare
Norway
Mo i Rana, birni ne a cikin gundumar Rana, gundumar Nordland
Mo, Agder, ƙauye ne a cikin gundumar Vegårshei, gundumar Agder
Mo, Møre og Romsdal, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Surnadal, Møre og Romsdal gundumar
Mo, Norway, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Nord-Odal, gundumar Innlandet
Mo, Telemark, tsohuwar karamar hukuma a tsohuwar gundumar Telemark
Mo, Vestland, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Modalen, gundumar Vestland
Mo Church (disambiguation), jerin majami'u da yawa da wannan sunan a Norway
Wani waje
County Mayo, Ireland (lambar lambar motar MO)
Macau (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 lambar ƙasa MO)
Missouri, Amurka (taƙaicewar gidan waya)
Yankin Moscow, Rasha
Lardin Modena, Italiya (lambar lambar motar MO)
Addini
Mo (duba), wata dabara ce ta addinin Buddha na Tibet na duba
Mo (addini), addinin rayayyu ne na mutanen Zhuang na China
Addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox na zamani, motsi ne wanda ke ƙoƙarin haɗa dabi'un yahudawa na Orthodox da duniya
Kimiyya da fasaha
Kwamfuta
.mo, babban yankin lambar yankin Macau
Magneto-optical drive (magneto-optical storage), matsakaicin ma'ajin bayanai
Microsoft Office, ɗakin software na ofis
Yanayin aiki, a cikin ɓoye ɓoyayyun ciphers
Aiki mai motsawa, wani lokaci yana kwatanta tasirin sakamako a cikin yanayin aiki
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha
Mo (grist mill) (磨), tsoffin kayan aikin dutse na China ana amfani da su don niƙa hatsi zuwa gari
Rufewa da hannu, wata hanyar da aka karɓi iko daga tsarin sarrafa kansa kuma aka ba mai amfani
Metalorganics, wanda kuma aka sani da organometallics, a cikin sunadarai da kimiyyar kayan
Molecular orbital, aikin ilmin lissafi wanda ke kwatanta halayyar kamannin igiyar wutar lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta
Molybdenum (alamar Mo), wani sinadarin sinadarai
Bude na ɗan lokaci (MO), ƙungiyar masu sauya wutar lantarki
Motoci
MO-class ƙaramin jirgi mai tsaro, aji na ƙananan jiragen ruwa waɗanda aka samar kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II don Sojojin Soviet
Morris Oxford MO, motar da Morris Motors na Burtaniya ya samar daga 1948 zuwa 1954
Sauran amfani
Mo (ilimin kimiyyar halittu na kasar Sin), sunan da a zahiri ya canza daga "katon panda", zuwa "chimera na almara", zuwa "tapir"
Modus operandi (raguwa mo ), Latin ma'anar "yanayin aiki"; tsarin halaye na musamman na wani mahaluityi
Watan (taƙaicewa mo.), Naúrar lokaci kusan kwanaki 30
Operation Mo, ko Port Moresby Operation, wani shiri na Jafananci don ɗaukar yankin Australiya na New Guinea yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II
Duba kuma
Meaux (rashin fahimta)
mho, a kimiyyar lissafi, rabon sashin "ohm" na juriya
Mø (disambiguation)
Wayar hannu (disambiguation)
Moe (rashin fahimta)
Moe (rashin fahimta)
Mohs (rashin fahimta)
Ƙasa (disambiguation) |
53208 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajip%20Rosidi | Ajip Rosidi | Ajip Rosidi (31 Janairu 1938 - 29 Yuli 2020) mawaƙin Indonesiya ne kuma marubuci gajeriyar labari. Kamar yadda na 1983 ya buga ayyuka 326 a cikin mujallu 22 daban-daban.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Rosidi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1938, a Jatiwangi, Majalengka, Yammacin Java . Ya halarci Makarantar Jama'a, Jatiwangi, a 1950; Gundumar VIII Junior High School Jakarta a 1953; da Taman Madya High School, Taman. Siswa Jakarta in 1956. Ya fara harkar adabi tun yana dan shekara sha hudu. Tun shekarar 1952, ayyukansa sun fara bayyana a cikin mujallu irin su "Indonesia", "Indonesia Pulpit", "Arena/Ploy", "Fitowa" da "Zenith Platform".
Tun yana yaro, ya karanta ayyuka da yawa da aka fassara a cikin Indonesian da Sundanese . Ana kuma san shi da mawaƙin Sundanese . Bayan karanta jagorar rubutu, Rosidi ya fara rubuta wakoki da gajerun labarai. An buga gajeriyar labarinsa na farko a sashin yara na Indonesia Raya yana da shekaru 12. A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 15, ana buga aikinsa a cikin mujallun gida. An biya shi tsakanin Rp 25 zuwa Rp 125 a kowane yanki, kuɗi mai yawa sannan. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya fito da tarin gajerun labarai na farko, wanda aka buga a karkashin taken Tahun-tahun Kematian (Shekarun Mutuwa). Daga baya ya bar makarantar sakandare don mayar da hankali ga rubutu. Yana da shekaru 17, ya halarci laccar marubucin Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka Richard Wright mai suna Seniman dan Masaalahnja ( The Artist and His Problems ) a Balai Budaja a Jakarta.
An fassara ayyukan Rosidi zuwa harsunan waje da yawa, waɗanda aka buga a cikin tarihin tarihi ko a matsayin littafi, cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, Sinanci, Turanci, Jafananci. Ya kuma fassara tarihin rayuwa da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallu masu yawa, ciki har da Suluh Pelajar (Torch Torch) daga 1953 zuwa 1955, da Prosa a 1955. A cikin 1962, tare da marubuci Ramadhan KH, Harris Obon, da Tatang Suryaatmadja, ya kafa Mawallafin Kiwari. Daga 1964 zuwa 1970 ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan gidan buga littattafai Tjupumanik, tare da mawallafin Duta Rakyat daga 1965 zuwa 1968 da Dunia Pustaka Jaya daga 1971 zuwa 1979. A cikin shekarun 1965-67, ya zama wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan "Sundanese mako-mako", daga baya ake kira "Madjalah Sundanese", wanda aka buga a Bandung. A shekarar 1968 ya ba Ali Sadikin gwamnan Jakarta na lokacin, ya kafa majalisar fasaha ta Jakarta (DKJ), inda ya rike mukamin shugaba na tsawon lokaci uku a jere daga 1972 zuwa 1981. A halin yanzu, a cikin shekarun 1966 zuwa 1975, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Marubuta Sundanese. A cikin 1971, ya jagoranci Mawallafin Laburaren Jaya (Jaya Raya Foundation). A shekarar 1973, Congress IKAPI ta zabi Rosidi a matsayin shugaban hukumar. Domin lokacin 1976-79, an sake zaɓe shi don irin wannan.
A cikin 1981, Rosidi ya yi aiki a matsayin Baƙo malami na harshen Indonesiya da wallafe-wallafe a Jami'ar Nazarin Harkokin Waje ta Osaka (Gaikokugo Daikagu Osaka) a Osaka, Japan, Farfesa Extraordinary a Tenri Daigaku, Nara daga 1983 zuwa 1994, da Kyoto Sangyo Daigaku, Kyoto daga Kyoto . 1983 zuwa 1996. Yayin da yake kasar Japan kuma ya koyar a cibiyar al'adu ta Asahi . A 2003, ya yi ritaya ya koma Indonesia. A shekara ta 2004, ya zama babban manajan mujallar Cupumanik na wata-wata na harshen Sundanese.
A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2008 Rosidi ya fitar da tarihin rayuwarsa, Hidup Tanpa Ijasah (Rayuwa Ba tare da Diploma ba). An gudanar da bikin kaddamar da bikin ne a jami'ar Padjadjaran . A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2011, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctorate Honoris Causa daga fannin Nazarin Al'adu, Faculty of Letters, Jami'ar Padjadjaran. Tun daga 2008, Rosidi ya zauna a Pabelan, Magelang .
Ayyukan aiki
Rosidi ya yi aiki don adana al'adun Sundan da sauran al'adun Indonesia, ya haɓaka ci gaba da amfani da harsunan gida kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ta Rancage Literary Award don yin aiki cikin harshen Sundan; Ya ba da wasu kyaututtuka guda biyu don ayyuka a cikin Javanese da Balinese . Ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci aikin bincike da tarihin Pantun Sundanese (PPP-FS), a lokacin 1970-1973. A cikin 2000 ya rubuta Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia of Culture Sundanese . Ya ƙarfafa bincike kan tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Sundan. Ya ce daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Sundanci kusan 200 da aka samu zuwa yanzu, kusan rubutun 23 ne kawai ake iya karantawa. Rosidi ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da abin da yake kallo a matsayin sayar da al'adu, yana mai nuni da kasancewar ma'aikatar al'adu da yawon bude ido ta Indonesia a matsayin hujjar cewa ana sayar da al'adu.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
MANAZARTA
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ajip Rosidi akan Kompas-Gramedia.
Bayanan martaba na Ajip Rosidi a Jakarta Post
Mutuwan 2020
Haifaffun 1938 |
23303 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabu | Anomabu | Anomabu, wanda kuma ya rubuta Anomabo kuma tsohon sunan Annamaboe, birni ne a gabar Tekun Mfantsiman Municipal na Yankin Tsakiyar Kudancin Gana. Anomabu yana da yawan mazauna 14,389.
Anomabu yana da nisan kilomita 12 gabas da Cape Coast a tsakiyar yankin kudancin Ghana. Tana kan babban titin zuwa Accra. Jimlar yankin Anomabu shine murabba'in kilomita 612, tare da iyakokin kilomita 21 a bakin tekun, da kilomita 13 a cikin ƙasa. Babban harshen da ake magana da shi a Anomabu shine Fante.
Dangane da al'adar baka, an fara samo asalin sunan "Anomabu" lokacin da wani mafarauci daga dangin Nsona ya fara gano yankin kuma ya yanke shawarar zama tare da danginsa, daga ƙarshe ya fara ƙauyen nasa yayin da lokaci ya wuce. Ana zargin mafarauci ya ga wasu tsuntsaye a saman dutse, ya yi shelar yankin "Obo noma," wanda ya zama sunan garin na asali. Obanoma a zahiri yana fassara zuwa “dutsen tsuntsu,” sunan da sannu a hankali ya canza zuwa Anomabu tsawon shekaru.
Tarihi
Anomabu ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci ta bakin teku kafin a kafa ta a matsayin tashar kasuwancin bayi, wanda ya sa garin ya yi fice a karni na 17. 'Yan kasuwa na Fante a can sun yi ciniki musamman da zinariya da hatsi. Bayan gayyatar Dutch don gina masana'anta a cikin garin, 'yan kasuwa sun juya zuwa kasuwancin bayi. Attajirai Fante masu hannu da shuni sun goyi bayan gina katafaren turanci don ci gaba da wannan dalilin. Duk da haka, asarar da kamfanin Royal African Company ya yi a shekarar 1698 ya sa aka rufe wannan katafaren gidan a shekarar 1730. Sakamakon matsin lamba daga karuwar sha'awar Faransa, Company of Merchants Trading to Africa ya matsa don sake gina sansanin.
Fort William, wanda aka fi sani da Castle Anomabu, injiniyan Ingila John Apperley ne ya tsara shi kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1753 zuwa 1760. A lokacin ana ɗaukar shi mafi ƙarfi a kan gabar teku. Yana da nisan kilomita 16 (10 mi) daga Castle na Cape Coast. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1756, Anglo-Irishman Richard Brew ya karɓi Mulkin Fort kuma ya ci gaba da gininsa. Ginin Anomabu ya zama cibiyar cinikin bayi na Burtaniya tare da Tekun Zinare har sai da aka fara aikin a 1807. Kodayake rashin shaida yana da wahalar faɗi tare da cikakken tabbaci, ana tunanin yawancin mutanen da aka kama da aka sayar zuwa bauta a Anomabu wataƙila sun fito ne daga Asante da mutanen kudancin Akan.
Dangane da bincike da bincike kan tsarin sasanta ƙauyuka a Anomabu da James Sanders yayi a shekarun 1960, rarraba ƙauyuka a Anomabu ya kasance mai ɗorewa tun daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Kamar yadda Anomabu ya ƙi aikinsa a matsayin na bayi, haka ma yawan jama'arta - an kafa ƙauyuka kaɗan a Anomabu da yankunan cikinta, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙauyuka tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa yanzu ba su canza ba.
Tun da masana'antar kasuwancin Anomabu ta dogara da tsarin bautar har zuwa wannan lokacin, Anomabu post 1807 ya ragu sosai a cikin ikonsa a matsayin filin kasuwancin tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan shekarar, ƙaramin sansanin ya sami nasarar tsayayya da dukan sojojin Ashanti, kodayake birnin ya sha wahala sosai daga harin. Harin ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 8,000 na mutanen Anomabu.
A ƙarshen karni na 19, an fitar da shi a cikin dabino, hauren giwa, ƙura na gwal, gyada, da hatsin Guinea don musanya shigo da kayayyaki da aka ƙera. Yawanta a cikin shekarun 1870 ya kusan 4500.
Asalin ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi, Anomabu daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a tekun Gold Coast. Ya zuwa karni na 18, garin ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da bayi a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. A cewar jami'in mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 George Macdonald, Anomabu shine "birni mafi ƙarfi a bakin teku saboda yawan 'yan asalin yankin da ke dauke da makamai: Duk ƙasar ta cika da yawan jama'a ban da kasancewa mai wadatar zinari, bayi, da masara.” Ba bayi kawai ba, amma masarar masara mai yalwa shine wani dalilin da ya sa yankin Fante da Anomabu musamman abin sha'awa ga masu fataucin bayi.
A cikin 1798, mutanen da za su bautar da kansu sun shiga jirgin Antelope wanda ya fito daga London.
Muhimmancin Kamun kifi a zamanin Anomabu
Babban aikin mazaunan Anomabu shine kamun kifi, inda noma shine aiki na biyu mafi mashahuri. Sauran ayyukan da ke cikin Anomabu sun haɗa da ciniki, da kuma ayyukan fasaha daban -daban kamar yin tukwane, kafinta, ko aikin famfo. Yawancin mazaunan Anomabu suna ɗaukar wasu ayyuka yayin da lokacin kamun kifi ba ya haifar da abin da za su iya rayuwa.
Dangane da binciken ɗan adam a cikin 2016 da Patience Affua Addo ta yi, masana'antar kamun kifi a Anomabu tana da jinsi sosai kuma tana hana hawa zuwa mata saboda al'umar uban da take ƙarƙashin ta. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, matan Anomabu sun tashi kan madafun iko a kasuwar kamun kifi.
Kodayake matan Anomabu ba sa shiga kamun kifi da kansu, suna da mahimmanci ga kasuwa kuma suna yin yawancin kasuwancin kifin da kansa. Kodayake kafuwar kakannin al'ummar Anomabu a halin yanzu yana sanya maza a sahun gaba a masana'antar kamun kifi, mata sun fara yin fice a cikin yanayin kamun kifi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin 1992, mata sun mallaki 100 daga cikin jimillar kwale -kwale 400 na Anomabu. Wannan lambar ta kasance a tsaye a cikin 2002, lokacin da kashi 38% na kwalekwalen da ke Anomabu suma an ce mata ne. Zuwan mallakar kwale -kwale yana ba mata daraja da matsayi a cikin danginsu da sauran al'umma baki ɗaya.
Yawon shakatawa
A cikin zamani, Anomabu sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne. Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar Fort William.
Bukukuwa
Mutanen Anomabo suna murnar bikin Okyir wanda shine bikin tsawon sati na shekara-shekara wanda aka yi biki a sati na biyu a cikin watan Oktoba. "Okyir" na nufin "abin ƙyama" kuma mutane suna yin bikin wannan bikin a matsayin tunatarwa ga munanan halayen zamantakewa.
Ilimi
Akwai manyan manyan makarantun gwamnati 3 da manyan ƙananan makarantu masu zaman kansu 4 a Anomabu, da kuma babbar makarantar sakandare ɗaya.
Wutar Lantarki da Tsabta
Wutar lantarki a Anomabu ta fito ne daga tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa da kuma bututun da ke ɗauke da bututu. Tsabtace muhalli bai wadatar ba a cikin alumma, kuma saboda rashin banɗaki na jama'a, yawancin mazauna yankin suna amfani da rairayin bakin teku, wanda ya haifar da gurɓatattun magudanan ruwa.
Sanannun mazauna
William Ansah Sessarakoo (c. 1736–1770)
Prince Whipple (1750–1796)
Manazarta
Ambato
Kara karantawa
Shumway, Rebecca (2011), The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Rochester: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580463911
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48533 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin%20hakar%20ma%27adinai | Ramin hakar ma'adinai | A cikin haƙar ma'adinan, shine kayayyakin da suka rage bayan aiwatar da aikin raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga juzu'in rashin tattalin arziki ( gangue ) na tama . Wutsiyar wutsiya sun bambanta da nauyi mai yawa, wanda shine dutsen sharar gida ko wasu kayan da suka wuce tama ko ma'adinai kuma ana yin gudun hijira a lokacin hakar ma'adinai ba tare da sarrafa su ba.
Ana iya yin hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adanin ta hanyoyi biyu: ma'adinin placer, wanda ke amfani da ruwa da nauyi don tattara ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, ko ma'adinan dutse mai wuya, wanda ya rushe dutsen da ke dauke da ma'adinin sannan kuma ya dogara da halayen sunadarai don mayar da hankali ga abin da ake nema. abu. A karshen, hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adinai na bukatar comminution, watau, nika tama cikin lafiya barbashi don sauƙaƙe hakar na manufa (s). Saboda wannan comminution, wutsiya sun ƙunshi slurry na lallausan barbashi, jere daga girman yashi zuwa ƴan micrometers. Yawancin wutsiya na ma'adanan ana samar da su daga injin niƙa a cikin nau'i na slurry, wanda shine cakuda ɓangarorin ma'adinai masu kyau da ruwa. 
Wutsiya na iya zama tushen haɗari na sinadarai masu guba kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, sulfides da abun ciki na rediyo . Waɗannan sinadarai suna da haɗari musamman idan aka adana su cikin ruwa a cikin tafkunan bayan dam ɗin wutsiya . suna da haɗari ga manyan ɓarna ko ɗigogi daga madatsun ruwa, suna haifar da bala'o'in muhalli . Saboda waɗannan da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zubar ruwa na ƙasa, hayaki mai guba da mutuwar tsuntsaye, tarin wutsiya da tafkuna galibi suna ƙarƙashin bincike na tsari. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don dawo da kimar tattalin arziki, ƙunshi ko kuma rage tasirin wutsiya. Duk da haka, a duniya, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da kyau, wani lokacin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don rage haɗarin cutarwa, an kafa ƙa'idar matakin farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don sarrafa wutsiya 2020.
Kalmomi
Har ila yau ana kiran wutsiya nawa juji, zubar da ruwa, slimes, ƙi, ragowar leach, slickens, ko terra-cone (terrikon) .
Misalai
Sulfide ma'adanai
An bayyana kwararar wutsiyoyi daga hakar ma'adinan sulfidic a matsayin "mafi girman alhaki na muhalli na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai". Wadannan wutsiyoyi sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na pyrite (FeS 2 ) da Iron (II) sulfide (FeS), waɗanda aka ƙi daga abubuwan da ake nema na jan karfe da nickel, da kuma kwal. Ko da yake ba su da lahani a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗannan ma'adanai suna amsawa ga iska a gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda idan ba a gudanar da su yadda ya kamata ba suna haifar da magudanar ruwa na acid .
Phosphate dutse ma'adinai
Tsakanin tan miliyan 100 da miliyan 280 na sharar phosphogypsum an kiyasta ana samarwa duk shekara sakamakon sarrafa dutsen phosphate don samar da takin phosphate. Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfani kuma mai yawa, phosphogypsum yana da aikin rediyo saboda kasancewar uranium da thorium da ke faruwa ta halitta, da 'yar su isotopes . Ya danganta da farashin da za a iya samu akan kasuwar uranium, hakar abun cikin uranium na iya zama mai fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ko da babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa, kamar rage cutar da ƙananan ƙarfe na rediyo ke yi ga muhalli.
Aluminum
Bauxite tailings samfurin sharar gida ne da aka samar a cikin samar da masana'antu na aluminum .)
Yin tanadi don kusan tan miliyan 77 da ake samarwa a kowace shekara yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin masana'antar ma'adinai ta aluminum.
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na farko sau da yawa ba su ɗauki isassun matakai don sanya wuraren wutsiya marasa lafiya bayan rufewa.
Ma'adinai na zamani, musamman waɗanda ke cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da ingantattun ka'idojin hakar ma'adinai da kuma waɗanda kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai ke sarrafawa, galibi sun haɗa da gyarawa da kuma rufe wuraren da ya dace na wutsiya a cikin farashi da ayyukansu. Alal misali, lardin Quebec, Kanada, yana buƙatar ba kawai ƙaddamar da shirin rufewa kafin fara aikin hakar ma'adinai ba, har ma da ajiya na garantin kuɗi daidai da 100% na ƙimar gyarawa. Matsalolin wutsiya galibi sune mafi girman alhakin muhalli don aikin hakar ma'adinai.
Wutsiyoyi na ma'adanan na iya samun darajar tattalin arziki a cikin rarrabuwar carbon saboda babban fili na ma'adinan da aka fallasa.
Damuwar muhalli
Ragon wutsiya zuwa tama na iya zuwa daga 90 zuwa 98% na wasu ma'adanai na jan karfe zuwa kashi 20-50% na sauran ma'adanai (marasa daraja). Ma'adinan da aka ƙi da kuma duwatsun da aka 'yantar da su ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da sarrafawa suna da yuwuwar lalata muhalli ta hanyar sakin ƙarfe masu guba (arsenic da mercury sune manyan laifuffuka guda biyu), ta hanyar magudanar ruwa (yawanci ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta akan sulfide ores), ko kuma ta hanyar lalata namun daji na ruwa waɗanda dogara da ruwa mai tsabta (vs suspensions).
Har ila yau, tafkunan wutsiya na iya zama tushen magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar kulawa ta dindindin da kuma kula da ruwan da ke wucewa ta hanyar dam din wutsiya; Kudin tsaftace ma'adinan ya kasance sau 10 fiye da kiyasin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta shiga.
Bala'i
Babban hatsarin tafkunan wutsiya shine gazawar madatsun ruwa, tare da gazawar da aka fi sani da ita a Amurka shine gazawar dam ɗin kwal da aka yi a Kogin Yamma na Buffalo Creek na 1972, wanda ya kashe mutane 125; Sauran rugujewar sun hada da bala'in muhalli na Ok Tedi a New Guinea, wanda ya lalata kamun kifi na kogin Ok Tedi. A matsakaita, a duk duniya, ana samun babban haɗari guda ɗaya da ya shafi dam ɗin wutsiya kowace shekara.
Sauran bala'o'in da suka haifar da gazawar dam din wutsiya sune, zubar Baia Mare cyanide na 2000 da kuma hadarin shukar Ajka alumina .
Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Adadin wutsiya yakan kasance a yankunan karkara ko kusa da al'ummomin da aka ware, kamar al'ummomin ƴan asali . Ma'auni na Masana'antu na Duniya akan Gudanar da Wutsiya ya ba da shawarar cewa "ana buƙatar tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don ganowa da magance waɗanda suka fi fuskantar haɗari daga wurin wutsiya ko yuwuwar gazawarta."
Hanyoyin ajiya
A tarihi, ana zubar da wutsiya ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, kamar a cikin ruwa mai gudana ko ƙasa . Saboda damuwa game da waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da sauran batutuwa, tafkunan wutsiya sun fara amfani da su. Kalubalen ɗorewa a cikin sarrafa wutsiya da dutsen sharar gida shine zubar da kayan, kamar wanda ba shi da aiki ko, in ba haka ba, tsayayye kuma yana ƙunshe, don rage abubuwan shigar ruwa da makamashi da sawun sharar gida da kuma matsawa zuwa gano wasu amfani. .
Tailings madatsun ruwa da tafkuna
An ɗaure su da tarkace (wani dam ɗin dam) waɗannan madatsun ruwa yawanci suna amfani da "kayan gida" ciki har da wutsiya da kansu, kuma ana iya ɗaukar madatsun ruwa . A al'adance, zaɓin kawai don ajiyar wutsiya shine a magance slurry wutsiya. Wannan slurry rafi ne mai rarrafe na daskararrun wutsiya a cikin ruwa wanda aka aika zuwa wurin ajiyar wutsiya. Mai zanen wutsiya na zamani yana da kewayon samfuran wutsiya da za a zaɓa daga dangane da adadin ruwan da aka cire daga slurry kafin a fitar. Cire ruwa ba wai kawai zai iya haifar da tsarin ajiya mafi kyau a wasu lokuta (misali busassun tari, duba ƙasa) amma kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ruwa wanda shine babban batu saboda yawancin ma'adanai suna cikin yankuna mara kyau. A cikin bayanin 1994 na tarkacen wutsiya, duk da haka, US EPA ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin dewatering na iya zama mai tsadar gaske sai dai a yanayi na musamman. Hakanan an yi amfani da ajiyar wutsiya a cikin ruwa.
Tafkunan wutsiya wurare ne na wutsiya masu hakar ma'adinai da aka ƙi inda ake zubar da kayan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin tafki don ba da damar lalata (ma'ana rabuwa) na daskararru daga ruwa. Gabaɗaya ana kama tafkin da dam, kuma an san shi da wulakanci impoundments ko wutsiya madatsar ruwa. An kiyasta a cikin 2000 cewa akwai kusan 3,500 wutsiya masu aiki a cikin duniya. Ruwan da ke cikin tafki yana da ɗan fa'ida saboda yana rage wutsiya masu kyau daga jigilar iska zuwa wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa inda sinadarai masu guba za su iya yin haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam; duk da haka, yana da illa ga muhalli. Tafkunan wutsiya sau da yawa suna da ɗan haɗari saboda suna jawo hankalin namun daji kamar tsuntsayen ruwa ko caribou kamar yadda suke zama tafki na halitta, amma suna iya zama mai guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar waɗannan dabbobin. Ana amfani da tafkunan wutsiya don adana sharar da aka yi daga raba ma'adanai da duwatsu, ko slurry da ake samu daga hakar yashin kwalta. Wani lokaci ana haɗe wutsiya tare da wasu kayan kamar bentonite don samar da slurry mai kauri wanda ke jinkirta sakin ruwa mai tasiri ga muhalli.
Akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na wannan hanya, ciki har da ɓangarorin kwari, ƙwararrun zobe, ramuka na cikin rami, da kuma ramuka na musamman. Mafi na kowa shine tafki na kwari, wanda ke cin gajiyar yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya gina manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙasa sannan a cika su da wutsiya. Ana iya cika ma'adinan ramin ramin da suka gaji da wutsiya. A kowane hali, dole ne a yi la'akari da kyau game da gurɓatar teburin ruwan da ke ƙasa, da sauran batutuwa. Dewatering wani muhimmin sashi ne na ajiyar tafki, yayin da ake ƙara wutsiya zuwa wurin ajiyar ruwa ana cire ruwa - yawanci ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ginin hasumiyar da ba ta da kyau. Ana iya sake amfani da ruwan da aka cire a cikin tsarin sarrafawa. Da zarar an cika wurin ajiya kuma an kammala, za a iya rufe saman da ƙasa kuma a fara ci gaba. Duk da haka, sai dai idan ba a yi amfani da hanyar da ba za a iya juyewa ba, ruwan da ke kutsawa cikin wurin ajiyar dole ne a ci gaba da fitar da shi zuwa gaba.
Manna wutsiya
Manna wutsiya shine gyare-gyare ga hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na zubar da wutsiya (ajiya ta tafki). Na al'ada wutsiya slurries sun hada da ƙananan kashi na daskararru da kuma ingantacciyar abun ciki na ruwa (yawanci daga 20% zuwa 60% daskararru don mafi yawan ma'adinan dutse) kuma lokacin da aka ajiye su a cikin tafki na wutsiya daskararrun da ruwaye sun rabu. A cikin liƙa wutsiya kashi dari na daskararru a cikin wutsiya slurry yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar yin amfani da masu kauri don samar da samfur inda mafi ƙarancin rabuwa na ruwa da daskararru ya faru kuma ana adana kayan a cikin wurin ajiya azaman manna (tare da daidaito kamar haka). man goge baki). Manna wutsiya yana da fa'ida cewa ana sake yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa a cikin masana'antar sarrafa sabili da haka tsarin ya fi dacewa da ruwa fiye da wutsiya na al'ada kuma akwai yuwuwar yuwuwar zubar da ruwa. Duk da haka farashin kauri gabaɗaya ya fi na tailings na al'ada kuma farashin famfo don manna kuma yawanci ya fi na tailings na al'ada saboda ana buƙatar famfunan ƙaura masu kyau don ɗaukar wutsiya daga masana'antar sarrafa zuwa wurin ajiya. Ana amfani da liƙa wutsiya a wurare da dama a duniya ciki har da Dam ɗin Rana a Yammacin Ostiraliya da Bulyanhulu Gold Minne a Tanzaniya.
Dry tari
Ba dole ba ne a adana wutsiya a cikin tafkuna ko a aika da shi azaman slurries cikin tekuna, koguna ko rafuka. Ana ci gaba da yin amfani da al'adar dewatering wutsiya ta amfani da matattara ko matattarar matsa lamba don haka za a iya tara wutsiya. Wannan yana ceton ruwa wanda zai iya rage tasirin muhalli dangane da raguwar yuwuwar ɗimbin ƙima, sararin samaniya da ake amfani da shi, yana barin wutsiyar cikin tsari mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana kawar da alhaki na dogon lokaci wanda tafkuna ke barin bayan an gama hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka ko da yake akwai yuwuwar cancantar bushewar jelar da aka tattara, waɗannan tsarin galibi suna hana tsada saboda ƙarin kuɗin da ake kashewa don siye da shigar da na'urorin tacewa da haɓakar farashin aiki (yawanci haɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki da kayan masarufi kamar zanen tacewa) na irin waɗannan tsarin.
Adana a cikin ayyukan karkashin kasa
Yayin da zubar da cikin ramukan buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen gabaɗaya aiki ne mai sauƙi, zubar da cikin ɓoye na ƙasa ya fi rikitarwa. Hanyar zamani ta yau da kullun ita ce haɗa wani adadin wutsiya tare da jigon sharar gida da siminti, ƙirƙirar samfurin da za a iya amfani da shi don dawo da ɓoyayyen ƙasa da tsayawa . Kalma gama gari don wannan shine HDPF – Babban Maƙallin Manna Cika. HDPF hanya ce mafi tsada ta zubar wutsiya fiye da ajiyar tafki, duk da haka yana da wasu fa'idodi da yawa - ba kawai muhalli ba amma yana iya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na tonowar ƙasa ta hanyar samar da hanyar da za a iya watsa damuwa ta ƙasa a cikin ɓoyayyiyi - maimakon samun wuce kewaye da su - wanda zai iya haifar da hakar ma'adinai haifar da girgizar kasa aukuwa irin wanda sha wahala a baya a Beaconsfield Mine Bala'i .
Wutsiyar kogin
Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa RTD - zubar da wutsiya na Riverine. A mafi yawan mahalli, ba aikin ingantaccen yanayi na musamman ba, an ga an yi amfani da shi sosai a baya, wanda ke haifar da irin wannan mummunar lalacewar muhalli kamar yadda Kamfanin Ma'adinan Dutsen Lyell da Railway Company ya yi a Tasmania zuwa Kogin King, ko guba daga ma'adinan Panguna . a tsibirin Bougainville, wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai girma a tsibirin, da kuma rufe ma'adinan na dindindin.
Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ma'adanai uku ne kawai da kamfanonin kasa da kasa ke sarrafa su sun ci gaba da amfani da zubar da kogin: Ma'adinan Ok Tedi, ma'adinan Grasberg da ma'adinan Porgera, duk a New Guinea. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar a waɗannan lokuta saboda ayyukan girgizar ƙasa da haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa waɗanda ke sa sauran hanyoyin zubar da su ba su da amfani kuma suna da haɗari.
Wutsiyoyi na karkashin ruwa
An fi sani da STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) ko DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Dispoal). Za'a iya isar da Tailings ta amfani da bututun mai sannan a fitar da shi don a ƙarshe ya sauka cikin zurfin. Kusan, ba hanya ce mai kyau ba, saboda kusanci da zurfin ɗakunan ajiya yana da wuya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da STD, zurfin fitarwa sau da yawa abin da za a yi la'akari da shi [wanda?] ba shi da zurfi, kuma lalacewar da ke cikin teku na iya haifar da shi saboda rufewa da samfurin tailings. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci [bisa ga wanene?] don sarrafa yawanci da zafin jiki na samfurin tailings, don hana shi tafiya mai nisa, ko ma iyo zuwa farfajiya.
Ana amfani da wannan hanya ta wurin hakar gwal a tsibirin Lihir ; Masana muhalli sun kalli yadda ake zubar da shara a matsayin mai lalacewa sosai, yayin da masu mallakar ke da'awar cewa ba shi da lahani.
Physostabilisation
Phytostabilisation wani nau'i ne na phytoremediation wanda ke amfani da tsire-tsire na hyperaccumulator don kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da ƙulla wutsiya, ta hanyar lalata gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen. Kasancewar shukar na iya rage gurbacewar iska, ko kuma saiwar shukar na iya hana zaizayar ruwa, da hana karafa ta hanyar talla ko tarawa, da samar da wani yanki a kusa da saiwar inda karafa za ta yi hazo da daidaitawa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa sun zama ƙasa da ƙasa kuma dabbobi, namun daji, da bayyanar ɗan adam yana raguwa. Wannan hanya na iya zama da amfani musamman a cikin busassun wurare, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin iska da tarwatsa ruwa.
Hanyoyi daban-daban
Ana ci gaba da yin gagarumin ƙoƙari da bincike don ganowa da kuma inganta ingantattun hanyoyin zubar da wutsiya. Bincike a ma'adinan Zinariya na Porgera yana mai da hankali ne kan haɓaka hanyar haɗa samfuran wutsiya tare da dutsen sharar datti da laka don ƙirƙirar samfurin da za'a iya adanawa a saman a cikin juji mai kama da jeri. Wannan zai ba da damar daina zubar da kogi a halin yanzu. Babban aiki ya rage a yi. Koyaya, an sami nasarar aiwatar da zubar da ciki ta hanyar masu ƙira da yawa ciki har da AMEC a, alal misali, Ma'adinan Elkview a British Columbia.
Gyara tafki ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta
A lokacin da ake hako mai daga yashin mai, ana kuma samar da wutsiyoyi da suka kunshi ruwa, silt, yumbu da sauran abubuwan da suka kaushi. Wannan m zai zama balagagge lafiya wutsiya ta nauyi. Foght et al (1985) an kiyasta cewa akwai 10 3 anaerobic heterotrophs da 10 4 sulfate-rage prokaryotes a kowace millilita a cikin tafkin wutsiya, bisa ga al'ada mafi yuwuwar hanyoyin lamba. Fight ya kafa wani gwaji tare da tafkunan wutsiya guda biyu da kuma nazarin archaea, kwayoyin cuta, da iskar gas da aka fitar daga tafkunan wutsiya ya nuna cewa wadannan su ne methanogens . Yayin da zurfin ya karu, moles na CH 4 da aka saki a zahiri sun ragu.
Siddique (2006, 2007) ya furta cewa methanogens a cikin tafkin wutsiya suna rayuwa kuma suna haifuwa ta hanyar lalatawar anaerobic, wanda zai rage nauyin kwayoyin halitta daga naphtha zuwa aliphatic, hydrocarbons aromatic, carbon dioxide da methane. Wadannan archaea da kwayoyin cuta na iya lalata naphtha, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi azaman sharar gida yayin aikin tace mai. Duk waɗannan samfuran da aka lalata suna da amfani. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons da methane za a iya amfani da su azaman mai a rayuwar yau da kullun na ɗan adam. A wasu kalmomi, waɗannan methanogens suna haɓaka ƙimar amfani. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan methanogens suna canza tsarin tafkunan wutsiya kuma suna taimakawa zubar da ruwa don sake amfani da shi don sarrafa yashin mai. Saboda archaea da kwayoyin cuta suna daidaitawa kuma suna sakin kumfa a cikin wutsiya, ruwan rafi na iya shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauƙi. Tun da suna haɓaka haɓakar wutsiya masu girma, ana ba da damar tafkunan wutsiya su daidaita daskararrun da sauri ta yadda za a iya dawo da wut ɗin a baya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka saki daga wutsiya a cikin hanyar tace man fetur. Rage bukatar ruwa kuma zai iya kare muhalli daga fari.
Sake sarrafawa
Yayin da dabarun hakar ma'adinai da farashin ma'adanai ke haɓaka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sake sarrafa wutsiya ta hanyar amfani da sabbin hanyoyin, ko kuma da kyau tare da tsoffin hanyoyin, don dawo da ƙarin ma'adanai. Babban juji na Kalgoorlie / Boulder a Yammacin Ostiraliya an sake sarrafa su cikin riba a cikin 1990s ta KalTails Mining.
An yi amfani da na'ura mai suna PET4K Processing Plant a kasashe daban-daban tsawon shekaru 20 da suka gabata don gyara gurbacewar wutsiya.
Manufar kasa da kasa
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da al'ummomin kasuwanci sun haɓaka ƙa'idar kula da wutsiya ta duniya a cikin 2020 bayan mummunar gazawar dam ɗin Brumadinho . Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Ma'adinai da Karfe (ICMM) da Ka'idojin Zuba Jari mai Alhaki ne suka shirya shirin.
Duba kuma
Ciwon kwal slurry
Noman ƙasa
Tsarin rufe ma'adana
Gyaran nawa
Tushen lalacewa
Yashi mai yashi wutsiya tafkuna
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31420 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Iska | Gurbacewar Iska | Gurɓacewar iska ita ce gurɓatar iska ta dalilin kasancewar wasu abubuwa a cikin yanayi masu illa ga lafiyar ɗan Adam da sauran halittu masu rai, ko haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kayan aiki. Akwai nau'ikan gurɓataccen iska da yawa, irin su iskar gas (ciki har da ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide da chlorofluorocarbons ), ɓarna (duka ƙwayoyin halitta da inorganic), da ƙwayoyin halitta Gurbacewar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, cututtuka, har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan zai iya haifar da lahani ga wasu rayayyun halittu kamar dabbobi da amfanin gona na abinci, kuma yana iya lalata yanayin yanayi (misali, sauyin yanayi, lalatawar ozone ko gurɓacewar muhalli) ko muhallin da aka gina (misali, ruwan acid ). Duka ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin yanayi na iya haifar da gurɓataccen iska.
Gurɓacewar iska babbar matsala ce ga wasu cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatar yanayi, gami da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, COPD, bugun jini da kansar huhu. Shaidu masu girma suna nuna cewa ana iya danganta bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska tare da rage ƙimar IQ, rashin fahimta, ƙara haɗarin cututtukan hauka kamar baƙin ciki da cutar da lafiyar mahaifa . Sakamakon lafiyar ɗan adam na rashin ingancin iska yana da nisa, amma galibi yana shafar tsarin numfashi na jiki da kuma tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Halin daidaikun mutane game da gurɓataccen iska ya dogara ne da nau'in gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya fallasa shi, gwargwadon bayyanarsa, da yanayin lafiyar mutum da ƙwayoyin halitta. Gurɓacewar iska a waje kaɗai tana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 2.1 zuwa miliyan 4.21 a duk shekara, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudunmawa ga mutuwar dan Adam. Gabaɗaya, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 7 a duk duniya a kowace shekara, ko kuma asarar tsawon rayuwa na duniya (LLE) na shekaru 2.9, kuma shine babban haɗarin lafiyar muhalli guda ɗaya a duniya. An jera gurbacewar iska a cikin gida da rashin kyawun iska na birni a matsayin biyu daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin gurɓacewar muhalli a duniya a cikin rahoton wuraren gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na 2008 Cibiyar Blacksmith. Iyalin rikicin gurbatar yanayi yana da yawa: 90% na al'ummar duniya suna shakar iska mai datti zuwa wani mataki. Ko da yake sakamakon kiwon lafiya yana da yawa, yadda ake magance matsalar sau da yawa yana da haɗari.
An ƙiyasta hasarar kayan aiki da ƙasƙantar rayuwar rayuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haifarwa don kashe tattalin arzikin duniya dala tiriliyan 5 a kowace shekara amma, tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya da mace-mace, wani waje ne ga tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani kuma galibi ayyukan ɗan adam, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana daidaita su da kuma kula da su. Akwai fasahohi da dabaru daban-daban na sarrafa gurbatar yanayi don rage gurɓacewar iska. Don rage tasirin gurɓacewar iska, an aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da na ƙasa don daidaita gurɓacewar iska. Dokokin cikin gida, inda aka aiwatar da su da kyau, sun haifar da ingantaccen ingantaccen kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A matakin kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikin wadannan yunƙurin sun sami nasara - alal misali yarjejeniyar Montreal ta yi nasara wajen rage fitar da sinadarai masu cutar da ozone mai cutarwa ko yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1985 wadda ta rage fitar da iskar sulfur, yayin da wasu yunƙurin da ya zuwa yanzu ba su samu nasara ba wajen aiwatarwa. kamar matakin ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi.
Tushen gurbatar iska
Tushen Anthropogenic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi).
Waɗannan galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙona man fetur.
Maɓuɓɓugar tushe sun haɗa da:
tarin hayaki na man burbushin mai da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki (duba misali tasirin muhalli na masana'antar kwal ).
Ƙona halittun gargajiya kamar itace, sharar amfanin gona da taki. (A kasashe masu tasowa da matalauta, konewar dabi'ar halitta ta gargajiya ita ce babbar hanyar gurɓacewar iska. Hakanan shine babban tushen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a yawancin yankuna da suka ci gaba da suka haɗa da UK & New South Wales. Abubuwan gurɓatanta sun haɗa da PAHs.)
masana'antu (masana'antu)
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2014 ya gano cewa a kasar Sin kayan aiki-, injina-, da na'urori da sassan masana'antu da gine-gine sun ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 50% na gurbacewar iska
ƙonawar sharar gida (masu ƙonewa da kuma buɗaɗɗen gobarar sharar da ba a sarrafa ba, wanda ya kai kusan kashi huɗu na sharar ƙasa mai ƙarfi)
tanda da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin dumama mai ƙonewa
Hanyoyin wayar hannu sun haɗa da motocin motsa jiki, jiragen ƙasa (musamman ma'aikatan dizal da DMUs), jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama.
Gudanar da ayyukan ƙonawa a cikin aikin noma da sarrafa gandun daji. Sarrafa ko wajabta ƙonewa wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita a wasu lokuta wajen sarrafa gandun daji, noma, maido da ciyayi ko rage iskar gas. Wuta wani yanki ne na dabi'a na gandun daji da yanayin ciyayi kuma wutar da aka sarrafa na iya zama kayan aiki ga gandun daji. Sarrafa konewa yana motsa wasu bishiyoyin daji masu kyawawa, don haka sabunta dajin.
Hakanan akwai tushe daga matakai ban da ƙonewar:
Fuskoki daga fenti, feshin gashi, varnish, feshin aerosol da sauran kaushi. Waɗannan suna iya zama masu mahimmanci; An kiyasta fitar da hayaki daga waɗannan maɓuɓɓuka zai kai kusan rabin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin rafin Los Angeles a cikin 2010s.
Zubar da shara a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da methane. Methane yana da ƙonewa sosai kuma yana iya haifar da gauraye masu fashewa da iska. Methane kuma mai asphyxiant ne kuma yana iya kawar da iskar oxygen a cikin sarari da ke kewaye. Asphyxia ko shaƙewa na iya haifarwa idan an rage yawan iskar oxygen zuwa ƙasa da 19.5% ta hanyar ƙaura.
Albarkatun soja, kamar makaman nukiliya, iskar gas mai guba, yaƙin ƙwayoyin cuta da roka .
Fitowar noma tana ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓacewar iska
Ƙasar noma da aka taki na iya zama babban tushen nitrogen oxides.
Hanyoyin halitta
Kurar da aka samo daga tushen halitta, yawanci manyan wurare na ƙasa da ƙananan ciyayi ko ciyayi
Methane, wanda ake fitar da shi ta hanyar narkewar abinci da dabbobi, misali shanu
Radon gas daga lalatawar rediyo a cikin ɓawon burodin duniya. Radon mara launi ne, mara wari, mai faruwa a zahiri, iskar iskar gas mai ƙara kuzari wacce ke samuwa daga ruɓar radium. Ana ɗauka a matsayin haɗari ga lafiya. Radon gas daga tushen halitta yana iya taruwa a cikin gine-gine, musamman a wuraren da aka killace kamar gidan ƙasa kuma shi ne na biyu mafi yawan cutar kansar huhu, bayan shan taba sigari.
Hayaki da carbon monoxide daga gobarar daji. A cikin lokutan gobarar daji mai aiki, hayaƙi daga konewar biomass ba tare da kulawa ba zai iya zama kusan kashi 75% na duk gurɓacewar iska ta hanyar maida hankali.
Tsire-tsire, a wasu yankuna, suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs) a cikin kwanaki masu zafi. Waɗannan VOCs suna amsawa tare da gurɓataccen ɗan adam na farko - musamman, NO x, SO 2, da mahaɗan carbon mahaɗan anthropogenic - don haifar da hazo na yanayi na ƙazanta na biyu. Black danko, poplar, itacen oak da willow wasu misalan ciyayi ne waɗanda zasu iya samar da ɗimbin VOCs. Samar da VOC daga waɗannan nau'ikan yana haifar da matakan ozone har sau takwas sama da nau'in bishiyar da ba ta da tasiri.10f.
Ayyukan volcanic, wanda ke samar da sulfur, chlorine, da ash particulates
Abubuwan da ke fitarwa
Abubuwan da ke fitar da iska ana ba da rahoton ƙimar waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin danganta adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da aka saki zuwa iska tare da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da sakin wannan gurɓataccen. Waɗannan abubuwan yawanci ana bayyana su azaman nauyin gurɓataccen abu da aka raba da nauyin raka'a, girma, nisa, ko tsawon lokacin aikin da ke fitar da gurɓataccen abu (misali, kilogiram na barbashi da ke fitarwa kowace tan na kwal da aka ƙone). Irin waɗannan abubuwan suna sauƙaƙe kimanta fitar da hayaki daga wurare daban-daban na gurɓataccen iska. A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan abubuwan kawai matsakaicin duk bayanan da ake samu na inganci karɓuwa ne, kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su wakilcin matsakaicin dogon lokaci.
Akwai mahadi guda 12 a cikin jerin gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗorewa . Dioxins da furans guda biyu ne daga cikinsu kuma da gangan aka samar da su ta hanyar konewar kwayoyin halitta, kamar bude kona robobi. Wadannan mahadi kuma masu rushewar endocrine ne kuma suna iya canza ƙwayoyin halittar dan adam.
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta wallafa tarin abubuwan da ke fitar da gurbataccen iska don masana'antu iri-iri. Ƙasar Ingila, Ostiraliya, Kanada da sauran ƙasashe da yawa sun buga irin wannan tarin, da kuma Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai.
Masu gurɓatawa
Gurɓataccen iska wani abu ne a cikin iska wanda zai iya yin illa ga mutane da kuma yanayin muhalli. Abun zai iya zama tsayayyen barbashi, ɗigon ruwa, ko gas. Mai gurɓataccen abu na iya zama na asali ko na mutum. An rarraba abubuwan gurɓatawa a matsayin firamare ko sakandare. Ana haifar da gurɓatattun abubuwa ta hanyar matakai kamar toka daga fashewar aman wuta. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da iskar carbon monoxide daga sharar abin hawa ko sulfur dioxide da aka saki daga masana'antu. Ba a fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa kai tsaye. Maimakon haka, suna tasowa a cikin iska lokacin da gurɓataccen abu na farko ya amsa ko kuma yayi hulɗa. Ozone matakin ƙasa babban misali ne na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. Wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama na firamare da na sakandare: dukansu suna fitar da su kai tsaye kuma sun samo asali ne daga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa na farko.
Abubuwan gurɓata yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa sun haɗa da:
Carbon dioxide (CO): Saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin iskar gas an bayyana shi a matsayin "manyan gurɓataccen yanayi" da "mafi munin gurɓataccen yanayi". Carbon dioxide wani abu ne na halitta na yanayi, mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar shuka kuma tsarin numfashi na ɗan adam ya ba shi. Wannan tambaya na ƙamus yana da tasiri mai amfani, misali don tantance ko ana ɗaukar Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka don daidaita fitar da CO. CO a halin yanzu yana samar da kusan sassa 410 a kowace miliyan (ppm) na yanayin duniya, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 280 ppm a zamanin masana'antu, da biliyoyin metric ton na CO ana fitarwa kowace shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. CO ƙaruwa a cikin yanayi na duniya yana da sauri.
Sulfur oxides (SO x ): musamman sulfur dioxide, wani sinadari mai hade da dabara SO 2 . Ana samar da SO 2 ta hanyar volcanoes kuma a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu daban-daban. Kwal da man fetur sukan ƙunshi mahadi na sulfur, kuma konewar su yana haifar da sulfur dioxide. Ƙarin oxidation na SO 2, yawanci a gaban mai kara kuzari kamar NO 2, yana samar da H 2 SO 4, don haka ruwan acid ya samo asali. Wannan yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa game da tasirin muhalli na amfani da waɗannan man fetur a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki.
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ): Nitrogen oxides, musamman nitrogen dioxide, ana fitar da su daga konewar zafin jiki, kuma ana samun su a lokacin tsawa ta hanyar fitar da wutar lantarki. Ana iya ganin su a matsayin kulba mai launin ruwan kasa a sama ko kuma guguwar iskar birane. Nitrogen dioxide fili ne na sinadarai tare da dabara NO 2 . Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ake kira ogen oxides. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun gurbatacciyar iska, wannan iskar gas mai guba mai ja-launin ruwan kasa tana da siffa mai kaifi, wari mai cizo.
Carbon monoxide (CO): CO mara launi ne, mara wari, iskar gas mai guba. Samfurin konewar man fetur ne kamar iskar gas, gawayi ko itace. Shaye-shaye na abin hawa yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin carbon monoxide da aka bari a cikin yanayi. Yana haifar da nau'in hayaƙi a cikin iska wanda aka danganta da cututtukan huhu da yawa da rushewar yanayi da dabbobi.
Mahalli masu canzawa (VOC): VOCs sanannen gurɓataccen iska ne a waje. An rarraba su azaman methane (CH 4 ) ko wadanda ba methane (NMVOCs). Methane iskar gas ce mai inganci wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka ɗumamar yanayi . Sauran VOCs na hydrocarbon suma suna da mahimmancin iskar gas saboda rawar da suke takawa wajen samar da ozone da tsawaita rayuwar methane a cikin yanayi . Wannan tasirin ya bambanta dangane da ingancin iska na gida. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene da xylene ana zargin carcinogens kuma zai iya haifar da cutar sankarar bargo tare da tsawaita bayyanar. 1,3-butadiene wani fili ne mai haɗari wanda ke hade da amfani da masana'antu.
Matsaloli / barbashi, a madadin ana magana da su azaman ɓarna (PM), ɓangarorin yanayi, ko lallausan barbashi, ƙananan ɓarɓashi ne na ƙarfi ko ruwa da aka dakatar a cikin iskar gas. Sabanin haka, aerosol yana nufin hadadden barbashi da iskar gas. Wasu barbashi na faruwa ta dabi'a, sun samo asali daga dutsen mai aman wuta, guguwar kura, gobarar daji da ciyawa, ciyayi masu rai, da feshin ruwa. Ayyukan ɗan adam, kamar kona burbushin mai a cikin motoci, tashoshin wutar lantarki da hanyoyin masana'antu iri-iri suma suna haifar da iskar iska. Matsakaicin a duniya, aerosols anthropogenic - waɗanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka yi - a halin yanzu yana da kusan 10% na yanayin mu. Ƙara matakan ƙananan barbashi a cikin iska suna da alaƙa da haɗarin lafiya kamar cututtukan zuciya, canza aikin huhu da ciwon huhu. Barriculates suna da alaƙa da cututtukan numfashi kuma suna iya zama cutarwa musamman ga waɗanda ke fama da yanayi kamar asma .
Masu ɗorewa masu ɗorewa masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ɓangarorin lafiya na iska suna da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya.
Karafa masu guba, irin su gubar da mercury, musamman mahaɗan su.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Mai cutarwa ga Layer na ozone ; Fitowa daga samfuran da aka hana amfani da su a halin yanzu. Wadannan iskar gas ne da ake fitarwa daga na'urorin sanyaya iska, firji, feshin iska, da dai sauransu. Lokacin da aka saki cikin iska, CFCs suna tashi zuwa stratosphere . Anan sukan haɗu da wasu iskar gas kuma suna lalata layin ozone. Wannan yana ba da damar haskoki UV masu cutarwa su isa saman duniya. Wannan na iya haifar da ciwon daji na fata, cututtukan ido kuma yana iya haifar da lalacewa ga tsire-tsire.
Ammoniya : Ana fitar da shi ta hanyar sharar gona. Ammoniya wani fili ne tare da dabarar NH 3 . Yawanci ana cin karo dashi azaman iskar gas mai ƙamshi mai ƙamshi. Ammoniya tana ba da gudummawa sosai ga buƙatun sinadirai na halittun ƙasa ta hanyar yin hidima a matsayin mafari ga kayan abinci da taki. Ammoniya, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, shi ma tubalin ginin harhada magunguna da yawa. Ko da yake a cikin amfani mai yawa, ammoniya yana da haɗari kuma yana da haɗari. A cikin yanayi, ammonia yana amsawa tare da oxides na nitrogen da sulfur don samar da kwayoyin halitta na biyu.
Odors : Irin su daga sharar gida, najasa, da hanyoyin masana'antu.
Abubuwan gurɓataccen rediyo : Abubuwan fashewar makaman nukiliya, abubuwan nukiliya, abubuwan fashewar yaƙi, da hanyoyin halitta kamar lalatawar radon .
Abubuwan gurɓatawa na biyu sun haɗa da:
Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira daga gurɓataccen gas na farko da mahaɗi a cikin smog na photochemical. Smog wani nau'in gurbataccen iska ne. Classic smog yana haifar da babban adadin gawayi mai ƙonewa a cikin yanki, wanda ke haifar da cakuda hayaki da sulfur dioxide. Hayaki na zamani ba yakan fito daga gawayi sai dai daga hayakin ababen hawa da masana'antu wanda hasken ultraviolet daga rana ke yin aiki da shi a cikin sararin samaniya don samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda kuma ya haɗa da hayaƙin farko don haifar da hayaƙin photochemical.
Ozone matakin ƙasa (O 3 ): Ozone yana samuwa daga NO x da VOCs. Yana da maɓalli mai mahimmanci na troposphere. Hakanan muhimmin abu ne na wasu yankuna na stratosphere wanda aka fi sani da Layer ozone. Halayen hoto da sinadarai da suka haɗa da shi suna fitar da yawancin hanyoyin sinadarai da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi da rana da dare. A mafi yawan adadin da ayyukan ɗan adam ke kawowa (mafi yawan ƙonewar man fetur), gurɓatacce ne kuma wani yanki ne na hayaki.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (C 2 H 3 NO 5 ): irin wannan da aka samu daga NO x da VOCs.
Ƙananan gurɓataccen iska sun haɗa da:
Babban adadin ƙananan gurɓataccen iska mai haɗari . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ana kayyade su a cikin Amurka ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace iska da kuma cikin Turai ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Sama.
Daban-daban iri-iri masu gurɓata yanayi masu tsayi, waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da ɓarna
Abubuwan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs) sune mahaɗi na halitta waɗanda ke da juriya ga lalata muhalli ta hanyar sinadarai, nazarin halittu, da matakan hoto. Saboda haka, an lura da su dagewa a cikin muhalli, don samun damar yin tafiya mai nisa, bioaccumulate a cikin jikin mutum da na dabba, biomagnify a cikin sarƙar abinci, da kuma yin tasiri mai mahimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Bayyana
Haɗarin gurɓataccen iska aiki ne na haɗarin gurɓataccen iska da kuma fallasa wannan gurɓataccen abu. Ana iya bayyana bayyanar gurɓatacciyar iska ga mutum ɗaya, ga wasu ƙungiyoyi (misali unguwanni ko yaran da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa), ko ga jama'a gabaɗaya. Misali, mutum na iya yin lissafin bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska mai haɗari don yanki na yanki, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan mahalli daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin shekaru. Ana iya ƙididdige wannan azaman bayyanar numfashi. Wannan zai ba da lissafin bayyanar yau da kullun a wurare daban-daban (misali maɓalli daban-daban na cikin gida da wuraren waje). Bayyanar yana buƙatar haɗa da shekaru daban-daban da sauran ƙungiyoyin alƙaluma, musamman jarirai, yara, mata masu juna biyu, da sauran ƙananan jama'a.]]
Bayyanawa ga gurɓataccen iska dole ne ya haɗa yawan abubuwan gurɓataccen iska dangane da lokacin da aka kashe a kowane wuri da kuma ƙimar inhalation daban-daban ga kowane rukuni na kowane takamaiman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cikin saiti kuma tana yin ayyuka na musamman (wasa, wasa, dafa abinci, karatu, aiki, ba da lokacin zirga-zirga, da sauransu). Misali, yawan iskar numfashin karamin yaro zai yi kasa da na manya. Yaron da ke motsa jiki mai ƙarfi zai sami mafi girman adadin numfashi fiye da yaro ɗaya a cikin aikin zaman kansa. Bayyanar yau da kullun, don haka, yana buƙatar nuna lokacin da aka kashe a cikin kowane ƙaramin mahalli da kuma nau'in ayyukan cikin waɗannan saitunan. Matsakaicin gurɓataccen iska a cikin kowane saitin microactivity/microenvironmental an taƙaita don nuna fallasa. Ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar baƙar carbon carbon, abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da zirga-zirga na iya mamaye jimillar fallasa duk da ɗan gajeren lokacin fallasa tun lokacin babban taro ya zo daidai da kusanci ga manyan tituna ko shiga cikin zirga-zirga (motoci). Babban yanki na jimlar bayyanar yau da kullun yana faruwa azaman gajeriyar kololuwa na babban taro, amma har yanzu ba a san yadda za a ayyana kololuwa da tantance mita da tasirin lafiyar su ba.
A cikin 2021, WHO ta rage rabin shawarar da aka ba da shawarar ta ga ƙananan ɓarɓashi daga ƙonewar kasusuwa. Sabuwar iyaka don nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) yana da 75% ƙasa.
ingancin iska na cikin gida
Rashin samun iska a cikin gida yana maida hankali kan gurɓacewar iska inda mutane sukan shafe mafi yawan lokutansu. Radon (Rn) gas, carcinogen, yana fitowa daga duniya a wasu wurare kuma ya maƙale a cikin gidaje. Kayan gini da suka hada da kafet da plywood suna fitar da iskar formaldehyde (H 2 CO). Fenti da kaushi suna ba da mahaɗar ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs) yayin da suke bushewa. Fentin gubar na iya lalacewa zuwa ƙura kuma a shaka. Ana gabatar da gurɓacewar iska da gangan tare da yin amfani da na'urori na iska, turare, da sauran abubuwa masu ƙamshi. Wutar itace da aka sarrafa a cikin murhu da murhu na iya ƙara yawan hayaƙi mai cutarwa a cikin iska, ciki da waje. Ana iya haifar da asarar gurɓacewar gida ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran abubuwan feshin sinadarai a cikin gida ba tare da samun iskar da ya dace ba.
Guba monoxide da mace-mace galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar iskar gas da bututun hayaƙi, ko kuma ta hanyar kona gawayi a cikin gida ko a cikin keɓe, kamar tanti. Guba na carbon monoxide na yau da kullun na iya haifarwa ko da ta rashin ingantaccen fitilun matukin jirgi . An gina tarkuna a cikin dukkan bututun cikin gida don kiyaye iskar gas da hydrogen sulfide, daga ciki. Tufafi yana fitar da tetrachlorethylene, ko wasu busassun ruwan tsaftacewa, na tsawon kwanaki bayan bushewa .
Ko da yake a yanzu an hana amfani da shi a ƙasashe da yawa, yawan amfani da asbestos a cikin masana'antu da na gida a baya ya bar wani abu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin yankuna da yawa. Asbestosis wani yanayi ne na kumburi na yau da kullun wanda ke shafar nama na huhu . Yana faruwa bayan dogon lokaci, ɗaukar nauyi ga asbestos daga kayan da ke ɗauke da asbestos a cikin sifofi. Masu fama da ciwon huhu mai tsanani ( ƙunƙarar numfashi) kuma suna cikin ƙarin haɗari game da nau'ikan kansar huhu daban-daban. Kamar yadda ba koyaushe ake ƙarfafa bayani ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ba na fasaha ba, ya kamata a kula don bambanta tsakanin nau'o'in cututtuka da dama. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ana iya bayyana waɗannan a matsayin cututtukan asbestosis, ciwon huhu, da kuma mesothelioma na peritoneal (gaba ɗaya nau'in ciwon daji da ba kasafai ba, lokacin da ya fi yaɗuwa kusan koyaushe ana danganta shi da tsayin daka ga asbestos).
Hakanan ana samun tushen halittu na gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida, kamar yadda iskar gas da iska ke fitarwa. Dabbobin gida suna samar da dander, mutane suna samar da ƙura daga flakes na fata na minti kaɗan da bazuwar gashi, ƙurar ƙura a cikin gado, kafet da kayan daki suna samar da enzymes da ɗigon fecal mai girman micrometer, mazauna suna fitar da methane, ƙirar ƙira akan bango kuma suna haifar da mycotoxins da spores, tsarin kwandishan na iya. cutar Legionnaires' cuta da mold, da tsire-tsire na cikin gida, ƙasa da lambunan kewaye na iya haifar da pollen, ƙura, da mold. A cikin gida, rashin zazzagewar iska yana ba wa waɗannan gurɓataccen iska damar tarawa fiye da yadda zasu faru a yanayi.
Tasirin lafiya
Ko da a matakan ƙasa da waɗanda hukumomin Amurka ke la'akari da aminci, fallasa zuwa sassa uku na gurɓataccen iska, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayoyin cuta, nitrogen dioxide da ozone, yana da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya da na numfashi. A cikin 2020, gurɓataccen yanayi (ciki har da gurɓataccen iska) ya kasance wani abu na ba da gudummawa ga ɗaya cikin mutuwar takwas a Turai, kuma ya kasance babban haɗari ga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa ciki har da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini da kansar huhu . Illar lafiyar da gurbatar iska ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da wahalar numfashi, hushi, tari, asma da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin numfashi da na zuciya. Waɗannan illolin na iya haifar da ƙara yawan amfani da magani, ƙarin ziyarar likita ko sashen gaggawa, ƙarin shigar asibiti da mutuwa da wuri. Illar lafiyar ɗan adam na rashin ingancin iskar yana da nisa, amma galibi yana shafar tsarin numfashi na jiki da kuma tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Halin daidaikun mutane game da gurɓataccen iska ya dogara da nau'in gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya fallasa shi, gwargwadon bayyanarsa, da yanayin lafiyar mutum da kuma kwayoyin halittarsa. Mafi yawan tushen gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da ɓarbashi, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide. Yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar da ke zaune a kasashe masu tasowa su ne suka fi fuskantar matsalar yawan mace-macen da ake dangantawa da gurbatar iska a cikin gida da waje.
Mutuwa
Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2014 cewa a duk shekara gurɓacewar iska na janyo mutuwar mutane miliyan 7 da wuri. Nazarin da aka buga a cikin Maris 2019 ya nuna cewa adadin na iya zama kusan miliyan 8.8. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sun haɗa da shanyewar jiki, cututtukan zuciya, COPD, ciwon huhu, da cututtukan huhu.
An yi ƙiyasin gurɓacewar iska iska a cikin birni tana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.3 a duk duniya a kowace shekara. Yara suna cikin haɗari musamman saboda rashin balaga na sassan sassan numfashinsu. A cikin 2015, gurɓataccen iska a waje, mafi yawa ta PM 2.5, an kiyasta zai haifar da 3.3 (95% CI 1.61-4.81) mutuwar da ba a kai ba a kowace shekara a duniya, yawanci a Asiya. A cikin 2021, WHO ta ba da rahoton cewa an ƙiyasta gurɓacewar iska a waje zai haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.2 a duk duniya a cikin 2016. Wani bincike na 2020 ya nuna cewa asarar ma'anar rayuwa ta duniya (LLE) daga gurɓataccen iska a cikin 2015 ya kasance shekaru 2.9, wanda ya zarce, alal misali, shekaru 0.3 daga duk nau'ikan tashin hankali kai tsaye, kodayake babban yanki na LLE ba zai yuwu ba. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin da suka fi dacewa da tsufa suna da ƙarancin gurɓataccen yanayi, yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin matakan gurɓataccen iska da kuma tsawon rai .
Ta yanki
Indiya da China ne suka fi yawan mace-mace sakamakon Gurɓacewar iska. Indiya kuma tana da yawan mace-mace daga asma fiye da kowace al'umma a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . A cikin watan Disambar 2013 an yi kiyasin gurbacewar iska na kashe mutane 500,000 a kasar Sin a kowace shekara. Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin mace-mace masu alaƙa da ciwon huhu da gurɓacewar iska daga hayaƙin abin hawa.
An ƙiyasta mutuwar Turai da ba ta kai ba a kowace shekara sakamakon gurɓacewar iska a 430,000 zuwa 800,000. Muhimmin abin da ke haddasa wannan mace-mace shi ne nitrogen dioxide da sauran nitrogen oxides (NOx) da motocin titi ke fitarwa. A cikin wata takardar shawarwari ta 2015 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa nitrogen dioxide ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane 23,500 da ba a kai ba a Burtaniya a shekara. A duk faɗin Tarayyar Turai, an kiyasta gurɓacewar iska zai rage tsawon rayuwa da kusan watanni tara.
Jagorori
Hukumar EPA ta Amurka ta yi ƙiyasin cewa iyakance matakin matakin ozone zuwa kashi 65 a kowace biliyan (ppb), zai kawar da mutuwar mutane 1,700 zuwa 5,100 a duk faɗin ƙasar a shekarar 2020 idan aka kwatanta da 75. ppb misali. Hukumar ta yi hasashen karin ma'aunin kariya zai kuma hana karin kamuwa da cutar asma guda 26,000, da kuma fiye da miliyan guda na rashin aiki ko makaranta. Bayan wannan kimantawa, EPA ta yi aiki don kare lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar rage ma'aunin ingancin iska na ƙasa (NAAQS) don matakin ozone na ƙasa zuwa 70. ppb. Wani sabon binciken tattalin arziki game da tasirin kiwon lafiya da haɗin kai na gurɓataccen iska a cikin Los Angeles Basin da San Joaquin Valley na Kudancin California ya nuna cewa fiye da mutane 3,800 suna mutuwa da wuri (kimanin shekaru 14 kafin al'ada) kowace shekara saboda matakan gurɓataccen iska ya saba wa tarayya. ma'auni. Adadin mace-macen da ba a kai ba na shekara-shekara ya fi na mace-macen da ke da alaƙa da taho mu gama da mota a wuri ɗaya, wanda matsakaicin ƙasa da 2,000 a kowace shekara. Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa gurɓataccen iska a waje yana da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace "ko da a ƙananan matakan gurɓata ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Turai da Arewacin Amurka na yanzu da ƙimar jagororin WHO" jim kaɗan kafin WHO ta daidaita ƙa'idodinta.
Manyan dalilai
Babban abin da ke haifar da shi shine gurɓataccen iska da konewar mai ke haifarwa - galibi samarwa da amfani da motoci, samar da wutar lantarki da dumama. Wani bincike yi ya yi kiyasin cewa akwai mace-mace miliyan 4.5 na shekara-shekara a duk duniya saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da tashoshi masu fitar da wutar lantarki da hayakin mota ke fitarwa.
Shaye- shayen dizal (DE) babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga gurɓacewar iska daga ƙonewa. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaji da yawa na ɗan adam, ta yin amfani da ingantaccen saitin ɗaki mai ɗaukar hoto, DE an danganta shi da rashin ƙarfi na jijiyoyin jini da haɓakar thrombus.
Wani bincike ya kammala da cewa gurɓacewar iska ta PM 2.5 ta hanyar ciniki cikin 'yanci na zamani da amfani da kasashe na G20 na haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan biyu a duk shekara, yana mai nuna cewa matsakaicin yawan rayuwa na kusan mutane ~ 28 a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe yana haifar da aƙalla mutuwa ɗaya da wuri (matsakaici). shekaru ~ 67) yayin da ƙasashe masu tasowa "ba za a iya tsammanin" aiwatarwa ko iya aiwatar da matakan da za su iya magance matsalolin ba tare da goyon bayan waje ko ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar duniya ba.
Hanyoyi na farko
Hukumar ta WHO ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2016, ~ 58% na mutuwar da ba a kai ba na gurɓacewar iska a waje sun kasance saboda cututtukan zuciya na ischemic da bugun jini. Hanyoyin da ke haɗa gurɓataccen iska zuwa ƙarar mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba su da tabbas, amma mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da kumburin huhu da na tsari.
Mutuwar shekara ta zamani
Wani bincike da masana kimiyya na jami'o'in Burtaniya da Amurka suka yi wanda ke amfani da samfurin ƙudurin sararin samaniya da sabunta aikin mayar da martani a cikin 2021 an tabbatar da cewa mutane miliyan 10.4 sun mutu a duniya a cikin 2012 da miliyan 8.7 a cikin 2018 - ko - sun kasance ne saboda gurɓacewar iska da konewar man fetur ke haifarwa, wanda ya fi girma fiye da ƙiyasin da aka yi a baya kuma tare da rarrabuwar mace-mace.
A cewar hukumar ta WHO gurɓacewar iska ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum 1 cikin 8 a duniya.
Cutar cututtukan zuciya
Wani nazari na 2007 na shaida ya gano cewa, bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na yanayi shine haɗarin haɗari da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan mace-mace daga abubuwan da ke faruwa na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (jeri: 12% zuwa 14% a kowace 10). µg/m 3 ƙaruwa).
Haka kuma gurɓacewar iska na fitowa a matsayin wani abu mai hatsarin kamuwa da shanyewar jiki, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa inda yawan gurɓacewar yanayi ya fi yawa. Wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa a cikin mata, gurɓatacciyar iska ba ta da alaƙa da zubar jini amma tare da bugun jini. An kuma gano gurɓacewar iska yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɓakawa da mace-mace daga bugun jini a cikin binciken ƙungiyar a cikin 2011. An yi imanin ƙungiyoyin suna haifar da haɗari kuma ana iya yin tasiri ta hanyar vasoconstriction, ƙananan kumburi da atherosclerosis . Hakanan an ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin kamar rashin daidaituwar tsarin juyayi.
Cutar huhu
Bincike ya nuna ƙarar haɗarin haɓakar asma da cututtukan cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun (COPD) daga haɓakar iska mai alaƙa da zirga-zirga. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa gurɓataccen iska tare da ƙara yawan asibiti da mace-mace daga asma da COPD. COPD ya haɗa da cututtuka irin su mashako na kullum da kuma emphysema .
Wani binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 1960-1961 bayan Babban Smog na 1952 idan aka kwatanta da 293 mazauna London tare da mazaunan 477 na Gloucester, Peterborough, da Norwich, garuruwa uku masu ƙarancin rahoton mutuwa daga mashako na kullum. Dukkan batutuwan sun kasance direbobin manyan motocin gidan waya maza masu shekaru 40 zuwa 59. Idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa daga garuruwan da ke nesa, batutuwan Landan sun nuna alamun alamun numfashi masu tsanani (ciki har da tari, phlegm, da dyspnea), rage aikin huhu ( FEV <sub id="mwAvg">1</sub> da ƙimar kwarara mafi girma), da haɓaka samar da sputum da kumburi. Bambance-bambancen sun fi fitowa fili ga batutuwa masu shekaru 50 zuwa 59. Binciken ya sarrafa shekaru da halaye na shan taba, don haka ya kammala cewa gurɓataccen iska shine mafi mahimmancin dalilin da aka lura da bambance-bambance. Ƙarin bincike ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska daga zirga-zirga yana rage haɓaka aikin huhu a cikin yara kuma aikin huhu yana iya lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska ko da a ƙananan yawa.
An yi imani da cewa da yawa kamar cystic fibrosis, ta wurin zama a cikin mafi yawan yanayi na birane, haɗarin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani ya bayyana. Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin birane mutane suna fama da matsalar kumburin ciki, da rage yawan aikin huhu, da kuma yawan gano kansu na mashako da kuma emphysema.
Ciwon daji (Ciwon daji na huhu)
Binciken shaida game da ko bayyanar gurɓataccen iska yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji a cikin 2007 ya sami cikakkun bayanai don ƙaddamar da cewa dogon lokaci mai tsawo zuwa PM2.5 (kyakkyawan ɓangarorin) yana ƙara yawan haɗarin mace-mace marasa haɗari da 6% a kowace shekara. 10 microg/m 3 karuwa. Bayyanawa ga PM2.5 kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin mace-mace daga ciwon huhu na huhu (kewayon: 15% zuwa 21% ta 10 microg/m 3 karuwa) da kuma yawan mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (kewayi: 12% zuwa 14% ta 10 microg/ m 3 karuwa). Binciken ya ci gaba da lura cewa zama kusa da cunkoson ababen hawa da alama yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin waɗannan sakamako guda uku - ƙaruwa a cikin mutuwar ciwon daji na huhu, mutuwar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da mutuwar gaba ɗaya ba tare da hatsari ba. Masu bitar sun kuma sami shaida mai nuna cewa fallasa zuwa PM2.5 yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da mace-mace daga cututtukan zuciya na jijiyoyin jini da kuma bayyanar da SO 2 yana ƙaruwa da mace-mace daga cutar kansar huhu, amma bayanan bai isa ba don samar da tabbataccen sakamako. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa mafi girman matakin aiki yana ƙara raguwar ɓangarori na aerosol a cikin huhu na ɗan adam kuma ya ba da shawarar guje wa ayyuka masu nauyi kamar gudu a sararin samaniya a wuraren ƙazanta.
A cikin 2011, babban binciken cututtukan cututtukan Danish ya sami ƙarin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin wuraren da ke da babban adadin nitrogen oxide. A cikin wannan binciken, ƙungiyar ta kasance mafi girma ga masu shan taba fiye da masu shan taba.
Wani ƙarin binciken Danish, kuma a cikin 2011, ya kuma lura da alamun yiwuwar ƙungiyoyi tsakanin gurɓataccen iska da sauran nau'ikan ciwon daji, gami da kansar mahaifa da kansar kwakwalwa.
Ciwon ƙoda
A cikin 2021, nazarin mazauna Taiwan 163,197 a tsawon lokacin 2001-2016 an ƙiyast cewa kowane 5 μg / m 3 raguwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na PM2.5 yana da alaƙa da 25% rage haɗarin ci gaban cututtukan koda.
Yara
A cikin Amurka, duk da nassi na Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace a 1970, a cikin 2002 aƙalla Amurkawa miliyan 146 suna zaune a wuraren da ba a kai ga cimma ba - yankunan da yawan gurɓataccen iska ya wuce matsayin tarayya.
Waɗannan gurɓatattun masu haɗari an san su da ƙa'idodin ƙazantattun abubuwa, kuma sun haɗa da ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar. Ana ɗaukar matakan kariya don tabbatar da lafiyar yara a birane irin su New Delhi, Indiya, inda motocin bas a yanzu ke amfani da iskar gas ɗin da aka matsa don taimakawa wajen kawar da hayakin "miyan fis". Wani bincike da aka gudanar kwanan nan a Turai ya gano cewa kamuwa da sinadarin ultrafine na iya kara hawan jini ga yara. A cewar rahoton na WHO a shekarar 2018, gurɓacewar iska na janyo guba ga miliyoyin yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 15, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar yara kusan dubu ɗari shida a duk shekara.
Bayyanar haihuwa
An danganta bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska daga haihuwa zuwa ga cututtuka iri-iri a cikin yara. Misali, fallasa zuwa ga polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) yana da alaƙa da raguwar maki IQ da alamun damuwa. Hakanan za su iya haifar da lahani ga lafiyar mahaifa waɗanda galibi ke mutuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wani bincike na 2014 ya gano cewa PAHs na iya taka rawa a cikin ci gaban rashin kulawa da hankali na yara (ADHD). Masu bincike sun kuma fara nemo shaidun gurɓacewar iska a matsayin abin da ke da haɗari ga cutar rashin lafiyar Autism (ASD). A Los Angeles, yaran da ke zaune a yankunan da ke da yawan gurɓacewar iska da ke da alaƙa da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa sun fi yiwuwa a gano su da Autism tsakanin shekaru 3-5. Haɗin kai tsakanin gurɓataccen iska da cututtukan haɓakar neurodevelopment a cikin yara ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa da lalatawar epigenetic na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko, amfrayo, da tayin yayin wani lokaci mai mahimmanci. Wasu PAHs ana ɗaukar su masu rushewar endocrine kuma suna narkewa. Lokacin da suka taso a cikin adipose nama, ana iya canja su zuwa cikin mahaifa.
Jarirai
An haɗu da matakan gurɓataccen yanayi tare da haihuwa kafin haihuwa da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa . Wani bincike na 2014 na WHO a duk duniya game da lafiyar mata da haihuwa ya sami haɗin gwiwar ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙananan nauyin haihuwa (LBW) da kuma ƙara yawan bayyanar da PM 2.5. Mata a yankuna masu girma fiye da matsakaicin matakan PM 2.5 suna da ƙididdiga mafi girman rashin daidaituwa na ciki wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin haihuwa ko da lokacin da aka daidaita don masu canji na ƙasa. Ana tsammanin tasirin zai kasance daga kumburi mai haɓakawa da haɓaka damuwa na oxidative .
Wani bincike da Jami'ar York ta gudanar ya gano cewa a cikin 2010 bayyanar PM 2.5 yana da alaƙa sosai da kashi 18% na haihuwa kafin haihuwa a duniya, wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 2.7 na haihuwa. Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar gurbacewar iskar da ke da alaka da haihuwa kafin haihuwa sun kasance a Kudu da Gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Yammacin Saharar Afirka.
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51373 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sorokin | Anna Sorokin | Articles with hCards
Anna Sorokin (;An haife shi a Janairu 23,1991),kuma aka sani da Anna Delvey,ƴaƴa ce kuma ɗan damfara wanda ya fito a matsayin magajiya mai arziƙi don samun damar manyan al'amuran zamantakewa da fasaha na New York daga 2013 zuwa 2017.
Haihuwar iyaye masu aiki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet(yanzu Rasha ),Sorokin ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Jamus tare da danginta yana da shekaru goma sha shida a 2007.A cikin 2011,ta bar Jamus don zama a London da Paris kafin ta koma New York City a 2013,inda ta shiga cikin mujallar Faransanci ta PurpleSorokin ta yi tunanin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na membobi da gidauniyar fasaha,j6j6
wanda ya haɗa da ba da hayar wani babban gini don nuna shagunan talla da nune-nune ta fitattun mawakan da ta hadu da su yayin da suke aiki.Daga baya ta ƙirƙiri takaddun kuɗi na bogi don tabbatar da ikirarinta na samun asusun amintattu na miliyoyin Yuro,kuma ta ƙirƙira wasu tabbaci na musayar waya.Sorokin ya yi amfani da waɗannan takardu,da kuma cak na zamba,don yaudarar bankuna,abokan aiki,da ƴan kasuwa wajen biyan kuɗi da bayar da lamuni masu yawa ba tare da lamuni ba.Ta yi amfani da wannan don samun kuɗaɗen salon rayuwarta, gami da zama a cikin manyan otal-otal masu yawa.Tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2017, Sorokin ya zamba tare da yaudarar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi,bankuna,otal-otal,da daidaikun mutane kan jimillar $275,000.
A cikin 2017,NYPD ta kama Sorokin a wani aiki mai tsanani tare da taimakon tsohuwar kawarta,Rachel DeLoache Williams,wanda ya zargi Sorokin da zamba ta $ 62,000.A cikin 2019,an gurfanar da Sorokin da laifi a wata kotun jihar New York da laifin yunƙurin aikata manyan laifuka,lalata a mataki na biyu,da satar ayyuka,kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 4 zuwa 12 a gidan yari.Bayan ta yi shekara biyu,an tsare ta a hannun Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka don a tasa keyar ta zuwa Jamus.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2022,an ba Sorokin belin $10,000 kuma an sake shi daga kurkuku.Tun daga Oktoba 2022,ana buƙatar Sorokin ya kasance a cikin sa'o'i 24 na tsare gida tare da saka idanu na lantarki kuma babu damar shiga kafofin watsa labarun.
HiLabarin Sorokin ya sami karbuwa lokacin da Williams ta rubuta dogon labari a cikin <i id="mwMg">Vanity Fair</i> game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da Sorokin a cikin 2018.Ta faɗaɗa labarin a cikin littafinta na 2019 Abokina Anna.A wannan shekarar,'yar jarida Jessica Pressler ta rubuta wata kasida ga New York game da rayuwar Sorokin a matsayin zamantakewa;Netflix ya biya Sorokin $ 320,000 don haƙƙin labarinta kuma ya haɓaka shi a cikin 2022 miniseries Inventing Annai.Labarin rayuwar Sorokin ya kasance batun wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, tambayoyi,kwasfan fayiloli,da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Sorokin a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1991,a Domodedovo,wani gari mai aiki da tauraron dan adam a kudu da Moscow, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Rasha a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Mahaifinta,Vadim,ya yi aiki a matsayin direban babbar mota yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da wani ƙaramin kantin sayar da kayayyaki.A cikin 2007,lokacin da Sorokin ke 16,danginta sun ƙaura zuwa North Rhine-Westphalia,Jamus.A can, mahaifinta ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa a kamfanin sufuri har sai da kamfanin ya yi rashin ƙarfi a cikin 2013.Daga nan ya buɗe kasuwancin HVAC wanda ya kware akan ingantaccen amfani da makamashi.Mahaifiyar Sorokin matar gida ce. Sorokin ya halarci Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule Eschweiler(Episcopal School of Our Lady of Eschweiler),makarantar nahawu ta Katolika a Eschweiler.Takwarorinsu sun ce ta yi shiru tana kokawa da yaren Jamusanci.Yayin da yake matashi,Sorokin ya bi Vogue da sha'awar sha'awa,shafukan yanar gizo,da kuma asusun hoto akan LiveJournal da Flickr.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar a watan Yuni 2011,Sorokin ya koma London don halartar Central Saint Martins,makarantar fasaha,amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fita ya koma Jamus.A cikin 2012,ta ɗan ɗan yi aiki a wani kamfanin hulɗar jama'a a Berlin.Daga nan Sorokin ya ƙaura zuwa Paris,inda ta sami kusan € 400 a kowane wata ta hanyar horarwa don Purple,mujallar fashion ta Faransa.Duk da cewa Sorokin ba ta yawan tuntuɓar iyayenta,sun ba ta kuɗin haya. A wannan lokacin,Sorokin ya fara amfani da sunan"Anna Delvey",wanda ta ce ya dogara ne akan sunan budurwar mahaifiyarta.Iyayen Sorokin,duk da haka,sun "ba su gane sunan sunan ba".Sorokin daga baya ya yarda cewa"kawai ya zo da shi."
A tsakiyar 2013,Sorokin ya yi tafiya zuwa Birnin New York don halartar Makon Kasuwanci na New York.Samun samun sauƙin yin abokai a New York fiye da Paris,ta zaɓi zama,ta koma ofishin Purple New York na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Bayan barin Purple,Sorokin ya zo da ra'ayin"Anna Delvey Foundation"-ƙungiyar mambobi masu zaman kansu da kuma gidauniyar fasaha-kuma bai yi nasara ba ya nemi kudade daga masu arziki na zamantakewar birni.Shawararta ta haɗa da ba da hayar dukan Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Church,wanda ya ƙunshi benaye shida da 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m kuma mallakin Aby Rosen 's RFR Holdings,a matsayin wurin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa da yawa da kuma ɗakin studio,inda ta tsara cibiyar fasahar gani tare da shagunan tallan da mai zane Daniel Arsham ya keɓe,ɗaya daga cikin abokanta daga horon ta.da nunin nunin Urs Fischer,Damien Hirst,Jeff Koons,da Tracey Emin.Ta sami taimakon shirin daga ɗan ginin Santiago Calatrava.Ta kuma tattauna batun siyar da abubuwan sha a wurin da Roo Rogers.
DJ Elle Dee ya bayyana wani baƙon gamuwa da Sorokin a wani biki a watan Mayu 2014 a Montauk,New York,inda Sorokin ya yi kama da cewa ita ce mai arziƙi kuma ta yi alfahari game da nau'ikan tufafin da take sanye da su,amma kuma ta nemi masu zuwa wurin kwana.Da suka ki,sai ta kwana a mota tana barci.Dee ya kuma bayyana sauran mahalarta taron da ta halarta wanda Sorokin ya shirya a Standard,High Line : "Da kyar ta san su-kamar dai watakila shi ne karo na biyu da suka taba haduwa, irin mu.Kowa ya zauna,shiru yana kallon wayarsa.Dee ya bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai hakki da ma'ana", musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin masana'antar sabis.Ta caccaki mutanen da ba su da mabiya da yawa a Instagram kuma ta yi alfaharin yadda za ta yi hayar dala 12,000 a kowane wata a saman rufin gida mai dakuna shida.Dee ya kuma ce Sorokin ta dogara da ita da sauran abokan aikinta ne suka biya mata kudadenta, inda ta ce ta manta da jakarta ko kuma a ce an yi gaggawar ceredit card dinta ba ta yi aiki ba,tana zubar da hawayen kada wadanda suka bushe da sauri lokacin da ta fahimci shirin.ba zai yi aiki ba.
A cikin 2015,Sorokin ya sadu da mai tattara zane-zane kuma dalibin Jami'ar Pennsylvania Michael Xufu Huang a wani liyafar cin abinci.Sanin cewa Huang ya shirya ya halarci Venice Biennale, Sorokin ya tambaye shi ko za ta iya raka shi. Huang ya amince kuma ya yi ajiyar jirgin sama da dakin otal don Sorokin bisa fahimtar cewa za a mayar masa da kuɗin dalar Amurka 2,000- $3,000.Lokacin da suka dawo New York,Sorokin ya bayyana don"manta"tsarin kuma ya kasa biya. Da farko Huang ya ɗauka cewa Sorokin ba shi da tunani kawai.Hakanan a cikin 2015,Sorokin ya halarci Art Basel a Miami Beach.Sorokin ta dauki hayar kamfanin hulda da jama'a don yin wa kanta liyafar bikin ranar haihuwa a gidan cin abinci na Sadelle a cikin Janairu 2016;bayan da aka ki karbar katin kiredit nata kuma aka buga hotunan Huang a wurin taron a shafukan sada zumunta, ma'aikatan gidan abincin sun tambayi Huang ko yana da bayanan tuntubar Sorokin.A wannan lokacin Huang ta fara shakkun Sorokin,kuma ta lura cewa, baƙon abu koyaushe tana biyan kuɗi da kuɗi kuma tana zama a otal,ba ɗaki ba.A ƙarshe an biya shi amma daga asusun Venmo da sunan da ba a sani ba.Daga nan ya toshe hanyar sadarwar Sorokin zuwa gare shi a shafukan sada zumunta,inda ya kawo karshen abokantakar su.
A cikin Fabrairu 2016,yayin da Sorokin ke zaune a dakin hotel a cikin Standard,High Line,ta sadu da Rachel DeLoache Williams,sannan editan hoto a Vanity Fair,a wani gidan rawa.Williams ta bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai nema da rashin kunya ga masu jiran aiki"kuma ta ce"idan an bude lif,ba za ta jira wasu mutane su sauka ba".Duk da haka, Williams ta zama abokai na kud da kud da Sorokin kuma daga baya ta taimaka wajen kama ta.
Sorokin ya yi amfani da Microsoft Word don ƙirƙirar bayanan banki na bogi da wasu takaddun kuɗi waɗanda ke nuna cewa tana da Yuro miliyan 60 a asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland amma ba za ta iya shiga ba tunda sun amince kuma tana Amurka ] Daya daga cikin abokan Sorokin ya sa ta tuntuɓar lauya Andrew Lance a Gibson Dunn,wanda kuma ya sa ta tuntuɓar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi da yawa, ciki har da Babban Bankin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Zuba Jari .A cikin Nuwamba 2016,Sorokin ya gabatar da takaddun karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na neman lamuni na dala miliyan 22 ga City National. City National ta ki ba da bashi lokacin da Sorokin ya kasa samar da tushen kadarorin Swiss,sannan ta nemi lamuni daga sansanin soja. Fortress ya amince yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen idan Sorokin ya biya $ 100,000 don biyan kuɗin shari'a dangane da aikace-aikacen.A cikin Disamba 2016,tare da Sorokin ya kasa biyan haya, Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Ikilisiya a maimakon haka an yi hayar zuwa Fotografiska New York.
A ranar 12 ga Janairu,2017,Sorokin ya shawo kan City National da ya ba ta wurin yin sama da fadi na wucin gadi kan dala 100,000,bisa alkawarin cewa za a biya cikin gaggawa.Sorokin ya ba da adiresoshin imel na AOL na karya na"Peter Hennecke",manajan kasuwancin da ba ya wanzu; lokacin da zato ya taso,Sorokin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu,sannan ya ƙirƙiro sabon mutum mai suna "Bettina Wagner". Masu gabatar da kara a shari'ar ta daga baya sun nuna cewa ta yi amfani da Google don neman"ƙirƙirar imel ɗin karya da ba za a iya ganowa ba".Sorokin ya aika da dala 100,000 zuwa sansanin sansanin don neman rancen amma wani manajan darakta a sansanin sojan ya fara shakku game da bukatar Sorokin saboda rashin daidaito a cikin takardunta - alal misali,ta yi ikirarin cewa ta kasance al'adun Jamus,amma fasfo dinta ya bayyana cewa an haife ta a Rasha.Lokacin da daraktan ya shirya tantance kadarorin Sorokin ta hanyar ganawa da ma’aikatan bankinta a Switzerland,ta janye takardar neman rancen don hana ci gaba da bincike.A watan Fabrairun 2017,an mayar da kashi $55,000 na juzu'in da ba a kashe da Fortress ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ya dace ya koma Sorokin. Sorokin ya kashe dalla-dalla kan kayan alatu,na'urorin lantarki,da mai horar da mutum,da kuma $800 na haskaka gashi da kari na gashin ido $400.
A cikin Disamba 2019,labarin Sorokin shine batun Magajiya Karya, faifan wasan kwaikwayo-takardun bayanai ta 'yar jarida Vicky Baker da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Chloe Moss da BBC Radio 4 suka fitar, tare da Bella Dayne a matsayin Sorokin. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na 2020 Katy Keene,halin Pepper Smith,wanda Julia Chan ta buga, ya dogara da Sorokin.
A ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 2021,Anna X, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ta labarin Sorokin ta Joseph Charlton tare da Emma Corrin da Nabhaan Rizwan,ya gudu a Harold Pinter Theater a London da The Lowry a Salford.
Shonda Rhimes ne ya ƙirƙira jerin abubuwa tara na Netflix Inventing Anna.A cikinta,Julia Garner ta buga Sorokin.An fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen a watan Fabrairu 2022 kuma shine babban shirin da ake kallo akan Netflix a cikin makon da aka fitar.
A cikin 2022,Sorokin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Bunim/Murray Productions don tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na gaskiya game da rayuwarta bayan kurkuku.Hakanan tana aiki akan wani littafi game da lokacinta a gidan yari da kuma podcast.A ƙarshen Mayu 2022,Sorokin ya haɗu da ƴan'uwan Paris Hilton da Nicky Rothschild akan wani shiri na faifan podcast na Hilton Wannan shine Paris.
Nunin fasaha da tallace-tallace
Tun daga Disamba 2022,Sorokin ya sayar da fasaha na darajar $340,000.An yi amfani da abin da aka samu wajen bayar da beli da biyan hayar watanni uku na gidan Sorokin na $4,250/wata-wata mai daki ɗaya a ƙauyen Gabas, Manhattan.
Sorokin ya ba da autographed,iyakanceccen bugu na"Run It Again"yana nuna Sorokin yana ba wa ma'aikacin tallace-tallace umarnin sake gwada katin kiredit/metro ga Chloe Fineman,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya nuna Sorokin.
Nunawa
Wani nunin rukuni mai suna"Free Anna Delvey"ya gudana a titin 176 Delancey a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Maris 17 zuwa Maris 24, 2022,yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare. Nunin ya ƙunshi fasaha daga masu fasaha 33 da Sorokin ya yi wahayi, gami da Nuhu Becker,mawallafin mujallar Whitehot.An jera kowane yanki don siyarwa akan $10,000. Alfredo Martinez, wanda a baya ya kasance gidan yari saboda yin zane-zane na Jean-Michel Basquiat, da Julia Morrison,wacce ta ba da dala 8,000 na kudinta don daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayon amma ba a biya ta ba duk da alkawuran da Sorokin ya yi. Ɗaya daga cikin guda,mai suna Send Bitcoin,yana nuna Sorokin zaune yana sanye da rigar ja yayin aiki akan kwamfuta kuma yana fuskantar nesa daga mai kallo.Sauran sassan sun haɗa da Anna akan ICE,da ICE,duka suna magana ne akan Shige da Fice na Amurka da Tilasta Kwastam.UltraNYC ta kira guntuwar"doodles" da"ɓangare na sabuwar dabararta don samun riba daga sabon shahararta.."Grunge ya bayyana nunin"gaba daya an nuna shi [Sorokin]cikin tausayawa,idan ba a bayyane yake ba,haske."
A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare shi,"Wanda ake zargin"ya buɗe a wani gidan rawa a bene na biyu na Otal ɗin Jama'a a Manhattan.An buɗe wasan kwaikwayon da waƙar"Hasken Haske"na mawakiya Kanye West,sai kuma Sarauniya Yuhua Hamasaki ta ja hankalin jama'a.Samfuran sun bi ta cikin ɗakin suna riƙe da zanen Sorokin a cikin firam ɗin zinariya yayin da suke sanye da fararen safar hannu,tabarau na Versace,da safa baƙar fata suna rufe kawunansu da fuskokinsu. Sorokin ya yi jawabi ga taron ta hanyar faifan rikodin da aka riga aka yi,yana mai cewa wasan kwaikwayon"labari na ne daga hangen nawa". An sake saka farashin zanen akan US$ kowanne, tare da Sorokin ya bayyana kashi 15% na kudaden da aka samu za a kai ga kungiyoyin agaji na yara. Taron dai ya samu halartar 'yan jarida da masu yada labarai da dama.
Alamomin da ba su da ƙarfi
A cikin Yuni 2022,Sorokin ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ƙaddamar da tarin abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi . Ta ƙirƙiri irin waɗannan alamu guda 10 waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin ba masu riƙe da“hanyoyi na musamman”zuwa gare ta.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Sorokin yana kula da asusun kafofin watsa labarun,wanda ta bayyana a matsayin satire,akan Twitter da Instagram.Ta hanyar Instagram,ta haɗa tare da Julia Fox,wanda yake shirin haɗin gwiwa.A cikin Janairu 2021, Sorokin ta rubuta wasiƙar baƙar magana ga Donald Trump a cikinta tana tsammanin zama fursuna a tsibirin Rikers.
Sorokin yana da saurayi a New York na tsawon shekaru biyu har ya koma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.Duk da kiyaye sirrin sirrinsa,Sorokin ya bayyana cewa saurayinta ya ba da tattaunawar TED kuma an bayyana shi a cikin New Yorker.Ta ba da shawarar cewa za ta bayyana sunan sa a kan kudi,inda za a fara sayan a kan $10,000;duk da haka,Rachel DeLoache Williams ta bayyana ainihin saurayin shine Hunter Lee Soik.
A cikin 2019,Sorokin ya sanya hannun jari a fasaha da cryptocurrency.A lokacin,burinta ya haɗa da gudanar da asusun zuba jari.
Duba kuma
Jerin masu fasaha
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991 |
24341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Asafu-Adjaye | Edward Asafu-Adjaye | Sir Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye (1903–1976) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne, lauya kuma jami’in diflomasiyya. Shi ne lauyan Ashanti na farko kuma Babban Kwamishinan Ghana na farko a Burtaniya tare da ba da izini ga Faransa a lokaci guda.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1903 a Calabar, Najeriya, inda mahaifinsa ke aiki a matsayin mashahurin ɗan kasuwa. Bayan ya gaji da kasuwancinsa a Calabar, mahaifinsa; Opanyin Asafu Adjaye ya kawo shi Kumasi inda ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Samari ta Kumasi. Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Adisadel, Cape Coast inda ya samu takardar shedar cambridge. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar London. A can ya ci lambar yabo ta "Profumo Prize" saboda kasancewar sa ƙwararren masanin shari'a, sakamakon rawar da ya taka a jarrabawar ƙarshe ta Jami'ar (LLB).
Aiki
An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki, United Kingdom a 1927, a cikin wannan shekarar ya koma Kogin Zinariya don yin aikin doka. Ya shiga ɗakin Sir Henley Kobina Coussey don hidimar ɗalibin lauya, kafin ya fara aikin sa na kansa. Ya kafa dakunansa: E.O.Asafu - Adjaye & Co a Accra a 1927. Dakunan suna da hedikwata a Kumasi daga 1934 zuwa 1951. Ya yi aiki a wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Bankin Barclay (Ghana) Ltd, Mobil Oil (Ghana Ltd), Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd., Shugaban Majalisar Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Afirka, memba na Majalisar zartarwa na Gwamna na Kwalejin Adisadel da sauran kwamitoci da kungiyoyi da yawa. ciki har da Jami'ar Ghana.
