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48534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage%20canjin%20yanayi | Rage canjin yanayi | Daban-daban na rage sauyin yanayi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: makamashi mai sabuntawa - hasken rana da wutar iska - a Ingila, jigilar jama'a da wutar lantarki a Faransa, misali na abinci mai gina jiki, da aikin sake gandun daji a Haiti don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya . Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Rage sauyin yanayi mataki ne na iyakance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas ko cire waɗancan iskar gas daga sararin samaniya. Yunƙurin da aka samu a matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya na baya-bayan nan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hayaƙi daga burbushin man da ke ƙonewa ( gawayi, mai, da iskar gas ). Ragewa zai iya rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar canzawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai dorewa, adana makamashi, da haɓaka aiki . Bugu da ƙari, CO za a iya cirewa daga yanayin ta hanyar fadada gandun daji, maido da wuraren dausayi da kuma amfani da wasu na'urori na halitta da na fasaha, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare a ƙarƙashin lokaci na carbon sequestration.
Ƙarfin hasken rana da ƙarfin iska suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi a mafi ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da kewayon sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Ana magance bambancin kasancewar hasken rana da iska ta hanyar ajiyar makamashi da ingantattun grid ɗin lantarki, gami da watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa, sarrafa buƙatu da haɓaka abubuwan sabuntawa. Za a iya rage hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen more rayuwa da ke kona man fetur kai tsaye, kamar motoci da na’urorin dumama, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yadda za a rika amfani da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki maimakon mai. Ana inganta ingantaccen makamashi ta amfani da famfunan zafi da motocin lantarki . Idan matakan masana'antu dole ne su haifar da carbon dioxide, kama carbon da adanawa na iya rage yawan hayaƙi.
Fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona sun haɗa da methane da nitrous oxide . Ana iya rage fitar da hayaki daga aikin noma ta hanyar rage sharar abinci, canzawa zuwa mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar kare muhalli da inganta hanyoyin noma.
Manufofin rage sauyin yanayi sun haɗa da: farashin carbon ta hanyar harajin carbon da ciniki mai fitar da iskar carbon, sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage tallafin mai, da karkatar da albarkatun mai, da tallafin makamashi mai tsafta . Manufofin na yanzu an kiyasta za su samar da dumamar yanayi da kusan 2.7 °C da 2100. Wannan dumamar yanayi ya zarce manufar yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 na takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa kasa da 2. ° C kuma zai fi dacewa zuwa 1.5 °C. A duniya, iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2 °C na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mafi girma fiye da farashin tattalin arzikin a baya.
Ma'anoni da iyaka
Babban manufar rage sauyin yanayi—don dorewar yanayin muhalli ta yadda za a iya kiyaye wayewar ɗan adam—yana buƙatar a yanke hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sosai. Don haka, kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ya ayyana ragewa (sauyin yanayi) a matsayin "sa baki na dan Adam don rage hayaki ko bunkasa nitsewar iskar gas ".
Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana sarrafa hasken rana (SRM) azaman fasahar rage yanayi . Ba tare da alaƙa da rage yawan iskar gas ba, SRM zai yi aiki ta hanyar canza yadda duniya ke karɓar hasken rana. Misalai sun haɗa da rage adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman ƙasa, rage kaurin gani da rayuwar girgije, da canza yanayin haske. IPCC ta bayyana SRM a matsayin "dabarun rage haɗarin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓi" amma ba azaman zaɓi na rage sauyin yanayi ba.
Ana iya tunkarar matakan ragewa a cikin layi daya, saboda babu wata hanya guda da za ta iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ko 2°C. Ana iya karkasa irin waɗannan matakan misali kamar haka:
Dorewa makamashi da sufuri mai dorewa
Kiyaye makamashi (wannan ya haɗa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi )
Don samar da aikin noma da hanyoyin masana'antu: aikin noma mai dorewa da manufofin masana'antu kore
Haɓaka nutsewar carbon : cirewar carbon dioxide (wannan ya haɗa da rarrabuwar carbon )
Kauwar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) an ayyana shi azaman “Ayyukan Anthropogenic suna cire carbon dioxide ( CO ) daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin dindindin a cikin tafkunan ƙasa, ƙasa, ko tafkunan teku, ko cikin samfuran. Ya haɗa da haɓaka da yuwuwar haɓakar ɗan adam na ilimin halitta ko geochemical CO nutsewa da kama iskar carbon dioxide da ajiya kai tsaye (DACCS), amma ban da ɗaukar CO na halitta wanda ba ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da shi kai tsaye ba."
Kalmomi a wannan yanki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Kalmar geoengineering (ko injiniyan yanayi ) wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don duka CDR ko SRM (gudanar da hasken rana), idan ana amfani da fasahohin a sikelin duniya. Ba a amfani da kalmomin geoengineering ko injiniyan yanayi a cikin rahoton IPCC.
Hanyoyin fitarwa da alƙawura
Fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi . Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin halittu : gawayi, mai, da iskar gas . Fitar da dan Adam ya haifar ya karu da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan kashi 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara aiki. Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara, fiye da kowane lokaci. A cikin 2016, makamashi (lantarki, zafi da sufuri) yana da alhakin 73.2% na watsi da GHG, tsarin masana'antu kai tsaye don 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%.