Siyasa
Bayan ɗan lokaci a cikin aikin sirri ya shiga siyasar Kogin Zinariya. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban memba na Ashanti Kotoko Society da Ashanti Confederacy Council (yanzu Asanteman Council) a 1934. Ya kasance memba na tawagar Kogin Zinariya da ta sadu da Sakataren Gwamnatin Burtaniya na yankuna don yin zanga -zangar adawa da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa da Dokar Sedition. Shi, tare da Dr J. B. Danquah, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma haɗin gwiwar Ashanti Colony Collaboration wanda ya haifar da Tsarin Mulki na 1946. An nada shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki a 1946 kuma a cikin 1951, an zabi shi a matsayin wakilin Asanteman. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin farko ta Dr.Kwame Nkrumah ta 195PP CPP. A shekarar 1954 aka nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago.
Alƙawura da alƙawura na duniya
Bangaren kasa da kasa, an aiko shi ya wakilci kasar a lokacin Sarautar Sarki George VI a 1937 da Sarauniyar Ingila ta yanzu; Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu a shekarar 1953. Ya yi aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin zaman lafiya. Ya kuma yi hidima a kan th
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a 1957 an nada shi Babban Kwamishina na farko a Burtaniya tare da amincewa da Faransa a lokaci guda Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Abubuwan da suka yi nuni da zamansa a wannan ofishin sun haɗa da farmakin da aka kai masa wanda ya yi kanun labarai na duniya wanda aka yi ayyuka masu yawa na ilimi; a cikin Janairu 1959, Patrice Lumumba, Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo, ya zauna a The Ritz Hotel, London kuma ya sadu da Adjaye da wasu a cikin gidan abincin. 'Yan kabilar Mosley ne wadanda suka damu da al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kongo a lokacin, suka yi zanga -zanga a wajen otal ɗin, tare da nuna tutoci kamar "YAN FYADEN YARA - TAFI GIDA" tare da fitar da fatar launin fata. An kai wa Adjaye hari ne lokacin da yake barin otal din, duk da cewa ana hasashen cewa ya yi kuskure da Lumumba. Mai Martaba Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta karrama shi a yayin da ya amince da nasarorin da ya samu a cikin gida da na duniya.
A cikin 1962 ya kasance memba na mutum uku (wanda ya haɗa da Sir Henry Wynn Parry da Adalci Gopal Das Khosla na Indiya) kwamitin da aka sani da Wynn-Parry Commission of Enquiry da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1962 don bincika musabbabin tashin hankalin siyasa. a Guyana wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1962, wanda aka fi sani da tarihin Guyana da "Black Friday".
Hakanan yana ɗaya daga cikin membobi huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Alva Myrdal na Sweden (Shugaban,) Josip Djerdja na Yugoslavia (wanda ya yi murabus daga Kungiyar a watan Maris 1964), Ahmed Ould Sidi Baba na Morocco da Sir. Hugh Foot na Burtaniya, wanda babban sakataren Majalisar Uinkin Duniya U Thant ya nada don bincika matsalar fashewar manufofin ƙabilun Afirka ta Kudu daidai da ƙudurin Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 4 ga Disamba 1963.
Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1976.
Manazarta |
51000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Inganta%20Kamfanonin%20Najeriya | Dokar Inganta Kamfanonin Najeriya | Dokar Inganta Kamfanonin Najeriya ko NEPD 1972 kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare a 1977 an yi niyyar yin canje-canje a cikin tsarin mallakar kasuwanci a Najeriya da kuma samar da dama ga asalin ƙasar don samun iko da tattalin arziki. Dokar ta kuma ƙuntata ayyukan tattalin arziki na kamfanonin kasashen waje zuwa wasu yankuna kuma ta tilasta kamfanoni su kara 'yan Najeriya a matsayin abokan tarayya.
Har zuwa kamfanoni 1,130 sun shafa, wasu kamfanonin sun canja wurin daidaito ta hanyar sanyawa mai zaman kansa yayin da wasu suka jera a musayar hannun jari. Jimlar kamfanoni 81 da suka lissafa hannun jari a kan musayar hannun jarin da ya kai jimlar darajar naira miliyan 210 yayin da yawancin suka ba da hannun ma'aikata ta hanyar sanyawa mai zaman kansa.
An soke dokar a shekarar 1995 tare da gabatar da Dokar Inganta Zuba Jari ta Najeriya.
Tarihi
Kafin ƙarshen mulkin mallaka a cikin 1960, 'yan kasuwa na Najeriya sun kasance suna yin kira don kare asalin ƙasar daga gasa ta ƙasashen waje, yayin da kuka don rage ƙididdigar baƙi ya haifar da Najeriya a cibiyoyi da yawa. Bayan mulkin mallaka, burin samun 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki da kuma ƙaddamar da kai ya zama sananne kuma ya fara samun goyon baya mai yawa. An bi manufofin 'yan asalin ƙasar da' yan kasuwa da 'Yan kasuwa na Najeriya suka goyi bayan a cikin Shirin Ci gaban Kasa na Gwamnatin Tarayya na shekara ta 1970[74.
A watan Fabrairun 1972, an gabatar da Dokar Inganta Kamfanoni ta Najeriya don yin tasiri a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1974. An shirya sabon dokar don ba 'yan Najeriya damar samun karin kudin shiga na kasuwanci, canza saka hannun jari na kasashen waje zuwa yankunan fasaha da kuma inganta kasuwancin' yan asalin ƙasar.
Gwamnatin soja ta fi dacewa da yin canje-canje fiye da takwarorinsu na dimokuradiyya na baya a wani bangare saboda karuwar rashin amincewa da babban birnin kasashen waje, sakamakon kwarewar da suka samu wajen dogaro da gwamnatocin kasashen duniya da kamfanoni masu yawa a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya da kuma rashin amsawa cikin sauri na kamfanonin mai don biyan kuɗi kawai ga Gwamasar Tarayya.
NEPC 1972
Dokar NEPC ta 1972 doka ce don aiwatar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin mallakar masana'antu masu sauƙi kamar su tallace-tallace da ƙananan kasuwancin. An raba masana'antu zuwa kashi biyu da ake kira jadawalin 1 da jadawalwa 2. Tare da dokar an kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Najeriya don gudanar da aiwatar da sabuwar dokar. Biye da ruhun sabuwar doka, gwamnati ta sami sha'awa ga manyan bankunan da ke jagorantar kasashen waje a cikin kasar ciki har da Bankin Farko na Najeriya da Union Bank of Nigeria kuma ta ba da umarnin a ba wa 'yan Najeriya rance. Gwamnati ta kuma sami sha'awa a bangarorin inshora da man fetur da iskar gas. Wani sabon banki, bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Najeriya ya wanzu don sauƙaƙe rance ga 'yan Najeriya don manufar saka hannun jari a kamfanonin mallakar kasashen waje.
Shirye-shiryen da kamfanoni
NEPC 1977
Kafin 1977, zargi da dokar da ke akwai ya haifar da gyare-gyare biyu amma mafi mahimmanci shine a cikin 1977. Masu sukar sun ji canje-canjen sun haifar da sabon bourgeois wanda ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari. Bugu da kari, yayin da kasuwancin 950 ya shafi dokar 1972 wasu sun nemi izinin kuma ba duk sun dace ba a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1974. Wasu kamfanonin da abin ya shafa an zarge su da yin makirci tare da wasu 'yan Najeriya waɗanda za su zo a matsayin abokin tarayya ko gaba a matsayinsu na shugaban kwamitin daraktoci amma kamfanin zai kasance karkashin kulawar ma'aikatan layi a cikin ɗakin baya. Sabon gyare-gyaren na 1977 ya iyakance yawan kamfanoni da mutum zai iya samun iko mafi rinjaye kuma ya ba da ikon kwamitin inganta kamfanonin tare da damar rufe ofisoshin kamfanomin da ba su dace ba. Kasuwanci inda aka raba su cikin jadawalin uku. A karkashin jadawalin farko, mallakar kasuwancin zai zama 100% na asali. Ayyukan kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin wannan jadawalin suna da alaƙa da sashin tallace-tallace da sabis, talla, wuraren yin burodi, sufuri na kasuwanci da hukumomin mallakar ƙasa. A karkashin jadawalin biyu, mallakar za ta kasance kashi 60% mallakarsa ta Najeriya. A karkashin gyaran an kara ƙarin bangarori zuwa jadawalin 2, wannan ya haɗa da banki, inshora, sarrafa abinci, sinadarin man fetur da ƙarfe da karfe.
Shirye-shiryen da kamfanoni
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Ma'aikatun gwamnati |
28784 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran%20Nono | Sankaran Nono | Ciwon kansa na nono sankarane ko ciwon daji da ke fitowa akan fatan nonon mata. Alamomin ciwon daji na nono na iya haɗawa da dunƙulewar cikin ƙirji, canjin siffar nono,lotsewa ko rami a fatan. ruwan da kuma ke fitowa daga kan nono, sabon jujjuyawar nono, ko facin fata ko ja. A cikin masu yaɗuwar cutar mai nisa, ana iya samun ciwon ƙashi, kumburin ƙwayoyin lymph, ƙarancin numfashi, ko sauyawan launin fata zuwa rawaya.
Abubuwan haɗari da ke janyo ciwon nono sun haɗa da kiba, rashin motsa jiki, shan barasa, sauyin sassan jiki a yayin da aka dena ala,ada,radiation tarihin ciwon daji na nono, da kuma tarihin iyali na ciwon nono. Kimanin kashi 5-10% na lokuta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye, gami da BRCA1 da BRCA2 da sauransu. Ciwon daji na nono ya fi tasowa a cikin sel daga rufin bututun nono da lobules waɗanda ke ba wa waɗannan bututun madara. Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga bututu ana kiran su da turanci ductal carcinomas, yayin da waɗanda ke tasowa daga lobules an san su da lobular carcinomas. Akwai ire-iren ciwon daji na nono fiye da 18. Wasu, irin su ductal carcinoma in situ, suna tasowa daga raunukan da suka rigaya. Ana tabbatar da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar yin biopsy na abin da ya shafi nama (na nono). Da zarar an gano cutar, ana ƙara yin wasu gwaje-gwaje don sanin ko ciwon ya yadu fiye da nono da kuma hanyoyin za'a bi don magance su.
Akwai rudani sosai dangane da ma'auni na fa'ida da kuma lahani na gwajin cutar kansar nono. Wani bita da Cochrane ta gudanar a shekara ta 2013 ta gano cewa ba a sani ba idan gwajin mammographic ya fi cutarwa fiye da amfaninshi, a cewa yawancin matan da aka nuna suna da cutar ta hanyar gwajin daga bisani kuma ba su kamu ba. Acikin wani bincike da kungyar United States Preventive Services Task Force ta gudanae a shekara ta 2009 ta tabbatar da fa'idar gwajin ga 'yan shekaru 40 zuwa 70, sannan kuma kungiyar ta ba da shawarar gwaji duk bayan shekaru biyu ga mata 'yan shakera 50 zuwa 74. Ana iya amfani da magungunan Tamoxifen ko raloxifene a ƙoƙarin kariya daga ciwon sankarar nono ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Aikin asibiti na cire nonon wani ma'aunin kariya ne ga mata masu cuta wadanda ke cikin hadarin gaske. Ga waɗanda aka gano cutar, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama, ciki har da tiyata, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, da kuma targeted therapy. Nau'o'in tiyata sun bambanta daga tiyata don kiyaye nono zuwa Yanke nono - mastectomy. Aikin gyaran nono na iya faruwa a lokacin tiyata ko kuma a wani lokaci na daban. Ga wadanda cutar sankara ta yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, ana yin yawancin magungunansu ne don inganta rayuwa da karin natsuwa.
Sakamakon ciwon nono sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ciwon dajin, girman cutar, da shekarun mutum. Gwajin sauran rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Ingila da Amurka yana tsakanin 80 zuwa 90%. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, basu kai shekaru biyar sosai. A duniya baki daya, ciwon nono shine kan gaba acikin nau'in sankara da ke addabar mata, wanda ke da kashi 25% na daukakin cutar. A cikin shekara ta 2018, an amu sabbin ciwukan kusan miliyan 2 da sanadiyyar mutuwar mata 627,000. Ya fi yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma ya ninka sau 100 a cikin mata fiye da maza.
Alamomi
Ciwon daji na nono yawanci yana farawa ne a zaman wani dan kullutu wanda ya bambanta da sauran naman nono. Ana gano fiye da kashi 80% na ciwon ne a lokacinda akai la'akari da wannan kullutu da yatsa. Farkon ciwon nono, duk da haka, ana ganosu ne ta gwaji na mammogram. Kullutun da ake samu a hammata ma na iya zama alamun kansar nono.
Alamun cutar sankarar nono banda kullutu na iya haɗawa da kauri daban da sauran naman nono, nono ɗaya yafi daya girma ko kuma daya ya kankance, dan kan-nono na iya canza wuri, ko siffarsa ko juyawa, tsagewar fata ko rami, ko kuma kuraje a zagaye da kan-nono, fitar da ruwa daga nono, ciwo a wani sashe na nono ko hammata da kumburi a karkashin hammata ko kewayen kashin wuya. Ciwo ("mastodynia") muhimmin alama ne na gano kasancewar sankarar nono, amma yana iya zama alamar wasu cututtukan nono na daban.
Wani alamar cutar sankarar nono mai wuyar tantancewa shine cutar Paget na nono. Alamun cutan yana farawa ne ta hanyar sauyawan kalan fata kamar cutar eczema; kamar yin ja, canza launi ko laushin fata na nono. Yayin da cutar Paget na nono ke ci gaba, alamun cututtuka na iya haɗawa da tsikari, kaikayi, ƙara yawan ciwo, zafi, da ciwo. Hakanan ana iya samun fitar ruwa daga kan nono. Kimanin rabin matan da aka gano suna da cutar Paget na nono suma suna da kumburi a cikin nono.
Sankaran nono mai kumburi ciwo ne da ba kasafai ake samun shi ba (a cikin kasa da kashi 5 cikin 100 na cutar sankarar nono), duk da haka nau'in cutar kansar nono mai tsananin gaske wanda ke kumburi, sauyawa saman nono zuwa ja. Muhimmin sakamakon ciwon daji na nono mai kumburi na faruwa ne sakamakon toshewar tasoshin bututun nono lymph daga kwayoyin cutar kansa. Anfi samun irin wannan nau'in ciwon daji na nono a cikin waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwaji ga mata masu ƙananan shekaru, mata masu kiba da kuma matan Amurkawa 'yan asalin Afirka. Kamar yadda ciwon nono mai kumburi ba ya kasancewa da dunƙule wani lokaci ana iya samun jinkiri wajen gano shi.
A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, abin da ya fara bayyana a matsayin fibroadenoma (mai karfi, dunƙule wanda ba-ciwon daji) na iya zama ƙwayar cutar phyllodes. Ciwon phyllodes na wanzuwa ne a cikin stroma (connective tissue) na ƙirjin kuma ya ƙunshi glandular da kuma nama na stromal. Ciwon daji na Phyllodes ba a aiwatar da su a cikin ma'anar da aka saba; An rarraba su bisa ga bayyanarsu a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope a matsayin benign, borderline ko kuma malignant.
Cutar malignant na iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen metastatic tumours – secondary tumours (wanda ya samo asali daga primary tumour) wanda ke yaduwa fiye da wurin da ya fara. Alamomin da cutar sankarar nonona metastasis ke haifarwa ya dogara ne akan wurin metastasis yake. Wuraren da ake samun metastasis sun haɗa da kashi, hanta, huhu, da ƙwaƙwalwa. Lokacin da ciwon daji ya kai irin wannan mawuyacib hali, ana kasafta shi a matsayin mataki na 4 na ciwon daji, ciwon daji a wannan mataki sau da yawa yana janyo mutuwa. Alamomi na yau da kullun na ciwon daji na mataki na 4 sun haɗa da asarar nauyi wato kiba dna rashin dalili, ciwon kashi da gabobin jiki, sauyawar launin idanu ko fata da dai sauransu. Ana kiran waɗannan alamomin a matsayin alamomin da basu tabbaa saboda suna iya zama alamu na cututtuka da daban daban. Ciwon daji na nono ba safai yake yaduwa zuwa wuraren da ba a saba gani ba kamar ƙwayoyin lymph nodes waɗanda ke haifar da toshewar biliary wanda ke zama wahala kafin a gano shi.
Yawancin almun ciwon nono, dangane da mafi yawan kullutu, ba sazama ciwon daji na nono. Alal misali, kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kullutu a nono, ke zama ciwon daji na nono, sannan kuma cututtukan nono na benign kamar mastitis da fibroadenoma na nono sune abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawancin alamomi na rashin lafiyar nono.
Abubuwan haɗari
Abubuwan haɗari na iya kasuwa zuwa kashi biyu:
abubuwan haɗari da za'a iya canzawa (abubuwan da mutane za su iya canza kansu, kamar shan barasa), da
ƙayyadaddun abubuwan haɗari (abubuwan da ba za a iya canza su ba, kamar shekaru da jinsi).
Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar sankarar nono shine kasancewa mace da kuma tsufa. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta na gado, rashin haihuwa ko rashin shayarwa, mafi girman matakan wasu kwayoyin halitta,wasu tsarin abinci, da kiba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen haske abu ne mai haɗari ga haifuwar ciwon nono.
Idan duka manya (mutane) zasu kiyaye mafi kyawun salon rayuwa, ciki har da rashin shan barasa ba, kiyaye tsarin jiki mai lafiya, rashin shan taba, cin abinci mai kyau, da sauran ayyuka, to kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ciwukan dajii na nono a duniya zasu ragu. Ba za a iya hana sauran kashi uku cikin huɗu na cutar kansar nono ta hanyar sauya salon rayuwa ba.
salon rayuwa
Shan barasa yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar nono, har ma da wanda basu sha sosai (mata suna shan ƙasa da rabin kwalban giya a rana). Hadarin yafi yawa a tsakanin masu shan giya sosai. A duniya baki daya, kusan kashi daya cikin 10 na masu fama da cutar kansar nono na faruwa ne sakamakon shan barasa a mata. Shan barasa yana daga cikin abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun da za a iya canza su.
Akwai alaka sosai a dangantakar da ke tsakanin kiba da sankarar nono. Bincike ya nuna cewa wadanda ke saurin kiba bayan sun girma, suna cikin hatsari fiye da wadanda suke da kiba tun suna yara. Hakazalika, kiba mai yawa a sashin tsakiyar jiki yana yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma fiye da kiba sashin kasan jiki. Wannan yana nuna cewa abincin da mutum ke ci yana da mahimmanci fiye da BMI na mutum . Abubuwan da za su iya ƙara haɗari sun haɗa da cin abinci mai yawan maiko da matakan cholesterol masu alaƙa da kiba. Yawan cin abinci da ke da karancin iodine na iya taka muhimmin rawa. Shaidar fiber a wajen janyo cutar kansar nono ba shi da tabbas. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2015 ya gano cewa binciken da ke ƙoƙarin danganta cin fiber da ciwon nono ya haifar da sakamako daban daban. A cikin 2016, an gano alaka mara tabbas a tsakanin ƙarancin cin fiber yayin samartaka da ciwon nono.
Shan taba yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, tare da yawan adadin da ake sha, da kuma farkon fara shan taba a rayuwa na haifar da haɗarin mafi girma. A cikin wadanda ke shan taba na tsawon lokaci, haɗarin na karuwa daga kaso 35% zuwa 50%.
An danganta rashin motsa jiki da kusan kashi 10% na cutar kansar nono. Zama a wuri daya na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon nono. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, ko da yake ana rage shi sosai.
Maganin Hormone don magance menopause shima yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal baya haifar da ciwon nono ga yawancin mata; idan yana da tasiri, yana da ƙananan (a kan tsari na 0.01% a kowace shekara-shekara; kwatankwacin adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Amurka ), na wucin gadi, da raguwa ta masu amfani' sun ragu sosai. hadarin ciwon daji na ovarian da endometrial. Daga cikin wadanda ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na nono, yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na zamani ba zai iya yin tasiri ga hadarin ciwon nono ba. Ba shi da tabbas ko maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal zai iya ƙara yawan adadin ciwon nono a cikin mata tare da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar ciwon nono
Shayarwa na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono sosai, gami da kansar nono. A cikin 1980s, hasashen zubar da ciki – ciwon nono da aka yi nuni da cewa haifar da zubar da ciki ya kara haɗarin kamuwa da kansar nono. Wannan hasashe ya kasance batun binciken kimiyya mai zurfi, wanda ya kammala da cewa ba zubar da ciki ko zubar da ciki ba yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono.
Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da radiation da rushewar circadian da ke da alaƙa da aikin motsa jiki da cin abinci na yau da kullun. An kuma danganta adadin sinadarai, ciki har da polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, da sauran kaushi na halitta Ko da yake radiation daga mammography yana da ƙananan kashi, an kiyasta cewa binciken shekara daga 40 zuwa 80 shekaru zai haifar da kimanin 225 kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ga mata miliyan daya da aka duba.
Kwayoyin haihuwa
An yi imanin cuwa gado na kwayoyin haihuwa ne muhimmin abun da ke janyo ciwon nono a kashi 5–10% na daukakin cutar. Matan da aka gano cutar a jikin mahaifiyarsu bayan shekaru 50 suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar na 1.7 sannan waɗanda aka gano cutan a iyayensu mata kafin shekaru 50 ko bayan sun sami ƙarin haɗarin 1.4. A cikin wadanda ba su da sifili, dangi ɗaya ko biyu ya shafa, haɗarin ciwon nono kafin shekaru 80 shine 7.8%, 13.3%, da 21.1% tare da mace-mace mai zuwa daga cutar 2.3%, 4.2%, da 7.6% bi da bi. A cikin waɗanda ke da dangi na farko tare da cutar haɗarin kansar nono tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 50 ya ninka na yawan jama'a.
A cikin ƙasa da kashi 5% na lokuta, kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta haifar da ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado . Wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda ke ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2 . Wadannan maye gurbi sun kai kashi 90% na jimillar tasirin kwayoyin halitta tare da hadarin kansar nono na 60-80% a cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Sauran mahimman maye gurbi sun haɗa da p53 ( ciwoyin Li-Fraumeni ), PTEN ( ciwoyin Cowden ), da STK11 ( Peutz-Jeghers ciwo ), CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, da PALB2 . A shekara ta 2012, masu bincike sun ce akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji na nono guda hudu daban-daban kuma a kowane nau'i, canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da ciwon daji da yawa.
Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yawan ƙwayar nono da matakan hormonal. Mata masu yawan nono suna iya kamuwa da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace kuma ba za a iya gano su da cutar kansar nono ba - saboda yawan nama yana sa ciwace-ciwace ba a iya gani a mammograms. Bugu da ƙari kuma, matan da ke da yawan isrogen da matakan progesterone suma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don ci gaban ƙwayar cuta.
Yanayin lafiya
Canje-canjen nono kamar hyperplasia atypical ductal hyperplasia da carcinoma lobular , aka samu a cikin yanayin nono mara kyau kamar canjin nono fibrocystic, suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon nono.
Ciwon sukari mellitus kuma na iya ƙara haɗarin kansar nono. Cututtukan autoimmune irin su lupus erythematosus da alama suna ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.
Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon nono na lokaci-lokaci suna da alaƙa da matakan hormone. Ciwon daji na nono yana inganta ta hanyar estrogen. Wannan hormone yana kunna ci gaban nono a duk lokacin balaga, hawan haila da ciki. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin estrogen da progesterone a lokacin haila yana haifar da yaduwar kwayar halitta. Haka kuma, oxidative metabolites na estrogen na iya ƙara lalacewar DNA da maye gurbi. Maimaita hawan keke da nakasa tsarin gyara na iya canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa pre-malignant kuma daga ƙarshe m tantanin halitta ta maye gurbi. A lokacin mataki na gaba, za a iya kunna haɓakar ƙwayoyin stromal ta hanyar estrogen don tallafawa ci gaban ciwon nono. A lokacin kunnawa mai ɗaure ligand, ER na iya daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da abubuwan amsawar isrogen a cikin masu haɓaka takamaiman kwayoyin halitta. Magana da kunnawa na ER saboda rashin isrogen za a iya motsa shi ta hanyar siginar salula. Abin sha'awa, ER yana ɗaure kai tsaye tare da sunadaran sunadaran, gami da masu karɓar abubuwan haɓaka, na iya haɓaka maganganun ƙwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar tantanin halitta da rayuwa.
Haɓaka matakan prolactin a cikin jini yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono.
Pathophysiology
Ciwon daji na nono, kamar sauran cututtuka, yana faruwa ne saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin muhalli (na waje) da kuma mai saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin al'ada suna rarraba sau da yawa gwargwadon buƙata kuma suna tsayawa. Suna haɗawa da wasu sel kuma suna zama a cikin kyallen takarda. Kwayoyin suna zama masu cutar kansa lokacin da suka rasa ikon daina rarrabawa, mannewa ga wasu kwayoyin halitta, su zauna a inda suke, kuma su mutu a lokacin da ya dace.
Kwayoyin al'ada za su lalace da kansu ( shirin mutuwa cell ) lokacin da ba a buƙatar su. Har sai lokacin, sel suna samun kariya daga shirin mutuwa ta gungu na furotin da hanyoyi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kariya shine hanyar PI3K / AKT ; wata ita ce hanyar RAS / MEK / ERK . Wani lokaci kwayoyin halittar da ke kan wadannan hanyoyin kariya suna canzawa ta hanyar da za su juya su har abada "a kunne", yana mai da tantanin halitta ba zai iya lalata kansa ba lokacin da ba a buƙata. Wannan yana daya daga cikin matakan da ke haifar da ciwon daji a hade tare da sauran maye gurbi. A al'ada, furotin PTEN yana kashe hanyar PI3K/AKT lokacin da tantanin halitta ya shirya don shirin mutuwar tantanin halitta. A wasu cututtukan nono, kwayar halittar furotin na PTEN ta canza, don haka hanyar PI3K/AKT ta makale a matsayin "kan", kuma kwayar cutar kansa ba ta lalata kanta.
Maye gurbi da zai iya haifar da ciwon nono an gwada gwadawa da bayyanar isrogen. Bugu da ƙari, G-protein haɗe-haɗe da masu karɓar isrogen an haɗa su da cututtuka daban-daban na tsarin haihuwa na mata ciki har da ciwon nono.
Alamar haɓakar haɓaka mara kyau a cikin hulɗar tsakanin ƙwayoyin stromal da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iya sauƙaƙe haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. A cikin ƙwayar adipose na nono, yawan wuce gona da iri na leptin yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da ciwon daji.
A cikin Amurka, kashi 10 zuwa 20 na matan da ke fama da ciwon nono ko ciwon daji na ovarian suna da dangi na farko ko na biyu tare da ɗayan waɗannan cututtuka. Maza masu ciwon nono suna da yuwuwar hakan. Halin iyali na haɓaka waɗannan ciwon daji ana kiransa ciwon nono-ovarian cancer syndrome . Mafi sanannun waɗannan, maye gurbi na <i id="mwAdQ">BRCA</i>, suna ba da haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon nono tsakanin 60 da 85 bisa dari da kuma haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian tsakanin 15 da 40 bisa dari. Wasu maye gurbi da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji, kamar p53, BRCA1 da BRCA2, suna faruwa a cikin hanyoyin gyara kurakurai a cikin DNA . Wadannan maye gurbi ana gadonsu ko kuma ana samun su bayan haihuwa. Mai yiwuwa, suna ƙyale ƙarin maye gurbi, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabuwar kawuna, rashin haɗin kai, da metastasis ga gabobin nesa. Koyaya, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan shaida na saura haɗarin haɗarin da ke wuce gona da iri na BRCA na gado tsakanin iyalai masu ɗaukar kaya. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan haɗari da ba a lura da su ba. Wannan yana haifar da muhalli da sauran dalilai a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansar nono. Maye gurbin da aka gada a cikin BRCA1 ko BRCA2 na iya tsoma baki tare da gyara hanyoyin haɗin giciye na DNA da raguwar igiyoyi biyu na DNA (sananan ayyukan furotin da aka ɓoye). Wadannan carcinogens suna haifar da lalacewar DNA kamar mahaɗan giciye na DNA da kuma raguwar igiyoyi biyu waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar gyara ta hanyoyi masu ɗauke da BRCA1 da BRCA2. Duk da haka, maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA yana lissafin kashi 2 zuwa 3 ne kawai na duk cutar kansar nono. Levin et al. ka ce ciwon daji na iya zama ba makawa ga duk masu ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2. Kimanin rabin cututtukan daji na nono-ovarian na gado sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar da ba a san su ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓoye, na iya rage bayyanar kwayar cutar ta BRCA1 kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen nono.
GATA-3 kai tsaye yana sarrafa maganganun mai karɓar isrogen (ER) da sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da bambancin epithelial, kuma asarar GATA-3 yana haifar da asarar bambance-bambance da rashin hasashe mara kyau saboda cutar ciwon daji da kuma metastasis.
Bincike
Yawancin nau'in ciwon daji na nono suna da sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar nazarin microscopic na samfurin - ko biopsy - na yankin da abin ya shafa na nono. Hakanan, akwai nau'ikan cutar kansar nono waɗanda ke buƙatar gwajin gwaji na musamman.
Hanyoyi guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su na nunawa, gwajin jiki na ƙirjin da ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya da mammography, na iya ba da kusan yiwuwar cewa kullu ya zama ciwon daji, kuma yana iya gano wasu raunuka, irin su cysts mai sauƙi. Lokacin da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba su da ma'ana, ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya zai iya cire samfurin ruwan da ke cikin dunƙule don nazarin microscopic (wani hanya da aka sani da kyakkyawan buri, ko kyakkyawan buri da cytology, FNAC) don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali. Ana iya yin buri na allura a ofishin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ko asibitin. Ana iya amfani da maganin sa barci na gida don murƙushe ƙwayar nono don hana zafi yayin aikin, amma maiyuwa bazai zama dole ba idan kullin baya ƙarƙashin fata. Gano ruwa mai tsafta yana sa kullun ba zai zama mai cutar kansa ba, amma ana iya aika ruwan jini don dubawa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa don sel masu ciwon daji. Tare, ana iya amfani da gwajin jiki na ƙirjin, mammography, da FNAC don tantance cutar kansar nono tare da ingantaccen matakin daidaito.
Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan don biopsy sun haɗa da core biopsy ko vacuum-assisted nono biopsy, waxannan hanyoyin da ake cire wani sashe na kutun nono; ko biopsy excisional, wanda a cikinsa aka cire gaba ɗaya dunƙule. Sau da yawa sakamakon gwajin jiki ta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, mammography, da ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da za'a iya yi a cikin yanayi na musamman (kamar hoto ta duban dan tayi ko MRI ) sun isa don ba da garantin biopsy na cirewa azaman madaidaicin ganewar asali da hanyar magani na farko. [ Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata ]
Rabewa
An rarraba kansar nono ta tsarin ƙima da yawa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana rinjayar hasashen kuma zai iya rinjayar amsawar jiyya. Bayanin ciwon nono yana da kyau ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan.
Histopathology to . Nono ne yawanci classified farko da ta histological bayyanar. Yawancin ciwon daji na nono an samo su ne daga epithelium wanda ke rufe ducts ko lobules, kuma waɗannan ciwon daji an rarraba su azaman carcinoma ductal ko lobular. Carcinoma a wurin shine haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon daji ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki na musamman kamar tashar mammary ba tare da mamaye nama da ke kewaye ba. Sabanin haka, carcinoma mai ɓarna ba ya keɓe kansa zuwa sashin nama na farko.
Daraja . Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tana kwatanta bayyanar ƙwayoyin kansar nono da bayyanar nama na nono na yau da kullun. Kwayoyin al'ada a cikin gaba kamar nono suna bambanta, ma'ana suna ɗaukar takamaiman siffofi da siffofi waɗanda ke nuna aikinsu a matsayin ɓangaren wannan sashin. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun rasa wannan bambancin. A cikin ciwon daji, ƙwayoyin da za su yi layi a cikin tsari don samar da hanyoyin madara sun zama marasa tsari. Rarrabuwar salula ya zama mara sarrafawa. Kwayoyin tsakiya sun zama ƙasa da uniform. Masana ilimin cututtuka sun bayyana sel suma sun bambanta (ƙananan daraja), matsakaicin bambance-bambance (matsakaici), da rashin bambance-bambance (matsayi mai girma) yayin da ƙwayoyin ke ci gaba da rasa sifofin da ake gani a cikin ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Rashin bambance-bambancen daji mara kyau (waɗanda naman jikinsu ya fi ƙanƙanta kamar naman nono na yau da kullun) suna da mummunan hasashen.
Mataki . Ciwon daji na nono ta amfani da tsarin TNM yana dogara ne akan girman t umor ( T ), ko ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa lymph n odes ( N ) a cikin ƙwanƙwasa, da kuma ko ciwon daji yana da m etastasized ( M ) ( watau yaduwa zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na jiki). Girman girma, yaduwar nodal, da metastasis suna da lambar mataki mafi girma da mafi muni. Manyan matakai sune:
Mataki na 0 shine pre-cancer ko alama yanayin, ko dai ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) ko lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
Matakai na 1-3 suna cikin nono ko yanki na lymph nodes.
Mataki na 4 shine ciwon daji na 'metastatic' wanda ke da ƙarancin tsinkaya tun lokacin da ya yadu fiye da nono da ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki.
Inda akwai, ana iya amfani da nazarin hoto azaman ɓangare na tsarin tsarawa a cikin zaɓin lokuta don neman alamun ciwon daji na ƙazanta. Duk da haka, a cikin lokuta na ciwon nono tare da ƙananan haɗari don metastasis, haɗarin da ke hade da PET scans, CT scans, ko duban kashi fiye da amfanin da za a iya samu, kamar yadda waɗannan hanyoyin suna fallasa mutum zuwa adadi mai mahimmanci na radiation ionizing mai haɗari.
Matsayin mai karɓa . Kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna da masu karɓa a saman su kuma a cikin cytoplasm da tsakiya . Manzannin sinadarai irin su hormones suna ɗaure ga masu karɓa, kuma wannan yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tantanin halitta. Kwayoyin ciwon nono na iya ko ba su da masu karɓa guda uku masu mahimmanci: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), da HER2 . Kwayoyin ciwon daji na ER+ (wato, ƙwayoyin ciwon daji waɗanda ke da masu karɓar isrogen) suna dogara ne akan estrogen don girma, don haka za'a iya magance su da kwayoyi don toshe tasirin estrogen (misali tamoxifen ), kuma gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Ba a yi magani ba, HER2+ ciwon nono gabaɗaya sun fi HER2- ciwon nono, amma HER2+ ƙwayoyin kansa suna amsa magunguna irin su monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (a hade tare da chemotherapy na al'ada), kuma wannan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Kwayoyin da ba su da kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan masu karɓa guda uku (masu karɓar isrogen, masu karɓar progesterone, ko HER2) ana kiran su sau uku-negative, ko da yake suna yawan bayyana masu karɓa ga sauran kwayoyin halitta, irin su mai karɓar androgen da prolactin receptor .
Binciken DNA . Gwajin DNA na nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban ciki har da microarrays na DNA sun kwatanta sel na yau da kullun zuwa ƙwayoyin kansar nono. Za a iya amfani da takamaiman canje-canje a cikin wani ciwon daji na nono don rarraba kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen zaɓar magani mafi inganci don irin wannan nau'in DNA.
Gwaji
Yin gwajin cutar kansar nono yana nufin gwada wasu mata masu lafiya game da cutar kansar nono a yunƙurin cimma wani bincike da aka yi a baya a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ganowa da wuri zai inganta sakamako. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da na asibiti da gwajin nono, mammography, gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta, duban dan tayi, da hoton maganadisu.
Gwajin nono na asibiti ko na kai ya ƙunshi jin ƙirjin don kulluwa ko wasu rashin daidaituwa. Ma’aikatan lafiya ne ke yin gwajin nono na asibiti, yayin da mutum da kansa ke yin gwajin nono. Shaidu ba su goyi bayan ingancin kowane nau'in jarrabawar nono ba, domin a lokacin da kullu ya yi girma da za a iya gano shi yana iya yin girma shekaru da yawa don haka nan da nan ya isa a same shi ba tare da jarrabawa ba. Binciken mammography don ciwon nono yana amfani da hasken X-ray don bincika nono ga kowane taro ko kullun da bai dace ba. Yayin nunawa, ƙirjin yana matsawa kuma mai fasaha yana ɗaukar hotuna daga kusurwoyi da yawa. Mammogram na gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar hotuna na gabaɗayan nono, yayin da mammogram na bincike ya mai da hankali kan takamaiman dunƙule ko yanki na damuwa.
Yawancin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar nono. Ga talakawan mace, da Amurka M Services Task Force da American College of Physicians bada shawarar mammography kowace shekara biyu a mata dake da shekaru 50 da 74, da majalisar Turai ya bada shawarar mammography tsakanin 50 da 69 tare da mafi shirye-shirye ta amfani da mitar shekaru 2, yayin da Hukumar Turai ta ba da shawarar mammography daga 45 zuwa 75 kowane 2 zuwa 3 shekaru, kuma a Kanada ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin tsakanin shekarun 50 da 74 a mitar 2 zuwa 3 shekaru. . Waɗannan rahotannin runduna sun yi nuni da cewa baya ga tiyatar da ba dole ba da damuwa, haɗarin da ke tattare da mammogram akai-akai sun haɗa da ƙaramin ƙanƙara amma ƙaƙƙarfan haɓakar kansar nono da radiation ta haifar.
Haɗin gwiwar Cochrane (2013) ya bayyana cewa mafi kyawun shaida mai inganci baya nuna raguwar takamaiman cutar kansa, ko raguwa a cikin duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace daga gwajin mammography. Lokacin da aka ƙara ƙananan gwaji a cikin bincike ana samun raguwar mace-mace saboda ciwon nono na 0.05% (raguwar 1 a cikin 2000 mutuwar daga ciwon nono sama da shekaru 10 ko kuma raguwar dangi na 15% daga ciwon nono). Nunawa sama da shekaru 10 yana haifar da haɓakar 30% a cikin ƙimar fiye da kima da yawan jiyya (3 zuwa 14 a cikin 1000) kuma fiye da rabin za su sami aƙalla gwajin inganci na ƙarya. Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayin cewa ba a bayyana ko duban mammography ya fi kyau ko cutarwa ba. Cochrane ya bayyana cewa, saboda sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan game da maganin cutar kansar nono, da kuma kasadar abubuwan da ke tattare da karya daga binciken cutar kansar nono da ke haifar da jiyya maras amfani, "don haka ba ya da amfani a halarci gwajin cutar kansar nono" a kowane zamani. Ko MRI a matsayin hanyar nunawa yana da lahani mafi girma ko amfani idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun mammography ba a sani ba. duk abunda and cikr lailai kareria nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tearing lafia da Maria dangane da Priyasamundomin samun lfy nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tafiya da Kuma babu watadama face a bude him rigakafi abun godia saboda tsarin lafia da Kuma samun sauqi wajen Nemo dalilin yin rigakafi da Kuma Neman maganin ciwon nonan kansan mata.
Rigakafi
Salon Rayuwa
Mata za su iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar kiyaye nauyi mai kyau, rage shan barasa, ƙara motsa jiki, da shayarwa. Wadannan gyare-gyaren na iya hana kashi 38% na cutar kansar nono a Amurka, 42% a Burtaniya, 28% a Brazil, da 20% a China. Ana ganin fa'idodin tare da matsakaicin motsa jiki kamar tafiya mai gaugawa a kowane rukunin shekaru ciki har da matan da suka shude. Yawan aikin motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono da kusan kashi 14%. Dabarun da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki na yau da kullun da rage kiba kuma na iya samun wasu fa'idodi, kamar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari.
Al'ummar cutar kanzzon kai na Amurka da kuma al'ummar {asirci na Amurka da aka shawarci kasar a shekarar 2016 da ya kamata mutane su ci abinci a cikin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, hatsi guda, da kuma kafafun kafirai. Yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da alaƙa da raguwa 10% cikin haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ya bayyana yana rage haɗarin. Yawan cin abinci na tushen soya na iya rage haɗari.
Tiyatar Riga-kafi
Cire ƙirjin biyu kafin a gano ciwon daji ko duk wani kullutu mai zato ko wani rauni ya bayyana (wani hanya da aka sani da "mastectomy prophylactic bilateral mastectomy" ko "haɗarin rage mastectomy") ana iya la'akari da mata masu BRCA1 da BRCA2 maye gurbi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa. tare da babban haɗari don gano cutar kansar nono. Shaida ba ta da ƙarfi don tallafawa wannan hanya a cikin kowa sai mata a cikin haɗari mafi girma. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin BRCA a cikin waɗanda ke da babban haɗarin iyali bayan shawarwarin kwayoyin halitta. Ba a ba da shawarar akai-akai ba. Wannan saboda akwai nau'ikan canje-canje da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA, kama daga nau'ikan polymorphisms marasa lahani zuwa ga maye gurbi mai haɗari. Tasirin yawancin sauye-sauyen da ake iya ganewa a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba shi da tabbas. Gwaji a cikin matsakaita mai haɗari yana da yuwuwar dawo da ɗayan waɗannan sakamako marasa fa'ida, marasa amfani. Cire nono na biyu a cikin mutumin da ke da ciwon nono (wanda ke rage haɗarin mastectomy ko CRRM) na iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin nono na biyu, duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan cire nono na biyu a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwon nono yana inganta rayuwa.
Magunguna
Zaɓuɓɓukan masu karɓar mai karɓar isrogen suna rage haɗarin ciwon nono amma suna ƙara haɗarin thromboembolism da ciwon daji na endometrial. Babu wani sauyi gaba ɗaya a cikin haɗarin mutuwa. Don haka ba a ba da shawarar su don rigakafin cutar kansar nono a cikin mata a matsakaicin haɗari amma ana ba da shawarar a ba da su ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari kuma sama da shekaru 35. Amfanin rage ciwon nono yana ci gaba da aƙalla shekaru biyar bayan dakatar da wani. hanyar jiyya tare da waɗannan magunguna. Masu hana Aromatase (irin su exemestane da anasatrozole) na iya zama mafi tasiri fiye da masu amfani da masu karɓar isrogen receptor (irin su tamoxifen) don rage haɗarin ciwon nono kuma ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da thromboembolism.
Gudanarwa
Gudanar da ciwon nono ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da matakin ciwon daji da kuma shekarun mutum. Jiyya sun fi zafi lokacin da ciwon daji ya fi girma ko kuma akwai haɗarin sake dawowa daga ciwon daji bayan magani.
Yawanci ana yin maganin kansar nono da tiyata, wanda ƙila a biyo shi ta hanyar chemotherapy ko radiation far, ko duka biyun. Hanyar da'a iri-iri ya fi dacewa. Hormone receptor-positive cancers yawanci ana bi da su tare da maganin toshewar hormone a cikin darussan shekaru da yawa. Monoclonal antibodies, ko wasu jiyya-modulating rigakafi, za a iya gudanar a wasu lokuta na metastatic da sauran ci gaban matakai na ciwon nono. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da nazarin wannan nau'in magani.
Tiyata
Tiyata ta ƙunshi cire ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta jiki, yawanci tare da wasu nama da ke kewaye. Za a iya cire nodes ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin lymph yayin aikin tiyata; Ana ƙara yin samfurin ƙwayar lymph ta hanyar biopsy na node na lymph.
Daidaitaccen aikin tiyata ya haɗa da:
Mastectomy: Cire dukkan nono.
Quadrantectomy: Cire kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙirjin.
Lumpectomy: Cire wani karamin sashi na nono.
Da zarar an cire ƙwayar cutar, idan mutum yana so, ana iya yin tiyatar gyaran nono, nau'in tiyata na filastik, don inganta kyawun wurin da aka yi masa magani. A madadin, mata suna amfani da kayan aikin nono don kwaikwayi nono a ƙarƙashin tufafi, ko zabar ƙirji mai lebur. Ana iya amfani da prosthesis na nono a kowane lokaci bayan mastectomy.
Magani
Magungunan da aka yi amfani da su bayan da ban da tiyata ana kiran su maganin motsa jiki. Chemotherapy ko wasu nau'ikan jiyya kafin a yi tiyata ana kiran su neoadjuvant therapy. Aspirin na iya rage mace-mace daga kansar nono lokacin amfani da wasu jiyya.
A halin yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyin magunguna guda uku da ake amfani da su don maganin ciwon nono na adjuvant: masu hana hormone, chemotherapy, da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal.
Hormonal therapy
Wasu ciwon daji na nono suna buƙatar estrogen don ci gaba da girma. Ana iya gano su ta hanyar kasancewar masu karɓar isrogen (ER +) da masu karɓa na progesterone (PR +) a saman su (wani lokaci ana kiran su tare a matsayin masu karɓa na hormone). Ana iya magance waɗannan cututtukan daji na ER+ da magunguna waɗanda ko dai suna toshe masu karɓa, misali. tamoxifen, ko kuma a madadin toshe samar da estrogen tare da mai hana aromatase, misali. Anastrozole ko letrozole. Ana bada shawarar yin amfani da tamoxifen na tsawon shekaru 10. Tamoxifen yana ƙara haɗarin zubar jini na postmenopausal, polyps na endometrial, hyperplasia, da ciwon daji na endometrial; Yin amfani da tamoxifen tare da Tsarin IntraUterine wanda ke sakin levonorgestrel na iya ƙara zubar jini a cikin farji bayan shekaru 1 zuwa 2, amma yana rage ɗan ƙaramin polyps na endometrial da hyperplasia, amma ba dole ba ne ciwon daji na endometrial. Letrozole yana bada shawarar tsawon shekaru biyar.
Masu hana Aromatase sun dace da mata kawai bayan menopause; duk da haka, a cikin wannan rukuni, sun fi kyau fiye da tamoxifen. Wannan shi ne saboda aromatase mai aiki a cikin matan da suka shude ya bambanta da nau'i mai yawa a cikin mata masu tasowa, sabili da haka waɗannan wakilai ba su da tasiri wajen hana babban aromatase na mata masu tasowa. Kada a ba masu hanawar Aromatase ga matan da suka riga sun haihu tare da ingantaccen aikin ovarian (sai dai idan suna kan magani don dakatar da ovaries daga aiki). Ana iya amfani da masu hana CDK a hade tare da endocrin ko maganin aromatase.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy ana amfani dashi galibi don lokuta na ciwon nono a matakai na 2-4, kuma yana da fa'ida musamman a cikin cutar mai karɓar isrogen-negative (ER-). Ana gudanar da magungunan chemotherapy a cikin haɗuwa, yawanci na tsawon watanni 3-6. Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da aka fi sani da "AC", ya haɗa cyclophosphamide tare da doxorubicin. Wani lokaci ana ƙara magungunan haraji, irin su docetaxel, kuma ana kiran tsarin mulkin da "CAT". Wani magani na yau da kullun shine cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, da fluorouracil (ko "CMF"). Yawancin magungunan chemotherapy suna aiki ta hanyar lalata ƙwayoyin cutar daji masu saurin girma da/ko masu saurin kwafi, ko dai ta haifar da lalacewar DNA akan kwafi ko ta wasu hanyoyin. Koyaya, magungunan kuma suna lalata ƙwayoyin al'ada masu girma cikin sauri, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Lalacewa ga tsokar zuciya shine mafi hatsarin rikitarwa na doxorubicin, alal misali.
Monoclonal antibodies
Trastuzumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal zuwa HER2, ya inganta rayuwar shekaru biyar marasa lafiya na mataki na 1-3 HER2 mai cutar kansa zuwa kusan 87% (ci gaba da rayuwa 95%). Tsakanin kashi 25 zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 na cutar kansar nono suna wuce gona da iri kan HER2 gene ko furotin da ake samarwa, da kuma wuce gona da iri na HER2 a cikin ciwon nono yana da alaƙa da sake dawowar cututtuka da kuma mafi muni. Trastuzumab, duk da haka, yana da tsada sosai, kuma amfani da shi na iya haifar da munanan illolin (kimanin 2% na mutanen da suka karɓa suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar zuciya). Wani antibody pertuzumab yana hana HER2 dimerization kuma ana bada shawarar tare da trastuzumab da chemotherapy a cikin cututtuka mai tsanani.
Radiation
Ana ba da maganin rediyo bayan tiyata zuwa yankin gadon ciwon daji da kuma nodes na lymph nodes, don lalata ƙwayoyin tumor ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda wataƙila sun tsere daga tiyata. Lokacin da aka ba da shi ta hanyar tiyata kamar yadda aka yi niyya na intraoperative radiotherapy, yana iya yin tasiri mai fa'ida akan microenvironment na ƙari. Za'a iya isar da maganin radiation azaman maganin rediyo na katako na waje ko azaman brachytherapy (radiation na ciki). Ana ba da magungunan rediyo na al'ada bayan tiyata don ciwon nono. Hakanan za'a iya ba da radiation a lokacin aiki akan kansar nono. Radiation na iya rage haɗarin sake dawowa da kashi 50-66% (1/2 - 2/3 raguwa na haɗari) lokacin da aka kawo shi a cikin daidaitaccen kashi kuma ana la'akari da mahimmanci lokacin da ciwon nono ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar cire kawai dunƙule (Lumpectomy ko Wide local excision). ). A farkon cutar sankarar nono, wani ɓangare na iska mai iska ba ya ba da ikon sarrafa kansa iri ɗaya a cikin nono kamar yadda ake kula da nono gabaɗaya kuma yana iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
Kulawa mai biyo baya
Kulawa bayan jiyya na ciwon nono na farko, in ba haka ba ana kiransa 'kula da bin diddigi', na iya zama mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin mutanen da ba su da asymptomatic don ƙoƙarin cimma farkon gano yiwuwar metastases. Wani bita ya gano cewa shirye-shiryen biyo baya da suka haɗa da gwaje-gwaje na jiki na yau da kullun da mammography na shekara kawai suna da tasiri kamar ƙarin shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi da suka ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje dangane da gano sake dawowa da wuri, rayuwa gabaɗaya da ingancin rayuwa.
Shirye-shiryen gyaran gyare-gyare na multidisciplinary, sau da yawa ciki har da motsa jiki, ilimi da taimako na tunani, na iya samar da gyare-gyare na gajeren lokaci a cikin ikon aiki, daidaitawar zamantakewa da zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin mutane masu ciwon nono.
Hasashen
Abubuwan haɓakawa
Matsayin ciwon nono shine mafi mahimmancin bangaren hanyoyin rarrabuwa na al'ada na ciwon nono, saboda yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tsinkaye fiye da sauran la'akari. Tsari yana la'akari da girman, sa hannun gida, matsayin kumburin lymph da ko cutar metastatic tana nan. Mafi girma mataki a ganewar asali, mafi talauci da tsinkaya. Matakin yana tasowa ta hanyar cin zarafi na cututtuka zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph, bangon kirji, fata ko bayan, da kuma tashin hankali na kwayoyin cutar kansa. An saukar da matakin ta kasancewar yankunan da ba su da ciwon daji da kuma dabi'ar tantanin halitta na yau da kullun (masu daraja). Girman ba abu bane a cikin tsari sai dai idan ciwon daji ya mamaye. Misali, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) wanda ya shafi nono gabaɗaya zai kasance matakin sifili kuma saboda haka kyakkyawan tsinkaye tare da rayuwa mara lafiya na shekaru 10 kusan 98%.
Stage 1 cancers (da DCIS, LCIS) suna da kyakkyawar ganewa kuma ana bi da su tare da lumpectomy da wani lokacin radiation.
Sashe na 2 da 3 masu ciwon daji tare da ci gaba da rashin talauci da kuma haɗarin sake dawowa gabaɗaya ana bi da su tare da tiyata (lumpectomy ko mastectomy tare da ko ba tare da cire kumburin lymph ba), chemotherapy (da trastuzumab don ciwon daji na HER2+) da kuma wani lokacin radiation (musamman bin manyan cututtuka, da yawa). tabbatacce nodes ko lumpectomy). [akan buƙatun likita]
Mataki na 4, ciwon daji na metastatic, (watau yaduwa zuwa wurare masu nisa) yana da mummunan hangen nesa kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na duk jiyya daga tiyata, radiation, chemotherapy da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Yawan tsira na shekaru goma shine 5% ba tare da magani ba kuma 10% tare da ingantaccen magani.
Ana tantance darajar ciwon nono ta hanyar kwatanta ƙwayoyin kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Mafi kusa da al'ada kwayoyin cutar kansa, da sannu a hankali girma da kuma mafi kyawun tsinkaya. Idan sel ba su bambanta da kyau ba, za su bayyana ba su da girma, za su rarraba cikin sauri, kuma za su yi yaduwa. Wanda aka bambanta da kyau ana ba da maki na 1, matsakaici shine aji 2, yayin da matalauta ko marasa bambanci ana ba su mafi girma na 3 ko 4 (ya danganta da sikelin da aka yi amfani da su). Mafi yawan tsarin ƙima da ake amfani da shi shine tsarin Nottingham.
Matan da ba su wuce shekaru 40 ba ko kuma matan da suka haura shekaru 80 suna fuskantar rashin fahimta fiye da matan da suka biyo bayan menopausal saboda dalilai da yawa. Nononsu na iya canzawa da al'adarsu, suna shayar da jarirai, kuma ba za su san canje-canje a nononsu ba. Don haka, ƙananan mata yawanci suna kan matakin ci gaba idan an gano cutar. Hakanan ana iya samun abubuwan ilimin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da babban haɗarin sake bullar cuta ga ƙananan mata masu ciwon nono.
Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum
Ba duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansar nono ke fuskantar cutarsu ta hanya ɗaya ba. Abubuwa irin su shekaru na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hanyar da mutum yake jurewa da gano cutar kansar nono. Matan da suka riga sun kamu da cutar kansar nono mai isrogen-receptor tabbatacce dole ne su fuskanci al'amurran da suka shafi farkon menopause da yawancin tsarin ilimin chemotherapy da ake amfani da su don magance ciwon nono, musamman waɗanda ke amfani da hormones don magance aikin ovarian.
A cikin mata masu ciwon nono ba na metastatic ba, abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum irin su farfagandar halayya na iya samun tasiri mai kyau akan sakamako kamar damuwa, damuwa da damuwa yanayi. Ayyukan motsa jiki na iya samun tasiri masu fa'ida akan ingancin rayuwa mai alaƙa da lafiya, damuwa, dacewa da kuma motsa jiki a cikin mata masu fama da ciwon nono biyo bayan maganin adjuvant.
Epidemiology
A duk duniya, cutar kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa mafi yawan kamuwa da ita a cikin mata. Tare da kansar huhu, kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa da aka fi sani da ita, tare da mutane miliyan 2.09 kowanne a cikin 2018. Ciwon daji yana shafar 1 cikin 7 (14%) na mata a duniya. (Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji shine ciwon fata wanda ba melanoma ba; ciwon daji marasa cutarwa gaba ɗaya ana warkewa cikin sauƙi, yana haifar da mutuwar mutane kaɗan, kuma ana cire su akai-akai daga kididdigar ciwon daji.) Ciwon daji na nono ya ƙunshi kashi 22.9% na ciwon daji na mata. da kuma kashi 16% na dukkan ciwon daji na mata. A cikin 2012, ya ƙunshi kashi 25.2% na cututtukan daji da aka gano a cikin mata, wanda ya sa ya zama cutar kansa mafi yawan mata.
A cikin 2008, ciwon nono ya haifar da mutuwar 458,503 a duk duniya (13.7% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata da kashi 6.0% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare). Ciwon daji na huhu, na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata, ya haifar da 12.8% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata (kashi 18.2% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare).
Yawan cutar kansar nono ya bambanta sosai a duniya: ya fi ƙanƙanta a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin yankuna goma sha biyu na duniya, adadin shekarun da suka dace na shekara-shekara a cikin mata 100,000 sune kamar haka: 18 a Gabashin Asiya, 22 a Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya da Afirka kudu da Sahara, 26 a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 26, 28 a Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya, 42 a Kudancin Amurka, 42, 49 a Gabashin Turai, 56 a Kudancin Turai, 73 a Arewacin Turai, 74 a Oceania, 78 a Yammacin Turai, 90 a Arewacin Amurka. Metastatic ciwon daji na nono yana shafar tsakanin kashi 19% (Amurka) da 50% (sassan Afirka) na mata masu ciwon nono.
Adadin shari'o'in a duk duniya ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1970, al'amarin da aka danganta shi da salon rayuwa na zamani. Ciwon daji na nono yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da shekaru tare da kawai kashi 5% na duk cutar kansar nono da ke faruwa a cikin mata masu ƙasa da shekaru 40. Akwai fiye da 41,000 sabbin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono da aka yiwa rajista a Ingila a cikin 2011, kusan kashi 80% na waɗannan cututtukan suna cikin mata masu shekaru 50 ko sama da haka. Dangane da kididdigar Amurka a cikin 2015 akwai mata miliyan 2.8 da suka kamu da cutar kansar nono. A {asar Amirka, shekarun da suka dace da cutar sankarar nono a cikin mata 100,000 sun tashi daga kusan lokuta 102 a kowace shekara a cikin 1970s zuwa kusa da 141 a ƙarshen 1990s, kuma tun daga lokacin ya fadi, yana da tsayi a kusa da 125 tun 2003. Duk da haka, shekaru Adadin mace-mace daga cutar kansar nono a cikin mata 100,000 kawai ya karu daga 31.4 a 1975 zuwa 33.2 a 1989 kuma tun daga nan ya ragu a hankali zuwa 20.5 a 2014.
Tarihi
Saboda ganinsa, ciwon nono shine nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi kwatanta shi a cikin tsoffin takardu. Domin yin gwajin gawarwaki ba kasafai ba ne, ciwon daji na gabobin ciki ba sa iya ganin likita na da. Ciwon daji na nono, duk da haka, ana iya jin shi ta fata, kuma a cikin yanayin da ya ci gaba sau da yawa yakan zama cututtukan fungating: ciwon daji zai zama necrotic (ya mutu daga ciki, yana haifar da ciwon daji ya bayyana ya rabu) kuma ya shiga cikin fata, yana kuka. fetid, ruwa mai duhu.
Tsohuwar shaidar da aka gano na cutar kansar nono ta fito ne daga Masar kuma ta samo asali ne tun shekaru 4200, zuwa daular shida. Binciken da aka yi na gawar mace daga necropolis na Qubbet el-Hawa ya nuna irin lalacewar da aka saba yi saboda yaduwar ƙwayar cuta. Littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus ya bayyana lokuta takwas na ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace ko gyambon nono da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar cauterization. Rubutun ya ce game da cutar, "Babu magani." Shekaru aru-aru, likitoci sun bayyana irin wannan lamari a cikin ayyukansu, tare da wannan ƙarshe. Magani na da, tun daga zamanin Helenawa har zuwa karni na 17, ya dogara ne akan sha'awar jima'i, don haka sunyi imani cewa ciwon nono yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ainihin ruwan da ke sarrafa jiki, musamman ma wuce haddi na bile. A madadin haka ana ganinsa a matsayin azaba.
An yi Mastectomy don ciwon nono aƙalla a farkon AD 548, lokacin da likitan kotu Aetios na Amida ya ba da shawara ga Theodora. Sai da likitoci suka sami ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jini a cikin ƙarni na 17 da za su iya danganta yaduwar cutar kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin hammata. A farkon karni na 18, Likitan Faransa Jean Louis Petit ya yi jimlar mastectomies waɗanda suka haɗa da cire ƙwayoyin lymph na axillary, yayin da ya gane cewa wannan ya rage sake dawowa. Aikin Petit da aka gina akan hanyoyin likitan fiɗa Bernard Peyrilhe, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya kuma cire tsokar pectoral da ke ƙarƙashin ƙirjin, yayin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Amma rashin sakamako mai kyau da kuma babban haɗari ga majiyyaci yana nufin cewa likitoci ba su raba ra'ayin likitocin tiyata irin su Nicolaes Tulp, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya yi shelar "maganin kawai shine aikin da ya dace". Fitaccen likitan fida Richard Wiseman ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 17 cewa bayan mastectomies 12, marasa lafiya biyu sun mutu a yayin aikin, marasa lafiya takwas sun mutu jim kadan bayan tiyata daga ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma biyu kawai daga cikin 12 marasa lafiya sun warke. Likitoci sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin maganin da suka rubuta a farkon matakan ciwon nono. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani tare da cakuda kayan wankewa, barin jini da magungunan gargajiya waɗanda ya kamata su rage yawan acidity, irin su alkaline arsenic.
Lokacin a cikin 1664 An gano Anne ta Ostiriya tana da ciwon nono, jiyya ta farko ta haɗa da matsewa cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen hemlock. Lokacin da kullu ya karu sai likitan sarki ya fara magani da man shafawa na arsenic. Mai haƙuri na sarauta ya mutu 1666 a cikin mummunan zafi. Kowace kasawar maganin cutar sankarar nono ya haifar da neman sababbin magunguna, ta haifar da kasuwa a cikin magungunan da aka yi tallar da su ta hanyar quacks, herbalists, chemists da apothecaries. Rashin maganin sa barci da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta sun sa mastectomy ya zama jaraba mai raɗaɗi da haɗari. A cikin karni na 18, nau'ikan bincike-bincike iri-iri sun kasance tare da sabbin ka'idoji game da sanadi da haɓakar cutar sankarar nono. Likitan binciken John Hunter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan jijiya ya haifar da kansar nono. Sauran likitocin tiyata sun ba da shawarar cewa madara a cikin mammary ducts ya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. An ci gaba da ra'ayoyin game da rauni ga ƙirjin a matsayin sanadin muggan canje-canje a cikin ƙwayar nono. Gano kutun nono da kumbura ya haifar da cece-kuce game da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma ko kullun matakan ciwon daji ne. Ra'ayin likita game da magani na gaggawa da ake bukata ya bambanta. Likitan fiɗa Benjamin Bell ya ba da shawarar cire nono gabaɗaya, koda kuwa wani yanki ne kawai ya shafa.
Ciwon daji na nono ya kasance ba a saba gani ba har zuwa karni na 19, lokacin da ingantuwar tsafta da kula da cututtuka masu saurin kisa ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a tsawon rayuwa. A baya, yawancin mata sun mutu suna ƙanana don kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. A cikin 1878, wata kasida a cikin Scientific American ta bayyana maganin tarihi ta hanyar matsin lamba da aka yi niyya don haifar da ischemia na gida a lokuta lokacin da cirewar tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. William Stewart Halsted ya fara aiwatar da mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin 1882, ya taimaka sosai ta hanyar ci gaban fasahar fiɗa ta gabaɗaya, kamar fasahar aseptic da maganin sa barci. Mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted sau da yawa ya ƙunshi cire ƙirjin biyu, ƙwayoyin lymph masu alaƙa, da kuma tsokoki na ƙirji. Wannan yakan haifar da jin zafi da nakasa na dogon lokaci, amma ana ganin ya zama dole don hana ciwon daji sake dawowa. Kafin zuwan mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted, adadin tsira na shekaru 20 ya kasance 10% kawai; Tiyatar Halsted ta haɓaka adadin zuwa kashi 50%.
An haɓaka tsarin sarrafa kansar nono a cikin 1920s da 1930s don tantance gwargwadon yadda ciwon daji ya haɓaka ta girma da yaduwa. Binciken farko da aka sarrafa akan cutar sankarar nono Janet Lane-Claypon ya yi, wacce ta buga wani binciken kwatankwacin a 1926 na cututtukan nono 500 da kuma sarrafa 500 na asali iri ɗaya da salon rayuwa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance daidaitattun kulawa a cikin Amurka har zuwa shekarun 1970, amma a cikin Turai, hanyoyin hana nono, galibi ana bi da su ta hanyar radiation far, gabaɗaya a cikin 1950s. A cikin 1955 George Crile Jr. ya buga Cancer and Common Sense yana jayayya cewa masu ciwon daji suna buƙatar fahimtar zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Crile ta zama abokiyar abokiyar muhalli Rachel Carson, wacce ta yi mastectomy na Halsted a 1960 don magance cutar kansar nono. Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji na Amurka Jerome Urban ya haɓaka mastectomy na sama, yana ɗaukar ƙarin nama, har zuwa 1963, lokacin da adadin tsira na shekaru goma ya yi daidai da ƙarancin mastectomy na raɗaɗi. Carson ya mutu a shekara ta 1964 kuma Crile ya ci gaba da buga labarai iri-iri, duka a cikin shahararrun jaridu da kuma a cikin mujallolin likita, yana ƙalubalantar yadda ake amfani da shi na mastectomy na Halsted. A cikin 1973 Crile ya buga Abin da Mata Ya Kamata Su Sani Game da Rigimar Ciwon Kan Nono. Lokacin da a cikin 1974 Betty Ford aka gano da ciwon nono, zažužžukan don magance ciwon nono an tattauna a fili a cikin manema labarai. A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon fahimtar metastasis ya haifar da fahimtar ciwon daji a matsayin rashin lafiya na tsari da kuma wanda aka keɓe, kuma an ɓullo da ƙarin hanyoyin kiyayewa waɗanda suka tabbatar da tasiri daidai.
A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, dubunnan matan da suka yi nasarar kammala jiyya na yau da kullun, sannan suka nemi da dashen kasusuwa masu yawa, suna tunanin hakan zai haifar da mafi kyawun rayuwa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da rashin tasiri, kuma 15-20% na mata sun mutu saboda rashin tausayi. Rahotonni na 1995 daga Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikatan Jiyya da kuma ƙarshen 2002 na gwajin Ƙaddamarwar Lafiyar Mata ya tabbatar da cewa maganin maye gurbin hormone yana ƙaruwa da kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.
Al'umma da al'adu
Kafin karni na 20, ana jin tsoron cutar kansar nono kuma ana tattaunawa da su cikin sautin murya, kamar abin kunya ne. Kamar yadda za a iya yin kadan cikin aminci tare da dabarun tiyata na farko, mata sun kasance suna shan wahala a shiru maimakon neman kulawa. Lokacin da aikin tiyata ya ci gaba, kuma adadin rayuwa na dogon lokaci ya inganta, mata sun fara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da yiwuwar samun nasarar maganin. Jam'iyyar Fisher na '' ', al'ummar Amurka suna shirin karfin cutar kansa (daga baya Amurkawa na kasar Sin) a cikin 1930s da 1940s ya kasance daya daga cikin kamfen da aka shirya na farko. A shekara ta 1952, ƙungiyar tallafi ta farko-da-tsara, mai suna "Isa zuwa farfadowa", ta fara ba da bayan-mastectomy, ziyara a asibiti daga matan da suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono.
Motsin kansar nono na shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya samo asali ne daga manyan ƙungiyoyin mata da harkar lafiyar mata na ƙarni na 20. Wannan jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da na ilimi, wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar AIDS na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya haifar da karɓuwar ra'ayi na biyu kafin tiyata, ƙarancin hanyoyin tiyata, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da sauran ci gaban kulawa.
Pink ribbon
Rubutun ruwan hoda shine fitacciyar alamar wayar da kan cutar sankarar nono. Ribbons masu ruwan hoda, waɗanda za a iya yin su da tsada, wasu lokuta ana siyar da su azaman masu tara kuɗi, kamar poppies a Ranar Tunawa. Ana iya sanya su don girmama waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar kansar nono, ko don gano samfuran da masana'anta ke son sayar wa masu amfani da ke sha'awar ciwon nono. A cikin 1990s kamfanoni na Amurka sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin wayar da kan cutar kansar nono. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan kamfen ɗin tallace-tallace masu alaƙa da kamfanoni sun ba da gudummawa ga nau'ikan ayyukan kansar nono don kowane samfurin ribbon ruwan hoda da aka siya. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta lura cewa "ƙarfin motsin zuciyar da ciwon nono ke haifarwa yana fassara zuwa layin kamfani". Yayin da yawancin kamfanoni na Amurka suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cutar kansar nono wasu kamar su Avon sun kafa nasu tushen kansar nono a bayan samfuran ribbon ruwan hoda.
Masu adawa da wannan al'ada sun soki sawa ko nuna kintinkiri mai ruwan hoda a matsayin wani nau'i na slacktivism, saboda ba shi da wani tasiri mai kyau a aikace. An kuma yi suka da cewa munafunci ne, domin wasu suna sanya ratsin ruwan hoda don nuna kyakkyawar niyya ga mata masu fama da cutar kansar nono, amma sai suka yi adawa da wadannan manufofin mata na aiki, kamar hakkin marasa lafiya da kuma dokar hana gurbata muhalli. Masu suka dai sun ce yanayin jin dadin ribbon ruwan hoda da shan ruwan hoda yana dauke hankalin al’umma daga rashin samun ci gaba wajen yin rigakafi da magance cutar sankarar mama. Ana kuma soki lamirin karfafa ra'ayin jinsi da kuma bata mata da nononsu. A cikin 2002 Action Cancer Action ƙaddamar da "Think Kafin Ka Pink" yaƙin neman zaɓe ga harkokin kasuwanci da suka haɗa kai da ruwan hoda kamfen don inganta kayayyakin da ke haifar da ciwon nono, kamar giya.
Al'adar ciwon nono
A cikin littafinta na 2006 Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King ta yi iƙirarin cewa an canza kansar nono daga mummunar cuta da bala'i na mutum zuwa masana'antar tsira da kasuwancin kasuwanci. A cikin 2010 Gayle Sulik ya bayar da hujjar cewa dalilai na farko ko manufofin al'adar cutar kansar nono su ne don kula da kansar nono a matsayin babban abin da ya shafi lafiyar mata, don haɓaka kamannin cewa al'umma na yin wani abu mai tasiri game da cutar kansar nono, da ci gaba da faɗaɗa. ikon zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuɗi na masu fafutukar cutar kansar nono A cikin wannan shekarar Barbara Ehrenreich ta buga wani ra'ayi a cikin Mujallar Harper, tana kuka cewa a al'adar cutar kansar nono, ana kallon maganin kansar nono a matsayin al'ada maimakon cuta. Don dacewa da wannan nau'in, macen da ke fama da ciwon nono na buƙatar daidaitawa da kuma daidaita kamanninta, da kuma rage rushewar da al'amuran lafiyarta ke haifar da wani. Dole ne a rufe fushi, bakin ciki, da rashin fahimta. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'ikan al'adu, mutanen da suka dace da samfurin suna ba da matsayi na zamantakewa, a cikin wannan yanayin a matsayin masu tsira da ciwon daji. Matan da suka ƙi samfurin an guje su, azabtarwa da kunya. An soki al'adar game da daukar mata manya kamar kananan 'yan mata, kamar yadda abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na "jarirai" suka nuna irin su ruwan hoda na teddy bears da aka ba wa mata masu girma.
Jaddawa
A shekara ta 2009 wata 'yar jarida a kimiyyar Amurka Christie Aschwanden ta soki cewa fifikon da aka fi mayar da hankali kan tantance cutar sankarar nono na iya cutar da mata ta hanyar sanya su radiation, biopsies, da tiyata marasa amfani. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na cutar kansar nono da aka gano na iya komawa da kansu. Duban mammography da kyau yana gano marasa lafiya da rai, cututtukan daji na nono da asymptomatic, ko da yake ana yin watsi da manyan cututtukan daji. A cewar mai binciken cutar kansa, H. Gilbert Welch, mai binciken mammography ya ɗauki “hanyar mutuwa ta ƙwaƙwalwa wacce ta ce mafi kyawun gwajin ita ce wanda ke gano mafi yawan cutar kansa” maimakon wanda ke gano kansar masu haɗari.
A shekara ta 2002 an lura da cewa, sakamakon bayyanar cutar kansar nono, ana iya yin kuskuren fassara sakamakon ƙididdiga, kamar iƙirarin cewa mace ɗaya cikin takwas za ta kamu da cutar kansar nono a lokacin rayuwarsu - iƙirarin da ya dogara da zato maras tabbas cewa. babu wata mace da za ta mutu da kowace irin cuta kafin ta kai shekara 95. A shekarar 2010 yawan cutar kansar nono a Turai ya kai kashi 91% a shekara daya da kashi 65% a shekaru biyar. A cikin Amurka, adadin shekarun rayuwa na shekaru biyar don cutar kansar nono ya kasance 96.8%, yayin da a lokuta na metastases ya kasance kawai 20.6%. Domin hasashen cutar kansar nono a wannan mataki yana da kyau sosai, idan aka kwatanta da hasashen sauran cututtukan, cutar sankarar nono a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mata shine kashi 13.9% na yawan mace-macen cutar kansa. Abu na biyu da ya fi zama sanadin mutuwar mata daga cutar kansa shi ne kansar huhu, cutar daji da ta fi kamari a duniya ga maza da mata. Ingantacciyar adadin tsira ya sa kansar nono ya zama cutar kansa mafi yaɗuwa a duniya. A cikin 2010 kimanin mata miliyan 3.6 a duk duniya sun kamu da cutar kansar nono a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yayin da maza ko mata miliyan 1.4 kawai suka tsira daga cutar kansar huhu suna raye.
Bambance-bambancen kabilanci
Akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci a cikin adadin mace-macen cutar kansar nono da kuma na maganin cutar kansar nono. Kansar nono ita ce cutar sankara mafi yaduwa da ke shafar mata na kowace kabila a Amurka. Yawan cutar kansar nono a tsakanin mata bakar fata masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama ya zarce na farare mata masu shekaru daya. Fararen mata masu shekaru 60-84 suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da matan Baƙar fata. Duk da haka, mata baƙar fata a kowane zamani sun fi kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.
Maganin ciwon daji na nono ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu baƙar fata ba sa samun magani idan aka kwatanta da farar fata. Abubuwan haɗari kamar yanayin zamantakewa, ƙarshen zamani, ko ciwon nono a ganewar asali, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ciwon daji, bambance-bambancen samun damar kula da lafiya duk suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambance. Abubuwan da ke tabbatar da tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa da ke shafar rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da talauci, al'adu, da kuma rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A cikin matan Hispanic, kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ya yi ƙasa da na matan da ba na Hispanic ba amma galibi ana bincikar su a wani mataki na gaba fiye da farar fata masu ciwon sukari.
Mata bakar fata yawanci ana samun cutar kansar nono tun suna kanana fiye da farare. Tsakanin shekarun ganewar asali ga mata baƙar fata shine 59, idan aka kwatanta da 62 a cikin fararen mata. Yawan cutar kansar nono a cikin mata baƙar fata ya karu da 0.4% a kowace shekara tun daga 1975 da 1.5% a kowace shekara a tsakanin matan Asiya/Pacific na Asiya tun daga 1992. Yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance masu karko ga waɗanda ba na Hispanic White, Hispanics, da mata na asali ba. Adadin tsira na shekaru biyar an lura ya zama 81% a cikin mata baƙar fata da 92% a cikin mata farare. Matan Sinawa da Jafanawa ne ke da mafi girman adadin rayuwa.
Talauci shine babban abin da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen da ke da alaka da ciwon nono. Mata masu karamin karfi ba su da yuwuwar a yi gwajin cutar kansar nono don haka ana iya samun cutar da wuri. Tabbatar da cewa mata na kowane kabila sun sami daidaiton kulawar lafiya [bayani da ake buƙata] na iya shafar waɗannan bambance-bambance.
Ciki
Ciki tun yana ƙarami yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono daga baya a rayuwa. Haɗarin cutar kansar nono kuma yana raguwa tare da adadin yaran da mace ke da su. Ciwon daji na nono ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 5 ko 10 bayan daukar ciki amma sai ya zama kasa gama gari fiye da yawan jama'a. An san waɗannan cututtukan daji da kansar nono bayan haihuwa kuma suna da sakamako mafi muni gami da ƙara haɗarin yaduwar cututtuka da mace-mace. Sauran ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin ko kuma jim kadan bayan daukar ciki suna bayyana a kusan daidai da sauran cututtukan daji na mata masu shekaru makamancin haka.
Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba ɗauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke hade da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da matsakaici a yawancin mata masu juna biyu ko kwanan nan. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, ultrasounds, da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana ɗaukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu, kamar PET scans ba su.
Magani gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation yawanci lokacin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a ƙarshen ciki. Bayarwa da wuri don saurin fara jiyya ba sabon abu bane. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar tiyatar lafiya yayin da take ɗauke da juna biyu, amma wasu magunguna, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da ake ba su a farkon watanni uku na farko, suna ƙara haɗarin lahani na haihuwa da asarar ciki (zubar da ciki da haihuwa da haihuwa). Ba a buƙatar zubar da ciki da aka zaɓa kuma baya inganta yuwuwar mahaifiyar ta tsira ko kuma ta warke.
Maganin radiyo na iya kawo cikas ga iyawar uwa wajen shayar da jaririnta saboda yana rage karfin nonon don samar da madara kuma yana kara haɗarin mastitis. Har ila yau, lokacin da ake ba da maganin chemotherapy bayan haihuwa, yawancin magungunan suna wucewa ta cikin nono zuwa jariri, wanda zai iya cutar da jariri.
Game da ciki nan gaba tsakanin masu tsira da ciwon nono, galibi ana jin tsoron sake bullowar cutar kansa. A gefe guda, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna la'akari da ciki da haihuwa don wakiltar al'ada, farin ciki da cikar rayuwa.
Hormones
Kulawar haihuwa
A cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono, hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormonal ba kamar na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD) yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman zaɓin layin farko. Hanyoyin tushen progestogen irin su depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, IUD tare da progestogen ko progestogen kawai kwayoyin suna da mummunan bincike amma yiwuwar karuwar cutar ciwon daji, amma ana iya amfani da su idan tasiri mai kyau ya fi wannan haɗari mai yiwuwa.
Menopause hormone maye gurbin
A cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono, ana bada shawara don fara la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan da ba na hormonal ba don tasirin menopause, irin su bisphosphonates ko masu zaɓin masu karɓar isrogen receptor (SERMs) don osteoporosis, da estrogen na farji don alamun gida. Nazarin lura na tsarin maye gurbin hormone bayan ciwon nono yana ƙarfafawa gabaɗaya. Idan maye gurbin hormone ya zama dole bayan ciwon nono, maganin estrogen-kawai ko maganin estrogen tare da na'urar intrauterine tare da progestogen na iya zama mafi aminci zaɓuɓɓuka fiye da haɗin tsarin tsarin.
Bincike
Ana kimanta jiyya a gwaji na asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da magungunan mutum ɗaya, haɗaɗɗun magunguna, da hanyoyin tiyata da fasahar radiation Bincike ya haɗa da sabbin nau'ikan jiyya da aka yi niyya, rigakafin cutar kansa, oncolytic virotherapy, jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafi.
Ana ba da rahoton sabon bincike a kowace shekara a tarurrukan kimiyya kamar na American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, da St. Gallen Oncology Conference a St. Gallen, Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da wasu ƙungiyoyi ne suke nazarin waɗannan karatun, kuma an tsara su cikin ƙa'idodi don takamaiman ƙungiyoyin jiyya da nau'in haɗari.
Fenretinide, wani retinoid, kuma ana nazarinsa a matsayin hanyar rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Musamman, haɗuwa da ribociclib tare da maganin endocrin sun kasance batun gwaji na asibiti.
Wani bita na 2019 ya sami tabbataccen tabbaci na matsakaici cewa bai wa mutane maganin rigakafi kafin tiyatar kansar nono ya taimaka wajen hana kamuwa da cutar ta wurin tiyata (SSI). Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙayyade ƙa'idar maganin rigakafi mafi inganci da amfani ga matan da ke fuskantar gyaran nono nan take.
Cryoablation
Kamar yadda na 2014 cryoablation ana nazarin don ganin ko zai iya zama madadin lumpectomy a cikin ƙananan cututtuka. Akwai shaida ta ƙarshe a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwace-ciwacen da bai wuce santimita 2 ba. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi a cikin waɗanda tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. Wani bita ya nuna cewa cryoablation ya dubi alamar alamar ciwon nono na farko na ƙananan ƙananan.
Layukan kwayar cutar kansar nono
Wani ɓangare na ilimin halin yanzu game da ciwon daji na nono ya dogara ne akan in vivo da in vitro binciken da aka yi tare da layin salula da aka samo daga ciwon nono. Waɗannan suna ba da tushe marar iyaka na kayan kwafin kai mai kama da juna, ba tare da gurɓata ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ba, kuma sau da yawa ana al'adarsu cikin sauƙi daidaitaccen kafofin watsa labarai. Layin kwayar cutar kansar nono na farko da aka kwatanta, BT-20, an kafa shi a cikin 1958. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma duk da ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki, adadin layin dindindin da aka samu ya kasance mai ban mamaki (kimanin 100). Lallai, yunƙurin al'adar layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar nono daga ciwace-ciwacen farko bai yi nasara ba. Wannan rashin inganci sau da yawa yakan faru ne saboda matsalolin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta mai ƙarfi daga maƙarƙashiya da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin layukan sel kansar nono da ake samu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, galibi daga zubar da jini. Zubar da ciki yana ba da lambobi masu yawa na rarrabuwar kawuna, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu yuwuwa waɗanda ke da ɗan ko babu gurɓata ta fibroblasts da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta. Yawancin layukan BCC da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an kafa su a ƙarshen 1970s. Kadan daga cikinsu, wato MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231 da SK-BR-3, sun kai sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk binciken da aka yi a kan layukan ciwon nono, kamar yadda aka kammala daga Binciken tushen layi.
Alamar kwayoyin halitta
Metabolic markers
A asibiti, mafi amfani alamomi na rayuwa a cikin ciwon nono shine estrogen da progesterone masu karɓa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsinkayar amsa ga maganin hormone. Sabbin alamomi ko yuwuwar sabbin alamun cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da BRCA1 da BRCA2 don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, HER-2, [abubuwan da ake buƙata na likita] da SCD1, don tsinkayar martani ga tsarin warkewa, da urokinase plasminogen activator, PA1-1 da SCD1 don tantance hasashen.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Cutar daji |
60431 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba | Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba | Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba ( STP ) sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su.
A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). ): daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s).
Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%.
Ma'anoni
A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982:
Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 ( 101.325 kPa)
Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar ).
NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 ° C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP ). Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 ° C, 77 ° F ) da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba.
Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki
Amfanin da ya gabata
Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da . A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine . da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a.
Amfani na yanzu
Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m).
Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban.
Matsayin Duniya
A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa " International Standard Atmosphere " (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku.
Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje
Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da ~ 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi / sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji . Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman.
Molar ƙarar gas
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani.
Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas . Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:
Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa
Vm = 8.3145 × 288.15 / 101.325 = 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa
Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.696 = 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole)
Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi
Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas . Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s = R / m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas.
Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R . Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai .
Duba kuma
Environmental chamber
ISO 1 – standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications
Reference atmospheric model
Room temperature
Standard sea-level conditions
Standard state
Manazarta |
20271 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft | Microsoft | Microsoft Corporation ( /m aɪ k r ə s ɒ f t /, /-k r oʊ - / ) ne American manyan fasahar kamfanin da hedikwata a Redmond, Washington . Yana haɓaka, ƙera, lasisi, tallafi, da siyar da software na komputa, kayan masarufi na lantarki, kwamfutoci na sirri, da sabis masu alaƙa. Abubuwan sanannun kayan aikinta sune layin Microsoft Windows na tsarin aiki, da Microsoft Office suite, da kuma Internet Explorer da Edge masu bincike na yanar gizo . Manyan kayan aikin ta sune Xbox consoles game video video da Microsoft Surface jeri na kwamfutocin sirri na fuskar fuska. Microsoft ya kasance A'a. 21 a cikin martabar 2020 Fortune 500 na manyan kamfanonin Amurka ta hanyar kudaden shiga gaba daya; ita ce babbar mai samar da software a duniya ta kudaden shiga har zuwa shekarar 2016. Ana ɗaukarta ɗayan manyan Kamfanoni biyar a masana'antar fasahar ba da bayanai ta Amurka, tare da Google, Apple, Amazon, da Facebook .
Microsoft (kalmar ita ce tashar komputa na "microcomputer software" ) wanda Bill Gates da Paul Allen suka kafa a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif1975, don haɓaka da sayar da masu fassarar BASIC don Altair 8800 . Ya tashi ya mamaye kasuwar tsarin komputa na mutum tare da MS-DOS a tsakiyar 1980s, sannan Microsoft Windows yana biye da ita. Hadayar jama'a ta farko ta kamfanin 1986 (IPO), da hauhawar da ta gabata a farashin rabonta, sun kirkiro masu kudi biliyan uku da kimanin 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi tsakanin ma'aikatan Microsoft. Tun daga 1990s,ya ƙara haɓaka daga kasuwar tsarin aiki kuma ya sami samfuran kamfanoni da yawa, mafi girman su shine samun LinkedIn na $ 26.2 biliyan a cikin watan Disambar, shekarar 2016, suka biyo baya ta hanyar sayen Technologies na Skype akan $ 8.5 biliyan a cikin watan Mayu, shekarar 2011.
, Microsoft is market-dominant in the IBM PC compatible operating system market and the office software suite market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android.The company also produces a wide range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops, laptops, tabs, gadgets, and servers, including Internet search (with Bing), the digital services market (through MSN), mixed reality (HoloLens), cloud computing (Azure), and software development (Visual Studio).
Steve Ballmer ya maye gurbin Gates a matsayin Shugaba a 2000,daga baya ya yi tunanin dabarun "na'urori da aiyuka".Wannan ya bayyana ne tare da kamfanin Microsoft da ke samun Danger Inc a shekarar 2008,shiga kasuwar kera kwamfutocin mutum a karon farko a watan Yunin 2012 tare da ƙaddamar da layin Microsoft Surface na kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu, sannan daga baya ya samar da Microsoft Mobile ta hanyar mallakar Nokia's na'urorin da sabis.Tunda Satya Nadella ta hau kujerar Shugaba a shekarar 2014, kamfanin ya sake komowa kan kayan aiki kuma ya mai da hankali ga aikin sarrafa girgije,wani yunkuri da ya taimaka hannun jarin kamfanin ya kai matsayin da ya fi shi tun watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1999.
Tun da fari Apple ya kwace shi a cikin shekarar 2010, a cikin shekarar 2018, Microsoft ya sake dawo da matsayinsa a matsayin kamfanin da ya fi kowane dan kasuwa ciniki a duniya.A watan Afrilu, na shekarar 2019, Microsoft ya kai darajar kasuwar trillion-dollar,ya zama kamfanin kamfanin Amurka na uku da aka kiyasta kan $ 1 tiriliyan bayan Apple da Amazon bi da bi. , Microsoft yana da ƙimar daraja ta uku mafi girma a fadin duniya.
Tarihi
1972–1985: Kafa
Abokan ƙuruciya Bill Gates da Paul Allen sun nemi yin kasuwanci ta amfani da ƙwarewar su a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta . A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, sun kafa Traf-O-Data, wanda ke siyar da komputa mai ƙwarewa don biye da nazarin bayanan zirga-zirgar motoci. Gates ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard yayin da Allen ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, kodayake daga baya ya bar aiki a Honeywell . Fitowar fitowar Watan Lantarki ta watan Janairu, shekara ta alif 1975, ta Micro Instrumentation da Telemetry Systems 's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer, wanda ya zaburar da Allen ya ba da shawarar cewa za su iya shirya mai fassara BASIC don na'urar. Gates ya kira MITS ya yi da'awar cewa yana da mai fassara, kuma MITS ta nemi a yi zanga-zangar. Allen ya yi aiki a kan na'urar kwaikwayo ta Altair yayin da Gates ya haɓaka mai fassara, kuma ya yi aiki ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba lokacin da suka nuna shi ga MITS a watan Maris, na shekara ta alif 1975, a Albuquerque, New Mexico . MITS sun yarda su rarraba shi, suna tallata shi azaman Altair BASIC . Gates da Allen sun kafa Microsoft a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1975, tare da Gates a matsayin Shugaba, kuma Allen ya ba da shawarar sunan "Micro-Soft", a takaice don software na ƙananan kwamfutoci. A watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1977, kamfanin ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da ASCII Magazine a Japan, wanda ya haifar da ofishin farko na duniya na ASCII Microsoft . Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa zuwa Bellevue, Washington a watan Janairun, shekara ta alif 1979.
Microsoft ya shiga kasuwancin tsarin aiki (OS) a cikin shekarar 1980, tare da nasa iri na Unix da ake kira Xenix, amma MS-DOS ne ya tabbatar da mamayar kamfanin. IBM ya ba da kwangila ga Microsoft a watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1980, don ósamar da sigar CP / M OS don amfani da shi cikin IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC). Don wannan yarjejeniyar, Microsoft ta sayi clone / CP mai suna 86-DOS daga Seattle Computer Products wanda ta sanya alama a matsayin MS-DOS, kodayake IBM ya sake suna zuwa IBM PC DOS . Microsoft ya ci gaba da mallakar MS-DOS bayan fitowar IBM PC a watan Augusta, shekara ta alif 1981. IBM ya haƙƙin mallaka na IBM PC BIOS, don haka dole ne sauran kamfanoni su sake injiniya don ba kayan aikin IBM ba su yi aiki azaman masu haɗin IBM PC, amma babu irin wannan ƙuntatawa da aka yi amfani da tsarin aiki. Daga ƙarshe Microsoft ya zama babban mai sayar da tsarin sarrafa PC. Kamfanin ya faɗaɗa cikin sabbin kasuwanni tare da fitowar Mouse na Microsoft a cikin shekara ta alif 1983, da kuma tare da sashen buga littattafai mai suna Microsoft Press . Paul Allen ya yi murabus daga kamfanin Microsoft a shekara ta alif 1983, bayan ya kamu da cutar Hodgkin . Allen ya yi ikirarin a cikin Idea Man: Memoir daga Co-kafa Microsoft cewa Gates ya so ya narkar da kasonsa a kamfanin lokacin da aka gano shi da cutar Hodgkin saboda bai yi tunanin cewa yana aiki tuƙuru ba. Daga baya Allen ya saka hannun jari a cikin ƙananan fannoni na fasaha, ƙungiyoyin wasanni, rukunin ƙasa na kasuwanci, ƙarancin kwakwalwa, sararin samaniya, da ƙari.
1985–1994: Windows da Ofishi
Microsoft ya saki Microsoft Windows a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1985, a matsayin ƙarin hoto na MS-DOS, duk da cewa sun fara haɓaka OS / 2 tare da IBM a watan Agusta, da ya gabata. Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa daga Bellevue zuwa Redmond, Washington a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta alif 1986, kuma ya fito fili a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, tare da sakamakon karuwar hajojin da aka kiyasta masu biliyan hudu da 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi daga ma'aikatan Microsoft. Microsoft ya saki sigar OS / 2 ga asalin masana'antun kayan aiki (OEMs) a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1987. A cikin 1990, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta binciki Microsoft don yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da IBM, wanda ke nuna farkon farkon rikice-rikicen doka da sama da shekaru tare da gwamnati. A halin yanzu, kamfanin yana kan aiki akan Microsoft Windows NT, wanda ya dogara ƙwarai da kwafin su na lambar OS / 2. An shigo dashi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1993, tare da sabon kernel mai daidaito da kuma 32-bit Win32 aikace-aikacen shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace (API), yana mai sauƙin shigo da kaya daga Windows 16-bit (tushen MS-DOS) Microsoft ya sanar da IBM na Windows NT, kuma haɗin OS / 2 ya lalace.
A cikin shekarar 1990, Microsoft sun gabatar da Microsoft Office suite wanda ya hada aikace-aikace daban kamar Microsoft Word da Microsoft Excel . A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, Microsoft sun ƙaddamar da Windows 3.0, tare da fasalta ingantattun ƙirar mai amfani da ingantaccen yanayin kariya ga mai sarrafa Intel 386, kuma duka Office da Windows sun zama masu rinjaye a yankunansu.
A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Sashen Adalci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya gabatar da wata sanarwa game da tasirin gasar wanda ya ce: "farawa daga shekarar 1988, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Microsoft ya jawo yawancin OEMs don aiwatar da lasisin adawa da gasa 'kowane mai sarrafawa.' A karkashin lasisin sarrafa-injin sarrafawa, OEM na biyan Microsoft kudin masarauta ga kowace kwamfutar da ta sayar dauke da takamaiman microprocessor, ko OEM ta sayar da kwamfutar tare da tsarin aiki na Microsoft ko kuma tsarin da ba na Microsoft ba. A zahiri, biyan kuɗin masarauta ga Microsoft lokacin da ba'a amfani da kayan Microsoft yana yin azaba, ko haraji, akan amfani da OEM na tsarin PC mai aiki. Tun daga shekarar alif 1988, amfani da lasisin kere kere na Microsoft ya karu. "
1995 - 2007: Haɗa cikin Yanar gizo, Windows 95, Windows XP, da Xbox
Bayan bin bayanan Bill Gates na "bayanan Tidal Wave na Intanet" a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1995, Microsoft ya fara sake fasalin abubuwan da yake bayarwa da fadada layin samfuransa zuwa sadarwar kwamfuta da Yanar Gizon Duniya . Tare da wasu ƙananan keɓe na sababbin kamfanoni, kamar Netscape, Microsoft shine kawai babban kuma kamfani da aka kafa wanda yayi aiki da sauri don zama ɓangare na Gidan Yanar Gizon Duniya kusan tun daga farko. Sauran kamfanoni kamar Borland, WordPerfect, Novell, IBM da Lotus, kasancewa da jinkirin daidaitawa da sabon yanayin, zai ba Microsoft ikon mamaye kasuwa. Kamfanin ya saki Windows 95 a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1995, wanda ke nuna ayyukan ba da izini, sabon tsarin mai amfani tare da maɓallin farawa na sabon labari, da daidaituwa 32-bit; kwatankwacin NT, ta samar da Win32 API. Windows 95 ya kasance tare da sabis na kan layi na MSN, wanda da farko aka yi niyya ya zama mai gasa ga Intanet, da (don OEMs) Internet Explorer, mai binciken yanar gizo . Ba a haɗa Internet Explorer da akwatunan Windows Windows na kiri-kiri, saboda an buga kwalaye ɗin kafin ƙungiyar ta gama aikin gidan yanar gizon, kuma a maimakon haka aka sanya ta cikin Windows 95 Plus! shirya An goyi bayan wani babban kamfen na talla da abin da The New York Times ta kira "fitarwa, mafi frenzied, mafi tsadar gabatarwar kayan komputa a tarihin masana'antar," Windows 95 da sauri ya zama mai nasara. Branching zuwa sababbin kasuwanni a cikin shekara ta alif 1996, Microsoft da General Electric 's NBC unit sun ƙirƙiri sabon tashar tashar labaran 24/7 , MSNBC . Microsoft ya kirkiro Windows CE 1.0, sabon OS da aka tsara don na'urori tare da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran ƙuntatawa, kamar mataimakan dijital na sirri . A watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1997, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gabatar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Tarayya, tana mai cewa Microsoft ta karya yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, kuma ta nemi kotun da ta dakatar da hada Internet Explorer da Windows.
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun, shekarar 2000, Bill Gates ya mika mukamin Shugaba ga Steve Ballmer, wani tsohon abokin kwaleji na Gates kuma ma'aikacin kamfanin tun shekara ta alif 1980, yayin kirkirar sabon matsayi ga kansa a matsayin Babban Masanin Gine-ginen Software . Kamfanoni daban-daban ciki har da Microsoft sun kirkiro Allianceungiyar Amintaccen Kayan Kayan Komfuta a cikin watan Oktoba, na shekara ta alif 1999, don (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) haɓaka tsaro da kare kayan ilimi ta hanyar gano canje-canje a cikin kayan aiki da software. Masu suka sun yi tir da ƙawancen a matsayin wata hanya ta aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki game da yadda masu amfani da su ke amfani da software, da kuma yadda kwamfutoci ke nuna ɗabi'a, kuma a matsayin nau'i na haƙƙin haƙƙin dijital : misali yanayin da kwamfuta ba ta amintar da mai ita kawai, har ma da tsaro a kan mai shi kuma. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2000, an zartar da hukunci a game da Amurka v. Kamfanin Microsoft, kira kamfanin da "cin zali mai cin zali." Daga baya Microsoft ya zauna tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka a 2004. A ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2001, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows XP, yana haɗa manyan layi da NT na OS a ƙarƙashin lambar NT. Kamfanin ya fitar da Xbox daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga kasuwar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo wanda Sony da Nintendo suka mamaye. A watan Maris 2004 Tarayyar Turai ta kawo karar cin amana a kan kamfanin, suna masu cewa ta yi amfani da ikonta na Windows OS, wanda ya haifar da hukuncin € 497 miliyan ($ 613 miliyan) da kuma buƙatar Microsoft don samar da sababbin sifofin Windows XP ba tare da Windows Media Player ba : Windows XP Home Edition N da Windows XP Professional N. A watan Nuwamba 2005, kamfanin wasan bidiyo na bidiyo na biyu, Xbox 360, ya kasance saki. Akwai nau'i biyu, fasali na asali don $ 299.99 da kuma tsarin maficici na $ 399.99.
Presentara kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin kayan aiki bayan Xbox, Microsoft a cikin 2006 ya saki jerin Zune na 'yan wasan kafofin watsa labaru na dijital, magaji na dandamali na software na baya Portable Media Center . Waɗannan sun faɗaɗa kan alƙawarin kayan aikin da suka gabata daga Microsoft bayan Asalin Microsoft na asali a cikin 1983; ya zuwa shekara ta 2007 kamfanin ya sayar da mafi kyawun kebul keyboard ( Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 ), linzamin kwamfuta ( IntelliMouse ), da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo na tebur ( LifeCam ) a Amurka. A waccan shekarar kamfanin ya kuma ƙaddamar da Surface "tebur na dijital", daga baya aka sake masa suna PixelSense .