Samar da wutar lantarki da sufuri sune manyan masu fitar da hayaki: mafi girma tushe guda ita ce tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da kashi 20% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Yanke dazuzzuka da sauran canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da methane . Mafi girma tushen hayakin methane na ɗan adam shine noma, da iskar gas da hayaƙin gudu daga cikin masana'antar burbushin mai.
Babban tushen methane na noma shine dabbobi . Ƙasar noma tana fitar da sinadarin nitrous oxide, wani ɓangare saboda takin zamani . An magance matsalar iskar gas daga firji a siyasance yanzu haka kasashe da yawa sun amince da gyaran Kigali.
Carbon dioxide ( CO ) shine mafi yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa, yayin da methane ( ) hayaki kusan yana da tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da iskar gas (F-Gases) suna taka ƙaramin rawa. Dabbobi da taki suna samar da kashi 5.8% na duk hayakin da ake fitar da iskar gas, ko da yake wannan ya dogara da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban.
Ana auna iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) a cikin daidaitattun CO da aka ƙaddara ta yuwuwar dumamar yanayi (GWP), wanda ya dogara da rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyin lissafin iskar gas da ake amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke canza juzu'in methane, nitrous oxide da sauran iskar gas zuwa daidaitattun carbon dioxide . Ƙididdiga ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin tekuna da maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗannan iskar gas. Gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCPs) ciki har da methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone da carbon baƙar fata suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci daga kwanaki zuwa shekaru 15, yayin da carbon dioxide zai iya zama a cikin yanayi na shekaru dubu.
Ana ƙara amfani da tauraron dan adam don ganowa da auna hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare bishiyoyi. Tun da farko, masana kimiyya sun dogara da ko ƙididdige ƙididdiga na hayaƙin iskar gas da bayanan da gwamnatocin suka bayar da kansu.
Yanke hayakin da ake buƙata
Rahoton na shekara-shekara na "Rahoton Gap na Gap" na UNEP ya bayyana a cikin 2022: "Don samun kan hanyar iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ° C, dole ne a rage yawan hayaki na GHG a duniya da kashi 45 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da hasashen fitar da hayaki a karkashin manufofin a halin yanzu a cikin takwas kawai. shekaru, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da raguwa cikin sauri bayan 2030, don guje wa gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar gas na yanayi." Rahoton ya kuma yi tsokaci cewa kamata ya yi duniya ta mai da hankali kan "samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai fa'ida" maimakon mayar da hankali kan sauyi da ake samu.
A cikin 2022, Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) ya fitar da rahoton kimantawa na shida kan sauyin yanayi, yana mai gargadin cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi dole ne ya kai kololuwa kafin shekarar 2025 a karshe kuma ya ragu da kashi 43 cikin 100 nan da 2030, domin a iya takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5. ° C (2.7 °F). Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, ya fayyace cewa saboda wannan "Dole ne manyan masu fitar da hayaki su rage fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga wannan shekara".
Alƙawari
Climate Action Tracker ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kamar haka: zafin duniya zai tashi da 2.7 °C zuwa ƙarshen karni tare da manufofin yanzu kuma ta 2.9 °C tare da manufofin da aka amince da su na ƙasa. Zazzabi zai tashi da 2.4 °C idan kawai alkawuran na 2030 aka aiwatar, ta 2.1 °C idan kuma an cimma burin dogon lokaci. Idan duk makasudin da aka sanar sun cika cikakkar cimma matsaya, hauhawar zafin duniya zai kai 1.9 № C kuma zuwa 1.8 °C zuwa shekara ta 2100. Dukkan bayanai game da duk alkawurran yanayi ana aika su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya - Nazca . Al'ummar kimiyya suna duba cikarsu.
Yayin da mafi yawan manufofin da aka kafa na 2020 ba a tantance su ta wata tabbatacciyar hanya da dalla-dalla ko kafafen yada labarai suka bayar da rahotonsu ba, duniya ta gaza cimma mafi yawa ko duk burin kasa da kasa da aka sanya a waccan shekarar .
Kamar yadda taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 ya faru a Glasgow, ƙungiyar masu binciken da ke gudanar da aikin Climate Action Tracker sun ba da rahoton cewa na ƙasashen da ke da alhakin kashi 85% na hayaƙi mai gurɓata yanayi, dokoki huɗu ne kawai (wanda ke da alhakin kashi 6% na hayaƙin duniya) - EU, UK, Chile da Costa Rica - sun buga cikakken tsarin manufofin hukuma ‑ shirin da ke bayyana matakai da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma burin rage 2030.
Fitowar hayaki da ci gaban tattalin arziki
Wasu sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayaƙin CO 2 . Ko da yake daga baya (a ƙarshen 2022) wasu sun ce haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ba ya nufin ƙarin hayaƙi. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya haɓaka, buƙatar makamashi da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa, yana haɓaka hayaƙin CO 2 . A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen fasaha da haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewa a wasu sassan tattalin arziki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ke da ƙarfin makamashi, musamman ma'adinan makamashin carbon, to za a sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfin makamashi, misali sashin sabis, to za a iya samun rauni tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.
Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan " hasashen Kuznets na muhalli" (EKC), wanda ya nuna cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, gurbatar yanayi da GDP na kowane mutum yana tafiya a hanya guda. Bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga, hayakin kowane mutum zai ragu yayin da GDP na kowane mutum ya karu, don haka samar da dangantaka mai jujjuyawa-U tsakanin GDP ga kowane mutum da gurbatar yanayi. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziƙi ba su goyi bayan ko dai fassarar kyakkyawan fata na hasashen EKC ba - watau cewa matsalar haɓakar hayaƙi za ta warware kanta - ko kuma fassarar rashin fahimta - watau, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da alaƙa da haɓakar hayaƙi. Maimakon haka, an ba da shawarar cewa akwai ɗan sassauci tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.
Ƙananan makamashin carbon
Tsarin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da bayarwa da amfani da makamashi, shine babban mai fitar da CO . Ana buƙatar raguwa cikin sauri da zurfi a cikin CO da gurɓataccen iskar gas daga ɓangaren makamashi don iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa ƙasa da 2. °C. Matakan da IPCC ta ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: "Rage burbushin mai, ƙara yawan samar da makamashi daga ƙananan makamashin carbon da sifili, da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran masu ɗaukar makamashi".
Kusan duk yanayin da dabaru suna tsammanin babban habɓakar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin matakan ingantaccen makamashi. Dole ne a hanzarta tura makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa sau shida daga 0.25% girma na shekara-shekara a 2015, zuwa 1.5%, don kiyaye dumamar yanayi a ƙarƙashin 2. °C.
Gasa na makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa shine maɓalli ga saurin turawa. A cikin 2020, iska mai iska da hasken rana sune tushen mafi arha don sabbin samar da wutar lantarki a yankuna da yawa. Ko da yake abubuwan sabuntawa na iya samun ƙimar ajiya mafi girma waɗanda ba a sabunta su ba na iya samun ƙarin farashin tsaftacewa. Farashin carbon na iya haɓaka gasa na makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Rana da makamashin iska
Iska da rana na iya zama tushe don ɗimbin makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon a farashi mai ƙima. IPCC ta yi kiyasin cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa guda biyu suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage fitar da hayaki kafin 2030 a farashi mai rahusa. :43Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ya zama hanya mafi arha don samar da wutar lantarki a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Girman hotunan hoto ya kasance kusa da ma'ana kuma yana kusan ninki biyu a kowace shekara uku tun daga 1990s. Wata fasaha ta daban tana da ƙarfin hasken rana (CSP) ta amfani da madubai ko ruwan tabarau don tattara babban yanki na hasken rana akan mai karɓa. Tare da CSP, ana iya adana makamashi don 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, samar da wadata da maraice. Dumamar ruwan hasken rana ya ninka tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2019. 
Yankunan da ke saman arewaci da kudancin latitudes suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin iska. Gonakin iskar da ke bakin teku sun fi tsada amma raka'o'in suna ba da ƙarin kuzari a kowane ƙarfin da aka girka tare da ƙarancin canji. A yawancin yankuna, samar da wutar lantarki ya fi girma a cikin hunturu lokacin da PV ya ragu; saboda wannan dalili, haɗuwar iska da hasken rana suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa.
Sauran abubuwan sabuntawa
Sauran ingantattun nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki, makamashin halittu da makamashin ƙasa:
Wutar lantarki ita ce wutar lantarki da ake samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa kuma tana taka rawar gani a kasashe kamar Brazil, Norway da China. amma akwai iyakoki na yanki da batutuwan muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan bakin teku.
Bioenergy na iya samar da makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. Bioenergy, musamman biogas, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya aikawa . Duk da yake kona shuka-samu biomass sake CO , shuke-shuke janye CO daga yanayi yayin da suke girma. Yadda ake samar da man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki da sarrafa shi yana da matukar tasiri ga hayakin rayuwa. An fara amfani da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin jirgin sama.
Ƙarfin geothermal ƙarfin lantarki ne da aka samar daga makamashin ƙasa . A halin yanzu ana amfani da samar da wutar lantarki na geothermal a cikin ƙasashe 26, yayin da ake amfani da dumama ƙasa a ƙasashe 70.
Haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa
Samar da wutar lantarki da iska da hasken rana baya daidaita buƙatu. Don isar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki daga madaidaitan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tsarin wutar lantarki yana buƙatar sassauci. An gina yawancin grid ɗin wutar lantarki don hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba na tsaka-tsaki ba kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki. Yayin da aka haɗa yawancin makamashin hasken rana da iska a cikin grid, dole ne a yi canje-canje ga tsarin makamashi don tabbatar da cewa samar da wutar lantarki ya dace da buƙata.