An sake shi a watan Janairun 2007, na gaba na Windows, Vista, ya mai da hankali ne kan fasali, tsaro da kuma sabon tsarin amfani da mai suna Aero . Microsoft Office 2007, wanda aka fitar a lokaci guda, ya nuna fasalin mai amfani da " Ribbon " wanda ya kasance babban rashi ne daga magabata. Salesarfin kasuwancin da ke da ƙarfi ya taimaka wajen samar da riba a cikin 2007. Tarayyar Turai ta sake sanya tarar of 899 miliyan ($ 1.4 biliyan) for Microsoft ta rashin yarda da Maris 2004 hukunci a kan Fabrairu 27, 2008, yana mai cewa kamfanin ya zargi abokan hamayyar m farashin for key bayanai game da workgroup da Backoffice sabobin. Microsoft ya bayyana cewa yana bin ka’idoji kuma “wadannan tarar an yi su ne kan batutuwan da suka gabata da aka warware”. 2007 kuma ya ga ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi da yawa a Microsoft, suna bin matakan kamfanonin sabar kamar Sun da IBM.
Gates ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na Cif Software Architect a ranar 27 ga Yunin, 2008, yanke shawara da aka sanar a watan Yuni 2006, yayin da yake riƙe da wasu mukamai da suka shafi kamfanin ban da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin kan muhimman ayyuka. Azure Services Platform, shigar kamfanin cikin kasuwar sarrafa kwamfuta ta Windows, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2008. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta buɗe jerin shagunan sayar da kayayyakin Microsoft, kuma a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009, Shagon Microsoft na farko da aka buɗe a Scottsdale, Arizona ; a wannan ranar an fitar da Windows 7 a hukumance ga jama'a. Windows 7 ta fi mai da hankali kan sake sabunta Vista tare da sauƙin amfani da fasalolin haɓaka abubuwa, maimakon sake aikin Windows mai yawa.
A yayin da masana'antar wayoyin zamani ta bunkasa a karshen shekarun 2000, Microsoft ta yi ta kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokan hamayyar ta wajen samar da tsarin zamani na wayoyin zamani, inda ya koma bayan kamfanin Apple da Google wadanda ke daukar nauyin Android a Amurka. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2010 Microsoft ta sake fasalin babban aikin babbar wayar salula, Windows Mobile, ya maye gurbin ta da sabon Windows Phone OS wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoba na shekarar. Ya yi amfani da sabon yare mai amfani da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani, wanda aka sanya wa suna "Metro", wanda ya yi amfani da fitattun sifofi masu sauƙi, rubutu da zane-zane, ta amfani da ma'anar ƙarancin aiki. Microsoft ya aiwatar da sabuwar dabara ga masana'antar software, yana samar da daidaitaccen kwarewar mai amfani a duk wayoyin zamani ta amfani da Windows Phone OS. Ya ƙaddamar da ƙawance tare da Nokia a cikin 2011 kuma Microsoft ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin don haɓaka Windows Phone, amma ya kasance abokan tarayya tare da Windows Mobile OEM HTC na dogon lokaci. Microsoft memba ne na kafuwar Open Networking Foundation da aka fara a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2011. Abokan kafa sune Google, Networking na HP, Yahoo!, Kamfanin sadarwa na Verizon, Deutsche Telekom da wasu kamfanoni 17. Wannan ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tana mai da hankali ne kan samar da tallafi don ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar girgije mai suna Sadarwar Sadarwar Software. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne don saurin haɓaka ta hanyar sauye-sauyen software cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa, hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya, cibiyoyin bayanai da sauran wuraren sadarwar.
2011–2014: Windows 8 / 8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, da Surface na'urorin
Bayan fitowar Windows Phone, Microsoft ya gudanar da sake yin rajistar kayan aikinta a hankali a cikin shekarar 2011 da 2012, tare da alamun tambari, kayayyaki, aiyuka da gidajen yanar sadarwar da ke dauke da ka'idoji da dabarun yaren Metro . Microsoft ya gabatar da Windows 8, wani tsarin aiki wanda aka tsara shi don baiwa kwamfutoci da kwamfutocin hannu iko, a Taipei a watan Yunin 2011. An saki samfoti mai tasowa a ranar 13 ga Satumba, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da samfurin samfoti a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2012, kuma aka sake shi ga jama'a a cikin Mayu. An gabatar da Surface ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, ya zama kwamfuta ta farko a tarihin kamfanin da Microsoft ta kera kayan aikinta. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, Microsoft ya biya US $ 1.2 biliyan don siyan hanyar sadarwar Yammer . A ranar 31 ga Yuli, sun ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin gidan yanar gizo na Outlook.com don yin gogayya da Gmail . A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2012, Microsoft ya saki Windows Server 2012 .
A watan Yulin 2012, Microsoft ya sayar da kaso 50% na kamfanin na MSNBC, wanda ya yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin NBC tun daga 1996. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta ƙaddamar da aikin labarai, wani ɓangare na sabon salon MSN, tare da Windows 8 a cikin watan. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2012, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Windows 8 da Microsoft Surface . Kwana uku bayan haka, Windows Phone 8 aka ƙaddamar. Don jimre dammar karuwar bukatar kayayyaki da aiyuka, Microsoft ta bude wasu "shagunan hutu" a fadin Amurka don taimakawa yawan "Shagon bulo-da-turmi" na Shagunan Microsoft da aka bude a 2012. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2013, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Patent Tracker.
A August 2012, New York City Police Department sun baiyana bude kofar sanya hannun jari da Microsoft domin samar da Domain Awareness System domin amfanin Police surveillance in New York City.
The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, first introduced in November 2010, was upgraded for the 2013 release of the Xbox One video game console. Kinect's capabilities were revealed in May 2013: an ultra-wide 1080p camera, function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, higher-end processing power and new software, the ability to distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movement), and determining a user's heart rate by looking at their face. Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more interactive. On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered their biggest one-day percentage sell-off since the year 2000, after its fourth-quarter report raised concerns among the investors on the poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet. Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion.
Dangane da kasuwancin PC ɗin da ke balaga, a cikin Yuli 2013, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsara kasuwancin zuwa sabbin ɓangarorin kasuwanci guda huɗu, wato Operating System, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. Duk sassan da suka gabata za a narkar da su cikin sabbin rukunoni ba tare da an rage yawan ma’aikata ba. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2013, Microsoft ta amince ta sayi sashin wayar hannu ta Nokia akan dala 7 biliyan, bin Amy Hood tana ɗaukar matsayin CFO.
2014–2020: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge, HoloLens
A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2014, Steve Ballmer ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ce ta gaje shi, wanda a baya ya jagoranci sashen Cloud da Enterprise na Microsoft. A wannan ranar, John W. Thompson ya ɗauki matsayin shugaba, a madadin Bill Gates, wanda ya ci gaba da shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha. Thompson ya zama shugaba na biyu a tarihin Microsoft. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi Na'urorin Nokia da Sabis na $ 7.2 biliyan. An sake sunan wannan sabon reshen na kamfanin Microsoft Mobile Oy. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi kamfanin haɓaka wasan bidiyo Mojang, wanda aka fi sani da Minecraft, akan $ 2.5 biliyan. A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2017, Microsoft ta sayi Hexadite, wani kamfanin tsaro na Isra’ila, a kan $ 100 miliyan.
A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2015, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar sakin fararen allo na farko, Microsoft Surface Hub . A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2015, Windows 10 an sake shi, tare da ɗan uwan uwar garken sa, Windows Server 2016, wanda aka saki a watan Satumba na 2016. A cikin Q1 2015, Microsoft shine na uku mafi girman wayoyin hannu, yana siyar da 33 miliyoyin raka'a (7.2% na duka). Yayin da babban rinjaye (aƙalla 75%) daga cikinsu ba sa gudanar da kowane sigar Windows Phone - waɗancan wayoyin ba Gartner ne ke rarrabe su azaman wayoyin komai da ruwankaa cikin lokaci guda 8 miliyoyin wayoyin salula na Windows (2.5% na duk wayoyin salula) duk masana'antun ne suka yi (amma galibi ta Microsoft). Rabon Microsoft na kasuwar wayoyin salula na Amurka a cikin Janairu 2016 ya kai kashi 2.7%. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015 kamfanin ya yi asarar $ 7.6 biliyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin ta wayar hannu, ta kori ma'aikata 7,800.
A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar hadewar komfutocin PC da Xbox, tare da Phil Spencer ya ba da sanarwar cewa aikace -aikacen Universal Windows Platform (UWP) za su zama abin da za a mayar da hankali ga wasan Microsoft a nan gaba. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2017, Microsoft ya nuna Intune don Ilimi a taron fasahar fasaha na BETT 2017 a London . Intune don Ilimi shine sabon aikace-aikacen tushen girgije da sabis na sarrafa kayan aiki don ɓangaren ilimi. A watan Mayun 2016, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa yana sallamar ma'aikata 1,850, tare da daukar nakasa da sake fasalin dala $ 950 miliyan. A watan Yunin 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da wani aiki mai suna Microsoft Azure Information Protection. Yana da nufin taimakawa kamfanoni su kare bayanan su yayin da yake tafiya tsakanin sabobin da na'urori. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, Microsoft ya shiga Gidauniyar Linux a matsayin memba na Platinum yayin Haɗin Microsoft (); taron mai tasowa a New York. Kudin kowane memba na Platinum shine $ 500,000 a shekara. Wasu manazarta sun ɗauki wannan abin da ba a zata ba shekaru goma da suka gabata, duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin 2001 babban jami'in Steve Ballmer ya kira Linux "kansa". Microsoft yana shirin ƙaddamar da samfotin Intune don Ilimi “a cikin makwanni masu zuwa”, tare da jadawalin jadawalin jadawalin bazara na 2017, wanda aka saka farashi akan $ 30 a kowace na’ura, ko ta hanyar yarjejeniyar lasisin girma.
A cikin Janairu 2018, Microsoft ya yi facin Windows 10 don yin lissafin matsalolin CPU da suka shafi matsalar tsaro ta Intel ta Meltdown . Alamar ta haifar da batutuwa tare da injunan Microsoft Azure masu dogaro da gine -ginen CPU na Intel. A ranar 12 ga Janairu, Microsoft ta saki PowerShell Core 6.0 don tsarin aikin macOS da Linux . A watan Fabrairun 2018, Microsoft ta kashe tallafin sanarwa don na'urorin Windows Phone ɗin su wanda ya ƙare sabunta firmware na na'urorin da aka daina. A cikin Maris 2018, Microsoft ya tuno Windows 10 S don canza shi zuwa yanayin don tsarin aikin Windows maimakon tsarin aiki na daban da na musamman. A cikin Maris kamfanin ya kuma kafa jagororin da ke toshe masu amfani da Office 365 daga amfani da ƙazanta a cikin takardu masu zaman kansu. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Microsoft ta saki lambar tushe don Mai sarrafa Fayil na Windows a ƙarƙashin lasisin MIT don murnar cikar shirin shekara 20. A watan Afrilu kamfanin ya kara nuna niyyarsa ta rungumi dabarun budewa ta hanyar sanar da Azure Sphere a matsayin tushen sa na tsarin aikin Linux . A watan Mayu 2018, Microsoft ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin leken asirin Amurka 17 don haɓaka samfuran sarrafa girgije. A aikin da aka An Kwafa "Azure gwamnatin", kuma yana da dangantaka da hadin gwiwa ciniki Tsaro Lantarki (JEDI) kula shirin. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018, Microsoft bisa hukuma ta sanar da siyan GitHub akan $ 7.5 biliyan, yarjejeniyar da aka rufe a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2018. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2018, Microsoft ya bayyana dandalin Surface Go ga jama'a. Daga baya a cikin watan ya canza Kungiyoyin Microsoft zuwa kyauta . A watan Agusta na 2018, Microsoft ta saki wasu ayyuka guda biyu da ake kira Microsoft AccountGuard da Kare Dimokuradiyya. Hakanan ya bayyana dacewa Snapdragon 850 don Windows 10 akan ginin ARM .
A watan Agusta 2018, Toyota Tsusho ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin kiwon kifi ta amfani da Microsoft Azure suite don fasahar Intanet na abubuwa (IoT) da suka shafi sarrafa ruwa. Masu bincike daga Jami’ar Kindai suka haɓaka shi, kayan aikin famfon ruwa suna amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don ƙidaya yawan kifaye a kan mai ɗaukar kaya, bincika adadin kifayen, da cire tasirin kwararar ruwa daga bayanan da kifin ke bayarwa. Takamaiman shirye -shiryen kwamfuta da ake amfani da su a cikin aikin sun faɗi ƙarƙashin Koyar da Injin Azure da dandamalin Azure IoT Hub. A watan Satumba 2018, Microsoft ta daina Skype Classic . A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2018, Microsoft ta shiga cikin Community Network Invention Network duk da cewa ta mallaki sama da 60,000 na haƙƙin mallaka. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ta amince ta samar da na’urorin kai magana na Microsoft na HoloLens 100,000 ga sojojin Amurka don “kara yawan mutuwa ta hanyar inganta iya ganowa, yanke hukunci da shiga gaban abokan gaba.” A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ya gabatar da Inganta Tabbatar da Multi-Factor na Azure don Microsoft Azure. A cikin Disamba 2018, Microsoft ta sanar da Project Mu, sigar buɗe tushen tushen Babban Haɗin Firmware Interface (UEFI) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran Microsoft Surface da Hyper-V. Aikin yana inganta ra'ayin Firmware azaman Sabis . A cikin wannan watan, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar buɗe tushen aiwatar da Fom ɗin Windows da Gidauniyar Gabatarwar Windows (WPF) wanda zai ba da damar ƙarin motsi na kamfanin zuwa ga sakin gaskiya na manyan mahimman hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen haɓaka aikace -aikacen tebur na Windows da software. Disamba kuma ya ga kamfanin ya daina aikin Microsoft Edge don fifita tallafin baya na Chromium don masu binciken su.
20 ga Fabrairu, 2019 Kamfanin Microsoft ya ce zai ba da AccountGuard sabis na tsaro na yanar gizo ga sabbin kasuwanni 12 a Turai ciki har da Jamus, Faransa da Spain, don rufe gibin tsaro da kare abokan ciniki a sararin siyasa daga kutse. A watan Fabrairun 2019, daruruwan ma’aikatan Microsoft sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cinikin yakin kamfanin daga $ 480 miliyoyin kwangila don haɓaka lasifikan kai na gaskiya ga Sojojin Amurka .
2020 -gabatar: Sayi, Xbox Series X/S, Windows 11
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana siyan Tabbatattun Hanyoyin Sadarwa na kusan $ 1.35 biliyan. Sakamakon barkewar cutar COVID-19, Microsoft ta rufe dukkan shagunan saida kayan ta har abada saboda matsalolin lafiya. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar shirin rufe sabis na Mixer, yana shirin ƙaura abokan haɗin gwiwa zuwa Wasannin Facebook . A Yuli 31, 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa Microsoft ya tattaunawa don saya TikTok bayan da trump gwamnati da umarnin ByteDance zuwa divest ikon mallakar daga cikin aikace-aikace ga Amurka A Agusta 3, 2020, bayan da hasashe a kan yarjejeniyar, Donald trump ya fa cewa Microsoft na iya siyan aikace -aikacen, duk da haka yakamata a kammala shi zuwa 15 ga Satumba, 2020 kuma ya kamata Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta karɓi wani kaso idan za ta wuce. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2020, Microsoft ta dakatar da gwajin yawo na xCloud na na'urorin iOS . A cewar Microsoft, makomar xCloud akan iOS har yanzu ba a sani ba kuma tana iya fita daga hannun Microsoft. Apple ya sanya tsauraran iyaka kan "abokan cinikin tebur mai nisa" wanda ke nufin aikace-aikacen kawai an ba su izinin haɗi zuwa na'urar mai masaukin mai amfani ko na'ura wasan bidiyo mallakar mai amfani. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta sanar da aniyarta ta mallakar ZeniMax Media na kusan $ 7.5 biliyan, tare da tsammanin yarjejeniyar za ta kasance a cikin rabin rabin shekarar kasafin kudi na 2021. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2021, an kammala siyan kayan kuma ZeniMax Media ya zama wani ɓangare na Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios division. Jimlar farashin yarjejeniyar ta kai dala biliyan 8.1. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana da lasisi na musamman don amfani da janareta harshe na wucin gadi na OpenAI na GPT-3. Siffar da ta gabata ta GPT-3, da ake kira GPT-2, ta yi kanun labarai don kasancewa “masu haɗarin sakin jiki” kuma tana da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da ƙirar gidajen yanar gizo, rubuta magunguna, amsa tambayoyi da rubutun rubutu. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Microsoft ta saki kayan wasan bidiyo na Xbox Series X da Xbox Series S.
A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2021, Microsoft ta sanar da Windows 11 yayin raye raye. Sanarwar ta zo da rudani bayan da Microsoft ta sanar Windows 10 zai zama sigar karshe ta tsarin aiki. An shirya za a sake shi a Fall 2021.
Harkokin kamfanoni
Yan kwamitin gudanarwa
Kwamitin daraktoci ne wanda galibin kamfanonin waje ne ke gudanar da kamfanin, kamar yadda aka saba ga kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci a bainar jama'a. Membobin kwamitin gudanarwa tun daga watan Yuli 2020 sune Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Hugh Johnston, Teri List-Stoll, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Charles Scharf, Arne Sorenson, John W. Stanton, John W. Thompson, Emma Walmsley da Padmasree Warrior . Ana zaɓar membobin kwamitin kowace shekara a taron masu hannun jari na shekara -shekara ta amfani da tsarin ƙuri'a mafi rinjaye. Akwai kwamitoci guda huɗu a cikin kwamitin da ke kula da ƙarin takamaiman al'amura. Waɗannan kwamitocin sun haɗa da Kwamitin Binciken, wanda ke kula da batutuwan lissafin kuɗi tare da kamfanin da suka haɗa da dubawa da rahoto; Kwamitin diyya, wanda ya amince da diyya ga Shugaba da sauran ma'aikatan kamfanin; Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Zabe, wanda ke gudanar da harkokin kamfanoni daban -daban ciki har da nadin kwamitin; da Kwamitin Ka'idoji da Kwamitin Manufofin Jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran doka/ƙin amincewa, tare da tsare sirri, kasuwanci, amincin dijital, hankali na wucin gadi, da dorewar muhalli.
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020, Gates ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai bar kwamitin daraktocin Microsoft da Berkshire Hathaway domin ya mai da hankali kan kokarin sa na alheri. A cewar Haruna Tilley na The Wall Street Journal wannan "yana nuna alamar tashi mafi girma daga cikin ɗakin kwana a masana'antar fasaha tun bayan rasuwar abokin hamayya da abokin haɗin gwiwa na Apple Inc. Steve Jobs ."
Shugabannin zartarwa
Bill Gates (1975 - 2000)
Steve Ballmer (2000 - 2014)
Satya Nadella (2014- yanzu)
Mai kudi
Lokacin Microsoft tafi jama'a da kuma kaddamar da farko jama'a hadaya (IPO) a 1986, da bude stock farashin da aka $ 21. bayan ranar ciniki, farashin ya rufe akan $ 27.75. Tun daga watan Yuli na 2010, tare da rabe -raben tara na kamfanin, duk wani hannun jarin IPO zai ninka da 288; idan mutum zai sayi IPO a yau, idan aka yi rabe -raben da sauran abubuwan, zai ci kusan 9 cents. Farashin hannun jari ya hau a 1999 a kusan $ 119 ($ 60.928, daidaitawa don rarrabuwa). Kamfanin ya fara bayar da rabon a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003, yana farawa da cibi takwas a kowane kaso na shekarar kasafin kudi sannan ya biyo bayan ragin kashi goma sha shida a kowace shekara a shekara mai zuwa, yana sauyawa daga ribar shekara zuwa kashi uku a 2005 tare da kashi takwas a kowane rabo. kwata-kwata da kuma biya na musamman sau ɗaya na dala uku kowane rabon kashi na biyu na shekarar kasafin kuɗi. Kodayake kamfanin yana da ƙarin haɓakawa na biyan kuɗi, farashin hannun jarin Microsoft ya ci gaba da tsayawa tsawon shekaru.
Standard & Poor's da Moody's Investors Service duk sun ba Microsoft ƙimar AAA, wanda aka ƙiyasta kadarorinsa akan $ 41. biliyan idan aka kwatanta da $ 8.5 kawai biliyan a cikin bashin da ba a tsare ba. Sakamakon haka, a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2011 Microsoft ta saki wani haɗin kamfani wanda ya kai $ 2.25 biliyan tare da ƙarancin rancen kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da jarin gwamnati . A karon farko cikin shekaru 20 Apple Inc. ya zarce Microsoft a cikin ribar Q1 2011 da kudaden shiga kwata -kwata saboda raguwar tallace -tallace na PC da ci gaba da manyan asara a Sashin Sabis na Layi na Microsoft (wanda ya ƙunshi injin bincikensa Bing ). Ribar Microsoft ta kasance $ 5.2 biliyan, yayin da ribar Apple Inc. ta kasance $ 6 biliyan, akan kudaden shiga na $ 14.5 biliyan $ 24.7 biliyan bi da bi. Sashin Sabis na kan layi na Microsoft yana ci gaba da yin asara tun 2006 kuma a cikin Q1 2011 ya yi asarar $ 726 miliyan. Wannan ya biyo bayan asarar $ 2.5 biliyan na shekarar 2010.
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2012, Microsoft ta buga asarar farko ta kwata kwata, duk da samun kudaden shiga na kwata da na kasafin kuɗi, tare da asarar $ 492 miliyan saboda rubutaccen garin da ya danganci kamfanin talla aQuantive, wanda aka saya akan $ 6.2 biliyan baya a 2007. Tun daga watan Janairun 2014, babban kasuwancin Microsoft ya tsaya kan $ 314B, ya mai da shi kamfani na 8 mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Microsoft ya wuce ExxonMobil don zama kamfani na biyu mafi ƙima ta hanyar ƙimar kasuwa, bayan Apple Inc. Jimlar darajar kasuwar ta wuce $ 410B - tare da farashin hannun jarin ya kai dala 50.04 rabon, mafi girma tun farkon 2000. A cikin 2015, Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa Microsoft Corp yana da albashi a ƙasashen waje na $ 76.4 biliyoyin da Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida ba ta karba ba . A karkashin dokar Amurka, kamfanoni ba sa biyan harajin samun kudin shiga kan ribar da ke kasashen waje har sai an shigo da ribar cikin Amurka.
A watan Nuwamba 2018, kamfanin ya lashe $ 480 miliyoyin kwangilar soja tare da gwamnatin Amurka don kawo ingantacciyar fasahar lasifikan kai (AR) a cikin repertoires na sojojin Amurka. Kwangilar na shekara biyu na iya haifar da bin umarnin sama da lasifikan kai 100,000, bisa ga takardun da ke bayyana tsarin yin siyarwar. Ofaya daga cikin lamuran alamar kwangilar don haɓaka haƙiƙanin fasaha da alama ikon sa ne na ba da damar “yaƙe -yaƙe 25 ba tare da jini ba kafin yaƙin farko”, yana ba da shawarar cewa ainihin horo na yaƙi zai zama muhimmin al'amari na haɓaka kai na gaskiya.
Ƙungiyoyi
Microsoft kasuwanci ne na duniya. Don haka, tana buƙatar rassan da ke cikin duk kasuwannin ƙasa da ta zaɓa don girbi. Misali shine Microsoft Canada, wanda ta kafa a 1985. Sauran ƙasashe suna da irin wannan shigarwa, don ribar ribar da aka samu har zuwa Redmond da rarraba rabon ga masu hannun jarin MSFT.
A shekara ta 2004, Microsoft ta ba kamfanonin bincike damar yin bincike mai zaman kansa idan aka kwatanta jimlar kuɗin mallaka (TCO) na Windows Server 2003 zuwa Linux ; Kamfanonin sun kammala cewa kamfanoni sun sami Windows mafi sauƙin gudanarwa fiye da Linux, don haka waɗanda ke amfani da Windows za su gudanar da sauri wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin farashi ga kamfanin su (watau ƙananan TCO). Wannan ya haifar da raƙuman karatu masu alaƙa; binciken da Yankee Group ya kammala cewa haɓakawa daga sigar Windows Server zuwa wani yana kashe ɗan ƙaramin farashin sauyawa daga Windows Server zuwa Linux, kodayake kamfanonin da aka bincika sun lura da ƙarin tsaro da amincin sabobin Linux da damuwa game da kulle su cikin amfani da Microsoft. samfurori. Wani binciken, wanda Labarin Ci gaban Labarai na Open Source ya fitar, ya yi iƙirarin cewa binciken na Microsoft "ya kasance mai tsufa kuma mai gefe ɗaya" kuma binciken su ya kammala cewa TCO na Linux ya yi ƙasa saboda masu gudanar da Linux suna sarrafa ƙarin sabobin a matsakaita da sauran dalilai.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin "Samun Gaskiya", Microsoft ya haskaka . Dandalin ciniki na NET Framework wanda ya haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Accenture don Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London, yana mai cewa ya samar da dogaro na "tara tara". Bayan shan wahala na tsawan lokaci da rashin dogaro Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London ta sanar a 2009 cewa tana shirin yin watsi da mafita ta Microsoft da canzawa zuwa tushen Linux a 2010.
A cikin 2012, Microsoft ya yi hayar wani ɗan siyasa mai suna Mark Penn, wanda The New York Times ta kira shi "sananne don bulldozing" abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaba, Talla da Dabara. Penn ya ƙirƙiri jerin tallace -tallace marasa kyau waɗanda ke niyya ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafatawa da Microsoft, Google . Tallace -tallacen, da ake kira "Scroogled", suna ƙoƙarin yin ƙarar cewa Google yana "murƙushe" masu amfani tare da sakamakon binciken da aka yi amfani da su don fifita masu talla na Google, cewa Gmel ta keta sirrin masu amfani da ita don sanya sakamakon talla da ya shafi abun cikin imel ɗin su da sakamakon siyayya, wanda ke fifita samfuran Google. Littattafan fasaha kamar TechCrunch sun kasance masu sukar kamfen ɗin talla, yayin da ma'aikatan Google suka rungume shi.
Korar ma'aikata
A watan Yulin 2014, Microsoft ta sanar da shirin korar ma’aikata 18,000. Microsoft ya dauki mutane 127,104 aiki tun daga ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2014, yana mai yin hakan game da raguwar ma’aikata kashi 14 cikin dari kamar yadda babbar Microsoft ta dakatar. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙwararrun ma'aikata 12,500 da ma'aikata. A baya, Microsoft ya kawar da ayyukan 5,800 a cikin 2009 daidai da Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008 - 2017. A watan Satumbar 2014, Microsoft ta sallami mutane 2,100, ciki har da mutane 747 a yankin Seattle – Redmond, inda kamfanin ke da hedikwata. Wannan harbe -harben ya zo ne a matsayin guguwar sallamar da aka sanar a baya. Wannan ya kawo jimlar adadin sama da 15,000 daga cikin 18,000 da ake tsammanin ragewa. A cikin Oktoba 2014, Microsoft ya bayyana cewa kusan an yi shi tare da kawar da ma'aikata 18,000, wanda shine mafi girman aikin da aka taɓa yi. A watan Yulin 2015, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyukan 7,800 a cikin watanni masu zuwa. A watan Mayun 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyuka 1,850 galibi a bangaren wayar salula ta Nokia. Sakamakon haka, kamfanin zai yi rikodin nakasa da cajin sake fasalin kusan $ 950 miliyan, wanda kusan $ 200 miliyan za su danganta da biyan kuɗaɗe.
Gwamnatin Amurka
Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government. Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft. According to leaks of said program, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007. However, in June 2013, an official statement from Microsoft flatly denied their participation in the program: A cikin watanni shida na farko a 2013, Microsoft ta karɓi buƙatun da suka shafi asusun 15,000 zuwa 15,999. A watan Disamba na 2013, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwa don ƙara jaddada gaskiyar cewa suna ɗaukar sirrin abokan cinikin su da kariyar bayanai da mahimmanci, har ma suna cewa "ɓarkewar gwamnati mai yuwuwar yanzu na iya zama ' ci gaba mai ɗorewa ,' tare da ingantattun ƙwayoyin cuta da hare -haren yanar gizo". Sanarwar ta kuma nuna farkon shirye-shiryen kashi uku don haɓaka ɓoyewar Microsoft da ƙoƙarin nuna gaskiya. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin sun buɗe na farko (da yawa) Microsoft Transparency Center, wanda ke ba da "gwamnatoci masu halarta da ikon yin duba lambar tushe don manyan samfuranmu, tabbatar wa kansu amincin software, da tabbatar da can ba “ kofofin baya bane .” Microsoft ya kuma yi jayayya cewa yakamata Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin tsare sirri don kare bayanan masu amfani.
A watan Afrilun 2016, kamfanin ya kai karar gwamnatin Amurka, yana mai cewa umarnin sirri ya hana kamfanin bayyana wa abokan ciniki sammacin da ya sabawa haƙƙin kamfanin da na abokan ciniki. Microsoft ya musanta cewa ya sabawa tsarin mulki ga gwamnati ta haramta Microsoft daga sanar da masu amfani da ita cewa gwamnati na neman imel da sauran takardu, kuma Kwaskwarimar ta huɗu ta yi hakan don haka mutane ko 'yan kasuwa na da' yancin sanin ko gwamnati na bincike ko kwace dukiyarsu. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2017, Microsoft ta ce za ta yi watsi da karar sakamakon sauye -sauyen manufofi da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (DoJ) ta yi. DoJ ya "canza dokokin buƙatun bayanai kan faɗakar da masu amfani da Intanet game da hukumomin da ke samun bayanan su."
Shaidar kamfani
Al'adar kamfanoni
Bayanan fasaha don masu haɓakawa da labarai don mujallu daban -daban na Microsoft kamar Microsoft Systems Journal (MSJ) ana samun su ta hanyar Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN kuma tana ba da biyan kuɗi don kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi mafi tsada galibi yana ba da damar zuwa sigar beta na software na Microsoft. A cikin Afrilu 2004, Microsoft ta ƙaddamar da rukunin al'umma don masu haɓakawa da masu amfani, mai taken Channel 9, wanda ke ba da wiki da dandalin Intanet . Wani rukunin yanar gizon da ke ba da shirye -shiryen bidiyo na yau da kullun da sauran ayyuka, On10.net, an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2006. Ana bayar da tallafin fasaha na kyauta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin labarai na Usenet na kan layi, da CompuServe a baya, ma'aikatan Microsoft ke sa ido; ana iya samun ƙungiyoyin labarai da yawa don samfur ɗaya. Abokan hulɗa ko ma'aikatan Microsoft za su iya zaɓar zaɓaɓɓen matsayi don Matsayin Mafi Kyawun Kwararru na Microsoft (MVP), wanda ke ba su damar samun wani matsayi na zamantakewa na musamman da damar samun kyaututtuka da sauran fa'idodi.
An lura da ƙamus ɗin sa na ciki, ana amfani da kalmar '' cin abincin karen ku '' don bayyana manufar yin amfani da fitarwa da sigar beta na samfuran a cikin Microsoft a ƙoƙarin gwada su a cikin yanayin "na zahiri". Wannan yawanci ana gajarta shi zuwa "abincin kare" kawai kuma ana amfani dashi azaman suna, fi'ili, da adjective. Wani bit na jargon, FYIFV ko FYIV ( "Fuck Kai, ba ni da [Cikakke] jarin"), da ake amfani da wani ma'aikaci ya nuna su ne financially m, kuma za a iya kauce wa aikin kowane lokaci da suke so.
Microsoft babban abokin hamayya ne na h -1B visa, wanda ke bawa kamfanoni a Amurka damar daukar wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje aiki. Bill Gates ya yi iƙirarin cewa hular da ke kan takardar visa ta H1B tana da wahalar ɗaukar ma'aikata ga kamfanin, yana mai cewa "Tabbas zan kawar da hular H1B" a 2005. Masu sukar visa ta H1B suna jayayya cewa sassauta iyakokin zai haifar da karuwar rashin aikin yi ga jama'ar Amurka saboda ma'aikatan H1B da ke aiki don ƙarancin albashi. The Human Rights Gangamin Corporate Daidaitan Index, wani rahoto na yadda m kungiyar deems kamfanin manufofin LGBT ma'aikata, rated Microsoft kamar yadda 87% daga 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma kamar yadda 100% daga 2005 zuwa 2010, bayan da suka yarda jinsi magana.
A watan Agustan 2018, Microsoft ta aiwatar da manufa ga duk kamfanonin da ke ba da masu kwangilar don buƙatar makonni 12 na biyan kuɗi na iyaye ga kowane ma'aikaci. Wannan yana faɗaɗa akan tsohon abin da ake buƙata daga 2015 wanda ke buƙatar kwanaki 15 na hutu da aka biya da kuma rashin lafiya kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, Microsoft ta kafa tsarin hutun iyaye don ba da izinin makonni 12 don hutu na iyaye tare da ƙarin makonni 8 ga iyayen da suka haihu.
Muhalli
A cikin 2011, Greenpeace ta fitar da rahoto wanda ke ƙididdige manyan manyan samfura goma a cikin ƙididdigar girgije akan tushen wutar lantarki don cibiyoyin bayanan su . A lokacin, cibiyoyin bayanai sun cinye har zuwa 2% na duk wutar lantarki ta duniya kuma ana hasashen wannan adadin zai ƙaru. Phil Radford na Greenpeace ya ce "muna damuwa cewa wannan sabon fashewar a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki na iya kulle mu cikin tsofaffi, gurɓataccen hanyoyin makamashi maimakon tsabtataccen makamashi da ake da shi a yau," kuma yayi kira ga "Amazon, Microsoft da sauran shugabannin bayanan. -Dole ne masana'antar fasaha ta rungumi makamashi mai tsabta don sarrafa cibiyoyin bayanan su na girgije. " A cikin 2013, Microsoft ya amince ya sayi wutar lantarki da aikin iska na Texas ya samar don sarrafa ɗayan cibiyoyin bayanan sa. An saka Microsoft a matsayi na 17 a cikin Jagorar Greenpeace ga Greener Electronics (Fitowa ta 16) wacce ke matsayin masu kera na'urorin lantarki 18 bisa ga manufofinsu kan sunadarai masu guba, sake amfani da canjin yanayi. Lokaci na Microsoft don fitar da ƙarar wuta (BFRs) da phthalates a duk samfuran shine 2012 amma ƙudurinsa na kawar da PVC ba a bayyane yake ba. Tun daga watan Janairun 2011, ba shi da samfuran da ba su da cikakkiyar kyauta daga PVC da BFRs.
Babban harabar Microsoft ta Amurka ta karɓi takaddar azurfa daga shirin Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) a cikin 2008, kuma ta girka filayen hasken rana sama da 2,000 a saman gine -ginenta a harabar Silicon Valley, tana samar da kusan kashi 15 na jimlar kuzarin da ake buƙata. ta wurare a watan Afrilu 2005. Microsoft yana yin amfani da madadin hanyoyin wucewa. Ya ƙirƙiri ɗayan manyan motocin bas masu zaman kansu na duniya, "Mai Haɗawa", don jigilar mutane daga wajen kamfanin; don zirga-zirgar harabar harabar, “Haɗin Jirgin Sama” yana amfani da manyan motoci na matasan don adana mai. Kamfanin ya kuma tallafa wa jigilar jama'a na yanki, wanda Sound Transit da King County Metro suka bayar, a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa. A watan Fabrairun 2010, duk da haka, Microsoft ta ɗauki matakin hana ƙara ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da manyan abubuwan hawa (HOV) zuwa Route 520 na jihar da gadar da ke shawagi ta haɗa Redmond zuwa Seattle; kamfanin bai so ya sake jinkirta ginin ba. Microsoft ta kasance lamba ta 1 a cikin jerin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka na Ƙasashen Duniya ta Babban Wuri zuwa Cibiyar Aiki a 2011. A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin ya yi alƙawarin cirewa daga muhallin duk carbon ɗin da ya fito tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1975. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2020, Microsoft ya sanya aikinsu daga manufofin gida na dindindin. A cikin Janairu 2021, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar a shafin Twitter don shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Yanayi, wanda ke ɗaukar kayan aikin girgije da masana'antun cibiyoyin bayanai don isa tsaka -tsakin yanayi a Turai nan da 2030.
Hedikwatar
Babban hedikwatar kamfani, wanda ba a san shi ba kamar harabar Microsoft Redmond, yana a One Microsoft Way a Redmond, Washington. Microsoft da farko ya koma harabar harabar harabar harabar a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1986, makonni kafin kamfanin ya fito fili ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga lokacin hedkwatar ta sami fa'idodi da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. An kiyasta ya ƙunshi sama da 8 miliyan ft 2 (750,000 m 2 ) sararin ofis da ma'aikata 30,000 - 40,000. Ƙarin ofisoshin suna cikin Bellevue da Issaquah, Washington (ma'aikata 90,000 a duk duniya). Kamfanin yana shirin haɓaka Mountain View, California, harabar harabar ta a babban sikelin. Kamfanin ya mamaye wannan harabar tun 1981. A cikin 2016, kamfanin ya sayi harabar kadada 32, tare da shirye-shiryen gyara da fadada shi da kashi 25%. Microsoft yana aiki da hedikwatar Gabas ta Gabas a Charlotte, North Carolina .
Shagunan tutoci
A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, kamfanin ya buɗe wurin siyar da shi a Fifth Avenue a Birnin New York. Wurin yana fasalin kantin gilashi mai hawa biyar kuma yana da murabba'in 22,270. Kamar yadda kowane jami'in kamfani, Microsoft ya kasance yana neman wurin da aka fi samun tuta tun 2009. Wuraren siyarwar kamfanin wani ɓangare ne na babban dabarun don taimakawa haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da masu amfani da ita. Bude shagon yayi daidai da kaddamar da littafin Surface da Surface Pro 4. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Microsoft ta buɗe kantin sayar da tutoci na biyu, wanda ke cikin Pitt Street Mall na Sydney.
Logo
Microsoft ya karɓi abin da ake kira " Pac-Man Logo," wanda Scott Baker ya tsara, a cikin 1987. Baker ya bayyana "Sabuwar tambarin, a cikin nau'in rubutun italic ɗin Helvetica, yana da rauni tsakanin o da s don jaddada ɓangaren" taushi "na sunan kuma isar da motsi da saurin." Dave Norris ya gudanar da kamfen na wargi na ciki don ceton tsohuwar tambarin, wanda kore ne, a cikin manyan manya, kuma ya nuna harafin O, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da blibbet, amma an watsar. Alamar Microsoft mai taken "Ƙarfin ku. Sha'awar mu. " - a ƙarƙashin babban sunan kamfani - ya dogara ne akan taken Microsoft da aka yi amfani da shi a 2008. A cikin 2002, kamfanin ya fara amfani da tambarin a Amurka kuma a ƙarshe ya fara kamfen na talabijin tare da taken, an canza shi daga layin farko na " Ina kuke son zuwa yau? " A lokacin taron MGX mai zaman kansa (Microsoft Global Exchange) a cikin 2010, Microsoft ya bayyana alamar kamfanin na gaba, "Kasance Abin Gaba." Suna kuma da taken/taken taken "Yin shi duka yana da ma'ana."
A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2012, Microsoft ta buɗe sabon tambarin kamfani a buɗe shagon Microsoft na 23 a Boston, yana nuna jujjuyawar kamfanin daga salon salo zuwa ƙirar zamani mai tayal, wanda yake amfani/zai yi amfani da shi akan Windows. Dandalin waya, Xbox 360, Windows 8 da Office Suites masu zuwa. Sabuwar tambarin ya haɗa da murabba'i huɗu tare da kalolin tambarin Windows na yanzu wanda aka yi amfani da su don wakiltar manyan samfuran Microsoft guda huɗu: Windows (shuɗi), Ofishin (ja), Xbox (kore) da Bing (rawaya). Alamar tayi kama da buɗe ɗayan tallan don Windows 95 .
Tallafawa
Kamfanin shine mai daukar nauyin rigar wasan kwallon kwando ta kasar Finland a EuroBasket 2015 .
Kyautatawa
A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, shugaban Microsoft, Brad Smith, ya ba da sanarwar cewa rukunin farko na kayayyaki, gami da tabarau na kariya 15,000, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na infrared, murfin likitanci, da rigunan kariya, an ba da gudummawa ga Seattle, tare da ƙarin agajin da zai zo nan ba da jimawa ba.
Duba kuma
Jerin software na Microsoft
Jerin saka hannun jari ta Kamfanin Microsoft
Jerin hadewa da saye da Microsoft
Ƙungiyoyin injiniyan Microsoft
Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Microsoft
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Albarkatun%20Ruwa | Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa | Dokokin albarkatun ruwa (a wasu hukunce-hukuncen, taƙaitaccen zuwa “dokar ruwa”) fanni ne na dokar da ya shafi mallaka, sarrafawa, da amfani da ruwa a matsayin hanya. Yana da kusanci da dokar dukiya, kuma ya bambanta da dokokin da ke kula da ingancin ruwa.
Ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin tsari
Ruwa yana ko'ina kuma baya mutunta iyakokin siyasa. Dokokin albarkatun ruwa na iya aiki ga kowane yanki na hydrosphere akan abin da za a iya yin da'awar don dacewa ko kula da ruwa don yin wani dalili. Irin waɗannan ruwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ba:
Ruwan da ke sama — tafkuna, koguna, tekuna, da dausayi.
Ruwan da ke gudana a saman ƙasa gaba ɗaya ruwan da ke malalowa daga ruwan sama, ruwan ambaliya, da dusar ƙanƙara kafin ruwan ya kai ga magudanar ruwa, tafkuna, dausayi, ko kuma tekuna;
Ruwan ƙasa musamman ruwan da ke cikin magudanan ruwa.
Tarihi
Tarihin dangantakar mutane da ruwa ya kwatanta dumbin hanyoyi daban-daban na sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. "Lipit Ishtar da Ur Nammu duk sun ƙunshi tanadin ruwa, kafin Hammurabi da aƙalla shekaru 250, kuma sun ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun waɗanda aka gina Code Hammurabi a kai. Kundin Hammurabi cikin rubutaccen dokokin da aka rubuta don magance matsalolin ruwa, kuma wannan lambar ta haɗa da sarrafa amfani da ruwa. A lokacin da aka rubuta lambar a Mesopotamiya ta da, wayewar da ke kewaye da ita ta dogara ga kogin Tigris da Furat don tsira. Sakamakon haka, shugabannin sun bukaci samar da tsattsauran tsarin magudanar ruwa da na ban ruwa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Sarki Hammurabi na Babila ne ya ƙirƙiro lambar kimanin shekaru 3,800 da suka wuce.
Wahalolin haƙƙin ruwa
Ana samun wahala musamman don dai-daita shi dokokin ruwa, saboda an tsara dokoki musamman don ƙasa. Ruwa na tafi da gidanka, wadatar sa ya bambanta da shekara, yanayi, da wuri, kuma ana iya amfani da shi a lokaci guda ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Kamar yadda yake a cikin dokar kadarori, ana iya siffanta haƙƙin ruwa a matsayin “gunkin sanduna” mai ɗauke da ayyuka da yawa, waɗanda za su iya samun matakan ƙa’ida daban-daban. Misali, masu amfani da ruwa suna karkatar da shi daga hanyar da ta dace amma suna dawo da galibi ko duka (misali masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ), yayin da wasu ke cinye yawancin abin da suke sha (kankara, noma ), wasu kuma suna amfani da ruwa ba tare da karkatar da shi ba kwata-kwata. (misali jirgin ruwa ). Kowane nau'in aiki yana da nasa buƙatun kuma a ka'idar ana iya daidaita shi daban. Akwai rikice-rikice iri-iri da dama da ke iya tasowa: cikakken rashi; karancin ruwa a wani lokaci ko wuri, karkatar da ruwa da ke rage kwararar da ake samu ga wasu, gurbatattun abubuwa ko wasu sauye-sauye (kamar zazzabi ko turbidity) da ke sa ruwa bai dace da amfani da wasu ba, da kuma bukatar kula da “magudanar ruwa a cikin rafi” na ruwa don kare yanayin halitta.
Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar tarihi, wanda aka gabatar a cikin littafin Karl August Wittfogel na Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, ya ɗauka cewa yawancin dauloli an tsara su a kusa da wata hukuma ta tsakiya da ke sarrafa yawan jama'a ta hanyar sarrafa ruwa. Irin wannan daular hydraulic/(na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa) yana haifar da yuwuwar despotism/ kishiyantar dimokuradiyya, kuma yana aiki a zaman tatsuniya don tsara ƙa'idodin ruwa.
Dokar ruwa ta shafi cece-kuce a wasu sassan duniya inda yawan jama'a ke fuskantar kara gasa kan karancin wadataccen abinci. Takaddama kan koguna, tafkuna da magudanan ruwa na karkashin kasa sun ratsa kan iyakokin kasa. Ko da yake har yanzu ana sarrafa dokar ruwa ta kowane ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da aka gabatar da su kamar ka'idodin Helsinki kan amfani da ruwan kogunan ƙasa da ƙasa da sanarwar Hague kan Tsaron Ruwa a ƙarni na 21 .
Batutuwan da suka daɗe a dokar ruwa sun hada da yiwuwar dumamar yanayi kan yanayin ruwan sama da kuma fitar da iska; samuwa da kuma farashin fasaha na desalination kula da gurbatar yanayi da ci gaban kiwo.
Samfuran doka
Haƙƙin doka na yin amfani da ƙayyadaddun samar da ruwa da aka sani da haƙƙin ruwa. Akwai manyan samfura guda biyu da ake amfani da su don haƙƙin ruwa. Na farko shine haƙƙin raƙuman ruwa, inda mai mallakar ƙasar da ke kusa yana da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin jiki kusa da shi. Sauran manyan samfurin shine samfurin ƙaddamarwa na baya, ƙungiya ta farko don yin amfani da ruwa yana da haƙƙin farko zuwa gare shi, ko da kuwa ko dukiya tana kusa da tushen ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa gabaɗaya ya fi kowa a wuraren da ruwa ke da yawa, yayin da tsarin keɓancewa ya fi kowa a cikin busasshen yanayi. Kamar yadda dokar albarkatun ruwa ta kasance mai rikitarwa, yankuna da yawa suna da haɗuwa da samfuran biyu.
Dokar ruwa ta ƙasa
Dokokin kasa da kasa
An kare haƙƙin amfani da ruwa don biyan buƙatun ɗan adam don amfanin kai da kuma na gida a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya . Lokacin shigar da shi cikin tsarin shari'a na ƙasa, ana bayyana wannan haƙƙin ga sauran haƙƙoƙin ruwa a cikin babban tsarin dokar ruwa. An amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ta takaddun ƙasa da yawa, gami da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idodi. Bugu da kari, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke bayyana cewa, "kasashe mambobin sun amince da hakkin samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a matsayin hakkin dan Adam da ke da matukar muhimmanci don more rayuwa da dukkan hakkokin bil'adama."
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dora babban nauyi a kan gwamnatoci don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya cin gajiyar "isasshen ruwa, mai aminci, ruwa mai araha, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba." Musamman ma, ana sa ran gwamnatoci za su dauki matakan da suka dace don kaucewa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu bambance hanyoyin samun ruwa a tsakanin ‘yan kasa. A yau dukkan jihohin sun amince da wata yarjejeniya ta kare hakkin bil adama a fili ko kuma a fakaice, kuma dukkansu sun rattaba hannu a kan akalla wata sanarwar siyasa da ta amince da wannan hakki.
Kanada
A karkashin Dokar Tsarin Mulki, na1867, an raba ikon hanyoyin ruwa tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna. Hukuncin gwamnatin tarayya ya samo asali ne daga ikon tafiyar da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da sufurin jiragen ruwa, kamun kifi, da gudanar da yankunan arewa, wanda ya haifar da zartar da:
Dokar Kifi,
Dokar Kariyar Kewayawa,
Dokar Rigakafin Ruwan Ruwa na Arctic, da
Dokar Oceans.
Hukuncin lardi ya samo asali ne daga ikon mallakar dukiya da hakkokin jama'a, al'amuran gida da na sirri, da kuma kula da filayen Crown. A Ontario, Quebec da sauran larduna, gadaje na duk ruwa suna cikin Crown, sabanin dokar Turanci . Duk gwamnatocin larduna kuma suna gudanar da ingancin ruwa ta hanyar dokoki kan kariyar muhalli da ruwan sha, kamar Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa a Ontario.
Ostaraliya
Dokar ruwa a ƙasar Ostaraliya ta bambanta da kowace jiha.
Tasmania
Kamfanin Ruwa na Tasmania ya mallaki duk wani kayan aikin samar da ruwan sha da kananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa a baya Wannan manufar ba ta shahara ga duk kansilolin kananan hukumomi ba.
Dokar ruwa a Amurka
A Amurka akwai sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin dokar ruwa don rarraba haƙƙin ruwa wanda ya bambanta da yanki. Waɗannan surori dabam-dabam sun wanzu saboda dalilai na tarihi da na ƙasa. Dokokin ruwa sun ƙunshi ɗimbin batutuwa ko nau'ikan da aka tsara don samar da tsari don warware takaddama da batutuwan manufofin da suka shafi ruwa:
Ruwan jama'a, gami da magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa.
Sauran ruwan saman—gaba ɗaya ruwan da ke bi ta ƙasar da ba na jama'a ba daga ruwan sama, ruwan ambaliya, da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara kafin waɗannan ruwan su kai ga magudanar ruwa na jama'a.
Ruwan cikin ƙasa, wani lokaci ana kiransa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa, percolating, ko ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Dokokin jama'a na ruwa, gami da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ka'idojin muhalli jaha da tarayya, tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsarin kamun kifi.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da duk abubuwan da ke sama akwai hulɗar haƙƙoƙin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin ruwa, wanda ya zana abubuwan da suka shafi fitattun dokokin yanki da ikon sashe na kasuwanci na tarayya.
Dokokin aikin ruwa: dokar da ta inganta sosai game da samuwar, aiki, da kuɗin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jama'a na gida na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa kewayawa, ban ruwa, da guje wa lalata muhalli.
Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin 'ƴan ƙasar Amirka
Dokar da ke jagorantar waɗannan batutuwa ta fito ne daga duk matakan dokokin ruwa. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga ka'idodin doka na gama-gari waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma waɗanda ke tasowa yayin da yanayin jayayyar da ake gabatarwa kotuna ke canzawa. Misali, tsarin shari'a game da haƙƙin masu mallakar ƙasa don karkatar da ruwan saman ya canza sosai a ƙarnin da ya gabata yayin da halayen jama'a game da ƙasa da ruwa suka samo asali. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga dokar doka ta jiha. Wasu suna samun ne daga asalin tallafin filaye da jama'a ke baiwa Jihohi da kuma takardun asalinsu. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga ka'idojin ruwa na jihohi, tarayya da na kananan hukumomi ta hanyar shiyya, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da sauran ka'idoji. Kabilun Indiyawan da ba na tarayya ba ba su da hakkin ruwa.
Jihohi da yawa a tsakiyar yammacin ƙasar Amurka, kamar Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, da Kansas, suna amfani da tsarin shari'a idan ana maganar albarkatun ruwa.
Dokar ruwa a Ingila da Wales
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun wajabta buga rahoto Duk shekara mai girman gaske wanda ke samar da daidaitattun adadin bayanai na kasa baki daya kan farashi, kudaden shiga, riba, da matakan aiki. Wata hukuma mai zaman kanta ta bangaren masana'antar ruwa tana nazarin sakamakon kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara matakin da aka ba da izini wanda ba shi da tushe kuma tushen ƙarfafawa. Ba da hannun jari a cikin Burtaniya an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar saka hannun jari na tarihi akan wani yanki mai ɗimbin kadara.
Dokar ruwa a cikin Tarayyar Turai
Ga ƙasashe a cikin Tarayyar Turai, umarnin da suka shafi ruwa suna da muhimmanci domin a sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancin ruwa. Muhimman umarni sun haɗa da Dokar Sharar Ruwa ta Birane a shekarata 1992 (yana buƙatar mafi yawan garuruwa da birane su kula da ruwan shararsu zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi), da Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta 2000/60/EC, wanda ke buƙatar tsare-tsaren albarkatun ruwa bisa raƙuman ruwa, gami da jama'a Shiga bisa ka'idodin Yarjejeniyar Aarhus. Dubi Lokacin Ruwa - mahallin duniya , Sashe na 2.
Sauran abubuwa
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Ontario)
Dokar Kare Ruwa Tsabta
SB X-7
Gundumar Kula da Ruwa na Kogin Colorado v. Amurka
Dokar magudanar ruwa
Dokar Muhalli
Amincin abinci
Bauta mai kewayawa
Dama ga ruwa
Ruwa dama
Manazarta
Hildering, A. (2004), Dokokin Duniya, Ci gaba mai Dorewa da Gudanar da Ruwa, Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft, Netherlands, 2004
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (2004), Rahoton Ƙarshe da aka gabatar a Taron Ƙungiyar 2004 a Berlin
UNEP (2002), Hotunan Ruwa Mai Muhimmanci - Bayanin Halin Ruwan Ruwa da Ruwa na Duniya . UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sax, JL, et al. . Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa na Shari'a: Harkoki da Kayayyaki (Bugu na 4) . Thomson/West (2006), .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
36282 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Wadai%28Ya%C6%99in%20Ouaddai%29 | Yaƙin Wadai(Yaƙin Ouaddai) | Yaƙin Wadai (wanda aka fi sani da "Yaƙin Ouaddai") Kasar Faransa da kawayenta na Afirka suka yi yaƙi da Daular Wadai da ƙawayenta daga shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1912. Wadda take cikin abin da zai kasance gabashin Chadi da yammacin Sudan a yau, Wadai ta yi tsayayya da mamayar Faransa. Ba tare da la'akari ba, yawancin Wadai gami da babban birninta Abéché ya fada hannun maharan a cikin shekara ta 1909, wanda ya tilasta mai mulkin masarautar Dud Murra ci gaba da adawarsa daga lardunan da ke kusa da jihohin da ke tare da ita. Ya sami nasarar samun goyon bayan masarautar Musamman ta yankin Darfur da Dar Masalit, kuma ya yi amfani da wadannan yankuna a matsayin sansanonin baya yayin yunkurin korar Faransawan. Yin haka, ya more ɗan nasara, kuma ya haifar da nasara da yawa ga sojojin da Faransa ke jagoranta. Don halatta shigarsu, Faransawa suka sanya dangin Dud Murra Adam Asil a matsayin mai mulkin yar tsana a Wadai. Bayan rasa galibin sojojinsa da abokansa, an tilasta Dud Murra ya mika wuya a cikin shekara ta 1911. Ba tare da la'akari ba, tashin hankali da farko ya ci gaba: wata babbar tawaye ga Faransawa ta ɓarke jim kaɗan bayan kayen da Dud Murra ya sha, kuma an yi zargin cewa an shirya makircin adawa da Turai tare da goyon bayan Adam Asil. Karshen gwagwarmaya ta ƙarshe ta adawa da Faransa a Wadai an murƙushe ta a shekara ta 1912 kuma yankin ya kasance ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1960.
Bayan Fage
Mutanen Tunjur ne suka kafa shi a karni na 16 kuma yake a gabashin Basin Chadi, tattalin arzikin Wadai ya dogara ne da kiwon shanu da fataucin bayi. Dangane da haka, ta haɓaka ƙwararrun sojoji waɗanda babban dalilinsu shine mamaye wasu yankuna don bayi. Duk da cewa addinin Islama ya kasance a matsayin addinin ƙasa, al'adun gargajiya sun kasance gama gari a tsakanin jama'ar Wadai. Ba tare da la'akari ba, an yi amfani da addini don ba da hujjar farmakin bayi ga mutanen da ba Musulmi ba a kudu. A cikin karni na 19, Wadai ya kara samun karfi sakamakon gogewar sarakuna da suka cancanta (kolak), duk da yake-yake na basasa lokaci-lokaci. Daga karshe jihar ta kulla kawance da babban umarnin Senussi wanda ya kasance a hamada zuwa arewa kuma yake sarrafa mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci na Saharar ya zama mafi rinjaye a gabashin yankin Basin. Wadai ya sami ci gaba a karkashin tsayayyun sarakunan Ali bin Muhammad Sharif (r. 1858-1874) da Yusuf ibn Muhammad Sharif (r. 1874-1898). Caravans sun ƙara son yin tafiya ta cikin Wadai, suna ganin ya fi aminci, kuma sun kawo wa yankin wadata mai yawa. Dogaro da tattalin arzikinta da ke bunkasa da kuma bindigogin da aka shigo da su daga Senussi, Wadai ya fadada tare da fatattakar wasu batutuwan da dama kamar su Bornu da Sultanate na Bagirmi, yana tilasta musu yin haraji da kuma sace ƙwararrun masu fasaha don wadatar da daular. .
A lokaci guda, Scramble na Afirka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka na Sahel cikin sauri. Gabashin Wadai, Turawan ingila sun fatattaki Mahdin Sudan kuma suka sake kafa Masarautar Darfur a matsayin kasar kare kai. Mai mulkin yankin Darfur, Ali Dinar, ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa masarauta mai tasiri da cin gashin kai. A yamma, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Kasar Faransa sun fara fadada cikin Tekun Chadi, inda suka shiga rikici da wasu kananan hukumomi, kabilu, da motsi ciki har da umarnin Senussi. Sakamakon tattaunawar a shekara ta 1898–99, gwamnatocin Birtaniyya da Faransa sun amince su raba Kogin Chadi a tsakaninsu. Sun yanke shawarar sanya Wadai zuwa Kasar Faransa, yayin da Darfur a hukumance aka sanya shi cikin yankin turawan ingila. Har yanzu dai rashin tabbas ya kasance, yayin da ake takaddama kan iyakar tsakanin Wadai da Darfur kuma a kai a kai ana kan karatowa. Lokacin da Ali Dinar na Darfur ya sami labarin Yarjejeniyar Turai, sai ya kuduri aniyar fadada yankinsa cikin sauri zuwa yamma don hana Faransawa mamaye wasu yankunan da ya yi imanin mallakinsa ne. Ya ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga Senussi saboda dalilai na soji da na tattalin arziki, don haka ya zama sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da Kasar Faransa gaba zuwa yamma.
A cikin shekara ta 1898, Kolak Yusuf na Wadai ya mutu, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar maye gurbin a yayin da Ahmad al-Ghazali, wanda Ali Dinar ya goyi bayansa, ya sami kursiyin. Bayan shekaru biyu, Faransawa suka rusa daular Rabih az-Zubayr suka kafa Chadi ta Faransa, kai tsaye take iyaka da Wadai. Sakamakon haka Faransanci ya fara tsoma baki a gwagwarmayar maye gurbin Wadai. A cikin shekara ta 1901, Muhammad Salih, wanda aka fi sani da "Dud Murra" (Zakin Murra) wanda ya sami goyon bayan umarnin Senussi ya hambarar da Ahmad al-Ghazali. Don saka wa abokan aikinsa na Senussi, Dud Murra ya ba su damar yin kasuwanci da yardar kaina a masarautarsa. A sakamakon haka, Dud Murra da Senussi sun kulla kawance. Duk da hawansa, mulkin Dud Murra ya ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale daga abokan hamayya. Dan uwan nasa Adam Asil yi yunkurin juyin mulki, amma bai yi nasara ba ya gudu don gudun makanta. Adam Asil ya sami mafaka tare da Faransawan da suka fara tallafawa da'awar sa ta gadon sarauta. Sun yi niyyar nada shi a matsayin 'yar tsana mai mulkin Wadai.
Dakarun adawa
Wadai
Wadai tana da haziki kuma gogaggen soja, wanda ya kware sosai game da gwagwarmayar tafi da gidanka da kuma kai hare-hare wanda yake nuna yakin gargajiya a yankin. Babban jigon sojojinta sune fitattun sojojin doki, da yawa daga cikinsu na fada ne. Zuwa shekara ta 1900, Wadai ta sami damar tara 7,000 zuwa 11,000 daga cikin wadannan sojoji da aka hau. Manyan sojoji sun sami ƙarin sojoji, waɗanda yawancinsu bayi ne. Sarakunan Wadai sun kasance masu son zamanantar da sojojinsu, kuma sun fara shigo da bindigogin zamani daga Arewacin Afirka a farkon karni na 19. An haramtawa fararen hula mallakar bindigogi, yayin da cinikin bindiga don fadada rumbun ajiyar kayan aikin Wadai ya karu yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. A mafi yawan lokuta ana musayar bindigogin ne ga bayi. Musamman, Dud Murra ya fadada kayan Wadai sosai, kuma ya tara bindigogi guda 10,000, tun daga tsofaffin manyan duwatsu masu inganci zuwa Martini – Henry, Remington, Gras, da Winchester bindigogi, har ma da jakuna . A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a shigo da bindigogin zamani zuwa Wadai ta hanyar umarnin Senussi, kamar yadda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Daular Usmaniyya gaba ɗaya suka hana sayar da su a yankin Sahara. Sakamakon haka, shigo da bindigogi ya kasance yana da matukar tsada ga jihohin Saharar da suka hada da Wadai. Wani matafiyi ya bayyana a shekara ta 1881 cewa darajar makamin Kasar Italiya na zamani zai ninka har sau goma a lokacin da ya isa kudu da hamada. Isar da kayayyakin gyara da alburusai na bindigogin zamani ya kasance matsala, kuma da yawa mayaƙan Saharar a kan haka sun ci gaba da fifita ƙanƙantar duwatsu waɗanda ke fama da ƙarancin wadata.
Faransanci
Sojojin Kasar Faransa na yau da kullun daga Turai waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Chadi ba su da isassun kayan aiki da rauni a adadi. A sakamakon haka, Faransawa sun dogara ga sojojin Afirka a yakin da suke yi a yankin, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu aka dauke su daga sojojin manyan hafsoshi da sarakuna. Yawancin sojojin da Faransa ta jagoranta wadanda suka yi yaki da Wadai a zahiri tsoffin sojoji ne na rusasshiyar rundunar Rabih az-Zubayr wadanda suka koma ga Turawan.
Yaƙin
Tare da goyon bayan Faransawa Adam Asil, a fili rikici tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Wadai ya barke a shekara ta 1906. Sannu a hankali Faransawa suka ci gaba zuwa gabas, suna gina kagaggun mukamai don tallafa wa yakinsu, kuma suka kai hari kan garuruwa masu karfi na Senussi Zawiya a cikin Hamada wanda ya rage karfin ikon Musulunci da karfin tattalin arziki. Zuwa shekara ta 1907, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a tsakanin na Abéché. A halin yanzu, Adam Asil ya fara kaddamar da samame akai-akai zuwa cikin yankin Wadai daga yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka. Waɗannan hare-haren ba su da izinin shugabannin Turai, waɗanda ke haifar da rikici. Faransawa ma sun yi watsi da shi na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekara ta 1908, amma ba da daɗewa ba sun ci gaba da goyon bayansu ga aikinsa. Duk da matsalolin da suka dabaibaye Adam Asil, Faransawa sun ci gaba da samun ci gaba. Wani rukuni na sojoji guda 200 karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Jérusalemy ya yi mummunan rauni a kan sojojin Wadai a Dokotchi a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1908 da Djoua a ranar 16 ga Yuni. Faransawa sun kashe gwamnonin lardin Wadai na Mahamid da Debaba yayin yakin na baya. Godiya ga nasarar da aka samu a Djoua, wani rukunin Faransa na 180 karkashin Kyaftin Jean-Joseph Fiegenschuh ya sami damar mamaye Abéché a ranar 2 ko 12 ga Yunin shekara ta 1909. Wadai ya zama wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa, kuma an saka Adam Asil kamar yadda sabon kolak .
Dud Murra ya ƙi miƙa wuya, duk da haka, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki azaman “inuwa” <i id="mwpg">kolak</i> . Ya koma arewa zuwa yankunan da kuma ya yi tawaye ga Faransawan da ikon Wadai ya kasance mai tsananin wahala. Kamar yadda Faransawa suka yi ikirarin duk yankunan da sarakunan Wadai suka mallaka a baya, su ma sun yi rikici da Darfur. Ali Dinar ya dauki ci gaban su zuwa yankin iyakar Wadai-Darfur da ake takaddama a kansa a matsayin cin zarafi, kuma ya fara goyon bayan manufar Dud Murra. A halin yanzu, Captain Fiegenschuh aka aiko bayan da ɗan gudun hijira kolak wanda aka tushen a cikin ƙasa na Sultan Taj ad-Din, mai mulkin Dar Masalit. Sojojin Wadaian sun kashe Fiegenschuh da rundunarsa gaba ɗaya a Wadi Kadja a ranar 4 ga Janairun shekara ta 1910. Nan da nan aka tara wata rundunar ta Faransa. Idan aka kirga sojoji guda 300, wannan rukunin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Yankin Chadi Joseph Édouard Maillard, kuma ya gamu da sojoji na 'yan asalin yankin guda 5,000 karkashin jagorancin Dud Murra da Sultan Taj ad-Din a Dorothe a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1910. Sojojin Afirka sun yi nasarar kewaye Faransawan, kuma ya shafe su cikin yaƙin da aka yi. Dukkanin bangarorin sun yi asara mai yawa, gami da Maillard da Sultan Taj ad-Din. Gabaɗaya, Yaƙin Dorothe babbar nasara ce ga Dud Murra, kuma ya dawo da ikonsa na ɗan lokaci.
Fahimtar munin halin da ake ciki, shugabanin Faransa sun shirya wani harin. A wannan karon, an sanya tsohon sojan mulkin mallaka Victor Emmanuel Largeau cikin kwamandan Yakin Wadai. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfen na yaƙar tawaye, wanda ya sami nasarar tilasta Dud Murra ya miƙa wuya a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1911. Kolak da ya sha kaye an tsare shi a Fort-Lamy, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da rikici. Jim kaɗan bayan mika wuya na Dud Murra, wani babban tawaye ya ɓarke a Wadai. Bayan an murkushe wannan tawayen, Faransawa sun tabbatar da ikonsu a kan yankin. Shi ma ɗan tsana na Wadai ya riga ya fa'ida daga amfaninsa. Adam Asil ya kori Faransawa a cikin shekara ta 1911, wanda ake zargi da tallafawa wata makarkashiyar Turai. Faransawa sun mamaye Wadai gaba daya a shekara ta 1912.
Bayan haka
Yaƙin Wadai ya haifar da asarar rayuka a ɓangarorin biyu, kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin yankin. Yunwa da annoba sun zama gama gari a cikin Chadi, kuma yawan mutanen Wadai ya faɗi daga mutum guda 700,000 a shekara ta 1912 zuwa mutum guda 400,000 a shekara ta 1914. Chadi, haɗe da Wadai, sun kasance da wahalar sarrafawa, kuma wasu sarakuna na gari sun ci gaba da tabbatar da 'Yancin kai tsaye har zuwa shekara ta 1917. A waccan shekarar, wani kwamandan Faransa ya kuma ba da umarnin kisan wasu mashahuran Wadai sama da mutum guda 100 a cikin abin da ake kira " Kashe-kashe kisan kiyashi ". Tsohon daular ta ilimi ta amsa ta gudu sun mayar zuwa Darfur da kuma Misira. Kiyayya ga gwamnatin Kasar Faransa ta karu, kuma adawa ta karu da Faransa a cikin Chadi ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1920.
Manazarta
Afirka
Afirka a 1911
Afirka a 1907
Afirka a 1909
Afirka a 1908 |
24621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisi%20Alimi | Bisi Alimi | Bisi Alimi (an haifi Ademola Iyandade Ojo Kazeem Alimi, an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1975) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin yan luwadi ne na Najeriya, mai magana da yawun jama'a, marubucin blog kuma mai ba da shawara kan cutar HIV/LGBT wanda ya sami hankalin duniya lokacin da ya zama ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya fito a talabijin.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Alimi a gundumar Mushin da ke Legas ga mahaifin sa Raski Ipadeola Balogun Alimi (ɗan sandan Najeriya) da Uwar Idiatu Alake Alimi (magatakardar jami'a). Alimi ya taso ne a Legas, inda ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare. Shi ne na uku a cikin iyalin su mai 'ya'ya biyar daga mahaifiyarsa, kuma na shida daga cikin' ya'ya goma daga mahaifinsa. Daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Adebisi Alimi.
Ilimi
Bisi ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Eko Boys a Legas, kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1993. Ya jagoranci raye -raye na al'adun makarantarsa, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, zuwa kyaututtuka da karramawa da yawa. Ya kasance memba na ɗalibin adabi da muhawara na makarantar sakandare kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Al'umma (mai kula da tsara ayyukan zamantakewa) a cikin babban shekarar sa. Hakanan, a cikin shekarar 1993, ya sami gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jihar Ogun, kuma daga baya zai yi karatun Creative Arts, wanda ya yi fice a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Legas . A lokacin karatun jami'a ne jima'i ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai bayan Rayuwar Makaranta, mujallar jami'ar ta fitar da shi a matsayin ɗan luwadi. Kafin fitowar mujallar, Bisi ya fuskanci wariya da yawa a harabar harabar, gami da fuskantar kwamitin ladabtarwa kan tuhumar da ake masa na luwadi. Kodayake ya kammala karatu, kusan an hana shi satifiket saboda an yi imanin cewa ɗabi'ar sa ba za ta yarda da ɗalibin jami'ar ba.
An shigar da shi Kwalejin Birkbeck, Jami'ar London a shekarar 2011, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Mulki da Manufofin Jama'a.
A cikin shekarar 2019, an ya samu gurbin karatu na John Stopford don yin karatun Masters a Babban Koyarwar a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Meyler Campbell.
Sana'a
Kafin fitowar sa a bainar jama'a, Alimi ya fara aikin lauya a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 a Najeriya lokacin da wasu abokan sa suka mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau. Bayan shekaru 2 na aikin tattara al'umma (gami da rarraba kwaroron roba da ilimin jima'i mai aminci) ga Maza da Maza masu yin Jima'i da sauran Maza (MSM) a Najeriya, ya shiga Alliance Rights Nigeria (ARN) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin Daraktan Shirin, bunƙasa da bayar da HIV/AIDs da sabis na kiwon lafiyar jima'i da tallafi. A matsayinsa na Daraktan Shirin ARN, ya kasance a zuciyar haɓaka tsarin rigakafin cutar kanjamau na Najeriya MSM a shekarar 2004. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa Kanjamau ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta horar da shi a shekarar 2004 a matsayin Mai ƙira na aikin HIV, Mobiliser Community, Care, Support and Treatment. A cikin shekarar 2005, ya haɗu da The Independent Project (daga baya, Ƙungiyar daidaiton jinsi) yana aiki a matsayin babban darakta.
A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2007 aka tilasta masa tserewa daga Najeriya sakamakon barazanar rayuwarsa. Burtaniya ta ba shi mafaka a shekarar 2008, inda yake zama tun lokacin. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2014 aka ba shi izinin zama ɗan Burtaniya. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2011, Alimi yayi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Ayyukan MSM na Afirka a Naz Project London. A halin yanzu Alimi shine Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Bisi Alimi kuma mai haɗin gwiwa da darektan Rainbow Intersection, da kuma wanda ya kafa The Kaleidoscope Trust wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Afirka daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013. Ya kasance malamin ziyara a Freie Universitat Berlin da Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin .
Sabuwar Alfijir tare da Funmi
Alimi ya shahara a shekarar 2004 lokacin da ya zama ɗan luwaɗi ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya fito a gidan talabijin na ƙasa na Najeriya a matsayin baƙo a shirin Funmi Iyanda na New Dawn tare da Funmi, shirin tattaunawa a NTA . A wannan shekarar, an gano Bisi yana ɗauke da cutar kanjamau, kuma a cikin shirin Alimi ya tabbatar da jima'i a matsayin ɗan luwadi kuma ya nemi karɓuwa daga jama'a daga jama'a. Shawarar da ya yanke na fitowa daga cikin kabad ya haifar da sha’awa da barazanar kisa. A sakamakon haka, danginsa da yawancin abokansa sun yi watsi da Alimi - kuma sun kore shi daga gidansa. Hakanan, an soke tsarin rayuwa na New Dawn. Ma'aikatan zartarwa na NTA sun duba baƙi na gaba akan sigar da aka riga aka yi rikodin don gujewa abin da ake ɗauka "haifar da laifi ga jama'a".
Ƙoƙari
A farkon shekarar 2004, Alimi ya halarci Babban Taro na 4 kan cutar kanjamau da aka gudanar a Abuja inda ya bayyana damuwar HIV a tsakanin mazan jinsi na Najeriya. Daga baya ya zama mai fafutukar kare Haƙƙin ƴan luwaɗi a Najeriya yana jagorantar zanga -zangar lumana da tattaunawar zamantakewa don neman yarda da' yan luwadi a Najeriya. A watan Yulin shekarar 2005, Alimi ya kafa The Independent Project for Equal Rights-Nigeria tare da gungun abokai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na wannan kungiya inda ya fara gabatar da wasu shirye -shiryen Rukunin Matasan LGBT na Najeriya har zuwa watan Afrilu shekarar 2007. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin daraktan shirye -shiryen matasa na Najeriya a kungiyar Alliance Rights. Koyaya, hirar sa mai cike da cece-kuce a gidan talabijin na ƙasa a shekarar 2004 ya zama mai haifar da ƙudirin da aka gabatar kan "Dokar Anti-Same Jima'i" na shekarar 2006 wanda aka gabatar ga 'yan majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya. An gabatar da kudirin wannan ƙudiri na "Anti-Same Sex" a gaban majalisar dokoki sau uku tsakanin shekarar 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2011.
Yanzu yana zaune a Landan, Alimi ya ci gaba da ba da shawarwari kan haƙƙin 'yan luwadi a tsakanin al'ummomin ƙaura na Afirka. Ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyoyi a Burtaniya ciki har da Naz Project London, Michael Bell Research da Consultancy da HIV i-Base . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da AHPN, kuma an zaɓe shi memba na matasan IAS na Mexico a shekarar 2008 kuma memba ne a kwamitin nazarin AmfAR don tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa na shirin cutar kanjamau na MSM na Afirka shekarar 2009 da shekara ta 2011 bi da bi.
Baya ga fafutukar kare haƙƙin jima'i, Alimi ta kuma shirya zanga -zangar adawa da manufofin Burtaniya wadanda ke da ikon haifar da wariyar launin fata.
Kyaututtuka
Alimi ya karɓar kuma an sha zaɓarsa don lambobin yabo da yawa. An kuma saka shi a cikin "Mai zaman kansa a ranar Lahadin" Jerin Pink na mafi yawan mutanen LGBT masu tasiri a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 2011, 2012, 2013, wanda ya kai lamba 90 a 2012.
An jera shi a matsayi na uku a cikin manyan masu faɗa -a -ji na 100 wadanda ba su da farin jini da masu tunani a Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland.
A Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, 2014, an ƙara shi cikin Lissafin Daraja na Gay UK LGBT 🏳️🌈 a shekarar 2014 don girmama aikinsa mai kyau don 'Ilimi a cikin LGBT Community' kuma an zaɓe shi don Gwarzon Ɗabi'a na Mujallar "Out In The City". Kyautar Shekara. An san lambar yabo ta The Out In The City da ake kira "UK LGBT Oscar".
Duba kuma
Bobrisky
Denrele Edun
Yinka Jegede-Ekpe
Manazarta
Ƴan Najeriya
Yarbawa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
16144 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbani%20Darego | Agbani Darego | Agbani Darego, MFR (an haife tane a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1982) 'yar Nijeriya ce kuma sarauniyar kyau ce wacce aka ɗora mata sarautar Miss World a shekarar 2001. Ita ce 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta ci gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Duniya.
Rayuwar farko
Abonnema 'yar asali Darego an kuma haife ta ne a Legas a matsayin ɗiya ta shida cikin yara takwas a wurin mahaifanta. Tana da shekara biyu, iyayen ta suka sake komawa Fatakwal inda ta girma a cikin D-Line. Darego ta halarci makarantar Nursery da Firamaren ta a Bereton Montessori, kuma tana 'yar shekara goma aka tura ta makarantar kwana a kokarin kare ta daga mahaifiyarta wacce ta kamu da cutar kansa ta mama. Mahaifiyarta, Inaewo, ta kasance tana da sana’ar sayar da shinkafa da shagunan sayar da sutura, amma ta mutu shekara biyu bayan komawar ’yarta zuwa makaranta. Darego ta yi magana game da yadda asara ta shirya ta don ƙalubale masu wuya a nan gaba. Yayinda take matashiya, Darego ta dade tana son zama abar koyi, kuma tayi saurarar gasar samfurin samfurin M-Net Face of Africa duk da burin mahaifinta mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma ba a zaba ta a matsayin ta karshe ba. Darego ta halarci kwalejin 'yan mata ta gwamnatin tarayya, Abuloma. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na sakandare sai ta halarci Jami’ar Fatakwal inda ta yi karatun Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi.
Gasa
A shekara ta 2001, Darego ta zama zakara mafi kyawu a Najeriya. Saɓanin yadda ake yaɗawa, Darego ba ta maye gurbin Valerie Peterside ba bayan da aka ƙwace kujerar daga baya kamar yadda ta yi takara a takarar Miss Nigeria. Bayan 'yan watanni kuma ta kasance mai takara a Miss Universe, kuma ta zama' yar Nijeriya ta farko da ta sanya cikin manyan 10 da suka kai wasan dab da na ƙarshe, ta kammala ta bakwai baki ɗaya. Ita ce kadai mafi hamayya goma da ta sanya karamar wasika sabanin bikin nuna bikini yayin gasar ninkaya.
A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar, ta zama 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta cinye taken Sarainiyar kyau ta Duniya (Wadanda suka ci Afirka a baya Penelope Coelen da Anneline Kriel daga Afirka ta Kudu,' yan asalin Turai ne, kuma Antigone Costanda, wanda ya wakilci Misira a sgekarar 1954 na asalin Girka ne). Nasarar Darego ta samu karbuwa sosai a cikin kasarta, kuma aikinta na shekara guda ya hada da tafiye-tafiye na fatan alheri da gabatar da shirye-shirye a madadin sarauniyar, da kuma girmamawa ta kasa da MFR.
Salo
Kafin lashe MBGN, Darego ta fito a tallace-tallace na kayan kwalliya kamar su sarka Collectables, kuma waɗannan mata yadda ake bukatar sa a Miss Universe aka gayyace ta Naomi Campbell su shiga a Frock 'n' Roll - sadaka fashion show a Barcelona, nan da nan sulhu a tallan kayan kawa da yawa tare da trump Gudanar da Samfura a Amurka. Jim kaɗan bayan mulkinta a matsayin Miss World sai rassa na London da Paris na Next Model Management suka wakilce ta kuma suka kulla yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku tare da L'Oréal, inda ta zama ta biyu ta Blackan Bakar fata da ta cim ma wannan abin bayan Vanessa Williams, kuma hotun ta ne Annie Leibovitz, babban suna a cikin hoton hoton Amurkawa na hoto na Vogue. Sauran nau'ikan da ta tsara sun hada da Avon, Christian Dior, Sephora, Target, da Macy's. Darego ya kuma fito a mujallar Elle, Marie Claire, Allure, Trace, Stitch, Cosmopolitan, da kuma mujallu na Essence, suna aiki tare da masu zane da yawa ciki har da Oscar de la Renta, Marc Bouwer, Tommy Hillfiger, Ralph Lauren, da Gianfranco Ferre.
A cikin mahaifarta Darego ta bayyana a cikin kamfen talla na kamfani mai suna Gentle Touch tare da samfurin Oluchi, kuma ta zama fuskar kamfanin Arik Air. Har ila yau, ta yi amfani da murfin Kamfanoni cikakke, Mania, Wannan salon na yau, Genevieve, Loveaunar Gaskiya, da TW Magazine.
Sauran aiki
Darego ta yanke hukunci game da gasar sarauniya mai yawa, kayan kwalliya da kuma samfurin wanda ya haɗa da Miss World na shekarar 2014, Miss England na shekarar 2002, Mr. Scotland na shekarar 2002, and Elite Model Look Nigeria na shekarar 2012 and da shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2010, ta ƙaddamar da salon nuna gaskiya da salon nuna Stylogenic a gidan talabijin na Najeriya, kuma bayan shekaru uku ta ba da sanarwar zangonta na denim, AD ta Agbani Darego, wanda ya haɗa da wando, riguna, tabarau da jakunkuna.
Nasarori
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a shekara ta 2001, Darego ta amshi lambar girmamawa daga Majalisar Sarakunan Legas.
Saboda yawan ayyukanta na aiki, Darego ta bar Jami'ar Port Harcourt, amma bayan ta koma New York inda aka sanya mata hannu a Next Model Management, Ford Models, da Trump Models, sai ta yi rajista tare da Jami'ar New York don nazarin Ilimin halin ɗan Adam, ta kammala karatu a watan Mayu na shejarar 2012.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017, Darego ta auri abokin aikinta Ishaya Danjuma, dan biloniya Janar Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma, a wani bikin da aka gudanar a Marrakesh. Tare, suna da ɗa wanda aka haifa a watan Satumba na shekarar 2018.
Manazarta
Mata a Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1982 |
40567 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC | OPEC | Kungiyar Kasashe Masu Fitar da Man Fetur ( OPEC,/ˈoʊ pɛk/OH-pek ) ƙungiya ce ta kasashe . An kafa ta a ranar 14 ga watan Satumbar 1960 a Bagadaza ta kasashe biyar na farko (Iran, Iraki, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, da Venezuela), tun a 1965, tana da hedkwata a Vienna, Austria, kodayake Austria ba ta cikin kungiyar OPEC. , da 13 Kasashen membobi sun kai kimanin kashi 44 da 81.5 na yawan man da ake hakowa a duniya kashi dari na arzikin man fetur da aka tabbatar a duniya, wanda ya baiwa kungiyar OPEC babban tasiri kan farashin mai a duniya wanda a baya kungiyar da ake kira "Seven Sisters" na kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa suka kayyade.
Kafa OPEC ya kawo sauyi ga ikon mallakar kasa a kan albarkatun kasa, kuma shawarar da kungiyar ta OPEC ta yi ta taka rawar gani a kasuwar man fetur ta duniya da huldar kasa da kasa. Tasirin na iya zama mai ƙarfi musamman lokacin da yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikice-rikicen jama'a ke haifar da tsawaitawa a cikin wadata. A cikin shekarun 1970, takunkumin hako mai ya haifar da tashin gwauron zabi a farashin mai da kuma kudaden shiga da kuma arzikin kungiyar OPEC, wanda hakan ya dade yana haifar da tasiri ga tattalin arzikin duniya. A cikin shekarun 1980, OPEC ta fara tsara manufofin samar da kayayyaki ga kasashe mambobinta; gabaɗaya, idan aka rage abin da ake nufi, farashin mai yana ƙaruwa. Wannan ya faru kwanan nan daga ƙudirin 2008 da 2016 na ƙungiyar don rage yawan abin da aka samu.
Masana tattalin arziki sun bayyana OPEC a matsayin misali na littafin karatu na ƙungiyar da ke ba da haɗin kai don rage gasa a kasuwa, amma wanda tuntubarsa ta sami kariya ta rukunan rigakafi na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, OPEC ta yi nasarar sake fasalin tsarin samar da mai a duniya ta yadda hukumar yanke shawara da mafi yawan ribar ke hannun kasashe masu arzikin man fetur. Tun a shekarun 1980, OPEC ta yi tasiri sosai wajen samar da man fetur a duniya da daidaiton farashinsa, saboda yawan ha’inci da mambobin kungiyar ke yi a kan alkawurran da suka yi wa juna, kuma kamar yadda alkawurran da mambobin kungiyar ke yi na nuna abin da za su yi ko da kuwa babu OPEC.
Kasashen OPEC na yanzu sun hada da Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Jamhuriyar Congo, Saudi Arabia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Venezuela. A halin da ake ciki, Ecuador, Indonesia da Qatar, sun kasance mambobin kungiyar OPEC. An kafa wata babbar kungiya mai suna OPEC a karshen shekarar 2016 domin samun karin iko kan kasuwar danyen mai ta duniya.
Ƙungiya da tsari
A cikin jerin matakai a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, OPEC ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da mai a duniya don goyon bayan kasashe masu samar da mai da kuma nesanta kansu daga oligopoly na manyan kamfanonin mai na Anglo-American (The Seven Sisters). Haɗin kai tsakanin jihohin da ke hako mai a cikin OPEC, ya sa su sami sauƙi a mayar da haƙon mai zuwa ƙasa da kuma tsara farashin mai don amfanin su ba tare da fuskantar hukunci daga gwamnatoci da kamfanoni na Yamma ba. Kafin kafa kungiyar OPEC, an hukunta daidaikun jihohin da ke hako mai saboda daukar matakin sauya tsarin tafiyar da harkokin hakar mai a iyakokinsu. An tilastawa kasashe ne ta hanyar soji (misali a shekarar 1953, Amurka da Birtaniya sun dauki nauyin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Mohammad Mosaddegh bayan ya mayar da man fetur din Iran kasa) ko kuma ta fuskar tattalin arziki (misali Seven Sisters sun rage yawan man fetur a wata jiha da ba ta yarda da hakan ba, sannan ta kara habaka samar da mai a wani waje) a lokacin da aka yi abin da ya saba wa muradun ’yan’uwa mata bakwai da gwamnatocinsu.
Ma’anar tsarin da kungiyar ta OPEC ke da shi shi ne cewa tana da muradin gamayya ga mambobinta su takaita wadatar man fetur a duniya domin samun karin farashi. Sai dai babbar matsalar da ke tsakanin kungiyar ta OPEC ita ce ta dace daidaikun mambobin su yi magudin alkawurra da kuma samar da mai gwargwadon iko.
Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Jeff Colgan ya yi zargin cewa OPEC tun a shekarun 1980 ta gaza cimma burinta (iyaka kan samar da mai a duniya, daidaita farashin, da kuma kara yawan kudaden shiga na dogon lokaci). Ya gano cewa membobi sun yaudari kashi 96% na alkawuransu. Matukar dai kasashe mambobin kungiyar sun cika alkawuran da suka dauka, saboda alkawurran sun nuna abin da za su yi ko da kuwa babu OPEC. Babban dalilin da ya sa ake yawan yin magudi shi ne, OPEC ba ta hukunta mambobinta saboda rashin cika alkawuran da suka dauka.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26058 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI | CI | CI ko Ci na iya nufin to:
Kalmomin kasuwanci
Hankalin abokin ciniki, horo ne a talla
Hankali mai gasa
Shaidar kamfani
Ci gaba na cigaba
Bayanin sirri
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Ilimi da ilimi
Jami'ar Jihar California, Tsibirin Channel
Makarantar Sakandare ta Channel
Collegium Invisibile
Cibiyar Confucius
Addini
Josephites na Belgium, ikilisiyar Katolika
Shaidar Kirista
Cibiyar Kirista, wata ƙungiya ce ta Biritaniya wacce ke haɓaka ƙimar Kirista
Sauran kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Sadaka Intelligence Kanada
Kamfanin jirgin saman China (lambar IATA)
Sabis na kiwon lafiya na Cigna (alamar NYSE)
Masu amfani da Ƙasa
Keke na Ireland
CI Records, alamar rikodin kiɗa
Cambria da Indiana Railroad
CANZUK International, ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kanada, Australia, New Zealand da Ingila
Conservation International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta duniya
Communications International, tsohon ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta duniya
Kwaminisanci na Duniya
Children International, wata kungiya mai daukar nauyin kananan yara
Doka da soja
Ƙwarewar fahimta
Mai ba da labari na sirri
Binciken Yarda, Binciken Sojojin Sama na Amurka
Babban sufeto, matsayin dan sanda
Takaddun shaida
Fararen hula Internee, matsayi na musamman na fursuna a lokacin yaƙin
Mai koyar da farar hula, balagaggen mai sa kai a cikin Rundunar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya
Wurare
Ci Ci, a Hebei, China
Tsibirin Cayman
Chile (lambar ƙasa ta FIPS, tsohuwar lambar ƙasar NATO)
Tsibirin Coney
Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling), yankin waje na Australia
Cote d'Ivoire (lambar ƙasa ta ISO)
Tsibirin Channel
Tsibirin Channel na California
Carbonia-Iglesias, lardin kudancin Italiya
Ilimin halitta da magani
cI furotin, furotin mai danniya na Enterobacteria phage λ
Rashin jituwa na cytoplasmic, tsarin haihuwa
Alamar zuciya
Ci furotin, Cubitus interruptus -protein
Rashin kwanciyar aure
Rashin haɗin kai
Ƙididdigar daidaituwa
Matsalar tarawa, da aka yi amfani da ita azaman ma'aunin mitar cuta a cikin annobar cutar
Cochlear implant
Ciwon rauni na sinadarai, haɓaka ƙima ga sunadarai na yau da kullun wanda kuma ake kira ƙwarewar sunadarai da yawa.
Rashin lafiya na yau da kullun, yanayin da ke dawwama ko sake faruwa
Contraindication
Kwamfuta
.ci, lambar yankin ƙasar Intanet na babban matakin matakin (ccTLD) don Cote d'Ivoire
Haɗin Haɗin kai, don Module Samun Yanayi
CI+, Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin
Ƙididdigar lissafi
Abun daidaitawa, sashin tsarin tsarin tsarin sarrafa sanyi
Core Image, fasahar sarrafa hoto mara lalacewa
Haɗin kai mai ɗorewa, aikin injiniyan software na haɗa lambar mai haɓakawa cikin babban lambar tushe akai-akai
CodeIgniter, tsarin PHP
Kimiyyar duniya
Cirrus girgije
Rashin kwanciyar hankali
Lissafi
Independenceancin 'yanci na yanayi, wani nau'in alaƙa na masu canjin canji a cikin ka'idar yiwuwa
Tazarar amincewa, kimanta tazara na ma'aunin yawan jama'a da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙididdiga
101 (lamba) (a cikin adadi na Romawa)
Ƙididdigar fili
Haɗin Cosine (daidaitattun alamomin lissafi "Ci" da "ci")
Physics
Maƙallan madaidaiciya, wurin ɓarkewar ɓarna tsakanin jihohi biyu na lantarki
Curie (naúrar) (Alama: Ci), ma'aunin aikin rediyo mai suna bayan Marie Curie
Fassarar Copenhagen, fassarar makanikai masu ƙima
Cubic inch, naúrar girma
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha
Ƙungiyar CI, wani nau'in carbonaceous chondrite meteorite
Interferometry mai ɗaukar hoto, rediyo da fasahar lambar sadarwa ta gani
Chemical ionization, wata dabara da ake amfani da ita a cikin taro spectrometry
Hulɗar daidaitawa, hanyar bayan-Hartree-Fock da ake amfani da ita a cikin ilmin lissafi
Tambayar mahallin, hanyar bincike mai ƙira mai amfani
Hankali na gama -gari, wani yanki na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
Index Index International, bayanan bayanai na lambobin CI don fenti da aladu
Bavarian CI, locomotive tururi tare da Royal Bavarian State Railways
Injin ƙonewa matsawa, wani suna don injin dizal
Talabijin
Canadian Idol, jerin talabijin na Kanada
Doka & Umarni: Nufin Laifi, jerin talabijin na Amurka
Cibiyar Laifi & Bincike
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi & Bincike (Ostiraliya), kebul na Australiya da cibiyar tauraron dan adam da ke mai da hankali kan Laifuka
Cibiyar Laifuka da Bincike (Turai), tashar talabijin ta pan-Turai
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi da Bincike (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya)
Sauran amfani
Ci (shayari), wani nau'in waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na kasar Sin
Qi, babban tunani a cikin falsafancin gabas da yawa
Matsayi mai mahimmanci, a cikin falsafa
Index Index International, cibiyar bayanai
Cikakken bayani
Tuntuɓi haɓakawa, fasahar rawa
CI, bayan gida don Abokin oda na kambin Indiya
Ci, wani nau'in sunan mahaifiyar Qi, na mutanen Tungusic
Duba kuma
C1 (rarrabuwa)
Cl (rarrabuwa) |
35217 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Manitou%20Lake%20No.%20442 | Rural Municipality of Manitou Lake No. 442 | Karamar Hukumar Manitou Lake No. 442 ( yawan jama'a a shekara ta 2016 : 573 ) birni ne na karkara (RM) a cikin lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Sashin ƙidayar jama'a na 13 da Sashen mai lamba 6 .
Tarihi
RM na Lake Manitou No. 442 an haɗa shi azaman gundumar karkara a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1910. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga tafkin Manitou, wanda shine Algonquian don "halitta mai ban mamaki".
A cikin 1905, mazaunan farko sun fito daga yankunan Kanada, Tsibirin Biritaniya, da Amurka . An san yankin da gundumar Manitou Lake. A cikin 1907-1908 an kafa gidan waya a gidan Mista Alex Wright, kusan mil daya daga arewa maso gabas na garin Marsden na yanzu. Ofishin gidan waya ya yi hidima ga yankunan karkarar da ke kewaye. Wrights sun sanya wa gidan waya suna 'Marsden'. Wani labari ya ba da labarin sunan kamar yadda ya samo asali daga wurin haifuwar Mrs. Wright in Yorkshire, Ingila ; Wani rahoton kuma an sanya masa suna bayan sanannen Dutsen Marsden da ke kusa da Newcastle, Ingila. Yankin da ke kusa ya zama sananne da gundumar Marsden Rural Post Office District. Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1922, an mayar da gidan waya mil daya kudu zuwa ofishin RM na Manitou Lake No. 442.
A shekara ta 1905, an lulluɓe ƙasar da dogayen ciyawa da ake magana da ita a matsayin 'wul na ulu'. Akwai 'yan bishiyu ko bluffs. Ƙasar baƙar fata mai albarka ta jawo hankalin mazaunan farko zuwa yankin kuma ba da daɗewa ba gonaki suka bunkasa tare da gidajen sod da katako. Manoman sun juya sod ɗin tare da ƙungiyoyin doki da na sa, wani lokaci suna amfani da garma mai yawo (suky) don shirya ƙasa don shuka hatsi. An yanyanka hatsi da abin ɗaure, a murɗe, ana sussuka. Manoma suna jigilar hatsi ta wagon ko sleigh-doki zuwa Zumbro da Artland . A cikin watannin hunturu, ana jigilar hatsi a kan kankara na tafkin Manitou. Mazaunan farko sun sayi kayan abinci da kayayyaki a Lashburn, Artland, ko Chauvin, Alberta . Shahararriyar hanyar siyayya ta lokacin ita ce kasida ta Eaton.
Yaran mazauni sun fara zuwa makaranta a Learig, kuma a cikin 1925 an gina ɗakin makaranta mai ɗaki huɗu a cikin ƙauyen Marsden .
Geography
Al'ummomi da yankuna
Gundumomin birni masu zuwa suna kewaye da RM.
Kauyuka
Marsden
Al'ummomin da ba a haɗa su ba suna cikin RM.
Yankuna
Artland
Cire nasara
Tafkuna da koguna
Mai zuwa shine jerin fitattun tafkuna da koguna a cikin RM:
Lake Manitou
Wells Lake
Tafkunan Reflex
Kogin Yaƙi
Eyehill Creek
Alkaluma
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Kanada ta gudanar, RM na tafkin Manitou Lamba 442 yana da yawan jama'a 505 da ke zaune a cikin 199 daga cikin jimlar 250 na gidajen zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -11.9% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 573 . Tare da yanki na , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.6/km a cikin 2021.
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, RM na tafkin Manitou No. 442 ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 573 da ke zaune a cikin 209 daga cikin 236 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 4.8% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 547 . Tare da filin ƙasa na , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.7/km a cikin 2016.
Tattalin Arziki
Noma, shanu, da mai sune masana'antu na farko ga yawan mazauna 590 na RM na tafkin Manitou. Alkama, canola, sha'ir, hatsi, Peas, da flax sune amfanin gona na yau da kullun a yankin. Yankin ya shahara saboda kyawawan shanun da suka sami kyautar da suka haɗa da Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, da Angus . Ana iya lura da bambancin aikin noma tare da samar da dabbobi na musamman kamar su alkama da bison .
Masana'antar mai na taka rawa sosai a tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Rijiyoyin mai da batura a karkara sun tabbatar da hakar danyen mai mai yawa a yankin.
Sufuri
Mai zuwa shine jerin manyan hanyoyin Saskatchewan a cikin RM:
Hanyar Saskatchewan 40
Hanyar Saskatchewan 675
Hanyar Saskatchewan 680
Big Manitou Regional Park
Big Manitou Regional Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na yanki da ke arewa maso yamma na tafkin Manitou, kusa da inda rafin da ke malala tafkin Wells ya kwarara zuwa tafkin Manitou. An kafa wannan wurin shakatawa ne a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani yanki na Yankin Yankin Suffern Lake . A cikin 2019, an ba shi cikakken matsayin wurin shakatawa kuma an ba shi suna Big Manitou Regional Park a hukumance. Yana da nisan kudu da gabas da Marsden . Wuraren shakatawa sun haɗa da filin sansani tare da wuraren zama na 32, shawa, gidan dafa abinci, filayen wasa, ramukan dawakai, lu'u-lu'u na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, da filin ƙwallon ƙafa . Manitou Lake Golf Club kuma yana cikin wurin shakatawa. Hanya ce mai ramuka 9, koren yashi.
Manitou Sand Hills
Manitou Sand Hills kadada 105,000 ne na filin kiwo na Crown da gwamnatin Saskatchewan ta kebe wanda ke kewaye da yawancin rabin kudancin tafkin Manitou a kudancin yankin RM. Akwai tafiye-tafiye na zango da shiryarwa ta hanyar Manitou Sand Hills, waɗanda ke ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare na Yammacin Kanada .
Gwamnati
RM na tafkin Manitou mai lamba 442 ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar ƙaramar hukuma da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa wanda ke ganawa a ranar Alhamis ta farko bayan Talata ta farko na kowane wata. Reve na RM shine Ian Lamb yayin da mai kula da shi shine Joanne Loy. Ofishin RM yana cikin Marsden.