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don sa tsarin wutar lantarki ya zama mai sauƙi. A wurare da yawa, samar da iska da hasken rana suna dacewa a kowace rana da ma'auni na yanayi: ana samun iska mai yawa a cikin dare da lokacin hunturu lokacin da makamashin hasken rana ya ragu. Haɗa yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar layin watsawa mai nisa yana ba da damar ƙarin sokewa daga canji. Ana iya canza buƙatun makamashi cikin lokaci ta hanyar sarrafa buƙatun makamashi da kuma amfani da grid mai wayo, daidai lokacin da samar da makamashi mai canzawa ya fi girma. Za a iya samar da ƙarin sassauci daga haɗin gwiwar sassa, wanda ke haɗa sashin wutar lantarki zuwa sashin zafi da motsi ta hanyar tsarin wutar lantarki da motocin lantarki.
Gina karfin wutar lantarki don samar da iska da hasken rana zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin rashin kyawun yanayi. A cikin yanayi mafi kyau, ana iya rage samar da makamashi idan ba a iya amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa ko adanawa.
Ajiye makamashi yana taimakawa shawo kan shingen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita da kuma samuwa ita ce famfo-ajiya na lantarki, wanda ke buƙatar wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a tsayi da samun ruwa. Batura, musamman baturan lithium-ion, ana kuma baza su ko'ina. Batura yawanci suna adana wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Farashin da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin batura ya sa ba su da amfani ga babban ajiyar makamashi da ake buƙata don daidaita bambance-bambancen yanayi na samar da makamashi. Ma'ajiyar ruwa da aka zuga tare da iya aiki na tsawon watanni da yawa an aiwatar da shi a wasu wurare.
Makaman nukiliya
Makaman nukiliya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan sabuntawa don wutar lantarki. A gefe guda, haɗarin muhalli da tsaro na iya wuce fa'idar.
Ginin sabbin injinan nukiliya a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan shekaru 10, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da haɓaka jigilar iska da hasken rana, kuma akwai hadarin bashi . Duk da haka ana tsammanin sun fi arha a China, kuma ƙasar tana gina sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Kudin tsawaita rayuwar tashar makamashin nukiliya yana da gogayya da sauran fasahohin samar da wutar lantarki, gami da sabbin ayyukan hasken rana da iska.
Maye gurbin kwal da iskar gas
Rage buƙatu
Buƙatar samfura da sabis waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas ana iya rage su ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Da fari dai, ana iya rage buƙata ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da al'adu, alal misali canje-canjen abinci. Na biyu, ana iya rage bukatar makamashi da sauran hidimomin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, kamar kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwar jama'a . A ƙarshe, canje-canje a fasaha na ƙarshen amfani na iya rage buƙatar makamashi (misali, gida mai rufin da yake fitarwa ƙasa da gidan da ba shi da kyau).
Zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa waɗanda ke rage buƙatar samfur ko ayyuka suna taimaka wa mutane yin zaɓi na sirri don rage sawun carbon ɗin su, misali a cikin zaɓin abubuwan sufuri ko abincin su. Wannan yana nufin akwai fannonin zamantakewa da yawa tare da ayyukan rage buƙatar-gefe. Misali, mutanen da ke da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sukan ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin iskar gas fiye da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage fitar da hayakinsu da inganta manufofin kore, waɗannan mutane za su iya zama "abin koyi na salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon". Koyaya, akwai sauye-sauye na hankali da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri da kwarin gwiwar mutane don rage buƙatun su kamar wayar da kan jama'a da haɗarin haɗari . Manufofin gwamnati na iya tallafawa ko hana zaɓuɓɓukan rage buƙatu na rukunin yanar gizo. Misali, manufofin jama'a na iya haɓaka ra'ayoyin tattalin arziƙin madauwari waɗanda zasu taimaka rage sauyin yanayi. Rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yana da alaƙa da raba tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin madauwari .
Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da haɓakar hayaƙin gas a mafi yawan yankuna, musamman Afirka. Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da babban tasiri fiye da karuwar yawan jama'a. Shi ne hauhawar kudaden shiga, sauye-sauyen amfani da tsarin abinci, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a kan filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin iskar carbon. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, "A cikin hadin gwiwa tare da manufofin da ke kawo karshen amfani da man fetur da kuma karfafa amfani mai dorewa, manufofin mutuntaka da ke rage yawan karuwar jama'a ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na mayar da hankali kan yanayin yanayi." An san cewa "ci gaban ilimin mata da lafiyar haihuwa, musamman tsarin iyali na son rai, na iya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya".
Kiyaye da haɓaka kwatankwacin carbon
Don rage matsin lamba akan yanayin halittu da habɓaka ƙarfin su na sarrafa carbon, canje-canje sun zama dole a aikin noma da gandun daji, kamar hana sare gandun daji da maido da yanayin halitta ta hanyar sake dazuzzuka . Yanayin da ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C yawanci yana aiwatar da babban amfani da hanyoyin kawar da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙarni na 21st. Akwai damuwa ko da yake game da yawan dogaro da waɗannan fasahohin, da tasirin muhalli. Duk da haka, yuwuwar rage yiwuwar maido da yanayin halittu da rage juzu'i suna daga cikin kayan aikin ragewa waɗanda za su iya samar da mafi yawan raguwar hayaki kafin 2030.
Zaɓuɓɓukan rage ƙasa ana kiran su "zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa AFOLU" a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2022 akan ragewa. Gajarta tana nufin "noma, gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa" :37Rahoton ya bayyana yuwuwar rage tasirin tattalin arziki daga ayyukan da suka dace a kusa da gandun daji da muhalli kamar haka: "Kiyayewa, ingantattun gudanarwa, da maido da gandun daji da sauran halittun dazuzzuka ( filayen dausayi na gabar teku, filayen ciyawa, savannas da ciyayi)". Ana samun babban yuwuwar ragewa don rage sare itatuwa a yankuna masu zafi. An kiyasta karfin tattalin arzikin wadannan ayyukan zai zama 4.2 zuwa 7.4 Giga ton na CO 2 daidai a kowace shekara. :37
Dazuzzuka
Kiyayewa
Binciken Stern akan tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ya rigaya ya bayyana a cikin 2007 cewa hana sare dazuzzuka wata hanya ce mai matukar tsada ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi, inda akasari ke haddasa shi ta hanyar share fage domin noma. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun kiyaye gandun daji shine ba da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa daga yankin jama'a zuwa mazaunanta na asali. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa sau da yawa tana zuwa ga kamfanoni masu hako masu ƙarfi da dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ke keɓance har ma da fitar da mutane, wanda ake kira " kare gandun daji ", galibi suna haifar da ƙarin amfani da ƙasa yayin da mazaunan asali sannan suka juya zuwa aiki don kamfanonin hakar su tsira. 
Haɓaka yana haɓaka dazuzzuka don kama cikakkiyar damar muhallinsu. Wannan dabara ce ta ragewa yayin da dazuzzukan na biyu da suka sake girma a cikin gonakin da aka yi watsi da su ana samun ƙarancin bambance-bambancen halittu fiye da na asali tsoffin dazuzzukan da kuma dazuzzukan na asali suna adana 60% fiye da carbon fiye da waɗannan sabbin gandun daji. Dabarun sun haɗa da sake ginawa da kafa hanyoyin namun daji .
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50514 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche%20Lazzell%20ne%20adam%20wata | Blanche Lazzell ne adam wata | Blanche Lazzell, an haife ta a goma ga Oktoba, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da takwas a Monongalia County, West Virginia kuma ta mutu11 ga Yunin shekarar 1956 a Bourne, Massachusetts, Ba'amurke ne mai zane, mai yin bugu kuma mai zane . Wanda aka fi sani da tsintsiya madaurinta na fari-layi, ta kasance farkon yar wasan zamani na zamani na Amurka, tana kawo abubuwa na cubism da abstraction ga fasaharta.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife ta a cikin ƙaramin yanki na noma, Blanche Lazzell ya yi tafiya sau biyu zuwa Turai, yana karatu a Paris tare da masu fasahar Faransa Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger da André Lhote. A cikin shekarar 1915, ta fara ciyar da lokacin bazara a cikin al'ummar Cape Cod a lardin Provincetown, Massachusetts kuma daga ƙarshe ta zauna a can na dindindin. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa , ƙungiyar masu fasaha waɗanda suka gwada fasahar bugu na farar layi na itace bisa ga kwafin ukiyo-e na Japan.
Farkon yara da ilimi
An haifi Nettie Blanche Lazzell goma ga watan Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da takwas , a wata gona kusa da Maidsville (cikin) , wani ƙaramin ƙauye a West Virginia , Mary Prudence Paparoma da Cornelius Carhart Lazzell . Mahaifinta kai tsaye zuriyar Reverend Thomas da Hannah Lazzell ce, majagaba waɗanda suka zauna a gundumar Monongalia bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka Lazzells masu ibada ne na Methodist, suna halartar Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church. Ta tara cikin ‘ya’ya goma, ana yi mata laqabi”. fart da babban yayanta Rufus, sunan da iyalinta za su ci gaba da amfani da su a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta girma a gonar iyali mai girman eka dari biyu(0.81 km²), tana halartar makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya akan kadarorin inda ɗalibai a aji ɗaya zuwa takwas suka karɓi koyarwa daga Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekara .
Quand Blanche Lazzell a quinze ans, elle s'inscrit au (maintenant ) à Buckhannon. Probablement quelque temps avant son entrée dans cette école, elle devient partiellement sourde, bien que l'origine exacte de son état ne soit pas claire. En 1894, elle se fait soigner par un médecin de Baltimore qui attribue sa surdité au catarrhe, une inflammation des muqueuses.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da tara, Blanche Lazzell ta shiga cikin . Bayan kammala karatunta daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta zama malami a a Ramsey, South Carolina . A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara, ta koma Maidsville, inda ta horar da kanwarta, .
Blanche Lazzell est inscrite à l'université de Virginie-Occidentale (WVU) en 1901 et décide d'étudier les beaux-arts. Bien que ses études soient payées par son père, elle tient un compte strict de ses dépenses et prend un travail de coloriage de photos à Frieds, un studio de Morgantown. Elle suit les cours de dessin et d'histoire de l'art de William J. Leonard et étudie avec Eva E. Hubbard. En , Lazzell obtient son diplôme des beaux-arts. Elle continue à étudier à l'université de Virginie de temps en temps jusqu'en 1909, poursuivant ses études d'art et remplaçant deux fois Hubbard comme professeur de peinture. Pendant cette période, elle apprend la céramique, la gravure sur or et la décoration de porcelaine.