Duba kuma
Jerin kananan hukumomin karkara a cikin Saskatchewan
Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan
Jerin wuraren kariya na Saskatchewan
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
49044 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kudi%20ta%20Afirka | Kungiyar Kudi ta Afirka | Kungiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ( AMU ) ita ce shirin samar da kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ga kasashen kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, wanda babban bankin Afirka ke gudanarwa . Irin wannan ƙungiyar za ta yi kira ga ƙirƙirar sabon haɗin kai, kamar Euro ; kudin hasashe wani lokaci ana kiransa da afro ko afriq. Kuɗin Afirka ɗaya zai ƙunshi raka'o'in kuɗi wanda ya ƙunshi raka'o'in kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen banki na yanki waɗanda ke cikin ƙayyadaddun kuɗaɗen ƙasa ( Ƙungiyar Larabawa Maghreb (AMU) - Arewacin Afriq, Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) - Kudancin Afriq, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) - Yammacin Afriq ko ECO, Gabashin Afirka (EAC), Gabashin Afriq - Kasuwancin Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) - Afrika ta Tsakiya da dai sauransu. ).
Yarjejeniyar Abuja, yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa da aka sanya wa hannu a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1991, a Abuja, Najeriya, ta kafa kungiyar tattalin arzikin Afirka, kuma ta bukaci babban bankin Afirka ya bi shi nan da shekarar 2028. , shirin shi ne kafa kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka mai kudi guda nan da shekarar 2023.
Ƙungiyoyin kuɗin yanki
Akwai ƙungiyoyin kuɗin yanki guda biyu da ake da su a Afirka, suna amfani da CFA franc na yammacin Afirka, da kuma CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya, bi da bi. Bugu da kari, yankin hada-hadar kudi na gama-gari ya danganta kasashe da dama a Kudancin Afirka bisa kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu .
Shirye-shiryen Tarayyar Afirka na ci gaba da haɗin kai yana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙarin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin yanki a matsayin matsakaicin mataki na cikakken ƙungiyar kuɗi. Ƙungiya ɗaya da aka ba da shawarar ita ce eco, kuɗin da aka tsara don mambobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS).
AFRO samfurin aikin fasaha
A shekara ta 2002, Mansour Ciss da Baruch Gottlieb sun ƙirƙiri wani “prototype” kuɗi, wanda ake kira AFRO, wanda suka gabatar a Dakar Biennale of Contemporary African Art a ranar 10 ga Mayu. Dokta Farfesa Boamh ne ya tsara shi. Aikin ya kasance mayar da martani ga ra'ayin rashin 'yancin kai da aka haifar ta hanyar amfani da CFA franc. An samar da takardun kuɗi da tsabar kuɗi na tunanin, kuma an ba su ko sayar da su ga mutanen Dakar da Senegal don ƙarfafa su "don yin tunani a kan ma'anar (darajar) kudi da kuma makomar kudaden gida nasu".
Memba
A shekarar 2015, Anthony Maruping ya bayyana cewa, kasashen Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda da Burundi sun kuduri aniyar shiga wani kudin bai daya nan da shekaru goma masu zuwa. Ya zuwa yanzu kasashe uku ne daga cikin kasashe 53 na Tarayyar Afirka a shekarar 2009 suka kuduri aniyar yin amfani da kudin (a shekarar 2022, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tana da mambobi 55).
Masar, Eswatini, da Lesotho sun yi rajista a kan takamaiman ranar haɗin gwiwar hada-hadar kuɗi kuma sun nemi jinkiri na shekaru biyu zuwa uku.
Seychelles ba za ta iya shiga ba sakamakon fargabar tattalin arziki kuma tana iya, tare da Cape Verde, yunƙurin shiga cikin Yuro a kwanan baya, yayin da kuɗin hukuma na Mayotte shine Yuro.
Babban Bankin Afirka
Babban bankin Afirka (ACB) na daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kudi uku na Tarayyar Afirka. Bayan lokaci, za ta ɗauki nauyin asusun lamuni na Afirka .
Ƙirƙirar ACB, wanda za a kammala shi nan da 2028, an fara amincewa da shi a cikin yarjejeniyar Abuja ta 1991. Sanarwar Sirte ta 1999 ta yi kira da a hanzarta wannan tsari, tare da ƙirƙira ta 2020.
Lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi gaba daya ta hanyar dokokin Majalisar Pan-African, ACB za ta kasance mai fitar da kudin bai daya na Afirka (African Monetary Union/Afro), za ta zama ma'aikacin banki na gwamnatocin Afirka, zai zama ma'aikacin banki ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Afirka. cibiyoyi, za su tsara da kuma kula da masana'antar banki ta Afirka, kuma za su tsara ribar riba da farashin musaya tare da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu.
Tsawon lokacin da yarjejeniyar Abuja ta kafa a halin yanzu ya bukaci babban bankin Afirka ya samar da kudin Afirka guda daya nan da shekarar 2028.Ko da yake wasu ƙasashe suna da ra'ayi game da cikakken haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da kuɗi, ƙungiyoyin kuɗi da yawa na yanki wanzu, wasu kuma an shirya su.
Masu sa hannu
Kasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar dukkansu mambobin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka ne (magabacin AU) a lokacin (Eritrea, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu da Morocco sun shiga):
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dr. Karis Muller, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya : Yuro da Haɗin Kuɗi na Afirka , a cikin Humanitas Journal of Nazarin Turai, Juzu'i na I, fitowar 1, Nuwamba 2007
Dr. Karis Muller, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya : Yuro da Haɗin Kuɗi na Afirka , a cikin Humanitas Journal of Nazarin Turai, Juzu'i na I, fitowar 1, Nuwamba 2007
Yuro da Haɗin Kuɗi na Afirka a cikin Jarida na Humanitas na Nazarin Turai, juzu'i na I, fitowa ta 1, Disamba 2007
Rubutun yarjejeniyar Abuja - daga Tarayyar Afirka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6198 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno | Borno | Jihar Borno jiha ce dake arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Ta hada iyaka da Jihar Yobe daga yamma, Gombe daga kudu maso gabas, Adamawa daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas ta hada iyaka ta kasa da kasa da Kamaru, iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta hade ne da yankin kasar Nijar, sannan iyakarta ta arewa maso gabas ta hade ne da yankin kasar Cadi, ita kadai ce jihar da ta hada iyaka da kasashen waje har guda uku. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Masarautar Borno mai dumbin tarihi, tare da tsohuwar babban birnin masarutar dake Maiduguri. An kirkiri jihar ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka raba tsohuwar Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. A farko jihar ta hada da yankin Jihar Yobe ta yau, wacce aka raba ta a Shekarar alif 1991.
Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu 2 a girman kasa acikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, bayan Jihar Neja. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma Sha daya (11) a yawan mutane tare da kiyasamun mutam akalla miliyan 5.86 a shekara ta alif 2016. A fannin yanayin kasa; semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa da kuma Sudanian savanna ta yamma a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma mutane Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.
Jihar Borno tana da kabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, da Mandara a tsakiyar yankin; Afade, Yedina (Buduma), da kuma Kanembu daga karshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen Waja a kuryar kudancin yankin; da kuma Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, Margi da kuma babur a yankin kudancin jhar, a yayinda harsunan Kanuri da Shuwa Arab ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin addini, mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun kiristoci da mabiya addinan gargajiya da kaso 7% kowanne.
Tun daga karni na bakwai (07), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin Libya ta yau (Fezzan) har zuwa yankin Cadi har zuwa yankin Jihar Borno ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yaƙoƙi da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru 500. Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin Jihadin Fulani suka raunata Masarautar Bornu, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar Adamawa ta yau a karkashin Daular Halifancin Sokoto. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, Rabih az-Zubayr, wani kusan yaki dan kasar Sudan ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a Yakin Kousséri. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar Adamawa da yaki, inda Daular Jamus da na Burtaniya suka ci su da yaƙi. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya.
An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Bornu-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin duniya ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar Borno daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin Kamaru a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febrerun na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar Yobe. Bayan wasu 'yan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar Boko Haram kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin yayi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na ISWAP, an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin Dajin Sambisa da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin Tabkin Chadi a shekara ta 2017; har wayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda 'yan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.
A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato Maiduguri take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada. Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.
Jihar Borno da faɗin ƙasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a ƙiddidigar ƙidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne Maiduguri. Babagana Umara Zulum shi ne gwamnan jihar tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne Usman Mamman Durkwa. Dattijai daga jihar sun haɗa da: Yusuf Buratai, Baba Garba, Ali Madu Sheriff, Muhammad Indimi, Abba Kyari, Mohammed Ali Ndume da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalli wato dayes da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu.
Tarihi
Mutanen Kanuri sune kabilar da tafi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da Marghi wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar Shuwa Arab mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga Larabawa. Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru 1000.
Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon Masarautar Borno a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin Jihadin Fulani na Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Rabih az-Zubayr ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893. Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya, sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a Maiduguri, wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.
Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi Mala Kachalla a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi Ali Modu Sheriff a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.
Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 2013 ne, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin Adamawa da Yobe. Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan mutum 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne a sashe a Najeriiya.
Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna Kashim Shettima ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga Chibok a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014.
Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, UNICEF ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67". Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma mutane da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar abinci.
Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno
Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:
Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwa a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba). Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.
Harsuna
Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:
Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.
Addinai
Mafi yawancin mutanen Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addini kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musulunci a harkokin cigaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu.
Masana'antu
Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun gada da:
Masana'antar Borno textile
Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd
Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd
Ilimi
Jihar Borno nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da:
Jami'o'i
Univeristy of Maiduguri
Nigerian Army University Biu
Borno State University
Al-ansar University
Kashim Ibrahim College of Education
Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies
Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery
Ma'adinai
Jihar Borno nada tarin albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sub hada da:
Laka
Ma'adanin Kaolin
Ma'adanin Diatonite
Ma'adanin Trona
Ma'adanin Iron
Ma'adanin Mica
Ma'adanin Quartz
Ma'adanin Magnetite
Ma'adanin Uranium
Shahararrun Mutane
Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini
Zakariya Maimalari, Sojan Najeriya
Mohammed Indimi, Dan kasuwa
Kyari Magumeri, soja
Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin mutum
Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti
Abba Kyari dan kasuwa, dan siyasa
Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja
Sheikh Abba Aji Babban malamin addini
[[Sheikh Abba Aji]
Manazarta
Jihohin Nijeriya |
29776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Gandun%20Daji | Dokokin Gandun Daji | Dokokin gandun daji suna gudanar da ayyuka a yankunan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe, galibi game da kula da gandun daji da girbin katako . Dokokin gandun daji gaba ɗaya sun ɗauki manufofin gudanarwa don albarkatun gandun daji na jama'a, kamar yawan amfani da yawan amfanin ƙasa . Gudanar da gandun daji ya rabu tsakanin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, tare da gandun daji na jama'a mallakar gwamnati. Dokokin gandun daji ana daukar su a matsayin al'amuran duniya baki daya.
Hukumomin gwamnati gaba ɗaya suna da alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da kafa dokokin gandun daji akan filayen gandun daji na jama'a, kuma ƙila su shiga cikin ƙirƙira gandun daji, tsarawa, da kiyayewa, da sa ido kan tallace-tallacen katako. Dokokin gandun daji kuma sun dogara da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da ake aiwatar da su. Haɓaka aikin kula da gandun daji na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na daidaitaccen rabo da girman itace a cikin wani yanki da aka ba da shi, da sare itatuwan tsari, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe su a lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Manufar
Dokokin gandun daji an yi niyya ne don kare albarkatu da hana fasa gandun daji, saren daji, farauta, da tattara ciyayi.
Koyaya, babu takamaiman ƙayyadaddun yankewa ko iyakancewa, jujjuyawar girbi, da mafi ƙarancin diamita na girbi. Gudanar da gandun daji yana tsara manufofin jihohi don kula da ƙasa, da kuma matakan cimma su.
gandun daji suna ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren gudanarwa waɗanda ke lissafin kowane gandun daji daban da kansa.
A wasu lokuta, ana yin tsare-tsare tare da tsammanin cewa halittun da ke cikin dajin suna riƙe da tsayayyen yanayi, dabam da dajin da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin gandun daji waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku ba su da ilimi ko horo don bin duk ƙa'idodin lokacin yin tsarin gudanarwa.
Manufofi da dokoki da suka dace na jama'a suna taimaka wa ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mai dorewa a yankunan karkara da birane. Waɗannan manufofin suna aiki don kiyaye muhalli da kare flora, fauna da al'adun gargajiya . A al'adance, kare muhalli ya kasance wani yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar jaddada kiyaye gandun daji da lissafin tasirin muhalli akan ƙasa da ruwa. Dangane da sauran sassa, dazuzzukan ya shafi gandun daji sakamakon bullowar wayar da kan muhalli da dokoki a ƙarni na baya. Wannan ya kawo babban fifiko kan kariyar jeji da kyawawan dabi'un sa.
Tasiri
Bambance-bambancen halittu da sauyin yanayi sun yi tasiri musamman kan dokar gandun daji. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji, ana wakilta bambancin halittu a cikin ma'auni don dorewa. Saboda Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, rage sauyin yanayi ya zama makasudin dokar gandun daji da manufofi, wanda ke cike da faffadan manufofin yanayi da shirye-shirye. Duk da haka, Rosenbaum da abokan aiki sun bayyana cewa akwai 'yan dokoki da suka ƙunshi takamaiman tanadi don magance sauyin yanayi na asalin tushen gandun daji.
Dangantaka tsakanin gandun daji da sauran wuraren shari'a sun zama masu rikitarwa yayin da suka girma cikin buri da fa'ida da kuma yadda sauran yankuna ke ba da ka'idoji kai tsaye da a kaikaice kan yadda ake sarrafa ko amfani da gandun daji. Don haka alaƙar da ke tsakanin dokokin gandun daji na ƙasa da Kuma dokokinta na muhalli gabaɗaya suna zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da yanayin dokokin gandun daji ya ƙaru cikin sarƙaƙƙiya.
Dokokin gandun daji a yanzu sun amince da matsayin gandun daji a matsayin wurin zama na namun daji, albarkatun kiwo da noma, da kuma mai ba da gudummawar ruwa da kiyaye ƙasa. Kwanan nan, gabaɗayan ƙa'idodin dokar muhalli da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dabi'u na bambancin halittu sun zama wani yanki na fili na dokar gandun daji. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan gandun daji, wani dandalin manufofin gwamnatocin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarata 2000, ya zartar da kuduri kan ci gaban dazuzzuka masu dorewa, musamman wadanda suka shafi al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu na gandun daji da na gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da gandun daji.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Saboda bambancin yanayi, mahimmanci, rawar albarkatun gandun daji da tsarin doka da hukumomi, dokar gandun daji ba ta da sauƙi a daidaita tsakanin ƙasashe. Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, duk da kwatankwacin binciken da aka yi na yadda ake tafiyar da dokokin gandun daji, akwai karancin jagora mai amfani kan yadda za a tantance inganta dokar.
Ainihin ayyuka sun bambanta daga wannan ƙasa zuwa na gaba, duk da haka, a kowane hali ana kallon gandun daji na jama'a a matsayin albarkatun kasa, wato, mallakar ƙasa. Misali, ko da yake mafi yawan filayen daji a Amurka da Kanada mallakar sirri ne, wani adadi mai yawa na gwamnati a matsayin "kayan amfanin jama'a" amma bisa tsari na hayar ga masu kera katako. A Indiya, Raj ya mallaki kusan dukkanin gandun daji, yana bayyana su a matsayin "lalacewa" kuma, saboda haka, ba a mallaka ba. A Indonesiya, gandun daji mallakin gwamnati ne bisa doka amma ana kula da su a matsayin masu zaman kansu, yayin da a Brazil, rashin gwamnatin ƙasa ke sa gandun daji su buɗe hanyar shiga. A cikin wannan rawar, kiyaye gandun daji yana da alaƙa da samar da katako da sauran kayayyaki waɗanda ke samar da jari da ayyukan yi, kuma tattalin arzikin manyan yankuna kusan ya dogara ga samar da albarkatun ƙasa daga waɗannan dazuzzuka na duniya.
An amince da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a kasashen Gabashin Turai a matsayin wani bangare na sauya sheka zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Waɗannan dokokin sun yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin mallakar filaye na gandun daji, da inganta ƙa'idojin gudanarwa, da sabunta tsarin hukumomin dajin. An kuma ɓullo da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a ƙasashe da dama a Yammacin Turai don dacewa da sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki, buƙatun zamantakewa, da ƙarin shiga siyasa na ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa da 'yan ƙasa a matakan gida da yanki.
Yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa
Juyin dokokin gandun daji a cikin ƙasashen Turai ya nuna cewa fahimtar yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar dorewa ya dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ma'anar dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa ana ƙaddara ta yanayi na gida kuma mahimmancin su ya canza sosai akan lokaci. A yau ana fahimtar kulawa mai ɗorewa azaman ayyukan gandun daji waɗanda ke mutunta abubuwan da aka ba su ta halitta da kuma kula da bambancin gandun daji a cikin yanayin yanayin su. Suna barin zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa don haɓakar samar da itace, kare muhalli, da nishaɗi dama more rayuwa.
Amfanin dokokin
Tallace-tallacen jama'a da ke magana game da amfani da gandun daji sama da ƙarni ɗaya suna daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan manufofin muhalli na dogon lokaci. Doka ta al'ada, wanda aka tsara a cikin karni na 14, an tsara tsarin amfani da gandun daji daidai da buƙatu da zaɓuɓɓukan lokutansu. Ƙara yawan ka'idodin gandun daji da katako, waɗanda aka bayar tun daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba, sun biyo baya. Cimma buƙatun gida, samar da albarkatun ƙasa na dogon lokaci da makamashi, da ƙarin abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar ingantattun ayyukan gandun daji su ne batutuwan da ke tafe. Doka ta kafa buƙatun ci gaba da gudana na samar da itace, wanda ke nufin dakatar da amfani da abin da ke akwai. Ya fahimci yanayin dazuzzukan na dogon lokaci, kuma ya inganta shigar al'ummomi da dama cikin ayyukan gandun daji. Bugu da ƙari, ya tanadar don tsarawa da gudanarwa, da kuma matakan sake farfadowa da sake gina gandun daji DA abubuwan SA Wannan ya gabatar da ƙa'idodin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa masu sabuntawa a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don dorewa kamar yadda muka fahimta a yau.
Dokar gandun daji ta Amurka
A Amurka Gwamnatin Tarayya tana kula da kusan kashi 33% na gandun daji, kuma kashi 9% na kananan hukumomi ne ke sarrafa su. Wannan ya ƙunshi kadada 343,901,880 (kilomita 1391722) na ƙasar daji. Yawancin wannan ƙasa an yi su ne da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko dazuzzuka na ƙasa waɗanda suka fara tare da kafa filin shakatawa na Yellowstone a 1872. Bayan haka, a cikin 1891, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Reserve Forest . National Park Service (NPS) ne ke kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda shine ofishin Sashen Cikin Gida (DOI). Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Amurka (USFS), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA).
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Sabbin manufofi suna sanya nauyi ga, da iko akan, sarrafa man itace a hannun mutane masu sha'awar tattalin arziki da kuma sabis na gandun daji . Sabis na gandun daji yana kula da cikakken ikon duk abubuwan samarwa da yanke shawara ta hanyar amincewa da ake buƙata kuma ta hanyar sarrafa ka'idodin da samarwa da gudanarwa zasu iya faruwa.
Aikin gandun daji masu zaman kansu ya kai sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na noman gandun daji a wasu kasashe. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, gandun daji masu zaman kansu ba su taɓa yin mahimmanci ba kuma, ko da lokacin da aka mai da ƙasa mai zaman kansa, jihar ta kan riƙe dazuzzuka. A yawancin Afirka, mallakar ƙasar mutum ɗaya yana da iyakancewa ta yadda mafi kusancin kusanci ga gandun daji masu zaman kansu galibi shine gandun daji na al'umma (ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, suna da gonaki masu zaman kansu). Kwanan nan, darajar gandun daji na gonaki da na jari mai zaman kansa da gudanarwa sun haɓaka sha'awar hukuma game da gandun daji masu zaman kansu.
Ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba suna hana gwamnatocin biliyoyin daloli na kudaden haraji, tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli da barazana ga dazuzzuka. Cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da gandun daji da kuma keta dokokin gandun daji yana lalata tsarin doka, yana hana saka hannun jari na halal, yana ba da fa'ida mara kyau. Har ma an yi amfani da kudaden da ake samu daga ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba wajen daukar nauyin fadan makamai. Damuwa game da irin yadda saran dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba ke haifar da asarar gandun daji ya karu sosai tun a shekarun 1980. An samu shiga, girbe, jigilar kayayyaki da kuma yin ciniki da yawa daga cikin kaso mai yawa na katakon da ke shiga kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe kamar Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Kamaru, Colombia, Honduras, Indonesia, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, da kuma Rasha dama sauran su.
Bankin Duniya a shekarata (2002) ya yi kiyasin cewa yin amfani da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba yana haifar da asarar kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 10-15 a shekara a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya. Ko da yake ana hasashen cewa, ingantacciyar shugabanci, da karin kudin hayar da jihar ke yi, da inganta gandun daji, duk za su iya amfanar da talakawa a fakaice, illar da ake yi ba bisa ka’ida ba da kuma tabbatar da dokar gandun daji a yankunan karkara ba shi ne abin da ya fi daukar hankali a yau.
Rayuwa
Hanyoyin da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma darajar gandun daji suna canzawa. Haɓaka yawan jama'a, canza al'adu, fasaha, da kimiyya suna ƙara buƙatar albarkatun gandun daji. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi bitar dokokin gandun daji a duniya sosai don mayar da martani ga waɗannan canje-canje. Duk da haka, rashin samun bayanai game da wanene da gaske yake amfani da gandun daji yana haifar da babbar matsala ga masu tsara manufofin gandun daji da hukumomin ci gaba masu tallafawa waɗanda aka ba da izinin yin amfani da tsarin tallafawa marasa galihu. Ba tare da bayyananniyar bayanai ba zai zama da sauƙi a yi watsi da muradun ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa yayin zayyana tsare-tsare na manufofi da nufin inganta sarrafa gandun daji ko tabbatar da dokar gandun daji. Wasu dokokin gandun daji sun ba da fifiko musamman ga matalauta gidaje na karkara da kuma tsirarun kabilu. A cikin ƴan shekarun baya-bayan nan, gwamnatoci da yawa a Latin Amurka sun amince da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar akan manyan yankuna, amma ƴan asalin ƙasar galibi suna samun wahalar kare waɗannan yankuna daga mamayewa daga masu saran bishiyoyi da sunan neman katako masu hakar ma'adinai, da manoma.
A cewar Bankin Duniya, “fiye da mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara ga dazuzzuka daban-daban don rayuwarsu. Kusan ƴan asalin ƙasar miliyan 60 sun dogara ga gandun daji. Kimanin mutane miliyan 350 da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan sun dogara da su sosai don samun abin dogaro da kai. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 sun dogara ga tsarin noma a cikin gandun daji wanda ke taimakawa wajen ci gaba da haɓaka aikin noma da samun kudin shiga."
Schmithüsen et al., Masu ba da shawara ga tsarin tushen haƙƙoƙi game da lalata gandun daji tare da ba da fifiko kan ƙarfafa cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, haɓaka 'yancin kai na shari'a, haɓaka ilimin shari'a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da ba da taimakon doka; maimakon mayar da hankali kan dokokin gandun daji. Sun bayyana cewa ya kamata a danganta tsarin da ya danganci hakki da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin tsarin mulki da nufin samar da daidaiton jama'a da kuma nuna gaskiya a cikin kula da albarkatun kasa kuma ya kamata a samar da shi ta hanyar yin cudanya da kungiyoyin farar hula tare da la'akari da alkawurran gwamnatocin kasa na yin kwaskwarima ga doka. .
Babban yanki na dokokin gandun daji yana mai da hankali kan buƙatun gudanarwa, kudade, haraji, da haƙƙin mallaka. Amincewa da haƙƙoƙin rukuni na gargajiya ga wuraren da ake amfani da su tare, kamar gandun daji ko kiwo har yanzu ba a samu ba, duk da gwamnatoci ko turawan mulkin mallaka sun amince da iƙirarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, dangane da al'ada ko amfani, zuwa ƙasar da ake amfani da su don noma ko gidaje. a cewar bankin duniya. Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan ƙasa a matsayin "mara kyau" yayin aiwatar da aiwatar da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, gwamnatoci a duniya sun ba da izinin mallakar jihohi na faɗuwar filayen gandun daji.
tilastawa
Doka ita ce hanya ta ƙarshe don samun bin doka. Akwai aƙalla hanyoyin guda uku don shawo kan matsalolin tabbatar da laifukan da suka faru a wurare masu nisa. Ɗayan shine a mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ayyukan da ake iya gani, kamar sufuri. Wani kuma, wanda aka saba da shi a cikin dokar farar hula, shine sanya rahoton jami'in da aka rantse a matsayin shaida a cikin ci gaba da shari'a. Wannan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja sosai ga wanda ake tuhuma. Na'ura ta uku ita ce yin amfani da zato na shaida, wanda hakanan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja ga wanda ake tuhuma.
A ƙasashe da yawa bambanci tsakanin abin da dokar gandun daji ta tsara da aiwatarwa na iya bambanta. Ko da a inda doka ke da ƙarfi, ɗabi'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga jama'a da masu zaman kansu sukan ci gaba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi bayanin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda karancin kudi da na mutane don sa ido da sarrafa ayyukan gandun daji a sassan dazuzzukan. Yayin da waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji ke faruwa a wurare masu nisa, jami'an gwamnati na iya fuskantar matsananciyar matsin lamba don su amince da cin zarafi, ko kuma su shiga cikin cin zarafi; tsarin kotuna sun koma baya ko kuma sun lalace; wahalhalun rayuwar yau da kullum ga talakawan karkara na iya mamaye duk wata kasadar da ke tattare da keta doka; da dai sauransu
Waɗannan bayanan suna jaddada batun cewa yayin da kyawawan dokokin gandun daji ya zama dole, amma a fili bai wadatar ba. Dokokin a ƙasashe da yawa sun kasance marasa amfani ko rashin amfani da su saboda dalilai kamar gazawar nufin siyasa, raunin cibiyoyi, ko ma rashin mutunta doka.
Hanyoyi biyu na masu zaman kansu da kuma tsare-tsaren dokokin jama'a na iya zama mai ban sha'awa ga tsarin zamani mai ban sha'awa hadewar inganta aiwatarwa: tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida na doka na iya tallafawa dokokin jama'a (fi). DDS, tsarin ƙwazo, kamar EU Dokokin katako).
Tarihi da cigaba
Gudanar da gandun daji ya samo asali ne daga dokar al'ada da aka tsara a karni na 14. A shekara ta 1992, wakilan ƙasashe 180 sun yi taro a Rio de Janeiro, don la'akari, da dai sauransu, amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Ka'idodin Gandun daji. Sun amince da Yarjejeniyar kan ka'idojin gandun daji, mai taken "Bayanin ka'idoji marasa doka don yarjejeniya ta duniya kan gudanarwa, kiyayewa da ci gaba mai dorewa na kowane nau'in gandun daji."
Dazuzzuka na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin rarraba da girman itace a cikin wani fakitin da aka bayar, tsarin sare bishiyu, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake, jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe a lokutan da aka tsara.
Halin da ke bayyana a fili daga canje-canjen kwanan nan a cikin dokokin gandun daji da ƙa'idodi a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa suna nuna hanyoyi iri-iri kuma ana iya yin hukunci daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Sharuɗɗan da suka dace don bincike kan ci gaban doka sune daidaito, cikakkiya, haɗin kai, da kuma zartarwa.
Daidaituwa yana buƙatar dacewa da ka'idojin gandun daji tare da kimar tsarin mulki da dokokin dimokiradiyya, tare da manufofin ƙasa da suka shafi amfani da ƙasa, bunƙasa tattalin arziki da kare muhalli, tare da alkawurran kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyoyin bangarori daban-daban. Fahimta yana nufin manufofin dokar dazuzzuka dangane da kare gandun daji da raya gandun daji, da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban, da hakki da alhakin da ya rataya a wuyan masu gandun daji daban-daban. Ƙungiya tana da alaƙa da aikin gandun daji a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa, yanki da na gida. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da nau'in gandun daji ninki biyu a matsayin noma na zaman kansa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi bisa ga shawarar masu mallakar filaye da kuma albarkatun da ke samar da fa'idodi masu yawa ga al'umma. Ƙarfafawa yana nuna har zuwa nawa shirye-shiryen jama'a ke tallafawa ayyukan masu mallakar filaye. Aiwatar da ita tana nufin tsarin tsari na gwamnatocin gandun daji na jama'a dangane da canza nauyi da ayyuka, da kuma nau'ikan da suka dace na sa hannu na masu gandun daji da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa wajen daidaita amfani da gandun daji da ayyukan gudanarwa. Haɗin kai na iyawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin kimanta aikin sabbin ƙa'idoji ko gyara.
Sauran abunuwa
Jerin nau'ikan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe bisa ƙa'ida
Dajin sarauta
Manazarta
Daji
Doka
Tattalin arziƙin
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22390 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Neman%20Mafaka | Hakkin Neman Mafaka | Hakkin neman mafaka, (wani lokaci ana kiranshi da 'yancin mafakar siyasa ; daga tsohuwar kalmar Girka ἄσυλον) tsohuwar magana ce ta shari'a, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa wani mutum zai tsanantama wata ƙasa, kamar wata ƙasa ko wuri mai tsarki, wanda a zamanin da zai iya ba da wuri mai tsarki. Wannan haƙƙin ya sami amincewa daga Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa, waɗanda daga garesu aka karɓe su zuwa al'adun yammacin turai. René Descartes ya tsere zuwa Netherlands, Voltaire zuwa Ingila, da Thomas Hobbes zuwa Faransa, saboda kowace ƙasa tana ba da kariya ga baƙi da aka tsananta.
Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa wasu Masana kenan sun amince da ''haƙƙin mafaka" na addini, shi ne kiyaye masu laifi (ko waɗanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi) daga ɗaukan matakin doka har zuwa wani lokaci. Daga baya wannan cocin kirista da aka kafa ya amince da wannan ƙa'idar, kuma aka samar da dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda za a cancanci kariya da kuma wane irin kariyar da mutum zai samu.
Majalisar Orleans ta yanke shawara a cikin 511, a gaban Clovis I, cewa za'a iya ba da mafaka ga duk wanda ya nemi mafaka a coci ko dukiyar coci, ko a gidan bishop. An ba da wannan kariya ga masu kisan kai, ɓarayi da mazinata duka wato mabiya addinin kirista kenan.
Cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nema kuma ya boye a cikin wasu kasashe na neman mafaka daga zalunci" an sanya shi a cikin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da' Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1948 kuma an goyi bayan Yarjejeniyar 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1967 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira. A karkashin wadannan yarjeniyoyin, dan gudun hijirar mutum ne da ke wajen kasar ta mutum saboda tsoron fitina kan dalilan kariya, da suka hada da kabila, jinsi, dan kasa, addini, ra'ayin siyasa da kuma shiga cikin kowane irin rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa.
Ingila
A Ingila, Sarki Æthelberht na Kent ta shelanta dokokin Anglo-Saxon na farko akan mafaka a kusan shekara ta 600 AD. Duk da haka Geoffrey na Monmouth a cikin Tarihinsa Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) ya ce sanannen sarki kafin Saxon din Dunvallo Molmutius (karni na 4 / 5th na BC) ya kafa dokokin tsattsauran ra'ayi a tsakanin dokokin Molmutine kamar yadda Gildas ya rubuta (c. 500-570). Dokokin sarki Ethelred sunyi amfani da kalmar grith. Da Norman zamanin da suka biyo 1066, nau'i biyu daga Wuri Mai Tsarki, sun samo asali ne: duk majami'u da ƙananan-matakin iko da zai iya baiwa Wuri Mai Tsarki a cikin coci dace, amma mafi fadi iko na majami'u lasisi ta sarauta shatan mika Haikalina a zone a kusa da coci . Aƙalla majami'u ashirin da biyu suna da taswira don wannan babban tsattsarkan wuri, gami da abubuwan su na yau da kullum.
Yaƙin Abbey
Beverley (duba hoto, dama)
Colchester
Durham, Ingila
Hexham
Norwich
Ripon
Katolika na Wells
Babban cocin Winchester
Westminster Abbey
York Minster
Wani lokaci sai mai laifin ya samu kansa ya shiga ɗakin sujada don a kiyaye shi, ko ya buga wani kararrawa, ya riƙe wani zobe ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙofa, ko kuma ya zauna a kan wata kujera (" frith -stool"). Wasu daga waɗannan abubuwan suna rayuwa a majami'u daban-daban. A wani wuri, Wuri Mai Tsarki da aka gudanar a yankin kusa da cocin ko abbey, wani lokacin yana faɗaɗa cikin radius zuwa kusan mil da rabi. Dutse "giciye masu tsarki" sun yi alama kan iyakokin yankin; har yanzun masu nemen yan'uwan su Don haka yana iya zama tsere a tsakanin gwamnati da jami'an shari'a na zamanin da zuwa iyakar mashigar mafi kusa. Yin aiki da adalci a kan rundunar ƙafa na iya tabbatar da magana mai wahala.
An tsara tsarkakakkun wuraren ibada ta hanyar dokar gama gari. Mai neman mafaka dole ne ya faɗi laifinsa, ya ba da makamansa, kuma ya ba da izini daga coci ko kuma ƙungiyar abbey da ke da iko. Daga nan masu neman sun sami kwanaki arba'in don yanke shawara ko su mika wuya ga hukumomin da ba na addini ba kuma a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu kan zargin da ake musu, ko kuma su amsa laifukansu, su gurgunta daula, kuma su yi hijira zuwa gajeriyar hanya kuma kada su dawo ba tare da izinin sarki ba. Waɗanda suka dawo sun fuskanci hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin doka ko kuma an cire su daga Cocin gaba daya.
Idan wadanda ake zargin suka zabi yin furuci da laifin da suka yi, kuma sun yi hakan ne a gaban jama'a, galibi a kofar cocin. Zasu sallama dukiyoyinsu ga cocin, kuma duk wani mallakar fili ga kambi. Maigidan, wani jami'in na da, zai zaɓi tashar jirgin ruwa wanda ɗan gudun hijirar zai bar Ingila (duk da cewa ɗan gudun hijirar wani lokaci yana da wannan dama). Dan gudun hijirar zai tashi ba takalmi da ƙafa, ɗauke da sanda gicciye a matsayin alama ta kariya a ƙarƙashin cocin. A ka'idar zasu tsaya zuwa babbar hanyar mota, su isa tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su ɗauki jirgi na farko daga Ingila. A aikace, duk da haka, ɗan gudun hijirar zai iya samun nisa daga nesa, saboda tazarar da take a tsakanin wani gurin zuwa wani guri, hakan tasa ya watsar da ma'aikatan gicciye ya tashi ya fara sabuwar rayuwa. Koyaya, mutum na iya amintar da abokai da dangin wanda abin ya shafa sun san wannan dabarar kuma za su yi duk abin da za su iya don tabbatar da hakan bai faru ba; ko kuma hakika wadanda suka tsere ba su kai ga inda suke niyyar zuwa ba, suna zama wadanda aka yi musu hukunci na 'yan banga a karkashin rudin wani dan gudun hijirar da ya yi nisa da babbar hanyar yayin da yake kokarin "tserewa."
Sanin munanan zaɓuɓɓuka, a wasu 'yan gudun hijirar sun ƙi zaɓin biyu kuma sun zaɓi mafaka daga mafaka kafin kwana arba'in ɗin. Wasu kawai ba su zabe ba kuma ba su yi komai ba. Tun da yake haramun ne abokan wanda aka kashe su shiga mafaka, cocin za ta hana ɗan gudun hijirar da abinci har sai an yanke shawara tukunna.
A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses, lokacin da 'yan York ko Lancastrians suka sami babban iko ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar yin nasara a yaƙi, wasu masu bin ɓataccen ɓangaren na iya samun kansu tare da mabiya, ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ba za su iya komawa zuwa ga nasu ɓangaren ba. Bayan sun fahimci wannan halin sai su garzaya zuwa mafaka a coci mafi kusa har sai an gama lafiya sun fito. Babban misali shine Sarauniya Elizabeth Woodville, matar Edward IV ta Ingila .
A cikin 1470, lokacin da 'yan Lancastrians suka maido da Henry na shida a taƙaice, Sarauniya Elizabeth tana zaune a Landan tare da' yan mata da yawa. Ta ƙaura tare da su zuwa Westminster don tsattsauran ra'ayi, suna zaune a can cikin jin daɗin sarauta har sai da aka mayar da Edward IV zuwa gadon sarauta a 1471 kuma ta haifi ɗa na fari Edward V a wannan lokacin. Lokacin da Sarki Edward na hudu ya mutu a 1483, Elizabeth (wacce ba ta da kyakkyawar ƙauna ga ma 'yan York kuma mai yiwuwa tana buƙatar kariya) ta ɗauki' ya'yanta mata biyar da ƙarami (Richard, Duke na York) suka sake komawa cikin mafaka a Westminster. Don tabbatar da cewa tana da dukkan abubuwan jin daɗin gida, ta kawo ɗakuna da yawa da akwatuna da yawa wanda ya sa dole masu aiki su kwankwasa ramuka a cikin wasu bangon don samun komai cikin sauri yadda zai dace da ita.
Henry VIII ya canza dokokin neman mafaka, inda ya rage zuwa taƙaitaccen jerin laifuffukan da aka ba mutane izinin neman mafaka saboda su. James I a cikin tsari tsararre na zamanin da an dakatar dashi gaba ɗaya James I a 1623.
Siyasa ta Zamani
Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nemi jin daɗin sa a cikin wasu ƙasashe na ƙaurace wa zalunci." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar 1967 Game da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira na jagorantar dokokin kasa game da mafakar siyasa. A karkashin wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, a 'yan gudun hijira (ko don lokuta inda repressing tushe nufin na amfani kai tsaye ko tsabtace muhalli ga' yan gudun hijira) ne da wani mutum wanda shi ne a waje da cewa mutum ta mallaka kasar ƙasa (ko wuri na yawan zama idan stateless ) anta tsoron zalunci a kan kariya filaye Ka'idodin kariya sun haɗa da launin fata, wariyar launin fata, ƙasa, addini, ra'ayoyin siyasa da membobinsu ko sa hannu cikin kowane rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa. Ba da gaskiya ga waɗanda aka zalunta ga wanda ke tsananta musu ƙeta ƙa'ida ce da ake kira rashin karɓuwa, ɓangare na al'adun gargajiya da na gaskiya na Majalisar ofasa.
Waɗannan sune yarda da sharuddan da sharudda kamar akida, da kuma wani muhimman hakkokin bangare a cikin 1951 United Nations Yarjejeniyar dangantaka da Status of 'yan gudun hijira da ba-refoulement domin.
Tun daga shekarun 1990s, waɗanda ke fuskantar zalunci ta hanyar lalata (wanda ya haɗa da tashin hankalin cikin gida, ko zalunci na tsari na jinsi ko tsirara a cikin jama'a) sun sami karɓa a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin rukunin halal na da'awar neman mafaka, lokacin da masu da'awar na iya tabbatar da cewa jihar ba ta iya ba ko kuma rashin bada kariya.
'Yancin Mafaka ta ƙasar Kafaka
Tarayyar Turai
Mafaka a cikin ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai da aka kafa sama da rabin karni ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 28 ga Yuli 1951 kan Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira . Manufofin gama gari sun bayyana a cikin 1990s dangane da Yarjejeniyar Schengen (wacce ta danne iyakokin cikin gida) ta yadda masu neman mafakar da ba su yi nasara ba a wata memberan wouldasa ba za su sake shigar da wata ba. Manufofin gama gari sun fara ne da yarjejeniyar Dublin a 1990. Ya ci gaba tare da aiwatar da Eurodac da Dokar Dublin a 2003, da kuma zartar da shawarwari biyu daga Hukumar Turai a watan Oktoba na 2009.
Faransa
Faransa ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta kafa haƙƙin tsarin mulki don neman mafaka, an sanya wannan a cikin labarin 120 na kundin tsarin mulki na 1793. Wannan kundin tsarin mulki, bai taba aiki da karfi ba. A zamani Faransa dama da mafaka, da aka aza saukar da 1958 kundin tsarin mulki, Vis-A-Vis da sakin layi na 4 na Gabatarwa ga kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1946, ga abin da Gabatarwar ta 1958 kundin tsarin mulki kai tsaye tana nufin. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1946 ya kunshi wasu bangarori na kundin tsarin mulki na 1793 wanda ya bayar da tabbaci ga 'yancin mafaka ga "duk wanda aka zalunta saboda aikinsa na' yanci" wadanda ba sa iya neman kariya a kasashensu na asali.
Baya ga haƙƙin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi na neman mafaka, haƙƙin mallaka na Faransanci na zamani na neman mafaka (droit d'asile) an sanya shi bisa ƙa'idar doka da ƙa'ida a cikin Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).
Faransa kuma tana bin yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa wadanda suka tanadi tsarin aikace-aikace don 'yancin neman mafaka, kamar Yarjejeniyar 1951 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) mai alaƙa da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira (wanda aka ƙulla a 1952), ƙarin yarjejeniyar 1967; labarin K1 da K2 na yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta 1992 da Yarjejeniyar Schengen ta 1985, wacce ta bayyana manufar ƙaura ta EU. Aƙarshe, haƙƙin mafaka an bayyana shi ta sashi na 18 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin amintattun ofisoshin Tarayyar Turai .
Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin da za a iya kin amincewa da neman mafakar sun hada da: i) Tafiya ta hanyar "lafiya" kasa ta uku, ii) Asalin Asalin Asali (Mai neman mafaka na iya zama wanda aka ƙi amsar neman mafaka idan sun kasance 'yan asalin ƙasar da kasance "amintacce" daga hukumar bayar da mafaka ta Faransa OFPRA), iii) Barazanar Tsaro (babbar barazana ga dokar jama'a), ko iv) Aikace-aikacen zamba (cin zarafin hanyar neman mafaka saboda wasu dalilai).
Dokar Disamba 10, 2003, doka ta iyakance mafakar siyasa ta manyan ƙuntatawa biyu:
Maganar "mafakar cikin gida": ana iya yin watsi da bukatar idan baƙon na iya cin gajiyar mafakar siyasa a wani yanki na ƙasarsu.
OFPRA ( Ofishin français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides - Ofishin Faransa na Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen Kasa) yanzu sun yi jerin sunayen "amintattun kasashe" wadanda ke girmama ' yancin siyasa da ka'idojin 'yanci . Idan mai neman mafakar ya fito daga irin wannan ƙasar, ana aiwatar da buƙatar cikin kwanaki 15, kuma ba zai sami kariya ta taimakon jama'a ba. Suna iya yin takara game da shawarar, amma wannan ba ya dakatar da duk wani umarnin kora. Lissafi na farko, wanda aka kafa a watan Yulin 2005, ya ƙunshi "ƙasashe masu aminci" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia . Ya sami sakamako na ragewa a cikin watanni shida da kusan 80% adadin masu nema daga waɗannan ƙasashe. Jerin na biyu, wanda aka zartar a watan Yulin 2006, sun hada da Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania da Macedonia .
Duk da yake an taƙaita shi, an kiyaye haƙƙin mafakar siyasa a Faransa tsakanin dokokin ƙaura da ƙaura daban-daban. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa, ban da tafarkin shari'a kawai, ana amfani da tsarin mulki don rage gudu kuma daga karshe a ƙi abin da za a iya ɗauka azaman buƙatun buƙatu. A cewar Le Figaro, Faransa ta bai wa mutane 7,000 matsayin ‘yan gudun hijirar siyasa a shekarar 2006, daga cikin bukatun 35,000; a 2005, OFPRA mai kula da bincikar sahihancin irin wadannan buƙatun ya ba da ƙasa da 10,000 daga jimlar buƙatun 50,000.
Yawancin waɗanda aka kora daga mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin Amurka, musamman daga Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Dirty War a Argentina, an karɓi su a cikin 1970s-80s. Tun bayan mamayewar Afganistan a shekara ta 2001, dubun- dubatar masu neman mafakar 'yan Afghanistan ke kwana a wani wurin shakatawa a Paris kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Gare de l'Est. Koda yake ba a karɓi buƙatunsu ba tukunna, amma an yi haƙuri da kasancewar su. Koyaya, tun a ƙarshen 2005, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna lura da cewa ' yan sanda sun raba' yan Afghanistan daga sauran baƙin yayin samamen, kuma suna korar ta hanyar takaddama waɗanda suka iso Gare de l'Est ta jirgin ƙasa kuma ba su da lokacin neman mafaka ( ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2005, doka ta buƙaci su biya mai fassara don taimakawa tare da tsarin hukuma).
Ingila
A cikin ƙarni na 19, kasar Ingila ta ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga mutane da yawa waɗanda aka tsananta musu, daga cikinsu akwai membobin ƙungiyar gurguzu da yawa (ciki har da Karl Marx ). Tare da yunƙurin fashewar bam na 1845 na Greenwich Royal Observatory da 1911 Siege na Sidney Street a cikin mahallin farfagandar ayyukan (anarchist), an hana mafakar siyasa.
Amurka
Kasar Amurka ta amince da 'yancin mafakar mutane kamar yadda dokar duniya da ta tarayya ta bayyana. Wani takamaiman adadin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka ayyana bisa doka wadanda suke neman matsayin yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje, da kuma wadanda suke neman mafaka bayan sun isa Amurka, ana karbar su kowace shekara.
Tun yakin duniya na II, yawancin yan gudun hijirar sun sami gidaje a Amurka fiye da kowace al'umma kuma sama da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan biyu sun isa Amurka tun 1980. A lokacin yawancin shekarun 1990s, Amurka ta karbi sama da ‘yan gudun hijira 100,000 a kowace shekara, kodayake wannan adadi kwanan nan ya ragu zuwa kusan 50,000 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma na farkon karni na 21, saboda matsalolin tsaro mafi girma. Game da masu neman mafaka, sabon alkalumma ya nuna cewa mutane 86,400 ne suka nemi mafaka a Amurka a shekara ta 2001. Kafin harin 11 ga Satumba an tantance masu neman mafakar siyasa a cikin aikace-aikace na sirri a Ofishin Shige da Fice da Bautar Naturalasa na Amurka (INS) .
Duk da wannan, an nuna damuwa game da tsarin bada mafaka da ƙudurin Amurka. Wani binciken kwatancin da masana shari'a uku suka gabatar ya bayyana tsarin ba da mafakar Amurka a matsayin wasan caca ; wato ance sakamakon ƙayyadaddun mafaka ya dogara da babban ɓangaren halin mutumin da yake yanke hukunci a kansa ba tare da cancanta ba. ko wadanne mambobin 'yan gudun hijirar Iraki da aka karɓa tsakanin 2003 da 2007 na nuna damuwa game da tsarin' yan gudun hijirar Amurka. Policy na kungiyar Manufofin Kasashen Waje ta ba da rahoton cewa:
Duba kuma
Bayani
Ambato
Majiya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ingantaccen shafin Tsoro na Tsoro
Ingantaccen Tsoro a POV
Pages with unreviewed translations |
17641 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis%20Gaddafi | Khamis Gaddafi | Khamis Gaddafi (An haife shi ne a ranar a 27 ga watan Mayun 1983 - 29 August 2011) shi ne na bakwai kuma ƙarami a ɗa ga tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi, kuma kwamandan soja mai kula da Khamis Brigade na Sojojin Libya . Ya kasance wani ɓangare na mahaifinsa na ciki. A lokacin yakin basasar Libya a shekara ta 2011, ya kasance wata babbar manufa ga sojojin adawa da ke kokarin kifar da mahaifinsa.
Ilimi da aiki
Yana dan shekara uku, Khamis Gaddafi ya ji rauni a harin bam din Amurka na 15 ga watan Afrilu 1986 a Libya, yana fama da rauni a kansa lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanin soja na Bab al-Azizia a matsayin ramuwar gayya game da harin bam din na 1986 a Berlin. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sojan da ke Tripoli, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kere kere da kimiyya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Soja ta Frunze da ke Moscow da Kwalejin Soja ta Janar na Sojojin Rasha . A shekarar 2008, Gaddafi ya ziyarci Algeria, inda Shugaba Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya tarbe shi .
A watan Afrilu na 2010, ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a IE Business School (wanda a da ake kira Instituto de Empresa ), a Madrid . Koyaya, ma'aikatar ta kore shi a watan Maris na 2011 saboda "alakar sa da kai hare-hare kan al'ummar Libya".
A farkon shekarar 2011, Gaddafi yayi aiki a matsayin horon koyon aiki a Kamfanin Fasaha na AECOM . A cewar Paul Gennaro, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban AECOM na Sadarwar Duniya, Gaddafi yana rangadin Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2011 a wani bangare na atisayensa, gami da ziyartar wuraren sojoji da wuraren tarihi. An katse wannan tafiya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu bayan yakin basasa na Libya, sannan Gaddafi ya koma Libya. Daga baya jami'an gwamnatin Amurka sun musanta duk wata rawa a cikin tsarawa, ba da shawara ko biyan kudin tafiyar.
Matsayi a yakin basasar Libya
Bayan sauri baya zuwa Libya don taimakon da mahaifinsa a cikin yakin basasa, Khamis Gaddafi umarci hari a kan Zawiya, abu Khamis Brigade, wani musamman sojojin birged na kasar Libya Armed Forces masu biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi . Yakin ya haifar da dakarun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sake kwace birnin. Ya kuma taimaka wajen murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a ciki da wajen babban birnin Tripoli a karshen watan Fabrairu-farkon Maris. Dakarunsa kuma sun halarci Yaƙin Misrata . A watan Yunin 2011, an ba da rahoton cewa yana ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Zliten ta wani soja da aka kama daga rundunarsa wanda shi ma ya ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya gaya wa sojojinsa cewa "ku dauki Misrata ko kuma in kashe ku da kaina. Idan ba ku dauki Misrata ba, mun gama. ”
Jita-jita game da mutuwa
Yakin basasar Libya
13 Maris 2011: Zargin harin kunar bakin wake kan Bab al-Azizia
A ranar 20 ga watan Maris din 2011, kafar watsa labarai ta Al Manara mai adawa da Gaddafi ta ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu daga raunin da ya samu lokacin da ake zargin matukin jirgin sama Muhammad Mokhtar Osman ya fado da jirginsa zuwa Bab al-Azizia mako guda da ya gabata. Ba a tabbatar da hakan ba daga wata majiyar labarai mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, ba a bayar da rahoton faduwar jirgin da kansa ba ko kuma ta wata kafar watsa labarai mai zaman kanta ba ta tabbatar da shi ban da Al Manara da jaridar Shuruk ta Algeriya, wacce ke da alaka ta kut da kut da Al Manara, kuma da shi akwai yiwuwar rahotannin na daga cikin ayyukan farfaganda na 'yan adawa.
Daga baya gwamnatin Libya mai goyon bayan Gaddafi ta musanta cewa an kashe shi a ranar 21 ga Maris. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa tana sane da rahotannin da ke cewa an kashe daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Gaddafi a wasu hare-hare ta sama da ba na hadin gwiwa ba, bayan da ta ji su daga "majiyoyi daban-daban", amma "shaidar ba ta isa ba" tabbatar da wannan. A ranar 25 ga Maris 2011, gidan talabijin na Al Arabiya ya ba da rahoton cewa wata majiya ta tabbatar da mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi, duk da cewa wasu har da Al Jazeera sun ci gaba da kiran shi jita-jita.
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris din 2011, gwamnatin Libya ta nuna hotunan da ta ce kai tsaye Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ke gaisawa da magoya bayansa a Tripoli, a kokarin karyata ikirarin, duk da cewa ta yi amfani da hotunan karya kai tsaye a da kuma ba a tabbatar da wadannan hotunan ba. . A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2011, wani sojan da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Misrata ya gaya wa ‘yan tawayen cewa Khamis Gaddafi na raye a Zliten, kuma shi ke jagorantar sojoji a wurin.
5 ga Agusta 2011: Kai harin sama a Zliten
A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2011, inda ya ambaci 'yan leken asirin da ke aiki a tsakanin sojojin da ke biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi, Mohammed Zawawi, mai magana da yawun rundunar juyin juya halin United, ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Agence France Press cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi cikin dare, yana mai cewa "akwai wani harin da NATO ta kai wa dakin ayyukan Gaddafi a Zliten kuma akwai kusan sojojin Gaddafi 32 da aka kashe. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Khamis. ”
Wannan rahoto a hukumance ya fito ne daga bakin kakakin gwamnatin Libya Moussa Ibrahim . "Labarin karya ne. Sun kirkiri labari ne game da Mista Khamis Gaddafi a Zliten don rufe kashe su, ”in ji Ibrahim a hirarsa da Reuters a Tripoli. "Wannan wata dabara ce ta kazanta don rufe laifin da suka aikata a Zliten da kisan dangin al-Marabit." NATO ma ba ta iya tabbatar da rahotannin mutuwar Khamis ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, wani mutum da ya bayyana kamar Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin gidan talabijin din Libya yana magana da wata mata da ake zargin cewa jirgin saman NATO ya ji mata mummunan rauni.
22 ga Agusta 2011: Rahotannin gawawwaki a Tripoli
A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, Al Jazeera ta ruwaito cewa mai yiwuwa an gano gawawwakin Khamis Gaddafi da shugaban leken asirin mahaifinsa Abdullah Senussi a Tripoli yayin yakin birnin . Koyaya, wani kwamandan 'yan tawaye daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin Bab al-Azizia .
An sami Senussi da rai kuma an kama shi a cikin Mauritania a ranar 17 ga watan Maris 2012, kuma an miƙa shi ga Libya a ranar 5 ga Satumba don a yi masa shari'a.
29 ga Agusta 2011: Harin jirgin sama kusa da Tarhuna
A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, an ba da rahoton cewa mayaƙan adawa da Gaddafi 60 kilomita kudu da Tripoli ya yi ikirarin cewa wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na NATO Apache ya yi harbi kan Khamis Gaddafi na Toyota Land Cruiser, inda ya lalata motar. Wani mutum da ya ce shi mai tsaron lafiyar Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ce an kashe shi. Babu tabbaci na gani nan da nan. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da wani tsohon mai gadi da ake tsare da shi a Tarhuna . Jami'in tsaron sa, Abdul Salam Taher Fagri, dan shekaru 17 daga Sabha, wanda aka dauka a Tripoli, daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a wannan harin. Ya fada wa jaridar "Ina cikin babbar motar a bayansa ... lokacin da aka buge motarsa. Ya kone. " Sauran masu gadin guda uku da ake tsare da su a cikin sel daban daban sun ba da irin wannan asusun, wanda ya sa masu garkuwar su yi imani da asusun duk su hudun ya zama abin yarda.
Majalisar wucin gadin kasar ta yi ikirarin a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba cewa yanzu ta tabbata Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu kuma an binne shi a kusa da Bani Walid. A tsakiyar watan Satumbar 2011, wani rahoto ya nuna cewa Gaddafi yana Bani Walid, amma ya bar garin da mutanensa zuwa makomarsu. Koyaya, Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta ruwaito a ranar 15 ga Satumba cewa Khamis Gaddafi har yanzu ana zaton ya mutu. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, gidan talabijin na Syria mai goyan bayan Gaddafi Arrai TV ya aike da sakon makokin mutuwarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, dan jaridar New York Times Robert Worth ya gana da tsohon fursunan gidan yarin Tripoli Yarmouk Marwan Gdoura, wanda ya amsa cewa bayan kisan kimanin fursunoni 100 ya tsere daga garin tare da wasu masu biyayya 200 karkashin jagorancin Khamis Gaddafi, wanda aka kashe da bindiga. . Bayan haka, ya ga dan uwansa Saif al-Islam Gaddafi yana karbar ta'aziyya a Bani Walid.
A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba 2012, wani rahoto daga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ya ce "Khamis Gaddafi, dan Muammar wanda ya ba da umarni ga kwamandan runduna ta 32" Khamis "ta sojojin Libya, an kashe shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta yayin da yake tserewa daga Tripoli, a wani abin da ake jin yana da shi kasance jirgin saman NATO a kan ayarin motocinsa.
Bayan yakin
Akalla rahoto daya da aka wallafa bayan kame Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya tabbatar da cewa tsohon Gaddafi ya fada wa masu binciken cewa Khamis Gaddafi na nan da ransa kuma watakila yana buya a Tarhuna . A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 2012, Stratfor ya ba da rahoton kame Khamis Gaddafi da mayaƙa daga Zintan suka yi. NTC din ya karyata wannan.
A yayin yakin neman zabe kan masu biyayya ga Gaddafi a Bani Walid, Mataimakin Firayim Ministan Libya ya yi ikirarin a wani sakon Tweeter cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a yayin fada a garin a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2012, shekara guda zuwa ranar da 'yan tawaye suka kama mahaifin Gaddafi kuma suka kashe shi. sojoji a Sirte . Wata sanarwa daga mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dokokin Libya, Omar Hamdan, ta yi ikirarin cewa an kashe Gaddafi "a cikin yaki", amma bai ba da wani karin bayani ba. An yi zargin cewa an gano gawarsa ne bayan an kwashe kwana guda ana gwabza fada tsakanin rundunar garin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi da kuma wasu dakaru da ke kawance da gwamnatin Libya.
Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ya musanta cewa babu wani tabbaci a hukumance game da kame Mussa Ibrahim ga kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa, kuma bai ma yi magana game da jita-jitar mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi ba. Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press ya bayyana rahoton kisan Gaddafi a matsayin jita-jita da ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Musa Ibrahim, tsohon kakakin Muammar Gaddafi, da kansa ya karyata sakon game da kamun yana mai cewa shi ma ba ya Libya kuma ya musanta rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da mutuwar Khamis. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, mai magana da yawun gwamnati Nasser Al-Manaa ya ja da baya tare da neman gafara kan rahotannin karya daga gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa game da kisan Gaddafi da kama Ibrahim.
Manazarta
Libya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
38545 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir%20Tukura%20Ibrahim | Kabir Tukura Ibrahim | Kabir Tukura Ibrahim (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1984) ɗan siyasa ne a Najeriya. A yanzu haka dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Zuru/Fakai/Danko-Wasagu/Sakaba na jihar Kebbi a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya a majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta tara. Ya fito daga ne Zuru na jihar Kebbi, Najeriya.
Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Kabir Ibrahim Tukura a Kaduna, mahaifansa sune Alh. Ibrahim Tukura da Hajiya Salamatu Tukura. A shekarar 1994 ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Tarayya da ke Sakkwato. Hakan ya sa ya zarce zuwa Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Birnin Yauri a Jihar Kebbi inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare a shekarar 2000. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya cigaba da karatunsa a Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo da ke Sakkwato, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin fasahar Turanci a shekarar 2005.
Farkon aiki
Bayan kammala aikin yi wa matasa hidima na kasa a shekarar 2006, Kabir Ibrahim Tukura ya cigaba da rike shi a gidan rediyon tarayyar Najeriya inda ya yi aiki a sakamakon kwazonsa na aiki. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, aikin da zai yi na gaba ya sa ya shiga Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki Tu’annati (EFCC). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in hukumar leken asiri da cin hanci da rashawa ta Najeriya daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 20016.
Sana'ar siyasa
Karfin shugabancin Kabir Ibrahim Tukura ya fara bayyana tun yana karami. A shekararsa ta karshe a Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Harsuna da Adabi da Harsunan Turai na Zamani.
Bayan da ya tara dimbin gogewar da ya samu a fagen shugabanci da aikin gwamnati, an fara gudanar da ayyukansa na siyasa a kasa baki daya da zabensa na dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya a 2019.
Yayin da yake zaman majalisar wakilai, shekarun Kabir Ibrahim Tukura da ingancin wakilcin sa ne suka sa shi haskawa a shekarar 2019 a lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar matasa ta majalisar wakilai (YPF). Dandalin Matasa na Majalisar wanda ya kunshi ‘yan majalisar tarayya da na jihohi (Sanatoci, ‘yan majalisar wakilai da ‘yan majalisar jiha) wadanda shekarunsu suka kai 45 zuwa kasa, dandalin ne na bunkasa wakilci da shigar matasa a majalisa da sauran harkokin siyasa.
Tafiya a cikin siyasa
Manufofin siyasar Kabir Ibrahim Tukura sun mamaye bukatu na mazabarsa a daya bangaren da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi kasa baki daya. Shi mai babbar murya ne don bayar da shawarwari ga matasa da wayar da kan jama'a a siyasance, karfafa mata da aiwatar da muradun ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs). Sauran wuraren da ya fi mayar da hankali a kan wakilcinsa na damun inganci da ingancin dokokin da ke jagorantar yaki da laifukan kudi a Najeriya.
Kabir mutum ne mai himma da kishin kasa, mai kishin kasa mai kishin ci gaban manufofin dimokradiyya a Najeriya. Wannan a fili yake a cikin adawarsa na Speech Bill da Social Media Bill.
Tawagar wakilcin Kabir Ibrahim Tukura a mazabarsa na cike da kura-kurai a cikin ayyukan da ya yi da kuma kudaden da ya dauki nauyi.
Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne rawar da ya taka wajen fafutuka da kuma yin tasiri a kan amincewa da gyaran da aka yi na babban titin Gadan Zaima – Zuru – Gamji. Tasirin tattalin arziki na mahalarta dangane da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar 'yanci ('yan adam, kayayyaki da sabis) ya ƙare a cikin farin ciki wanda ya biyo bayan amincewarsa a mazabarsa.
Baya ga samar da fitulun hasken rana don haskaka duhu a wasu zababbun yankunan mazabarsa, ya fara aikin gyaran rijiyoyin burtsatse da dama yayin da ya samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse a yankunan Zuru, Fakai, Sakaba da Danko/Wasagu na mazabarsa.
Bisa la’akari da irin muhimmancin da ilimi ke da shi, Kabir ya yi fice a wannan fanni wanda ya hada da samar da katanga na ajujuwa 3 kowanne a Matseri, Zodi, Ribah da Sakaba. Ya kuma kaddamar da shirin Kabiru Tukura JAMB/Jami’a da ke sayan fom din rajistar JAMB ga daliban mazabarsa da kuma daukar nauyin ‘yan takarar da suka yi nasara wadanda ke da himma da sha’awar neman ilimi mai zurfi. Domin cika kwanaki 100 a kan karagar mulki, ya yi bikin tunawa da ranar yara mata ta duniya ta hanyar rarraba kayan tsafta da kayan aikin komawa makaranta ga 'yan mata 4000 a mazabarsa.
A fannin kiwon lafiya, Kabir Ibrahim Tukura ya dauki nauyin tafiye-tafiyen jinya da dama wadanda suka zama dole domin tsira a cikin katin sa. Bugu da kari, ya bayar da babura uku ga kungiyar nakasassu ta kasa a mazabarsa.
Kudurorin da Kabir Ibrahim Tukura ya biya sun hada da:
1. HB 1091, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya Zuru (Est) 2020.
2. HB 1443, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya Zuru Kafa 2021.
3. HB 1089, Dokar Hukumar Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziƙi (gyara) 2020.
4. HB 1090, Dokar Hana Kudi (Haramta) Dokar (gyara) lissafin 2020.
5. HB 777, Kudirin Hukumar Raya Matasa ta Kasa 2020.
Duba kuma
Jerin mutanen Hausa
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1984
Yan siyasa a najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan siyasa daga jihar kebbi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24322 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer%20Ako-Adjei | Ebenezer Ako-Adjei | Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei (17 ga Yuni 1916 - 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2002) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa, lauya kuma ɗan jarida. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Ghana (sannan Gold Coast). A matsayinsa na uban kafa na Ghana, yana daya daga cikin shugabannin UGCC da aka tsare a lokacin fafutukar neman 'yancin kan Ghana daga Burtaniya, kungiyar da aka fi sani da Manyan Shida.
An haife shi a Adjeikrom, ƙaramin ƙauye a yankin Akyem Abuakwa, Ako Adjei ya yi karatun sa na manyan jami'a a Amurka da Ingila. Bayan karatunsa a ƙasashen waje, ya dawo gida don shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Gold Coast don samun 'yancin siyasa ta hanyar shiga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a matsayin memba na kafa. Ako Adjei ya taka rawa wajen shigar da Kwame Nkrumah cikin fagen siyasar Ghana lokacin da ya bashi shawarar cikakken mukamin Sakataren Shirye -shiryen UGCC.
Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana, Ako Adjei ya yi aiki a wurare daban -daban na siyasa ciki har da zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Adalci na sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa, Ghana. Ya kuma zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko lokacin da aka canza mukamin daga Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Mayun shekarar 1961. Ako Adjei duk da haka an hana shi harkokin siyasa bayan an tsare shi bisa zargin shirya makircin kashe shugaban kasa na lokacin Kwame Nkrumah a harin bam na Kulungugu a 1962.
Bayan sakinsa a 1966, Ako Adjei ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa cikin duhu. Ya kasance ba a gan shi ko ba a ji ba a cikin bahasin ƙasar Ghana da siyasa. Ya kuma yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan danginsa da aikinsa a matsayin mai aikin shari'a. A cikin 1992 ya buga tarihin ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana Mr.George Grant. A shekarar 1997 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana- babbar lambar yabo ta kasa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Ghana. Ako Adjei ya rasu bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya a 2002.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Kogin Zinariya
An haifi Ebenezer Ako Adjei a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1916 a Adjeikrom a yankin Akyem Abuakwa. Adjeikrom ƙaramin al'umma ne masu aikin gona da aka samu a Yankin Gabashin Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinariya). Mahaifinsa shine Samuel Adjei, manomi kuma dan kasuwa, wanda ake tunanin sunan Ako Adjei inda aka haife shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa Johanna Okaile Adjei. Duk iyayen sun fito ne daga La, wani yanki kusa da tekun bakin teku a Accra. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata da yawa amma shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yaran mahaifinsa.
Iliminsa na farko ya fara ne a Yankin Gabas a Makarantar Firamare ta Busoso Railway, inda ya yi tafiyar mil 14 zuwa makaranta ya dawo gida. An kai shi Accra inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Junior ta La Presbyterian tun daga aji 3. Bai iya yaren Ga wanda shine yaren mahaifiyarsa ba, duk da haka, yana iya karatu da rubuta Twi, kuma yana magana da Dangme. Ya ci gaba a Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian har zuwa 1933 lokacin da ya isa Standard Six. A cikin Maris 1933 ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta wacce ke kan gaba. Ya koma Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian bayan wata guda a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church saboda baya son makarantar.
Daga nan aka shawo kan mahaifinsa don ya tura shi Accra Academy, sannan wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta tana ƙoƙarin neman ƙafafunta ta hanyar taimakon matasa masu ƙwazo. A watan Afrilu 1933 ya shiga Accra Academy kuma yana son ta a can. Ya yi tafiyar mil hudu daga La zuwa Jamestown (inda makarantar take a lokacin), saboda ba zai iya biyan kudin motar bas wanda kusan pence biyu ne. A cikin 1934 ya zauna don jarrabawar Junior Cambridge kuma ya wuce. Yayin da yake Accra Academy, ya sami matsala wajen biyan kuɗin littattafan, duk da haka, wani memba na ma’aikatan, Mista Halm Addo (ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar), ya kasance yana taimaka masa da kuɗin littattafai. A watan Disamba, 1936 yana ɗaya daga cikin candidatesan takarar da Accra Academy ta gabatar don Babban Makarantar Cambridge da ta bar Jarrabawar Shedar. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da suka ci jarabawar, guda biyu ne kacal suka samu kebewa daga Hukumar Jarabawar Matriculation London. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗaliban shine Ako Adjei.
Ya yi koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Accra a 1937 kafin ya shiga ƙaramin ma'aikacin farar hula a watan Yuni 1937. Daga Yuni 1937 zuwa Disamba 1938 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata na Ƙasa na biyu a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast. An ba shi aiki don taimakawa Harold Cooper, Mataimakin Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka na Turawa, da JES de Graft-Hayford don tsarawa da kafa Sabis ɗin Watsawa na Gold Coast.
A lokacin da yake karatu a Accra Academy Ako Adjei yana sha’awar aikin jarida, ya rubuta wa jaridar African Morning Post, wata jarida ta Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Najeriya na farko. Azikiwe ya kuma nuna sha'awar sa kuma ya shirya masa karatu a Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka. A watan Nuwamba 1938, ya yi murabus daga aikin farar hula ya tafi Ingila a watan Disambar wannan shekarar.
Amurka
A cikin Janairu 1939, ya isa Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania don maraba da K.A.B. Jones-Quartey, ɗalibi daga Gold Coast wanda Ako Adjei ya sani saboda aikinsa tare da Accra Morning Post. Jones-Quartey ya kasance tare da shi don maraba da shi ta wani ɗalibin Gold Coast wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah (Kwame Nkrumah). A Jami'ar Lincoln an zaunar da shi a Zauren Houston kuma ya buga wa jami'ar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa). Ya yi rajista don kwasa -kwasai a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki, Sociology, Turanci, Latin da Falsafa.
Ako Adjei ya raba daki ɗaya a Hall Houston tare da Jones-Quartey kuma ɗakinsu yana gaban ɗakin Nkrumah, wanda ya fi girma girma saboda Nkrumah ɗalibi ne na gaba da digiri. Ako Adjei ya kulla alaka ta kud -da -kud da Nkrumah duk da gibin shekaru da da alama akwai tsakanin su. Tare da gungun ɗalibai, galibi suna tattaunawa mai zafi (wanda aka sani da zaman bijimin) game da 'yantar da ƙasashen Afirka daga mamayar mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka waɗanda ke shiga cikin tattaunawar akai-akai akwai Jones-Quartey, Ozuomba Mbadiwe, Nwafor Orizu da Ikechukwu Ikejiani.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi a Lincoln, ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na Asusun Phelps-Stokes don halartar Cibiyar Hampton a Virginia, kuma ya koma can don kammala digirinsa na jami'a. Ya sake samun gurbin karatu a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1943. Ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Fisk ta hanyar taimakon Dr. Edwin W. Smith, mishan. Dokta Smith ya zo daga Ingila don kafa sabuwar sashen kuma ya gayyaci Ako Adjei don ya zama mataimaki a lokacin kafa ta.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ako Adjei ya koma Ingila don ci gaba da burinsa na zama lauya. Aikin koyarwarsa a Jami'ar Fisk ya ba shi kuɗi don yin rajista a Haikali Mai Ciki a farkon watan Mayu 1944. Ko da yake ya sami isasshen kuɗi don fara karatun yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don kammala shi. Mahaifinsa ya yi hayar wani ɗan gidan dangi wanda ke Lane na Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Accra ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon kan fam 10 a shekara don shekaru hamsin (50) kuma ya ɗauki hayar shekaru talatin (30) a gaba. Mahaifinsa ya mutu kafin a kammala tattaunawar don haka shi da 'yan uwansa sai da suka rattaba hannu kan takardu kafin dan kasuwa na Lebanon ya biya jimlar £ 300.
A Biritaniya, Ako Adjei ya kasance mai sha'awar siyasa mai mulkin mallaka. Bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, wasu yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Asiya sun sami 'yancin kai, wannan ya sanya daliban mulkin mallaka daga Yammacin Afirka sun fi damuwa da yanayin gida kuma ya sa suka nemi a soke mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Yamma.
Ako Adjei ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma (WASU) kuma ya zama shugabanta. Nkrumah ya isa Biritaniya a cikin 1945, 'yan makonni bayan isowarsa London, Ako Adjei ya rutsa da shi a lokacin zagayen sa a matsayin shugaban WASU. Nkrumah yana fuskantar matsalolin masauki kuma a sakamakon haka ya karɓe shi a lambarsa ta No.25 Lauvier Road, har sai ya sami masauki (Nkrumah) a lamba 60 Burghley Road, kusa da Tufnel Park Tube Station. Nkrumah yana zaune a wurin har ya bar London a 1947. Daga nan Ako Adjei ya gabatar da Nkrumah ga WASU da Kojo Botsio wanda daga baya ya zama na hannun daman Nkrumah. Da yake tunawa da kwanakinsa na WASU, Ako Adjei ya ba da labari, “Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa London na kasance Shugaban WASU a lokacin. Na dauki Nkrumah zuwa Sakatariyar WASU inda na gabatar da shi ga Kankam Boadu da Joe Appiah, wadanda sauran membobin kwamitin zartarwa ne na WASU, da Kojo Botsio wanda a lokacin muka yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Dakunan kwanan dalibai, a No.l South Villas, Garin Camden, London NWI Dole ne in ce zuwan Nkrumah da shiga cikin aikin WASU ya ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar. A kan wannan yanayin ne muka shirya Babban Taron Pan-African Congress wanda aka yi a Manchester a 1945 tare da George Padmore da Nkrumah a matsayin Sakatarorin Hadin gwiwa da ni kaina a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shirya ayyukan. "
Ako Adjei ya yi rajista a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London don M.Sc. shirin digiri yayin karatun doka a Haikali na ciki. An ba da taken taken karatun, The Dynamics of Social Change, duk da haka, karatun, tare da ayyukansa na siyasa sun hana bincikensa saboda ƙuntataccen lokaci.
Ako Adjei ya ci dukkan jarabawar sa ta Bar kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki a cikin Janairu 1947.
Koma zuwa Kogin Zinariya
Ako Adjei ya dawo Kogin Zinariya a watan Mayu 1947 kuma a watan Yuni 1947, ya yi rajista a mashayar Ghana. Nufinsa na farko shi ne ya kafa "sarkar jaridu" don ci gaba da tayar da zaune tsaye, kwas ɗin da ya sadaukar da kansa yayin da yake London. Duk da haka, bai iya fara jaridu ba saboda yanayin kuɗin sa a lokacin, daga baya ya shiga ɗakin Adumoa-Bossman da Co don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin lauya mai zaman kansa.
United Gold Coast Convention
Bayan ya zauna a Accra na 'yan kwanaki, ya ziyarci J. B. Danquah wanda a lokacin yana tare da wasu suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma Ako Adjei ya shiga cikin tattaunawar. Ako Adjei kamar yawancin ɗaliban Gold Coast a Biritaniya a lokacin sun ƙoshi da rahoton jaridar Burtaniya wanda ya haifar da tunanin cewa Gold Coast ita ce mafi aminci a mulkin mallaka. Danquah ya tabbatar masa da cewa ana kan gudanar da ayyuka da dama don kafa ginshikin siyasar kasa.
A cikin kwanaki huɗu da isowarsa gida J.B. Danquah ya ɗauke shi zuwa taron Kwamitin Tsare -Tsare na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Daga nan ya zama memba na kwamitin kuma a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1947 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban taron a Saltpond, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobi. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 1947, aka kaddamar da reshen taron na Accra kuma aka zabe shi sakatare tare da Edward Akufo-Addo a matsayin shugaban kasa da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey tare da J. Quist-Therson a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. Yayin da membobin babban taron ke ƙaruwa, manyan membobin sun yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau a canza motsi zuwa wata ƙungiya ta siyasa. A sakamakon haka, akwai bukatar sakatare na cikakken lokaci. J. B. Danquah ya ba da shawarar Ako Adjei, duk da haka, ya ƙi tayin saboda dalilan gudanar da jaridarsa ta African National Times da yin aikin lauya tare. Daga baya ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar Sakatariyar Ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka (WANS) a 94 Grays 'Inn, London.
A cewar Ako Adjei ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah saboda ya girma ya san ƙwarewar ƙungiyarsa kuma ya san zai yi sha'awar aikin. Wannan saboda, kafin ya bar London zuwa Accra Nkrumah ya gaya masa:
"Ako kuna kan gaba da ni. Lokacin da kuka isa yankin Gold Coast kuma akwai wani aiki da kuke tunanin zan iya yi, sanar da ni nan da nan don in zo in yi aiki na ɗan lokaci; ajiye kuɗi kaɗan sannan in dawo zuwa London don kammala karatuna na doka a Gray 'Inn. "
Wannan alkawari ne da ya ɗauka don haka lokacin da ya ji cikakken aikin babban sakataren bai yi jinkirin ba shi shawara ba. Taron ya karɓi shawararsa kuma ya rubuta wa Nkrumah game da hakan sannan daga baya ya aiko masa da fam 100 wanda George Alfred Grant, wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa kuma mai ba da kuɗi na UGCC ya bayar don tafiyarsa zuwa Gold Coast. Bayan isowar Nkrumah, Ako Adjei ya gabatar da shi ga manyan membobin jam'iyyar: "Ya isa a watan Disamba 1947 kuma na gabatar da shi ga G. Grant, J. B. Danquah, R. S. Blay da sauran membobin UGCC."
Manyan Shida
Lokacin da Nkrumah ya zama mukamin babban sakataren UGCC sai ya fara ƙaddamar da matakai don faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka da haɓaka membobinta. Manyan membobin UGCC sun kuma nuna sha’awa ta musamman ga halin tsoffin ma’aikatan da ba su karɓi abubuwan tunawa da su ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Tsofaffin yaƙin duniya sun gayyace su don tarurrukan tsoffin mayaƙan su kuma a lokuta daban -daban an mai da su baƙi. Saboda kyakyawan mu'amala da fahimtar juna tsakanin bangarorin biyu, lauyoyin cikin 'yan siyasar UGCC sun taimaka wa tsoffin ma'aikatan su rubuta takardar koken su ga gwamnan. Gabatar da koken a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ya haifar da harbin kan titi wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III (Osu Alata Mantse) ya jagoranci kamfen na kauracewa sakamakon rikicin na Accra na 1948.
Ako Adjei da sauran manyan membobin UGCC wato JB Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, Edward Akufo-Addo, William Ofori Atta da Kwame Nkrumah, wadanda daga baya aka fi sani da Manyan Shida, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sa aka kama su tare da zarge su. don tashin hankalin da ke faruwa a cikin mazaunin kuma Ako Adjei an tsare shi a Navrongo. Sakin Big Six ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Nkrumah da sauran membobin UGCC da Nkrumah daga ƙarshe suka rabu a 1949 don samun Convention People's Party (CPP). Ako Adjei duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama tare da UGCC sannan daga baya ya zama mai sukar Nkrumah a jaridunsa, African National Times da Star of Ghana.
Zaben 1951 da Jam'iyyar Congress ta Ghana
A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin yankin Gold Coast na 1951, Ako Adjei ya tsaya akan tikitin UGCC don wakiltar gundumar zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 1,451 yayin da Nkrumah (CPP) 20,780, T. Hutton Mills '(CPP) 19,812, da Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey (UGCC) 1,630. Biyo bayan nuna rashin gamsuwa da UGCC a zaɓen, ya shiga cikin wasu don roƙon haɗuwar jam’iyyun adawa. Ya zama Sakataren Jam'iyyar Ghana Congress Party (GCP) lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Mayun 1952. Bayan wani lokaci tare da GCP, Ako Adjei ya ki halartar tarurruka yayin da ake ta sukar sa akai -akai saboda gabatar da Nkrumah don bata UGGC.
Convention People's Party
A watan Maris 1953 Ako Adjei ya sha wuya ga matsin lamba daga abokai kamar E. C. Quaye, Sonny Provencal da Paul Tagoe, kuma ya yarda ya shiga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Babban Taro. A farkon Maris 1953 an gabatar da shi a cikin babban taro a Arena, Accra inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na farko akan dandamali a matsayin memba na CPP.
A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin Gold Coast na 1954, ya tsaya kan tikitin CPP don wakiltar Accra Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 11,660 yayin da Nai Tete ya samu 768, Kwamla Armah-Kwarteng ya samu 471, da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III ya samu kuri'u 317. Ya shiga majalisa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1954.
Bayan rikodin sa a rumfunan zaɓe yayin zaɓen 1954, Ako Adjei ya zama memba a majalisar ministocin Gold Coast a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1954 ta Nkrumah, wanda a lokacin shine firayim minista kuma shugaban kasuwancin gwamnati. An nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Daya daga cikin dalilan nadin nasa shine kasancewar shi ɗan aji ne da ba a wakilta a cikin CPP, kasancewar shi mai hankali da ƙwazo a aji na tsakiya, ana ɗaukar matakin a matsayin dabarar jawo mutane na matsayin sa zuwa CPP. . A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci da Kwadago, ya kasance yana da alhakin fannoni da dama na rayuwar kasar nan, ya kasance yana kula da Hukumar Talla da Noma, Kwamitin Talla na koko, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana’antu, Kungiyoyin Kwadago da Hadin gwiwa.
A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1956, an nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, matsayin da Archie Casely-Hayford ya fara rike shi da farko. A waccan shekarar, an sake zaɓen shi a zaɓen majalisa na Gold Coast na 1956 don wakiltar yankin zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast.
Buga 'yancin Ghana
Ministan cikin gida da shari'a
Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana a ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin Dakta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi manyan nade -nade a majalisar ministoci, duk da haka, Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da kasancewa Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, wanda aka raba bayan watanni shida. A watan Agustan 1957, an raba Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Adalci zuwa Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Ma’aikatar Shari’a. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida Krobo Edusei ce ke jagoranta yayin da Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Shari'a. An ji jita-jitar cewa Nkrumah, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin ne ya ɗauki wannan matakin, saboda Ako Adjei duk da cewa Ga da kansa ana ganinsa a matsayin "mai taushin hali" don magance matsalolin da Ga-Adangbe Shifimo Kpee (ƙungiya mai ƙabilanci) ta haifar, wanda aka kaddamar ba da dadewa ba a Accra. Wasu sun kasance masu gamsarwa game da sabon nadin nasa suna ganin yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayin da zai magance al'amurran da suka shafi bangaren shari'a na Ghana a matsayin ƙwararren lauya. A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, shi ne ke da alhakin ayyukan Kwamitin Kafa Ƙasa, al'amuran kuɗi da na minista dangane da Kotun Koli, Kotun cikin gida da Dokar Al'ada, da hanyoyin ketare.
Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai
Bayan shekara guda, Ako Adjei ya koma Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Hadin Gwiwa. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai, ya taimaka wa kungiyar kwadago ta Ghana wajen samar da sabbin gine -gine da suka ci gaba har zuwa yau. A lokacin da yake kan wannan mukami ya kan jagoranci wakilan Ghana zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Ministan Mahalli a Guinea kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje
A watan Fabrairun 1959, Ako Adjei ya maye gurbin Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck a matsayin Ministan Gini. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Ghana a Guinea, an nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Afrilun wannan shekarar. Ya rike mukaman biyu a matsayin ministan mazaunin Ghana a Guinea da kuma ministan harkokin waje na Ghana har zuwa watan Satumba 1959 lokacin da aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa a Guinea. An maye gurbinsa da J. H. Allassani a matsayin Ministan Mahalli na Guinea.
A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1961, Ako Adjei yana birnin New York lokacin da Nkrumah shugaban Ghana na lokacin ya sanar a cikin watsa shirye -shiryen asuba cewa ya cire Harkokin Afirka daga ikon Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta haka ya nada Imoru Egala a matsayin karamin Ministan Afirka. Al'amura, wani matsayi da Egala ya riƙe na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba tare da wanda zai gaje shi ba. Ako Adjei ya dawo Ghana ba tare da izini ba don roƙon hanyarsa don ƙarin daidaiton manufofin ƙasashen waje. Ya yi imani cewa makasudin hadin kan Afirka ba zai zama gaskiya ba idan aka nisanta dangantakar Afirka daga ma'aikatar sa. Kokarinsa, na mayar da shawarar shugaban kasa, ya ci tura.
A watan Mayu 1961 aka canza fayil ɗin Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ta haka Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko a jamhuriya ta farko. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin wajen Ghana na farko, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin ketare na kasar da matakin da kasashen duniya ke dauka. A cewar Sheikh I. C. Quaye, ya "taimaka wajen aza harsashin dangantakar mu ta duniya a lokacin yakin sanyi lokacin da kasar ke bukatar tafiya da igiyar diflomasiyya ba tare da son kai ba". Kwesi Armah da ke yin tunani game da lokacin Ako Adjei a ofis ya ce "ya gabatar da hoto mai kyau na Ghana kuma da ƙarfi ya gabatar da matsayin Ghana ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran taron ƙasa da ƙasa."
A matsayinsa na Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya ba da sanarwar kauracewa kayyayaki, jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa cikin kasar, ya kuma ci gaba da cewa za a ba 'yan Afirka ta Kudu damar shiga kasar ne kawai idan sun ayyana adawa da wariyar launin fata. A lokacin da yake rike da mukami a ma'aikatar, Ako Adjei ya yi kira da "Hadin gwiwar Kasashen Afirka, don samar da tsarin da duk wani shiri na hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a zahiri zai iya aiki da shi. A yayin taron Ministocin Harkokin Waje na Afirka a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 1960, ya ba da shawarar manufar "cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa" ga Afirka kuma ya himmatu ga kafa Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Afirka, Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka, da Asusun Ci gaban Afirka; Manufofin da suka yi daidai da waɗannan shawarwarin sun sami karbuwa daga Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) wanda aka haifa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku a 1963 da Tarayyar Afirka (AU) waɗanda suka gaji OAU a 2001.
Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da rike Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje har zuwa watan Agustan 1962 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da cin amanar kasa dangane da harin bam na Kulungugu, yunkurin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasa na lokacin, Dakta Kwame Nkrumah a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962. Nkrumah ya maye gurbinsa. ta hanyar ɗaukar mukamin Ministan Harkokin Waje a 1962.
Shari'ar cin amanar kasa da tsarewa
Kwame Nkrumah ya tafi Tenkodogo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1962 don yin taro da Maurice Yameogo shugaban Upper Volta yanzu Burkina Faso. Taron ya kasance don tattauna ƙarin shirye -shiryen kawar da shingen kwastam tsakanin Ghana da Upper Volta. Yunkurin da ake ganin ƙaramin mataki ne ga haɗin kan Pan-Afirka. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya rikitar da dawowar dawowar daga Tenkodogo a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962, lamarin da ya sa umarnin da aka saba yi na jerin gwanon ya lalace a kan mummunan hanyar da ta hada kasashen biyu. An ba da rahoton cewa an jefa bam a kan shugaban a Kulungugu, wani gari a Yankin Sama na Ghana lokacin da aka tilasta masa tsayawa ya karbi bouquet daga wani karamin yaro.
Ako Adjei, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje, tare da Tawia Adamafio, sannan Ministan Watsa Labarai, Hugh Horatio Cofie Crabbe, sannan Babban Sakataren CPP, Joseph Yaw Manu, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ana zargin memba ne na United Party (UP) da Robert Benjamin Otchere , tsohon dan majalisar UP, ana zarginsa da yunkurin kashe shugaban.
Kotun Koli ta yi wa Ako Adjei, Tawiah Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe tuhuma kan cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar a kansu sun kasance na yanayi da yaudara, kuma sun fi mai da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna a Convention People's Party(CPP) a matsayin tushen su zargi. Wani dan majalisar Ghana ya bayyana laifin nasu kamar haka:
An ce sake tabbatar da shari'ar ya zama dole saboda shaidar wani firist wanda ya zargi mutanen uku da hada baki don kashe shugaban.
Alkalai uku da suka wanke mutanen uku - Mai shari'a Sir. Kobina Arku Korsah, Justice Edward Akufo-Addo (Manyan Shida) da Mai Shari'a Kofi Adumua Bossman-daga baya an tilasta musu yin murabus. An kori wasu alkalai guda biyu, William Bedford Van Lare da Robert Samuel Blay (wanda ya kafa kungiyar United Gold Coast Convention) saboda nuna rashin amincewa da korar alkalan uku. Daga nan Nkrumah ya ci mutuncin alkalan mutane 12 karkashin Mai Shari'a Julius Sarkodee-Addo, wanda ya sami wanda aka wanke, laifin da ya danganci shaidar firist na cikin. A sakamakon haka ne aka yankewa Ako Adjei da wasu biyun hukuncin kisa, duk da haka, shugaban ya sauya hukuncin zuwa daurin rai-da-rai sannan daga baya, zaman gidan yari na shekaru 20 a wani jawabi ga majalisar a ranar 26 ga Maris 1965.
Ako Adjei yana yin tunani game da taron 1 ga Agusta 1962 yana da wannan cewa:
"Na yi laifi kuma na san cewa abokaina guda biyu, Tawia Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe suma ba su da laifi. Abin da ya faru shi ne na raka Nkrumah a matsayina na Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa wani ƙaramin taro tsakanin Shugaba Nkrumah da Shugaba Yameogo a Tenkudugu a iyakar arewa tsakanin Togo, Ghana da Upper Volta a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1962. A lokacin dawowar mu, ina cikin jam'iyyar Shugaban kasa wacce ta tsaya ba tare da bata lokaci ba a wata karamar makaranta a Kulungugu. Cikin 'yan mintoci kadan bayan da Shugaban ya sauka sannan ya karbi bouquet daga wani yaro dan makaranta, an jefa masa gurneti. Yaron marar laifi ya sami bugun kai tsaye kuma an kashe shi nan take. An yi sa’a, gurneti na hannu ya rasa Shugaban duk da cewa wasu pellets sun sami hanyar baya. Mun samu Osagyefo zuwa Bawku inda daga baya aka tura shi Tamale. Komawa Accra komai ya tafi daidai. Kuma a karshen watan Yulin 1962 na sami takarda daga Dokta Okechuku Ekejeani, tsohon abokin aiki a Jami'ar Lincoln kuma abokin Nkrumah da ni kaina. Yana tafiya daga Landan kuma ya aika da katin waya a cikin jirgin sa ga Shugaban ƙasa da ni. Lokacin da na nuna wa Nkrumah wayata, sai ya ce in je masa in aike shi gidana in yi masa nishadi a madadinsa. Zan zo da shi washegari gidan Flagstaff don wani liyafar kafin ya tafi Legas da rana. Muna nishadantar da shi a waccan Laraba, 29 ga Agusta, 1962 lokacin da aka kama ni aka tafi da ni. Tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa Allah ne kaɗai ya san abin da ya faru da ni. ”
Ako Adjei tare da abokan aikinsa guda uku suna daga cikin fursunonin siyasa da dama da National Liberation Council ta sake bayan hambarar da shugaba Nkrumah da Gwamnatin Republican ta farko a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1966. An sake shi daga tsarewar da aka yi masa a gidan yari na Tsaron Tsaro na Nsawam a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1966 ta hanyar afuwa daga National Liberation Council.
Rayuwa daga baya
A jajibirin fitowarsa daga gidan yarin Nsawam a 1966, Ako Adjei ya bar siyasa gaba daya bayan gogewa gaba daya; abin da ya yi imani ya kasance zargin ƙarya ne da lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayan an sake shi, ya sadaukar da kansa ga danginsa da rayuwarsa ta doka.
Ya mai da hankali sosai ga matarsa da yaransa. A cewarsa, matarsa da yaransa sun taimaka sosai a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a, aka sake gurfanar da shi sannan aka daure shi.
Ya kuma sake tsara rayuwarsa ta kwararru, ya yi nasarar sake tsara dakunansa, Teianshi Chambers, sannan ya sake fara aikin zaman kansa a matsayin likitan doka.
Bayan juyin mulkin soji na biyu a Ghana, Supreme Military Council ta sanya Ako-Adjei a matsayin mamba a hukumar don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Ghana.
A cewar The Ghanaian Chronicle, karo na ƙarshe da aka ga Ako Adjei a cikin kowane babban taro shine a cikin manyan mutanen da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Rawlings ya shirya a ƙarshen lokacin mulkinsa. Saboda halin da yake ciki a lokacin, danginsa sun hana manema labarai damar yin hira da shi.
Mutuwa da binne jihar
Ako Adjei shine mamba na ƙarshe na shahararren Manyan Shida da ya mutu. Bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya, ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2002 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu, yana ɗan shekara 85. Ya rasu ya bar mata da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Mutuwar sa ta yi yabo daga gwamnatocin jihohi ciki har da shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin, John Agyekum Kufour wanda ya bayyana cewa za a yi masa jana'izar jihar. Ya ce “al’umma na da godiya ga Dokta Ako-Adjei a matsayin gwarzo, wanda ya bauta wa kasa tun yana matashi, don mulkin dimokuradiyya a nan gaba. A matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan shida a tarihin siyasar Ghana, rasuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo karshen zagayen farko na tarihi dangane da matsanancin yanayin siyasa a kasar a wancan lokacin. Amma ba za a iya share tunanin wancan zamanin ba ".Ya kuma kara da cewa" Sun kaddamar da tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa wanda gwamnati ke amfana da shi. 'Yan Ghana da ke cin gajiyar wannan babban abin gado da nasarori ya zama wajibi su bi sahun dangin da aka yi wa rasuwa don yiwa Dokta Ako-Adjei jana'izar da ta dace a jihar".
Babban Lauyan Janar na lokacin kuma Ministan Shari’a kuma shugaban kasar Ghana na yanzu, Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinjinawa ya ce; "Mutuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin magabatan ƙasar kuma 'yan Ghana yanzu an bar su da kansu don tsira." Ya kara da cewa "hangen nesan da ya basu karfin gwiwa don tabbatar da mulkin dimokradiyya na yanci yanzu ya mamaye kasar, sun yi wa kasarmu ayyuka da yawa kuma yana daya daga cikin jaruman kasar nan". Yayin da Marigayi Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, Ministan Watsa Labarai na wancan lokacin shi ma yana da wannan magana: "ba a goge babin zamanin Manyan Shida ba tare da mutuwar Dokta Ako-Adjei saboda abubuwan da suka samu suna samuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Akwai da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana tare da Manyan Shida, waɗanda suka yi fafutukar tabbatar da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya."
Jana'izar jaha
A ranar da aka binne shi, dukkan tutoci sun tashi sama-sama don girmama shi. An gudanar da hidimar jana'izar jihar a farfajiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar. Wadanda suka halarci bikin akwai 'yan siyasa,' yan majalisa, ministocin jihohi, membobin Majalisar Jiha, kungiyar diflomasiyya, sarakuna, dangi, abokai da masu tausayawa.
Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Kufour ya sanya furanni a madadin gwamnati da mutanen Ghana, Mista Hackman Owusu-Agyeman, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje sannan ya ajiye wani a madadin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje, Mista Paul Adu-Gyamfi, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasar Ghana ya ajiye furanni na uku a madadin kungiyar yayin da wani dan uwa ya ajiye furanni na hudu a madadin dangin mamatan.
Joseph Henry Mensah, sannan Babban Minista, ya karanta harajin gwamnati, yana mai cewa:
"Dakta Ako Adjei yana cikin wadanda suka bayyana mafarkin hadin kan Afirka da tashin hankalin siyasa a cikin kasar. Bayan ficewar jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party (CPP) daga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), Dakta Ako-Adjei ya zama gadar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa guda biyu. Ghana ta yi hasarar ƙima saboda ba za ta iya amfana da gogewarsa da hikimar da ba ta da tabbas. Lokacin da muka yi koyi da rayuwarsa mun yanke shawarar ba za mu sake samun wani mutum tsayinsa ya sha wahala ƙaddararsa ba."
Bayan jana'izar jihar, an gudanar da jana'izar sirri a kabarin Cocin Holy Trinity Church of God, Okoman, Dome, a Accra.
Rayuwar mutum
Ako Adjei ya auri Theodosia Ako Adjei (née Kote-Amon) kuma tare suke da 'ya'ya mata huɗu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. A matsayinsa na Kirista, ya yi imani kuma ya nanata a matsayin falsafar rayuwarsa cewa Allah ne ke sarrafa dukkan al'amuran kuma yana da manufa ga kowa a duniya. "Don haka abin da kowane mutum zai yi shine ya ƙyale Allah ya yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don bauta masa."
Daraja
A cikin 1946, an mai da shi memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya
A cikin 1952 an sanya shi memba na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Siyasa ta Amurka
A 1962 an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws daga almajirinsa, Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka
A ranar 7 ga Maris 1997 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin cika shekaru 40 da samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, Ako Adjei ya ba Jami'in Order of the Star of Ghana - lambar girmamawa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hannun shugaban kasar na lokacin Jerry John Rawlings saboda "gudummawar da ya bayar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana"
A cikin 1999, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award ga Fitattun Jihohi.
Gada
An canza masa suna Musayar Ako Adjei a Accra, wanda a da can ne Musayar Sankara. Hakanan akwai filin shakatawa na Ako-Adjei a Osu, Accra.
Sa farashi
"Ghana ita ce ƙasarmu. Ba mu da inda za mu je. Anan ne Allah ya sanya mu kuma tun da farko mun gane wannan shi ne mafi alheri a gare mu duka."
Duba kuma
Manyan Shida
Manazarta |
16203 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkeiruka%20Onyejeocha | Nkeiruka Onyejeocha | Nkeiruka Chidubem Onyejocha (an haife ta a ranar 23 Nuwamba shekarar 1969) yar siyasan Nijeriya ce kuma babban mai zartarwa a Majalisar Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya. Tana wakiltar Mazabar Tarayyar Isuikwuato / Umunneochi ta jihar Abia.Onyejocha memba ce mai aiki a majalisar tarayyar Najeriya kuma galibi tana bayar da gudummawa sosai ga muhawarori da suka shafi mahimman batutuwan ƙasa a majalisa. Ta dauki nauyin tsare-tsare da dama tare da kawo yunkuri wadanda suka inganta rayuwar talakawan kasa da kuma taimakawa wajen kare hakkinsu.
A cikin shekarar 2017 ta dauki nauyin wani kudiri wanda ya sanya jinyar gaggawa ga wadanda aka harba da bindiga ya zama tilas ga asibitoci ba tare da neman ko jinkirta jinya wai don jiran bayanai daga ‘yan sanda kafin a fara magani a yanayin gaggawa.
An fara zaben Onyejocha ne a shekara ta 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, PDP jam'iyya mai mulki na lokacin. Ta sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress, APC a shekarar 2018 bayan ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga tsaffin shugabannin jam’iyyar don ta dakatar da kudirin ta na komawa majalisa. A shekarar 2019, ta sake lashe zaben fidda gwani na karo na hudu a Majalisar dokoki na Najeriya. Tana daya daga cikin mafiya dadewa a majalisa.
A cikin shekara ta 2019, Onyejocha ta tsaya takarar matsayin Speaker na Majalisa Wakilai a kasa da maza suka mamaye mukamai, tare da abokin adawa Femi Gbajabiamila daga Jihar Legas wanda ƙungiya - jama'iyyar adawa ta APC, APC ta tsaida. Babban matasalar zaben Onyejocha shi ne ta kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun shiyyar ta na yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya domin daidaita manyan ikon tarayya a tsakanin shiyyoyin siyasa shida na kasar. Amma ta ajiye takarar tsakanin awanni 24 zuwa zaben.
Onyejocha ya kasance Shugaban rikon kwarya na Karamar Hukumar Umunneochi ta Jihar Abia a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2003 tayi aiki a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Abia a matsayin kwamishina kan kula da albarkatu da cigaban ma'aikata.
Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki
Onyejocha diya ce ga Eze Bob Ogbonna ne a garin Isuochi na karamar hukumar Umunneochi ta jihar Abia. Ta rasa mahaifiyarta tun tana karama. Onyejocha ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Isuochi Central da kuma Ovim Girls School, Isuochi. A cikin shekara ta 1988 ta kammala karatun digiri daga jami'ar Najeriya, Nnsuka, UNN tare da difloma a fannin Social Work/Community Development. A shekarar 1993 ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Bachelor of Art tare da sakamakon second class upper (a Daraja) daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka. Onyejocha ta yi Digiri na biyu a kan Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya (International Affairs and Diplomacy) daga Jami’ar Jihar Imo a shekarar (2005) da kuma Digiri na Biyu a hada-hadan jiragen ruwa daga Jami’ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Jihar Oyo.
A lokacin da take karatun ta na digiri a jami'a, Onyejocha ta kasance mai himma a harkokin dalibai da siyasa. Ta rike mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a gwamnatin kungiyar dalibai ta jami’ar Najeriya, Nnsuka, UNN. Onyejocha ta yi aiki a ofishin ladabtarwa na gwamnan jihar Osun a yayin da take hidimar bautar kasa na shekara daya a shekarar 1993. An ce ra'ayinta na siyasa ya samo asali ne daga nan.
Ta kasance Manajan Darakta na Nikkings da Kingzol International Ltd da ke kula da jarirai da kayayyakin gida. An yaba wa shugabancin ta saboda daga darajar kamfanin zuwa matakin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Kamfanin mallakin mijinta ne, Sir Kingsley Onyejocha.
Harkar siyasa
Shugaban Karamar Hukuma kuma Kwamishina
Siyasar Onyejocha ta fara ne da nadin ta a shekarar 2002 zuwa majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Abia a matsayin kwamishina na da Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa da Bunkasa ayyukan jama'a wato (Resource Management and Manpower Development) na Gwamna Orji Uzor Kalu. Ana tuna ta da kafa cibiyoyin koyon ayyukan hannu a duk faɗin jihar Abia. A shekarar 2003 ta kasance Shugabar rikon kwarya na karamar hukumar Umunneochi ta jihar Abia. A lokacin da take kan karagar mulki, ta aiwatar da ayyukan shawo kan zaizayar kasa, da inganta tsaro a tsakanin al'umma, da aiwatar da gyaran hanyoyi. Saboda jin dadin aikinta, Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya Umunneochi ta ba ta sarauta ta Adaejiagamba- (yar jakadiya). Ita ce ta fara karbar wannan taken.
Zabe a majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya
An fara zaben Onyejocha a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Manufofin ta na siyasa sun mai da hankali kan samar da dokoki don bunkasa rayuwar mata da yara; matasa da masu karamin karfi; inganta ilimi, kiwon lafiya da samar da kayan more rayuwa .
A yayin taron majalisar karo na bakwai an ba ta mace mafi kwazo a majalisar dokoki a Najeriya daga Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Majalissar Dokokin Najeriya (PASSAN). Onyejocha ita ce shugabar mata ta farko a kwamitin majalisar wanda aka kirkiro yayin taro na shida tsakanin 2007 da 2011. Ta jagoranci mata ‘yan majalisu a kokarin shawo kan matsalar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da inganta yanayin rayuwar yara da kuma marasa karfi.
A shekarar 2011 an nada ta shugaban kwamiti na harkokin jiragen sama wanda a lokacin ana fama da al'amuran tsaro. Ayyukan ta na hangen nesa sun haifar da inganta filayen jiragen saman Najeriya zuwa matakin filayen jiragen sama na duniya. Aikin ta a Kwamitin na harkokin jiragen sama ya kasance mara cikas kuma mai tasiri wanda hakan ya zama abin ishara ga sauran kwamitocin na majalisa. A cikin shekara ta 2013 ne ta yi kira don cikakken bincike da kuma gurfanar da jami'an, wanda duk yake da hannu a wajen kawo tasgwaro ga lafiyar jirgin sama ya wanda ya jawo hadarin jirgi dauke da fasinjoji wato Dana Air Flight 992 a kan hanya daga babban birnin Najeriya Abuja zuwa Lagos a ranar 3 Yuni 2012. Dukkanin mutane 153 da ke cikin jirgin da kuma mutane 6 da ke kasa sun mutu.
A shekarar 2013 Onyejocha ta sanya fifikon kasa a kan son zuciya yayin da ta yi kira da a bincike akan Stella Oduah, ministar jirgin sama wacce ta fada cikin zargin rashawa bayan da aka ruwaito ta sayi motoci biyu BMW da darajarsu ta kai naira miliyan 250 ga ma'aikatar jirgin sama ba tare da amincewa ba. Onyejocha ya sha suka a bainar jama'a daga dangin ta saboda a fili ta nemi a binciki Stella Oduah.
Financialarfin ikon ƙananan hukumomi
Tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, (Canji na Hudu) Dokar, Mai lamba 5, 2017 (Rarraba Ruwan Baza): Dukkanin majalisun dokokin kasar sun amince da kudirin amma yana jiran amincewar majalisun dokokin jihohi.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Dokar Cibiyar Tsofaffi ta Kasa, 2017
Kulawa da Kulawa da Kulawa ga Wadanda Aka Sami Dokar Gunshot, 2017
Dokar Anti-azabtarwa, 2017
</br>Kudirin Gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki da 8th ya Amince da shi
Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
59833 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20yanayin%20duniya | Yanayin yanayin duniya | A kimiyyar duniya, yanayin wuraren duniya (GST; wani lokacin ana kiransa yanayin zafin duniya na ma'ana, GMST, ko matsakaicin yanayin wuraren duniya ) ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar kididdige yanayin zafi/sanyi na saman teku da kuma zafi/sanyin iska akan ƙasa. Lokutan sanyayar yanayi da dumamar yanayi sun canza a tarihin duniya.
Jerin ingantattun ma'aunin zafin duniya ya fara a cikin 1850-1880 lokaci. Ta hanyar 1940, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu, amma ya kasance mai inganci tsakanin 1940 zuwa 1975. Tun daga 1975, ya karu da kusan 0.15 °C zuwa 0.20 °C a kowace shekara goma, zuwa akalla 1.1 °C (1.9 °F) sama da matakan 1880.
Matakan teku sun tashi da faɗuwa sosai a cikin tarihin shekaru biliyan 4.6 na duniya. Duk da haka, hawan matakin tekun duniya na baya-bayan nan, sakamakon karuwar yanayin yanayin duniya, ya karu fiye da matsakaicin adadin shekaru dubu biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Ci gaba ko haɓaka wannan yanayin zai haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a gabar tekun duniya.
Fage
A cikin 1860s, masanin kimiyyar lissafi John Tyndall ya gane tasirin yanayi na duniya kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƴan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi zai iya haifar da bambancin yanayi. A cikin 1896, wata takarda ta seminal ta masanin kimiyyar Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya fara annabta cewa canje-canje a cikin matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi na iya canza yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse.
Canje-canje a yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin karnin da ya gabata ya ba da shaida kan illar karuwar iskar gas. Lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya fuskanci irin waɗannan canje-canje, sauyin yanayi ya biyo baya. Auna GST (zazzabi na saman duniya) yana ɗaya daga cikin layukan shaidu da yawa da ke goyan bayan ijma'in kimiyya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda shine cewa ɗan adam yana haifar da ɗumamar tsarin yanayin duniya .
Ruwan dumama
Tare da karuwar zafin duniya, tekun ya mamaye yawancin wannan ƙarin zafi, tare da saman mita 700 na teku yana nuna ɗumamar 0.22 C (0.4) °F) tun 1969. Fadada ruwan dumi, tare da narkakken zanen kankara, yana haifar da hawan teku.
Rarraba yawan zafi a cikin tekun ba daidai ba ne, tare da ɗumamar teku mafi girma a yankin kudancin teku kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na shimfidar kankara na Antarctic. Haka kuma ɗumamar ruwan teku yana da alaƙa da ɓarkewar rumbun kankara da ƙanƙarar teku, waɗanda dukkansu suna da ƙarin tasiri ga irin tsarin yanayin duniya. A ƙarshe, ɗumamar teku tana barazana ga yanayin ruwa da rayuwar ɗan adam. Alal misali, ruwan dumi na yin illa ga lafiyar murjani, wanda hakan ke jefa al’ummomin tekun da ke dogaro da murjani don matsugunni da abinci. A ƙarshe, mutanen da suka dogara da kamun kifi na ruwa don rayuwarsu da ayyukansu na iya fuskantar mummunan tasirin ɗumamar teku.
Rage zanen kankara
Gilashin kankara na Antarctic da Greenland sun ragu sosai a cikin taro. A cewar NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, ya nuna cewa Greenland ya yi asarar kimanin tan biliyan 286 na kankara a kowacce shekara. Fadada ruwan dumi da narkakken zanen kankara yana haifar da hawan teku.
Kankara tana canzawa a ko'ina a duniya. Tun 1912, sanannen dusar ƙanƙara na Dutsen Kilimanjaro ya narke fiye da 80%. Gilashin kankara da ke yankin Garhwal Himalayas na Indiya suna ja da baya da sauri wanda masu bincike suka yi imanin cewa nan da shekara ta 2035, mafi yawan yankunan tsakiya da gabashin Himalayas za su bace. Tsawon rabin karni, kewayon sa ya ragu da kusan 10% a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. NASA ta maimaita karatun altimeter na Laser ya nuna cewa gefen takardar kankara na Greenland yana raguwa. Yanzu, ƙanƙarar ruwan bazara a arewacin helkwatar ta karye kwanaki 9 kafin shekaru 150 da suka gabata, yayin da daskarewar kaka ke da kwanaki 10 bayan haka. Narkewar ƙasa mai daskarewa ya haifar da raguwar ƙasa a sassan Alaska zuwa sama da . Daga Arctic zuwa Peru, daga Switzerland zuwa glacier equatorial a Manjaya, Indonesia, manyan filayen kankara, manyan kankara, da kankara na teku suna bacewa, cikin sauri.
Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi kuma ƙanƙara ta narke, ƙarin ruwa yana gudana zuwa cikin teku daga glaciers da kankara, kuma ruwan teku yana dumi kuma yana fadada girma. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), wannan hadin gwiwar tasirin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka matsakaitan tekun duniya da a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.
Ruwan narkewar ruwan Greenland na iya yin tasiri sosai ga kwararowar magudanar ruwa mai girma, waɗanda ake kira Atlantic meridional turning circulation ko AMOC. Mai kama da babban bel ɗin jigilar kaya, AMOC yana taimakawa jigilar ruwan zafi daga yankuna masu zafi zuwa Arctic. Muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen rarraba zafi a duniya shi ma ya sa ya yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin yanayin duniya - Ruwan zafi na AMOC ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin sanyin yanayi a wurare kamar yammacin Turai. Yayin da ruwa mai dadi ke zubowa cikin teku daga dusar kankarar da ke narke a Greenland, hakan na iya rage kwararar ruwa. A sa'i daya kuma, bincike ya nuna cewa narkewar kankara daga Antarctica na iya kawo cikas ga tsarin tekun Kudu. Saboda yawan ruwan da ake da shi ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai yawa na narkewa bazai iya haɗuwa da sauran teku ba, amma ya zama wani nau'i na kayan da aka haɗa zuwa saman ruwa. Wannan ruwan sanyi yana kama zafi a ƙarƙashinsa kuma yana haifar da yadudduka masu zurfi don yin zafi. Wannan yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku, wanda ya sa ya rage ikon ɗaukar CO daga yanayi. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin CO zai kasance a cikin yanayi, wanda zai haifar da karuwar dumamar yanayi.
Tasirin Greenhouse
Turin ruwa
Mafi yawan iskar gas (GHG), amma mahimmanci, yana iya zama martani ga yanayin. Yayin da yanayin duniya ke dumama, tururin ruwa zai karu, amma yuwuwar gajimare da hazo za su karu, wanda ya zama wasu muhimman hanyoyin mayar da martani ga tasirin greenhouse. Misali, hanyar mayar da martani tana da yuwuwar haɓakawa ko rage ɗumama wa, ya danganta da wuri, tsayi, da zafin gajimare.
Carbon dioxide ( CO )
Carbon dioxide ƙaramin abu ne amma mai matuƙar mahimmanci na yanayi. Ana fitar da ita ta hanyoyin yanayi kamar numfashi da fashewar aman wuta, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan mutane kamar sare bishiyoyi, canjin amfani da kasa, da kona man fetur . Tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin na ɗan adam CO taro ya karu da 47%. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci na dogon lokaci "tilasta" canjin yanayi.
Methane
Ana fitar da methane a lokacin samarwa da jigilar gawayi, iskar gas, da mai. Haka nan hayakin methane ya samo asali ne daga ruɓewar datti daga dabbobi da sauran ayyukan noma da tarkacen shara na birni.
HNitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide yana da tasiri sau 300 fiye da carbon dioxide, kuma yana rage ma'aunin ozone. Tun da yake kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, rage tsawon rayuwarsa na iya yin tasiri cikin sauri da kuma tasiri ga dumamar yanayi. Duk da haka, babban tushen nitrous oxide shine noma, musamman takin ƙasa da takin dabbobi, wanda ke sa ya fi ƙarfin sarrafawa.
Permafrost ƙasa ce mai daskarewa wacce ta ƙunshi tsohuwar ƙasa, sediments, da kwayoyin halitta na tsirrai da dabbobi. Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yankin arewa. Yayin da yankin Arctic ke da zafi kamar sau biyu kamar na sauran kasashen duniya, dumamar yanayi ta fara narke, sannan kuma kayayyakin da suka dade suna shiga cikin iskar oxygen, wanda hakan ya sa iskar da suke fitarwa ke kara ta'azzara dumamar yanayi.
Ko da yake aikin nitrous oxide shine ya rage Layer ozone, ba a haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tsara don mayar da ozone Layer ta hanyar kawar da wasu abubuwa.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Ana iya amfani da mahadi na roba waɗanda ke da masana'antu gabaɗaya a aikace-aikace iri-iri, amma saboda ikonsu na taimakawa wajen lalata Layer ozone, samar da su da sakin su cikin yanayi a halin yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Yayin da CFC da HCFC ke lalata ozone, su ma suna kama zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, wanda ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. HFC, wadda aka kirkiro ta asali don maye gurbin CFC da HCFC, ita ma tana sha kuma tana ɗaukar radiation infrared ko zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi na duniya. A karshen wannan karnin, ana sa ran karin wadannan da sauran iskar gas za su kara yawan zafin duniya da maki zuwa . Hydrofluorocarbons, CFCs da HFCs an kiyasta su na da kashi 11.5% na tasirin iskar gas na yau akan sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi.
Duba kuma
Rikodin yanayin zafi na duniya
Rikodin zafin kayan aiki
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Sobolev | Felix Sobolev | home_townFelix Sobolev
Articles with hCards
Felix Mikhailovich Sobolev (1931-1984) wani jarumin fim ne na Soviet Ukraine mai shirya fim kuma wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Makarantar Kiev na Cinema na Kimiyya. Ya sami lambar yabo da yawa don ayyukansa, ciki har da Mawallafin Mai Girma na Ukrainian SSR, Kyautar MV Lomonosov na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Tarayyar Soviet da lambar yabo ta USSR .
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Felix Sobolev a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1931 a Kharkiv, Ukraine SSR, ga wani ma'aikaci. Ya yi rajista a Kyiv National I.K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema da Television University kuma ya sauke karatu daga aiki shirin a 1953 da kuma shiryarwa shirin a 1959.
A cikin 1959, Sobolev ya fara aiki da Kievnauchfilm ( a.k.a. Kyiv Film Studio of Popular Science Films), gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jiha a Kyiv. A 1973, ya zama darektan fasaha na studiyo na kimiyyar silima a alma mater.
Ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin Union of Cinematographers na USSR daga 1956.
Sobolev ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1984 a Kyiv. An binne shi a .
Tasiri
A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Sobolev ya canza tsarin shahararren fim din kimiyya. Fina-finansa (1967), (1969) da (1968) sun shahara sosai, suna siyar da silima. Dabararsa ta "gwaji a cikin firam" ta sa mai sauraro ya zama shaida ga gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya suka gabatar. A cikin shekarun 1970, Sobolev ya damu da ilimin kimiyyar jiki, a cewar dalibinsa Alexander Rodnyansky, kuma ya fara yin fina-finai game da ilimin halin dan Adam. Mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don lokacinsa, fim ɗinsa na 1971 ya sanya masu sauraro wani bangare na gwaji kan dabi'un da suka dace da kuma matsin lamba na rukuni .
Hanyar aikinsa na bada umurni ya canza tare da gajeren fim na 1974 , makalar fim kan duniya da matsayin mutum a cikinta. Hakan ya biyo bayan fim din Feat na mintuna 10 wanda aka harbe shi a kusa. Dukansu fina-finan sun yi amfani sosai wajen yin fim ɗin da aka haɗa kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ci gaban fina-finai marasa almara na lokacin.
Har ila yau, Sobolev ya rinjayi ƙungiyar dalibai na zamani a Cibiyar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma matasa masu gudanarwa a Kievnauchfilm, inda ya kasance jagoran da ba a yarda ba. Wadannan sun hada da Rodnyansky, , , Yosif Pasternak, and Andrei Zagdansky .
A fannin Cinema Art, Sergey Trimbach ya rubuta cewa Sobolev ya kasance a tsakiyar ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyin fina-finai guda biyu a Kyiv a cikin 1960s da 1970s. Sauran da'irar ta kasance karkashin jagorancin mai shirya fina-finai na Armeniya Sergei Parajanov, wanda aka zarge shi kamar yadda salon wasan kwaikwayo ya saba wa ka'idodin Soviet. Sabanin haka, Sobolev ya ci gaba da al'adar masu fasaha na Rasha, yana yin imani da damar da ba ta da iyaka na iyawar ɗan adam, kamar yadda a cikin fim din 1978 Dare, kuna da basira . Amma duk da haka ba shi da wata manufa ta siyasa, yana mai kafa Exploded Dawn a kan aikin ɗan adawa da yin kasada ta siyasa ta hanyar nazarin daidaito da tunani na 'yanci a Ni da sauransu . Sobolev ya shiga rikici tare da kwamitin jam'iyyar kan Kyiv Symphony (1982), fim din karshe da ya kammala, wanda aka sake gyara sau bakwai don biyan bukatun siyasa kuma ya bar Sobolev ya yi fushi da kuma mummunar suna.
Fina-finai
Fitattun ayyukan fim na Sobolev yayi sun haɗa da:
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
An ba wat unguwa dake Kyiv sunan shi F. Sobolev Street, tare da allunan tunawa a titin 17 Franka. Wani plaque na tunawa a 19 a Kyiv ya furta: Anan a cikin shekarun 1964-1981 daya daga cikin hazaka na Ukrainian da cinema na duniya Felix Sobolev (1931-1984) ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a nan.
Kunguyar tallafi na Kievnauchfilm mai suna Sobolev. Asteroid 5940 Feliksobolev, wanda aka kikiro a 1981, an sanya masa sunan sa.
Sobolev na daga cikin darussan na jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na kashi tara na 1998 Felix Sobolev, An Katse Ofishin Jakadancin (Ukrainian «Фелікс Соболев. Увірвана місія») ta ɗalibinsa da abokin aikinsa Olender da na fim ɗin 12 na "2" 'Yan ƙasa" jerin Yulia Rudenko.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hira da F. Sobolev, "Cinema Art". Na 9, 1971; Na 4, 1975; No. 2, 1982.
Manazarta
ambato
nassohin game-gari
Фурманова 3. Шаги за горизонт: Фильмы о науке кинорежиссера Феликса Соболева. [Mataki fiye da sararin sama: Fina-finai game da kimiyyar daraktan fim Felix Sobolev] М., 1987;
Митці України. [Masu fasaha na Ukraine] K., 1992. - С.540;
Мистецтво України: Біографічний довідник. [Art na Ukraine: Littafin tunani na rayuwa] К., 1997. - С.550;
Фурманова 3. Колосяйво Фелікса Соболева // Кіноколо. [Felix Sobolev's Colossus] 1997. № 1. - С.68-69;
УСЕ: Універсальний словник-енциклопедія. [Universal Dictionary-encyclopedia] К., 1999. - SC.1257.
Haihuwan 1931
Masu kirkiro film na Soviet
Mutuwar 1984
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28388 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Naples | Cibiyar Tarihi ta Naples | Ganin cewa rukunin yanar gizon yana da ƙima na musamman. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a Turai, wanda kayan zamani na zamani ya adana abubuwan tarihinsa mai tsawo da ban mamaki. Matsayinsa a kan Tekun Naples yana ba shi ƙwararren ƙima na duniya wanda ya kuma yi tasiri mai zurfi a yawancin sassan Turai da kuma bayansa. - Motsi na UNESCO
Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples tana wakiltar cibiyar tarihi ta farko na birnin. Ya ƙunshi ƙarnuka 27 na tarihi.
Mafi yawan abin da UNESCO ta ayyana a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1995 (kimanin hekta 1021), an haɗa shi cikin jerin kadarorin da za a kiyaye; Bambancinsa na musamman ya ta'allaka ne a cikin kusan jimlar kiyayewa da amfani da tsarin tsohuwar hanyar Girka.
Tarihi
Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples ta ba da shaida ga tarihin tarihi da juyin halitta na birnin, daga wurin zama na farko na Girkanci a karni na 8 BC tare da yankin da ke kallon teku, sake sake fasalin birni guda a cikin wani yanki na ciki, wanda ya zama "tsohuwar". cibiyar", har zuwa birnin Baroque na Spain wanda ya ga budewa zuwa yammacin tsakiyar tsakiya na birane da kuma cibiyar al'adun gargajiya na karni na sha tara, tare da furanni a cikin birni na manyan gidaje masu daraja da bourgeois masu yawa waɗanda ke kwatanta dukan yankin Posillipo da kuma Vomero.
Yankin da aka yi la'akari da wurin tarihi na UNESCO ya kai kusan kadada 1021 kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna masu zuwa: Avvocata, Montecalvario, San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato (Municipalità I), Stella, San Carlo all'Arena, (Municipalità III), Chiaia, San Ferdinando, San Lorenzo, Vicarìa da parte delle colline del Vomero da Posillipo.
Girgizar kasa ta Irpinia ta 1980 ta lalata wani yanki na cibiyar tarihi kuma ta haifar da matsaloli na tsari da zamantakewa (har ma da na da) wanda aka yanke shawarar gyara ma birni tare da aiwatar da dokar n. 219 1981, ƙaddamar da tanadi don tsarawa da kula da ayyukan gine-gine, takunkumi, farfadowa da gyaran gine-ginen ba bisa ka'ida ba. A halin yanzu, babban ɓangare na cibiyar tarihi na birnin yana cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma ya dace da kiyayewa, a gaskiya ma, yawancin gine-gine, ban da majami'u na fasaha da aka riga aka ambata (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, gidajen sarauta, gine-gine na da, wuraren tsattsarka, da dai sauransu). sun kwanta a cikin matsanancin watsi: don magance wannan gaggawa, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da kwamitoci daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin sa UNESCO ta shiga tsakani.
Yarjejeniyar kwanan nan da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin yankin Campania, gundumar da ma'aikatar al'adun gargajiya, na nufin Tarayyar Turai ta ware Euro miliyan 100 a cikin watan Yunin 2012 don gudanar da aikin sake gyara abubuwan tarihi na cibiyar tarihi da ke cikin hadari.
Cibiyar Tsohuwar
Garin yana da tsohowar tsakiya guda biyu na gaskiya da asali: na farko shine tudun Pizzofalcone wanda aka haifi birnin Partenope, yayin da na biyu shine yankin decumani na Naples inda aka haifi Neapolis mai zuwa. A cikin wannan sarari na ƙarshe, musamman, duk gine-ginen da ke cikin ƙarni sun mai da hankali har zuwa ƙarni na 16, tare da buɗewa zuwa yammacin birnin bisa umarnin mataimakin ɗan Spain don Pedro de Toledo.
Musamman babban adadin albarkatun al'adu da fasaha suna kan wannan rukunin yanar gizon: obelisks, monasteries, cloisters, gidajen tarihi, shahararrun tituna na gado, catacombs, waje da kuma karkashin kasa binciken binciken archaeological tare da ragowar Roman da Girkanci, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman, mutummutumai da bas. -taimako, friezes masu ban mamaki, da kuma ginshiƙai na tsaka-tsaki masu tallafawa tsoffin gine-ginen tarihi da ƙari mai yawa.
Kawai tsohuwar cibiyar, wacce ta ƙunshi gundumomin San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato, San Lorenzo da Vicarìa waɗanda, musamman, kusan kusan yankin decumans na Naples, yana ganin kasancewar majami'u sama da 200 na tarihi ayyukan shahararrun masu fafutuka na fasahar Italiyanci suna da alaƙa. Daga cikin manyan masu fasaha akwai: Giotto, Caravaggio, Donatello, Giuseppe Sanmartino, Luca Giordano, Cosimo Fanzago, Luigi Vanvitelli, Jusepe de Ribera, Domenichino, Guido Reni, Tino di Camano, Marco dal Pino, Simone Martini, Mattia Preti da sauransu da yawa. .
A zamanin da, an raba birnin zuwa kujeru. Waɗannan su ne: Capuana, Montagna, Nido, Porto, Portanova da Forcella. A cikin wannan mahallin an rufe birnin da katangarsa wanda bayan haka akwai cikakken haramcin yin gini. Halin da ya bambanta tsohuwar cibiyar Naples, a gaskiya, shine kusan ƙaddamar da ci gaba a cikin tsawo na birnin, don haka yana son "a tsawo". Yanayin da birnin ya dogara a kan ƙasa mai laushi ya fi dacewa da ayyukan haɓaka gine-ginen da ake da su, da zana kayan daga wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a karkashin kasa tun farkon haihuwar birnin.
Duk da haka, canjin ikon siyasa zuwa Maschio Angioino ya kasance farkon abin da ya sa masu fada a ji na gida su ja gidajensu masu daraja zuwa yammacin birnin.
Budewa zuwa yamma tare da mataimakiyar Mutanen Espanya
Fadada birnin zuwa yamma, wanda ya faru a cikin karni na 16 tare da don Pedro de Toledo, ya ƙunshi haihuwar "cibiyar tarihi" na yanzu. Don haka an haifi yankunan Mutanen Espanya, tare da Via Toledo, Largo di Palazzo, Via Medina har zuwa yankin Pizzofalcone da Chiaia.
Gidan sarauta, musamman, shi ne dalilin da ya sa ainihin hoarding da Neapolitan da kuma kasashen waje aristocrats na fanko sarari tasowa tare da hanyar da tafi kai tsaye zuwa wurin zama na viceroy, watau daga Toledo.
Wadannan gyare-gyare sun ƙaddara a cikin birnin "sakewa" na teku wanda, tun daga zuwan Partenope kuma har sai lokacin, ba a yi amfani da shi ba.
Babban gine-gine na lokacin Bourbon
Tare da wucewa daga masarautar Spain zuwa masarautar Bourbon, akwai tabbataccen tsalle-tsalle na al'adu a cikin birni, wanda ya zama matsananciyar manufa ta Babban Balaguron Turai.
Naples ya balaga da kansa wayewar lamiri yana tabbatar da kanta a matsayin babban birnin Turai. A cikin shekaru ashirin kawai (daga 1730 zuwa 1750) an haifi gine-gine masu ban sha'awa, alamar al'adar matakin da aka kai: reggia di Capodimonte, ainihin Albergo dei Poveri da Teatro di San Carlo.
Tare da zuwan neoclassicism na farkon karni na sha tara (da kuma na eclecticism na karshen karni), an kuma mika cibiyar tarihi zuwa yankin Posillipo da Vomero, ta yin amfani da wadannan "sababbin" wuraren da ke da siffofi na musamman. kyau kuma ta wurin babban sararin halitta kewaye. Don haka an haifi Villa Floridiana, Villa Rosebery da sauran manyan gidajen Neapolitan.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki |
14432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ofofin%20%C6%99asar%20Hausa | Ƙofofin ƙasar Hausa | Kofofin masarautun kasar Hausa ƙofofi ne ( Hausa : kofa ), ((باب)) ko katanga (ganuwa) waɗanda ke kewaye da masarautun ƙasar Hausa a da . A zamanin da, kowace masarauta tana kewaye da bango wanda ke dauke da kofofi daban-daban, a dalilin yaƙe-yaƙe yasa aka ƙofofin suke a zaman dabarun yaƙi, Kowace kofa tana da suna da mai tsaron ta, mai tsaronta ana masa laƙabi da ( Sarkin Kofa, lit. "Sarkin Kofa"). A da, musamman da daddare, mai tsaron kofa ke kula da kofa daya a kowane lokaci. Dukkannin ƙofofin an sanya su ga mutum ɗaya a yau.
Tsarin gine-gine
A masarautun kasar Hausa, an gina kofofin ne daga laka, busasshiyar ciyawa, katako, karafa, duwatsu, da sauran kayayyakin gargajiya da suka dace da ginin. Kofofin an tsara su ne bisa ga al'adun Hausawa kuma suna nuna gine-ginen gargajiya na Hausawa ta amfani da tubalin ƙonawa da launukan gargajiya na yankin na Hausa. A matsakaici,ƙofofin suna kaiwa tsayin kusan mita biyar, tare da tsayin kusan mita goma.An zana su da zane-zane,alamomi, da zane-zanen Hausa, kamar tambarin arewa,tambari da ake yawan amfani da shi a gine-ginen Hausa wanda ke zama alama ko tuta ga Hausawa.Lokacin da aka gama ginin ƙofar,ana yiwa dukkan ƙofofin zane irin na gargajiya yayin da ake barin wasu ƙofofin launin ruwan kasa tare da kalar yanayi ta laka, kamar kofar Marusa a cikin garin Katsina.
.
Bayani
A zamanin da,kowace ƙofa an keɓance ta ga mutum ɗaya.Aikinsa ne a kowane lokaci don kare shi da kiyaye shi ta hanyar samar da bayanan gudanarwa na kowane motsi na mutanen da suke wucewa ta ƙofar tare da al'amuran rikodin ƙasashen waje don kare kai. Kowace kofa tana da mabuɗin rufewa da buɗe ta; makullan an kasafta ga Sarkin Kofa. Yawancin lokaci, akwai ajali na rufewa da buɗe kowace ƙofa, amma a yau ƙofofin a buɗe suke ba tare da buƙatar maɓallan ba. A al'adance, a lokacin yakin, umarni na zuwa ne kawai daga ko masarautar ko kuma mai ba shi shawara kan yaki, Sarkin yaki '. Daga lokacin yaƙi, ana ba da umarni da kula da ƙofar ga Sarkin Kofa. Umarni ne cewa shigowa cikin gari kawai za'a iya yin ta wadannan kofofin. Idan an rufe ƙofofin da daddare, ba sa sake buɗewa har gari ya waye. Mukamin Sarkin Kofa ya gaje shi ne tun daga Masarautar Hausa, tun daga Sarkin Kofa har zuwa yaransa. Har ila yau,ƙofofin suna zama wuraren jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido a cikin ƙasar Hausa a wannan zamanin.
ƙofofin
Masarautar Bauchi
A cikin Masarautar Bauchi akwai kofofi guda tara.
Kofar Inkil: Ana kiranta ƙofar Idi. An gina ta ne don mutanen garin Inkil don basu damar shiga garin da yin sallar Idi.
Kofar Dumi: Wannan ƙofa an sanya mata suna ne saboda ɗalibin Malam Yakubu wanda ake kira Abdul Dumi, wanda ya zama Wambai na Bauchi kuma mai ba da shawara ga sarki a fada.
Kofar Jahun
Kofar Nasarawo: An yi wa wannan ƙofa suna ne saboda wani fitaccen malami da ake kira Malam Nasarawo, wanda yake zaune a wajen ƙofar. Sarki a wancan lokacin ya wuce ta kofar don ziyartar Nasarawo don yin sallah.
Kofar na Hunti: Wannan ƙofa aka gina a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar a Wuntawan yaki (sauko daga kabilar Fula mutane ) ya kira Muhmmadu Kusu. Da lokaci ya wuce, kalmar Wuntuwa ta zama Hunti.
Kofar Ranaukaka: Matsayi wuri ne da mutanen Bauchi suka taɓa yin zaman lafiya. Sun bi ƙofar don su sadu a Ran; bayan zaman lafiya, ƙofar ta sami sunan wurin.
Kofar Tirwun: Turwun gari ne wanda Sarki Yakubu ya fito, don haka ya buɗe wannan ƙofar don girmama garinsa da jama'arsa.
Kofar Wambai: Lokacin da aka faɗaɗa garin Bauchi, sarkin wancan lokacin ya sake gina wani gida ga babban mashawarcinsa wanda ake kira da "Wambai". An gina gidan a yankin da aka faɗaɗa tare da ƙofar shiga da fita daga gidan sarautar don sauƙaƙe motsin sa. Sunan ƙofar aka sa masa suna.
Kofar Wuse: Tarihin wannan ƙofar har yanzu ba a san shi ba.
Masarautar Kano
Masarautar Kano tana da kofofi 15. Wasu daga katangarsu sun ruguje saboda rashin kulawa.
Kofar Kansakali: An gina ta tsakanin 1095 da 1135 a lokacin Sarkin Kano na uku wato Sarki Usman Gijimasu wanda ya kasance jikan Bagauda ne, Kofar Kansakali ita ce ƙofar gari ta farko da aka fara ginawa. Sunan Kofar ya samo asali ne daga wani Bakano Makeri. An saka wannan sunan ne don kada a manta da gudummawar daya bayar a wajen kera makamai na yaki kamar su Takubba, Kwakwali, Sulke da dai sauransu.
Kofar Nasarawa
Kofar Gidan Rumfa : Wannan ita ce babbar ƙofar fadar Kano, wanda sarki ya gina. Yanzu kuma ana kiranta da Kofar Kudu.
Sabuwar Kofa: An gina ta ne bayan da Kano ta fada hannun Turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1903.
Kofar Dan Agundi
Kofar Naisa
Kofar Gadon-kaya
Kofar Dukawiya
Kofar Kabuga
Kofar Waika
Kofar Ruwa
Kofar Dawanau
Kofar Wambai
Kofar Mazugal
Kofar Mata
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Masarautar Katsina
An kewaye fadar da katanga wacce ake kira "Ganuwar Gidan Sarki", wanda yanzu babu shi.Ana kiran babbar kofa da take kaiwa zuwa gidan sarautar "Kofar Soro", ma'ana Kofar Soro, yayin da kofar da ke bayan gidan fadar ana kiranta Kofar Bai,wacce yanzu ta tafi. A cikin garin katsina, akwai kofofi kusan 7 a kowane kusurwar masarautar.An gina kofofin ne domin bada damar motsawa da fita, akwai wasu kofofin da ba su wanzu yanzu, wadannan kofofin sune; Kofar Turmi, Kofar Keke, Kofar Angulu,Kofar Gazobi da Kofar Waziri.
Kofar Agulu: Wannan ƙofar tana da buɗewa biyu. kalmar "Agulu" suna ne da ake bawa bawan sarki. Shi ne mai kula da kofar kuma mai kula da zartar da hukuncin kisa.
Kofar Keke: An yi wannan ƙofa ne bayan zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Ingila . Tana bayan fadar mai martaba sarkin Katsina. Turawan sun kasance suna shiga wannan kofar ne yayin da suka zo fada daga sashinsu a kan kekuna; An sanya wa kofar sunan keke, ko "Keke" a Hausance.
ƙofar ƙaura: An sanya wa ƙofar suna ne bayan sanannen jarumin Rimi wanda aka ba shi taken “ƙauran Katsina”,wanda aka canjawa ƙofar.
ƙofar ƙwaya: Wannan kofar ta sami sunanta ne daga wani sarki na Habe da ake kira Sarkin Kwaya wanda ke mulkin wani ƙaramin gari da ake kira Kwaya, wanda ke kudu da Katsina. Aikin wannan mai mulki shi ne samar da masarauta ga masarautar Katsina kamar masara da dawa, gero, da masara don dukiyar sarki.An ce ta hanyar wannan kofa Waliy Jadoma ne sarki ya kora daga Katsina, don haka sai ya wuce ta kofar, ya juya yana la'antar ta, yana cewa "Ba za a yi wani abin kirki a wannan Kofar ba sai dai shekaru 500 sun shude". Mutane sun gina gidaje kusa da kowace ƙofa a cikin garin Katsina banda kofar Kwaya. Kofar yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kofofin shiga cikin Katsina daga garuruwa daban-daban. Shararar Fayif da Sabuwar Unguwa suna kusa da wannan kofar.
ƙofar Durbi: Wannan ƙofa, kamar yadda tushen farko ya faɗi, ta samo sunanta ne daga masarautar Durbi ta Kusheyi. Kofar ta samo sunan ne lokacin da Durbawa suka fara mulkin masarautar Katsina. Lokacin da suka yi kaura zuwa Katsina daga garinsu, masarautar Durbi ta sauya suna zuwa Durbi-Katsina. Ana kiran sarkin masarautar Durbi da "Hakimin Katsina". Durbi ya kasance a cikin Mani tun mulkin Durbi Saddiku daga wajajen 1810-1835. Akwai kuma wasu sarakunan Durbi, kamar su Durbi Fandiku wanda ya yi mulki daga 1836-1860, Durbi Gidado (1860-1883), da Durbi Dikko (1891-1906). Durbawa suka shiga ta kofar gidan lokacin da suka iso Katsina. Sannan ana kiran ƙofar Kofar Durbi, ma'ana kofar sarakuna daga Durbi. Wannan kofa a rufe take ga garuruwa kamar Filin Samji da Rimin Badawa.
ƙofar Guga: Wannan ƙofar tana da sunaye na asali guda uku: ana kiran ta kofar Yammawa saboda tana gabas da Katsina; Kofar Tsaro, wanda ke nufin "ƙofar tsaro" saboda an liƙa sojoji a ƙofar don hana kai hari ba zato ba tsammani; an fi saninta da theofar Guga, kalmar "Guga" tana fitowa ne daga matar Sarkin Gobir da ake kira Bawa Jan Gwarzo. Ta gudu daga mijinta zuwa Katsina ta wannan kofa, domin ta gargadi sarkin Katsina da aka fi sani da Muhammadu Jan Hazo (wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1740-1751) saboda shirye-shiryen da mijinta ke yi na kai wa Katsina hari. Bayan fatattakar masarautar Gobir, sarkin ya sauya masa suna zuwa wannan Kofar domin girmama mata biyayya.
ƙofar Sauri: Wannan ƙofa ce a yankin arewa maso yamma na Katsina, wacce ke kusa da Unguwar Rafukka, da Nasarawa, da Makera, da Yammawa. Theofar Sauri tana da tushe guda biyu game da asalin ta: kamar yadda tushen farko ya bayyana, Kofar Sauri ya samo sunan ne daga Sarkin Samari, wanda yake kusa da ƙofar. Da farko, an sanya sunan "Samari" ga ƙofar kafin ta canza zuwa "Samri", sannan "Sauri". A cewar majiya ta biyu, sunanta ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Sarki Ummarun Dallaje (1807-1835) lokacin da wani sarkin yaki da ake kira Danbaskore ya jagoranci afkawa garin Katsina. lokacin da ya gano duk kofofin suna rufe, sai sarkin garin Sauri "Sarkin Sauri" (yanzu Kaita), wanda yake amintacce ne ga Katsina, ya tare Danboskore ya kayar da shi. Lokacin da ya fito da nasara, sai ya sanya wata kofa a bangon Katsina, wacce ake kira da Kofar Sauri don tunawa da tatsuniyar Sarkin Sauri.
ƙofar Marusa: Wannan ƙofa ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan tsoffin ƙofofi a cikin tarihin Katsina. Yana da aka ce an gina a cikin 15 karni. An gina ta tare da bangon Katsina, kuma ta sami sunanta ne daga wani mai mulkin Habe da ake kira Marusa Usman wanda ya yi mulkin Dutsi. An ce jarumi ne wanda ya shigo ya fita daga Katsina ta wannan kofa daga Dutsi. Wata majiyar ta ce daga wani mutum ne da ya kware a kamun bayi.
Kofar yandaka: An ce an gina shi a kusan ƙarni na 15. Kofar Yan Daka ta samo sunanta ne daga wani mai sarauta a Dustin Ma, wanda aka ba shi ikon "Yanɗakan Katsina" a masarautar ta Katsina. Gidansa yana kusa da ƙofar.
Masarautar Zazzau
Garin Zariya yana da kofofi guda shida wadanda tun farko aka gina su bayan gina katangar garin. Kofofin sun hada da wadannan banda na Jatau da na Galadima. Sarkin Kofa na Zazzau na yanzu shi ne Alhaji Mansur Dambo Mai-Sa'a.
Kofar Gayan: An ƙirƙiro wannan ƙofa ce don mutanen Gadar Gayan, don samun sauƙin shiga yayin shiga garin. Kalmar Gayan ta samo asali ne daga wani kogi mai suna Gayan da kuma wani gari mai suna Gadar Gayan.
Kofar Kuyan Bana: Wannan ƙofa ita ce ta biyu da aka gina. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga wani sarkin yaki na Sarauniya Amina wacce aka fi sani da Mayaki Kuyan Bana. Sananne ne ga nasarorin nasa na almara a yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa. Kuma Ya qarfafa karamin gari sai ya kira Kuyan Bana, kudu na Kwatarkwashi. Ya gina gidansa a Kuyan Bana kuma Sarauniya ta sanya shi mai kula da ƙofar.
Kofar Kona: Wannan ƙofar ita ce ƙofa ta uku da za a gina. Theofar ta samo sunanta ne daga malaman addinin Musulunci guda biyu waɗanda suka zo garin Zariya da ake kira konawa. Lokacin da suka iso sai suka kwashe lokacin su a wajen garin Zariya ba tare da sun zo garin ba, lokacin da aka bude kofofin a inda suke, mutane suka fara kiran kofar tare da kofar Konawa, lokacin da suka kwashe shekaru a kusa da kofar.
Kofar Kibo: Asalin ana kiran ƙofar Kofar Tukur Tukur. Mutanen Gobir, Zamfara, Yawuri, da Kabi sun kasance suna shigowa cikin garin Zariya daga wannan kofar. Kofar ta samo sunanta ne daga wani dutse da ke cikin garin Tukur Tukur. Tukur Tukur tsohon gari ne a wajen Zariya; a zamanin Sarkin zazzau Sambo, an yi yaƙi kusa da Tukur Tukur kusa da ƙofar. Kofar ta canza suna zuwa kibiya, "Kibo", daga baya.
Kofar Doka: Kofar Doka ita ce ta biyar da aka gina a Zariya. Tun asali ana kiransa ƙofar Kano. Ance ta samo sunanta ne daga bishiyar da take kusa da ƙofar da aka fi sani da "Bishiyan Doka", yayin da wata majiyar kuma ta ce ƙofar ta samo sunan daga mai tsaron ƙofar da ake kira "Doka".
Kofar Bai: Wurin da aka sa ƙofar yana a bayan gidan sarkin zazzau. Kalmar "bai" na nufin a baya da hausa, wanda ke nufin Kofar bayan gidan sarki. Mutanen Bauchi galibi suna shigowa cikin garin ta wannan ƙofa.
Kofar Jatau: An sa wa wannan ƙofa suna Jatau saboda shahararren sarki Habe wanda aka fi sani da Isiyaku Jatau, wanda ya yi sarautar Zazzau daga 1782 zuwa 1802.
Kofar Galadima: Wannan ƙofar ta samo sunanta ne daga Galadiman Zazzau wanda aka sani da Daudu, wanda maroƙan suka san shi. kofar tana dab da gidansa.Wasu kafofin sun ce Galadima Dokaje ne.
Kofar-Fada: Fada yana nufin fada. Wannan kofa ita ce babbar kofar shiga kofar fadar Sarkin Zazzau.
Kulawa
A shekarun baya
kofofin suna karkashin kulawar Sarakuna Wanda su kuma sun dorawa sarakunan kofofin, amma a shekarar 1958 Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ayyana cewa: duk sun zama gine-ginen kasar Nijeriya hakkin kula da su ya dawo ga hannun gwamnatin tarayya. Saide yanzu haka da yawa daga waɗannan kofofin suna lalacewa saboda rashin kula su yadda yadace, amman wasu lokutan akan gyara su akai-akai.
Duba kuma
Hausawa
Harshen Hausa
Gine-Ginen Hausawa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Moody, HLB (1969). Bango da Kofofin garin Kano. Ma'aikatar Tarihi. Tarayyar Najeriya.
Tarihin Hausawa |
50138 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Akerele | Taiwo Akerele | Taiwo Francis Akerele, (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 1976), masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, gwamnatin jihar Edo a Najeriya daga shekara ta 2016, a cikin Gwamna. Godwin Obaseki ya jagoranci gwamnatin har sai da ya yi murabus a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020.
Ilimi da aiki
Akerele yayi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Carleton, Jami'ar Stellenbosch, Cibiyar Bankin Duniya, Jami'ar Ibadan, da Jami'ar Benin kuma ya kasance memba a Cibiyar Dabaru a Jagoranci, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Kafin a nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan jihar Edo, Akerele ya kasance wakilin kungiyar Dabaru a bankin United Bank for Africa. Ya kuma yi aiki a bankin Monument na First City, da kuma tsohon bankin Fidelity Union Merchant Bank, inda ya yi aiki a tsarin aikin bautar kasa na tilas.
Kafin nadin nasa a siyasance, Akerele ya kasance babban jami’in kula da harkokin kudi na bankin duniya da kuma shirin samar da aikin yi ga matasa na jihar Edo, inda ya kaddamar da shirye-shirye na gyara kasafin kudi, da kuma kafa dokokin kula da harkokin kudi da na tantancewa ga gwamnatin jihar. Akerele kuma shi ne wakilin kasa na Policy House International sannan kuma shi ne shugaban FCT na kungiyar marubuta ta Najeriya.
A watan Yunin 2022, an nada Akerele a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga mai ba da shawara kan ayyuka na kasa na shirin NGCares, aikin da Bankin Duniya ke taimakawa a Najeriya.
Siyasa
A shekarar 2017, Akerele ya yi tir da yadda ake musgunawa 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin Edo a kasar Libya, sannan ya sanar da shirin gwamnatin jihar Edo na tabbatar da dawowar su lafiya, da sake hadewa da kuma tsarin karfafa tattalin arzikin da jihar ke daukar nauyinta wanda zai inganta rayuwar wadanda suka dawo.
A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, Akerele ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban ma’aikata na jihar Edo, saboda rade-radin cewa yana da sabani da Godwin Obaseki ko kuma yana shirin sauya jam’iyyun siyasa. Sai dai Akerele ya ce ya yanke shawarar ne a kan "bangaren mulki da shugabanci". Ya kuma bayyana goyon bayan sa ga Gwamna Godwin Obaseki, tare da nuna jin dadinsa da damar da ya samu na yin aiki a gwamnatin jihar Edo.
Bayan murabus din Akerele a matsayin shugaban ma’aikata, jami’an hukumar tsaron farin kaya ta Najeriya, wadda aka fi sani da Department of State Security, suka mamaye gidansa na kashin kansa, inda aka ce sun tafi da wasu fayil da takardu.
A taron tunawa da ranar yara ta 2021, wanda a Najeriya ke bikin ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, Akerele ya yi gargadin cewa rufe makarantu a arewacin Najeriya, domin magance matsalolin tsaro da ke kara ta'azzara, zai kara yawan yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta daga halin yanzu. Yara miliyan 10.5 za su kai miliyan 15 nan da karshen shekarar 2021 "idan ba a magance matsalolin tsaro a sassan Arewa ba, da kuma al'adar rufe makarantu."
A watan Yulin 2021, Akerele ya ba da misali da tattara kudaden shiga na "rauni" a matsayin daya daga cikin kalubalen da Najeriya ke fuskanta, duk da cewa basusukan da ake bin kasar na dawwama. Kafin wannan lokacin, Akerele ya bukaci gwamnatin Najeriya da ta goyi bayan rancen kamfanoni masu zaman kansu daga abokan ci gaba, a matsayin mafita ga hanzarta ci gaban ababen more rayuwa.
Akerele, yayin da yake mayar da martani kan sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a siyasar jihar Edo, ya gargadi jam’iyyar APC mai mulki a Najeriya da ta bi hanyoyin da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya, domin hana shigar da ‘yan takara a tunkarar babban zabe na 2023.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Akerele is an indigene of Igarra, a cikin Akoko-Edo, Edo State, Nigeria. Yana auren Onayimi Akerele, yana da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
An karrama Akerele ne saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa jarin dan Adam a Najeriya a wajen bikin karramawa na Focus Africa Awards & Expo.
A cikin shekarar 2019, an ba wa Akerele lambar yabo ta hanyar sadarwa ta Afirka don Muhalli da Adalci na Tattalin Arziki don "zama Budaddiyar Hulɗar Gwamnati (OGP)" a Jihar Edo
A shekarar 2017, Akerele wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban ma’aikatan jihar Edo, an karrama shi da sunan “Omokhafe” (“child is home”) a garin Somorika, al’ummar garinsu Akoko Edo . Wannan karramawa da HRH Oba Sule Idaiye ya yi, ta kasance ne don karramawa da kokarin ci gaban al’ummar Akerele na goyon bayan Akoko Edo.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddeen%20Usman | Shamsuddeen Usman | Department5Shamsuddeen Usman
Department4Shamsuddeen Usman
Shamsuddeen Usman, CON, OFR (an haifishi a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarata 1949 a jihar Kano, Nigeria ) masanin tattalin arziƙin Najeriya ne, ma'aikacin banki kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati . A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban SUSMAN & Associates, kamfanin tuntuba na tattalin arziki, kuɗi da gudanarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance Ministan Kudi na Najeriya tsakanin watan Yuni shekarata 2007 da watan Janairu shekarata 2009 kuma ya kuma rike mukamin Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa daga watan Janairu shekarata 2009 zuwa watan Satumba shekarata 2013.
Ya kuma kasance mai kula da Kulawa da Aiwatar da waɗannan tsare -tsaren Ci Gaban Ƙasa, Asusun Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Turai (EDF) Takardar Ƙasashen Ƙasa (CSP) da Shirin Nuna Ƙasa (NIP). A matsayinsa na Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa, shi ma yana kula da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban da Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NISER).
Ya wakilci Najeriya a matsayin Gwamna a Hukumar Gudanarwar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Lamuni na Duniya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya, Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Majalisar Kasa kan mallakar kadarori.
Shi ne Minista na farko da ya fara bayyana kadarorinsa a bainar jama'a kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in gwamnati, lamarin da ake ganin alama ce ta nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a kasar da aka santa da yawan cin hanci da rashawa..
Bayan Fage
An haifi Usman a unguwar Warure Quarters dake jihar Kano. Mahaifinsa, malamin addinin Islama, ya rasu yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta Dandago. Bayan halartar makarantar sakandare a babbar Kwalejin Gwamnati Keffi da Kwalejin King, Legas, ya sami BSc. a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Najeriya. Daga baya ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na kasa don yin karatun MSc. da PhD a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London tsakanin shekarar 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. Digirinsa na PhD ya kasance kan "Tallafin Haraji da Zuba Jari a Masana'antar Mai ta Najeriya". A cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a aji na ƙarshe a cikin Kudin Jama'a .
Farkon aiki
Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa shekarar 1976, Usman ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Tsare -tsare na Ma’aikatar Tsare -Tsare ta Jihar Kano. Ya koyar da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Kudin Jama'a a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Jami'ar Jos tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa shekarar 1981. Ya kasance mai kula da Bankin Raya Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) sannan ya zama Daraktan Kasafin Kudi/Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnatin Jihar Kano tsakanin shekarar 1981 zuwa shekarar 1983. Daga nan aka naɗa shi Babban Manaja na Bankin NAL Merchant (a halin yanzu Bankin Sterling ).
Tasirin Keɓantarwa da Kasuwanci a Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1991 Usman yayi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta janar na Kwamitin Fasaha kan Keɓancewa da Sadarwa, wanda yanzu shine Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a. Ya kasance da alhakin Phase I na shirin tare da umarni zuwa kyautatuwa da jama'a Enterprises, a matsayin na game da m bangaren na kasa da kasa Asusun bada lamuni -led Tsarin gyara Shirin (SAP), wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1986.
A karkashin kulawar sa, kusan kamfanoni 88 na gwamnati ko dai an cika su ko kuma an raba su ba tare da taimakon fasaha na kasashen waje ba. Shirin ya yi nasarar yayewa gwamnati babban ɗimbin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen tallafa wa kamfanonin gwamnati, ta rage girman ikon sarrafa gwamnati ta hanyar sake fasalin matsayin ma'aikatun da ke sa ido, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari da zurfafa da faɗaɗa Babban Birnin Najeriya. Kasuwa zuwa matsayin kasancewa mafi ci gaba a cikin baƙar fata na Afirka. Babban darajar kasuwar hada -hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE) inda aka sayar da hannayen jarin ya karu daga N8.9 biliyoyin a shekarar 1987 (kafin mallakar gwamnati) zuwa N65.5 biliyan a 1994 (bayan Phase-I). Ba za a iya ƙara jaddada tasirin tasirin hannun jarin da aka saki a kasuwa ba ta hanyar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, TCPC ta zama Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a (BPE) na yanzu a 1993.
Mataki na-I na pravatisation gaba ɗaya ya haifar da ingantaccen Ayyuka na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar harajin kamfanoni wanda ya hau kan baitul malin ƙasa, tsakanin sauran fa'idodi da yawa. An sayar da hannun jari da kadarori sama da N3.7 biliyan kamar yadda aka samu halattacciyar kasuwanci daga cinikin kamfanoni 55 wanda jarin jarinsu na asali bisa ga bayanan Ma'aikatar Inshorar Kuɗi (MOFI) ya kai N652. miliyan. Wannan yana wakiltar kasa da kashi 2% na jimlar darajar jarin Gwamnatin Tarayya kamar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1990 wanda ya kai N36 biliyan. Siyarwa ta musamman ta faɗaɗa ikon mallakar hannun jari a Najeriya. Ta hanyar rage dogaro da kamfanonin gwamnati ga gwamnati don samun kuɗaɗe, shirin mallakar kamfanoni ya ƙarfafa sabbin saka hannun jari a kamfanoni da sassan da abin ya shafa. Sabuwar ikon cin gashin kai na waɗannan kamfanoni da 'yantar da su daga katsalandan na siyasa a cikin gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun ya kuma inganta ingancin ayyukan waɗannan kamfanonin da ke ba su damar kasuwanci da ayyukansu, ɗaukar samfuran kasuwancin kamfanoni masu inganci da ingantattun hanyoyin aiki. Raba hannun jarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya taimaka matuka wajen bunƙasa bunƙasar Babban Kasuwar Najeriya kuma ya taimaka wajen zurfafa da faɗaɗa shi.
Banki
An fara farautar Usman don zama babban darakta na Bankin United Bank for Africa mai kula da Bankin Duniya da Zuba Jari a 1992. Wannan ya haɗa da kula da reshen New York kai tsaye. Bayan haka, Union Bank of Nigeria ya nada shi a 1993 a matsayin babban darakta kuma shugaban Bankin Kamfanoni da Banki na Duniya. Lokacinsa a Union Bank bai daɗe ba yayin da NAL Merchant Bank ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta da babban jami'i a 1994, mukamin da ya riƙe sama da shekaru biyar. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hangen nesa na 2010 .
A dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a 1999, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) mai kula da Manufofin Kudi da Banki na cikin gida, wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna Kula da Bangaren Kudi. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin jagorantar Project Eagles, shirin kawo sauyi na CBN, wanda ke da alhakin sauya kungiyar zuwa daya daga cikin cibiyoyi masu inganci, masu inganci da manufa a Najeriya. Daga Janairu 2004 zuwa Yuni 2007 ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna mai kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka da ke kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka. Daga 2005, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba sannan kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Tsaro na Kamfanin Tsaro na Najeriya (NSPMC) wanda aka fi sani da "Mint". A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da gabatar da bayanan N500 da N1000 da sake tsara Mint ɗin zuwa kamfani mafi riba tare da ingantaccen aiki.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Abuja, Bankin Fitar da Shigo da Kayayyaki na Najeriya (NEXIM) da Cibiyar Horar da Cibiyoyin Kudi. Ya kuma kasance memba na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NES) kuma ya taba zama Shugaban Kungiyar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1987. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hukumar raya tattalin arzikin Afirka da bankin shigo da kaya na Afirka .
Aikin minista
An nada Usman a matsayin Ministan Kudin Najeriya daga May 2007 zuwa Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa kan Keɓancewa . Usman ya bullo da wani tsari na kasafin kudi na aiki kuma ya bi sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki daban-daban kamar rage matsakaicin lokacin Share tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya daga kusan watanni 2 zuwa kusan kwanaki 14 a lokacin mulkinsa; kara girma, amana da ingancin bangaren inshora tare da bin aiwatar da dokar Inshora; sokewa ba bisa ka’ida da rangwame ba wanda ya haifar da zubewar kudaden shiga sama da $ 2 biliyan; rage bashin da ake bin Najeriya a waje; da sauƙaƙe cajin kwastam da cajin babban birnin kasuwa ga masu aiki don haɓaka yanayi mai fa'ida kuma mara matsala don saka hannun jari a cikin tattalin arziƙi.
UA lokutan da shugaban kasa ( Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ) ya gabatar da kasafin kudin gwamnati ga Majalisar kasa, Usman bai ji dadin kyakkyawar dangantaka da wasu 'yan Majalisar Dattawa da na Majalisar kamar su duka ba, a kowane lokaci lokacin shirye -shiryen kasafin kudin, suna matsa lamba don kara kashe kudaden gwamnati ba tare da son Usman ba, musamman yadda Al'umma ke fama da raguwar kudaden shigar mai. Usman ya yi ikirarin dalilin hakan shi ne cewa Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya ba shi da ikon ɗaukar wannan ƙarin kashe kuɗi, idan aka yi la’akari da tushen samun kudaden shiga da kuma don magance hauhawar farashin kaya da rage cin hanci da rashawa da aiwatar da ba daidai ba kamar yadda a cikin Wutar Lantarki a lokacin gwamnatin Obasanjo ; wannan ya kamata a kauce masa. Usman ya dora alhakin karancin aiwatar da kasafin kudin na 2008 wani bangare na jinkirin da Majalisar ta yi wajen amincewa da kasafin, sanarwar da 'yan Majalisar suka nuna rashin jin dadin ta.
A cikin shirya kasafin 2007 (kasafin kuɗi), 2008 (ƙaddamarwa) da na 2009, Usman ya kuma gabatar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya dogara da Tsarin Ci gaban Matsakaici sabanin ɓataccen kasafin kuɗi na shekara wanda ya nuna daidaituwa dangane da tsare -tsaren ci gaban ƙasa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamar yadda aka yi aikata a baya.
Hakazalika ga Trevor Manuel, tsohon Ministan Kudi na Afirka ta Kudu, an nada Usman a matsayin minista/mataimakin shugaban kwamitin tsare -tsare na kasa na Najeriya kuma a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Najeriya Vision 2020 a cikin Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, yana da alhakin Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Al'umma ta hanyar tsara Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki/Manufa na Zamani, Tsarin Kasa na Tsawon Lokaci ( Nigeria Vision 2020 ) da aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Kudi don saita gaba ɗaya Manufofin kasafin shekara-shekara (Tsarin gajeren lokaci).
Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya ambace shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka yi babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya da gudummawar da suka bayar a wannan lokacin zai taimaka wajen rage koma bayan tattalin arzikin da ake ciki a yanzu.
Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan rikicin kuɗi na duniya.
Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa (Janairu 2009 zuwa Satumba 2013)
A matsayin Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa, Usman:
Ya ƙirƙiri daftarin Nigeria Vision 2020 tare da shigar da bayanai daga masu ruwa da tsaki iri -iri (misali Matasa, Jihohi, Mata, Injiniyoyi, Naƙasassu)
Dabarun Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙididdiga wanda shine samar da bayanai don tsara ƙasa
Ya samar da tsarin kasa wanda za a yi amfani da shi don kimanta ayyukan Ma’aikatu, Sashe da Hukumomi
Kimanta ajandar mai maki 7 da sauran manufofin gwamnati
Tsarin aiwatarwa na shekaru huɗu don daftarin Vision 2020
Tsarin kashe kudi na matsakaicin lokaci wanda aka dora kasafin kasa a kai
Asusun Dukiyar Najeriya
A shekarun baya kafin shekarar 2008, Najeriya ta ci gajiyar hauhawar farashin man fetur, wanda hakan ya ba gwamnati damar tara kudaden da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati. Duk da haka, Usman ya gano cewa farashin man volatility shirya kai sosai high kasada to girma a Najeriya ta mai dogara da tattalin arziki, da kuma irin tura domin kafa wani sarki dũkiya asusu, wanda zai yi aiki a dogon lokaci ceton gidauniya domin nan gaba da kuma a matsayin asusu na ci gaba don ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi An yi niyyar yin kama da Asusun Fensho na Gwamnati na Norway . A ka’ida, an tara kudaden shiga da suka wuce kima (watau, ainihin kudaden shiga da aka kasa samun kuɗaɗen shiga na kasafin kuɗi) a cikin asusun danyen mai, don hana ɗimbin tattalin arziƙi, kodayake kamar yadda babu wani tsarin doka don gudanar da asusu mai yawa-: Duk da haka kamar yadda babu doka tsari na asusun danyen mai kuma babu wani umarni da za a yi amfani da shi azaman tsararraki masu zuwa, kamar yadda Asusun Arziki Mai Girma ya zama dole don haɓaka inganci a cikin gudanar da ajiyar ƙasar. Ya kafa Kwamitin Fasaha na Shugaban Kasa kan Kafa Asusun Arzikin Masarautar Najeriya, wanda ya mika rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, saboda canjin wurin aiki kai tsaye zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsare -Tsare na Kasa, bai sami damar sanya ido kan kafa Asusun Maɗaukakin Sarki kai tsaye ba.
Binciken minista
Bayan rusa majalisar ministocin da mukaddashin shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya yi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Usman yana daya daga cikin mutane tara da aka sake zaba don zama minista a sabuwar majalisar ministocin cikin jimillar arba'in da biyu. Hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin tsaka tsaki kan batutuwan siyasa da kyakkyawar alakar aiki da mukaddashin shugaban. Duk da haka, sake zabar Usman ba ‘yan jam’iyyar PDP reshen jihar Kano ba ne suka yi masa kallon mai kyau, saboda suna ganin Usman masanin fasaha ne ba dan siyasa ba, kuma a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na Jam’iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jama’a a Jihar Kano. Wannan ya haifar da roƙon siyasa daga ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awar don hana nadin nasa. A sakamakon haka, ya bayyana cewa Majalisar Dokoki ta jinkirta tantance shi kuma zuwa washegari, jaridun yankin suna ba da rahoton cewa an sauke shi daga mukamin Minista saboda muradun siyasa da ya saba wa nadinsa a matsayin Technocrat.
Sai dai kuma, a safiyar wannan rahoton na jaridar, Usman shi ne na farko da Majalisar Dattawa ta tantance inda ya amsa tambayoyi iri -iri kan tattalin arziki, kuma ya amsa tambayoyi kan ayyukansa a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Tsare -Tsaren Kasa. A nan ne ya yi shahararrun maganganunsa kan yaƙe -yaƙensa da mafia na tattalin arziki a Najeriya waɗanda ke lalata ikon samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati.
Nayi kasa-kasa da kungiyoyin mafia da yawa; nayi kasa da kungiyan mafia ta ma'aikatar customs, nayi kasa da hargitsin ma'aikatar haraji ta wannan kasan wadanda suka kasance sune ke tsotse duka harajin kasan nan. Kowa ya san kungiyar dana kafa karkashin Senator Udoma ta ceto ma kasan nan biliyoyin kudade a naira. Nayi dauki ba dadi da kungiyar mafia ta hada hadan mai; I fafata da harkokin shige da fice na wannan kasan gaba daya saboda ina kokarin ganin an samu awa 48 na cikakken tantancewa
Kyautatawa
Usman shi ne shugaba kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kano Peace and Development Initiative (KAPEDI), kungiyar 'yan asalin jihar Kano da ta damu da kokarin sake gina zaman lafiya da tattalin arzikin jihar Kano, musamman bayan rikicin addini a 2004.
Ya kuma fara Gidauniyar Alheri, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a unguwar Garangamawa da ke birnin Kano wanda ke ba da horon bunkasa ayyukan dan adam ga matasa tare da gudanar da wasu ayyukan alheri a jihar.
Kyaututtuka
Wannan Ministan na Shekara na 2007
Kyautar Bankin Vanguard: Icon na Banki
Abokin girmamawa, Cibiyar Bankunan Najeriya (Charter Institute of Bank of Nigeria (CIBN)
Shugabannin 50 na ThisDay Gobe (2004)
Aboki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Wuri na 3 wanda ya lashe Gasar John F. Kennedy Essay Competition (1969)
Abokin aiki, Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria
Nassoshi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
26441 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanyi%20Mbau | Khanyi Mbau | Khanyisile Mbau (an haife ta 15 ga Oktoba 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Khanyi Mbau, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar Afirka ta Kudu, mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin kuma mawaƙiya. An tashe shi a Soweto, Mbau ya shahara sosai kuma ya zama sunan gida a matsayin Doobsie na biyu a cikin SABC 2 wasan opera Muvhango (2004-2005); kamar Mbali a cikin SABC 1 wasan opera Mzansi da ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan Tara. Tun daga shekarar 2018, ita ce mai watsa shirye -shiryen nishaɗin SABC 3 The Scoop, Babban Sirrin BET Africa kuma tana wasa Tshidi akan Mzansi Magic's Abomama.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Khanyisile Mbau a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1985. Mahaifiyarta, Lynette Sisi Mbau, ta yi aiki a sashen kuɗi na asusun fansho a Bankin Barclays . Mahaifinta, Menzi Mcunu, bai auri mahaifiyarta a lokacin ba saboda ma'auratan suna soyayya kawai. Mcunu ba shi da da'awa ga yaron amma ya sanya mata suna duk da haka: Khanyisile, wanda ke kawo haske. Mbau ta rike sunan mahaifiyar ta. Lynette ba da daɗewa ba ta bar jariri Khanyi tare da iyayenta a Mofolo, Soweto sannan ta koma bakin aiki, ta bar kakarta kusan ta yi renon ta.
Kakannin Mbau sun kasance a Yammacin Turai sosai a cikin suturar su da ganin duniya. Mbau ya ce, "Gladys (kakarta) za ta yi muku bulala idan kuka karya ka'idoji. Ta gudanar da iyalinta tare da kyawawan halaye da kulawa ga daki -daki na Fadar Buckingham ". Mbau cikin ƙauna ya kira ta da
Sana'a
Talabijin
A 2004, Mbau ya maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lindiwe Chibi a matsayin Doobsie akan Muvhango bayan saurayinta Dan Mokoena ya harbi Chibi. Shekara guda bayan haka an kore ta daga rawar, inda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta ɓata lokaci mai yawa tare da bayyana a cikin tabloids na Lahadi. A cikin 2006 Mbau ya shiga jerin shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 1 Mzansi, a kakarsa ta biyu, a matsayin Mbali. SABC 1 bai sabunta wasan ba a kakar wasa ta uku. Daga baya a 2007 Mbau ya taka rawar Zee a cikin ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan 9 .
A cikin 2012 ita ce alƙali mai baƙo a karo na biyu na SABC 1 's Turn It Out . A shekarar 2013 ta alamar tauraro a cikin wani sashe na E.tv anthology wasan kwaikwayo jerin, Ekasi: Our Stories. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirin shirin DStv Vuzu, I Am, kuma ta nuna Sindisiwe Sibeko akan DStv's Mzansi Magic mini-series Kamar Uba Kamar Son .
A watan Agustan 2012, Mbau ta fitar da tarihin rayuwarta Bitch, Don Allah! Ni Khanyi Mbau, ɗan jarida Lesley Mofokeng ne ya rubuta.
A cikin 2013 Mbau ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya na gaskiya Reality Check on E.tv. A cikin wannan shekarar, Mbau ta fara shirya shirye -shiryen nata a tashar OpenView HD eKasi+, Katch It With Khanyi . An sabunta nunin don kakar wasa ta biyu a ƙarshen 2014. Ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin rabon masu sauraro don nunin magana, ya zarce rabon Motswako na SABC 2. Katch It With Khanyi an yi muhawara tare da masu kallo 785,000, wanda ya karu zuwa 1,669,000 a makon farko na Nuwamba 2014. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na karo na biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu 2015.
A cikin 2014, Mbau ya fafata a kakar wasa ta bakwai na Strictly Come Dancing . A cikin mako na 7 ita da abokin aikinta Quintus Jansen sun kasa samun isassun ƙuri'un da za su ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, kuma an kawar da ita. An samu cece-kuce na farko a kafafen sada zumunta yayin da manyan masoyan Mbau suka nuna rashin jin dadin su tare da tuhumar amincin tsarin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A watan Yulin 2015, MTV Africa ta ƙaddamar da yaƙe -yaƙe na leɓe, inda Mbau ya karɓi kyautar gida.
A cikin watan Afrilu na 2015, Mbau ya sami rawar tallafawa "Pinky" a cikin telenovela na E.tv na farko, Ashes to Ashes . A watan Nuwamba na 2015, an ba ta suna don "Mafi kyawun Asusun Instagram" a cikin Kyautar Kan layi na Channel24, wanda ya karrama mawaƙa na cikin gida, taurari da mutanen jama'a waɗanda ke da tasiri da tasiri a gaban yanar gizo.
A watan Maris na 2016, Mbau ya taka rawar Palesa Simelane a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai suna Umlilo; harafin da wani kabad 'yan madigo jihar m wanda ya shiga wani polygamous aure, da kuma ta tafin kafa dalili da aka samar da yara. A watan Yulin 2016, Mbau ya sauko da wani sabon shirin talabijin a SABC 3 mai suna The Weekend Edition tare da mai watsa shiri na rediyo da talabijin Phat Joe. Duo ya dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon salon rayuwa a safiyar ƙarshen mako, wanda aka yi fim a Cape Town.
A watan Yuli na shekarar 2017, Mbau ya fito a wani sabon shirin nishaɗi mai taken The Scoop wanda aka watsa a SABC 3 a matsayin wani bangare na sabon jeri na tashar. A watan Satumba na 2017, tashar BET Africa ta sanar da wani sabon shirin gaskiya mai kashi 13 mai taken Babban Sirri, wanda Mbau ya shirya. A cikin jerin, tana sa mahalarta su bayyana sirrinsu mafi duhu. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017 kuma ya ƙare tare da ɓangaren haɗuwa biyu.
A watan Maris na 2018, Mbau ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu da aka fi kallo, Uzalo, a SABC 1, inda ya nuna rawar go-getter Dinekile aka Lady Die wanda ɗan sata ne ta fatauci kuma yana fatan rayuwa kamar ɗan uwanta MaNgcobo. Bayan ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a kurkuku saboda ƙananan laifuffuka kuma ta san hanyar da take bi, ba ta cimma abin da take so ba tukuna. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2019, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar dawowarta ga wasan don kakarta ta 5. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Mzansi Magic ya fitar da tirela don sabon jerin wasan kwaikwayon su, Abomama, wanda ke bincika da ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin bangaskiya da zunubi. Mbau shine ke jagorantar rawar Tshidi, tsohuwar sarauniyar ghetto mai neman yarda ta zama matar birni wacce ta auri likitan da Leroy Gopal ya buga. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon tare da masu kallo sama da miliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama na uku da aka fi kallo akan DSTV.
Rediyo
A cikin 2016, Mbau ya zama mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo akan Metro FM, Wanda nashi ne ko ta yaya, tare da masu nishaɗi Somizi Mhlongo da Ntombi Ngcobo. An fara nuna shirin a ƙasa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2016, kuma ya gudana tsawon shekara guda har ya zo ƙarshe a sake fasalin tashar.
Fim
Fim ɗin farko da Mbau ya fito da shi, Farin Ciki Kalmar Harafi Hudu ne, wanda aka fara nunawa ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2016. Ta taka rawar Zaza, matar ganima ga Bheki (Simo Magwaza), mahaifiyar yara biyu, kuma mai kantin sayar da takalma. Fim ɗin ya fara tare da lambobi masu lalata akwatin akwatin kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar manyan akwatunan akwatin sama da miliyan 7 a cikin sati na uku akan da'irar silima. A watan Oktoban 2016, bikin Fim na Johannesburg ya sanya sunan Mbau a cikin manyan jaruman jaruman fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu 10, bayan nasarar Farin Ciki Is Kalmar Harafi Hudu .
Fim na biyu na Mbau, mai ban sha'awa mai taken The Red Room, an shirya shi don fitar da sinima a cikin 2018.
A cikin 2017, Mbau ta fara shirya fim ɗin ta na uku tare da mai shirya fina -finai kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Leon Schuster, Frank da Fearless, wanda aka shirya don fitowar silima a cikin 2018.
Harkokin kasuwanci
A watan Nuwamba 2018, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da irin nata gin mai suna I Am Khanyi - Millennial Shimmer Gin.
Fina-finai
Kyaututtuka da Tantancewa
Kyautar Kwalejin Fina -Finan Duniya ta Afirka ta Kudu
Manazarta
Mata Mawaka
Mata yan fim
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53034 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled%20Mashal | Khaled Mashal | Khaled Mashal (Arabic, : Khālid Mashʿal, Levantine Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1956) tsohon shugaban kungiyar Hamas ce ta Falasdinawa.
Bayan kafa Hamas a shekara ta 1987, Mashal ya zama shugaban reshen Kuwait na kungiyar. A shekara ta 1992, ya zama memba mai kafa politburo na Hamas da shugabanta. [3] Ya zama sanannen shugaban Hamas bayan Isra'ila ta kashe Sheikh Ahmed Yassin da magajinsa Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2004. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Hamas ta mamaye duniya ta hanyar lashe mafi yawan kujeru a zaben majalisar dokokin Palasdinawa a shekara ta 2006. Mashal ya sauka a matsayin shugaban politburo na Hamas a ƙarshen iyakar wa'adinsa a shekarar 2017.
Yaƙin Kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967 ya tilasta wa iyalin Mashal su tsere daga Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya zauna a wasu sassan gudun hijirar Larabawa. Saboda haka, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na "shugabancin waje" na Hamas.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mashal a shekara ta 1956 a Silwad a Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Silwad har zuwa aji na biyar. [2] Mahaifinsa, Abd al-Qadir Mashal, [3] manomi ne (fellah) kuma ya koma Kuwait a shekara ta 1957 don yin aiki a aikin gona kuma a matsayin imam. Ya shiga cikin tawaye na Larabawa na 1936-1939 tare da shugaban 'yan tawaye na Palasdinawa Abd al-Cadir al-Husayni.
Bayan yakin kwanaki shida na 1967, lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye West Bank, iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Jordan kuma, bayan wata daya ko biyu, sun shiga Abd al-Qadir a Kuwait, inda Mashal ya kammala makarantar sakandare. Ya shiga babbar makarantar sakandare ta Abdullah al-Salim a farkon shekarun 1970 kuma ya shiga kungiyar Muslim Brotherhood a shekarar 1971. [2]
Mashal ya shiga Jami'ar Kuwait a shekara ta 1974, [1] kuma nan da nan ya shiga cikin siyasar dalibai. Ya jagoranci jerin shari'ar Musulunci (qa'imat al-haq al-islamiyya) a cikin zaben Janar na Daliban Palasdinawa (GUPS) a shekarar 1977. Jerin ya dogara ne akan ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Falasdinawa, wani ɓangare na Muslim Brotherhood. [2] An soke zaben GUPS kuma ya kafa Kungiyar Musulunci ga Daliban Palastina (al-rabiyya al-islam tola liab filastin).
Yayinda yake dan shekara 19, Mashal ya ziyarci tarihin Palasdinu a 1975 na watanni biyu a karo na farko tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa a 1967. Ya sami damar yin tafiya sosai a cikin Isra'ila da yankunan da aka mamaye. Tafiyar ta zurfafa yadda yake ji game da ƙasarsa da kuma yadda yake ji na asarar a cikin 1948 da 1967.
Kasancewa cikin Hamas
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Mashal ya zama malami kuma ya koyar da kimiyyar lissafi a Kuwait har zuwa shekara ta 1984. A shekara ta 1983, ƙungiyar Islama ta Falasdinawa ta shirya taron cikin gida, wanda ya haɗa da wakilai daga West Bank, Gaza Strip da 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa daga ƙasashen Larabawa. Taron ya kafa harsashin tushe don kirkirar Hamas. Mashal ya kasance wani ɓangare na jagorancin aikin. Bayan 1984, ya ba da kansa ga aikin a cikakken lokaci. [3] Lokacin da Iraki ta mamaye Kuwait a watan Agustan 1990, shi da sauran jagorancin Hamas a Kuwait sun koma Jordan.
Mashal ya kasance memba ne na kafa politburo na Hamas, kuma an zabe shi shugaban a shekarar 1996, [2] bayan da aka daure wanda ya riga shi Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook a shekarar 1995.
Yunkurin kisan kai
A ranar 25 ga Satumba 1997, jami'an Mossad da ke aiki a karkashin umarnin Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu da ma'aikatar tsaro sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe shi. Jami'an sun shiga Jordan a kan fasfo na Kanada na karya kuma sun yi kama da masu yawon bude ido. Biyu daga cikinsu sun jira a ƙofar ofisoshin Hamas a babban birnin Jordan Amman, kuma, yayin da Mashal ya shiga ofishinsa, daya daga cikinsu ya zo daga baya kuma ya riƙe na'urar zuwa kunnen hagu na Mashal wanda ya watsa guba mai saurin aiki. Masu tsaron jiki na Mashal sun kasance masu tuhuma ga harin da suka kama su. [3] Sauran jami'an sun fara fitar da su.
Nan da nan bayan lamarin, Sarki Hussein na Jordan ya bukaci Netanyahu ya juya maganin maganin guba, yana barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma gwada jami'an Mossad da aka tsare. [1] Sarki Hussein ya ji tsoron cewa mutuwar shugaban Hamas zai haifar da tashin hankali a mulkinsa, watakila ma yakin basasa. Netanyahu ya ki, kuma lamarin ya karu da sauri a cikin muhimmancin siyasa. Tare da dangantakar Isra'ila da Jordan da ke lalacewa cikin sauri, Sarki Hussein ya yi barazanar soke zaman lafiya na tarihi na 1994 tsakanin kasashen biyu idan Mashal ya mutu. [1] Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya shiga tsakani kuma ya tilasta Netanyahu ya juya maganin.
Shugaban Mossad, Danny Yatom, ya tashi zuwa Jordan, tare da yardar Netanyahu, ya kawo maganin maganin don kula da Mashal. Likitoci a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sarki Hussein, inda Mashal ya kwanta a cikin coma, sun lura da alamun Mashal don ya dace da yawan maganin opioid. Sun ba da maganin, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Mashal.
A cewar Ronen Bergman bisa ga tushen IDF na ciki, maganin Mashal kawai ya sami sakin jami'an Mossad Kidon guda biyu da ke aiwatar da yunkurin kisan kai. Akalla wasu jami'an Mossad guda shida da ke cikin ayyukan sun kasance a cikin Ofishin Jakadancin Isra'ila. Sarki Hussein zai sake su ne kawai idan Isra'ila ta saki Ahmed Yassin da sauran fursunonin Palasdinawa da yawa. Sarki Hussein yana buƙatar buƙatun su kasance "ya isa don ba da damar sarki ya iya karewa a fili don sakin ƙungiyar da aka buga".
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2008, Mashaal ya ce game da yunkurin da aka yi wa rayuwarsa: "[Ya] sa na zama mai kyau game da rayuwa. Na zama mafi ƙarfin zuciya a fuskar mutuwa. Bangaskiyar ta zama mai ƙarfi cewa mutum ba ya mutuwa har sai lokacinsa ya zo. Wato, zan mutu lokacin da Allah ya yanke shawara, ba lokacin da Mossad ya yanke shawara ba. Har ila yau, ya sa na ƙara ƙuduri wajen cika alhakina. "
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibok%20Ekwe%20Ibas | Ibok Ekwe Ibas | Mataimakin Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekara t ( 1960), shi ne na 22 a yanzu kuma shine Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa wato Chief of Naval Staff(CNS) na Sojan Ruwan Najeriya. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ne ya nada shi kan mukamin a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta( 2015).
Fage da ilimi
An haifi Ibas a Nko, Jihar Kuros Riba,A Kudancin Najeriya. Ya shiga cikin Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin memba na 26 Regular Course a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1979 kuma an ba shi kwamishina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1983. Ya fara karatun firamare a Nko Primary School, a shekarar 1966 kuma ya kammala a Big Qua Primary School, Calabar a shekarar 1971. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa shahararriyar makarantar horas da Waddell ta Calabar daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekarar 1976. Tsakanin shekarar 1977 da shekarar 1979, ya halarci Makarantar Nazarin Asali ta Ogoja kafin ya wuce zuwa Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya a shekarar 1979.
Darussan soja sun halarci da cancantar
Ibas ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama na soja a cikin gida da waje, ciki har da Karatuttukan Kananan Fasaha a INS Venduruthy a Indiya daga watan Afrilu shekarar 1983 zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 1984 da Horar da Matukan Jirgin a Makarantar Koyon tana Firamare ta 301 da ke Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Sama na Najeriya da ke Kaduna daga watan Afrilun shekarar 1986 zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 1987. Ya tafi Kwalejin kwamandoji da ma'aikata, Jaji, Kaduna a watan Janairun shekarar 1990 kuma ya kammala Karatun Junior Staff a watan Yunin shekarar. A watan Yulin shekarar 1992, ya ba da rahoto a Makarantar Yaƙe-yaƙe na Amphibious of the United States Marine Corps University a Quantico, Virginia, US, kuma ya kammala karatun difloma a fagen yaƙi a cikin Mayu 1993. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1994, Ibas ya fara Dogon Jami'ai wadanda suka kware a yaƙin cikin ruwa a Makarantar Yakin karka shin ruwa, NNS Quorra kuma an kammala shi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1995. Daga watan Agustan shekarar 1996 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 1997, ya koma babbar Kwalejin Soja da Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Jaji, inda ya kammala Babban Kwalejin Manyan Makarantu tare da kyawawan maki. Ya kuma kasance dalibi a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa, Islamabad, Pakistan, bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa daga watan Agusta shekarar 2005 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2006. Baya ga haka yana da digiri na biyu a fannin tsaro da dabarun karatu daga Jami'ar Quaid-I-Azam da ke Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ayyuka
Ibas ya rike mukamai da dama a rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya . A matsayinshi na mai shiga tsakani, ya yi aiki a jirgin NNS Ruwan Yaro, NNS Obuma da NNS Aradu . Daga baya ya yi aiki a jirgin NNS Ayam da NNS Ekpe a matsayin jami'in kiyaye agogo bayan an ba shi kwamishina. Daga baya ya zama babban jami'in NNS Siri, NNS Ekun da NNS Ambe tsakanin watan Yulin shekarar 1993 da watan Agusta shekarar 1996 a matsayin babban kwamandan. Ya kasance babban kwamandan makarantar yaki ta karkashin ruwa ta Najeriya daga watan Agusta shekarar 1997 zuwa watan Satumba shekarar 1998 sannan daga baya, ya zama kwamandan rundunar 'Forward Operating Base Ibaka' daga watan Satumba shekarar 1998 zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2000. Saboda kwazo da kwarjinin da ya nuna a kan kwasa-kwasan Manyan Ma’aikata, ya sa aka nada shi a matsayin darakta a Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji daga watan Yunin shekarar 2000 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2002. Daga baya ya koma kwalejin a watan Janairun shekarar 2009 a matsayin darakta a Sashen Yakin Ruwa, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Zamansa na karshe a kwalejin ya kasance mataimakin kwamanda daga Janairu zuwa watan Fabrairu shekarar 2014. Ibas shi ne marshal na sojan ruwa daga watan Afrilu shekarar 2003 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2004 sannan daga baya ya kasance babban jami'i a CNS daga Yuni 2004 zuwa Yuli 2005. Ya kasance babban jami'in kula da aiyuka a Hedkwatar Yammacin Naval Command, Legas, daga Yuni zuwa Disamba 2006, kuma daga Disamba 2006 zuwa Janairun 2009, shi ne kwamandan Rundunar Sojin Sama, Ojo. Daga baya an nada babban jami'in a matsayin babban hafsan hafsoshi, Hedkwatar Horar da Sojojin Ruwa, ta Legas, daga Satumba 2010 zuwa Maris 2011. Dangane da kwarewar sa a ayyukan ma'aikata da gudanarwa, an nada babban jami'in a Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa da farko, a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa daga Maris 2011 zuwa Fabrairun 2012 sannan daga baya ya zama Sakataren Ruwa daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Janairun 2013. Bayan haka, ya zama jami'in tutar da ke ba da umarnin Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yamma daga Janairu 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. An nada shi shugaban kula da kayan aiki a watan Fabrairun 2014 sannan GMD / Shugaba na Nigerian Navy Holdings Limited a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Wannan nadin ne da ya rike har sai da aka nada shi babban hafsan na 22 na Sojan Ruwa a ranar 13 ga Yulin 2015.
Kyaututtuka da kayan ado
A yayin gudanar da aiki na musamman a rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, Ibas ya sami kyautuka masu yawa da, wadanda suka hada da Azurfa Jubilee Medal, ECOMOG Medal, Force Service Star, Meritorious Service Star, Distribished Service Star da General Service Star. Sauran sune Kundin Ma'aikatan da Ya Wuce (DAGGER) da kuma yan uwan NDC.
Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a
Ibas ya kasance memba na wasu kwararrun kungiyoyin, kamar su Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (NIIA) da Cibiyar Gudanarwar Najeriya. Ibas ya kuma halarci wasu tarurrukan karawa juna sani da baje koli a gida da waje. Ya halarci baje kolin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Kasa da Kasa karo na 25 da kuma baje kolin kasa da kasa karo na 3 don sassan aiyuka a Tel Aviv, Israel, a watan Yunin 2011. A watan Agustan shekarar 2012, ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan Jagoran Kasashen Duniya na Landan a Landan, Ingila. Ya kasance a Amurka a watan Janairun 2013 don kwas na ci gaban iyawa a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy, don haka ya sanya shi ɗalibin makarantar Harvard Kennedy School a Amurka. Ya kasance a Dockyard Naval, Legas a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013 don halartar wani taron karawa juna sani kan aikin sojan ruwa da dabaru.
Rayuwar Kai
Ya auri Theresa Ibas kuma an albarkace su da yara 3.
Abubuwan sha'awa
Ibas yana jin daɗin karatu, kallon finafinai da kuma wasan golf.
Duba kuma
Sojojin Ruwan Najeriya
Manazarta
Sojojin Najeriya |
36326 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ogbemudia | Samuel Ogbemudia | Samuel Osaigbovo Ogbemudia (17 Satumba 1932 - 9 Maris 2017) hafsan sojan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa . Ya taba zama Gwamnan Soja (1967 – 1975) na Jihar Tsakiyar Yamma, daga baya aka sake masa suna Jihar Bendel, wanda kuma bangarensa ya zama Jihar Edo Bayan komawar mulkin dimokradiyya a 1999, ya zama mai mulki a Jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). A watan Satumban 2009, Gwamna Adams Oshiomhole na jihar Edo da sauran su sun halarci bikin cikarsa shekaru 77 a Benin. An san shi a matsayin daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa babbar babbar asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin (UBTH)
Shekarun farko
An haifi Osaigbovo Ogbemudia a garin Benin a ranar 17 ga Satumbar 1932, an rada masa sunan kakansa. A cikin harshen Edo, ana iya fahimtar sunan Ogbemudia da ma'anar "wannan iyali ya zo ya zauna". Lokacin yana matashi ya zauna tare da babban dan uwansa, Mista FS dan kasuwa ne aBenin . Ya halarci Makarantar Baptist ta Benin (1941-1945), sannan makarantar gwamnati, Victoria, a cikin Kamaru (1945-1947). Ya yi karatun sakandare a Makarantar Western Boy's High School, Benin City (1947-1949).
Ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a 1956, inda ya yi horo a Teshie, Ghana da Netheravon da Salisbury Plain a Ingila (1957). Ya halarci Makarantar Mons Officer Cadet a Aldershot, Ingila, a cikin 1960, kuma an ba shi mukamin laftanar na biyu a 1961. Ya halarci makarantar jindadi ta musamman na sojojin Amurka a Fort Bragg, North Carolina a cikin 1962. Ogbemudia ya yi aiki da rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kongo na tsawon watanni 16, kuma ya yi aiki a Tanzaniya a 1964. An nada shi a matsayin malami a Makarantar Sojan Najeriya, Zariya a 1964.
Lokacin mulkin soja
A watan Janairun 1966, juyin mulki ya hambarar da gwamnatin farar hula ta Najeriya. A watan Yulin 1966, an hambarar da shugaban mulkin soja Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi tare da kashe shi a wani juyin mulkin da ake kira juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Murtala Mohammed . Shugaban ma’aikatan Ironsi Yakubu Gowon ya zama shugaban kasa. A matsayinsa na Brigade Major na Ist Brigade a Kaduna, Ogbemudia ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile juyin mulkin inda ya kwance damarar dakarunsa da ke Kaduna bisa shawarar kwamandan manyan bindigogi, Laftanar-Kanar Alex Madiebo. A lokacin juyin mulkin/mutin, shi ma Laftanar Buka Suka Dimka ya yi yunkurin kashe Manjo Ogbemudia amma Manjo Ogbemudia ya tsallake rijiya da baya saboda samun wani labari daga Kanar Hassan Katsina da Manjo Abba Kyari. A cikin watan Agustan wannan shekarar ne aka mayar da shi kwamandan yankin, birnin Benin a matsayin Quarter Master-General, 4th Area Command. Ogbemudia tare da Manjo Janar Ejoor, Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Tsakiyar Yamma da kuma Pius Ermobor, jami’in leken asiri ne kawai jami’ai uku da ke da matsayi na Manjo zuwa sama da suka rike mukaman shugabanni dabarun da ba su fito daga al’ummar kabilar Igbo ba. yankin Mid-west. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1967, sojojin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Victor Banjo suka mamaye yankin Mid-west da babban birnin kasar, Benin, ba tare da wata turjiya ba. . Ejoor ya samu damar tserewa zuwa Legas yayin da Ogbemudia ya shiga karkashin kasa a takaice yana shirya wani gangamin da ya kunshi mutanen da suka nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar. Daga baya ya tafi Hedikwatar Sojoji da ke Legas, sannan ya shiga rundunar Murtala Mohammed da ya jagoranci runduna ta biyu ta hanyar kai hari zuwa Midwest. A ranar 20 ga Satumbar 1967, sojoji karkashin Ogbemudia sun kwace birnin Benin daga hannun dakarun Biafra.
An nada Ogbemudia a matsayin shugaban soji na jihar Mid-West a watan Satumba, 1967 bayan kwato jihar daga ‘yan awaren Biafra . An kara masa girma zuwa Laftanar Kanar, Ogbemudia an nada shi Gwamnan Soja a jihar a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1967. Wani populist, mai sadaukar da kai ga sake ginawa bayan yakin, ya ƙaddamar da inganta fannonin wasanni, ci gaban birane, ilimi, sufuri na jama'a, gidaje da kasuwanci. Ya gina filin wasa na Ogbe, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da filin wasa na Samuel Ogbemudia, kuma a cikin watan Agustan 1973 ya kaddamar da gidan tarihi na kasa mai hawa uku a birnin Benin . Sauran ayyukan sun hada da Agbede Mechanized Farm, Rural Electrification Board, Bendel Steel Structures, Bendel Pharmaceuticals, Bendel Boatyard, Jami'ar Benin da Bendel Line. A shekarun baya jama’a suna waiwaye kan kujerar sa a matsayin lokacin da aka samu nasarori da dama, sai kuma koma bayan gwamnatocin baya.
Mambobin majalisarsa sun hada da Edwin Clark, Frank Oputa-Otutu, T.E.A. Salubi, and Lawrence Leo Borha.
A watan Yulin 1975, lokacin da Murtala Mohammed ya zama shugaban kasa, ya yi wa gwamnonin soja goma sha biyu da suka yi aiki karkashin Yakubu Gowon ritaya. An mayar da ritayar gwamnonin da aka samu da laifin cin hanci da rashawa zuwa kora. Daga cikin wadannan akwai Birgediya Janar Samuel Ogbemudia, Murtala wanda shi ne jagoran masu kai hare-hare ta Tsakiyar Yamma a wancan lokaci ya nada ba tare da wani bangare ba shekaru takwas da suka wuce, wanda kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Kanar George Agbazika Innih. Wani kwamiti ne ya binciki Ogbemudia a shekarar 1975 amma yana ganin ba zai iya samun shari’a ta gaskiya ba saboda Ogbemudia ya sauke shugaban kwamitin daga mukaminsa na baya. Kwamitin binciken kadarorin na 1975 ya same shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. A jamhuriya ta biyu, majalisar dokokin jihar Bendel ta wanke shi daga rashin gudanar da mulki.
Ogbemudia ya kasance a Landan a lokacin juyin mulkin Yuli 1975 kuma ya taimaka wajen gyara gidan Gowon na Landan bayan da tsohon shugaban ya yi gudun hijira.
Bayan kammala aikin soja
A wani dan takaitaccen lokaci na komawa mulkin farar hula, an zabi Ogbemudia a matsayin gwamnan jihar Bendel a watan Oktoban 1983 a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria, inda ya maye gurbin Ambrose Alli na jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria . Sai dai ya rasa mukaminsa a watan Disambar wannan shekarar lokacin da Muhammadu Buhari ya zama shugaban mulkin soja bayan juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da shugaban farar hula Shehu Shagari .
A tsakanin 1987 zuwa 1989, Ogbemudia ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Wasanni ta Najeriya, a 1989, Babangida ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Kasa ta Kasa ( NRC ). A lokacin gwamnatinsa, ayyuka da kudaden kamfanin sun inganta kafin ya bar NRC a 1992.
Janar Sani Abacha, shugaban kasa na mulkin soja daga Nuwamba 1993, har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Yuni, 1998, ya nada Ogbemudia a matsayin ministan kwadago da wadata. An jiyo Ogbemudia na cewa zai mutu saboda Abacha. Ogbemudia ya goyi bayan wani yunkuri na ganin Abacha ya tsaya takara, yana mai cewa “Al’ummar kasar nan sun samu ci gaba mai ban mamaki a karkashin Janar Abacha . . . Babu shakka shi ne kadai amsar ci gaban Nijeriya da ci gabanta.”
Jamhuriyya ta hudu
Bayan dawo da mulkin dimokradiyya a 1998/1999, Ogbemudia yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Edo, kuma mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar. Ogbemudia da Cif Anthony Anenih ne ke rike da siyasar PDP a jihar Edo tsawon shekaru goma masu zuwa, inda da farko suka yi aiki tare amma daga baya suka samu sabani.
A watan Disambar 2004, an ce Ogbemudia ya amince Anthony Anenih ya zama gwamnan jihar Edo. Ya ce ba ya son halin da wani yanki na sanata a jihar ke da rikon mukamin gwamna na dindindin. A watan Nuwamba 2007, a wani babban taro na PDP a Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium a Benin, Ogbemudia ya yi kakkausar suka ga shawarar Anthony Anenih na canza tsarin shiyya na ofisoshin da ake da su, sannan ya fice daga taron.
A cikin Disamba 2006, Ogbemudia ya nuna goyon bayansa ga takarar shugaban kasa na Dr Mohammed Buba Marwa .
A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2008, wata kotu ta soke zaben Oserheimen Osunbor (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Edo saboda kura-kuran zabe, sannan ta bayyana comrade Adams Oshiomhole na jam’iyyar Action Congress a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2008, yayin da wani fitaccen dan kwamitin amintattu na PDP Ogbemudia ya ce da ya fi son dan PDP ya yi nasara. Sai dai ya amince da sakamakon kotun, ya kuma bayyana Oshiomhole a matsayin mutum mai karfin hali. Ya yi magana da sukar gwamnonin farko, irin su Cif Lucky Igbinedion .
A watan Yulin 2009, Ogbemudia ya kasance shugaban wani bangare na PDP da ke goyon bayan Farfesa. Julius Ihonvbere a matsayin dan takarar gwamnan jihar Edo a shekarar 2011. Bangaren da Tony Anenih ya jagoranta sun zabi Sanata Odion Ugbesia a matsayin dan takara. A watan Oktoban 2009, Ogbemudia ya gaza halartar taron hadin kan jam’iyyar a jihar Edo wanda Anthony Anenih ya shirya. Bayan wata daya, Ogbemudia ya yaba da irin nasarorin da Oshiomhole ya samu a shekarar farko da ya hau kan karagar mulki, lamarin da ya janyo cece-kuce kan yiwuwar kawancen siyasa tsakanin mutanen biyu.
Mutuwa
Sam Ogbemudia Jr Dan Ogbemudia ya tabbatar wa manema labarai rasuwar mahaifinsa a gidan marigayin a ranar Juma’a a Benin 09 ga Maris 2017. Ya ce mahaifinsa ya rasu ranar Alhamis a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa da ke Legas yana da shekaru 84 a duniya.