Ta shiga cikin a 1908 inda ta yi karatu a karkashin masu zane Kenyon Cox da William Merritt Chase , , . Georgia O'Keeffe sun halarci wannan makaranta a daidai wannan lokacin, amma babu tabbas ko su biyun sun halarci darasi . A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da takwas mahaifin Blanche Lazzell ya mutu kuma ta bar .
Tafiya a Turai
Blanche Lazzell ta kaddamar da SS, Cunard liner, ga Uku juillet, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha biyu wanda aka ɗaure zuwa Turai a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron bazara wanda ta shirya. Yawon shakatawa ta fara a Ingila kuma ta ci gaba ta cikin Netherlands, Belgium da Italiya, inda Lazzell ke nazarin gine-ginen coci. A watan Agusta, ta bar yawon shakatawa kuma ta tafi Paris, inda ta zauna a wani gidan kwana a Montparnasse a gefen hagu . Ta halarci laccoci na Florence Heywood da Rossiter Howard, ta guje wa rayuwar cafe kuma ta shiga ɗakin kwanan dalibai a Boulevard Saint-Michel . Yayin da yake a birnin Paris, Lazzell ya ɗauki darasi a Académie de la Grande Chaumière, Académie Julian da Académie Delécluse, a ƙarshe ya zauna a Académie Moderne inda ta yi karatu tare da mai zane -zane Charles Guérin da David Rosen . Ya kasance a Académie Moderne, wanda ke hade da Parisian avant-garde, Lazzell ya fi jin daɗi a . A cikin fabrairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha biyu Ta yi rangadin makonni shida a Italiya tare da wasu 'yan mata hudu. Quintet ya koma Paris ta Jamus inda Blanche Lazzell ya sami gilashin giya na farko a Munich A watan Afrilu, ta ga wani kwararren kunne wanda ya cire wani girma daga bayan makogwaron ta, wanda ya haifar da abin da ta kira « kadan inganta na sauraronsa . Ta ci gaba da yin nazari da Charles Guérin ; wannan ya yarda Blanche Lazzell's penchant don fasahar shimfidar wuri . Blanche Lazzell ta tsawaita zamanta a Faransa kuma ta halarci laccoci a Louvre game da zanen Flemish, fasahar Dutch da Renaissance Italiya . Ta koma Amurka a karshen watan Satumba, ta tashi daga Landan akan layin SS na
Manazarta
Mutuwan 1956 |
30504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20indonesiya | Sare dazuzzuka a indonesiya | Sare dazuzzuka a Indonesiya ya shafi asarar dazuzzuka na dogon lokaci da ganye a yawancin ƙasar; ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga muhalli da zamantakewa. Indonesiya gida ce ga wasu dazuzzukamasu bambancin halitta a duniya kuma a matsayi na uku a yawan nau'in halittu bayan Brazil da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .
A ƙarshen shekarata 1900, Indonesia har yanzu ƙasa ce mai yawan dazuzzuka: gandun daji suna wakiltar kashi 84 cikin 100 na faɗin ƙasar. Sake sare dazuzzuka ya tsananta a cikin shekarata 1970s kuma ya ƙara haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Kiyasin dazuzzukan da ya kai hekta miliyan 170 a wajen shekara ta 1900 ya ragu zuwa kasa da hekta miliyan 100 a karshen karni na 20. A cikin shekarata 2008, an yi kiyasin cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi a Indonesiya za su kasance cikin shekaru goma. Daga cikin jimlar sarewar da aka yi a Indonesia, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 an ba da rahoton ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Manyan wuraren dazuzzuka a Indonesiya an share su da manyan kamfanoni na ɓangaren litattafan almara na duniya, irin su Asiya Pulp da Paper, kuma an maye gurbinsu da shuka. Sannan Kuma Manoma da masu shukar suna kona dazuzzuka. Wata babbar hanyar saran gandun daji ita ce sana'ar sare itace, sakamakon buƙatu daga China da Japan. Shirye-shiryen bunkasa noma da ƙaura sun ƙaura da yawan jama'a zuwa yankunan dazuzzukan damina, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙara yawan sare itatuwa.
Yin sare itatuwa da kona dazuzzuka don share filaye don noma ya sanya Indonesiya ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya wajen fitar da iskar iskar gas, bayan China da Amurka. Gobarar daji takan lalata manyan dazuzzukan dajin, gami da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da suka girma da kuma ciyayi . A watan Mayun shekarata 2011, Indonesiya ta ayyana dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako don taimakawa yaƙar wannan. Wannan ya zama kamar ba shi da tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da adadin sare itatuwa ya ci gaba da karuwa. Kuma A shekara ta 2012 Indonesiya ta zarce adadin sare dazuzzuka a Brazil, kuma ta zama al'umma mafi saurin kawar da daji a duniya.
Tarihi
Tsibirin Indonesiya mai kusan tsibirai 17,000 gida ne ga wasu dazuzzukan dazuzzukan halittu . A cikin shekarata 1900 jimillar gandun daji ya wakilci kashi 84% na yawan ƙasar. A shekara ta 1950, gonakin noman da ƙananan ciyayi na noman bishiyar har yanzu sun rufe ƙaramin yanki kawai. Fadin dajin a wancan lokacin an kiyasta ya kai hekta miliyan 145 na dajin farko da wani hekta miliyan 14 na dajin na sakandare da na tudu.