Manazarta
Gwamnoni jihar BandelGwamnonin Yakubu GowonGwamnonin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35229 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Axworthy | Lloyd Axworthy | Lloyd Norman Axworthy PC CC OM (an Haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamba,1939). ɗan siyasan Kanada ne, dattijon ƙasa kuma malami. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Ministocin da Firayim Minista Jean Chrétien ya jagoranta. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg daga 2004 zuwa 2014 kuma a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul (wata cibiya ce ta Jami'ar Waterloo ). A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Axworthy a Arewacin Battleford, Saskatchewan ga iyaye Norman da Gwen Axworthy kuma a cikin dangi da ke da tushen Ikilisiyar United Church, kuma ya sami BA daga United College, makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki na tushen Winnipeg, a cikin 1961. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (tsohon dan takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Manitoba). Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin siyasa daga jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1972 bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku mai taken "The task force on home and urban development: a study of democracy decisionmaker in Canada." Ya koma Kanada don koyarwa a Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Winnipeg. Daga baya kuma ya zama darakta na Cibiyar Harkokin Birane.
Farkon sana'ar siyasa
Axworthy ya shiga cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal bayan halartar jawabin Lester B. Pearson. A taƙaice ya haɗa kansa da New Democratic Party (NDP) a cikin 1960s lokacin da Pearson, a matsayin ɗan adawa na tarayya, ya yi kira ga Amurka ta ba da izinin makaman nukiliya na Bomarc a ƙasar Kanada. Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma ga Liberal fold, duk da haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga John Turner ; yunkurin Turner na zama shugaban jam'iyya a babban taron jagoranci na 1968 .
Axworthy ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Winnipeg North Center a zaben 1968, inda ya zo na biyu da tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDP (MP) Stanley Knowles . Ya fara tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba a zaben 1966, inda ya zama na biyu zuwa Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes a St. James . A zaben 1973, an zabe shi a matsayin Manitoba Liberal a Fort Rouge, An sake zabe shi a zaben 1977, kuma shine kadai mai sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1979.
Gwamnatin tarayya
Ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin Manitoba a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1979, don tsayawa takarar majalisar tarayya, kuma a zaben 1979 da kyar ya doke tsohon shugaban PC na lardin Sidney Spivak a Winnipeg-Fort Garry . An sake zabe shi a zaben 1980, ya zama dan majalisa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daya tilo a yammacin Ontario . An kara masa girma zuwa majalisar ministoci karkashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau, wanda ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Shige da Fice, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri .
A cikin kayen Liberal a zaben 1984, Axworthy ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda biyu a yammacin Ontario da aka zaba (dayan kuma shine shugaban Liberal John Turner ). Axworthy ya taka rawa a cikin 'yan adawa, yana goyan bayan tsauraran manufofin laifuka, amma kuma yana tallafawa ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar sukar manufofin haraji na kasafin kudi na Brian Mulroney . Ya kasance mai sukar kuɗaɗe na musamman na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Kanada-Amurka .
Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka koma mulki a 1993 karkashin Jean Chrétien, Axworthy ya zama ministan majalisar ministoci. Bayan zaben, an ba shi alhaki na Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), kuma ya kaddamar da canje-canje a inshorar aiki . Ko da yake babban abin sha'awar shi shine sabunta birane, a cikin 1996 na majalisar ministocin, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje .
A cikin Fabrairu 1999 da Afrilu 2000, Axworthy ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Jakadan Kanada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Robert Fowler . A cikin watan Afrilun 2000, Axworthy ya goyi bayan kokarin da ake yi na rage yawan takunkumin da aka kakabawa Iraki, karkashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, yana mai nuni da wani bayani na jin kai "don kauce wa sanya 'yan kasa su biya kudaden da shugabanninsu suka yi". Axworthy sun yi arangama da gwamnatin Amurka kan wannan batu, musamman kan rashin wasu zabin da za su hana gwamnatin daga karin wuce gona da iri. A shekara ta 2000, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Sa baki da Mulkin Jiha wanda ya haifar da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na alhakin Karewa.
Ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2000.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
A cikin 1997, Sanata Patrick Leahy na Amurka ya zabi Axworthy don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa na hana nakiyoyi. Bai yi nasara ba, amma ya gode wa wadanda suka karba, Yakin Duniya na Haramta nakiyoyi, saboda sun taimaka wajen kokarinsu. Duk da haka, masu suka suna kallon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Axworthy da shigar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na siyasa a matsayin abin da bai dace ba, tun da yawancin manyan ƙasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China ba su shiga ba.
A cikin 1998 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Arewa – Kudu . A cikin 2003, an naɗa shi Jami'in Oder of Canada kuma ya zaɓaɓɓen Memba mai Girmamawa na Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.
A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2012, Dattijo, Dokta Tobasonakwut Kinew da, Dr. Phil Fontaine, sun karrama Axworthy – Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Mutumin Range Frog Kyauta, a wurin bukin bututu mai tsarki. An gane Axworthy don jajircewarsa na ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo wanda ke nuna al'adu da al'adun ƴan asali a UWinnipeg. Dattijon Anishinaabe Fred Kelly da mawaki kuma mai watsa labarai Wab Kinew ne ya jagoranci bikin.
An gabatar da Axworthy tare da digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Environment na Jami'ar Waterloo a watan Oktoba 2014.
A cikin Disamba 30, 2015, Axworthy an ciyar da shi zuwa Abokin odar Kanada, mafi girman daraja.
Bayan siyasa
A cikin Satumba 2000, Axworthy ya koma makarantar kimiyya, yana shiga Cibiyar Liu don Al'amuran Duniya a Jami'ar British Columbia . Ya buga Navigating A New World, littafi kan amfani da " mai laushi ".
A watan Mayu 2004, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg. Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014.
Axworthy shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Sashen Amurka na Human Rights Watch, matsayi mai cike da cece-kuce sakamakon rikodi na wannan kungiya na nuna son kai a siyasance, tara kuɗaɗe a Saudiyya, da rashin gaskiya. Har ila yau, yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Cibiyar USC akan Diplomasiyyar Jama'a da na Kuri'a na Gaskiya Kanada, kuma shi ne mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya, Ontario .
A cikin 2006, An zaɓi Axworthy zuwa Hukumar Gudanarwar Hudbay Minerals, Inc.
A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya - Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya.
An shigar da Axworthy a matsayin Chancellor na Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, cibiyar da ke cikin Jami'ar Waterloo, a cikin Oktoba 2014. Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2017.
Axworthy shine shugaban farko na Majalisar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, wanda Cibiyar Innovation ta Mulki ta Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2017.
Labarai
Kewaya Sabuwar Duniya, Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004
Masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Border, Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004
The Axworthy Legacy, Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001
Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Tafiya ta Shekara 40 ta hanyar Portage Avenue - Matsala, Ragewa, da Yadda Osmosis Zai Iya Magance Blight Community', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (A cikin Latsa)
Tarihin zabe
Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane |
17971 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi | Al-Dhahabi | Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī ( ), ya kasan ce shi ne wanda aka sani da Shams ad-Din Abū'Abdillāh Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn'Uthman ibn Qāymāẓ ibn'Abdillāh a-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī ad-Dimashqī (Oktoba 1274 - 3 ga watan Fabrairu 1348 ) wani dan kasar Syria ne masanin tarihin Musulunci da kuma Hadith.
Rayuwa
An haifi Adh-Dhahabi a cikin Damascus a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1274. Shi dan asalin Turkmen ne daga Mayyafariqin, arewa maso gabashin Diyar Bakr. A wani lokaci, sai suka ƙaura zuwa Dimashƙu. Sunansa, ibn adh-Dhahabi (ɗan maƙerin zinariya), ya nuna aikin mahaifinsa. Ya fara karatun hadisi yana da shekaru goma sha takwas, yana tafiya daga Dimashka zuwa Baalbek, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Nabulus, Alkahira, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Hijaz, da sauran wurare, kafin ya dawo Dimashƙu don koyarwa da rubutu. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma sananne ne a matsayinsa na mai sukar masanin hadisi. Ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane kuma yana kan gaba wajen iya karatun Kur'ani. Wasu daga cikin malaman sa mata ne. A Baalbek, Zainab bint marUmar b. al-Kindī yana cikin manyan malamai masu tasiri.
Adh-Dhahabi ya rasa ganinsa shekaru biyu kafin ya mutu, ya bar 'ya'ya uku: babba,' yarsa, Amat al-`Aziz, da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Abd Allah da Abu Hurayra" Abd al-Rahman. Sonayan na ƙarshe ya koyar da masu ilimin hadisi Ibn Nasir-ud-din al-Damishqi da Ibn Hajar, kuma ta hanyar su ake watsa ayyuka da yawa da mahaifinsa ya rubuta ko ya faɗi.
Malamai
Daga cikin adh-Dhahabi ya fi sananne malamai a hadisi, fiqh da aqida :
Abd al-Khaliq bin ʿUlwān
Zaynab bint marUmar bin al-Kindī
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali bin Mas'ud bn Nafis al-Musali
Ibnu Taimiyya Taqi ad-Din Ahmad bn Taimiyya
Ibn al-Zahiri, Ahmad bn Muhammad bn 'Abd Allah al-Halabi
Sharaf-ud-din Abd al-Mu'min bn Khalaf al-Dimyati, babban masanin Masar a kan hadisi a zamaninsa
Shaikh al-Islam Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, wanda ya ambace shi a cikin samartakarsa shi ne Abu al-Fath al-Qushayri, daga baya kuma ya bayyana shi da Ibn Wahb.
Jamal-ud-din Abu al-Ma`ali Muhammad bn `Ali al-Ansari al-Zamalkani al-Damishqi al-Shafi`i (a shekara ta 727), wanda ya kira" Qadi al-Qudat, Paragon na Islama, da tabbataccen mai daukar Sunna, shehina".
Ahmad bn Ishaq bn Muhammad al-Abarquhi al-Misri (a shekara ta 701), wanda daga shi ne Dhahabi ya karbi hanyar Suhrawardi Sufi.
Ibn al-Kharrat al-Dawalibi
Shahararrun Dalibai
Imad ad-Din Isma'il bin Umar bin Kathir
Zain ad-Din 'Abd ar-Rahmān ibn al-Hasan as-Sulamī (Ibn Rajab)
Shams-ud-din Abu al Mahasin Muhammad bn Ali al-Dimashqi
Ibn Asakir Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī
Khalīl ibn Aybak al-Ṣafadī
Ibn al-Furat
Ayyuka
Adh-Dhahabi ya wallafa kusan ayyukan tarihi dari, tarihin rayuwa da tiyoloji. Tarihinsa na magani ya fara ne da ayyukan Girka da Indiyawa na dā da masu aikatawa, kamar su Hippocrates, Galen, da sauransu, ta hanyar zamanin Larabawa na Jahiliyya, zuwa "maganin annabci"—kamar yadda annabin musulmai Muhammad ya bayyana — ga ilimin likita da ke cikin ayyukan malamai irin su Ibn Sina. Wadannan sune sanannun sanannun lakabi:
Tarikh al-Islam al-kabir ( ) 'Babban Tarihin Musulunci' (juzu'i 50, a larabci) ; Ibn Hajar ya karbo shi daga Abu Hurayra ibn adh-Dhahabi; wanda ya kunshi sama da 30,000 na tarihin rayuwa.
Siyar a`lam al-nubala ( ) ('Rayuwar Lissafi Masu Daraja'), mujalladai 28, kundin sani na musamman na tarihin rayuwar mutane .
Al-``bar fī khabar man ghabar ( )
Tadhhib Tahdhib al-Kamal ; taƙaita al-Mizzi na rage al-Maqdisi na Al-Kamal fi Asma 'al-Rijal, littafin tarihin hadisi daga manyan tarin Hadisai shida.
Al-Kashif fi Ma`rifa Man Lahu Riwaya fi al-Kutub al-Sitta ; raguwar Tadhhib.
Al-Mujarrad fi Asma 'Rijal al-Kutub al-Sitta ; raguwar Kashif.
Mukhtasar Kitab al-Wahm wa al-Iham li Ibn al-Qattan.
Mukhtasar Sunan al-Bayhaqi ; Bayhaqi 's Sunan al-Kubara.
Mukhtasar al-Mustadrak li al-Hakim, taƙaitaccen Hakim ne na Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain.
Al-Amsar Dhawat al-Athar (Garuruwan da ke da Arziƙin Tarihi); farawa da bayanin Madina al-Munawwara.
Al-Tajrid fi Asma 'al-Sahaba ; kamus din Sahabban annabi Muhammad.
(Tunawa da Malaman Hadisi); Tarihin tarihin rayuwar malaman hadisi. Ibn Hajar ya karbo shi daga Abu Hurayra ibn adh-Dhahabi.
Tabaqat al-Qurra (Rukunan Malaman Alkur'ani); Tarihin rayuwar mutum.
Al-Mu`in fi Tabaqat al-Muhaddithin, majalisan malaman hadisi (Muhaddithin ).
Duwal al-Islam (Al'ummomin Musulunci); takaitaccen tarihin siyasa na al'ummomin Musulunci.
Al-Kaba'ir (Zunuban Cardinal)
Manaaqib Al-imam Abu Hanifa wa saahibayhi Abu Yusuf wa Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan (Matsayin girmamawa na Imam Abu Hanifa da sahabbansa biyu, Abu Yusuf da Muhammad bin Al-Hasan)
Mizaan-ul-I'tidaal, aikin al-Kamil fi Dhu'afa 'al-Rijal na Ibn' Adi al-Jurjani (d. 277 H)
Duba kuma
Malaman Musulunci
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Wasikar Dhahabi ga Ibn Taimiyya
Manazarta
Musulunci
Musulmai
Mutane |
30416 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahia%20Boushaki%20%28Shahid%29 | Yahia Boushaki (Shahid) | Yahia Boushaki ( Yahia ibn Abderrahmane al-Boushaki) (1935 CE / 1330 AH - 1960 CE / 1418 AH ), wanda aka fi sani da Si Omar ko kuma kawai da Boushaki, ya kasance fitaccen jagoran juyin juya hali a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a matsayin memba na Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) wanda ya kaddamar da tawaye dauke da makamai a duk fadin kasar Aljeriya tare da fitar da sanarwar kira ga kasar Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta.
Ilimi
An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1935 a kauyen Soumâa kudu da birnin Thenia na yanzu, kimanin kilomita 50 gabas da babban birnin Algiers, kuma danginsa Sufanci sun fito ne daga masanin tauhidin Malikiyya Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453), wanda ya kafa Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a cikin 1440 a cikin karni na 15.
Mahaifinsa Abderrahmane Boushaki (1883-1985), tsohon soja ne a yakin duniya na farko (1914-1918) wanda ya dawo daga layin Maginot tare da mukamin kofur na masu fafutuka na Aljeriya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ke ce Khedouedj. Boumerdassi, zuriyar Sufaye kuma masanin tauhidi Sidi Boumerdassi, wanda ya kafa Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi a cikin 1714 a lokacin karni na 18.
Kakansa Ali Boushaki (1855-1965) shi ne Muqaddam na Tariqa Rahmaniyyah a karamar Kabiliya kuma kakansa na uba da na uwa sun kasance limamai musulmi kamar yadda 'yan uwansa suke.
Sannan ya sami ilimin addini bisa ga mahangar Musulunci ta Aljeriya da kuma wayewar siyasa bisa akidar kishin kasa ta Aljeriya ta hannun kawunsa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959), wanda ya kasance zababben kansila na karamar hukuma daga 1919 zuwa 1939.
Baya ga ayyukansa na ilimi a wannan muhallin Sufaye karkashin jagorancin Imam Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997), ya yi aikin noma da kiwo a kusa da kauyukan Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela da Mahrane.
Ayyukan Siyasa
Tun lokacin kuruciyarsa, sha'awarsa ta shiga sahun ayyukan 'yan aware na boye a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya ta bayyana karara.
Hakan ya samo asali ne daga gazawar ayyukan siyasa da tsarin siyasar da ya biyo bayan ayyana koke na 30 na yancin jama'a da na siyasa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1920, wanda ya nemi samun wadannan hakkoki na 'yan asalin Aljeriya a lokaci guda. daidai gwargwado da Turawa mazauna Aljeriya, wanda kisan kiyashin da aka yi a watan Mayun 1945 ya kawo karshen gazawarsa.
Daga nan ya shiga kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD) da kuma kungiyar ta musamman (OS) don shirya tayar da kayar baya ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.
Yakin Soji
Da zarar juyin juya halin Aljeriya ya barke, ya shiga cikin sahun jam'iyyar FLN a matsayin kwamishina na siyasa, sannan ya shiga jami'an 'yantar da kasa (ALN) a matsayin soja sannan kuma ya zama hafsan soja a Kabylia da kuma a filin Mitidja.
Kyaftin Boushaki ya kaddamar da ayyukan zagon kasa na kadarorin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kuma ya shiga tare da sojojinsa a fadace-fadacen da aka gwabza tsakanin Thenia da Bouira da sojojin Faransa, wanda ya yi sanadin lalata wasu jiragen yaki na sojojin saman Faransa.
Ya daidaita ayyukansa tare da kwamandan rundunar sojan da ke dajin Zbarbar inda abokinsa dan jarida Mohamed Aïchaoui (1921-1959) ya kafe.
Mutuwa
Boushaki ya shirya a lardin Blida tare da kwamandan rundunar 'yantar da kasa (ALN) a farmakin da sojojin Faransa suka kai a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1960 domin warware matsatsin danniya da mujahidai ke fuskanta a gabashin Algiers, Mitidja da Kabylie.
Wannan gagarumin aiki ya faru ne bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1960, wanda ya kawo karshen tatsuniyar kasar Aljeriya ta Faransa ta hanyar bude hanyar kafa kasar Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta, kuma haka aka yi bikin sabuwar shekara. kawo da alamar ‘yancin kai na Aljeriya, wanda ke kara nuna matsin lamba ga sojojin ‘yan mulkin mallaka.
Don haka, yayin da kyaftin na wata ƙungiya Moussebel, an kashe shi a yaƙi a Meftah a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1960, a lokacin yaƙin Souakria tare da Abdelkader Madjène da sauran Mujahideen, sauran ƙungiyar suna haɗuwa da maquis da ke kewaye.
Tabbatuwa
Ya ba da sunansa ga wata muhimmiyar gundumar Algiers a arewacin makabartar El Alia a cikin gundumar Bab Ezzouar kuma wacce ke dauke da sunan Chinatown mai suna Yahia Boushaki.
Ya kuma ba da sunansa na baya ga wani titi a cikin Thenia a cikin lardin Boumerdès wanda ke ɗauke da sunan Titin Yahia Boushaki, tsohon Avenue Jean Colonna d'Ornano.
Wani karin girma da aka yi wa jami’an Sojin kasar Aljeriya (ANP) an sanya wa suna Yahia Boushaki Promotion a shekarar 1995 a lokacin horar da su a Ecole Supérieure de la Défense Aérienne du Territoire (ESDAT). An nada karin girma hudu na jami'an Gendarmerie Nationale (GN) Matsayin Yahia Boushaki har zuwa Yuni 16, 2008.
Janar Abdelmalek Guenaizia (1936-2019), tare da rakiyar ministocin gwamnatin Aljeriya daban-daban, da kansa ya ba sunan Yahia Boushaki a kan abubuwan da ke cikin wannan karin girma. A Algeria da kuma a tarihin Wilaya IV, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa.
Duba kuma
Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia
Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1935
Mutuwan 1960
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulunci
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21494 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeanyi%20Ararume | Ifeanyi Ararume | Ifeanyi Godwin Ararume( haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas (1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Imo ta Arewa a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta tara . An zabe shi Sanata ne na mazabar Imo ta Arewa (Okigwe) ta jihar Imo, Najeriya a farkon Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Najeriya, yana kan takarar jam'iyyar PDP. Ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekarar (1999) An sake zaben shi a watan Afrilu a shekarar (2003) Bayan kuma ya hau kan kujerarsa a majalisar dattijai a watan Yunin a shekarar ( 1999) an nada Ararume zuwa kwamitocin Sadarwa, Harkokin 'Yan Sanda, Halin Tarayya, Kudi & Kasaftawa, Bayanai da Neja Delta (mataimakin kujera).
Ararume ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar ( 2007) don yin takarar gwamnan jihar Imo. Jam’iyyar ta zabi ta gudanar da Charles Ugwu a madadin sa. Ararume ya nuna rashin amincewa da wannan shawarar kuma ya tabbatar da hukuncin Kotun Koli don goyon bayan sa. Jam’iyyar ta kore shi kuma ta zabi rashin fitar da dan takarar, ta bar filin a bude ga Ikedi Ohakim na jam’iyyar Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA).
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ararume ne a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, a shekarar 1958 a Isiebu, Umuduru a karamar hukumar Isiala Mbano na jihar Imo, Najeriya ga Marcus Ararume da Adaezi Grace Ararume (Nee Anyiam). Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Saint Christopher, Umuluwe, Ajirija a Isiala Mbano. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Dick Tiger Memorial Secondary School, Amaigbo bayan ya yi rajista a baya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sapele, yanzu a Jihar Delta. Ya aikata wani digiri na farko mataki a harkokin kasuwanci, daga Liberty University a Lynchburg, Virginia da kuma wani Masters Science Degree (M.SC) a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Benin .
Ayyuka
Sanata Araraume ɗan siyasa ne mai himma. Tarihinsa a siyasa ya fara a cikin shekara ta (1990) Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ma'ajin Jiha na Babban Taro a tsohuwar Jihar Imo tsakanin shekarar (1988) zuwa shekara ta ( 1989) Ya shiga Kwamitin Kudi na kasa na rusasshiyar National Republican Convention (NRC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasa na mulkin soja Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya kirkira daga shekara ta (1990) zuwa shekara ta (1993) kuma a matsayin Shugaban, NRC Shugabancin kasa na jihohin Kwara da Delta. Shi ne shugaban farko na Jam’iyyar rusasshiyar All People Party (APP); daga baya All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) a jihar Imo a shekarata (1998) zuwa (1999).
An zabe shi ne zuwa majalisar dattijai mai wakiltar mazabar Imo ta Arewa (Okigwe) ta jihar Imo, Najeriya a shekarar ( 1999) karkashin jam'iyyar PDP kuma an sake zaben shi a shekara ( 2003) A lokacin da yake Sanata, ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Majalisar Dattawa; ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan wutar lantarki da karafa, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan al'adu da yawon bude ido, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan hukumar raya yankin Neja Delta (NDDC), shugaban kwamitin sauraron bahasi na yankin Kudu maso Yamma kan gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar (1999) memba na Kwamitin Tattaunawa kan Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (JCRC) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Bashi na cikin gida da na waje. Ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar Sanatocin Kudu.
Rigingimun siyasa
Ararume yana aiwatar da siyasar da ba akida ba. Yana tsalle daga wata jam’iyyar siyasa zuwa wani akai-akai. Ya kasance cikin dukkan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya. Siyasarsa ta kasance cike da rikice-rikice. Bayan ta lashe zaben fidda gwanin na PDP a jihar Imo a shekara (2007) jam’iyyar ta tsayar da Charles Ugwu a madadin sa saboda rigima da shugabannin jam’iyyar. Jam’iyyar ta yi ikirarin cewa kuri’un da aka kada sun gaza da kashi biyu bisa uku da majalisar ta amince da shi kuma zaben ya kasance cikin rikici. Ararume ya kuma nuna rashin amincewa da wannan shawarar kuma ya tabbatar da hukuncin Kotun Koli don goyon bayan sa. Duk da haka, an kore shi daga jam'iyyar saboda ayyukan adawa da jam'iyyar kuma jam'iyyar ta zabi kar ta tsayar da dan takara a zaben gwamnan. Kafin zaben sa a matsayin sanata a shekarar (1999) Ararume shi ne shugaban jihar na rusasshiyar All Peoples Party (APP).Ya sauya sheka daga APP zuwa PDP 'yan kwanaki kafin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP na kasa inda ya lashe zaben a karkashin yanayi mai rikitarwa.
Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) inda ya tsaya takarar gwamnan a shekarar ( 2011) amma ya sha kaye a hannun Rochas Okorocha na jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA). A shekarar ( 2014) Ararume ya sake komawa jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ya kuma tsaya takarar neman kujerar gwamna a shekarar (2015) wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Chukwuemeka Ihedioha . Daga baya ya sake sauya sheka daga PDP zuwa All Progressives Congress (APC) kuma ya hade da gwamna mai ci Okorocha yayin zaben gwamna na shekarar (2015) A ranar 5 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta (2018) Sanata Ararume ya fice daga jam’iyya mai mulki ta APC ya koma APGA inda a yanzu yake takarar dan takarar gwamna.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1958 |
50734 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Burkina%20Faso | Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Burkina Faso | Ana magana game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Burkina Faso a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta, wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 1991. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura da damuwa game da ƙuntatawa ga 'yan jarida da kuma yadda ake gudanar da tsarin shari'a. A cikin rahotonta na shekarar 2021, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Burkina Faso da cewa yana da matukar hadari idan aka yi la'akari da tashe-tashen hankula da masu kishin Islama, da jami'an tsaron gwamnati, da kuma masu goyon bayan gwamnati ke yi.
Kundin tsarin mulki da martanin majalisa
Kundin tsarin mulkin Burkina Faso da aka amince da shi a shekara ta 1991, ya yi magana game da ainihin 'yancin walwala na jama'a. Gwamnati ta kuma amince da yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da dama kamar ICCPR da CEDAW.
Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bincike kan take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da ake zargin an aikatawa da sunanta, ciki har da mutuwar mutane sama da 200 a Djibo da ake kyautata zaton jami'an tsaro masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne suka haddasa su, duk da cewa ba a bayar da cikakken bayani kan sakamakon irin wadannan binciken ba. An kafa Cibiyar Shari’a ta Sojoji don bincikar laifuffukan da sojojin gwamnati ke aikatawa, amma ba ta da wani kudi sosai.
Dangane da annobar COVID-19 da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a kasar, gwamnatin Burkinabe ta saki fursunoni 1200 don hana yaduwarta a gidajen yari. Sun kuma fadada samar da koyo ta hanyar rediyo, talabijin da kuma dandamali na kan layi bisa la'akari da rufe makarantu don hana yaduwar cutar coronavirus. An kuma yi kokarin aiwatar da karin tsaro a makarantun ƙasar domin kare su daga hare-haren masu kishin Islama.
Batutuwa
Sojojin gwamnati
Amnesty International ta lura da damuwa game da kama masu zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma rashin mutunta ka'idar bin doka. A cikin watan Maris ɗin 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun kashe mutane 23 a Cissa; A wata mai zuwa, an sake kashe wasu fursunoni 31 sa'o'i bayan an kama su a wani farmakin yaki da ta'addanci a Djibo. A watan Mayun shekarar 2020, mutane goma sha biyu da jami'an Jandarma suka kama a Tanwalbougou daga baya an same su gawarwaki a cikin dakunansu; an ruwaito cewa an harbe su. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa jami’an tsaro na cin zarafin ‘yan gudun hijirar Mali da ke neman mafaka a Burkina Faso da sunan neman ‘yan ta’adda masu kishin Islama a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira na kasar.
'Yan bindiga
Burkina Faso dai ta daɗe tana riƙe da wasu 'yan bindiga na cikin gida da aka fi sani da Koglweogo, masu goyon bayan gwamnati. An nuna damuwa game da 'yan bindigar da suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙabilar Mossi, waɗanda suka aikata ta'asa, ciki har da kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane arba'in a Yirgou a shekarar 2019. A cikin watan Janairun 2020, dokar da gwamnatin Burkinabe ta zartar ta mayar da Koglweogo cikin 'Yan Sa-kai don Kare Gida (VDH), wanda ke samun tallafi da horo na gwamnati. Bayan haka, an zargi mambobin VDH da kisan mutane 19 a kusa da Manja Hien a watan Fabrairun 2020, da kuma hare-hare a kauyukan Peuhle a Yatenga, inda aka kashe mutane 43.
Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, an kuma zargi sojojin Burkinabe da kisan gilla na aƙalla mutane 50 a rikicin kan iyaka a ƙasar Mali a shekarar 2020.
Masu kishin Islama
Ana ta fama da tashe tashen hankula a ƙasar, inda hare-haren da ake kai wa 'yan ƙasar ke zama hujjar masu tayar da ƙayar baya ta hanyar alaƙanta waɗanda abin ya shafa da gwamnati, da 'yan bindiga masu ɗauke da makamai, da ƙasashen Yamma, da Kiristanci. An yi ta kisan kiyashi a kan kabilar Mossi da Foulse, ciki har da kisan mutane 35 a Arbinda a watan Disambar 2019; Mutuwar mutanen ƙauye 90 yayin hare-hare daban-daban a Rofénèga, Nagraogo da Silgadji a watan Janairun 2020; da kuma mutuwar mutanen ƙauye sama da 40 a hare-hare a Lamdamol da Pansi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Kungiyoyin Islama sun kuma yi amfani da ingantattun na'urori masu fashewa wajen kai hari. Sace kuma wata dabara ce ta gama-gari; a watan Yulin 2020 an sace sarkin kauyen Nassoumbou kuma aka tsare shi tsawon watanni biyu; Yayin da a watan Agustan 2020 aka kashe Sonibou Cisse, Babban Limamin Djibo, kwanaki bayan sace shi.
Haka kuma masu kishin Islama sun kai hari a makarantun Burkina Faso. Tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Agusta 2020, an kona akalla makarantu arba'in da sace-sace, an kuma kashe malamai, da duka, da sace su, da fashi, da kuma barazana. Kafin gwamnati ta rufe dukkan makarantun Burkinabe saboda barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a watan Maris 2020, an kiyasta cewa makarantu 2500 sun riga sun rufe saboda hare-haren masu kishin Islama da damuwa game da amincin ɗalibai, wanda ya shafi ɗalibai 350,000.
Tarihi
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Burkina Faso tun a shekarar 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta tallafa wa Freedom House ke wallafa wa a kowace shekara. Makin 1 shi ne "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shi ne "ƙananan kyauta". 1
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Burkina Faso kan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil adama na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka.
Duba kuma
'Yancin addini a Burkina Faso
Fataucin mutane a Burkina Faso
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Burkina Faso
Haƙƙoƙin LGBT a Burkina Faso
Siyasar Burkina Faso
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57653 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Equus | Hyundai Equus | Hyundai Equus ( Korean ) yana da cikakken girman injin gaba, motar baya, kofa hudu, sedan na fasinja guda biyar wanda Hyundai ya kera kuma ya sayar dashi daga 1999 zuwa 2016. Sunan " equus " shine kalmar Latin don "doki".
A cikin 2009, Hyundai ya fito da ƙarni na biyu tare da dandamali na baya-baya kuma yana fafatawa da BMW 7 Series, Mercedes S-Class, Audi A8 da Lexus LS . Tun daga watan Agusta 2014, ana sayar da ƙarni na biyu a Koriya ta Kudu, Rasha, China, Amurka, Kanada, Amurka ta tsakiya, da Amurka ta Kudu — da kuma a Gabas ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin sunan Hyundai Centennial .
A Nuwamba 4, 2015, Hyundai bisa hukuma sanar da Farawa model za a spun kashe a cikin Farawa Motor, sabon alatu abin hawa rabo ga Hyundai. An sake sanya magajin 2016 ga Hyundai Equus azaman Farawa G90 (EQ900 a Koriya har zuwa 2018).
ƙarni na farko (LZ/YJ; 1999)
A 1999, Hyundai Motors da Mitsubishi Motors sun gabatar da cikakken girman sedan. Kamfanin Hyundai ya ce yana yin babbar mota mai girman gaske don yin gogayya da Mercedes-Benz S-Class da BMW 7 Series a kasuwar Koriya. A zahiri, tana fafatawa da abokin hamayyarta na gida, Shugaban SsangYong . Hyundai ya sami babban nasara tare da Equus a Koriya, amma kaɗan ne aka fitar da su zuwa wasu ƙasashe. An fitar da ɗayan don Nunin Mota na Ƙasashen Duniya na New York na 2001 don auna martanin masu amfani da Amurka. Hyundai ya bayyana motar ga abokan cinikin Amurka a matsayin motar alfarma na Hyundai LZ450 amma ba a siyar da ita a Amurka ba.
Mitsubishi Motors ne ya tsara ƙarni na farko, wanda ke da nau'in nasu mai suna Proudia . Kamfanoni biyu ne suka kera shi tare. An gabatar da samfurin ƙarni na farko a cikin 1999 a matsayin mota mai tuƙi ta gaba mai auna tsayi da fadi. Samfurin limousine mai tsayi mai tsayi ya kasance na musamman don kasuwar cikin gida ta Koriya, kuma a kan ₩92,510,000 Koriya ta Kudu ta sami nasara don ƙirar 2008 tare da V8 kuma babu zaɓi, shine samfurin mafi tsada a cikin layin kamfanin. Equus na ƙarni na farko na limousine mai tsayi mai tsayi shima yana da alaƙa da injina da Mitsubishi Dignity limousine don kasuwar Japan. An sayar da Equus na ƙarni na farko a Koriya ta Kudu, China, da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Ƙididdiga mai ƙayyadadden ƙima, wanda aka yiwa alama azaman Centennial, an samar da shi don wasu kasuwannin yammacin Turai a farkon da tsakiyar 2000s. Da farko, akwai nau'ikan injin guda biyu: 3.5 Sigma V6 da injin 4.5 8A80 (Omega) V8 . Bayan 'yan watanni, an ƙara nau'in injin 3.0 Sigma V6. Akwai nau'i biyu: sedan (3.0, 3.5 da 4.5) da limousine (3.5 da 4.5). A Japan, a karkashin sunan Mitsubishi Dignity (limousine version) da Mitsubishi Proudia (sedan version), game da 2,000 raka'a aka sayar. Musamman, injin 4.5 8A80 (Omega) V8 injin nau'in GDI ne (Gasoline Direct Injection), wanda Mitsubishi Motors ya kera kuma ya ƙera shi. An inganta wannan injin don samar da man fetur maras leda mai ƙima, amma an sami ɗan ƙaramin damar samun irin wannan man a Koriya a lokacin. Don haka, galibin waɗannan injunan sun yi amfani da man fetur na yau da kullun marasa leda sannan kuma suna da matsaloli masu yawa, wanda ke haifar da koke-koke daga direbobi. A ƙarshe, Hyundai Motors ya gyara wannan injin daga Nau'in GDI zuwa nau'in MPI (Multi Point Injection) don magance matsalar. Ya kara jakunkunan iska na labule a cikin 2001 da kuma masu kamun kai a 2002.
Sabon Equus
A cikin 2003, Hyundai ya gabatar da 'Sabon Equus', suna canza ƙirar kaho da wasu na ciki. An sake ba da allon inch 7 don wurin zama na baya, fitilun Xenon, na'urori masu auna filaye na gaba, da sauransu. Ya gabatar da sanyaya iska da dumama, sarrafa yanayi tare da tsabtace iska (2003), kujerun fata na Alcantara (2007). Daga 2005, 3.0 da 3.5 Sigma V6 nau'ikan injuna an canza su zuwa nau'ikan injunan 3.3 da 3.8 Lambda V6 waɗanda Hyundai Motors suka tsara kuma suka haɓaka. Amma watsawar atomatik ba a canza ba. Hyundai a hukumance ya daina samar da Equus na ƙarni na farko a cikin Nuwamba 2009. An ƙaddamar da sabuwar babbar motar Equus ta baya a cikin Maris 2009. Maimakon ci gaba da samarwa kamar Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors ya ƙare samar da Proudia da Mutunci a kusa da lokacin gabatarwar wannan samfurin.
limousine model
An yi samfurin limousine don kasuwar Koriya. Equus Limousines sun yi amfani da shahararrun masu mallakar kamfani a Koriya da kuma VIPs na waje.
Zamani na biyu (VI; 2009)
Sigar farko
Equus ƙarni na biyu, codename "VI", an buɗe shi a Grand Hyatt Seoul . Ba kamar tsohon Equus ba, VI yana da gine-ginen tuƙi na baya-baya, doguwar ƙafa, da injin daban. VI ya dogara ne akan sabon dandamali, wanda Kamfanin Hyundai Motor Corporation ya haɓaka a cikin gida.
Kasuwancin cikin gida na Koriya ta Kudu Equus yana samuwa a matsayin "Prime" 3.8L da "Prestige" 4.6L. Shi ne samfurin da ya fi tsada a cikin layin kamfanin. An kaddamar da shi a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin a watan Agustan shekarar 2009. An jera Hyundai Equus a cikin 'motoci 10 masu kayatarwa don 2010' daga <i id="mwbw">Forbes</i> .
An sanar da ƙirar Amurka a cikin 2009 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, kuma an buɗe shi a 2010 New York Auto Show. Samfurin Amurka na farko ya ƙunshi injin 4.6L V8 iri ɗaya kamar na Farawa sai da fiye da sigar yanzu. Wannan ya sanya jimillar fitowar injin a da . Equus na Arewacin Amirka yana da alamar alamar da aka haɗe a kan kaho sabanin kayan ado na hood, grille yana nuna alamar grid a kwance kamar ɗan'uwansa na Farawa sabanin na tsaye akan ƙirar duniya, da kuma na'urar iPad da aka haɗa tare da aikace-aikacen jagorar mai amfani da Equus. an riga an shigar dashi sabanin littafin mai shi na gargajiya.
Ita ce Hyundai ta farko tare da Tsayar da Jirgin Sama mai Kula da Kayan Wuta (EAS) da Ci gaba da Damping Control (CDC). Hakanan Hyundai na farko tare da tsarin gujewa haɗarin abin hawa (VSM) wanda ke da mafi kyawun sarrafa sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na lantarki, birki na lantarki, kula da jirgin ruwa mai kaifin radar da tsarin tashin bel don ingantaccen tsaro.
Equus limousine
An fito da sigar Equus mai tsayi a cikin Satumba 2009. Yana da ya fi tsayin sigar sedan. Zaɓuɓɓukan injin sun haɗa da injunan Lambda 3.8L da Tau 5.0L. Samfurin limousine yana da keɓaɓɓen gandali na radiyo a kwance, da kuma fasali irin su madaidaicin ƙafar ƙafa, tallafin kafa ta baya da tsarin tausa.
Har ila yau, Hyundai ya ƙera mota mai sulke bisa limousine, mai girman nau'in 5.5L na injin V8. A cikin Satumba 2009, Hyundai ya ba da nau'ikan limousine guda uku masu hana harsashi na sedan Equus na alatu zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaron Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu don amfani da ita azaman motar gwamnati . Hyundai ya kera wannan abin hawa ne da wata gawa ta musamman, tare da tsarin sanyaya atomatik idan wuta ta tashi da kuma tagogin harsashi.
An ba da kyautar limousine mai sulke na farko ga gidan Blue House . An ba da kyautar Hyundai Equus ga Costa Rica kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman motar shugaban kasa.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52346 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinikin%20Bayi%20na%20Atalantika | Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika | Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika (Atlantic Ocean) wanda a turance ake kira da Atlantic Slave Trade wani zamani ne a tarihin duniya daga misalin ƙarni na 15th zuwa ƙarni na 19th, wanda yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga ƙasashen Turai (European countries) suka dinga sayen mutane a Africa a matsayin bayi, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka (Americas) da ta Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Kamar yadda masu karatun tarihi suka sani, zuwa farkon shekarun 1500 (1500s) a zamanin da a tarihance ake cewa “Age of European Exploration” wato shekaru da Turawa suka dukufa wajen gano hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye musamman na ruwa, ƙasashen Turai musamman Portugal da Spain sun sami ilimin gano yadda taswirar duniya take, da kuma iya gano hanyoyin jiragen ruwa da za su sadar da su ga kasashen gabas da na yamma, wato a turance “linking eastern and western hemisphere
“. Sannan kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gano yankuna masu yawo a duniya ciki har da nahiyar Amurka wadda kafin lokacin ba su santa ba. Don haka ne a wannan ƙoƙari ne, jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Kasar Portugal a ƙoƙarin su na neman hanyar ruwa da zata sadar da su ga yankin India da na China domin ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci, suka yi nasarar gano gaɓar tekun Atalantika dake yammacin Afrika. Saboda haka, wannan ya bada damar ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Ƴan kasuwa na ƙasar Portugal da kuma na masarautun gaɓar teku, irin su Masarautar Benin da Asante da kuma ta Dahomey.
Bayan wani dan lokaci kuma, a shekarar 1526 sai turawan ƙasar Portugal suka fara sayen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi a Masarautar Benin wadda yanzu tana cikin ƙasar Najeriya ta yanzu, suka kuma zuba su jirgin ruwa zuwa nahiyar Amurka domin su je suyi musu noma a manyan gonakin su dake nahiyar Amurka, wasu yan kaɗan daga cikin bayin kuma suka kai su nahiyar Turai domin su zama bayi masu yin aikin gida wato a turance ” home servants”.
Don haka ne masana tarihi suka tabbatar da cewa, tun daga wannan shekara ta 1526 da Turawan Portugal suka sayi bayi a Afrika, sai kuma sauran yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turawa kamar su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France) da kuma Netherlands suka shiga cikin Cinikayyar bayin sosai.
Asalin Fara Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika.
Asalin fara Cinikin Bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 15th, lokacin da kasashen Turai irin su Portugal da Spain suka jagoranci nasarar gano yankin Amurka wanda kafin lokacin, babu wata ƙasar Turawa da ta san da yankin na Amurka. Saboda haka, wannan kuma ya ba su damar kafa manyan gonakin noman rake (sugar cane), Kofi (coffee), auduga (cotton) da sauran su. To kuma akwai buƙatar samun waɗan da za su yi juriyar noma waɗannan gonaki.
A hannu ɗaya kuma, zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16th, tuni jiragen ruwan ƴan kasuwar Portugal sun fara zuwa gaɓar tekun yammacin Africa suna kawo kayan sayarwa irin su madubi, bindigu, kayan sawa, da kuma giya. Sannan su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika su sayar mu su da gwal (gold), manja (palm oil), koko (cocoa), da kuma bayi kaɗan.
Wannan fara alaƙa ta kasuwanci tsakanin ƴan kasuwa daga Turai da kuma na Afrika shine ya bawa Turawa damar fara sayen mutanen Afrika a matsayin bayin da za su yi musu bautar noma a waɗannan manƴan gonaki na su dake nahiyar Amurka. Yan kasuwar Ƙasar Portugal ne suka fara sayen bayi a shekarar 1526 daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi na Masarautar Benin, sannan kuma sauran Ƴan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France), Netherlands, da kuma Denmark suka shigo cikin.
Yayin da wannan Cinikayyar bayi ta karɓu a gurin sauran Ƴan kasuwar ƙasashen Turai, sai cinikin ya zama mai riba ga ɓangare biyu na Ƴan kasuwar. Saboda, ƙasashen Turai sun sami sauƙin samar da ma’aikata da za su yi musu aiki a wannan manƴan gonaki na su da kuma ayyukan gida. Su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika masu sayar da bayi na Afrika sun sami kuɗi ta wannan kasuwanci.
Yanayin kamen Bayin.
Ya tabbata cewa, Turawa a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika basa iya shiga cikin ƙwaryar nahiyar Afrika, sai dai su tsaya a bakin gaɓar Teku. Don haka, sun dogara ne da yan kasuwa masu kamen bayi dake nahiyar Afrika wajen kamo bayin da kuma sayar mu su. Akwai hanyoyi sanannu guda 3 wajen kamo bayin kamar haka :
1, Wasu bayin ana iya kamo su ne ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci wanda masarautun bakin Teku suka shahara wajen yi. A misali, akan iya shirya yaƙi kawai don kama bayi.
2, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne ta hanyar kai farmaki (raiding) ga wasu mutane. Domin yawancin masu kamen bayin sukan kai hari akan wani gari ko wasu gungun mutane tafiya domin su kama su a matsayin bayi.
4, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne, yayin da suka aikata wani babban laifi a cikin al’ummar su, to cikin hukuncin da ake yi musu ne, ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi.
Don haka, idan masu kamen bayi sun sami bayin ta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanƴoƴi da muka ambata, ko kuma wasu hanƴoƴi daban. Sukan tattara su, sai kuma su ɗaure su da sarƙa ko kuma igiya mai ƙwari ɗaya a gaban ɗaya. Daga nan kuma sai ya taho da su zuwa bakin teku inda Turawa suke hada hadar sayen bayi.
A tsarin kasuwancin, akwai tashoshin saye da sayarwar bayi a gaɓar tekun Afrika inda ƴan kasuwar Afrika suke kawo bayin, su kuma yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga Turai suke zuwa su saya ko kuma ayi musanye (trade by barter) da kayan sayarwar su irin su bindigu, kayan sawa, madubi, da kuma giya.
Da zarar bayin sun isa tasoshin saye da sayarwar, sai Turawan masu saye su zo su duba domin su saya. Yawancin Turawan sukan zo da likita domin ya duba lafiyar bayin, kafin a saye su. Haka kuma, an fi sayen bayi maza kuma wanda shekarun su suka fara daga 10 zuwa 35. Yayin da su kuma mata ba’a fiya sayen wanda suka haura shekara 30 ba. Idan kuma ciniki ya faɗa, sai Ɗan kasuwar da ya saya yazo da wani ƙarfe wanda ya yi jajazur a wuta ya ɗanawa bawan a matsayin tambarin da zai gane nasa ne ko da ya gudu.
Bayan an gama sayen bayin ne kuma, sai a zuba su a jiragen ruwa, inda mafi yawa ake kai su nahiyar Amurka domin su yi noma. Wasu kuma kaɗan daga cikin bayin, ake kai su nahiyar Turai a matsayin bayi masu aikatau a gidaje.
Yanayin Rayuwar Bayi.
Kamar yadda ya tabbata a tarihi, yanayin kamen bayi a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika ya kasance mai muni da tsanani kwarai da gaske fiye da sauran cinikayyar bayi da aka yi a sauran sassan duniya. Domin kuwa, mafiya yawa daga cikin masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwar bayi a wannan zamani musamman bayin da su ke noma a gonaki ta kasance ta wahala da kuma keta hakkin Ɗan Adam. Saboda ya tabbata cewa mafi yawancin bayin ana mu’amalantar su ne kamar dabbobi. Kuma haka ta faru ne sakamakon rashin imanin Turawa saboda suna ganin shi bawa ba shi da wani Ƴanci tun da sayen sa aka yi.
A nahiyar Amurka kuwa da ake kai bayin daga Africa, ana tilastawa bayin su yi noma a manyan gonaki na tsawon lokutai da suka wuce ƙima. Duk bawan da kuma yaƙi yi ko kuma bai yi yadda ya kamata ba, to ana hukunta shi kamar dabba. Misalin hukuncin shine, akan yi musu bulala da ta wuce kima har sai jikin su ya fashe, ko a yanki naman jikin su, ko kuma a hana su abinci a wannan rana.
Don haka ne, a tarihi aka samu lokutai daban-daban da bayin suka yi bore saboda zaluncin da ake yi musu. A misali, a yankin nahiyar Amurka cikin yankuna irin su Brazil, yankin Karebiyan (Caribbeans) da kuma tarayyar Amerika (USA) an sami bore kamar sau 200, wanda ya samarwa da bayin sauki.
Ribar ta Turawa ce.
Ƙasashen Turai a matsayin masu sayen bayi daga Afirka domin su yi musu aiki, sannan a wani hannun kuma masu sayar da kayan masarufin su a Afrika, sun kasance da cin moriyar kaso 90% na wannan zamani na cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika.
Da farko, nahiyar Afrika ta kasance kasuwa ga kayan masarufin da Turawa suka samar a masana’antun su. Domin kuwa Turawa sukan kawo kayan sayarwar su kamar su bindiga, madubi, kayen ado na mata, da kuma giya zuwa Afrika. Yayin da su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika sukan kawo wa Turawa gwal (gold), hauren giwa (ivory), kwakwar manja (palm oil), ko kuma bayi domin ayi musanya wato a turance ‘trade by barter’. Saboda haka, zamu ga cewa Afrika ta zama kasuwa da Turawa suke sayar da kayan su, a wani ɓangaren kuma inda suke samun kayan sarrafawa (raw materials) domin masana’antun su dake Turai.
Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci, Turawa sun samar da hanƴa mafi sauƙi ta yin aikatau a manƴan gonakin su dake Amurka. Wannan hanƴa kuwa ita ce ta saye da amfani da baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi da su dinga nome mu su waɗannan gonaki.
Asarar ta Afrika ce.
Masana tarihi da yawa sun bayyana cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manƴan dalilan da suka kawo ci baya a nahiyar Africa, musamman ga yankunan da suke baki ko kusa da gaɓar Tekun Atalantika. Domin kuwa, kaso 5% zuwa 10% na wannan cinikayyar bayi Afrika ta amfana da shi kawai. Shima kuma wannan amfanuwa ta takaita ne ga manyan sarakunan Masarautu kamar su Benin, Dahomey, Asante, garuruwan Niger-Delta, da sauran su, da kuma manƴan ƴan kasuwa a wannan yankuna.
Da farko kamar yadda masanin tarihin nan dan Africa da ake kira da Walter Rodney ya faɗa, ya nuna cewa cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo faruwar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci da kuma kai hare-hare domin samun bayi. Saboda lokacin da sarakunan Masarautun gabar Tekun Afrika suka fahimci cewa wannan Ciniki zai kawo musu riba, sai suka himmatu wajen yaƙi da kai hari ga junan su domin samun bayin da za su sayar wa da Turawa. Dalilin wannan kuma, rashin tsoro ya bayyana wanda ya daƙile ci gaban da Afrika ya kamata ta samu.
Na biyu kuma, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ya janyo raguwar mutane masu dimbin yawa, kuma lafiyayyu wanda kowace ƙasa take buƙata don ci gaba. Domin kuwa, masana tarihi sun ƙididdige yawan bayin da aka fitar daga nahiyar Afrika da cewa za su kai kimanin miliyan 10 zuwa12. Bayanin ya tabbatar da cewa, kaso 55% na bayin sun fito daga yammacin Afrika (west Africa), kaso 39.4% sun fito daga tsakiyar Afrika (central Africa), sannan sai kaso 4.7% daga kudancin Afirika (southern Africa). Haka kuma bayanan tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa kimanin bayi miliyan 2 ne suka rasa ran su a sakamakon cututtuka da wahalhalu.
Na uku, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo wa Afrika ƙasƙanci, da raini a idon Turawa wanda ya ƙara janƴo wariyar launin fata (racism). Domin kuwa, mafiya yawan Turawa, suna bada hujjar wannan Cinikin Bayi a matsayin fifikon da suke da shi akan mutanen nahiyar Africa.
Rushewar Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika
An shafe kimanin shekaru dari huɗu ana yin wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika, wato daga Ƙarni na 15th zuwa Ƙarni na 19th kafin yazo ƙarshe.
A misalin ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th ne Turawa suka fara dawowa daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki ta hanyar fara saka dokoki waɗanda suka haramta Cinikin bayin. Babbar doka wadda Turawa suka yi, ita ce wadda Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Ingila tayi a shekarar 1807, wadda ta haramta cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika. Daga nan kuma sauran ƙasashen Turawa suka bi bayan ta.
To amma wasu daga cikin masana tarihi sun samar da bayanai (theories) akan haƙiƙanin dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa da suka amfana daga Cinikin, amma kuma daga baya suka dawo daga rakiyar sa.
Masanin tarihin nan Ɗan Afrika wato Walter Rodney ya bayyana cewa babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa musamman Ingila suka dawo daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki, shine samun cigaban masana’antu “Industrial Revolution” da aka samu a nahiyar Turai daga wajejen shekarar 1750. Wannan cigaba da ake kira a turance da Industrial Revolution ya kawo samuwar injina (machines) wanda suke iya yin aikin da mutum yake a gona ko a masana’anta. Don haka buƙatar aikin mutum ta ragu, sakamakon waɗannan injina da ake samarwa suna iya yin aikin a sauƙaƙe kuma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ta saka ƙasashen Turai suka ga ya dace su tsayar da cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika.
Wasu masana tarihin kuma sun ce wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya zo ƙarshe ne, sakamakon matsin lamba akan Ƙasashen Turai, wanda wasu ƴan rajin kawo ƙarshen wannan Ciniki da ake kira da ‘abolitionist’ suka dinga fafutukar rushe Cinikin. A misali, a ƙasar Ingila wani wakilin majalisar dokokin Ingila da ake kira William Wilberforce ya jagoranci wata fafutuka wadda ta tilastawa Majalisar Dokokin Ingila yin dokar da ta haramta cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika a shekarar 1807.
To amma duk da ƙoƙarin da manƴan ƙasashen Turai kamar Ingila da Faransa suka yi na daƙile Cinikin, amma wasu ƙasashen sun ci gaba da safarar bayin. A misali, kasar Amurka ta kawo ƙarshen Cinikin ne a shekarar 1863.
Ƙarkarewa
Cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika kamar yadda muka karanta, wani Ciniki ne da Turawa suka dinga saye da kamen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka da nahiyar Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Saboda haka, cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya taimakawa tattalin arzikin Turawa sosai, a hannu ɗaya kuma ya rusa ci gaban Afrika ta hanƴoƴin da dama.
Manazarta |
21738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ba | Ibrahim Ba | Ibrahim "Ibou" Ba (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1973) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama. Fara aikinsa tare da Le Havre a Faransa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyoyi a Italiya, Ingila, Turkiyya, da Sweden kafin ya yi ritaya a AC Milan a shekarar 2008. Cikakken dan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekara ta 1997 da shekarar 1998, ya ci wasanni takwas. kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa kuma ta zira kwallaye
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, Ibrahim Ngom Ba bai cika sha takwas ba tukuna, a shekara ta 1991, ya fara wasa a kulob din Faransa na Le Havre AC, inda ya kwashe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1996, ya koma Bordeaux na Ligue 1, ya kai wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue
AC Milan A shekarar 1997, Ba ya canza sheka daga FC Girondins de Bordeaux zuwa Milan, kuma a shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999 ya lashe gasar Serie A. Daga baya kuma aka bashi a AC Perugia, inda ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya sake yin wani rance, tare da Olympique de Marseille, a shekara ta 2001. Dawowa cikin Milan, Ba ya ci duka Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Coppa Italia a lokacin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu sosai a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, kodayake bai taba zama dan wasa ba, wasanni 5 kacal ya buga a dukkannin wasannin a kakar.
Bolton Wanderers A shekara ta 2003, ya bar Milan ya koma Bolton Wanderers a Ingila. Ya taimaka musu suka kai ga wasan karshe na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2004, suna wasa a duka kafafu biyu na nasarar kusa da karshe akan Aston Villa. Koyaya, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar ranar wasan yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Middlesbrough. Ba ya buga wasansa na karshe a wasan Bolton da Chelsea a ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2004.
Çaykur Rizespor Ya kasa yin rawar gani a Bolton, sannan ya koma Turkiyya bayan kaka daya, inda ya koma Çaykur Rizespor kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2004.
Djurgårdens IF A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005, Djurgårdens IF na Sweden ya sanya hannu kan Ba kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Djurgården ya lashe duka biyun Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a kakarsa ta farko tare da kulob din. A farkon shekara ta, 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa kwantiraginsa za ta kare kuma daga baya ya bar Djurgården a cikin Janairun shekarar, yana taka leda a wasanni 14 kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Komawa AC AC A farkon shekara ta, 2007 Ba ya koma Italiya don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Serie C2 Varese don taimakawa lafiyar sa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, bayan tafiya zuwa Athens tare da tawagar A.C. Milan don halartar wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League inda suka doke Liverpool Premier League ta Liverpool, Ba ya amince da kwantiragin shekara daya tare da rossoneri. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya buga wasa sau daya kacal a Coppa Italia a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya yi ritaya daga wasan a matsayin dan wasa kuma ya zama mai leken Milan a Afirka.
Ayyukan duniya Ba ya ci wa Faransa wasa sau takwas tsakanin shekara ta, 1997 zuwa 1998, kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. Kwallayen nasa biyu sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da suka yi da Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar mutum Ibrahim Ba dan ɗa ne a shekara ta, 1970 dan ƙasar Senegal Ibrahima Ba (an haife shi a shekara ta, 1951), wanda ya kammala aikinsa a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Le Havre AC zuwa ci gaba a shekara ta, 1979 kuma ya kammala aikinsa a SC Abbeville. Karamin dan Ibrahima Ba, Fabien (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 1994) shi ma dan kwallon ne, yana wasa a Italiya tare da Giovanissimi Nazionali na tsohon dan uwansa Ibrahim tsohon kulob din AC Milan. A cikin shekarar, 2018, Paolo Maldini ya sanya sunan Ba daya daga cikin manyan abokansa daga duniyar kwallon kafa.
Daraja Kulab AC Milan Serie A: 1998–1999
Uefa Champions League: 2002 - 03
Coppa Italia: 2002-2003
Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Kofin Sweden: 2005
Bayani "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2002. An dawo da 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013.
"Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013."Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro "". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021.
"Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu - svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021."Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 200 'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. An dawo da 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan | Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021 "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 Fabrairu 2002. An dawo da 14 Maris 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "" Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro "". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu - svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga Yuni 2007. "'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 Yuni 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga Yulin 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan | Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairun shekarar 2021. "Ibrahim Ba» Internationals "Abokai". duniya.net. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Faransa da Afirka ta Kudu, 11 ga Oktoba 1997". 11v11.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Portugal da Faransa - 22 Janairu 1997 - Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. A.C. Milan - Giovanissimi Nazionali ya Adana 9 Afrilu 2009 a Wayback Machine https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Milan/24-06-2018/50-volte-maldini-sono-uomo-felice-la-pelle-rossonera-28071449050.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Tambaya # 42 http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ibrahim Ba a Soccerbase Gyara wannan a Wikidata Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (a Faransanci) Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (an adana shi (cikin Faransanci) |
13280 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian%20Williams | Sian Williams | Sian Mary Williams, (;an haife ta 28 Nuwamba 1964) yar jaridar Welsh ce kuma mai gabatar da al'amuran halin yanzu, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta da BBC.
Daga 2001 har zuwa 2012, Williams a kullun tana gabatar da labaran safe na BBC Breakfast da kuma dukkanin manyan labarai a BBC One . Ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattauna shirin guda biyu na BBC One Sunday Morning Live daga 2014 har zuwa 2015.
Tun daga watan Janairun 2016, ta kasance mai gabatar da Labari na 5 a 5.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife Williams a Paddington, London, ga iyayen Welsh kuma an haife shi ne a Eastbourne, East Sussex. Mahaifiyarta, Katherine Rees, ta fito ne daga Llanelli kuma ta ƙaura zuwa London don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya. Mahaifin Williams ya fito ne daga Swansea, kuma danginsa manoma ne a Glamorgan. Ya kasance ɗan jarida, yana aiki da farko a buga kuma daga baya a rediyo. Ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Ingilishi da Tarihi daga Oxford Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Oxford Brookes), tayi karatun rubuce-rubuce mai mahimmanci a Jami'ar tsibirin Rhode, kuma ta sami digiri tare da MSc a Psychology daga Jami'ar Westminster.
Aiki
Williams ta shiga cikin BBC a 1985 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa ga tashoshin Rediyon Gida na BBC a Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds da Manchester . Daga 1990 zuwa 1997 Ta kasance edita ne a shirin Rediyon BBC 4 na Duniya a Tsakanin Daya da PM . Williams ya kasance editan shirye-shirye don labarai da dama da kwararru kan zaben a Rediyon 4 da Rediyon BBC 5 Live .
Kafin fara tashoshin tashar a 1997, Williams ta shiga cikin BBC News 24 a matsayin edita. Yayin gwaje-gwaje na allo don masu gabatarwa, ɗayan mai nema ya sami lafiya kuma an nemi Williams ya shiga cikin rawar. Masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen sun gamsu da irin rawar da suka taka kuma sun ba ta fara gabatarwar da karfe 4:00 pm zuwa 7:00 dare tare da Gavin Esler . Ta kasance tare da tashar kusan shekara biyu kafin ta shiga BBC One's O OCC News a 1999 a matsayin yar sako ta Musamman. Ta zama mai gabatar da kayan agaji ne game da bullar labarin kuma a shekara ta 2001 ta zama babban mai gabatar da ita Juma'a yayin hutun haihuwa na Fiona Bruce . Williams kuma ya zama babban mai gabatar da shirin labarai na mako-mako na BBC.
Williams ta shiga cikin Breakfast a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2001 a matsayin mai ba da agaji, da farko gabatar da ranar Jumma'a-Lahadi tare da Darren Jordon, don gabatarwa ga babban mai gabatarwa, Sara Montague, daga baya kuma tare da Jeremy Bowen, don kare Sophie Raworth . Hakanan a kai a kai tana dauke da labarai biyu na labarai na 'O'Clock' da kuma Labarin ' O'Clock daya' a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2004, Williams ta yi wa Raworth bayani akan Labaran 'O'Clock shida''' a lokacin haihuwarta, tare da George Alagiah, sannan a shekara mai zuwa, an ba da rahoto daga Sri Lanka da Thailand game da girgizar Indiya ta 2004 da Pakistan daga girgizar Kashmir. .
A watan Mayun 2005 ne aka tabbatar da ita a matsayin babbar mai gabatar da shirin Breakfast na BBC, wanda ya fara gabatar da Dermot Murnaghan sannan kuma Bill Turnbull daga 2008. Williams ta bar karin kumallo ta BBC a ranar 15 ga Maris 2012 bayan an sauya rukunin masu samar da shirye-shirye zuwa Salford . Ta ɗan koma cikin Rediyon BBC 4 don gabatar da shirye- shiryen Asabar Live .
Williams ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a waje da labarai da al'amuran yanzu wadanda suka hada da The Show daya, Babban Wahalar Welsh, Yanzu Kuna Magana da Asibitin City . A shekara ta 2010, Williams ɗan rahoton rahoto ne na Watchdog . A cikin 2013, ta karbi bakuncin Kuɗin ku, Kayan dabarun su tare da Nicky Campbell da Rebecca Wilcox . Williams ya kuma gabatar da jerin tambayoyin bangarori uku ga BBC One Wales wacce ake wa lakabi da Hirar Sian Williams wanda ke nuna Tanni Gray-Thompson, Suzanne Packer da Siân Phillips .
A watan Yuni na 2014, Williams ta zama sabon mai gabatar da shirin Lahadi Morning Live, shirin BBC na muhawara ta addini da da'a. Ta gabatar da shirin ne a cikin jeri biyu kafin Naga Munchetty ta maye gurbin ta a watan Yuni na 2016.
A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2015, Williams ta sanar da cewa za ta bar BBC ta zama sabon mai gabatar da labarai na 5 News . Ta gabatar da bayaninta na farko 5 News a kan 4 Janairu 2016. A shekara ta 2017, ta gabatar da Ajiye Adana Kudi: Kyakyawan Lafiya tare da Ranj Singh akan ITV.
[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> ]
Wasu aiki
Williams ita ne shugaban kungiyar TRIC (Gidan Talabijan da Gidan Rediyon Masana Gidan Rediyo) na 2008 zuwa 2001. Ta zama ellowan Han jami'ar girmamawa na Jami'ar Cardiff a watan Yuli 2012.
A cikin 2014, ta fara karatu don digiri na biyu a ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Westminster, ta ƙware game da tasirin rikicewar damuwa bayan tashin hankali a kan 'yan jarida da masu ba da rahoto.
Rayuwar ta
A watan Fabrairu 1991, Williams ta auri Neale Hunt, wani tsohon darektan kamfanin tallata McCann Erickson, wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu. Bayan rabuwar ma'auratan, Williams ta auri Paul Woolwich a 2006 kuma ta haifi ɗanta na uku a watan Oktoba na 2006, daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa ta sami lita biyu na jini sakamakon rikice-rikice. Williams ta haifi 'ya mace a cikin Maris 2009.
[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> ]
Williams ta shiga gudun tseren fanfalaki na New York City a 2001, kuma ta kwashe kwanaki da dama tana murmurewa a asibiti daga cutar sankarar mahaifa . Bayan shekaru da yawa ba ta shiga cikin yin tsere ba, sai ta kammala tseren fanfalaki na London a 2013.
Lafiya
A watan Mayun 2016, Williams ta bayyana cewa ta sami lasisin aikin mastectomy sau biyu bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. Ma'aikacin labarai na Channel 5 ya gaya wa mujallar Mata da Gida cewa an gano ta dashi a 2014, mako daya bayan cikar haihuwar ta shekara 50. Ta ce koyaushe tana tunanin cewa tana da ƙoshin lafiya kamar yadda "ta yi duk abubuwan da suka dace - Ni mai shan shayi ne, mai shan salmon, mai tsere". Ta ce babban abin da take ji ba shi ne ganin yayanta biyu sun girma.
Filmography
Asibitin garin
Karin kumallo na BBC (2001 - 2012) - Mai gabatarwa
Watchdog (2010) - Mai ba da rahoto
Crimewatch (2012, 2015) - Mai gabatarwa
Kudi Kuzarinsu (2013) - Mai gabatarwa
Hirar Sian Williams - Mai gabatarwa
Lahadi Morning Live (2014–2015) - Mai gabatarwa
Labaran 5 a 5 (2016 –da ke nan) - Anga
Ajiye Kudi: Asarar nauyi (2017) - Mai gabatarwa
Adana Kudi: Kyakkyawan Lafiya'' (2017 - yanzu) - Mai gabatarwa
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
54953 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20West | Scott West | Scott West (an haife shi 14 Nuwamba 1974) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙa'idodin Australiya wanda ya wakilci Western Bulldogs a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (AFL). Bayan lashe lambar yabo bakwai Charlie Sutton Medals, West an gane a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bulldogs' mafi girma-har abada. Dan wasan tsakiya mai tauri "in-da-karkashin" wanda ke da wahala a kwallon, musamman a kusa da tsayawa, West ya kasance a kai a kai a cikin mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa a lokacin wasansa.
UsFarkon aiki
Scott West (an haife shi 14 Nuwamba 1974) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙa'idodin Australiya wanda ya wakilci Western Bulldogs a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (AFL). Bayan lashe lambar yabo bakwai Charlie Sutton Medals, West an gane a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bulldogs' mafi girma-har abada. Dan wasan tsakiya mai tauri "in-da-karkashin" wanda ke da wahala a kwallon, musamman a kusa da tsayawa, West ya kasance a kai a kai a cikin mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa a lokacin wasansa.
Yamma ya sami ilimi a Penleigh da Essendon Grammar School (PEGS), wanda ya wakilta a kwallon kafa tare da Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria (AGSV) Farko XVIII a 1991 da 1992 tare da Shane Crawford da kuma abokin gaba Paul Dimattina . Ya kuma buga wa Strathmore kuma daga baya Footscray (yanzu Western Bulldogs) ya ɗauke shi aiki, wanda ya fara halarta a karon a 1993 . Ya lashe kyautar AFL Rising Star a waccan kakar. A cikin 1993 da 1994 ya sanya lamba 14 guernsey, kafin ya canza zuwa sanannen lamba 7 bayan tafiyar Doug Hawkins zuwa Fitzroy a 1995.
Farashin AFL
Bayan Footscray ya sake yin wa kansa lakabi da Western Bulldogs a lokacin tashin hankali na 1996, Bulldogs sun sake komawa cikin ban mamaki a cikin 1997, suna faduwa cikin raɗaɗi ga bayyanar Grand Final na farko tun 1961 lokacin da Adelaide na ƙarshe ya zo daga baya don lashe Gasar Farko da maki biyu. Taimakon da West ta bayar a cikin kulob na ban mamaki turnaround aka gane lokacin da ya lashe na biyu na abin da zai zama bakwai Charlie Sutton Medal . Ya yi zaɓin Australiya duka sau biyar - a cikin 1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 da 2006. Nasarar mafi kyawu da adalci a West a cikin 2005 ta sa ya zarce rikodin Gary Dempsey na baya na shida.
A ƙarshen 2006 West an bayyana shi a matsayin mafi kyawun salon aikinsa duk da cewa yana da shekaru 32 kuma ya kammala wasansa na 300. Wannan tsari na tsari ya ƙunshi aiki mai ban mamaki mafi kyawun zubarwa 45 a wasa ɗaya da Adelaide Crows . A cikin kakar 2006, Yamma ta zama dan wasa na farko da aka yi rikodin (wanda aka yi rikodi tun 1987) don tara fiye da 400 ta hannun hannu a cikin kakar wasa, ya ƙare da 423.
Yamma ta ƙare ta biyu a cikin lambar yabo ta Brownlow sau biyu: a cikin 2000 da 2006. Ya kuma gama na uku a cikin kirga na 1999, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ba su taɓa samun babbar lambar yabo ta AFL ba. A cikin 2000 ya kasance mai rashin sa'a musamman: shiga zagaye na karshe, ya kasance daidai da Shane Woewodin daga Melbourne akan kuri'u 22. Da yake yana da kuri'u 17 kawai kuma ana musanya shi a mafi yawan kwata-kwata na karshe, Woewodin ba a yi la'akari da damar jefa kuri'a a kan West Coast ba, amma Woewodin ya samu kuri'u 2 kuma ya sami lambar yabo da kuri'u 24. Wests ban mamaki rikodin brownlow ya ƙunshi na uku a cikin 1999, na biyu (ta kuri'u biyu) a cikin 2000 da (ta kuri'u biyu) a 2006 da na huɗu a 2004 da 2005. A cikin 2006 ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lahadi Footy Show's Lou Richards don mafi kyawun ɗan wasa kamar yadda masu sharhin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Channel 9 suka zaɓa. Shi ne jama'ar da aka fi so don lashe lambar yabo ta Brownlow a 2006, saboda yawan rashin da'a da ya yi kuma na biyu, saboda yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Victoria da ke da babbar dama ta lashe kyautar, a lokacin da ba dan Victoria ba. kungiyoyi sun mamaye gasar. Yamma ya ƙare na biyu a cikin 2006 a bayan Adam Goodes .
A kan 23 Satumba 2008, aikinsa ya ƙare bayan Bulldogs ya ce ba a buƙatar shi a kulob din.
Bayan yin wasa
Yamma ƙwararren mai aikin lambu ne kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin shimfidar ƙasa tun 1997.
Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, West ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin tsakiya a Melbourne, yana samun yabo ga ikon koyarwa.
A cikin 2012 ya zama kocin kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Werribee a cikin Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victoria (VFL). Zamansa ya kasance gajere amma cikin nasara mai ma'ana, wanda ya jagoranci Werribee zuwa Gasar Farko a jere kafin ya bar bayan kakar wasa ta 2013 a cikin begen samun matsayin koci a AFL.
A cikin Oktoba 2014, Yamma yana cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi la'akari da su don maye gurbin Brendan McCartney a matsayin babban kocin Bulldogs, amma a ƙarshe an ba da matsayi ga Luke Beveridge .
West ya kuma kasance yana aiki a matsayin mai sharhin ƙwallon ƙafa a rediyo don Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Australiya (ABC).
Girmamawa
A farkon 2002, an sanya sunan Yamma a cikin Western Bulldogs Team of the Century.
Kyautar Scott West, wanda aka ba wa Western Bulldogs 'mafi ƙarfin hali a lokacin kakar wasa, an ba shi suna a cikin girmamawarsa.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20El%20Ahmadi | Karim El Ahmadi | Karim El-Ahmadi Aroussi ( Larabci : كريم الأحمدي; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar "1985") shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Maroko da ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida na Al-Ittihad daga Saudi Arabia. El-Ahmadi an haife shi ne a Netherlands kuma ya buga wa FC Twente da Feyenoord wasa kafin ya koma Premier League tare da Aston Villa a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) sannan daga baya ya koma Feyenoord a watan Satumbar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu (2014).
Rayuwar Farko
El Ahmadi an haife shi kuma ya girma a Enschede, Overijssel, Netherlands. Iyayensa duka 'yan asalin kasar Morocco ne, wanda ya bashi damar mallakar dan kasar ta Morocco kuma ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco.
Klub din
UDI
Tun yana dan shekara (9) El Ahmadi ya fara buga kwallon kafa a karamar kungiyar Enschede ta UDI . 'Yan kallo daga Twente sun lura da shi da sauri kuma an gayyace shi ya shiga makarantar su.
=== FC Twente ===
Ranar (21) ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu (2004) El Ahmadi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar farko ta Twente a wasan waje da FC Utrecht (2-0) inda ya buga minti cassa'in (90). El Ahmadi ya iya buga karin wasanni guda biyu (2) da Groningen da RBC Roosendaal amma tare da dawowar A wasan karshe na kakar a karawar da suka yi da RKC Waalwijk a ranar tara (9) ga watan Mayun (5) shekarar dubu biyu da hudu (2004). El Ahmadi ya ba Kimensenen taimako don yin (3-2) amma RKC Waalwijk ya ci kwallaye a ƙarshen minti don yin ( 3-3).
Lokaci mai zuwa shekarar ( 2004 zuwa 2005) El Ahmadi ya fara zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin wasanni biyu na gaba da Ajax da RKC Waalwijk a farkon kakar.A karawar da suka yi da Heerenveen a ranar ashirin da takwas (28) ga watan Agustan (8) shekarar dubu biyu da hudu (2004). El Ahmadi ya yi wasa na mintina cassa'in (90) kuma ya kafa ma Blaise Nkufo kwallo a wasan da ci (4-1). A ranar goma sha uku (13) ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu ( 2004) El Ahmadi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke NEC da ci biyu da nema.A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, El Ahmadi ya buga wasannin lig-lig goma sha shida (16) galibi yana wasa a fagen gefe. Sannan ya zama a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta yau da kullun.
a cikin wadansu shekaru ya samu Kan shi a wajen mutane goma Sha ɗaya masu buga wasanni, hakan ya sa shi ya buga wasanni har sau takwas
A kakar wasanni ta shekarar (2007 zuwa 2008) mai zuwa,Twente ta fara shan wahala bayan kulob din ya sayar da Bakırcıoğlu ga Ajax sannan kuma aka sayar da Sharbel Touma ga kungiyar Borussia Mönchengladbach ta Jamus. Ko da mafi muni Patrick Gerritsen ya ji rauni a kafa yana jagorantar El Ahmadi don samun ƙarin lokacin wasa a cikin sahun farawa. A karshen watan Yulin El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewarsa har zuwa shekara ta (2011). Manajan Fred Rutten ya ce a sabon kwantiragin: "Ga kulob din yana da kyau mu rike 'yan wasa irin wannan," . A karshen kakar (2007 zuwa 2008 ) El Ahmadi ya buga wasanni guda talatin da uku (33) da farko yana wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin FC Twente ta cancanci zuwa gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA, duk godiya ga saurin ci gaba daga dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron gida.
Feyenoord
A ranar goma sha shida (16) ga watan Afrilu (4) a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008) an sanar da cewa El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da kulob din Feyenoord na Dutch don canja wurin a (£ 4.3 miliyan).
Bayan raunin raunin da ya hana shi buga wasan sai ya fara zama na farko a ranarbiyu (2) ga watan Oktoba (10) a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008) yana zuwa ya maye gurbin Luigi Bruins a gasar cin kofin UEFA -match da Kalmar FF, wanda Feyenoord ta ci (2-1). Ya fara buga wasan sa na farko a karawa da NEC kafin ya dawo bayan mintuna hamsin da takwas (58) kuma wasan ya kare ne da rashin nasara a gidan (0-2) a ranar (5 ) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2008). A ranar (9 ) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2008) El Ahmadi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke Utrecht da ci (5-2). A ranar ashirin da biyu (22) ga watan Fabrairun (2) a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) El Ahmadi ya ci wa kulob din kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke De Graafschap da ci (2-0). Tun da ya fara zama na farko, ya taka leda akai-akai a cikin sahun farawa wanda ya haifar da sha'awar ƙungiyar Jamus Hamburger SV. A farkon watan Afrilu El Ahmadi, ya ji rauni a idon sawu kafin ya dawo a wasan karshe na kakar, rashin nasara da ci (3-2) a kan Roda JC. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an alakanta shi da abokan hamayyar kungiyar PSV Eindhoven, amma, babu wani tayi da ƙungiyar tayi.
A kakar wasanni ta shekarar (2009 zuwa 2010) a karkashin mai kula da kungiyar Mario Been, an tura El Ahmadi a tsakiyar fili tare da karuwar matasa Leroy Fer da Jonathan de Guzmán . Wasa a wannan matsayin, ya buga wasannin lig-lig guda ashirin da shida (26). A zagayen kwata fainal na gasar cin kofin KNVB, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya zura kwallo ga kyaftin Giovanni van Bronckhorst a wasan da suka doke PSV Eindhoven da ci (3-0) a ranar ashirin da bakwai (27) ga watan Janairun (1) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010). Daga baya Feyenoord zai kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin KNVB, wanda ya sha kashi da ci (6-1) jumulla a kan Ajax. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa 20010) El Ahmadi ya haɗu da wata ƙungiyar Jamus, Schalke (04) .
Bayan bada aro a kungiyar Al Ahli, El Ahmadi ya dawo feyenoord. A karkashin kociyan kungiyar Ronald Koeman ya samu damar zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya wanda ya kulla kawance da Jordy Clasie da Otman Bakkal . A ranar goma sha daya (11) ga watan Satumba (9) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya ci kwallonsa ta farko tun daga shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) a wasan da suka doke NAC Breda da ci (3-1). A ranar goma sha shida (16) ga watan Oktoba (8) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) El Ahmadi ya sake zira kwallaye a wannan kakar a wasan da suka lallasa VVV-Venlo da ci (4-0).
Lamuni ga Al Ahli Club
Bayan da ya buga wasanni guda goma sha biyar (15) a kakar (2010 zuwa 2011) a Feyenoord, El Ahmadi ya koma kungiyar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta Al Ahli a kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida domin kulob din ya bunkasa kudaden da ake bukata don sayen sabon dan wasan a ranar( 25) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2011). A ranar hudu (4) ga Fabrairu (2) shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a wasan da suka tashi( 0-0) da Al Dhafra SCC. A ranar ashirin da hudu (24 )ga watan Maris (3) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci (2-2) da Ittihad Kalba . Yayin bashi El Ahmadi ya bayyana a wasanni guda goma (10) kuma ya ci kwallo daya. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya bayyana cewa yana son sake buga wasan Kwallon Kafa na Turai a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma matakin gasar Al Ahli ya yi 'kasa sosai'idan aka kwatanta da 'kungiyoyi mafi rauni a gasar ta Holland' Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Al Ahli, Abdullah Saeed Al Naboudah,ya ce kulob din na son sa hannu El Ahmadi na din-din-din, duk da haka, kungiyoyin biyu sun kasa cimma matsaya.
A ranar ashirin da shida (26) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) kafofin watsa labaru na Burtaniya da na Dutch sun alakanta El Ahmadi da sauyawa zuwa Aston Villa na Premier League ta Ingila.Jim kaɗan bayan haka,sabon manajan Villa Paul Lambert ya tabbatar da sha'awar sa ga dan wasan.A ranar biyu (2) ga watan Yuli a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) El Ahmadi ya kammala musayar sa daga Feyenoord zuwa Aston Villa kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya kai kusan (£2,000,000). Wannan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na farko da Lambert ya sanya a matsayin manajan Aston Villa, kuma na biyu da Aston Villa ta saya a bazara bayan dan kasar Australia Brett Holman ya koma daga AZ. A ranar goma sha hudu (14) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) El Ahmadi ya fara taka leda a wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci (2-1) a filin wasa na Pirelli,yana nuna mutumin da ya nuna kwazo. A ranar ashirin da biyar (25 ) ga watan Agusta, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida kuma ya zira kwallaye a mintuna saba'in da hudu (74) a wasan da Aston Villa ta doke Everton da ci (3-1). Bayan da ya fara wasa mai kyau duk da rashin nasarar bude wasannin Premier biyu a kakar wasa ta bana,an zabi El Ahmadi a matsayin dan wasan kungiyar na watan Agusta. Daga baya a kakar, El Ahmadi bai fita daga kungiyar ba saboda rauni kuma ya buga wasanni guda ashirin da hudu (24) a duk wasannin. El Ahmadi ya fara kakar wasanni ta (2013 zuwa 2014 ) a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, yana nuna kwazo mai kyau a tsakiyar fili, gami da zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi (3-2) da Manchester City . Aston Villa ta ci nasara a kan Chelsea, El Ahmadi tsere rauni bayan Chelsea Dan wasan Ramires ya bayyana a dũka a kan El Ahmadi. Sakamakon haka, an kori Ramires daga wasan. Hakanan an aika manajan Chelsea José Mourinho zuwa 'yan kallo bayan abin da ya faru.
Komawa zuwa Feyenoord
A ranar daya (1) ga watan Satumba a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu (2014) El Ahmadi ya sake komawa Feyenoord don wani kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a De Kuip har zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017).
A ranar ashirin da biyu (22) ga watan Afrilu (4) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) ya taka leda a yayin da Feyenoord ya ci wasan karshe na Karshen shekara ta (2017 zuwa 2018) na KNVB Cup da ci (3-0) da AZ Alkmaar .
Al-Ittihad
A ranar tara (9) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Saudi Arabiya .
== Ayyukan duniya ==
El Ahmadi ya buga wa kungiyoyin matasa na kasar Holland wasa, amma ya zabi ya wakilci Morocco a Gasar FIFA ta Matasan Duniya ta shekarar dubu biyu da biyar (2005) a Netherlands.
A cikin watan Mayu (5) shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa guda ashirin da uku (23) na kasar Morocco da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha.
Rayuwar mutum
El Ahmadi Musulmi ne mai bin addini.
Statisticsididdigar aiki
Na duniya
Daraja
Eredivisie :
Gwarzo: 2016–17
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2011–12
Kofin KNVB :
Gwarzo: 2015-16, 2017-18
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009-10
Garkuwan Johan Cruijff : 2017
Ashirin da biyu
Kofin KNVB:
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2003-04
Al Ittihad
Kofin Sarki
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2019
Kofin Saudi Arabia
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2019
Kowane mutum
Footan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Holand na Shekara : 2016-17
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29826 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Jin%20Da%C9%97i | Haƙƙoƙin Jin Daɗi | Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi na nufin haƙƙoƙin mutane su sani kuma su sami mafi girman haƙƙinsu na fa'idodin jin daɗin Jiha, kuma a kula da su da kyau ta tsarin jin daɗin rayuwa. An kafa shi a cikin United Kingdom tun shekara ta 1969 kuma an haɓaka shi a wasu ƙasashe ciki har da Ireland, Australia da Amurka . Ya zama dole saboda sarkar tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar Burtaniya kuma yana da alaƙa a lokacin tare da haɓaka ƙungiyar Claimants Union . Kamar yadda hukumomin yankin suka fahimci fa'idar samun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan layi na gaba kamar jami'an gidaje da ma'aikatan jin daɗin rayuwa, waɗanda galibi suna magance tambayoyin fa'ida a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan ayyukansu, sun juya ga ma'aikatan haƙƙin jin daɗi don ba da wannan ƙwarewar ga duka biyun. horarwa da kulawa da hadaddun lokuta. A cikin shekara ta 1980s, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi suka ɗauki ajandar 'daidaitu'', ana ganin aikin yaƙi da talauci a matsayin ingantaccen aiki na cikin gida a cikin kansa. Ƙara yawan kudin shiga na fa'ida yana taimaka wa ɗaiɗaikun mutane amma kuma yana haɓaka tattalin arzikin gida.
Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi a Burtaniya
Wasu ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na sa kai, kamar Ofishin Ba da Shawarwari ga Jama'a, suna ɗaukar masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin jindadi masu biyan kuɗi ko masu sa kai. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara yawanci suna ba da shawara kyauta, mara son kai da mai zaman kanta, bayanai da goyan baya akan duk fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa da ƙima na haraji, gami da wakilci kyauta a Kotun Koli ta matakin farko da Kotun Koli, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa.
Wasu lauyoyi, da mashawarta masu zaman kansu ko kamfanoni suna bayar da shawarwarin haƙƙin jin daɗi da wakilci. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara na iya cajin kuɗi ko kuma za su iya ba da shawara da taimako mai iyaka (kyauta).
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin walwala gaba ɗaya suna ba da shawarar ƙwararrun doka game da ma'amala da ma'aikatun jama'a, kamar fa'idar Gidajen gida da sabis na Amfanin Harajin Majalisar, Harajin Haraji da Kwastam (HMRC) da Sashen Ayyuka da Fansho (DWP).
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi gaba ɗaya sune kamar haka:
Bincika abin da fa'idodi ko kiredit na haraji mutane za su iya cancanta
Taimaka tare da hadaddun fa'idodin aikace-aikacen fa'ida
Ba da shawara da wakilci a kan duk abubuwan da suka shafi dokar tsaro ta zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin fa'idodi, koma baya, dakatarwa da ƙarin biyan kuɗi.
Bayar da shawarwari da wakilci a gaban kotunan ƙaramar tsaro ta zamantakewa
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi sukan yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa shari'a don taimaka musu sarrafa aikinsu. Waɗannan na iya zama tushen takarda, tushen kwamfuta ko kan layi.
Jami'an kare haƙƙin jin daɗin jama'a galibi suna kawance da ƙungiyoyin yaƙin neman zaɓe da ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG), Citizens Advice Bureau da London Advice Service Alliance (LASA), alal misali. Ana girmama waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don horarwa da wallafe-wallafen, waɗanda masu ba da shawara ke amfani da su sosai a duk faɗin Burtaniya, da kuma ayyukan yaƙin neman zaɓe.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi ita ce Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarar Haƙƙin Jin Dadi (NAWRA) a matakin Burtaniya; Scotland tana da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta, Shawarar Haƙƙin Scotland (RAS).
Haƙƙin jin daɗi a Amurka
Dokar Flemming na shekara ta 1960, mai suna bayan Arthur Flemming, wani hukunci ne na gudanarwa wanda ya zartar da cewa jihohi ba za su iya musun cancantar tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Aid to Families with Dependent Children shirin a kan tushen gidan da ake ganin bai dace ba ga yaran macen da ake kira a matsayin shege.
A cikin shekara ta 1963 Johnnie Tillmon ya kafa ANC (Aid to Needy Children) Mothers Anonymous, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata masu jin daɗin jin daɗin jama'a na farko, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jin Dadin Jama'a.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Jin Dadin Jama'a, wacce ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1975, kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, musamman mata da yara. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofi guda huɗu: isassun kuɗin shiga, mutunci, adalci, da kuma shiga cikin dimokuradiyya. Johnnie Tillmon shine shugaban kungiyar na farko.
Sarki v. Smith , 392 US 309 (1968), wani hukunci ne wanda Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya hana Agaji ga Iyalai da Yara masu dogaro ba saboda kasancewar “mahaifin mahaifinsa” wanda ke ziyartar dangi a karshen mako.
A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1991 Cheri Honkala ya kafa Kensington Welfare Rights Union, wani ci gaba na adalci na zamantakewa, aikin siyasa, da ƙungiyar shawarwari na, ta, da kuma ga matalauta da marasa gida waɗanda ke aiki daga Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma Galen Tyler ke jagoranta.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Fa'idodin Jin Dadi da Tax Credits Handbook (buga na shekara) Ƙungiyar Talauci ta Yara. London.
Littafin Jagoran Haƙƙin nakasa (buga na shekara). Ƙungiyoyin Nakasa. London.
Bateman, N. (2006) Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Oxford.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shawarar Haƙƙin Scotland
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa
Kungiyar Ayyukan Talauci
Rightsnet
Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jin Dadin Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya
Talauci Kanada
Jin daɗi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
12436 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20cocin%20Bitrus | Babban cocin Bitrus | Bazilikar Bitrus ko Babban cocin Bitrus, (Turanci Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican), ginin Coci ne dake a birnin Vatican wanda yake cikin birnin Rome. An gina Cocin cikin salon gini na Renaissance.
Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno da Gian Lorenzo Bernini ne suka tsara ginin Cocin. ginin na daga cikin jerin manya manyan gine gine a duniya. Ana kiran Cocin da Uwar Cocinan Katolika, sannan tana daya daga majami'u masu tsarki a duniyar Kiristoci.
Babbar Cocin Saint Peter's Basilica ita ce coci mafi girma a duniya, wanda kuma take a kasar Vatican- kasa mafi kankanta a duniya- wadda take a cikin birnin Rum dake Italy.
Bayanai
Birnin Vatican shi ne hedikwatar Cocin Katolika kuma mazaunar Fafaroma.
Mabiya addinin Kirista musamman ma 'yan darikar Katolika, na matukar girmama majami'ar St. Peter's kuma sun amince cewa an gina cocin ne a kan kabarin Peter, shugaban sahabban Annabi Isa 12 kuma Fafaroma na farko, wanda kuma ake tunanin cewa shi ne jagoran addinin kirista na farko.
Mabiya Katolika sun amince kabarin na dai-dai karkashin mumbari mafi tsawo a majami'ar.
A dalilin haka, an sha binne fafaromomi a cocin tun farkon kafuwar addinin Kirista.
Tarihi
Tarihi ya nuna cewa an gina majami'ar Saint Peter a karni na 4 lokacin mulkin Sarki Constantine - sarkin Rum na farko kirista- tsakanin shekarun 319 zuwa 333 bayan mutuwar Annabi Isa.
Daga baya ginin cocin ya fara lalacewa, sai Fafaroma Julius II ya dauki matakin rushe shi ya gina sabo.
Wannan ya jawo lalacewar kayan tarihi da gumaka masu dumbin muhimmanci.
An kwashe tsawon shekaru 219 ana sake gina cocin daga shekara ta 1506 zuwa ta 1626.
Majami'ar Saint Peter ta mamaye fili mai girman mita 220 a fadi kuma mita 150 a tsawo.
Tana da hasumiyoyi da gumaka da manyan kofofi masu kyawun gaske.
Ana ganin Majami'ar Saint Peter's a matsayin wuri mafi tsarki a darikar Katolika. An bayyana shi a matsayin wuri mai muhimmanci kuma majami'a mafi tasiri a addinin kirista.
Zama wajen ibada
Majami'ar Saint Peter wuri ne na ibada kuma Fafaroma ya kan jagoranci jam'in ibadu a cikinta ko a dandalin Saint Peter wanda shi ne farfajiyar gaban majami'ar.
Dubban mutane kama daga 15,000 zuwa sama da 80,000 kan taru duk shekara don yin ibada a cikin cocin.
Majami'ar na daya daga cikin manyan majami'u hudu a duniya da ake musu inkiya da 'Basilica' kuma dukansu a birnin Rum suke.
Hasumiya
Hasumiyar Saint Peter na daya daga cikin manyan husumiyoyi a duniya, kuma ta kawatar da gaba daya birnin Vatican.
Hasumiyar na dai-dai karkashin babban mumbarin cocin ne, kuma an yi mata ado da kananan gilasai da wani irin siminti mai sumul-sumul.
Ginshikai hudu ne suka tallafe hasumiyar kuma akwai wata fitila mai haske a dai-dai tsakiyarta.
A jikinta, an yi rubutu da manyan haruffa wanda aka kewaye da fenti mai ruwan zinare.
Abin da aka rubuta- "Daga nan, addini daya ya haska gaba daya duniya"; da kuma "Daga nan aka haifi hadin kan limancin coci."
Kofofi
Akwai kofofi da dama a cikin majami'ar Saint Peter, kuma ko wacce na nuni ga wani abu mai muhimmanci da ya faru a tarihi.
Kofar Mutuwa- Wannan kofar ta samu sunanta ne saboda a zamanin da ta nan ake fitar da gawa idan za a binne ta.
Kofar abin kirki da na tsiya- Ita wannan kofar an bai wa Fafaroma Paul na 6 ne ranar zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa ta 80. Bangaren dama na kofar na nuna abin kirki yayin da gefen hagu ke nuna abin tsiya.
Kofar Filarete- Wannan ita ce kofar tsakiya kuma wadda ta fi ko wacce tsufa a majami'ar. Fafaroma Antonio Averulino ne ya kaddamar 1445. Kofar na da bangarori 6.
Kofar Al'adun darikar katolika- Ta wannan kofar ake shiga majami'ar.
Kofa mai tsarki- Ba a bude wannan kofar sai bayan shekaru 25, wato sai a shekara mai tsarki (Jubilee).
An kera wadannan kofofin wannan majami'a da tagulla kuma an yi masu zane-zane masu daukar hankali.
Kofar shiga cocin, wadda ake kira Holy Door, babbar kofa ce da aka kera da tagulla.
Ba a bude kofar wadda ake wa lakabi da 'Porta Sancta' sai bayan shekaru 25, wato sai a shekara mai tsarki (Jubilee).
A ranar farko ta shekara mai tsarki, Fafaroma na bugun bangon da kofar ke jiki da wata gudumar azurfa, sannan ya bude kofar ga masu ibada.
Wannan na nuni ne ga cewa rahamar Ubangiji za ta iske dan Adam.
Gumaka
Majami'ar Saint Peter na dauke da gumaka masu dimbin yawa wanda masu kere-kere da sassaka suka yi tun karni na 8.
Daya daga cikin irin wadannan masu sassaka sun hada da shahararren mai sassaka gumaka kuma mai zane Michelangelo wanda ya yi suna a tarihinItaliya
Da yawa daga cikin gumakan da ke cikin wannan majami'a shi ya sassaka su haka nan kuma shi ya yi wasu zane-zane a cikinta.
Kaburbura
Akwai kaburbura sama da 100 a cikin majami'ar St. Peter's kuma da yawansu a karkashin majami'ar suke. Cikinsu akwai kaburburan Fafaroma 91.
Ko wane Fafaroma, a lokacin da yake da rai, kan shirya yadda yake so a yi jana'izarsa. Zai bayyana wasiyyarsa da kuma sakonsa na ƙarshe ga mabiyansa.
A kan yi zaman makoki na kwana tara a duk lokacin da Fafaroma ya mutu, kuma a wannan lokaci majami'ar kan kasance ba ta da shugaba.
A kan binne Fafaroman ne kwanaki hudu zuwa shidda bayan rasuwarsa, kuma a cikin majami'ar Saint Peter's ake gudanar da jana'izar wacce take samun halarta manyan malaman addinin Kirista da shugabannin kasashe da masu fada-a-ji a duniya.
Jana'iza ta baya-bayan nan da aka yi a majami'ar ita ce ta Fafaroma John Paul II ran 8 ga watan Afrilun 2005.
Fafaroma
Tarihin mukamin Fafaroma ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Saint Peter, saboda tarihi ya nuna cewa shi ne Fafaroma na farko a duniya.
Kawo yanzu, an yi Fafaroma 266 tun daga wancan lokacin.
Fafaroma Francis shi ne mai ci yanzu kuma ya karba ne daga hannun Fafaroma Benedict XVI a shekarar 2013.
Fafaroma Benedict ya yi murabus ne ran 28 ga watan Fabrairun 2013 bisa dalilin rashin lafiya da tsufa.
Shi ne Fafaroma na farko da ya yi murabus tun Fafaroma Gregory XII a shekarar 1415.
Matakin Fafaroma Benedict ya bayar da mamaki saboda ba a saba ganin haka ba.
An fara zaman tantance wanda zai gaje shi ran 12 ga watan Maris a shekarar 2013 kuma kwamitin ya zabi Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Archbishop na Buenos Aires a Argentina wanda ya sauya sunansa zuwa Francis.
Yadda ake zaben fafaroma
Akwai kwamitin manyan malaman coci, wato College of Cardinals, da ke taruwa don zaben Fafaroma a duk lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso.
Ana zaben Fafaroma ne a yanayi na sirri, inda ake kulle manyan malaman a wani wuri da babu wanda ya san shi da makulli a cikin Vatican har sai sun cimma matsaya.
A kan dauki tsawon lokaci wani lokjaci kwanaki da yawa kafin su zabi Fafaroman.
A zamanin da, a kan kwashi tsawon makwanni ko watanni. Kuma wasu manyan malaman coci sun sha mutuwa a lokacin da suke a kulle wajen zaben Fafaroma.
A kan bi wannan tsari ne don a hana duk wani bayani kan zaben fita waje.
Da zarar an rufe malaman, ba za su sake fitowa ba har sai sun amince a kan sabon Fafaroma kuma a na za su ci abinci su yi bacci.
Ba su da wata alaka da waje, babu radiyo babu talabijin kuma babu jaridu da wayoyin hannu.
A kan bar likitoci biyu su shiga don tsaron lafiyar malaman, sai kuma masu shara da kula da wajen da malaman suke.
Amma fa sai likitocin da masu gyara wajen sun yi rantsuwar matse bakunansu.
A baya, idan daya daga cikin wadanda ake fatan ya zama Fafaroma ya samu kuri'u biyu cikin uku daga malaman majami'ar ya yi nasara kuma za a nada shi fafaroma.
Da Fafaroma John Paul II ya hau, sai ya sauya dokokin, kuma ya ce idan aka kwashe kwanaki 12 ana zabe amma aka kasa cimma matsaya, sai a zabi wanda ke da rinjayen kuri'u da kashi 50 cikin 100.
Amma Fafaroma Benedict ya soke wannan mayaki na Fafaroma John Paul II ya mayar da dokar da ake da ita a baya.
A karshen zaben,ana rubuta sakamakon a kan wata takadda sannan a bai wa sabon Fafaroman. Sai a sa ta a wata ambulan a like sannan ajiye ta a wani waje na sirri,kuma ba za a fito da ita ba sai idan Fafaroma ya ba umarnin yin hakan.
Alama daya kan abin da ke faruwa a cikin dakin shi ne hayaki da ke fitowa daga wani dan bututu a saman Sistine Chapel wanda ke nuna cewa ana kona takaddun kada kuri'a.
Bakin hayaki na nuna cewa an gaza cimma matsaya, yayin da farin hayaki ke nuna cewa an zabi fafaroma.
Dandalin Saint Peter
Gagarumin Cocin Saint Peter na fuskantar Dandalin Saint Peter a birnin Vatican, dandali mai girman gaske kuma mai daukar hankali saboda fadinsa da yadda aka tsara shi.
Sai an ratsa ta dandalin sannan ake shiga majami'ar.
A daidai tsakiyar dandalin, akwai wani dogo kuma siririn gini mai tsini daga samansa wanda aka gina a shekarar 1586.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa wannan siririn ginin dai na nuna ban girma ne ga abubuwan bauta na da, kuma ana iya ganin irinsa a kasashe masu tarihi kamar Masar da Burtaniya da Faransa da Italiya da dai sauransu.
Shahararren mai sassaka gumakan nan Gian Lorenzo Bernini ne ya zana tsarin dandalin.
Dandalin na da muhimmanci a tarihin addinin Kirista saboda mabiya addinin sun yi imani cewa Kiristoci da yawa ciki har da Saint Peter sun yi mutu a dandalin.
Babu shakka, Majami'ar Saint Peter na daga cikin wurare masu daukar hankali a duniya, saboda tasirinta da tsarin yadda aka ginata da kuma muhimmancinta ga mabiya addinin Kirista da sauran mutane ma'abota tarihi da masu sha'awar kayatattun gine-gine.
Manazarta |
24504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Sunayen%20Kogunan%20Sin | Jerin Sunayen Kogunan Sin | An tsara wannan jerin sunayen kogunan da ba su cika ratsa ta China ba gwargwadon ruwan da kowanne kogi ke Ƙwarara cikinsa, yana kuma farawa da Tekun Okhotsk a arewa maso gabas, yana tafiya ta agogo ta kan taswira yana ƙarewa da Tekun Arctic.
Tekun Okhotsk
Kogin Heilong (黑龙江) (Kogin Amur)
Kogin Ussuri (乌苏里江)
Kogin Muling (穆棱 河)
Kogin Songacha (松阿察 河)
Kogin Songhua (松花江)
Kogin Ashi (阿什 河)
Kogin Hulan (呼兰河)
Kogin Songhua na biyu (第二 松花江)
Kogin Woken (ken 肯 河)
Kogin Mudan (牡丹江)
Kogin Nen (嫩江)
Kogin Gan (Mongoliya ta ciki) (甘 河)
Kogin Huifa (辉 发 河)
Argun (额尔古纳河)
Kogin Hailar (海拉尔 河)
Tafkin Hulun (呼伦湖)
Kogin Kherlen (克鲁伦河)
Tafkin Buir (贝尔 湖) (mafi yawa a Mongoliya)
Tekun Japan
Kogin Suifen (绥芬河) / Kogin Razdolnaya (Rasha)
Kogin Tumen (River 们 江)
Kogin Hunchun (珲春 河)
Tekun Bohai
Kogin Anzi (鞍子 河)
Kogin Fuzhou (复 州 河)
Kogin Daliao (大 辽河)
Liao (辽河)
Kogin Taizi (太子 河)
Kogin Hun (浑河)
Kogin Liu (柳河)
Kogin Dongliao (东 辽河)
Kogin Xiliao (西 辽河)
Kogin Xar Moron (西拉 木 伦 河)
Kogin Daling (大 凌河)
Kogin Yantai (烟台 河)
Kogin Liugu (六 股 河)
Shi River (石河)
Kogin Gou (狗 河)
Kogin Dashi (大 石河)
Kogin Jiujiang (九 江河)
Kogin Dai (River 河)
Kogin Yang (洋河)
Luan (滦 河)
Hai (海河)
Kogin Chaobai (潮白河)
Kogin Chao
Kogin Bai
Wei (潍河)
Zhang (漳河)
Yongding (永定河)
Kogin Sanggan (桑干河)
Yang Yana (洋河)
Kogin Daqing (大 清河)
Kogin Juma (拒马河)
Waye (卫 河)
Kogin Tuhai
Kogin Yellow (Huang He) (黃河)
Kogin Luo (Henan) (洛河 (南))
Kogin Yi (伊 河)
Kogin Qin (沁河)
Wei (渭河)
Jing (泾 河)
Kogin Luo (Shaanxi) (洛河 (北))
Fen (汾河)
Yan River (延河)
Kogin Wuding (无 定 河/無 定 河)
Kogin Kuye (窟 野 河)
Kogin Dahei (大 黑河)
Kogin Qingshui (清水 河)
Kogin Zuli (祖 厉 河/祖 厲 河)
Kogin Tao (洮河)
Kogin Daxia (大 夏河)
Kogin Star (湟 水)
Kogin Farin (白河)
Xiaoqing (小 清河, wanda aka fi sani da 济 河)
Kogin Zihe (淄 河)
(Xin) Kogin Tahe
Kogin Yanghe (阳 河)
Kogin Zhangseng
Kogin Mihe
Tekun Yellow
Yalu (鸭绿江) - Koriya ta Kudu
Kogin Dayang (大洋 河) - Koriya ta Kudu
Kogin Huli (湖里 河) - Koriya ta Kudu
Kogin Yingna (英 那 河) - Koriya ta Kudu
Kogin Zhuang (庄河) - Koriya ta Kudu
Kogin Xiaosi (小 寺 河) - Koriya ta Kudu
Jiao (胶 河)
Kogin Yishui (沂河)
Shu (沭河)
Si (泗 河)
Tashar Noma ta Jiangsu ta Arewa
Tafkin Hongze (洪泽湖)
Yaren Huai (淮河)
Kogin Hui (浍 河)
Kogin Guo (涡河)
Kogin Ying (颍 河) - wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Shaying (沙颖)
Kogin Xiaorun (小 润 河)
Kogin Gu (谷 河)
Shiguan (史 灌 河)
Kogin Guan (灌 河)
Kogin Hong (洪河)
Kogin Huang (潢 河)
Kogin Lü (闾 河)
Kogin Ming (明河)
You River (River 河)
Kogin Yue, Shaanxi
Tekun Gabashin China
Kogin Yangtze (Chang Jiang 长江; saman da aka sani da Jinsha Jiang金沙江 da Kogin Tongtian通天河)
Kogin Huangpu (黃 浦江)
Kogin Suzhou kogin Wusong (苏州 河, 吴淞 江)
Kogin Xitiao (西 苕 溪)
Daxi Creek
Babban Canal (大 运河)
Kogin Qinhuai
Tafkin Gaoyou (高邮 湖)
Kogin Sanhe (三河)
Tekun Hongze
Kogin Huai
Kogin Guxi (姑 溪河)
Tafkin Shijiu (石臼 湖)
Kogin Yuxi (裕 溪河)
Tafkin Chao
Kogin Nanfei (南淝河)
Kogin Qingyi (青弋江)
Kogin Jingshan (荆山 河)
Kogin Daoni (倒 逆 河)
Kogin Zhaxi (渣 溪河)
Kogin Machuan (麻 川河)
Taiping Lake (太平湖)
Kogin Sanxikou (三 溪口)
Kogin Qingxi (清 溪河)
Kogin Shuxi (舒 溪河)
Tafkin Poyang
Kogin Gan (Jiangxi) (赣 江)
Zhang (章 江)
Yaren Gongshui (貢 水)
Mei (梅河)
Yaren Xiang (湘水)
Fuwa (抚河)
Xin (信 江)
Fushui (富 水)
She River (River 水)
Kogin Han (汉江 ko 汉水)
Chi (池水)
Muma (牧马 河)
Du River
Tafkin Dongting
Kogin Miluo (汨罗 江)
Yaren Xiang (湘江)
Xiaoshui (瀟水)
Zhengshui (氶 水)
Yaren Zijiang (Zi) (i 江)
Yuanjiang (Yuan) (沅江)
Yaren Lishui (Li) (澧水)
Kogin Loushui (溇 水)
Kogin Qing (清江)
Kogin Huangbo (黄柏 河)
Shennong Stream (神农溪)
Kogin Daning (大宁河)
Kogin Wu (kogin Yangtze) (巫 水)
Modao Creek (磨刀 溪)
Jialing (嘉陵江)
Fujiang (涪江)
Yaren Qujiang (渠 江)
Yaren Baishui (白水)
Bailong (白龙江)
Kogin Liuchong
Kogin Longxi (龙 溪河)
Kogin Huaxi (花 溪河)
Kogin Qi (綦江)
Kogin Sunxi (笋 溪河)
Wu River (乌江)
Kogin Qingshuihe
Kogin Tuo (沱江)
Kogin Chishui (赤水 河)
Min (Sichuan) (岷江)
Kogin Dadu (Sichuan) (大渡河)
Qingyi Jiang (青衣江)
Kogin Nanya
Kogin Caopo ()
Kogin Yalong ()
Kogin Muli
Kogin Shuoduogang (硕 多 岗 河)
Tafkin Dianchi
Kogin Qiantang (钱塘江) / Kogin Xin'an (新安江)
Kogin Heng (横江)
Kogin Longchuan (龙川)
Kogin Fengxi (丰 溪河)
Kogin Cao'e (曹娥 江)
Kogin Yong (甬江)
Kogin Jiao (椒江)
Kogin Ou (Zhejiang) (瓯 江)
Kogin Mulan (木蘭 溪畔)
Kogin Xikou
Kogin Dajixi
Tsibirin Taiwan
Min (Fujian) (闽江)
Doguwa (Fujian) (龙江)
Quanzhou Bay :
Kogin Luo (Fujian) (洛江)
Kogin Jin (Fujian) (晋江)
Kogin Jiulong (九龙江)
Tekun Kudancin China
Han (韩江)
Mei (梅江)
Ning (宁江)
Ting (汀江)
Dajing (大 靖 河)
Kogin Pearl (Zhu Jiang) (珠江)
Yaren Dongjiang (Dong) (东江)
Kogin Liuxihe
Yaren Beijiang (Bei) (北江)
Kogin Xinfeng
Xijiang (Xi) (西江)
Guijiang (Gui) (桂江)
Lijiang (Li) (漓江)
Xunjiang (Xun) (un 江)
Qian (黔江)
Kogin Liu (柳江)
Kogin Rong (融 江
Long River (Guangxi)龙江)
Hongshui (Red River) (River 水河)
Beipan (ip 盘 江)
Nanpan (南 盘 江)
Kogin Qu (曲江)
Kogin Lian (Kogin Qu) (River 江)
Yaren Yujiang (Yu) (鬱江)
Yaren Yongjiang (Yong) (邕江)
Zuojiang (Zuo) (uo 江)
Youjiang (Ku) (右江)
Kogin Beilun (北仑河)
Kogin Yuan (元 江) / (Red River)
Kogin Nanwen (南 温 河) / Kogin Lô
Kogin Lixian (李仙江) / (Black River)
Kogin Lancang (澜沧江) (Mekong)
Kogin Nanju (南 桔 河)
Kogin Nanla (南 腊 河)
Kogin Luosuo (罗 梭 江)
Daga Tsibirin Hainan
Kogin Nandu (南渡江)
Kogin Haidian
Kogin Wanquan (万泉河)
Tekun Andaman
Kogin Nu (怒江) / (Kogin Salween)
Kogin Wanma (万马 河)
Kogin Hongyang (硔 养 河)
Kogin Mengboluo (勐 波罗 河)
Kogin Supa (苏帕 河)
Kogin Shidian (施甸 河)
Kogin Luomingba (罗明 坝河)
Kogin Irrawaddy (Myanmar)
Kogin Daying (大 盈江) / (Kogin Taping)
Kogin Longchuan (龙川 江) / (Kogin Shweli)
Kogin N'Mai (Myanmar)
Kogin Dulong (独龙江)
Bay na Bengal
Kogin Meghna ( Bangladesh )
Kogin Ganges ( Indiya ) / Kogin Padma ( Bangladesh )
Kogin Yarlung Tsangpo (ཡར་ ཀླུངས་ གཙང་ པོ་, 雅鲁藏布江)
Kogin Subansiri (西巴 霞 曲)
Kogin Lhasa
Parlung Tsangpo (帕隆藏布)
Yigong Tsangpo (易贡 藏 布)
Zayuqu (察隅 曲) / Kogin Lohit
Kogin Nyang (ཉང་ ཆུ, 尼 洋 曲)
Kogin Manas ( Bhutan / India )
Lhobrak Chhu / Kuri Chhu
Kogin Kosi ( Nepal / Indiya )
Bum Chu (བུམ་ ཆུ, 澎 曲 / 阿龙 河) / Kogin Arun
Matsang Tsangpo (མ་ གཙང་ གཙང་ པོ །, 麻 章 藏 布) / Sun Kosi
Rongshar Tsangpo (波特科西) / Bhote Koshi
Kogin Ghaghara (格尔纳利 河)
Duba kuma
Geography na China
Jerin koguna na Asiya
Lakes a China
Jerin hanyoyin ruwa a China
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Taswirar ma'amala tare da rafunan kogin China, wanda ke nuna sunayen koguna cikin Sinanci.
Teburin koguna a China tare da sunayen Sinawa da bayanai masu amfani (matattu mahada 01:15, 4 Maris 2013 (UTC)) |
39368 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Tarayya%2C%20Dutse | Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse | Jami’ar Tarayya Dutse, A taƙaitace (FUD) tana ɗaya daga cikin jami’o’i tara da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta ƙirƙiro a shekarar 2011.
FUD tana koyar da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko da na biyu da na ukku digirin digirgir (Pgde. Msc. da kuma PhD. )
Tarihi
Jami'ar tarayya dake Dutse (FUD) ta gudanar da taron yaye dalibanta na farko a ranar 16 ga watan Junairu, 2016.
Da yake gabatar da jawabinsa a wajen taron babban mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Farfesa Jibirilla Dahiru Aminu (OFR) ya bayyana cewa jami’ar ta samu sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 a tantancewar da majalisar jami’ar ta ƙasa ta yi kan kayan aiki da ingancin karatu. Da yake gabatar da jawabinsa a wajen taron babban mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Farfesa Jibirilla Dahiru Aminu (OFR) ya bayyana cewa jami’ar ta samu sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 a tantancewar da majalisar jami’ar ta kasa ta yi kan kayan aiki da ingancin karatu. Harabar jami'ar na nan ne a tsohon garin Dutse babban birnin jihar Jigawa. FUD na neman jawo hankalin ɗimbin malamai da ɗalibai, don tallafawa bincike da koyarwa kan al'amuran gida, ƙasa da duniya, da ƙirƙirar alaƙar ilimi tare da jami'o'i da manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya.
FUD tana koyar da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannin Humanities, Natural and the Social Sciences, Kimiyyar Noma da kuma Magunguna. Sassa a cikin darussan da aka fara koyarwa a wannan shekara sune, (Faculty of Law), (Facility of Engineering) da (Faculty of Science Management). Daga cikin daliban jami’ar na farko da suka yi rijistar akwai ɗalibai 205 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen ilimi huɗu, a tsangayu uku sun kai kimanin dalibai 3,200 a shekarar karatu ta biyar na jami’ar, yayin da akwai ma’aikata 1,332 na ilimi da marasa koyarwa. Yawan kwasa-kwasan jami'ar a yanzu sun kai 17.
Laburare na Jami'ar
Babban ɗakin karatun yana tsakiyar harabar cibiyar tare da sassa bakwai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatan Laburaren Jami'ar. Kowane yanki yana da bayanai waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun bayanan masu neman ilimi a jama'ar.
Sassa da darussa https://schoolings.org/list-of-courses-offered-in-federal-university-dutse/
Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Ire-Iren Kimiyyar Magani, Jami'ar Tarayya ta Dutse
Jami’ar Tarayya Dutse a kalandar karatu ta biyar ta yi nasarar kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a. Makarantar tana gudanar da shirye-shirye masu zuwa:
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
Jikin Dan Adam
Ilimin Halittar Dan Adam
Sashin Noma da Kiwo
A halin yanzu FUD tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi guda shida a cikin Faculty of Agriculture
Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Noma & Tsawaita
Sashen Kimiyyar Dabbobi
Sashen Kimiyyar amfanin gona
Sashen Kifi da Ruwan Ruwa
Sashen dazuka da namun daji
Sashen Kimiyyar Kasa
Sashen Fasa da Kimiyyar Mu'amalanta
A halin yanzu FUD tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi guda huɗu a cikin Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
Sashen Tattalin Arziki
Sashen Harshen Turanci
Sashen Harsunan Larabci
Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa
Sashen Nazarin Laifuka da Nazarin Tsaro
Sashen Kimiyyar Gudanarwa
A halin yanzu FUD tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi guda biyar a cikin Faculty of Management Sciences
Sashen Accounting
Sashen Kimiyyar Aiki
Sashen Banki da Kudi
Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci
Sashen Haraji
Sashen Kimiyya
A halin yanzu FUD tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi guda tara a cikin Faculty of Sciences ciki har da ilimin kimiyya na asali ( Physics, Chemistry, Botany da ( Mathematics ) da kuma ilimin kimiyya ( Microbiology, Biotechnology, Zoology and Environmental Management and Toxicology )
Sashen Physics
Sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyya
Sashen Kula da Muhalli & Toxicology
Sashen Lissafi
Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu
Sashen Biochemistry
Sashen Microbiology & Biotechnology
Sashen Ilimin Komputa
Sashen Injiniyan Software
Sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
Sashen Tsaro na Intanet
Sashen Fasahar Sadarwa
Ɓangaren Digiri na biyu a Jami'ar
An kafa makarantar digiri na biyu a shekraa ta 2014/2015 kuma tana gudanar da karatun digiri na kwasa-kwasai guda 10. Baya ga Msc, Jami’ar Tarayya ta Dutse a halin yanzu tana ba da digirin digirgir a fannin Biotechnology da Microbiology. Jami’ar Tarayya Dutse ta mayar da hankali ne wajen inganta dangantakarta da sauran jami’o’in cikin gida da waje. Jami'ar ta kulla yarjejeniya da Jami'ar Jihar North Dakota .
Labarai akan Jami'ar
Bashir Muhammad dalibin FUD wanda yake ajin 400level kuma mai matakin farko na lissafi (first class) ya kashe kansa bisa zargin zamba
FUD ita ce Jami'a a matakin farko (rank 1) a Arewa maso Yamma -NUC
SCImago ta saka jami'ar a matsayi na 1 a Fannin Lissafi a Afirka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin intanet na FUD
Adireshin tuntuɓar FUD
Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Nijeriya
Jihar Jigawa |
50556 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Habasha | Sauyin yanayi a Habasha | Canjin yanayi yana ƙara shafar matsalolin kiwon lafiya a Habasha kamar mutuwa da cututtuka saboda ambaliyar ruwa da raƙuman zafi, cututtukan da ke dauke da su, Cutututtukan da ake samu da ruwa, meningitis, da cutar numfashi da ta shafi gurɓataccen iska. Ya ci gaba a matakai da yawa kuma ya kasance babban matsala a aikin gona da kiwon lafiya. A halin yanzu, bincike ba a inganta shi ba game da batutuwan yanayi kuma ba shi da bin diddigin da aka tsara, yayin da akwai ƙananan binciken bincike na rayuwa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game game le yanayin metrological. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin wayar da kan jama'a da ƙwararrun ƙwararru don magance matsalolin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da canjin yanayi ya haifar.
Kididdiga
Tun daga shekarun 1970s, Habasha ta fuskanci fari mai yawa daga sassa daban-daban na yankuna. Tsakanin 1960 da 2006, babban zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu da 1.3 ° C. A matsakaita, adadin zai zama 0.28 °C a cikin zabin jiki a kowace shekara goma.
A cikin 'yan shekaru goma masu zuwa, canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar ya canza a matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba na dumamar duniya. Misalai na yanayi sun ba da shawarar haɓaka ƙarin dumama na 0.7 ° C da 2.3 °C ta hanyar 2020s da 1.4 °c ta 2050. Yawan jama'a na yanzu, sama da mutane miliyan 87 ana sa ran za su karu a kowace shekara da kashi 2.6% kuma za ta ninka sau biyu a shekara ta 2050, wanda ke nuna alamar ƙasar ga tasirin canjin yanayi, a cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kuma ya rage darajar duk wani ci gaban ci gaba a kasar.
Gabaɗaya, talauci, saurin haɓaka yawan jama'a, lalacewar muhalli, rashin tsaro na abinci mai tsanani, yawan fari na halitta da aikin gona da aka nuna don kara tsanantawa ga canjin yanayi. Sauran sun hada da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa da lalacewar dukiya da kuma ƙaurawar mutane. Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a da dabarun noma na gargajiya da ba su dace ba sun sanya matsin lamba a kan ƙasa, ruwa da albarkatun halittu masu yawa waɗanda suka haifar da kulawar kulawa kamar noma mai yawa, wuce gona da iri da kuma sare daji.
Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) na ƙasar ta hanyar rage tsakanin 0.5% da 2.5% a kowace shekara. A wannan bangaren, Habasha ta ƙaddamar da tattalin arzikin kore don magance matsalolin yanayi kamar dabarun Tattalin Arziki mai Rashin Yanayi (CRGE) na 2011. Wannan dabarar tana da niyyar rage iskar gas da kuma inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da rage ayyukan carbon.
Daga 1961 zuwa 1990, nazarin Sadarwar Kasa ta Habasha ya gano babban bambancin sararin samaniya da na lokaci; matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a sikelin ƙasa, amma raguwa a sassan arewa yayin da yake karuwa a tsakiyar Habashina. Binciken ya kuma nuna fuskantar shekaru masu bushewa da rigar a cikin zafin jiki a shekaru 50 da suka gabata.
Kamar yadda samfuran yanki ke hango karuwar ruwan sama, bincike mai inganci yana nuna raguwar karuwa da raguwa na matsakaicin ruwan kasa. Bambancin ruwan sama kuma yana hasashen yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa da fari da ke shafar samar da aikin gona. Ruwan sama mai daidaituwa yana ƙaruwa musamman a watan Yuli zuwa Satumba da Oktoba zuwa Disamba.
Abubuwan da suka faru masu tsanani
Abubuwan da suka faru masu tsanani kamar fari da ambaliyar ruwa, karuwar zafin jiki da ruwan sama mai yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Habasha. Yankunan lowland galibi suna fallasawa daga mitar da girman fari. A cewar rahoton Bankin Duniya na 2010, Habasha tana fama da fari mai yawa tun farkon shekarun 1980, biyar daga cikinsu sun haifar da yunwa ban da yawan fari na gida. Babban fari yana haifar da bushewar albarkatun ruwa kuma a ƙarshe karancin ruwa. Sakamakon da ya biyo baya ya haɗa da rashin tsabta kuma yana iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka.
A cikin 2015, kimanin mutane miliyan 15 sun mutu saboda fari da El Niño ya haifar a Habasha. Babban ambaliyar ruwa ya faru a shekarar 1988, tsakanin 1993-1996, kuma a shekara ta 2006 ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da lalacewar dukiya. A Gambela, canjin yanayi ya haifar da jerin fari, daga koguna masu gudana kamar Baro, Akobo, Gilo da Alwero da ƙananan yanayin yankin. Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2008 a Gambela ta haifar da karuwar mitar da girman ambaliwar.
A yankin Afar, haɗarin yanayi yana da alaƙa sosai da yawan mutuwar yara. Har ila yau, yana da mafi girman abubuwan da suka faru da rashin wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma rashin ma'aikatan kiwo na iya kara matsalar. Wani rahoto na 2011 ya nuna yaduwar fari, ruwan sama mara kyau, cututtukan dabbobi, karancin ruwa da cututtuka na mutane sun zama manyan haɗari a Chifra woreda. Har ila yau, yankin ya fada cikin lalacewar ƙasa na lokaci-lokaci; amma raguwar girman garken kowace gida, karuwar ababen more rayuwa da fitowar ƙauyuka sun inganta a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan.
A yankunan Borena da Somaliya, yanayin zafi mai tsanani, karuwa a cikin ƙasa mara kyau, ƙura da iska da ƙarancin ruwa sun haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Yawancin albarkatun a cikin al'ummomin Shinile sun shafi haɗarin yanayi. Yawan zafin jiki a yankin yana haifar da ruwan sama mai tsanani da cututtukan da ke dauke da ruwa a Borena.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29759 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laifukan%20muhalli | Laifukan muhalli | Laifin muhalli haramun ne wanda ke cutar da muhalli kai tsaye. Wadannan haramtattun ayyuka sun hada da muhalli, namun daji, bambancin halittu da albarkatun kasa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar, G8, Intafol, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shirin Muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Intergional Crime da Justice Research Institute, sun gane wadannan laifukan muhalli:
Laifin namun daji : Ba bisa ka'ida ba, cinikin namun daji a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Fauna da Flora (CITES);
Haƙar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba : Fasakar da abubuwan da ke lalata ozone (ODS) wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 akan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozon Layer ;
Laifukan gurbacewar yanayi : Jibgewa da cinikin haramtacciyar shara a cikin sharar gida wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Basel ta 1989 kan Kula da Matsala Tsakanin Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar gida da zubar da su;
Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba: kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da kungiyoyin kula da kamun kifi daban-daban na yanki suka sanya;
Satar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba : Yin saren itace ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cinikin katakon da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa.
Farashin
Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna cin gajiyar satar albarkatun kasa kuma wadannan ribar ba bisa ka'ida ba na karuwa. Ta'addanci har ma da yakin basasa sakamakon laifukan muhalli ne. A cewar UNEP da Intafol, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, yawan laifukan muhalli ya kai kashi 26 bisa 100 fiye da kimar da aka yi a baya, a dalar Amurka biliyan 91-258, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka biliyan 70-213 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zarce cinikin kananan makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba . Fiye da rabin wannan adadin ana iya danganta su da sare itatuwa da sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba .
tuhumar ICC
A watan Satumba na 2016 an sanar da cewa kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa da ke birnin The Hague za ta gurfanar da gwamnati da daidaikun mutane kan laifukan da suka shafi muhalli. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Zaɓin Harka da aka sanar a cikin Takardar Manufofin kan Zaɓin Harka da fifiko ta ICC a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2016, Ofishin zai ba da la'akari na musamman don gabatar da laifuffukan Dokar Rome da aka aikata ta hanyar, ko kuma hakan ya haifar da, "inter alia, the lalata muhalli, cin dukiyar kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma kwace filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba".
Laifukan muhalli ta ƙasa
Amurka
Wuraren da aka yashe ko kaɗan da aka yi amfani da su sune wuraren zubar da ruwa na gama gari a Amurka -musamman titin jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da sama da dala miliyan 10 a shekara don kawar da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba daga garuruwa da muhalli. Wata karamar kungiya, CSXT reshen laifukan muhalli na yan sanda, an fara dakatar da zubar da titin jirgin kasa musamman.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Tilasta Laifuka na Hukumar Kare Muhalli a 1982, ana samun ci gaba da samun karuwar laifukan muhalli da ake tuhuma. Hakan ya hada da gurfanar da kamfanonin da suka yi jibge ko haddasa malalar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba. A matakin tarayya, yayin da EPA ke kula da binciken, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ce ke gabatar da kararrakin, ta hanyar Sashin Laifukan Muhalli, da/ko ta daya daga cikin Ofishin Lauyan Amurka 94 a duk fadin kasar.
A cikin binciken shari'ar 2004, ana iya siyan silinda mai nauyin kilo 30 na CFC-12 a China akan dalar Amurka 40 kuma ana siyar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka akan dalar Amurka 600.
A shekara ta 2000, an yanke masa hukumcin daurin watanni 6 a gidan yari, maginin gidaje Eric Diesel, kuma ya biya tarar dalar Amurka 300,000 saboda ba da lambar yabo ta haramtacciyar hanya a tsaunukan Santa Cruz.
Italiya
Misali na Ecomafia shine sarrafa sharar Naples inda aka yi zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 1980s.
Najeriya
A Najeriya, an fara kafa hukumomin kula da muhalli ne tun a shekarar 1988 bayan wani lamari na zubar da kayan dafi a cikin kasar da masu sharar sharar duniya suka yi (mummunan lamarin Koko ). A halin yanzu, hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (Nigeria) dokokin Najeriya sun ba su damar daidaita yanayin muhalli. Ita dai wannan hukuma tana aiki da sauran sassan gwamnati kamar su kwastam, ‘yan sanda, leken asirin soji da dai sauransu, kuma ta yi nasarar kame namun daji da aka yi safararsu ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da gurfanar da wasu da dama ciki har da wadanda ba ‘yan kasar ba.
Singapore
A matsayin cibiyar ciniki, Singapore tana da saurin kamuwa da haramtattun kayayyaki da ba a san su ba. Charles W. Schmidt ya bayyana yadda China ke siyar da CFC-12 ga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Singapore saboda rashin bincike da kuma sirrin kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a Singapore.
Rasha
Cin zarafin dokokin kare muhalli na kasar Rasha ya janyo asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 187 a shekarar 2018. Daga cikin laifukan muhalli kusan dubu 23.9 da aka yiwa rajista a Rasha a cikin 2018, mafi rinjayen suna da alaƙa da; yankan dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya kai kimanin shari'o'i dubu 13.8, da kuma farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda aka samu fiye da dubu 1.9.
tilastawa
Ingantacciyar aiwatar da dokokin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsarin kariya da aka tsara don kare muhalli. A farkon dokokin muhalli, cin zarafi ya ɗauki tara mafi ƙarancin ƙima da hukunci. Dokokin farko da ƙa'idodin muhalli ba su da ɗan tasiri ko hanawa kan hukumomi, daidaikun mutane, ko gwamnatoci don bin dokokin muhalli. Lallai, babban tushen gazawar dokokin kare muhalli na Amurka shine halayen farar hula na ayyukan tilastawa tarayya. Babban hukuncin da aka yanke musu shi ne tara, wanda kamfanoni da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin tsadar kasuwanci. Dokar laifuka ta muhalli ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai kunkuntar. Jigon sa ya ƙunshi tanadin laifuka na dokokin tarayya takwas da aka zartar a cikin 1970s kuma aka gyara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.
A lokuta da yawa, musamman kamfanoni sun ga ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da gurɓata fiye da yadda doka ta yarda da kuma biyan duk wani tarar abokan hulɗa idan da gaske an sami kamfani kuma an same shi da laifin keta dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi. Kevin Tomkins ya yi imanin kamfanoni suna da rashin jin daɗi don bin dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi kamar yadda bin ka'ida ya haɓaka farashin aikin su gabaɗaya. An fassara wannan kamar yadda kamfanoni da yawa ke yin biyayya ga dokokin muhalli, ko saboda ma'anar aikin doka ko wajibcin jama'a, sun kasance marasa lahani kuma sun yi hasarar gasa kuma saboda haka sun sha wahala a kasuwa ga masu fafatawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. Sakamakon raunin dokokin muhalli da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin jama'a game da kula da muhalli, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kafa gwamnatocin tilasta muhalli daban-daban waɗanda suka haɓaka ikon doka na masu binciken muhalli. Haɗin takunkumin laifuka, ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tara tare da yuwuwar ɗaure jami'an kamfanoni a kurkuku ya canza fuskar tilasta bin doka da oda. Misali, tsakanin 1983 da 1990 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta sami $57,358,404.00 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka tare da samun hukuncin dauri a kan kashi 55% na wadanda ake tuhuma da ake tuhuma da laifukan muhalli.
Yawancin hukumomin muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage lalacewar muhalli da kare muhalli ta hanyar dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki ne a matakai daban-daban tun daga kasa da kasa, yanki, kasa, jiha zuwa kananan hukumomi, suna sanya hukuma guda tana aiki a mataki daya. Waɗannan hukumomin suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tilastawa don ba da garantin bin dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. A wasu lokuta hukumomin tilastawa suna amfani da abin da ake kira "Umurni da Sarrafa" waɗanda ke bin tsarin tsarin gargajiya. A wasu lokuta, suna iya amfani da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da hanyoyin tushen matasan, waɗanda akwai guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ya kara bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin 'yan sanda daban-daban. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da muhalli da ayyukan 'yan sanda ba sa aiki a cikin sarari; kayan aikin doka da tsarin siyasa ke aiwatarwa suna tafiyar da ayyukansu da ayyukansu a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, a bayyane, kayan aikin doka da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa ne ke ƙayyade yawancin dabarun da ayyukan 'yan sanda ke amfani da su wajen kare muhalli. Gabaɗaya waɗannan kayan aikin na ƙasa da ƙasa, na yanki, na ƙasa da na Jiha an ƙirƙira su ne don tabbatar da masana'antu, daidaikun mutane, da gwamnatoci sun bi wasu wajibai daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda ke cikin ƙa'idodi da dokoki na ƙasa. Har ila yau, akwai ka'idoji da yarjejeniyoyin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda su ma suka shafi yadda ƙasashe masu iko ke tinkarar matsalolin muhalli .
Laifukan muhalli
Laifukan muhalli yana nazarin ra'ayoyin laifuffuka, laifuka da munanan halaye a kan muhalli kuma ya fara nazarin rawar da al'ummomi ciki har da hukumomi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi ke takawa wajen haifar da illar muhalli . Likitocin laifuka a yanzu sun fara gane tasirin mutane kan muhalli da yadda hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a ke auna cutar da muhalli da kuma danganta takunkumi ga masu laifi. Laifukan muhalli ba wai kawai ya shafi ƙasa, ruwa, iska ba, yana shafar lafiyar yara kuma. A cewar wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Halayen Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin 2016, “Juyin halitta da fadada kariyar lafiyar yara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance abin ban mamaki. A US EPA, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin lafiyar yara na musamman, kuma aikinmu yana ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli da ke tasowa don tabbatar da cewa muhallin yara ba su da haɗari da kuma tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau."
manazarta
^ Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) Environmental Crime. A threat to our future. Environmental Investigation Agency pdf
^ [unep.org]
^ Interpol (2009) Environmental crime online Archived 2006-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. [1]
^
^
^
^ EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement
^ Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense
^ Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse |
33449 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20DR%20Congo | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta DR Congo | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta DR Congo, tana wakiltar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na kasa da kasa . Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Congo ce ke tafiyar da ita. FIFA tana kiran DR Congo a matsayin Kongo DR .
Tarihi
An shirya DR Congo za ta fara karawa da Namibiya a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata a shekara ta alif 1998, da za a yi a Najeriya. Sun kara da Masar ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta alif 1998 a Kaduna, Nigeria, kuma suka ci 4-1. A karawa ta biyu da Najeriya mai masaukin baki ta yi rashin nasara da ci 6-0, a wasan karshe na rukuninsu kuwa ta yi kunnen doki da Morocco da ci 0-0, sannan ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe inda ta ci kwallaye 7 da ci 7. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe Ghana ta doke ta da ci 4-1 bayan karin lokaci, inda ta buga wasan matsayi na uku inda ta yi kunnen doki 3-3 da Kamaru, inda ta yi nasara a matsayi na 3 da ci 3-1 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida amma ba ta kai ga ci ba. zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA a shekara ta alif 1999, da za a gudanar a Amurka .
Tawagar ba ta shiga gasar cin kofin matan Afirka ta shekarar 2000 ba . A gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2002 sun kara da Angola . Wasan farko an yi rashin nasara ne da ci 1-0, karo na biyu kuma da ci 1-0, amma an yi rashin nasara da ci 5-4 a bugun fenareti, wanda hakan ya sa Congo DR ta fice daga gasar da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya da aka sake yi a Amurka .
Sun buga wasannin afrika na shekarar 2003 a Najeriya, duk karawar da suka yi a Kaduna, da Algeria (4 Oktoba, 5-2), Mali (7 Oktoba, kunnen doki 0-0) da Afirka ta Kudu (10 Oktoba, 4- 0). Congo DR ta kuma buga da Ghana da ci 2–0 (26 Oktoba a Kumasi ) da 2–1 (9 Nuwamba a Kinshasa ). Tawagar ta fice daga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata a shekara ta shekarar 2004, wadda aka tsara za ta buga da Gabon a wasannin share fage.
Congo DR ta kara da Zambia a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata a shekarar 2006, inda ta samu nasara da ci 3–0 da 3–2, inda ta samu maki 6–2 a jimillar, ta kuma tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba. A zagaye na biyu sun buga da Senegal inda suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a wasan farko da kuma rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a wasa na biyu, inda suka samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2006 da aka gudanar a Najeriya daga ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2006. Congo DR ta kasance a rukunin B tare da Ghana, Kamaru da Mali . Wasan farko shine da Kamaru inda aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da ci Milandu a mintuna 57 da fara wasa. Abokiyar hamayya ta biyu ita ce Mali kuma ta sha kashi da ci 3-2 da Zuma da Matufa suka ci a minti 28 da 85. An tashi wasan ne da Ghana da ci 3-1 da Vumongo a minti na 51 da fara wasa. An sake fitar da Congo DR daga gasar kuma daga gasar cin kofin duniya da aka gudanar a China PR .
Bayan watanni biyu, tawagar ta kara da Kamaru a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2007 kuma ta sha kashi da ci 3-0. Bayan wannan arangamar sun fafata da Namibiya a ranakun 17 ga watan Fabrairu da kuma 10 ga Maris, inda suka yi kunnen doki 3–3 da ci 5-2. A ranakun 3 da 17 ga watan Yuni Congo DR ta kara da Ghana a Sunyani da Kinshasa, inda aka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-1 da kuma 1-0. Ga Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka na shekarar 2008, da aka gudanar a Equatorial Guinea daga 15 ga watan Nuwamba zuwa 29 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008. Sun buga wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar ne da Congo, inda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 4-1 suka kuma yi kunnen doki da ci 1-1, inda aka tashi jimillar kwallaye 5-2. Bayan wadannan sakamakon, Congo DR ba ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ba.
A ranar 7 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2010 a Gaborone, bayan shekaru 2 ba a buga wasa ba, Congo DR ta fuskanci Botswana, don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2010, inda ta ci su 2-0 da kwallaye 11 da 17 da Malembo da Dianteso suka ci. A wasa na biyu, a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, 2010, sun sake yin nasara, a wannan karon da ci 5-2 da ci biyu Malembo (minti 20 da 27), biyu na Nzuzi (minti 24 da 28) da Mafutu a mintuna 88. Zagaye na biyu ya fafata da Kamaru, kuma sun yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin biyu da ci 2–0 da kuma 3–0, abin da ya sa aka sake fitar da su daga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata na 2010 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Jamus .
Congo DR ta buga wasanni biyu da Habasha a ranakun 15 da 30 ga watan Janairun 2011, inda suka yi canjaras a wasan farko da ci 0-0 sannan ta sha kashi na biyu da ci 3-0. A watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar ne suka fice daga gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, inda aka shirya buga wasan da Gabon .
A ranakun 14 da 28 ga watan Fabrairun na shekarar 2012, tawagar ta kara da Uganda, a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na mata na Afirka ta shekarar 2012, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da ci 4-0. A watannin Mayu da Yuni na shekarar 2012, an shirya buga wasa da Equatorial Guinea, amma an soke wasannin, saboda an zabi Equatorial Guinea a matsayin mai masaukin baki a gasar, Congo DR ita ma ta samu gurbin shiga gasar, saboda "mai tafiya". An buga wasanni biyu da abokiyar hamayyarta, Equatorial Guinea a ranakun 24 da 26 ga watan Yuni, watanni 4 kafin gasar, duka sun yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0 da 2–1. Wani karawa da aka yi kafin a buga gasar, an yi da Kamaru ne kuma an tashi 0-0. An gudanar da gasar karshe tsakanin 28 ga Oktoba da 11 ga Nuwamba, a shekarar 2012, an sanya kungiyar a rukunin A, tare da mai masaukin baki Equatorial Guinea, Afirka ta Kudu da Senegal . Wasan farko da Senegal ta samu nasara ne da ci 1-0 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Nona a mintuna 74. A karo na biyu da Equatorial Guinea an sha kashi da ci 6-0. Sun kara da Afirka ta Kudu a wasan karshe na rukunin, inda suka sha kashi da ci 4-1 da ci 4-1 da Tutzolana a minti na 88. An sake fitar da DR Congo a matakin rukuni.
Bayan dogon hutu daga wasan gasa, Kongo DR ta dawo don fafatawa a gasar cin kofin CAF na gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020 a Tokyo . Kokarin da aka yi a baya na neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics a 2004, 2008, da 2012 bai yi nasara ba, yayin da zurfafan gudu na tawagar ya kai ga zagaye na biyu. Congo DR ta bude gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar ta 2020 da ci 2-2 da Tanzania, sannan ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu da ci 1-0 a wasa na biyu na wasan. Abokan hamayyarsu a zagaye na biyu, Equatorial Guinea ta janye, ganin Congo DR ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na uku don karawa da Kamaru . Bayan sun sha kashi da ci 0-2 a wasan farko a Yaoundé, Congo DR ta ci 2-0 a gida, sai dai Ajara Nchout ya zura musu kwallo a ragar kasar daga gasar da jumulla 2-3.
Hoton kungiya
Filin wasa na gida
Tawagar kwallon kafa ta mata ta DR Congo suna buga wasanninsu na gida a filin wasa na Stade des Martyrs .
Ma'aikatan koyarwa
Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu
Kiran baya-bayan nan
An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa zuwa tawagar DR Congo a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Rubuce-rubuce
* 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin ƙarfin hali, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 2 ga Agusta 2021.
Most capped players
Top goalscorers
Rikodin gasa
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA
Wasannin Olympics
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka
Duba kuma
Wasanni a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Wasan kwallon kafa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan Bayani na Kungiyar FIFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26904 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Tunisiya | Sinima a Tunisiya | Sinima a Tunisiya na nufin masana'antar finafinai ta Tunisia ta fara ne a cikin Shekarar 1896, lokacin da 'yan'uwan Lumière suka fara nuna fina-finai masu rai a titunan Tunis.
Tarihi
A cikin 1919, an yi fim ɗin farko mai tsayin fasali a Arewacin Afirka: Les Cinq gentlemen maudits ( The Five La'ananne Gentlemen ) a Tunisiya. A cikin 1924, Samama-Chikli ya ba da umarnin wani fim mai matsakaicin tsayi mai suna Ain Al-Ghazal ( Yarinyar daga Carthage ) don haka ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai na farko a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1966, fim ɗin farko na Tunisiya (minti 95) Al-Fajr ( The Dawn ) Omar Khlifi ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya shirya shi; an haska shi akan fim ɗin 35 mm . Tunisiya kuma ta karbi bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Carthage wanda ke gudana tun 1966. Bikin dai ya ba da fifiko ga fina-finai daga kasashen Larabawa da na Afirka. Shi ne bikin fina-finai mafi daɗewa a nahiyar Afirka.
A cikin 1927, kamfanin farko na rarraba fina-finai na Tunisiya, Tunis-Film, ya fara ayyukansa. Bayan samun ƴancin kai, Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique (SATPEC) ne ke shirya fina-finai na musamman waɗanda ke sarrafa fina-finai da shirya fina-finai a ƙasar a lokacin. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1980s, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun fito kuma suna so su mayar da Tunisiya Hollywood Hollywood. Furodusa Tarak Ben Ammar, ɗan wasila Bourguiba, ya yi nasarar jawo wasu manyan kamfanoni masu samarwa don yin harbi a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinsa a Monastir . An yi fim ɗin manyan fina-finai na ƙasashen waje a Tunisia ciki har da Roman Polanski 's Pirates da Franco Zeffirelli 's Jesus of Nazareth. Bayan da ya ziyarci Tunisiya George Lucas ya yaudare shi ta hanyar kyawawan dabi'u da tsoffin gine-gine na wasu garuruwan Kudancin Tunisiya inda ya yanke shawarar yin fina-finai masu mahimmanci na Star Wars, da kuma Indiana Jones. Haka kuma, Anthony Minghella ya yi fim ɗin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy The Patient a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ƙasar.
Shirye-shiryen cikin gida ba su da yawa: ƴan fina-finan da aka yi tun 1967 sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna sabon yanayin zamantakewa, ci gaba, bincike na ainihi, da girgizar zamani. Wasu daga cikinsu sun sami nasarar dangi a wajen Tunisiya, kamar La Goulette ( Halq El-Wadi 1996) wanda Ferid Boughedir ya jagoranta wanda ya nuna yanayin rayuwar al'umma a cikin ƙaramin yanki na La Goulette a lokacin da Musulmai, Yahudawa da Kirista suka zauna tare. cikin haƙuri da zaman lafiya. Halfaouine: Yaron Filaye ( Asfour Stah 1990), kuma na Boughedir, mai yiyuwa ne babban nasara a tarihin sinimar Tunisiya. Fim ɗin ya nuna rayuwar ɗan yaro daga yankin Halfaouine na Tunis a cikin shekarun 60s, akan neman fahimtar alaƙa, duniyar mata, da yadda ake zama namiji. A wani fim din da ya gabata mai suna Man of Toka ( Rih Essed 1986) Boughedir ya sake nuna al'ummar Tunisiya ba tare da tsoro ko son rai ba, wanda ya shafi karuwanci, ilimin yara, da alakar addinai tsakanin Musulmin Tunisiya da Yahudawan Tunisiya. A cikin fim din 1991 Bezness, ya yi magana game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i da ke tasowa a cikin kasar. Jakadun (As-Soufraa 1975) wanda Naceur Ktari ya jagoranta sun bayyana rayuwar baƙi Maghrebins a Faransa da kuma gwagwarmayarsu da wariyar launin fata. Fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Tanit don mafi kyawun hoto a lokacin bikin fina-finai na Carthage a cikin 1976, kyautar juri na musamman daga Locarno International Film Festival a cikin wannan shekarar kuma an rarraba shi a cikin nau'in Un Certain Regard a lokacin 1978 Cannes Film Festival .
Ƴar wasan Tunisiya ta farko ita ce Haydée Chikly, wacce ta fito a cikin gajeren fim, Zohra a 1922. Fim ɗin farko da mace ta shirya shine Fatma 75 (1975) ta Selma Baccar . Fina-finan da suka biyo baya kamar su Néjia Ben Mabrouk 's Sama (1988) da Moufida Tlatli 's The Silences of Palace (1994).
A cikin 2007, an shirya fina-finai da yawa kuma sun ɗaukar hankalin jama'a, irin su Making Of, wanda Nouri Bouzid ya ba da umarni da VHS Kahloucha na Nejib Belkadi.
A cikin 2013, Abdellatif Keshishi shine darektan Tunisia na farko da ya lashe kyautar Palme D'Or. A fim ɗinsa mai suna Blue Is the Dumest Color ya raba kyautar da jaruman fina-finansa guda biyu.
A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, ƙasar ta buɗe birnin al'adu na farko, wani aiki irinsa a Afirka da ƙasashen Larabawa, dake tsakiyar birnin Tunis . Rukunin ya ƙunshi gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, gidajen sinima, allo, wuraren zane-zane da tarihin tarihi, dakunan baje koli, gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani da na zamani, cibiyar littattafai ta ƙasa da cibiyar saka hannun jari na al'adu.
An buɗe Cineplex na farko a Tunisiya a cikin kantin Tunis City a Tunis a cikin Disamba 2018, ya ƙunshi fuska 8 kuma Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé ne ke sarrafa shi. Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé an saita wasu nau'i-nau'i guda biyu don buɗewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ke dauke da allon 8 a sabon mall na birnin Azur a Banlieu Sud na Tunis da kuma ɗayan 6 fuska a Sousse . Sarkar otal La cigale ta sanar a cikin 2017, cewa tana gina otal tare da kantin sayar da kayayyaki da mahara na fuska 10 a Gammarth, Banlieue Nord na Tunis kuma an saita shi don buɗewa a cikin 2020.
Tun daga Nuwamba 2019, akwai allo 41 a duk faɗin Tunisiya .
Zaɓen naɗin na kyauta ta Academy Award
Tunisiya ta ƙaddamar da fina-finai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tun 1995. Cibiyar Nazarin Hotunan Hoto da Kimiyya ta Amurka ce ke ba da lambar yabo a kowace shekara ga hoton fim mai tsayi da aka samar a wajen Amurka wanda ke kunshe da tattaunawar da ba ta Ingilishi ba. Tun daga shekarar 2021, an gabatar da fina-finan Tunisiya guda bakwai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya. An zabi mutumin da ya sayar da fatarsa a matsayin lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best International Feature Film kuma shine fim na farko na Tunisia da aka zaba don kyautar Oscar.
Manazarta
Ƙara karantawa
Robert Lang, Sabon Cinema na Tunisiya: Alamomin Resistance, Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2014,
Florence Martin, "Cinema da Jiha a Tunisiya" a cikin: Josef Gugler (ed. ) Fim a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka: Rarraba Ƙirƙira, Jami'ar Texas Press da Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira Press, 2011, , , shafi 271-283
Sinima a Afrika
Tunisiya |
23843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beginning%20of%20the%20End%20%28Lost%29 | The Beginning of the End (Lost) | "A farkon karshen" ne karo na hudu a kakar farko, kuma 73rd(saba'in da uku) episode overall, na American Broadcasting Company 's talabijin drama jerin Lost . An watsa shi ne a ABC a Amurka da CTV a Kanada ranar (Talatin da daya)31 ga Janairu, 2008. Abokin haɗin gwiwa/mai gabatarwa Damon Lindelof da mai gabatar da shirye-shirye Carlton Cuse sun rubuta wasan farko a ƙarshen Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da aka tsara akan wuri a Oahu, Hawaii, a watan Agusta da Satumba ta hannun mai gabatarwa Jack Bender . Tare da wannan farkon, Jeff Pinkner baya aiki a matsayin babban mai samarwa da marubucin ma'aikata. Amurkawa miliyan sha takwas (18) ne suka kalli wasan, yana kawo mafi kyawun ƙima don Lost a cikin shirye -shirye sha bakwai (17). A cewar Metacritic, "Farkon Ƙarshe" ya sami "yabo na duniya".
Labarin ya faru ne sama da kwanaki 90 bayan faduwar jirgin ruwan Oceanic 815, a ranar Ashirin da Uku (23) ga watan Disamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu (2004). Wadanda suka tsira daga hadarin sun tuntubi abokan aikin Naomi Dorrit (wanda Marshall Thomason ya buga ) a kan jirgin dakon kaya kusa, amma wadanda suka tsira sun rarrabu lokacin da suka ji cewa wadanda ke kan jirgin ba za su zo don ceton wadanda suka tsira ba. Flashforwards yana nuna rayuwar tsibirin bayan Hugo "Hurley" Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) da Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ). Suna yi wa jama'a ƙarya game da lokacinsu a tsibirin. A cikin walƙiya, Hurley yana da wahayi na abokinsa da ya mutu Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ); a halin yanzu, Hurley yana bakin cikin mutuwar Charlie a tsibirin. Daniel Faraday ( Jeremy Davies ) ya fara fitowa a cikin "Farkon Ƙarshe".
Bayan da John Locke ( Terry O'Quinn ) ya ɗaure shi a bayan sa a wasan ƙarshe na uku, Na'omi ta yi amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam () don kiran George Minkowski ( Fisher Stevens ) akan jirgin dakon kaya ko jigilar kaya. Kafin ta mutu, ta gaya masa cewa raunin da ta samu hatsari ne kuma don ba da ƙaunarta ga 'yar uwarta. A halin yanzu, Hurley ya sami ɗakin Yakubu. Yana dubawa ta taga sai ya ga wani mutum da ba a san ko wanene ba a cikin kujerar da ke juyawa, kafin wani ya hau kan gilashin, ana ganin idon hagu kawai ake gani. Hurley ya gudu, amma ya sake samun gidan - a wani wuri na daban. Ya matse idanunsa ko kuma ya rufe idanuwansa a kuma lokacin da ya buɗe su, ginin ya ɓace kuma Locke ya bayyana.
Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) ya dawo daga Kallon Gilashi, yana ɗauke da saƙo na ƙarshe na Charlie cewa Penny Widmore ( Sonya Walger ) ba mallakar jirgin ruwan ba. Wadanda suka tsira sun sake haduwa a kwale -kwalen 815. Jack ya bugi Locke a ƙasa, ya ɗauki bindigarsa ya ja abin da ya jawo, amma ya gano cewa ba a ɗora bindigar ba saboda Locke bai yi niyyar kashe Jack ba a farkon wannan ranar . Locke ya gaya wa masu ba da labari cewa suna cikin haɗari kuma suna barin Barracks tare da Hurley, James "Sawyer" Ford ( Josh Holloway ), Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) da jaririnta Haruna, Danielle Rousseau ( Mira Furlan ) da Ben da ta kama. Linus ( Michael Emerson ), Alex ( Tania Raymonde ) da saurayinta Karl ( Blake Bashoff ), Vincent kare (Pono) da sauran mutane hudu da suka tsira. Ba da daɗewa ba, Jack da Kate sun ga helikwafta kuma sun sadu da Daniel.
Flashforwards ya nuna cewa Hurley ya shahara a matsayin ɗayan " Oceanic Six " bayan tserewarsa daga tsibirin kuma yana yin shiru game da lokacin sa ko kuma zamansa a can. Hurley ya ci karo da bayyanar Charlie. A gigice, ya gudu a cikin Camaro kuma 'yan sandan Los Angeles sun kama shi. Ana Lucia Cortez 's ( Michelle Rodriguez ) tsohon abokin binciken Detective "Big" Mike Walton ( Michael Cudlitz ) ya yiwa Hurley tambayoyi kuma ya yi ƙarya cewa ba shi da masaniya game da Ana Lucia. Hurley, yana kallon gilashin madubin ɗakin tambayoyin, yana tunanin ganin Charlie yana iyo cikin ruwa har sai ya fasa gilashin ya mamaye ɗakin. Hurley da son rai ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Santa Rosa , inda Matthew Abaddon ( Lance Reddick ), wanda ya yi ikirarin zama lauya na Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Oceanic ya ziyarce shi. Lokacin da Abaddon kasa samar da wani katin kasuwanci, ya tambaye idan har yanzu suna da rai kafin stealthily exiting. Bayyanar Charlie ya bayyana wanda ke gaya wa Hurley cewa "suna" buƙatarsa. A ƙarshe, Jack ya ziyarci Hurley, wanda ke tunanin haɓaka gemu . Jack ya tabbatar da cewa Hurley ba zai tona asirin Oceanic Six ba. Hurley ya nemi afuwa don tafiya tare da Locke kuma ya nace cewa su koma tsibirin, amma Jack ya ƙi (wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan walƙiya suna faruwa kafin walƙiya ta Jack).
A lokacin simintin, an sanya sunayen karya, sana'o'i da fannoni na ɗan lokaci don iyakance ɓarkewar ɓarna . An gaya wa Lance Reddick cewa yana binciken wani bangare na "Arthur Stevens", "ma'aikaci mara kamfani", maimakon Matthew Abaddon. "Matta" da "Abaddon" an bayyana su azaman kalmomin alamar kakar 4 a cikin wasan gaskiya na ainihi Nemo 815 . Marubutan sun zaɓi sunan mahallin bayan sun karanta labarin Wikipedia akan Abaddon, wanda ke nuna cewa yana nufin "wurin lalata". Marubutan-marubutan da farko suna da sha'awar samun Reddick ya yi wasa da Mr. Eko a kakar wasa ta biyu, duk da haka, ya shagala da tauraro akan HBO 's The Wire . Jeremy Davies an jefa shi a matsayin Daniyel saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin ' yan wasan da marubutan marubutan suka fi so, kuma suna tunanin cewa "ingancin sa mai canzawa [da] babban hikimar da ke fitowa daga gare shi. ... da alama cikakke ne ga [ɓangaren] ", wanda da farko an shirya shi don zama rawar maimaitawa . Lokacin da Davies ya sadu da mai ƙera kayan ƙira Roland Sanchez, yana sanye da siririn baƙar fata. Sanchez ya haɗu da wannan "kyakkyawa, kyakykyawar kallo" tare da ra'ayin sa na tufafin halayen: rigar rigar da aka saƙa daga J.Crew .
An gabatar da taken daban -daban don wasan. Babban taken shine nuni ga layi a cikin labarin da ya gabata lokacin da Ben ya gargadi Jack cewa tuntuɓar mai jigilar kaya "shine farkon ƙarshen". An fara yin fim a ranar 17 ga Agusta kuma ya ƙare ko bayan bakwai (7) ga Satumba, shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. Garcia ya ji "ɗan ƙaramin matsin lamba" saboda yana da rawar jagoranci a cikin wasan, amma "ya yi matukar farin ciki, shi ma [saboda] wata hanya ce ta daban don fara kakar wasa [wanda ya ji] mai yiwuwa magoya baya su tono". A cikin cibiyar tabin hankali, ana ganin Hurley yana zana hoton wani Inuit da igloo. Garcia ne ya zana wannan. Lokacin da aka watsa labarin, Kirista ya bayyana a cikin gidan Yakubu; duk da haka, an harbe wurin tare da wani Hurley a ciki. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Garcia ke yin fim ɗin tambayoyinsa a cikin akwatin kifaye, bai san cewa Charlie zai yi iyo a waje ya fasa gilashin a cikin samfurin da aka gama ba. An yi fim ɗin iyo na Charlie na makwanni bayan an harbi sauran abubuwan, tare da samar da " Haɗu da Kevin Johnson " da Lobis: Missis Pieces mobisodes a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2007. An yi fim ɗin tare da Jake Kilfoyle stunt ninki biyu a saitin Gilashin Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi a baya don wasannin yanayi na uku mai taken " Mafi Girma Hits " da " Ta Gilashin Gani ".
Mai Lost aukuwa ƙunshi crossovers da kuma " Easter qwai " -intentionally boye alamu da nassoshi da show ta mythology -and "The farkon karshen" ba bare bane. Duk da cewa ya mutu, Kirista ya bayyana na 'yan dakikoki a cikin gidan Yakubu ba tare da tattaunawa ba. Big Mike, wanda ke fitowa a cikin abubuwan haskakawa Ana Lucia a cikin wasan na karo na biyu " Hadari ", ya dawo cikin haske na Hurley. Randy Nations ( Billy Ray Gallion ) ya bayyana a cikin 'yan dakikoki ba tare da tattaunawa ba, tare da ɗaukar hoton kama Hurley. Lokacin da Hurley ya nuna cewa Charlie yana iyo a wajen ɗakin tambayoyi, Charlie ya rubuta "suna buƙatar ku" a hannunsa. Wannan shine abin da Charlie ya gaya wa Hurley daga baya a cikin labarin.
Saboda samar da yanayi na huɗu da aka dakatar saboda yajin aikin dubu biyu da bakwai 2007-2008 Marubutan Guild of America, masu tseren wasan kwaikwayon sun so su riƙe shirye -shiryen takwas da aka kammala har suka sami damar yin ƙarin lokacin. ABC ta yanke hukunci kan hakan kuma ta sanar da cewa "Farawar Ƙarshe" za a fara watsa shi a ƙarshen Janairu 2008, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da yajin aikin zai ƙare ba. Wannan shi ne farkon Lost episode da za a watsa a ranar Alhamis da 9:00 pm ET, gasa mai fa'ida da babbar gasa wanda Grey's Anatomy ya saba yi ; abubuwan da suka gabata an watsa su ranar Laraba. Kamar wasannin farko na Lost na farko, an fara "Farkon Ƙarshe" don farawa na farko a Sunset on the Beach a Waikiki, Honolulu, inda ake nuna fina-finai akai-akai akan ƙafa 30. m) allo kyauta ga jama'a, amma an soke shi saboda yajin aikin marubutan. An fara watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali na shirin nan da nan ta wani shirin bidiyo mai taken "Lost: Past, Present & Future".
Don Williams na BuddyTV wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Farkon Ƙarshe" "farkon farkon kakar shekara". An duba shi kimanin 16.137 miliyoyin masu kallo Amurkawa suna rayuwa ko cikin sa'o'i shida tare da 6.7/17 a cikin manyan manya 18-49 alƙaluma, suna kawo mafi kyawun ƙimar Nielsen don Lost a cikin shafuka goma sha bakwai da matsayi Lost takwas a cikin sigogi na mako -mako. An kalli wasan a jimlar 17.766 miliyoyin masu kallo suna rayuwa ko yin rikodi kuma suna kallo cikin kwanaki bakwai na watsa shirye-shirye kuma wannan lambar ta tafi zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen shekara. A Kanada, an fara “Farkon Ƙarshe” da 1.855 miliyoyin masu kallo, suna yin Lost shirin na shida mafi yawan kallon mako. Ya kawo masu sauraro kusan ninki biyu na abin da ya gabata kuma ya fi kowane juzu'i na uku, ban da farkon lokacin . Fim ɗin farko na kakar ya yi nasara a cikin Burtaniya tare da 1.1 miliyan masu kallo. A Ostiraliya, Lost shine wasan sha biyar mafi yawan kallon dare tare da masu kallo 912 000, wanda David Dale na The Sun-Herald ya ɗauka.
An aika masu sukar Amurka DVDs na "Farkon Ƙarshe" da "Tabbatattun Matattu" a ranar ashirin da takwai (28) ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da takwas (2008). Metacritic ya ba da labarin Metascore - matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ya danganci abubuwan da aka zaɓa na zaɓaɓɓu sake dubawa masu mahimmanci -na 87. Robert Bianco na USA Today ya rubuta cewa "dawowa tare da tsayayyar zuciya, cikakken tsari . . . Lost wuri ne na hamada a cikin hamada ta TV da aka buge. ” Mary McNamara na Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta bayyana "Farkon Ƙarshe" a matsayin "juzu'in sunadarai mai ɗaci a cikin tsohuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa-tsoro, tashin hankali, nadama, adrenaline da menene ... zai faru a gaba? " Adam Buckman na New York Post ya ba da labarin kashi huɗu daga cikin taurari huɗu. Maureen Ryan na Chicago Tribune "yana jin daɗin kowane minti" kuma ya lura cewa "babu wani kuskure". Diane Werts na Newsday ta ɗauki labarin a matsayin "na kwarai" da "nishaɗin nishaɗi" kuma ta kammala bita da " Lost da alama ta sami kanta". Tim Goodman na San Francisco Chronicle ya baiyana cewa shi da " Tabbatar da Matattu " "su ne masu aikin motsa jiki na gaggawa da wahayi [waɗanda] suna da kyau a gani". Matthew Gilbert na The Boston Globe yayi nuni da cewa " Lost har yanzu yana iya yin tseren bugun jini da ƙwaƙwalwa ... [kuma] ya kasance mafi girman jerin shirye -shiryen TV ". Alan Sepinwall na The Star-Ledger bai da tabbas "idan Lost zai taɓa ba da gamsassun amsoshi ga dimbin asirin da suka rage. ... amma idan yana da matsayin da ban tsoro da kuma ban dariya da kuma motsi, kuma m kamar yadda wadannan biyu aukuwa, ina lafiya tare da cewa. " A cikin sake dubawa mara kyau, Rodney Ho na The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ya kira shi "wani lamari mai gamsarwa mai dawowa tare da rabon wasan kwaikwayo da cuta. ... [hakan] yana ba da isassun wahayi don ci gaba da jin yunwa ga masu sha'awar yunwa " kuma David Hinckley na Daily News ya ƙaddara labarin tare da taurari uku daga cikin biyar mai yiwuwa.
Brian Lowry na Iri-iri ce cewa "Lost 's sama ke sauka kamar barka da tonic kamar yadda scripted TV fades to black ... yana ba da jadawalin kyauta mai ban sha'awa na lokutan m don babban ( kuma, a wasu lokuta, sakaci ) simintin . ” Mark Medley na National Post ya kira shi "kyakkyawan lokacin farawa" tare da "lokutan faduwa da yawa". Jeff Jensen na Makon Nishaɗi na mako-mako yana jin cewa farkon wasan yana da ban sha'awa kuma Garcia ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki. Frazier Moore na Associated Press ya rubuta cewa " Lost yana ƙara haɓaka ante, da haɓaka matsin lamba a kan mu yayin da babban tarihin wasan kwaikwayon ke ci gaba da haɓaka." Kristin Dos Santos na E! an kira shi "da kyau an rubuta, aka samar, aka yi aiki kuma aka nuna shi kamar fim". Michael Ausiello na Jagoran TV ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikin sauƙi ɗayan mafi kyawun sa'o'i na TV har zuwa wannan kakar." Bruce Fretts na Jagoran TV ya amsa da kyau ga aikin Reddick. Chris Carabott na IGN ya ba da labarin 9.1/10, yana mai cewa "babban farawa ne ga abin da ya yi alkawarin zama mai ban sha'awa ... kakar 4. Ƙarfafawa da tafiya daidai yake da wasan ƙarshe na kakar bara ". LTG na Gidan Talabijan Ba tare da Tausayi ya kimanta shi a matsayin "A–". Jon Lachonis na UGO ya ba da labarin "A+", yana kiran shi "abin tausayi, mai cike da aiki ... [wanda ke tabbatar da hakan] . . . Lost 's gawurtaccen protean form har yanzu yana da yalwa da makantar da hanyoyi zuwa sha'awa da kuma nishadantar a hanyar da cewa shi ne amma duk da haka musamman ga kansa. " Oscar Dahl na BuddyTV ya rubuta cewa "labarin ya yi fice sosai". Daniel na TMZ ya zana shi a matsayin "A", yana mai cewa cikakke ne kuma ya kafa sauran kakar da kyau.
Nassoshi
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Hanyoyin waje
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40923 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20Revolution | Industrial Revolution | Industrial Revolution shine sauyi zuwa sabbin hanyoyin masana'antu a Burtaniya, nahiyar Turai, da Amurka, wanda ya faru a cikin kusan 1760 zuwa kusan 1820-1840. Wannan canji ya haɗa da tafiya daga hand production methods zuwa injuna, sabbin masana'antun sinadarai da hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, haɓaka amfani da wutar lantarki da water power, haɓaka kayan aikin injin da haɓaka tsarin masana'anta. Abubuwan da aka fitar sun karu sosai, kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance hauhawar yawan jama'a da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma yawan karuwar jama'a. Textiles sune manyan masana'antu na industrial Revolution ta fuskar aiki, ƙimar kayan sarrafawa da jarin jari. Har ila yau, masana'antar textiles ita ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na zamani.
Industrial Revolution ya fara ne a Burtaniya, kuma yawancin sabbin fasahohin fasaha da na gine-gine sun fito ne daga Birtaniyya. A tsakiyar karni na 18, Biritaniya ita ce babbar kasa ta kasuwanci a duniya, tana sarrafa daular ciniki ta duniya tare da mazauna Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean. Biritaniya tana da manyan sojoji da siyasa a yankin Indiya; musamman tare da Mughal Bengal na masana'antu, ta hanyar ayyukan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Haɓaka kasuwanci da haɓakar kasuwanci na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution ya yi wani babban sauyi a tarihi. Kwatankwacin yadda ɗan adam ya karɓi aikin gona kawai game da ci gaban abin duniya, Industrial Revolution ya yi tasiri ta wata hanya kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun. Musamman, matsakaitan kudin shiga da yawan jama'a sun fara nuna ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun ce muhimmin tasirin Industrial Revolution shi ne yadda yanayin rayuwa ga al'ummar yammacin duniya ya fara karuwa akai-akai a karon farko a tarihi, ko da yake wasu sun ce bai fara samun gyaruwa mai ma'ana ba sai a karshen karni na 19 da na 20. GDP ga kowa da kowa ya kasance mai karko sosai kafin industrial Revolution da bullowar tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani, yayin da Industarial Revolution ya fara a zamanin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kowane mutum a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. Masana tarihin tattalin arziki sun yarda cewa farkon industrial Revolution shine abu mafi mahimmanci a tarihin ɗan adam tun lokacin da aka yi kiwon dabbobi da tsirrai.
Har yanzu ana ta muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi dangane da madaidaicin farawa da ƙarshen Industrial revolution kamar yadda ake tafka muhawara a kan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Eric Hobsbawm ya yi imanin cewa Industrial revolution ya fara a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1780s kuma ba a ji shi sosai ba har zuwa 1830s ko 1840s, yayin da TS Ashton ya ɗauka cewa ya faru kusan tsakanin 1760 da 1830. An fara haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri a Biritaniya, farawa da injin injina a cikin shekarar 1780s, tare da haɓakar haɓakar ƙarfin tururi da samar da ƙarfe da ke faruwa bayan 1800. Samar da textiles da injina ya bazu daga Burtaniya zuwa nahiyar Turai da Amurka a farkon karni na 19, tare da muhimman cibiyoyin textiles da karfe da Coal da suka kunno kai a Belgium da Amurka sannan daga baya textiles a Faransa.
koma bayan tattalin arziki ya faru ne daga karshen shekarun 1830 zuwa farkon shekarun 1840 lokacin da farkon industrial Revolution , irin su kadi da saƙa, ya ragu kuma kasuwanninsu suka girma. Ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa da aka haɓaka a ƙarshen lokacin, kamar haɓaka ɗaukar jiragen sama, kwale-kwalen tuƙi da tuƙi da narkewar ƙarfe mai zafi. Sabbin fasahohi, irin su telegraph na lantarki, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi sosai a cikin shekarar 1840s da 1850s, ba su da ƙarfin isa don fitar da ƙimar girma. Ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri ya fara faruwa bayan 1870, yana fitowa daga sabon rukuni na sababbin abubuwa a cikin abin da ake kira Industrial revolution na biyu. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun haɗa da sabbin hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, samarwa da yawa, layin taro, tsarin grid na lantarki, manyan kayan aikin injin, da yin amfani da injunan ci gaba a cikin masana'antu masu ƙarfin tururi.
Asalin kalma
An rubuta farkon yin amfani da kalmar "Industrial revolution" a cikin watan Yuli 1799 daga wakilin Faransa Louis-Guillaume Otto, yana sanar da cewa Faransa ta shiga tseren don samun masana'antu. A cikin littafinsa na 1976 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams ya furta a cikin shigarwa don "Masana'antu": "Ma'anar sabon tsarin zamantakewa dangane da babban canjin masana'antu ya bayyana a Southey da Owen, tsakanin 1811 da 1818, da kuma ya kasance a bayyane tun farkon Blake a farkon 1790s da Wordsworth a farkon karni na." Kalmar Industrial revolution da ake amfani da ita ga canjin fasaha ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen 1830s, kamar yadda a bayanin Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui a cikin shekarar 1837 na la révolution industrielle.
Friedrich Engels a The Condition of the Working Class in England a cikin shekarar 1844 ya yi magana game da "juyin masana'antu, juyin juya hali wanda a lokaci guda ya canza dukan ƙungiyoyin farar hula". Kodayake Engels ya rubuta littafinsa a cikin shekarar 1840s, ba a fassara shi zuwa Turanci ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1800s, kuma furcinsa bai shiga harshen yau da kullum ba sai lokacin. Ana iya ba Arnold Toynbee daraja don yada kalmar, wanda laccoci na 1881 ya ba da cikakken bayani game da kalmar.
Masana tarihin tattalin arziki da marubuta irin su Mendels, Pomeranz da Kridte suna jayayya cewa samar da masana'antu a sassa na Turai, duniyar Islama, Mughal India, da Sin sun haifar da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da babban bambanci. Wasu masana tarihi, irin su John Clapham da Nicholas Crafts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun faru a hankali kuma cewa kalmar juyin juya hali ba daidai ba ne. Har yanzu dai wannan batu ne da ake ta muhawara a tsakanin wasu masana tarihi.
Abubuwan bukatu
Abubuwa shida sun sauƙaƙe masana'antu: babban matakan aikin noma don samar da wuce gona da iri na ma'aikata da abinci; tarin basirar gudanarwa da kasuwanci; akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa, koguna, magudanar ruwa, da hanyoyi don motsa kayan da ake samarwa da arha; albarkatun kasa kamar kwal, ƙarfe, da magudanan ruwa; kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tsarin doka wanda ke tallafawa kasuwanci; da jarin kudi akwai don saka hannun jari. Da zarar an fara haɓaka masana'antu a Burtaniya, ana iya ƙara sabbin abubuwa: ƙwarin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa na Biritaniya don fitar da ƙwarewar masana'antu da kuma niyyar shigo da tsarin. Biritaniya ta cika ka'idojin da masana'antu tun daga karni na 18, sannan ta fitar da tsarin zuwa yammacin Turai (musamman Belgium, Faransa, da kuma Jamus) a farkon karni na 19. Kasar Amirka ta kwafi samfurin Birtaniyya a farkon karni na 19, sannan Japan ta kwafi irin na yammacin Turai a karshen karni na 19.
Manazarta
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35260 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Belmont%20Building | Madison Belmont Building | Ginin Madison Belmont, wanda kuma aka sani da 183 Madison Avenue, ginin kasuwanci ne a kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Madison Avenue da titin 34th a Murray Hill, Manhattan, New York. Warren & Wetmore ne suka tsara shi a cikin salon Neoclassical kuma an gina shi a cikin 1924-1925. Ginin Madison Belmont yana da tsarin "matsayi" wanda ya bambanta daga sauran kwamitocin Warren & Wetmore, yana haɗa abubuwa na salon Neoclassical da ƙarin tasirin zamani daga salon Art Deco .
183 Madison Avenue's articulation ya ƙunshi sassa a kwance guda uku kama da abubuwan ginshiƙai, wato tushe, shaft, da babban birni . Tushen, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi ƙasƙanci labarai guda uku na facade, ya ƙunshi firam ɗin nunin ƙarfe-da-tagulla, grilles, da kofofin da Edgar Brandt ya tsara. Wurin yana ƙunshe da ramukan bulo, a tsakanin su akwai ƙofofin da ba a kwance ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da tagogi da kuma spandrels . Labarun na sama sun ƙunshi kayan ado na terracotta na gine-gine da babban cornice. An gama ginin falon da tagulla da marmara, kuma ya ƙunshi rufin rufi .
An gina 183 Madison Avenue a matsayin ginin gidan nuni ga wani kamfani mai ci gaba mai suna Merchants & Manufacturers Exchange na New York. Asalinsa ya tanadi dakunan nuni ga kamfanonin siliki a cikin "Lardin Siliki" na Manhattan. A cikin 2011, waje na ginin da na bene na farko an sanya birnin New York ya zama alamun ƙasa .
Shafin
183 Madison Avenue yana cikin Murray Hill, Manhattan, a kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Madison Avenue da 34th Street . Ginin yana da siffa kamar "L", yana tafiyar tare da Madison Avenue zuwa yamma da Titin 34 zuwa arewa. Wani sashe ya shimfiɗa kudu zuwa titin 33rd, inda yake da gaban gaba mai auna . Adireshin sa na hukuma shine 181-183 Madison Avenue, kodayake ginin yana ɗauke da adiresoshin madadin 31 East 33rd Street da 44–46 Gabas 34th Street. Tsarin da ke kusa sun haɗa da Grolier Club da 2 Park Avenue zuwa kudu, da kuma Ƙungiyar Masu Tara na New York da B. Altman da Ginin Kamfani zuwa arewa.
Gine-gine
183 Madison Avenue Warren da Wetmore ne suka tsara su a cikin salo na zamani. Ƙofofin da kayan ado na ƙarfe a tushe, da kuma aikin ƙarfe a cikin ɗakin, Edgar Brandt, ma'aikacin ƙarfe na Faransa ne ya tsara shi. Ginin yana tsayi, kuma an gina shi da labarai 17. An gina ƙarin bene akan rufin don kayan aikin injiniya da sararin kasuwanci a cikin 1953. 183 Madison Avenue ya ƙunshi tare da raka'a kasuwanci 30.
An bambanta ƙirar da kwamitocin Warren da Wetmore na baya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Babban Babban Tashar Tashar Tasha da kuma tsarin kewaye. Tsarin 183 Madison Avenue kuma ya haɗa da ƙarin tasirin zamani a cikin salon Art Deco, wanda ya fara zama sananne lokacin da aka kammala ginin. Baya ga bulo da terracotta na gine-gine, ginin ya yi amfani irin. Ƙirar ƙasa ta Brandt na ɗaya daga cikin farkon amfani da Art Deco a cikin wani gini a Amurka. A cikin 1925, Mujallar Studio ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana manyan ƙofofin shiga da cewa ana ɗauke da ita zuwa ƙarfin nth na kamala.
Facade
Maganar facade ta ƙunshi sassa uku a kwance daidai da abubuwan da ke cikin ginshiƙi, wato tushe, shaft, da babban birni . Yayin da aka yi facade galibi da tubali, an kuma yi amfani da sassaƙaƙen terracotta motifs wanda Kamfanin Terra Cotta na New York Architectural ya tsara . Tushen da aka yi amfani da shi akan Ginin Madison Belmont ya fi lallausan ƙira kuma ya fi sauƙi a ƙira fiye da na sauran sifofin Warren da Wetmore.
Tushen yana da hawa uku. A kan titin Madison da titin 34th, ginin yana lulluɓe kusan gaba ɗaya tare da manyan tagogi masu nuni da aka saita tsakanin ginshiƙan dutsen, waɗanda suke faɗin ninki biyu kamar bays na sama. An saita tagogin a cikin firam ɗin tagulla masu zinari, kuma a ƙasan tagogin bene na farko, akwai nau'ikan ƙarfe na geometrically. Ƙarshen gabas na facade na titin 34 ya ƙunshi babban ƙofar ginin; akwai kuma ƙofar nuni a kan titin Madison da ƙofar sabis a titin 33rd. Ƙofofin shiga na Art Deco da aka yi wa wahayi an yi musu ado da ganye da furanni na fure. A sama akwai transoms masu baƙar fata-da-zinariya masu kama da daskararrun maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Ƙofofin shiga a kan titin Madison da titin 34th suna da ɗan bayyani daban-daban amma suna da nau'ikan furanni iri ɗaya. A kan titin 33rd, buɗewar bene na farko ƙofar sabis na karfe ne yayin da labari na biyu ya ƙunshi ƙoƙon iska. Labari na uku da na huɗu a kan titin 33rd suna ɗauke da manyan tagogi masu jajayen firam ɗin, tare da filayen ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin tagogin, da ƙaramin cornice a saman bene na huɗu.
Shagon, wanda ya ƙunshi labarai na huɗu zuwa na goma sha biyar, ya haɗa da ci gaba da ramukan tsaye da aka yi da bulo. Madogaran suna raba facade zuwa ƴan ƴan ƴan ɗigon ruwa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da tagar da ba a rufe ba a kowane bene. An kewaye tagogin da jajayen firam ɗin ƙarfe, kuma buɗewar taga a kowane bene an raba su da spandrels da aka yi da bulo mai launuka iri-iri. A kan titin 34th da Madison Avenue, tagogin bene na huɗu suna gefen gefen terracotta kuma an girbe su ta terracotta pediments . A kan titin 33rd, ba a yi wa tagogi ko gyara ba, kuma akwai kwas ɗin bandeji a sama da hawa na goma. Gefen titin 33rd an saita baya sama da bene na sha ɗaya.
Sama da labari na goma sha biyar akwai babban ƙwanƙolin terracotta da ƙarin labarai uku da aka saita baya daga kowane bangare. Labari na goma sha shida da na sha bakwai sun ƙunshi kayan ado na terracotta, kuma sassan tsakiyar su an saita baya kadan fiye da sassan waje. Labari na sha takwas ya koma baya kuma ba a yi masa ado ba.
Lobby
Babban falon yana gudana zuwa kudu daga ƙofar titin 34th, yana kaiwa zuwa wani katafaren falon da ke haɗawa da harabar zauren rectangular. Bi da bi, harabar harabar tana haɗuwa da lif na ginin da dakunan nuni. Ba kamar sauran wuraren lif a gine-ginen New York City na zamani ba, harabar ginin Madison Belmont ba ya ƙunshi shaguna ko wuraren taimako; kawai yana da tebur na tsaro, gidan haya mai haske na tagulla, da kofofin lif. An ƙawata falon sosai da tagulla da marmara. Christopher Gray na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa zauren gidan "yana sanya sauran Midtown <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwng">[</span> Manhattan <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnw">]</span> lobbies kunya".
An ƙera zauren zauren tare da wasu abubuwa na tsohuwar al'adun Masarawa, Girkanci, da na Romawa. Wadannan hotunan sun hada da tarihin Girkanci na Leda da Swan, da kuma ƙididdiga masu ban mamaki irin su Mercury, allahn Roman na kasuwanci da tafiya. An lullube bangon da marmara masu launi da yawa da aka saita a cikin firam ɗin tagulla, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwan Masarawa kamar ganyen magarya da sphinxes saman bangon falon yana dawafi da ƙoƙon ƙarfe wanda ke ƙunshe da gilashin gilashin gilashi da kayan ado na arabesque. A gefen kudancin falon akwai kofofin lif na tagulla guda huɗu.
An yi benen da tayal terrazzo. Ƙwayoyin da aka yi da tagulla, wasu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da abubuwan da suka shafi samar da siliki da sufuri, sun raba rufin da aka kwaɓe zuwa sassa da yawa. Fuskoki masu haske tare da stencil na dabbobin tatsuniyoyi suna gudana a gefen rufin, kuma fitilu kuma suna rataye daga tsakiyar rufin. Sauran abubuwa a harabar gidan, kamar akwatin wasiku da akwatin ƙararrawa na wuta, suma sun ƙunshi kayan ado na tagulla.
Tarihi
Gundumar Siliki ta Manhattan, wacce ta maida hankali a kusa da ƙananan sashin Park Avenue South a cikin karni na 19, ta koma arewa zuwa mahadar Madison Avenue da titin 34th a farkon 1920s. A wannan lokacin, manyan wuraren zama waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yanki na Madison Avenue a cikin ƙarni na 19 ana maye gurbinsu da wuraren sayar da kayayyaki. Uku daga cikin filaye da suka samar da 183 Madison Avenue's site August Belmont Jr. sun kasance suna gudanar da su har zuwa 1915. Ginin Madison Belmont, tare da wani tsari mai hawa 16 a kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Madison Avenue da titin 34th, shine za su zama ginshikin gundumar siliki da aka koma.
Gina
Ginin Madison Belmont Robert M. Catts, mai haɓaka gidaje ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Canjin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na shugaban New York. Catts sun sayi filaye da yawa don ginin a cikin Fabrairu 1924, gami da wani fili a kan titin 33rd da filaye na kusurwar kudu maso gabas a Madison Avenue da 34th Street. A halin yanzu, Catts sun hayar Warren & Wetmore don tsara tsari mai hawa 17 ga masu haya a cikin masana'antar siliki. William A. White da Sons sun shirya jinginar gidan yanar gizon $825,000 a watan Yuni 1924.
A cikin Mayu 1924, masana'antun siliki Cheney Brothers sun yi hayar mafi ƙanƙanta tatsuniyoyi da bene na shekaru 21. Cheney Brothers sun hayar Brandt don tsara aikin ƙarfe na ado saboda Brandt ya riga ya haɗa da kamfanin. Daraktan fasaha na kamfanin Henry Creange ya saba da Brandt ta hanyar nune-nunen nune-nune da yawa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma Cheney ya sake yin zane-zane da yawa na Brandt a siliki. Ginin Madison Belmont ya buɗe ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1925. Architect Harvey Wiley Corbett ne suka kula da bikin, yayin da sakataren kasuwanci Herbert Hoover, masanin ilmin kasa Henry Fairfield Osborn, da kayan ado Louis Comfort Tiffany, da ministan kasuwanci na Faransa na cikin wadanda suka aika da telegram don murnar bude dakin baje kolin Cheney a cikin ginin. Dakin nunin Cheney ya mamaye sararin kusurwa a titin 34th da Madison Avenue daga hawa na farko zuwa hawa na uku.
Amfani
Catts ya shiga fatara ta 1927. Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Metropolitan ya sanya sabon jinginar farko na $2 miliyan akan Ginin Madison Belmont a 1930. A lokacin, ginin yana da lissafin haya na $475,000 kuma an yi hayar kashi 95%. An sanya jinginar gida na biyu na $150,000 akan ginin a shekara mai zuwa. Cheney Brothers, a halin yanzu, ya fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi a ƙarshen 1920s da farkon 1930s saboda canje-canjen tattalin arziki da masana'antar siliki, kuma a cikin 1935, an sake tsara kasuwancin. Lokacin da Cheney ya sake tsarawa, wani alkali na tarayya a Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Gundumar Connecticut ya yanke hukuncin cewa hayar Cheney na $155,000 na shekara-shekara a Ginin Madison Belmont ya yi yawa.
A tsakiyar karni na 20, an ba da hayar benaye na sama ga masu haya kamar wallafe-wallafen Gudanarwa, wanda ya buga mujallar <i id="mw-A">Esquire</i>, da kuma Kamfanin Buga Blue, wanda ke da injin buga hoto a cikin ginin. Kamfanin Madison Belmont ya canza sunan ginin Madison Belmont zuwa Kamfanin Titin Madison-Tirty-Fourth a cikin 1942 akan $40,000. An ƙara bene na inji a cikin ginin a cikin 1953. 183 Madison Avenue ya kasance mallakar ɗan kasuwa ɗan Burtaniya Paul Kemsley, wanda ya rasa ikon ginin a shekara ta 2010. A lokacin, masu hayar ta galibi kamfanoni ne na kayan sawa.
Hukumar Kula da Alamar Birni ta New York ta ayyana facade da falon ciki a matsayin manyan wuraren tarihi na birnin New York a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2011. Kamfanin hadin gwiwa wanda ya kunshi Tishman Speyer da The Cogswell-Lee Development Group ne suka sayi ginin a shekarar 2014, akan kudi dala 185. miliyan. A lokacin, an yi hayar kashi 95% na sarari a cikin ginin. An sake siyar da ginin zuwa Kayayyakin APF a cikin 2018 akan $222.5 miliyan. Masu haya na farkon karni na 21 na 183 Madison Avenue sun haɗa da kamfanin lauya, kamfanin sauti, kamfanin gine-gine, da kamfanin talla, da kuma kamfanin haɗin gwiwar WeWork .
Duba kuma
Art Deco gine na New York City
Jerin Alamomin Birnin New York da aka keɓance a Manhattan daga Tituna na 14 zuwa 59
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32715 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Ikeazor | Sharon Ikeazor | Sharon Ikeazor (an haife ta a watan Agusta 28,na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da daya 1961A.C) lauya ce ƴar Najeriya, ƴar siyasa kuma mashawarciyar gudanarwa. Ita ce tsohuwar sakatariyar zartarwa ta Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Mulki ta Fansho. A watan Agusta 2019, an naɗa Sharon a matsayin ministar muhalli.
Ilimi
Ikeazor ta fara karatun firamare ne a makarantar St. Mary's Convent da ke Legas. Bayan haka, ta halarci Sarauniyar Kwalejin Rosary, Onitsha kuma ta wuce Makarantar Godolphin, Salisbury, Ingila inda ta sami matakin GCE A'. Ta kammala karatun ta na Sakandare a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 1981 sannan ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Benin da digirin farko a fannin shari'a (LL. B Hons.), a cikin 1984. A shekarar 1985, ta samu takardar shedar aiki a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya .
Sana'a
Ƙwarewar farko ta Ikeazor ta shafi muƙamai na shawarwari a bankunan ƙasa da ƙasa iri-iri; Bankin Kasuwancin Najeriya, Nerderlansce Middenstandbank da Midas Merchant Bank, bi da bi. Sannan ta yi aiki a Shell Petroleum a matsayin lauyan kamfani kafin ta kafa nata aikin shari'a a 1994. A shekarar 1999, ta kasance sakatariyar shari'a kuma mai kula da ayyuka na Fluor Daniel Nigeria Ltd, wani reshe na Kamfanin Injiniya na Amurka. Ta kasance mai himma wajen aiwatar da aikin gona na Atlas Cove Tank Farm Project wanda haɗin gwiwar fasaha ne tsakanin Fluor Daniel da Kamfanin Injiniya da Fasaha (NETCO), kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya (NNPC) ta tsara.
Daga baya, Ikeazor ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa don Ci gaban Kasuwanci da Hulɗar Gwamnati na Kamfanin Ba da Shawarwari na Amurka, Good Works International (GWI) Consulting, daga 2003 zuwa 2008. A lokacin, ta ba da shawarwari ga masu ruwa da tsaki a ɓangaren mai da iskar gas a Najeriya. Musamman ma ta kasance babbar mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin General Electric (GE) kan tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (NIPP) tare da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Ta kuma lura da ci gaban sauran damar kasuwanci na gaggawa a Afirka a lokacin ta a GWI.
A ƙarshe Ikeazor ta kasance wakiliyar doka a Aso Energy Resources, Ltd, Abuja na tsawon shekaru biyu, 2008-2010, kafin ta shiga siyasa.
Siyasa
A shekarar 2011, ta tsaya takara tare da lashe muƙamin shugabar mata ta ƙasa ta jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC). Ta yi amfani da dandalin ta wajen ganin ta zama zakaran gwajin dafi ga mata ta hanyar haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar Raya Jama'a ta Duniya (IRI) da Hukumar Bunƙasa Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDP) wajen horar da mata kan jagoranci da kuma matsayin siyasa a Najeriya.
Bayan haɗewar jam’iyyun siyasa uku a Najeriya a shekarar 2013, Sharon ta zama shugabar mata ta jam’iyyar APC mai rikon kwarya – har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar APC a shekarar 2014, mukamin da take rike da shi har zuwa yau. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin shugabar mata, ta kafa kungiyar Matasan Mata ta APC domin ba da shawara da daukar nauyin matasan ‘yan siyasa mata. A shekarar 2016, ta zama ‘yar takarar Sanata na APC a shiyyar Anambra ta tsakiya. A ranar Laraba, 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Shugaba Buhari ya nada ta a matsayin karamar ministar muhalli.
Sadaka
Ikeazor ta ci gaba da tsarawa da shiga cikin jagoranci, horarwa da jagoranci ga mata matasa da sauran marasa galihu.
Ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jin kai na mahaifinta, Chimezie Ikeazor (SAN), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar masu zaman kan ta (NGO), Free Legal Aid for the Poor a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar da a yanzu ta ke kula da ita tana ba da lada ga ayyukan shari'a da aka yi wa ƴan ƙasa da ba su yi wa ƙasa hidima ba. Haka zalika, ta gudanar da wani shiri na wayar da kan jama'a a gidan yari da ke biyan tarar waɗanda ke jiran shari'a tare da bayar da wakilcin shari'a kyauta ga wasu daga cikin fursunonin.
Ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna The Wakiliyan Mata Empowerment Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai kula da mata masu gudun hijira, wadda ke basu lamuni marar ruwa domin fara kananan sana’o’i. Sharon ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar mata a fagen siyasa (WIPF) wacce ita ma ta kafa ta don gina mata ‘yan siyasa a fagen siyasa.
Sabis na Jama'a
Ikeazor ta kasance babbar sakatariyar PTAD daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019 a lokacin da aka dora mata alhakin tafiyar da kungiyar zuwa aikin ta na ci gaba da walwala ga masu karbar fansho. A shekarar 2017, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Gwarzon Mutane na LEADERSHIP. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a daga Businessday a cikin 2017. A ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Barr. An rantsar da Ikeazor a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan Muhalli na Gwamnatin Muhammadu Buhari, bayan nasarar tantancewar da Majalisar ta gudanar.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1961 |
39186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20agou | Mount agou | Dutsen Agou ( Faransanci : Mont Agou, wanda aka fi sani da Baumannspitze ko Baumann Peak ) shine dutse mafi girma a Togo a . Tana kudu maso gabas Kpalimé a yankin Plateaux, na Togo. Dutsen,yana kusa da iyakar Ghana ; Ana iya ganin kasar nan daga taron kolin.
Geology
Dutsen Agou wani yanki ne na matsanancin yammacin tsaunin Atakora wanda ke ratsa makwabciyar kasar Benin . A cikin iyakokin,Togo, wannan kewayon wani lokaci ana kiransa Dutsen Togo . Tare da waɗannan tsaunuka, Dutsen Agou ya kasance wani ɓangare na Dahomeyide Orogen, yankin da aka ɗaga shi a cikin tsari na orogenic lokacin da Craton na Afirka ta Yamma ya fada cikin Garkuwan Benin-Nigeria . Yankin suture na ciki na wannan bel yana ƙunshe da ɗimbin ɓangarorin ɗimbin yawa waɗanda ke kan hanyar Arewa-Kudu. Dutsen Agou wani bangare ne na daya daga cikin wadannan massifs wanda, dangane da rarrabuwar kimiyya, ko dai ana kiransa Lato-Agou Massif (tare da tsaunin Lato kusa) ko kuma Ahito-Agou Massif (tare da Dutsen Ahito ).
Ko da yake a fannin ilimin ƙasa na waɗannan gine-gine, Dutsen Agou yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin inselberg, yana tashi ba zato ba tsammani sama da tudun Danyi Plateau, tare da digo na kusan . Yana tsaye a kan tushe na charnockitic igneous dutse daga Neoproterozoic Era . Dutsen da kansa ya ƙunshi amphibolite, pyroxenites da gabbro, kuma ya ƙunshi ajiyar bauxite .
Tarihi
A tarihi, mutanen Ewe ne ke zaune a yankin. A ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai da farkon karni na sha takwas, 'yan gudun hijira na Adangme sun zauna a Dutsen Agou, suna tserewa daga masu cinikin bayi. A cikin 1870, sojojin Ashanti sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye yankin, amma ƙauyukan da ke kan dutse sun kori su. Don haka, har yanzu ana ganin dutsen a matsayin alamar juriya.
A zamanin Togoland mai kariyar Jamus, ana kiran dutsen Baumann Peak ( Baumannspitze ), mai suna Oscar Baumann . Wani labari na tatsuniya ya nuna cewa sa’ad da Jamusawa suka isa ƙauyen Naviè da ke kusa, sun yi yarjejeniya su sayi abin da zai dace da fatar tumaki. Sai suka yanyanka fata guda suka kewaye dutsen da su. Wannan labarin yayi kama da labarin gargajiya na kafuwar Carthage ta Dido .
Kusa da tsaunin Agou,ana iya ganin ragowar kayan aikin soja na zamanin Jamus da na Togoland na,Faransa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da asibitin sojojin Faransa daga yakin duniya na biyu. An aza duwatsun tunawa a kan dutsen da ke nuni ga waɗannan lokutan.
A cikin 1955, ƙwayar, cacao ta kumbura harbi ta shiga Togo daga Ghana ta cikin gonakin koko da ke kusa da Dutsen Agou.Wani bambance-bambancen ƙwayar cuta na musamman ana kiransa "Agou 1".
A cikin 2000s akwai shirye-shiryen yin amfani da kasuwancin bauxite a kan dutsen, wanda ya gamu da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin kare muhalli na gida. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da yankin koli don sadarwa; kayan aikin sun haɗa da eriya a saman dutsen.
Yawon shakatawa
Gandun dajin na cike da kauyuka da dama da kuma gonakin koko da kofi wadanda ke hade da tsiron ayaba da sauran itatuwan 'ya'yan itace. Akwai titin da aka shimfida zuwa saman da babur ko mota ake iya tafiya. Yawancin masu yawon bude ido sun gwammace su bi hanyoyin da ba a kafa ba wadanda jama'ar yankin ke amfani da su don tafiya tsakanin kauyuka da filayen. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna ratsa koguna da yawa, kuma suna wucewa ta wani magudanar ruwa. Dangane da inda mutum ya bar titin da aka shimfida, tafiya zuwa taron na iya ɗaukar daga ƴan mintuna zuwa sama da sa'o'i 3. Akwai wuraren bincike da dama a yankin, kuma hukumomin yankin na karbar kudade daga masu yawon bude ido da ke son hawan dutsen.
Lokaci-lokaci, ana shirya cikakken tseren gudun fanfalaki ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwallo ta Togo wadda ta haɗa da hawan dutsen Agou.
Flora da fauna
Dutsen da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi an rufe shi da dazuzzuka a baya, tare da alaƙa mai ƙarfi daga tsaunin Agou zuwa sauran sarkar Atakora. An fara daga rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin, an yi saran gandun daji mai karfi don sare itatuwa da noma, wanda ke da nasaba da hasarar rabe-raben halittu, wanda ya bar faci na asali dazuzzuka a kebabben wurare a kan tsaunin tuddai. Duk da haka, an yi binciken nazarin halittu, alal misali akan butterflies ( Heliconiinae, Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea ) da kuma Pteridophytes .
Nassoshi na al'adu
Exoplanet (duniya da ke kewaya wani tauraro) yana da sunan Agouto, wanda aka samo daga Dutsen Agou. Yana kewaya tauraron WASP-64 a nesa na shekarun haske na 1200 a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Canis Major An karɓi sunanta daga masu son taurari na Togo a gasar NameExoWorlds na 2019, wanda Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya ta shirya .
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"Dutsen Agou" akan Peakery.com
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34937 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Kwame%20Asiamah | Isaac Kwame Asiamah | Isaac Kwame Asiamah (an haife shi 24 Disamba 1975) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne na Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shi ne dan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Atwima Mponua. Ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar ta 4, 5, 6, 7 da kuma ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. Shi mamba ne a New Patriotic Party ta Ghana. Daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Janairu 2021, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Isaac Asiamah a garin Mampong na kasar Ghana a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1975. Ya halarci Jami'ar Ghana da ke Legon inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Geography da Kimiyyar Siyasa, a shekarar 2000. Ya wuce Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Jama'a ta Ghana. Gudanarwa don digirinsa na biyu a fannin Gudanarwa da Jagoranci, ya kammala a 2008.
Aiki
Asiyamah ta kasance tana da sana'a iri-iri, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin Manazarcin Siyasa a Sabuwar Hedikwatar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party da ke Accra. Ya kuma kasance Sakataren Matasa na Kasa na Sabuwar Jam’iyyar Kishin Kasa.
Aikin siyasa
Asiamah ya shiga siyasar Ghana tun yana karami lokacin da ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaben mazabar Atwima Mponua kan tikitin jam'iyyar NPP a shekarar 2005. Lokacin da ya lashe kujerar, yana da shekaru 29, dan majalisa mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin siyasar Ghana. Mai rike da mukamin dan majalisa mafi karancin shekaru a yanzu shine Francisca Oteng-Mensah, wacce, a cikin 2016, an zabe ta tana da shekaru 23.
Ministan Matasa da Wasanni
A watan Janairun 2017 ne shugaba Nana Akuffo-Addo ya zabe shi a matsayin ministan matasa da wasanni a Ghana. An dora masa alhakin inganta harkokin wasanni da ayyuka a karamar hukumar ta hanyar bunkasa matasa 'yan wasa. Shugaban ya kara masa kwarin gwiwar samar da wasu tsare-tsare don daidaita wasannin Ghana da kuma amfani da shi a matsayin wani dandali na tsara 'yan wasan Ghana a fagen wasan duniya.