A farkon shekarun 1970 Indonesiya ta yi amfani da wannan albarkatu mai mahimmanci don fa'idar tattalin arzikinta tare da haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa itace ta ƙasar. Daga ƙarshen shekarar 1980s zuwa 2000, ƙarfin samarwa ya ƙaru kusan 700% a cikin masana'antar ɓangaren litattafan almara da masana'antar takarda, wanda hakan ya sa Indonesiya ta zama ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya mai samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara kuma ta goma sha ɗaya mafi girmar takarda.
Yawan sare itatuwa na ci gaba da karuwa. Rahoton muhalli na jihar na 2009 wanda shugaban kasar Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ya kaddamar ya bayyana cewa adadin wuraren da gobara ta tashi zuwa 32,416 a shekarar 2009 daga 19,192 kacal a shekarar 2008. Kuma Ma’aikatar kula da muhalli ta dora alhakin karuwar lamarin a kan raunin jami’an tsaro da kuma rashin kulawa daga hukumomin yankin, tare da ba da filaye a matsayin musabbabin tashin gobarar.
Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000 kashi 20% na gandun daji a Indonesia sun yi hasarar (ha miliyan 24) kuma a shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% ne kawai na yawan yankin dajin (ha miliyan 94). Ko da duk da dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako da aka sanya a shekarar 2010, adadin sare dazuzzuka ya ci gaba da karuwa zuwa kimanin hekta 840,000 a shekarar 2012, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa a Brazil . Sake sare gandun daji a Indonesiya ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2016, kuma daga baya ya ragu, ya faɗi da kusan kashi 30% (kwatankwacin a shekarata 2009-2016 da 2017-2019). Nazarin ya danganta raguwar da "wasu hada-hadar manufofin da suka hada da hana fasa gandun daji na farko da magudanar ruwa, da yin nazari kan rangwamen filaye, da dakatar da sabbin noman dabino da ma'adanai" da kuma shirye-shiryen tabbatar da dorewar dabino ga gandun daji a kan gonakin da ake da su. . An kuma ba da lakabin gandun daji na al'umma kan hectare miliyan 2.4 a duk faɗin Indonesiya, amma binciken 2021 bai sami shaidar cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun rage sare dazuzzuka ba.
Direbobin sare itatuwa
A cikin shekarun 2001 – 2016, mafi girma direban saren gandun daji a Indonesia shi ne noman dabino, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 23% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Na biyu mafi girma direban sare dazuzzuka shi ne mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ciyayi / shrub, lissafin kusan kashi 20% na sare gandun daji a fadin kasar. Tsare-tsare kan kananan noma da gauraye kanana ya kai kashi 22% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Lardin tituna da ƴan ƙanana, tare da sake girma dazuzzuka na biyu, sannan Kuma ya kai kusan kashi 10% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk wasu dalilai (kamar hakar ma'adinai da tafkunan kifi ) gabaɗaya sun kai kusan kashi 5% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Tasiri
Saurin sare dazuzzuka yana cutar da ɗimbin halittun Indonesiya kuma yana haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas na Indonesiya, waɗanda ke cikin mafi girma a duniya. Juyawa da kona ƙasa na peat yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska, yana gabatar da manyan lahani ga lafiyar jama'a .
Yankunan da abin ya shafa
Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan masu zafi na Indonesiya, mafi arziƙin albarkatun katako da bambancin halittu, sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Kuma A shekara ta 2000 kusan an share su gaba ɗaya a Sulawesi, kuma an yi hasashen za su ɓace cikin ƴan shekaru a Sumatra da Kalimantan.
A Sumatra dubun dubatan kilomita murabba'in gandun daji ne aka lalata galibi a karkashin yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin tsakiya ta bai wa kamfanonin dabino don kawar da dajin. A Kalimantan, daga shekarar 1991-2014, manyan wuraren dajin sun kone saboda gobarar da ba za ta iya sarrafawa ba ta haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.
Filayen haramtacciyar ƙasa
Rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2007 ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 73 zuwa 88% na katako da aka dasa a Indonesiya na faruwa ne sakamakon sare-guje ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya ta kasance cewa tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 55% na shigar da aka yi a Indonesiya shine sakamakon sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 81 cikin 100 na canjin gandun daji na dabino a Indonesia haramun ne, kuma Hukumar Binciken Koli ta Indonesiya ta tabbatar da cewa kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na ayyukan man dabino na kasar sun bi dokoki da ka'idoji na kasa.
Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Indonesia.
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sakamakon ribar tattalin arziki daga buƙatun kasuwannin gida da na yanki na katako, suna da laifi don sare bishiyoyi. Wadannan kamfanoni masu masana'antu sau da yawa ba sa bin ƙa'idodin doka ta hanyar amfani da tsadar tsada amma hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba kamar gobarar daji don share ƙasa don amfanin noma. Kuma Dokar gandun daji ta 1999 ta bayyana cewa yana da mahimmanci hukumomi su amince da kamfanoni a yankuna daban-daban tare da izinin IPK, izinin girbin katako, don amincewa da doka game da ayyukansu na sare dazuzzuka. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya ƙetare wannan jan tef, haɓaka ribar kuɗin shiga ta hanyar yin amfani da ayyukan sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar yadda rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodin doka a manyan ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesiya ke lalata ƙoƙarin kiyaye gandun daji.