Tantancewan majalisa
Kwamitin nadin na majalisar ya tantance Asiyamah a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2017. A yayin tantancewar, ya bayyana ra'ayinsa kan yadda za a inganta wasanni a Ghana. Wani babban sauyi da ya yi niyyar kawo shi ne na nuna gaskiya a cikin mu’amalar kungiyoyi da gwamnati daban-daban musamman kan batun alawus-alawus da alawus-alawus da ake warewa ‘yan wasa.
Yin rantsuwa a ciki
Shugaba Akuffo-Addo ya rantsar da dukkan ministocin da majalisar dokokin kasar ta amince da su a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2017. Asiamah na cikin wasu ministoci goma da suka karbi sharuddansu na ministoci don fara aiki a ma'aikatu daban-daban.
Zabe
An zabi Asiamah a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Atwima Mponua na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karon farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 30,012 daga cikin 44,217 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 67.9% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan John Macitse Oduro H. na National Democratic Congress da Stephen Osei Bossman na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Waɗannan sun sami kashi 30.5% da 1.7% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
A shekarar 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 25,350 daga cikin 44,948 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 56.4% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Amoah Sarpong na People's National Convention, Ali Yeboah na National Democratic Congress, Kofi Takyi na Democratic People's Party, Appiahhene Peter na Convention People's Party da Raphael Baffour Awuah dan takara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan sun samu kashi 0.68%, 32.01%, 0.42%, 1.12% and 9.37% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.
A shekarar 2012, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 33,961 daga cikin 59,300 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 57.27% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Kwaku Agyemang-Mensah na National Democratic Congress da Frank Tachie Mensah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. An sake zabe shi a zabukan 2016 da 2020 don wakilci a majalisar wakilai ta 7 da ta 8 na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Asiamah ta yi aure tare da yara uku. Ya bayyana a matsayin Kirista kuma memba ne a Cocin Anglican na Ghana.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
2219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Mandela | Nelson Mandela | Nelson Mandela an haife shine a wani gari mai suna Qunu da ke a gabas da kogin Mbashe a yankin gabashin birnin Cap. A lokacin da ya samu shekara bakwai ya zama ɗan zuriarsa na farko da ya shiga makarantar boko.
Farkon rayuwa
Mahaifinsa ya rasu sanadin cutar tarin fuka (TB) a yayin da Mandela ya kai shekara tara 9 a Duniya. Saidai duk da halin maraici da ya kuma tsinci kansa a ciki, Nelson Mandella ya ci gaba da karatu.
Ilimi
Amma a lokacin da ya kammala shekararsa ta farko a jami´ar Fort Hare, an fidda shi daga makarantan a dalilin jagorancin da ya yi wa ´yan makarantar na tada tarzoma. Bayan haka Nelson Mandela ya yi ƙaurin suna a Jami´ar birnin Johannesburg, inda a nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa har sai da ya samu ya kammala karatunsa na digirin farko ta fannin Shari'a. A ɓangaren harkokin siyasa kuwa a shekara ta alif 1942 Nelson Mandela ya shiga Ƙungiyar ANC mai yaki da wariyar launin fata da ake nunawa baƙaƙen fatar Afrika ta Kudu.
Siyasa
A shekara ta alif 1944 tare da haɗin gwuiwar Walter Sizulu da kuma OLivier Tambo, Mandela ya girka kungiyar matasan jam'iyyar ANC wadda daga nan ta duƙufa wajen neman 'yancin baƙaƙen fata da sauran al´ummomin da ake nunawa wariya a ko'ina a cikin Duniya. Don cimma wannan buri, Nelson Mandela ya sanya kafar wando daya da gwamnatin Daniel Malam wacce ta ƙaddamar da mulkin wariyar launin fata wato (Apartheid）a Afrika ta Kudu. Ta la´akari da yadda Ƙungiyar matasan yaƙi da Apartheid ke samun gindin zama sai gwamnati ta cafke Nelson Mandela tare da wasu muƙarrabansa guda 150 wanda aka jefa su a gidan kurkuku har tsawan shekaru biyar.
Gidan kaso
A shekara ta 1960 Turawan da ke mulki a Afrika ta kudu, suka ƙaddamar da kisan kiyashi da aka fi sani da suna ta´adin wato (Sharpeville）, wanda a sakamakon sa mutane suka rasa rayukansu. Wannan ta´adi ya harzuƙa Nelson Mandela a game da haka, ya yi kira ga jama´a ta ƙaddamar da yaki ga haramtaciyar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata.
A dalilin haka aka ƙara ɗaure shi a kurkuku har tsawon shekaru biyar. A yayin da kotu ke gudanar da shari´a a kan al´amarin Mandela ƙarara yace kotun haramtacciya ce, domin ita ma ta nuna wariya.Wannan kalami ya sa aka kara ɗaure shi na shekaru biyar,ya rikiɗa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a gidan yari na Robben Island, inda ya share shekaru kussan 28 a ɗaure.
Ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1990, rana mai dubun tarihi ga ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu da ma Afrika baki ɗaya, domin a wannan rana gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu ta bada umurnin belin Nelson Mandela kamar yadda shugaba Fredrick Declerck ya bayyana a cikin wannan jawabi: "Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar sallamar Nelson Mandela ba tare da gitta wani sharaɗi ba, kuma za ta tabbatar da hakan take yanke".Kammala jawabin na shugaban ƙasa Declerck ke da wuya, sai aka sallami Mandela, inda dubban jama´a suka tarɓe shi cikin taɓi da harerewa. A lokacin da ya yi jawabin farko bayan belin nasa, Nelson Mandela ya bayyana matuƙar farin ciki, to saidai a ɗaya hannun ya bayyana baƙin ciki, ta la´akari da cewar har yanzu, ba ta cenza zani ba, a game da ƙuncin rayuwar baƙaƙen fata na Afrika ta Kudu.Bayan fitowarsa daga kurkuku,Mandela ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da gwaggwarmaya har sai ya ga abunda ya turewa buzu naɗi.
Lamban girma
A game da haka, ya samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya, wato kyautar Nobel Price, ko kuma "Prix Nobel de la Paix" tare da Fredrick De Clerck. Jam´iyarsa ta ANC ta tsaida shi, ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu ranar 27 ga watan Afirilun shekara ta 1994.
ANC ta sami gagarimin rinjaye da kashi 60 %, a game da haka,Mandela ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya jagoranci Afrika ta Kudu, tare da mataimaka guda biyu, Thabon Mbeki shugaba mai ci na yanzu ,da kuma Fredrik De Clerck tsofan shugaban ƙasa.
Wasu daga cikin mahimman ƙudurorin da Mandela ya ƙadamar a zamanin mulkinsa sun haɗa da girka komitoci mussamman wanda ya tattara illahirin wulaƙanci da azabar da baƙaƙen fata suka yi fama da ita, a zamanin mulkin wariya, da zumar yafewa juna tare da ɗaukar matakan kau da wannan tsari daga dokokin Afrika ta Kudu.Mandela ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta fannin farfaɗo da martaba da ƙimar Afrika ta Kudu a idanun duniya, sannan ya kasance tamkar uba ga sauran ƙasashen Afrika.Nelson Mandela, ya sauka daga karagar mulki a shekara ta 1999.Har bayan saukarsa daga karagar mulki, Nelson Mandela ya ci gaba da fafatawar ƙwato ´yancin bani Adama,a game da haka ne, Hukumar kare haƙƙoƙin dan Adam ta Amnesty International ta naɗa shi jakadan zaman lafiya na duniya, daga jami´ar Amnesty Bil Shipsey ya bayyana dalilan ɗorawa Mandela wannan nauyin.
Tun belin sa daga kurkuku a shekara ta 1990, ya zama tauraruwa sha kallo, kuma abun koyi ne a duk ko´ina cikin duniya.
A lokacin da ya yi shugabanci ya bada cikakkar shaida, cewar ana iya gudanar da mulki cikin adalci, sannan babu matsalar da za ta gagara a magance, muddun akwai kyakkyawar niyya. A lokacin da ya maida martani ga wannan nauyin da Amnesty ta ɗora masa, Mandela ya jaddada aniyarsa, ta ci gaba da gwagwarmaya muddun ya na raye.
Hutu
A yanzu na yi ritaya daga harkokin mulki, amma muddun rashin adalci ya ci gaba a duniya nima zan ci gaba da fafatawar ƙwatar ´yancin jama´a, domin a duk lokacin da talauci ya mamaye jama'a, babu batun ´yanci. Nelson Madela ya taka rawar gani ta fannoni daban-daban hasali ma ta fannin yaƙi da cutar Sida.A shekara ta 2005, ya fito ƙarara ya bayyana cewar, ɗansa na cikinsa Makgatho Mandela, ya rasu a dalilin kamuwa da cutar Sida. Ya yi hakan domin taimakawa jama´a ta daina samun ɗaurin kai a game da wannan cuta da masu ɗauke da ita ke fama da ƙyama. Wannan bayani na Nelson Mandella ya taimaka mutuƙa, wajen rage ƙyamar masu cutar Sida. Bikin cikwan shekaru 90 da haifuwar Nelson Mandela
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1918
Mutuwan 2013
'Yan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu |
42687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam%20Kamara | Mariam Kamara | Mariam Issoufou Kamara (an haife ta Afrilu 1979, a Saint-Étienne, Faransa) ƴar Nijar ce. Ƙirar ta ta mai da hankali kan buɗe wuraren zama da yin amfani da kayan da ake samar wa a cikin gida ga al'ummomin Afirka: siminti, ƙarfe da aka sake yin fa'ida da ɗanyen ƙasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mariam Issoufou Kamara a shekara ta alif 1979.
Burin Kamara na farko shine ta zama injiniyan kwamfuta, inda ta samu digirin farko a jami’ar Purdue a fannin kwamfuta (2001) sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami’ar New York (2004). Ta yi aiki a fannin kwamfuta na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ta yanke shawarar canza sana'a kuma ta zama mai zane-zane don cika burinta na samartaka.
A shekara ta 2013, Kamara ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Washington. Kundin nata, Mobile Loitering, ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi a wuraren jama'a na Nijar. An nuna aikin maigidanta a Triennale di Milano a cikin 2014 a baje kolin Babban Chance Babban Canji na Afirka.
Aiki
Ta kafa kungiyar gine-ginen united4design (2013) a lokacin da take zaune a Amurka, kuma bayan dawowarta Nijar ta kafa wani kamfanin gine-gine da bincike mai suna Atelier Masomi (2014), wanda ke mayar da hankali kan budaddiyar wuraren zama a cikin gine-ginen gida.
Ƙungiyar gine-ginen ƙasa da ƙasa da ke shiga cikin United4design sun yi aiki a kan ayyuka a Amurka, Afghanistan da Nijar. Zane-zane na Kamara sun ƙunshi gine-gine masu siffofi na geometric kuma sun dogara da kayan aiki guda uku da aka samar da su ga al'ummomi da yawa: siminti, ƙarfe da aka sake yin fa'ida da ƙasa.
A cikin 2017, ta koyar da karatun birane a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Brown da ke Rhode Island.
A shekara ta 2022, an naɗa Kamara a matsayin cikakkiyar Farfesa na Architecture Heritage da Ɗorewa a ETH Zurich a Switzerland.
Manyan ayyuka
Yamai 2000
Babban aikinta na farko shine a yamai 2000, rukunin gidaje da aka gina a cikin 2016 kuma an tsara shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Yasaman Esmaili, Elizabeth Golden da Philip Sträter. Aikin yana magance matsalolin sararin samaniya da ke da alaƙa da simintin tsarin gidan ƙuruciyar Kamara da aka gina a Yamai a shekarun 1960.
Sakamakon shine sifofi huɗu da aka yi ta hanyar haɗa ƙasa da siminti waɗanda aka haɗa tare. Wani abin lura shi ne benci a gaba wanda ke ba da damar sake dawo da fa'adar gargajiya - tarukan gida na abokai da 'yan uwa da ke faruwa akai-akai a sararin da ke tsakanin gida da titi, wanda kuma wurin taro ne na tarihi.
Hikma en Dandaji
A shekara ta 2018, ta sake yin aiki tare da Yasaman Esmaili don samar da aikin Hikma ("hikima" a cikin Larabci) a Dandaji, wanda ke yankin Tahoua a Nijar. Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar fasahar ginin ƙasa, aikin wani haɗaɗɗen al'adu ne wanda ya haɗa da masallaci, ɗakin karatu da cibiyar al'umma. Ayyukansu sun haɗa nau'ikan ilimi guda biyu "ba tare da saɓani ba, tsakanin ilimin duniya da imani." Ga kowane aiki, shirye-shiryen Kamara shine mabuɗin. Ga kowace irin nasarorin da ta samu, Kamara na gudanar da binciken filin don kara fahimtar tsammanin mazauna nan gaba: ta yaya suke rayuwa kuma ta yaya suke karɓa? Yaya kwanciyar hankali za su kasance, a cikin kwanciyar hankali a al'ada? Me zai basu damar rage zafin cikin gidansu? Aikin Legacy Restored Center don haka yana buƙatar watanni shida na lura. A sakamakon haka, tana ba wa ɗan ƙasa sarari ga duk mazauna ƙauyen Dandaji, inganta ilimin mata da ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a cikin al'umma. Aikin ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu a Lafarge Holcim Awards (2017), gasar mafi girma na gine-gine mai ɗorewa na duniya.
Cibiyar Al'adun Yamai
Kamara tana aiki tare da masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya na Ghana, David Adjaye, don tsara sabuwar cibiyar al'adu a Yamai.
Bët-bi Museum
A watan Mayu 2022, alƙalai sun zaɓi Kamara don jagorantar ƙirar sabon gidan kayan tarihi na Bët-bi a Senegal. Gidauniyar Josef da Anni Albers da 'yar uwarta Le Korsa za su tallafa wa aikin, kuma ana shirin buɗe shi a cikin 2025.
An samu kyaututtuka
2017: Kyautar LafargeHolcim don ci gaba mai ɗorewa:
Lambar azurfa a rukunin Duniya
Lambar zinare a rukunin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Afirka
2018: Rolex Mentor da Kyautar Ƙarfafa Arts Initiative wanda ke ba ta damar yin aiki tare da mai zane David Adjaye
2019: Kyautar Yarima Claus a Netherlands
Aikin da aka zaɓa
Kamara, Mariam. Loitering Mobile: Amsa ga buƙatun sararin samaniya a cikin Nijar bayan mulkin mallaka, yanayin birni mai yawan jinsi . Diss. 2014.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hotunan Hikma en Dandaji na Kamara
Zane na zanen makarantar mata a Balkh, Afghanistan na Kamara da Yasaman Esmaili
Yanar Gizo na Atelier Masomi
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai | Bayanai | Bayanai ( US : / ˈdætə / ; UK : / ˈd eɪtə / ) haƙiƙa ne na daidaiku, ƙididdiga, ko abubuwan bayanai, galibi na lambobi. A cikin ƙarin ma'anar fasaha, bayanai sune saitin ƙimar ƙima ko ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa game da mutum ɗaya ko fiye da haka ko abubuwa, yayin da datum (ƙwayoyin bayanai guda ɗaya) ƙima ɗaya ne na mabambanta ɗaya.
Ko da yake ana amfani da kalmomin "bayanai" da "bayani" sau da yawa tare, wannan kalmar tana da ma'anoni daban-daban. A cikin wasu shahararrun wallafe-wallafe, wani lokaci ana cewa bayanai ana canza su zuwa sanarwa lokacin da aka duba su a cikin mahallin ko a bayan nazari. Koyaya, a cikin jiyya na ilimi na bayanan batun raka'a ne na bayanai kawai. Ana amfani da bayanai a cikin binciken kimiyya, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci (misali, bayanan tallace-tallace, kudaden shiga, riba, farashin hannun jari ), kuɗi, gudanarwa (misali, ƙimar laifuka, ƙimar rashin aikin yi, ƙimar karatu ), kuma a kusan kowane nau'i na ayyukan ƙungiyar ɗan adam misali, ƙidayar adadin mutanen da ba su da matsuguni ta ƙungiyoyin sa-kai).
Gabaɗaya, bayanai sune zarra na yanke shawara: su ne mafi ƙanƙanta raka'a na bayanan gaskiya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman tushen dalili, tattaunawa, ko lissafi. Bayanai na iya zuwa daga ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki zuwa ma'auni na kankare, har ma da ƙididdiga. Ana auna bayanai, tattarawa, bayar da rahoto, da kuma nazarin su, kuma ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bayanan gani kamar hotuna, teburi ko hotuna. Bayanai a matsayin ra'ayi gabaɗaya yana nufin gaskiyar cewa wasu bayanan da ke wanzuwa ko ilimi ana wakilta ko ƙididdige su ta wani nau'i mai dacewa don ingantaccen amfani ko sarrafawa . Raw data ("bayanan da ba a sarrafa su ba") tarin lambobi ne ko haruffa kafin a "tsabta" kuma masu bincike su gyara su. Ana buƙatar gyara ɗanyen bayanai don cire masu fita ko bayyananniyar kayan aiki ko kurakuran shigarwar bayanai (misali, karatun ma'aunin zafi da sanyi daga wurin Arctic na waje yana rikodin yanayin zafi). sarrafa bayanai yawanci yana faruwa ta matakai, kuma "bayanan da aka sarrafa" daga mataki ɗaya ana iya la'akari da "raw data" na mataki na gaba. Bayanan fili ɗanyen bayanai ne waɗanda aka tattara a cikin yanayin da ba a sarrafa shi " a wurin". Bayanan gwaji bayanai ne da aka samar a cikin mahallin binciken kimiyya ta hanyar lura da rikodi.
An bayyana bayanai a matsayin "sabon mai na tattalin arzikin dijital ".
Ilimin Halayyar Dan adam Da Kalmomi
An Fara Amfani na farko da turanci akan kalmar "Bayanai" daga 1640s ne. An fara amfani da kalmar “data” don nufin “bayanan kwamfuta masu iya aikawa da adanawa” a shekara ta 1946. An fara amfani da kalmar “ sarrafa bayanai” a shekara ta 1954.
Bayanin kalmar Latin shine jam'in ' datum', "(abu) da aka bayar," tsaka-tsakin abin da ya gabata na dare "don bayarwa". A cikin Ingilishi ana iya amfani da kalmar data a matsayin suna na jam'i ta wannan ma'ana, tare da wasu marubuta - yawanci, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, kimiyyar rayuwa, da ilimin zamantakewa - suna amfani da datum a cikin mufuradi da kuma bayanai don jam'i, musamman a karni na 20. kuma a yawancin lokuta ma na 21 (misali, salon APA kamar na bugu na 7 har yanzu yana buƙatar "data" don zama jam'i. ). Koyaya, a cikin yare na yau da kullun da yawancin amfani da haɓaka software da kimiyyar kwamfuta, "bayanai" an fi amfani da shi a cikin mufuradi azaman babban suna (kamar "yashi" ko "ruwan sama"). Kalmar babban bayanai tana ɗaukar maɗaukakiyar.
Ma'ana
.Bayanai, bayanai, ilimi, da hikimomi ra'ayoyi ne masu alaƙa, amma kowannensu yana da matsayinsa game da ɗayan, kuma kowane kalma yana da ma'anarsa. Bisa ga ra'ayi na kowa, ana tattara bayanai da kuma nazarin su; bayanai kawai za su zama bayanan da suka dace don yanke shawara da zarar an yi nazarin su ta wani salo.Mutum na iya cewa iyakar bayanan da wani ke ba da labari ya dogara ne da girman abin da mutumin bai yi tsammani ba. Adadin bayanan da ke ƙunshe a cikin rafin bayanai na iya siffanta shi ta Shannon entrop
Ilimi shine fahimtar da ke kan kwarewa mai yawa wajen mu'amala da bayanai kan wani batu. Misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar bayanai. Ana iya auna tsayi daidai da altimeter kuma a shigar da shi cikin ma'ajin bayanai. Ana iya haɗa wannan bayanan a cikin littafi tare da wasu bayanai akan Dutsen Everest don kwatanta dutsen a hanyar da ta dace ga waɗanda suke so su yanke shawara a kan hanya mafi kyau don hawansa. Fahimtar da ta danganci hawan tsaunuka wanda zai iya ba mutane shawara kan hanyar zuwa kololuwar tsaunin Everest ana iya kallon su a matsayin "ilimi". Ana iya ganin hawan dutsen Everest a aikace bisa wannan ilimin a matsayin "hikima". Wato, hikima tana nufin yin amfani da ilimin mutum a zahiri a waɗannan yanayi da nagarta za ta iya haifar da ita. Don haka hikimar ta cika kuma ta kammala jerin "bayanai", "bayanai" da "ilimin" na ƙara bayyana ra'ayoyin.
Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar bayanai a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ra'ayi, bayanai mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ilimi mafi ƙanƙanta. A wannan ra'ayi, bayanai sun zama bayanai ta hanyar fassara; misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa “bayanai”, littafin da ke kan tsaunin Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “bayani”, kuma littafin jagora mai hawa wanda ke ɗauke da bayanai masu amfani kan hanya mafi kyau don isa kololuwar Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “ilimi” . "Bayani" yana ɗauke da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta daga amfanin yau da kullun zuwa amfani da fasaha. Wannan ra'ayi, duk da haka, an kuma yi jayayya don juya yadda bayanai ke fitowa daga bayanai, da bayanai daga ilimi. Gabaɗaya magana, manufar bayanai tana da alaƙa da ra'ayi na ƙuntatawa, sadarwa, sarrafawa, bayanai, tsari, koyarwa, ilimi, ma'ana, kuzarin tunani, tsari, fahimta, da wakilci. Beynon-Davies yana amfani da manufar alama don bambanta tsakanin bayanai da bayanai; bayanai jerin alamomi ne, yayin da bayanai ke faruwa lokacin da ake amfani da alamomin don nuni ga wani abu.
Kafin samar da na'urorin kwamfuta da injina, dole ne mutane su tattara bayanai da hannu tare da sanya masa tsari. Tun da haɓaka na'urorin kwamfuta da injuna, waɗannan na'urori kuma suna iya tattara bayanai. A cikin 2010s, ana amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fagage da yawa don tattara bayanai da warwarewa ko sarrafa su, a cikin fannonin da suka kama daga tallace-tallace, nazarin ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da 'yan ƙasa ke amfani da su zuwa binciken kimiyya. Ana ganin waɗannan alamu a cikin bayanai azaman bayanan da za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka ilimi. Ana iya fassara waɗannan alamu a matsayin " gaskiya " (ko da yake "gaskiya" na iya zama ra'ayi na ainihi) kuma ana iya ba da izini a matsayin ma'auni na ado da ɗabi'a a wasu fannoni ko al'adu. Abubuwan da suka bar bayan fage na zahiri ko na zahiri ana iya gano su ta hanyar bayanai. Ba a daina la'akari da alamomi da zarar an karya hanyar haɗin da ke tsakanin alamar da kallo.
Ana rarraba na'urorin kwamfuta bisa ga yadda suke wakiltar bayanai. Kwamfutar analog tana wakiltar datum azaman ƙarfin lantarki, nisa, matsayi, ko wani adadin jiki. Kwamfuta ta dijital tana wakiltar yanki na bayanai azaman jerin alamomin da aka zana daga kafaffen haruffa . Mafi yawan kwamfutoci na dijital suna amfani da haruffan binary, wato haruffan haruffa guda biyu waɗanda galibi suna nuna "0" da "1". Ƙarin sanannun wakilci, kamar lambobi ko haruffa, ana gina su daga haruffan binary. An bambanta wasu nau'ikan bayanai na musamman. Shirin kwamfuta tarin bayanai ne, wanda za'a iya fassara shi azaman umarni. Yawancin harsunan kwamfuta suna bambanta tsakanin shirye-shirye da sauran bayanan da shirye-shiryen ke aiki akan su, amma a cikin wasu harsuna, musamman Lisp da makamantansu, shirye-shiryen ba su da bambanci da sauran bayanai. Hakanan yana da amfani don rarrabe metadata, wato, bayanin wasu bayanai. Har ila yau kalma mai kama da shi a baya don metadata shine "bayanan ancillary." Misalin misali na metadata shine kas ɗin ɗakin karatu, wanda shine bayanin abubuwan da ke cikin littattafai.
Takardun bayanai
A duk lokacin da ake buƙatar yin rajistar bayanai, bayanai suna wanzuwa ta hanyar takaddun bayanai. Nau'in takaddun bayanai sun haɗa da:
ma'ajiyar bayanai
nazarin bayanai
saitin bayanai
software
takarda data
database
littafin jagora
jaridar data
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun bayanai (majigin bayanai, nazarin bayanai, saitin bayanai, da software) ana ƙididdige su a cikin Fihirisar Bayanan Bayanai, yayin da takaddun bayanai ke bayyani a cikin bayanan littattafan gargajiya na gargajiya, misali, Indexididdigar Cigaban Kimiyya . Duba gaba.
Tarin bayanai
Ana iya samun nasarar tattara bayanai ta hanyar tushe na farko (mai binciken shine mutum na farko da ya fara samun bayanan) ko kuma na biyu (mai binciken ya sami bayanan da wasu kafofin suka rigaya suka tattara, kamar bayanan da aka watsa a cikin mujallar kimiyya). Hanyoyin nazarin bayanai sun bambanta kuma sun haɗa da triangulation na bayanai da ɓarna bayanai. Ƙarshen yana ba da hanyar tattarawa, rarrabuwa, da kuma nazarin bayanai ta amfani da kusurwoyi masu yuwuwar bincike guda biyar (aƙalla uku) don haɓaka haƙiƙanin binciken da ba da damar fahimtar al'amuran da ke ƙarƙashin bincike cikakke gwargwadon yiwuwa: hanyoyin inganci da ƙididdigewa, adabi. sake dubawa (ciki har da labaran masana), hirarraki da masana, da kwaikwaiyon kwamfuta. Bayan haka, bayanan suna "ɓoye" ta amfani da jerin matakan da aka riga aka ƙaddara don fitar da bayanan da suka fi dacewa.
A wasu fannonin
Ko da yake ana ƙara amfani da bayanai a wasu fannoni, an ba da shawarar cewa yanayin fassarar su na iya yin saɓani da tsarin bayanai kamar yadda "an bayar". Peter Checkland ya gabatar da kalmar capta (daga Latin capere, "dauka") don bambanta tsakanin adadi mai yawa na yiwuwar bayanai da kuma wani yanki na su, wanda hankali ya karkata. Johanna Drucker ya bayar da hujjar cewa tun da ’yan Adam sun tabbatar da samar da ilimi a matsayin “wuri, bangaranci, da tsarin mulki,” ta yin amfani da bayanai na iya gabatar da zato waɗanda ba su da fa’ida, alal misali cewa al’amura suna da hankali ko kuma masu zaman kansu ne. Kalmar capta, wanda ke jaddada aikin lura a matsayin mai mahimmanci, ana ba da shi azaman madadin bayanai don wakilcin gani a cikin ɗan adam.
Duba kuma
Biological data
Computer memory
Data acquisition
Data analysis
Data bank
Data cable
Data curation
Dark data
Data domain
Data element
Data farming
Data governance
Data integrity
Data maintenance
Data management
Data mining
Data modeling
Data point
Data visualization
Computer data processing
Data preservation
Data publication
Data protection
Data remanence
Data science
Data set
Data structure
Data warehouse
Database
Datasheet
Environmental data rescue
Fieldwork
Information engineering
Machine learning
Open data
Scientific data archiving
Statistics
Secondary Data
Manazarta
Bayanai
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
49025 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwa%20gama%20gari%20na%20Gabashi%20da%20Kudancin%20Afirka | Kasuwa gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka | Kasuwar gama-gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka ( COMESA ) wata al'umma ce ta tattalin arziki a Afirka da ke da kasashe ashirin da daya daga Tunisiya zuwa Eswatini . An kafa COMESA a cikin Disamba 1994, wanda ya maye gurbin Yankin Ciniki na Farko wanda ya wanzu tun 1981. Kasashe tara daga cikin mambobin sun kafa yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 2000 ( Djibouti, Masar, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia da Zimbabwe ), tare da Rwanda da Burundi sun shiga FTA a 2004, Comoros da Libya a 2006, Seychelles a 2009 da Tunisia da Somalia a 2018.
COMESA na daya daga cikin ginshikan Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afrika .
A shekara ta 2008, COMESA ta amince da fadada yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci da suka hada da mambobin wasu kungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka guda biyu, kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka (EAC) da kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC). COMESA kuma tana la'akari da tsarin biza gama gari don haɓaka yawon buɗe ido.
Memba
Membobin yanzu
Tsoffin membobin
Gabobi
Bisa ga yarjejeniyoyin, gabobin masu zuwa suna da ikon yanke shawara:
Hukumar ta COMESA, ta ƙunshi shugabannin ƙasashe ko gwamnatoci kuma ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ta COMESA. Hukumar tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban da aka zaba na tsawon lokaci da aka amince; Shugaban na yanzu daga Nuwamba 2021 shine Shugaban Masar Fattah El Sisi. Hukuma tana da alhakin jagorancin manufofin gabaɗaya da kuma kula da ɗaukacin ayyukan gudanarwa na COMESA. Hukumar ta COMESA na yin taro sau ɗaya a shekara a taron koli da ake gudanarwa a ƙasashe mambobi daban-daban. Gwamnati mai masaukin baki da Sakatariyar COMESA suna da alhakin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyar su. Yayin da kasar mai masaukin baki ke karbar shugabancin hukumar na wannan shekara, ana iya gudanar da wani babban taro bisa bukatar kowane memba na hukumar; muddin kashi daya bisa uku na mambobin Hukumar sun goyi bayan irin wannan bukata. Ana gudanar da tarukan Hukuma ne a rufaffiyar zama kuma yawanci ana yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya. Dole ne shugabannin zaman su fitar da sanarwa, tare da rubuta duk wani hukunci da aka yanke. Wadannan umarni da hukunce-hukuncen da Hukuma suka dauka suna da alaka da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar da sauran sassan da aka yi musu jawabi.
Majalisar Ministoci ta COMESA
Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Kolin COMESA na da fifiko kan duk wani hukuncin kotunan kasa. Kotunan shari'a na iya karɓar kararraki ba kawai daga ƙasashe memba ba, har ma daga ƴan ƙasa da na shari'a, a kan majalisa don tantance haƙƙin kowane mataki game da umarni, ƙa'ida ko shawarar da aka yanke. Ana kuma ba wa mutane izinin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar su kai ƙarar wata ƙasa a Kotun COMESA; halalcin da ke ƙarƙashin yerjejeniyar kowace doka, ƙa'idar umarni, ko shawarar irin wannan ƙasa memba.
A yayin da wata kotu ta ƙasa ke nazarin aikace-aikace ko fassarar yarjejeniyar, tana iya neman ra'ayin kotuna game da lamarin. Idan kotun kasa kotu ce da ba a daukaka kara ko gyara daga gare ta, to ana bukatar kotu ta mika tambayar ga kotun COMESA. Magani na kasa dole ne ya kare kafin mutum ya kawo wani batu a COMESA CJ. Kotun ta COMESA na da hurumin kararrakin da ma’aikatan COMESA da wasu kamfanoni suka kawo kan COMESA ko cibiyoyinta. Haka kuma za ta iya aiki a matsayin kotun sauraron korafe-korafen duk wani lamari da ya taso daga kwangilar da COMESA ko wata cibiya ta ke. Haka kuma Kotun na iya yanke hukunci kan duk wata takaddama tsakanin kasashe mambobin da suka amince su gabatar da takaddamar a gabanta. Ba kamar Dokar Kotun Duniya ba, yarjejeniyar ba ta bayyana tushen dokokin da Kotun za ta yi amfani da su ba. Yarjejeniyar da duk wata doka ta COMESA da aka bayar, za su sanya dokar farko da za a yi amfani da su, amma dokar birni da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma za a iya tantance su ta hanyar Kotun.
Yayin da hukumcin kotun ta COMESA ya ba da hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙirar daidaitattun fassarar yarjejeniyar, babu wani takamaiman tanadin hanyar da za a sasanta rigingimu tsakanin cibiyoyin Kasuwa. Ba a bai wa Kotun ikon fassara dokokin sauran cibiyoyin COMESA ba. A ƙarshe, Yarjejeniyar ba ta fayyace cewa Kotu za ta sami hurumin shari'a kan lamuran 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin yanayin al'umma ba.
Saboda hukunce-hukuncen kotun, taron na takwas na ministocin shari’a da manyan lauyoyi ya ba da shawarar ga majalisar ministoci da hukumar da a gyara yarjejeniyar ta yadda za a samar da bangarori biyu a kotun, wato kotun matakin farko da na daukaka kara. Rarraba. An amince da shawarar kuma an fadada Kotun a watan Yunin 2005 tare da nada alkalai bakwai a kotun matakin farko da alkalai biyar a sashin daukaka kara. Daga nan aka dakatar da aikin kotun har sai an nada alkalan sashin daukaka kara sannan aka zayyana dokokin kotun da ke sashin daukaka kara aka kuma amince da su. A lokacin wannan gyara na Kotun, Kotun da ta kasance mai cikakken 'yancin kanta ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sake duba duk wani Dokar Kotun da Ministocin Shari'a da Atoni-Janar suka gabatar. An kafa kotun a karkashin yarjejeniyar 1994, ba a nada rukunin farko na alkalai ba sai 1998.
Ba kamar sauran kotunan yankin Afirka ba, Kotun ta COMESA na ci gaba da karbar kararraki. Sai dai saboda rashin kudi kotun ba ta iya sauraron dukkan shari'o'inta a wasu lokuta. Ana ba da kudade ne kawai na zama ɗaya na Kotun a kowace shekara, waɗannan sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarin shari'o'i. Tabbas koma bayan shari'o'in zai karu tare da ci gaban da ake samu a takaddamar kasuwanci a yankin.
Kwamitin Gwamnonin Babban Bankuna
Ƙananan gabobin manufofin suna ba da shawarwari ga abubuwan da ke sama:
Kwamitin tsakanin gwamnatoci
Kwamitocin fasaha goma sha biyu
Kwamitin Tuntuɓar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da sauran Ƙungiyoyin Masu Sha'awa
Sakatariyar COMESA
Sauran cibiyoyin COMESA da aka kirkira don inganta ci gaba sune:
Bankin PTA (Bakin Ciniki da Gabas da Kudancin Afirka) a Bujumbura, Burundi
Gidan share fage na COMESA a Harare, Zimbabwe
Ƙungiyar COMESA ta Bankunan Kasuwanci a Harare, Zimbabwe
Cibiyar fata ta COMESA a Addis Ababa, Habasha
Kamfanin Sake Assurance na COMESA (ZEP-RE) a Nairobi, Kenya
Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Yanki a Alkahira, Masar
Aikin COMTEL, da nufin samar da kayayyakin sadarwa na yanki
Kwatanta da sauran ƙungiyoyin yanki
Manazarta
Nassoshi
Afrika |
42057 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin%20Janairu%202012%20a%20Arewacin%20Najeriya | Harin Janairu 2012 a Arewacin Najeriya | An kai jerin hare-hare kan harkokin kasuwanci a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a ranakun 5 da 6 ga watan Janairun 2012, sannan aka kai hare-hare kan ofisoshin ƴan sanda da ofisoshin gwamnati a arewa a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu. An kashe mutane sama da 180.
Fage
Ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ke da mazauni a jihar Borno, wadda manufarta ita ce kafa shari'ar Musulunci a duk faɗin Najeriya, ta ƙara ƙaimi wajen kai hare-hare tun bayan wata arangama da jami'an tsaro da suka yi a shekarar 2009 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar shugabanta Ustaz Mohammed . Yusuf. Tun daga wancan lokaci ta yi ikirarin ko kuma a zarge ta da kai hare-hare da dama a kan gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma fararen hula. Galibin hare-haren dai sun kasance arewacin Najeriya mafi akasarin musulmi, ko da yake an yi kiran sunan kungiyar a wasu hare-haren bama-bamai kamar hare-haren da aka kai kan hedikwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma babban ginin 'yan sanda a babban birnin tarayya Abuja . Tuni dai kungiyar da kanta ta hade da wasu da ke kawance da kungiyar Al Qaeda a yankin Magrib da kuma wasu da ke sa ran cimma yarjejeniya irin ta MEND ta kudancin Najeriya.
A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2011, Boko Haram ta kuma kai hari a wata Coci a Abuja tare da kai hari kan wasu wuraren kiristoci a arewacin Najeriya. A baya dai ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ta bai wa daukacin kiristoci wa’adin kwanaki 3 da su fice daga jihar Yobe da kuma jihar Borno biyo bayan harin bam na Kirsimeti . Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan ya kafa dokar ta baci a wasu garuruwan jihohin.
5-6 hare-haren Janairu
Wasu ƴan bindiga ɗauke da muggan makamai sun kai hari a wani dakin taro na birnin Mubi na jihar Adamawa inda jama’a suka taru domin alhinin wasu Kiristoci 3 da aka harbe a yammacin jiya. Akalla mutane 18 ne wani jami’in kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross a Najeriya ya tabbatar da kashe shi, sannan kuma wani harin kwantan bauna da aka kai wa Kiristocin da ke barin wani coci a Yola babban birnin jihar ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla mutane takwas. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa ‘ yan kabilar Igbo ne.
Daga bisani kuma mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ke kiran kansa Abu Qaqa ya dauki alhakin waɗannan abubuwa biyu da kuma harbin da aka yi a wani coci a Gombi wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane shida a ranar Alhamis. An kuma harbe wasu Kiristoci ma'aurata a Maiduguri, wanda ake ganin shi ne tungar kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Daga baya ‘yan sanda a jihar Yobe sun shaida wa manema labarai cewa sun yi artabu da ‘yan Boko Haram a kan tituna. Daruruwan Kiristoci ne suka fara ficewa daga garuruwan arewacin kasar biyo bayan harin bama-bamai da jami’an cocin suka buƙace da kada su shiga cikin hare-haren ramuwar gayya. Police in Yobe State later told the press they were engaged in street battles with members of Boko Haram. Hundreds of Christians started fleeing northern cities in the aftermath of the bombings and church officials urged people not to take part in revenge attacks.
20 ga Janairu
A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu bayan sallar Juma'a, wasu gungun ƴan bindiga sanye da kakin ƴan sanda sun shiga gine-ginen ƴan sanda biyar tare da kuɓutar da dukkan fursunonin. Sun ci gaba da tayar da bama-bamai a gine-ginen, da kuma ofisoshin shige da fice guda biyu da kuma ofishin karamar hukumar ta jihar Kano. Daga baya ne suka zagaya cikin gari cikin motoci da babura, suna harbin masu tafiya a kasa tare da fafatawa da 'yan sanda. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu har da dan jaridan gidan talabijin Enenche Akogwu, wanda aka harbe shi a lokacin da yake bayar da labarin yadda hare-haren ta'addancin suka afku.
Ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta yi watsi da wasikun da aka rubuta da harshen Hausa a inda aka kai harin, inda suka bayyana cewa suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da ci gaba da tsare 'yan Boko Haram. Sun kuma tuntubi manema labarai kai tsaye domin daukar alhakin kai hare-haren. Jami'ai a birnin sun mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita da kuma fara sintiri da makamai a manyan tituna, kodayake har yanzu ana jin karar harbe-harbe a washegari.
Gwamnatin jihar Kano ta umarci dukkan asibitocin yankin da su rika kula da waɗanda abin ya shafa kyauta. Shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Jean Ping ya yi Allah-wadai da hare-haren sannan ya ce kungiyar ta ki amincewa da ta'addanci a kowane bangare; da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon shima yayi Allah wadai da harin.
A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu gwamnatin kasar ta sanar da cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa mutane 185, 150 daga cikinsu farar hula ne da kuma akalla jami'an 'yan sanda 32, ciki har da ƴan sandan sirri 3. Jami'an tsaron yankin sun sanar da gano wasu bama-bamai guda 10 da ba a fashe ba da kuma wasu kananan bama-bamai na gida kusan 300 a kewayen birnin. Daga nan sai Sarkin Kano Ado Bayero da Gwamna Rabi’u Kwankwaso suka jagoranci addu’a ga waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su.
A cewar shafin yanar gizon 247reports.com, mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Boko Haram ya nuna cewa an kai hare-haren ne saboda gazawar da gwamnatocin jihohi suka yi na biyan kudin kariya.
Duba kuma
Rikicin Shari'ar Najeriya
Nassoshi
2012 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Rikici a Najeriya
Rikici
Hare-haren Boko Haram
Hare-hare
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20Daji%20Na%20Yankuna%20masu%20Zafi | Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi | Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune gandun dajin da ke faruwa a yankunan dajin yanayi na wurare masu zafi wanda babu lokacin bazara duk watanni suna da matsakaicin hazo na akalla 60 mm - kuma ana iya kiran shi dausayi mai tsayi dazuzzuka. Ana samun gandun daji na gaskiya a tsakanin digiri 10 Arewa da kudu na mai daidaitawa (duba taswira); su ne wani sa na wurare masu zafi da gandun daji da ya auku wajen a cikin 28-mataki latitudes (a cikin Equatorial zone tsakanin Tropic of Cancer kuma Tropic of Capricorn ). A cikin rabe -raben biome na Asusun Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune nau'in gandun daji mai yalwar ruwa mai zafi (ko gandun daji mai zafi) wanda kuma ya haɗa da gandun daji na yanayi mai faɗi .
Karin Bayani
Ana iya rarrabe gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a cikin kalmomi biyu: zafi da rigar zafi. Ma'ana yanayin zafi na wata ya wuce a duk watanni na shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara -shekara bai wuce kuma yana iya wuce ko da yake yawanci yana tsakanin da . Wannan babban hazo sau da yawa yakan haifar da ƙasa mara kyau saboda leaching wato abubuwan da ke narkewa a ƙasa.
Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna ɗimbin halittu. Kusan kashi 40% zuwa 75% na duk nau'ikan halittun 'yan asalin gandun daji ne. Gandun dazuzzukan gida ne na rabin dukkan dabbobi masu rai da tsirrai a doron ƙasa. Za a iya samun kashi biyu bisa uku na duk tsirrai masu furanni a cikin gandun daji. ya kadada na gandun daji na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan kwari iri -iri 42,000, har zuwa bishiyoyi 807 na nau'ikan 313 da nau'ikan tsirrai 1,500 mafi girma. An kira dazuzzukan daji na wurare masu zafi " mafi girman kantin magani na duniya ", saboda an gano sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na magungunan halitta a cikinsu. Wataƙila za a iya samun miliyoyin nau'in tsirrai, kwari da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda har yanzu ba a gano su a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba.
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna daga cikin mawuyancin yanayin muhallin halittu a duniya, saboda rarrabuwa mai yawa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Rarrabuwa na mazaunin da ke haifar da tsarin ilimin ƙasa kamar volcanism da canjin yanayi ya faru a baya, kuma an gano su a matsayin manyan direbobi na ƙwarewa. Koyaya, lalacewar mazaunin cikin sauri ana tsammanin shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gushewar nau'in. An sha fama da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na gandun daji da tsabtace aikin gona a cikin karni na 20, kuma yankin da gandun daji ke rufe a duniya yana raguwa cikin sauri.
Tarihi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun wanzu a doron duniya miliyoyin shekaru. Yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a yau suna kan gutsurarrun curare zamanin Mesozoic na Gondwana .Rabuwa da filin ya haifar da babban rashi na bambancin halittu masu rai yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yanayin bushewar yanayi ya haifar da rarrabuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Rarraba ya bar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke cikin manyan yankuna biyar na duniya: Amurka mai zafi, Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Madagascar, da New Guinea, tare da ƙaramin waje a Ostiraliya. Ko yaya, takamaiman asalin gandun dazuzzuka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba saboda ƙarancin burbushin halittu.
Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Dabbobi da yawa na iya bayyana kama da, ko hade ta hanyar ecotones da, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi:
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na damina suna samun ruwan sama gaba ɗaya tare da lokacin damina mai zafi da lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Wasu bishiyoyi a cikin waɗannan gandun daji suna zubar da wasu ko duk ganye a lokacin bazara, don haka a wasu lokutan ake kiransu da "gandun daji mai gauraye na wurare masu zafi". Ana samun su a sassan Kudancin Amurka, a Amurka ta Tsakiya da kewayen Caribbean, a Yammacin Afirka ta gabar teku, sassan yankin na Indiya, da kuma yawancin Indochina .
Gandun daji na Montane
Ana samun waɗannan a cikin wuraren tsaunuka masu sanyi da sauyin yanayi, ana kiransu dazuzzukan girgije a tsaunukan da suka fi tsayi. Dangane da latitude, mafi ƙarancin iyakar gandun daji na montane akan manyan tsaunuka yawanci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 2500 m yayin da iyakar babba yawanci daga 2400 zuwa 3300 m.
Ambaliyar dazuzzukan
Ana samun dazuzzukan fadama na ruwan zafi, ko “gandun daji da ambaliyar ruwa”, a cikin kwarin Amazon ( Várzea ) da sauran wurare.
Tsarin gandun daji
An raba gandun dazuzzuka zuwa sassa daban-daban, ko yadudduka, tare da tsirrai da aka tsara su a cikin tsayin daka daga saman ƙasa zuwa rufi. Kowane Leya wata al'umma ce ta musamman da ke ɗauke da tsirrai da dabbobi daban-daban waɗanda aka saba da su don rayuwa a cikin wannan madaidaicin. Leya mai fitowa kawai ya kebanta da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yayin da sauran kuma ana samun su a cikin gandun daji.
Dajin da kasar
Gandun daji, mafi ƙasƙanci, yana karɓar kashi 2% kawai na hasken rana. Shuke -shuke da suka dace da ƙananan haske ne kawai za su iya girma a wannan yankin. A nesa daga bakin kogi, fadama da tsaunuka, inda ake samun gindin ciyawa mai yawa, kasan gandun daji yana da ƙarancin ciyayi saboda ƙarancin shigar hasken rana. Wannan ingantaccen ingancin yana ba da izinin sauƙaƙan motsi na manyan dabbobi kamar: kamar okapi ( Okapia johnstoni ), tapir ( Tapirus sp. ), Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ), da birai kamar gorilla mai faɗi ta yamma ( Gorilla gorilla ), da kuma yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kwari. Har ila yau gandun dajin yana ɗauke da gurɓataccen tsirrai da ƙwayoyin dabbobi, waɗanda ke ɓacewa da sauri, saboda yanayin ɗumi da ɗumi yana haɓaka lalata da sauri. Yawancin nau'ikan fungi da ke girma anan suna taimakawa lalata dabbobi da sharar gida.
Kasan labarin layer
Layer na ƙasa yana tsakanin alfarwa da gandun daji. Ƙasa gida ce ga tsuntsaye da yawa, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da masu farauta. Misalai sun haɗa da damisa ( Panthera pardus ), kwaɗi masu guba ( Dendrobates sp.), Coati-wutsiya ( Nasu nasua ), boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor ), da yawancin nau'in Coleoptera . Tsirrai da ke cikin wannan Layer gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi shuke-shuke masu jure inuwa, ganye, ƙananan bishiyoyi, da manyan kurangar inabi waɗanda ke hawa cikin bishiyoyi don ɗaukar hasken rana. Kusan kashi 5% ne kawai na hasken rana ke karya rufin don isa ga ƙasan da ke haifar da tsirrai na ƙasa da gaske ba sa girma zuwa 3 m (10 ƙafa). A matsayin karbuwa ga waɗannan ƙananan matakan haske, tsire -tsire marasa tushe sau da yawa sun haɓaka manyan ganye. Yawancin tsirrai da za su yi girma zuwa matakin alfarwa suna cikin ƙasa.
Layer mai rufi
Rufin shine babban sashin dajin, yana yin rufi akan yadudduka biyu da suka rage. Ya ƙunshi yawancin manyan bishiyoyi, yawanci tsayinsu ya kai 30-45 m. Dogayen bishiyoyi masu faffadan ganye suna da manyan tsire-tsire. Ana samun mafi yawan wuraren halittu masu rai a cikin rufin gandun daji, saboda galibi yana tallafawa tarin furannin epiphytes, gami da orchids, bromeliads, mosses da lichens. Waɗannan tsirrai na epiphytic suna haɗe da kututtuka da rassa kuma suna samun ruwa da ma'adanai daga ruwan sama da tarkace waɗanda ke tattara kan tsirrai masu goyan baya. Dabbobi ((Fauna) yayi kama da wanda aka samo a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, amma ya bambanta. Ana ba da shawarar cewa jimillar wadatattun nau'in arthropod na rufin na wurare masu zafi na iya kaiwa miliyan 20. Sauran nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin wannan ƙirar sun haɗa da nau'ikan avian da yawa irin su hornbill mai launin rawaya-casqued wattled ( Ceratogymna elata ), sunbird mai launin shuɗi ( Anthreptes collaris ), parrot launin toka ( Psitacus erithacus ), keucen-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus ), macaw mai launin ja ( Ara macao) ) da kuma sauran dabbobi kamar biri na gizo -gizo ( Ateles sp. ), Babban abin hadiye na Afirka (Papilio antimachus), mai yatsun kafa uku ( Bradypus tridactylus ), kinkajou ( Potos flavus ), da tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ).
Layer ta gaugawa
Layer mai fitowa yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadi na manyan bishiyoyi, waɗanda ake kira masu fitowa, waɗanda ke girma sama da babban rufin, suna kaiwa tsayin 45-55. m, ko da yake a wasu lokuta wasu nau'ikan tsiro zasu yi girma zuwa 70-80 m tsayi. Wasu misalan masu tasowa sun haɗa da: Balizia elegans, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Lecythis ampla da Terminalia oblonga . Waɗannan bishiyoyin suna buƙatar su iya jure yanayin zafi da iska mai ƙarfi da ke faruwa a saman rufin a wasu yankuna. Dabbobi daban-daban na (faunal) da yawa suna zaune a cikin wannan Layer kamar gaggafa mai kambi ( Stephanoaetus coronatus ), sarki colobus ( Colobus polykomos ), da babban fox mai tashi ( Pteropus vampyrus ).
Koyaya, stratification ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. Gandun daji suna da ƙarfi kuma canje -canje da yawa suna shafar tsarin gandun daji. Bishiyoyin da ke fitowa ko alfarwa suna rushewa, alal misali, suna haifar da gibi. Buɗewa a cikin gandun dajin an yarda da su da mahimmanci don kafawa da haɓaka bishiyoyin dazuzzuka. An kiyasta cewa wataƙila kashi 75% na nau'in bishiyar a tashar Sashen Halittar La Selva, Costa Rica suna dogaro ne da buɗaɗɗen katako don tsiro iri ko don girma fiye da girman tsiro, misali.
Ilimin halittu
Yanayi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna kusa da kusa da mai daidaitawa, sabili da haka yana da abin da ake kira sauyin yanayi wanda ke da muhimman sigogin yanayi uku: zazzabi, ruwan sama, da tsananin lokacin bazara. Sauran sigogin da ke shafar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune tarin carbon dioxide, hasken rana, da wadatar nitrogen. Gaba ɗaya, yanayin yana kunshe da yanayin zafi da yawan ruwan sama na shekara -shekara. Ko yaya, yawan ruwan sama yana canzawa a cikin shekara yana haifar da yanayi mai danshi da bushewa. An rarrabe gandun daji na Tropical da yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a kowace shekara, wanda ya ba da damar masana kimiyyar muhalli su ayyana bambance-bambancen da ke cikin gandun dajin waɗanda suke kama da juna a tsari. Dangane da rarrabuwa na yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, ainihin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna samun ruwan sama da shekara 2 m da yawan zafin jiki na shekara sama da digiri 24 na Celsius, tare da yuwuwar ƙimar evapotranspiration (PET) na <0.25. Ko yaya, yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ana iya rarrabe su a matsayin gandun daji mai ɗumi ko rigar, waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da ruwan sama. Ilimin kimiyyar gandun daji na Tropical- kuzari, abun da ke ciki, da aiki- suna kula da canje-canje a yanayi musamman canje-canjen ruwan sama.
Ƙasa
Nau'o'in ƙasa
Nau'o'in ƙasa suna da sauyi sosai a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwa masu yawa kamar yanayi, ciyayi, matsayi na ƙasa, kayan iyaye, da shekarun ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi ana rarrabe su da muhimmin leshi da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, duk da haka akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa mai albarka. Ƙasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun faɗi cikin rarrabuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da ultisols da oxisols . Ultisols an san su da yanayi, ƙasa mai launin jan yumɓu, ƙarancin abinci mai muhimmanci kamar alli da potassium. Hakanan, oxisols acidic ne, tsofaffi, yawanci ja ne, mai ɗimbin yawa da narkewa, duk da haka suna da kyau idan aka kwatanta da ultisols. Abun yumɓu na ultisols yana da girma, yana sa ya zama da wahala ruwa ya shiga kuma ya ratsa ta. Launin ja na ƙasa duka sakamakon zafi mai zafi da danshi ke haifar da oxide na baƙin ƙarfe da aluminium, waɗanda basa narkewa cikin ruwa kuma tsire -tsire ba sa ɗaukar su cikin sauƙi.
Siffofin ƙasa da halayen jiki suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da haɓakar ƙasa sama da tsarin gandun daji da juzu'i. Kayayyakin jiki na ƙasa suna sarrafa yawan jujjuyawar itace yayin da kaddarorin sunadarai kamar wadataccen nitrogen da phosphorus ke sarrafa ƙimar girma na gandun daji. Ƙasa na gabas da tsakiyar Amazon da kuma gandun daji na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsofaffi ne da ma'adinai yayin da ƙasa ta yammacin Amazon (Ecuador da Peru) da yankunan volcanic na Costa Rica matasa ne da ma'adinai. Yawan aiki na farko ko samar da itace ya kasance mafi girma a yammacin Amazon kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a gabashin Amazon wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai ɗimbin yawa da aka ƙira da oxisols. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ta Amazonian tana da ɗimbin yawa, yana sa su zama marasa ma'adanai kamar phosphorus, potassium, calcium, da magnesium, waɗanda ke fitowa daga tushen dutsen. Ko yaya, ba duk gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa akan ƙasa mara kyau na abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma a kan ambaliyar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da ƙasa mai aman wuta a cikin tsaunukan Andean, da kuma yankunan dutsen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka ta Tsakiya.
Oxisols, marasa haihuwa, yanayi mai zurfi da lecha mai ƙarfi, sun haɓaka akan tsoffin garkuwar Gondwanan . Rushewar kwayan cuta na hana taruwar humus. A taro na baƙin ƙarfe ne da aluminum oxides da laterization aiwatar bada oxisols wani haske ja launi da kuma wani lokacin samar mines a adibas (misali, haƙar ). A kan ƙaramin abu, musamman na asalin dutsen mai fitar da wuta, ƙasa na wurare masu zafi na iya zama mai yawan haihuwa.
Maimaita kayan abinci
Wannan babban ɓarna yana haifar da matakan phosphorus a cikin ƙasa, hazo, matsanancin yanayin zafi da yawan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, akwai yalwar sauran masu lalata kamar fungi da gandun daji waɗanda ke taimakawa cikin aikin. Sake sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki yana da muhimmanci saboda a ƙarƙashin wadatar albarkatun ƙasa yana sarrafa abubuwan da ke sama da tsarin al'umma na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Waɗannan filayen galibi suna da ƙarancin phosphorus, wanda ke hana haɓakar kayan aiki na farko ko ɗaukar carbon. Ƙasa tana ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke lalata juzu'in ganyaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'ikan inorganic na carbon da shuke -shuke ke amfani da su ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira rarrabuwa. Yayin aiwatar da rugujewar al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta suna numfashi, suna ɗaukar iskar oxygen da sakin carbon dioxide. Ana iya kimanta ƙimar rarrabuwa ta hanyar auna iskar oxygen. Babban yanayin zafi da hazo yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna, wanda ke ba da damar dattin shuka ya ruɓe cikin sauri a yankuna masu zafi, yana sakin abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda tsirrai ke ɗauka nan da nan ta cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. Yanayin yanayi na numfashi ana sarrafa shi ta faɗuwar ɗanyen ganyaye da hazo, ƙarfin tuƙin yana motsa carbon mai ruɓewa daga datti zuwa ƙasa. Yawan iskar numfashi shine mafi girma a farkon damina saboda damina na baya -bayan nan yana haifar da ɗimbin ganyayyaki don haka mafi yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta ana shiga cikin ƙasa.
Tushen Jijiyoyin
Wani fasali na yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na wurare daban daban shine tushen bishiyoyi. Maimakon shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi, Tushen buttress yana ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗorewa a farfajiya don ingantaccen amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi mai fa'ida da gasa. Yawancin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa kusa da farfajiya saboda saurin juyawa da ɓarna na ƙwayoyin cuta da ganye. Saboda wannan, tushen jijiyoyin yana faruwa a farfajiya don bishiyoyin su iya haɓaka haɓakawa da yin gasa tare da saurin ɗaukar sauran bishiyoyi. Waɗannan tushen kuma suna taimakawa haɓakawa da adana ruwa, haɓaka sararin samaniya don musayar gas, da tattara dattin ganye don ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan tushen suna rage yaƙar ƙasa kuma suna haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki yayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ta hanyar karkatar da ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke gangarowa a cikin akwati zuwa ƙananan gudana yayin da kuma ke aiki a zaman shinge ga kwararar ƙasa. Hakanan, manyan wuraren da waɗannan tushen ke haifar suna ba da goyan baya da kwanciyar hankali ga bishiyoyin gandun daji, waɗanda galibi suna girma zuwa manyan mahimman wurare. Wannan ƙarin kwanciyar hankali yana ba wa waɗannan bishiyoyin damar yin tsayayya da tasirin guguwa mai ƙarfi, don haka rage faruwar bishiyoyin da suka faɗi.
Gandun daji
Gado shine tsarin muhalli wanda ke canza tsarin al'adun halittu akan lokaci zuwa mafi daidaituwa, tsarin al'umma daban -daban bayan tashin hankali na farko ga al'umma. Hargitsi na farko sau da yawa wani abu ne na halitta ko abin da ɗan adam ya haifar. Hargitsi na halitta sun haɗa da guguwa, fashewar aman wuta, motsi kogi ko wani abu kamar ƙaramin itace da ya faɗi wanda ke haifar da gibi a cikin gandun daji. A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, waɗannan rikice -rikicen dabi'a an yi rikodin su sosai a cikin burbushin halittu, kuma ana yaba su da ƙarfafawa da ƙima. Ayyukan amfani da ƙasa na ɗan Adam sun haifar da sare bishiyoyi masu yawa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa na wurare masu zafi irin su Costa Rica an watsar da waɗannan ƙasashen da aka sare dazuka kuma an ba da izinin gandun daji su sake rayuwa ta hanyar maye gurbi. Waɗannan dazuzzukan dazuka na matasa ana kiransu dazuzzukan sakandare ko gandun daji na biyu.
Halittar halittu da ƙwarewa
Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna banbanci iri -iri a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. Tushen wannan ƙwarewar ta musamman ta kasance shekaru masu bincike da masana kimiyyar muhalli . An ƙirƙiro da ra'ayoyi da yawa don me yasa kuma yadda yanayin zafi zai iya bambanta.
Gasar Interspecific
Gasar da ba ta dace ba ta samo asali ne daga ɗimbin yawa na nau'in da ke da irin wannan wadatar a cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙarancin albarkatun da ake da su. Dabbobin da suka “rasa” gasar na iya zama ko sun lalace ko nemo wani sabon salo. Gasar kai tsaye galibi tana haifar da wani nau'in ya mamaye wani ta wata fa'ida, a ƙarshe yana fitar da shi daga lalacewa. Raba rarrabuwa shine sauran zaɓi don nau'in. Wannan shine rarrabuwa da raba albarkatun da ake buƙata ta amfani da mazauna daban -daban, tushen abinci, murfi ko bambance -bambancen ɗabi'a. Wani nau'in da ke da kayan abinci iri ɗaya amma lokutan ciyarwa daban -daban shine misalin rarrabuwar kawuna.
Tsarin Pliestocene
Jürgen Haffer ya haɓaka ka'idar Pleistocene refugia a cikin shekarar 1969 tare da labarinsa Ƙwarewar Tsuntsayen Daji na Amazon . Haffer ya ba da bayanin ƙwararre ne sakamakon rabe-raben gandun dajin da ke rarrabewa ta hanyar shimfidar ciyayi marasa gandun daji a lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe. Ya kira waɗannan facin na yankunan dazuzzukan mafaka kuma a cikin waɗannan facin ƙwararrun allopatric ya faru. Tare da ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara da ƙaruwa cikin ɗimbin yanayi, gandun daji ya fara faɗaɗa kuma mafaka sun sake haɗawa. Wannan ka'idar ta zama batun muhawara. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da shakku kan ko wannan ka'ida halal ce ko a'a. Shaidar kwayoyin halitta tana nuna ƙwarewa ta faru a wasu takamaiman shekaru miliyan 1-2 da suka gabata, kafin Pleistocene .
Girman mutum
Mazauni
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye rayuwar ɗan Adam tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da kabilun Indiya da yawa a Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke cikin 'yan asalin Amurkawa, Kwangiyoyin Kwango a Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kabilu da yawa a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kamar Dayak mutane da mutanen Penan a Borneo . Albarkatun abinci a cikin gandun daji sun bazu sosai saboda ɗimbin ilmin halittu kuma abin da abinci ke da shi ya ta'allaka ne ga alfarwa kuma yana buƙatar kuzari mai yawa don samu. Wasu kungiyoyin na mafarauci-gayya sun maida su ba kome Rainforest a kan wani dalilai na yanayi amma suka zauna da farko a cikin m savanna da kuma bude gandun daji muhallin inda abinci ne yafi m. Sauran mutanen da aka bayyana a matsayin mazauna dazuzzukan daji masu farauta ne waɗanda ke rayuwa da yawa ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin.
Mutanen asali
Yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa a cikin gandun dajin a matsayin masu farauta, ko kuma su cigaba da zama a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin manoma na ɗan lokaci wanda ke ba da babban rabo ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. Jama'a sun zauna a cikin dazuzzukan dubun dubatan shekaru kuma sun kasance ba za a iya samun su ba wanda kwanan nan aka gano wasu kabilu. Waɗannan mutanen 'yan asalin suna fuskantar barazana ƙwarai daga masu aikin katako don neman katako na tsufa kamar Ipe, Cumaru da Wenge, da kuma manoma waɗanda ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarsu, ga shanu (nama), da waken soya, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ciyar da shanu a cikin Turai da China. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2007, FUNAI ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa ta tabbatar da kasancewar kabilu 67 da ba a tuntuɓe ba a Brazil, daga 40 a 2005. Da wannan kari, yanzu Brazil ta mamaye tsibirin New Guinea a matsayin kasar da ke da yawan kabilun da ba a tuntube su ba. Lardin Irian Jaya ko Yammacin Papua a tsibirin New Guinea yana da kimanin ƙungiyoyin kabilu 44 da ba a tuntube su ba.
Mutanen ƙungiyoyin farauta ne waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gandun dajin da ke cikin gandun dajin da ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi (a ƙasa da mita ɗaya da rabi, ko 59 inci, a matsakaita). Daga cikin wannan rukunin akwai mutanen Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, da Mbuti na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ko yaya, kalmar pygmy ana ɗaukarta mai daɗi don haka kabilu da yawa sun fi son kada a yi musu lakabi da haka.
Wasu sanannun 'yan asalin Amurkawa, ko Amerindians, sun haɗa da Huaorani, Ya̧nomamö, da Kayapo mutanen Amazon . Tsarin aikin gona na gargajiya da ƙabilu ke yi a cikin Amazon ya dogara ne akan noman guguwa (wanda kuma aka sani da kashe -kashe da ƙonawa ko canza shuki) kuma ana ɗaukarsa tashin hankali. A zahiri, idan ana duban matakin ƙulle -ƙullen mutum ɗaya ana ɗaukar ayyukan noman gargajiya da amfani. Misali, yin amfani da bishiyoyin inuwa da raguwa duk suna taimakawa adana kwayoyin halittar ƙasa, wanda shine mahimmanci wajen kula da haɓakar ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai tsananin zafi da ƙura.
Akwai bambancin gandun daji a Asiya, gami da mutanen Lumad na Philippines da mutanen Penan da Dayak na Borneo. Dayaks ƙungiya ce mai ban sha'awa musamman saboda an san su da al'adun farautar gargajiya. An buƙaci sabbin kawunan mutane don yin wasu ayyukan ibada kamar Iban "kenyalang" da Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ana kiran su " Negrito ".
Albarkatu
Abincin da aka noma da kayan yaji
Yam, kofi, cakulan, ayaba, mangoro, gwanda, macadamia, avocado, da rake duk asalinsu sun fito ne daga gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kuma har yanzu galibi ana yin su ne a kan shuka a yankuna waɗanda a da suke dajin farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da 1990, suna cin tan miliyan 40 na ayaba a duk duniya a kowace shekara, tare da tan miliyan 13 na mangoro. Fitar da kofi na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya kai dala biliyan 3 a 1970. Yawancin bambancin kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gujewa barnar da sabbin kwari ke haifarwa har yanzu ana samun su ne daga gandun daji. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa 250 da ake nomawa, idan aka kwatanta da 20 kawai ga gandun daji . Dazuka a cikin New Guinea kadai sun ƙunshi nau'in bishiyoyi 251 tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu cin abinci, waɗanda 43 kawai aka kafa a matsayin noman da aka noma a shekarar 1985.
Sabis na yanayin ƙasa
Baya ga amfanin ɗan Adam, gandun daji kuma suna da abubuwan da ba a cirewa waɗanda galibi ana taƙaita su a zaman ayyukan muhalli . Dazuzzukan ruwan sama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da bambancin halittu, keɓewa da adana carbon, ƙa'idojin yanayi na duniya, kula da cututtuka , da tsaba . Rabin ruwan sama da ake samu a yankin Amazon dazuzzukan ke samarwa. Danshi daga cikin gandun daji yana da muhimmanci ga ruwan sama a Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina Yanke daji a yankin gandun daji na Amazon shine ɗayan manyan dalilan da ke haifar da matsanancin fari na 2014-2015 a Brazil Ga shekaru talatin da suka gabata, adadin iskar carbon da ke cike da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na duniya ya ragu, a cewar wani binciken da aka buga a 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature. A cikin 2019 sun ɗauki iskar carbon mai kashi uku bisa uku fiye da yadda suka samu a shekarun 1990, saboda tsananin zafi, fari da sare itatuwa. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na iya zama tushen carbon a cikin 2060s.
Yawon shakatawa
Duk da mummunan tasirin yawon shakatawa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, akwai kuma wasu muhimman sakamako masu kyau.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan yanayin yawon shakatawa a wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru. Yayin da gandun dazuzzuka ke ƙara zama ruwan dare, mutane suna tafiya zuwa ƙasashe waɗanda har yanzu suna da wannan mazaunin daban -daban. Mazauna yankin suna cin gajiyar ƙarin kuɗin shiga da baƙi suka kawo, haka kuma wuraren da ake ganin suna da ban sha'awa ga baƙi galibi ana kiyaye su. Ecotourism na iya zama abin ƙarfafawa don kiyayewa, musamman lokacin da yake haifar da canjin tattalin arziƙi. Ecotourism na iya haɗawa da ayyuka iri-iri ciki har da kallon dabbobi, yawon shakatawa na daji da ma kallon abubuwan al'adu da ƙauyuka na asali. Idan ana yin waɗannan ayyukan daidai, wannan na iya zama da fa'ida ga mazauna gida da na flora da fauna na yanzu.
Haɓaka yawon buɗe ido ya haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, yana ba da damar ƙarin kudaden shiga don shiga cikin kare mazaunin. Yawon shakatawa na iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kiyaye muhimman wurare da mazauninsu. Za a iya amfani da kudaden shiga daga kudaden shiga wurin shakatawa da makamantansu musamman don biyan kariya da gudanar da yankunan da ke da muhalli. Kudaden shiga daga haraji da yawon buɗe ido yana ba da ƙarin ƙarfafawa ga gwamnatoci don ba da gudummawar kudaden shiga don kare gandun daji.
Har ila yau, yawon shakatawa yana da yuwuwar haɓaka darajar jama'a game da muhalli da kuma faɗaɗa matsalolin matsalolin muhalli lokacin da yake kusantar da mutane kusa da muhalli. Irin wannan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a na iya haifar da ɗabi'ar da ta dace da muhalli. Yawon shakatawa ya yi tasiri mai kyau kan kokarin kare namun daji da kokarin kariya, musamman a Afirka amma kuma a Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, Australia, da Kudancin Pacific.
Kiyayewa
Barazana
Sare Dazuzzuka
Hakar ma'adinai da hakowa
Adadin ƙananan ƙarfe ( zinariya, azurfa, coltan ) da burbushin mai ( mai da iskar gas ) suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin gandun daji na duniya. Waɗannan albarkatun suna da muhimmanci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma galibi ana ba da fifikon su don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arziki. Hakar ma'adinai da hakowa na iya buƙatar ci gaban ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da sare bishiyoyi kai tsaye. A Ghana, wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka, sare bishiyoyin da aka yi shekaru da yawa na aikin hakar ma'adinai ya bar kusan kashi 12% na asalin dazuzzukan ƙasar.
Juyowa zuwa ƙasar noma
Tare da kirkirar aikin gona, mutane sun sami damar share sassan gandun daji don samar da albarkatu, suna mai da shi zuwa filin noma . Irin waɗannan mutane, duk da haka, suna samun abincinsu da farko daga filayen gona da aka share daga cikin gandun daji da farauta da cin abinci a cikin gandun daji don ƙarin wannan. Batun da ke tasowa shine tsakanin manomi mai zaman kansa da ke biya wa iyalinsa bukatun da bukatun duniya baki ɗaya. Wannan batun bai ga ɗan cigaba ba saboda babu wani tsari da aka kafa don duk ɓangarorin da za'a taimaka.
Aikin gona a kan ƙasar dazuzzuka ba tare da wahala ba. Ƙasa dazuzzukan ƙanƙara sau da yawa kuma suna lalacewa da ma'adanai da yawa, kuma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi zai iya hanzarta fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga yankin da aka share don noman. Mutane irin su Yanomamo na Amazon, suna amfani da aikin kashe-kashe da ƙonawa don shawo kan waɗannan ƙuntatawa da ba su damar shiga cikin zurfin cikin yanayin dazuzzukan daji. Ko yaya, waɗannan ba mazaunan gandun daji ba ne, a maimakon haka suna zaune ne a cikin gonakin da aka share waɗanda ke yin ƙaura zuwa cikin gandun daji. Har zuwa 90% na abincin Yanamomo na yau da kullun ya fito ne daga tsirrai masu noma.
An dauki wani mataki ta hanyar ba da shawarar lokutan faduwa na kasar da ke ba da damar gandun daji na biyu ya yi girma ya cika kasa. Ayyuka masu fa'ida kamar maido da ƙasa da kiyayewa na iya amfanar da ƙaramin manomi kuma ya ba da damar ingantaccen samarwa akan ƙananan filayen ƙasa.
Canjin yanayi
Yankuna na wurare masu zafi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon dioxide . Ƙasashe masu zafi (galibi gandun daji na Amazon ) ana kiransu da nutsewar carbon . A matsayin manyan masu rage carbon da iskar gas da na ƙasa da methane, lalata su yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tarkon makamashin duniya, iskar gas. Canjin yanayi ya ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar lalata gandun daji. An yi wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka cire duk gandun daji a Afirka. Yin kwaikwaiyo ya nuna karuwar yanayin zafin yanayi ta 2.5 zuwa 5 digiri Celsius.
Kariya
Ƙoƙarin karewa da adana wuraren dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi iri -iri ne kuma sun bazu. Tsarin kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya fito ne daga tsananin kiyaye mazaunin zuwa gano dabarun gudanarwa mai dorewa ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Manufofin kasa da kasa sun kuma bullo da wani shirin karfafawa kasuwa da ake kira Rage Rage fitar da hayaki daga gandun dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD) don kamfanoni da gwamnatoci su fara fitar da iskar carbon dinsu ta hanyar saka hannun jari na kudi cikin kiyaye gandun dajin.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
15058 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Okoji%20Oko | Rose Okoji Oko | Rose Okoji Oko (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1956 -ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2020) ‘yar siyasan Najeriya ce kuma tsohuwar sanata.Ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya daga Jam'iyyar PDP, tana wakilta Yankin Tarayyar Yala / Ogoja a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 7 a Najeriya. An zabe ta a natsayin sanata, kuma ta shiga cikin ofis a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fito daga mazabar ta a watan Yunin shekarar 2011 kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ilimi. Ta kasance Sanata mai wakiltar mutanen Kuros Riba ta Arewa Senatorial District. An zabe ta cikin ofis a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara wakilta daga mazabar Sanata a watan Yunin shekara ta (2015).
Rayuwa da ilimi
An haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba a shekarar (1956) ga Agbo Ojeka daga Opkoma, Yala LGA, Jihar Kuros Riba, sannan mahaifinta Thomas Ojeka shi ma daga Opkoma, ta girma ɗa na farko a cikin twoa twoanta biyu daga mahaifiyarta kuma ta bakwai ta goma sha biyar daga mahaifinta. Ta tattara satifiket na barin makarantar a shekara ta ( 1977) daga WTC Primary School Enugu sannan a shekara ta (1975) ta halarci Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Tarayya ta Ogoja a Jihar Kuros Riba don samun takardar shedar kammala makarantar sakandare (Nigeria) . A shekarar (1981) ta kammala karatun ta na digiri na biyu (BA (Hons) na aji na biyu a fannin ilimin harsuna daga Jami'ar Calabar, jihar Kuros Riba . Wani darasi na kammala karatun digiri a fannin Linguistics ba da daɗewa ba aka bi shi a Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, Amurka. Okoji Oko masanin ilimin ilimi ne, ya dawo Jami'ar Calabar kuma ya kammala karatunsa na MA a fannin ilimin harshe a shekarar (1984) Zuwa shekarar (1990) ta kammala karatun ta a Jami’ar Fatakwal da ke Jihar Ribas inda ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin harsuna. Bayan shekaru da yawa a cikin shekara ta (2007) ta shiga kuma ta kammala karatu a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Kanada, inda ta sami MBA
Farkon aiki
Okoji Oko ta fara aikinta ne a kungiyar matasa masu yi wa kasa hidima a matsayin malama a Edgerly Memorial Girls Secondary School, Calabar a shekarar (1981) Tsakanin shekarar (1982) da shekara ta (1983) ta koyar a Kwalejin St. Patricks, Calabar kuma a wannan shekarar ta koma malami a Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Nazarin Ilimin Kuremi ta Kuros Riba. Ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekarar (1984) lokacin da ta koma Jami’ar Calabar ta zama Mataimakin Malami a Sashin Harshe da Harsuna har zuwa shekara ta (1986) lokacin da ta samu ci gaba zuwa Malama a wannan sashen. A shekarar (1989) tana da shekaru 33 an san ta da shekaru na aikin ta kuma ta fara aikin ta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gwamnati lokacin da aka naɗa ta Kwamishinar Ilimi, Jihar Kuros Riba; matsayin da ta rike har zuwa shekarar (1991) A wannan lokacin, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Shugabar Better Life Programme, Kuros Riba daga shekarar( 1990 zuwa 1911).
A cikin shekara ta (1993) an nada ta Darakta Janar, Majalisar Tsaro da Tsaro, Sakatariyar Majalisar a karkashin shugabancin soja. Ta rike wannan mukamin ne a lokaci guda tare da Kwamishina ta Kasa, Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa (NEC) da yanzu ake kira Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC). Tsakanin shekara ta (1993 da kuma 1994) an sake nada ta Babban Darakta, Majalisar Rikon Kananan Hukumomi a karkashin Shugabancin Soja na lokacin. A shekarar 1995 aka nada ta (NCFR) wanda yanzu ake kira da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da' Yan Gudun Hijira na Kasa. A shekara ta (2002) ta yi ritaya.
Harkar siyasa
A shekarar (1999) Rose ta yi rijista kuma ta kirkiro wani bangare na kungiyar don gabatar da Jam’iyyar Democratic Party (PDP) zuwa Jihar Kuros Riba a matsayin memba mara aiki a jam’iyyar. Tsakanin shekarar (2002) da shekara ta (2004) bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati, ta yi rajista ta gabatar da National Democratic Party (NDP) zuwa Jihar Kuros Riba sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kudancin, Kwamitin Amintattu, NDP. A shekarar (2003) lokacin da Najeriya ta gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko tun bayan mika mulki daga soja zuwa mulkin farar hula, Okoji Oko ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dattijai, gundumar sanata ta Arewacin Jihar Kuros Riba karkashin tutar NDP, takarar da ta sha kaye a hannun dan takarar PDP a lokacin . Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar NDP har zuwa shekarar (2007) lokacin da ta shiga zaben dimokuradiyya karo na biyu a kasar a matsayin ‘yar takarar gwamna a Jihar Kuros Riba, takarar da ta sha kaye a hannun dan takarar PDP.
A wannan shekarar, ta sake shiga cikin memba a PDP kuma a zaben dimokuradiyya na shekara ta (2011) ta yi takarar ƴan majalisar wakilai ta kasa, majalisar wakilai ta tarayya. Mazabar Tarayya ta Yala / Ogoja. Matsayin da ta rike a halin yanzu. An zabe ta a matsayin sanata kuma tana wakiltar arewacin jihar da aka haife ta. Akwai sanatoci sama da 100 da aka zaba a majalisar kasa ta 8 a shekara ta (2015) amma shida daga cikin wadannan mata ne. Sauran su ne Stella Oduah da Uche Ekwunife wadanda dukkansu ke wakiltar Anambra . Fatimat Raji Rasaki, Oluremi Tinubu da Binta Garba .
Zaben majalisar wanda aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta ( 2019) ya samar da sanatoci mata bakwai a Majalisar Dokoki ta 9 wacce aka sake zaben ta a ciki. Sauran sun hada da; Stella Oduah, Oluremi Tinubu, Aishatu Dahiru, Uche Ekwunife, Akon Eyakenyi da Betty Apiafe .
A shekarar ( 2019) an sake zaban ta a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar gundumar Sanatan Arewacin Jihar Kuros Riba a karo na biyu, kuma an nada ta a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari.
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe
1986: "Tsira da Tsari a Yala". Jaridar Yarukan Afirka Ta Yamma, Vol.1 pp. 37–52.
1987: "Yaruka da Ilimi a Najeriya. Batun Harshen Turanci ", a cikin [[Ernest Emenyonu | Emenyonu EN (ed.) ) Nazarin a cikin Adabin Afirka, pp. 229–311.
1990: "Tambaya a Yala". Ph.D. Takardar karatu, Jami'ar Fatakwal.
1992: Tsarin Nahawu na Samuwar Tambaya a Yala . Mawallafin Littattafan Kraft, Ibadan.
Kasancewa cikin kungiyoyin ilmantarwa
Lungiyar Harsunan Afirka ta Yamma
Ungiyar Harsunan Nijeriya
Forungiyar Nazarin Addinin Commonwealth da Nazarin Harsuna
Kungiyar Calabar Doyen Zaki
Kungiyar Calabar Municipal
Kungiyar Matan Yala
Kungiyar Matan Arewacin Jihar Kuros Riba
Onungiyar San Uwan Madonna
Kungiyar Matan Katolika
Majiɓinci, Makarantar Secondary Model, Okpoma, Jihar Kuros Riba
Mataimakin Shugaban, Kungiyar Jihar Kuros Riba, Abuja
Majiɓinci, Associationungiyar ieswararrun iesananan Mata, Jihar Kuros Riba
Majiɓinci, Muryar Mata (Networkungiyar Sadarwa), Jihar Kuros Riba
Majiɓinci, imateungiyar iesan Matan Zamani, Jihar Kuros Riba
A matsayin yar majalisar wakilai
Sanata Oko ya fara aiki na shekaru hudu a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai, Yala / Ogoja na Mazabar Tarayya a watan Yunin shekarar 2011. A waccan shekarar aka nada ta cikin kwamitoci masu zuwa:
Mataimakin Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ilimi
Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar akan Gas
Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar Akan Asusun Jama'a
Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ayyuka
Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Masana'antu
Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Sojoji
Memba, kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin mata
Sanatan tarayyar Najeriya
An zabe ta a matsayin Sanata har sau biyu, mai wakiltar gundumar sanatan Kuros Riba ta Arewa. Ta kasance shugaban kwamitin kasuwanci da saka jari.
Mutuwa
Oko ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekaran 2020 a wani asibiti da ke London, United Kingdom. Ba a bayyana musabbabin mutuwarta ba.
Manazarta
Mutane daga jihar Cross River
Yan siyasa
Ƴan Najeriya
Mutuwan 2020
Pages with unreviewed translations
Haifaffun 1956
Yan siyasar Najeriya |
50010 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire%20%28kudi%29 | Zaire (kudi) | Zaire ( Faransanci : zaïre, lambar ZRZ, ZRN ) ita ce rukunin kuɗin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sannan na Jamhuriyar Zaire daga 1967 har zuwa 1997. Sai dai guda shida daga cikin jerin takardun banki 79 da aka fitar suna ɗauke da hoton Mobutu Sese Seko . daban-daban kudade sun wanzu: The zaire (1967-1993, ZRZ ), da nouveau zaïre (1993-1998, ZRN ).
Tarihi
Zaire (1967-1993)
Zaire ( ), alama: "Z", ko kuma wani lokacin "Ƶ", an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1967, wanda ya maye gurbin Franc na Kongo a farashin canji na 1 zaire = 1000 francs. An raba Zaire zuwa makuta 100 (mai yawa: likuta, alama: "K"), kowanne daga cikin sengi 100 (alama: "s"). Duk da haka, sengi yana da daraja sosai kuma kawai tsabar kudin sengi guda 10 da aka fitar a 1967. Ba kamar kowane kuɗi ba, al'ada ce ta gama gari don rubuta adadin kuɗi tare da sifili uku bayan wurin goma, koda bayan hauhawar farashin kaya ya rage darajar kuɗin sosai. A karshe hauhawar farashin kaya ya sa aka fitar da takardun kudi har 5,000,000 na zaire, bayan da aka gabatar da sabon zaire .
Tarihi
An gabatar da Zaire a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1967, akan kudi zaire ɗaya = 1000 Kongo francs = 100 Belgium francs . Wannan yana ba da fayyace farashin musaya na dalar Amurka 2 kowace zaire.
Tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1976, Zaire ya kasance yana daidaita da dalar Amurka tare da canjin Z0.50 zuwa dalar Amurka 1.
12 Maris 1976 zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1978: Zaire ta yi daidai da haƙƙin zane na musamman .
1 Nuwamba 1978: Zaire ya rage darajar zuwa 0.95 SDRs (-5%).
6 Nuwamba 1978: Rage darajar zuwa 0.81 SDRs (-14.7%).
27 Nuwamba 1978: Rage darajar zuwa 0.7614 SDRs (-6%).
1 Janairu 1979: Rage darajar zuwa 0.5 SDRs (-34.3%).
24 ga Agusta 1979: Rage darajar zuwa 0.375 SDRs (-25%). An yi wani kwace a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1979.
22 ga Fabrairu 1980: Rage darajar zuwa 0.2625 SDRs (-30%).
19 ga Yuni 1981: Rage darajar zuwa 0.1575 SDRs (-40%).
A ranar 9 ga Satumbar 1983, an rage darajar zaire zuwa kusan zaires 28 a kowane SDR (Z1 = 0.035425 SDRs). Bayan haka, kudin ya sha ruwa. Kudin ya ci gaba da rasa ƙima, tare da farashin musaya na dalar Amurka ɗaya da aka nuna a ƙasa a wasu lokuta:
1985: 50 zaires
1986: 60 zaires
1987: 112 shekaru
1988: 187 shekaru
1989: 381 shekaru
1990: 719 shekaru
1991: 15,300 zaires
Farkon 1992: 114,291 zaires
Disamba 1992: 1,990,000 zaires
Maris 1993: 2,529,000 zaires
Oktoba 1993: 8,000,000 zaires (3 sabon zaires)
Disamba 1993: 110,000,000 zaires (37 sabon zaires)
Tsabar kudi
A cikin 1967, Bankin Kongo ya ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin sengi 10, 1 likuta da makuta 5, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu na aluminum kuma mafi girma a cikin cupro-nickel. A shekarar 1973, an fara fitar da sulallai na farko da Bankin Zaire ya fitar, wato cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 makuta. A cikin 1987, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsabar kudin, wanda ya ƙunshi tagulla 1, 5 da kuma zaires 10 a cikin 1988.
Bayanan banki
A cikin 1967, Babban Bankin Kongo ya gabatar da bayanin kula don 10, 20 da 50 makuta, 1 da 5 zaires (wanda kuma aka nuna a matsayin 100 da 500 makuta). A cikin 1971, an gabatar da bayanan zaire guda 10. A shekarar 1972, Bankin Zaire ya fara fitar da bayanan kudi na zaires 1, 5 da 10, sai kuma makuta 50 a shekarar 1973., Zaires 5000 a 1988, zaires 10,000 a 1989, 2000, 20,000 da 50,000 zaires a 1991 kuma, a ƙarshe, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, 0,000, 000, 000, 000, 9,000
Takardar kudin zaire 5,000,000, wacce ta fara yaduwa a karshen shekarar 1992, ba a yarda da ita a matsayin takardar kudi na tsawon makonni da dama ba a wasu sassan kasar nan (musamman a arewa maso gabas), kuma a wasu sassan kasar an karbe ta ne kawai a wani bangare na kasar. darajarsa. Ɗayan dalili na wannan rashin yarda shine kuskuren nahawu a lambar Faransanci akan bayanin kula, wanda ya karanta "cinq miliyoyin zaïres" maimakon "cinq millions de zaïres".
New Zaire (1993-1998)
Sabuwar Zaire ( ), alamar "NZ", ISO 4217 code ZRN, ya maye gurbin zaire na farko a 1993 a kan canjin canjin sabon zaire 1 = 3,000,000 tsohon zaire. An raba shi zuwa sabon makuta 100 (alama: "NK"). An fitar da wannan kudin ne kawai a cikin takardar kudi kuma an yi fama da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki sosai zuwa wanda ya gabace shi har zuwa shekarar 1997.
A ƙasa akwai jerin rahotannin farashin musaya ta Baitul malin Amurka (sabbin zaires akan dalar Amurka):
Maris 1994: 115
Yuni 1994: 450
Satumba 1994: 1,650 zuwa 2,450
Maris 1995: 2,850
Yuni 1995: 4,900
Satumba 1995: 6,153.85
Disamba 1995: 15,550
Maris 1996: 23,368
Yuni 1996: 33,367
Satumba 1996: 54,306
Disamba 1996: 93,076
Maris 1997: 142,560
Yuni 1997: 125,000
Satumba 1997: 115,000
Disamba 1997: 116,000
Maris 1998: 125,000
Yuni 1998: 133,000
Satumba 1998: 150,000 (1.50 CDF)
Disamba 1998: 240,000 (2.40 CDF)
An sake maye gurbin sabon zaire da Franc na Kongo a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1998, a kan canjin 1 franc = 100,000 sabon zaires jim kadan bayan Jamhuriyar Zaire ta zama Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sau ɗaya, a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1997.
Takardun kuɗi
A cikin 1993, Bankin Zaire ya ba da bayanin kula a cikin 1, 5, 10 da 50 sabon makuta, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 da 100 sabbin zaires. An bi waɗannan, a cikin 1994, ta bayanin kula don sabbin zaires 200 da 500. A cikin 1995, 1000, 5000 da 10,000 an gabatar da sabbin bayanan zaire, yayin da a cikin 1996, an ƙara sabbin bayanan zaire 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 da 1,000,000. Duk sabbin bayanan zaire sun ƙunshi hoton Mobutu Sésé Seko sanye da riga mai hula.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan banki na Zaire
Zaire - Kudi
Kudade
Kudi
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23237 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bello%20Bouba%20Maigari | Bello Bouba Maigari | Bello Bouba Maigari (an haife shi a shekarar 1947) ɗan siyasan Kamaru ne. Shi ne firayim minista na biyu na Kamaru daga ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1982 zuwa ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1983 kuma ya kasance Shugaban Ƙasa na Ƙungiyoyin Dimokraɗiyya da Cigaba (UNDP) tun daga watan Janairu shekarar 1992. Kodayake ya kasance babban madugun 'yan adawa na yawancin shekarun 1990, ya shiga cikin gwamnati run daga watan Disamba shekarar 1997; ya kuma kasance ƙaramin ministan raya masana’antu da kasuwanci daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2004, karamin ministan gidan waya da sadarwa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2009, kuma karamin ministan sufuri daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2009. Tun watan Disambar shekarar 2011, ya kasance karamin ministan yawon bude ido da shakatawa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bello Bouba a Baschéo, a Sashen Benoué a lardin Arewacin Kamaru. Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1975, Bello Bouba ya kasance Babban Sakatare a Ma’aikatar Sojoji. An nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Sakataren Fadar Shugaban Kasa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1975, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa watan Janairu na shekarar 1982 (tare da mukamin Minista daga ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1980 ). A cikin gwamnatin da aka sanya wa suna a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1982, ya zama karamin Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Tsare -tsare; daga baya, lokacin da Shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1982, an nada Bello Bouba Firayim Minista a karkashin sabon Shugaban, Paul Biya . An ce Biya ya nada Bello Bouba bisa umarnin Ahidjo; da yawa suna tunanin Ahidjo ya yi niyya ga Bello Bouba - Musulmi daga arewa, kamar kansa, kuma ba kamar Biya ba - don zama babban magajinsa kuma Biya an yi niyyar zama ainihin shugaban riko a halin yanzu. Ahidjo da Biya ba da daɗewa ba sun shiga rikici da juna, duk da haka. Ahidjo ya tafi gudun hijira, kuma a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1983, Biya ya zargi Ahidjo a bainar jama'a da shirya juyin mulki; a lokaci guda, ya sanar da korar Bello Bouba a matsayin Firayim Minista, maye gurbinsa da Luc Ayang .
An gurfanar da Ahidjo a gaban kotu saboda makircin juyin mulkin shekarar 1983 kuma kotun ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 1984; a wancan lokacin, kotun ta ba da shawarar cewa su ma wasu, ciki har da Bello Bouba, su ma a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. Koyaya, Biya ya dakatar da shari'ar da ake yi musu. Bello Bouba ya tafi gudun hijira a Najeriya sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a Biya a watan Afrilun shekarar 1984.
Bello Bouba ya sanar da kafa sabuwar jam’iyya, National Union for Democracy and Progress in Cameroon (UNDPC), a Paris a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1990. Bayan da aka halatta jam’iyyar (a matsayin UNDP) a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1991, ya koma Kamaru a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1991. A babban taron UNDP da aka gudanar a Garoua a ranar 4 da 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1992, Bello Bouba ya zama Shugaban UNDP, inda ya kori shugaban jam’iyyar na baya, Samuel Eboua. An zabe shi zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na watan Maris shekara ta 1992 a matsayin Mataimakin Benoué.
Kodayake buƙatar zama na shekaru biyar da farko ya hana Bello Bouba tsayawa takarar Shugaban ƙasa daga baya a cikin shekarar 1992, an canza wannan zuwa shekara ɗaya; an danganta canjin da muradin gwamnatin Faransa na son Bello Bouba ya shiga zaben. Bello Bouba ya zama na uku a zaben, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992, a bayan dan takarar Biya da Social Democratic Front (SDF) John Fru Ndi, samu kashi 19.22% na kuri’un. A cikin larduna biyu, Lardin Adamawa da Lardin Arewa, ya ci manyan rinjaye: 64.04% a Lardin Adamawa da 50.42% a Lardin Arewa. Shi da Fru Ndi sun yi sabani da sakamakon zaben wanda ya bayyana Biya a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara kuma sun yi nasarar neman kotun koli ta soke zaben saboda zargin magudi. Biya ya nada shugabannin UNDP guda biyu, Hamadou Moustapha da Issa Tchiroma, ga gwamnati a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 1992, da alama a kokarin raba UNDP da raunana shi. Bello Bouba ya yi matukar adawa da nade -naden, amma duk da rashin da'a da aka yi, ba a fitar da mutanen nan biyu daga jam'iyyar ba.
Bayan Moustapha da Tchiroma sun sake karbar mukamai a cikin gwamnati a matsayin wani bangare na gyaran majalisar ministoci a watan Yulin shekara ta 1994, Bello Bouba ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli,shekarar 1994 cewa wannan na nufin karshen zama membarsu a UNDP. Daga baya, yayin da ya ziyarci Maroua a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, 1994, shekarar mutane sun yi ta jifar da motar Moustapha. Sakamakon haka, motar ta tashi daga kan hanya, inda mutum daya ya mutu yayin da wasu da dama suka jikkata. An kama mambobin UNDP 28 saboda harin. UNDP ta musanta alhakin ta kuma zargi gwamnati da kai harin, tana mai cewa an yi amfani da shi ne a matsayin hujjar murkushe UNDP. Bello Bouba da sauran mataimakan UNDP sun fara kauracewa Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1994, domin matsa lamba kan sakin mayakan UNDP da aka kama; sun kawo karshen kauracewar su bayan 'yan makonni bayan haka, duk da haka.
Moustapha da Tchiroma sun kalubalanci ficewarsu daga jam'iyyar, amma daga karshe kwamitin tsakiya na UNDP ya kore su a watan Janairun shekarar 1995. Bayan korar su, Moustapha da Tchiroma sun kafa bangaren su na "ingantacce" na UNDP, inda suka yi watsi da shugabancin Bello Bouba. Wannan ƙungiya daga nan ta zama National Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), sabuwar jam’iyya da ke nuna ɗan canza sunan UNDP. Duk da kafa sabuwar jam’iyyarsu, Moustapha da Tchiroma har yanzu suna hamayya da Bello Bouba na shugabancin UNDP.
Kodayake an sake zaɓar Bello Bouba a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a zaɓen majalissar a watan Mayu shekarar 1997, UNDP ta yi rashin kyau, ta rasa kujerunta da yawa. Daga nan UNDP ta shiga cikin kauracewa adawa da zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba shekarar 1997; cewar Bello Bouba, “kwata -kwata babu wani burin siyasa daga bangaren jam’iyya mai mulki don matsawa zuwa ci gaba cikin lumana ... babu wani abin da ya dace a duniya a cikin kasar da aka hana rabin masu kada kuri’a. yin amfani da 'yancinsu na yin zabe. " Bayan zaben, wanda Biya bai fuskanci wata babbar gasa ba, Bello Bouba ya amince da nadin da aka yi wa gwamnati a matsayin Karamin Ministan Masana’antu da Cinikayya a watan Disambar shekarar 1997. A cikin karbar mukamin, duk da tsananin adawarsa da Biya tun da farko, ya ce Biya yana son shigar da shugabannin adawa a cikin gwamnati, kodayake ya yarda cewa da alama Biya yana yin hakan ne da fatan ware Fru Ndi.
A zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2002, Bello Bouba ya sake zama dan takarar UNDP a mazabar Benoué ta Yamma, amma a wannan karon ya sha kaye. UNDP ta lashe kujera daya kacal a waccan zaben, kuma Bello Bouba ya bayyana shi a matsayin "fargaba", inda ya yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da karancin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a don yin magudi a zaben don nuna goyon baya ga jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Democratic Movement (RDPC) mai mulki; wasu ‘yan jam’iyyar, duk da haka, an ba da rahoton cewa sun danganta rashin aikin na UNDP da rashin amincewa da hadin gwiwar Bello Bouba da RDPC a cikin gwamnati. Wasu membobin jam'iyyar sun so ya bar gwamnati bayan zaben shekarar 2002 da UNDP ta shiga cikin manyan 'yan adawa, amma ya zabi ya ci gaba da zama, duk da rashin jituwa a cikin jam'iyyar. Ya goyi bayan Biya, shugaba mai ci, a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 ; ya ce, duk da cewa an kirkiri jam’iyyu ne don samun nasara kan mulki, amma ba lallai bane su shiga cikin kowane zabe, kuma UNDP ta tallafa wa Biya don ci gaba da zaman lafiya da ci gaban tattalin arziki. A cikin gwamnatin da aka sanya wa suna a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2004, an cire shi daga mukaminsa na Karamin Ministan Masana’antu da Raya Kasuwanci zuwa na Karamin Ministan Buga da Sadarwa.
Bello Bouba aka sake zabe a matsayin shugaban kasar UNDP a wata ƙungiya majalisa a Bertoua a kan a watan Janairu 20 da 21, na shekarar 2007. Da yake magana a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2009, Bello Bouba ya kare shigar jam’iyyarsa a cikin gwamnati, yana mai cewa halartar ta ya ba ta damar yin aiki kai tsaye don amfanin ƙasar ta hanyar da ba za ta yiwu ba idan kawai ta soki gwamnati daga waje.
A tsakiyar watan Mayun shekarar 2009, an sanar da cewa Bello Bouba zai tsaya a matsayin dan takarar UNDP a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2011 . An canza ministocin Bello Bouba a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2009, lokacin da aka nada shi karamin Ministan Sufuri. A matsayinsa na dan takarar shugaban kasa, Bello Bouba — wanda ke da karancin ginshikin goyon baya wanda ya ta'allaka ne da arewacin kasar — ana ganin ba shi da wata babbar dama ta cin zaben shekarar 2011. Ana tunanin zai ci gaba da marawa shugaba Biya baya, wanda ake sa ran zai sake tsayawa takara a wani wa'adi, kuma yana son ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin gwamnati.
Bello Bouba a ƙarshe bai tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa ba lokacin da aka gudanar da ƙuri'ar a watan Oktoban shekara 2011. Biya ya sake lashe zabe cikin sauki. A cikin gwamnatin da aka sanya wa suna a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekara 2011, Bello Bouba ya koma matsayin karamin ministan yawon bude ido da nishadi. An nada shi a cikin sabuwar ma'aikatar sa a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1947
Rayayyun Mutane |