A cikin yanayin zamantakewa, ƙananan manoman da suke zaune a yankunan karkara, kuma waɗanda ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, suna amfani da hanyar da za a yi amfani da su na yanke-da-kone don tallafawa ayyukan su na noma. Wannan dabarar noma ta asali ta kunshi sare itatuwan dazuzzuka kafin lokacin rani, daga baya kuma, ana kona wadannan bishiyun a lokacin rani don samar da takin zamani don tallafawa ayyukan noman su. Wannan aikin noma ana maimaita shi a fili ɗaya har sai an cire shi daga sinadarai masu gina jiki kuma ba zai iya wadatar da amfanin gona ba. Sannan Bayan haka, waɗannan manoma za su ci gaba da mamaye wani fili kuma su ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun yanka da konewa. Wannan abin da ke ba da gudummawar zamantakewar al'umma ga sare dazuzzuka yana ƙarfafa ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta na dorewar gandun daji a ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesia.
Ta fuskar siyasa, an yi suka sosai kan rawar da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke takawa wajen dakile sare itatuwa. Cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an kasar Indonesiya na haifar da kyama game da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan ayyukan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma A shekara ta 2008, wanke wani mai kamfanin katako, Adelin Lis, da ake zarginsa da yin sare-tsaki ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kara zafafa ra'ayin jama'a tare da jawo suka a cibiyar siyasar Indonesiya.
Gwamnatin Indonesiya na kokawa kan yadda ake tafiyar da sare bishiyoyi tare da ci gaban birane mai dorewa yayin da ƙaura zuwa birane ke buƙatar faɗaɗa biranen. Rashin yin la'akari da saran gandun daji tare da la'akari da ayyukan ƙaura da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke aiwatarwa yana nuna ƙarancin shaida na tallafawa don ba da shaida kan la'akari da dorewar gandun daji a ayyukan ci gaban su. Kuma Wannan ya kara dagula shakku a cikin amincin gwamnatin Indonesiya wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na raya birane da kuma kokarin kiyaye gandun daji cikin gaskiya da adalci.
Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa
Yunkurin dakile sauyin yanayi a duniya ya hada da matakan da aka tsara don sa ido kan yadda ake ci gaba da saran gandun daji a Indonesia da kuma zaburar da gwamnatocin kasa da na kananan hukumomi don dakatar da shi. Gabaɗaya kalmar waɗannan nau'ikan shirye-shirye shine Rage hayaki daga sare bishiyoyi da lalata gandun daji (REDD). Ana amfani da sabbin tsare-tsare don sa ido kan sare dazuzzuka a Indonesia. Sannan Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin, Cibiyar Kula da Daji ta Duniya don dandali na Aiki a halin yanzu yana nuna bayanan da aka sabunta kowane wata kan sare gandun daji a duk Indonesiya.
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 2010 Indonesia ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta niyya tare da Norway, don sanya wa'adin shekaru biyu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba, wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da Indonesiya za ta samu har dalar Amurka biliyan 1 idan ta bi alkawarinta. Ana sa ran yarjejeniyar za ta kawo cikas ga masana'antar man dabino ta Indonesiya da jinkirta ko jinkirin shirye-shiryen samar da wani katafaren filin noma a lardin Papua . Da farko za a sadaukar da kudade don kammala dabarun yanayin yanayi da gandun daji na Indonesiya, ginawa da samar da damar sa ido, bayar da rahoto da tabbatar da raguwar hayaki, da Kuma aiwatar da manufofi da sauye-sauye na hukumomi. Norway za ta taimaka wa Indonesiya don tsara tsarin da zai taimaka wajen rage cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda za a iya aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. An ayyana dakatarwar shekaru biyu a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2011. An kara wa'adin dakatarwar da wasu shekaru biyu a shekarar 2013.
A cikin shekarata 2014, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kusan 40 waɗanda suka amince da sanarwar New York game da dazuzzuka, alƙawarin son rai na rage sare bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2020 da kawo ƙarshensa nan da 2030. Yarjejeniyar ba ta dawwama bisa doka, duk da haka, kuma wasu manyan ƙasashe, irin su Brazil, China, da Rasha, ba su sanya hannu kan ta ba. Sakamakon haka, kokarin ya gaza, kuma sare itatuwa ya karu daga 2014-2020, a duk duniya da kuma a Indonesia. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 141 (wanda ke da kusan kashi 85% na manyan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na duniya da kashi 90% na murfin bishiyar duniya) sun amince a taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 a Glasgow zuwa sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow game da dazuzzuka da amfanin ƙasa., alkawarin kawo karshen saran gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tare da kusan dala biliyan 19.2 a cikin alkawuran kudade masu alaka. Kamar yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya, sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow an shigar da ita ne a wajen Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don haka ba ta bi doka ba. Nan da nan bayan Indonesiya ta shiga wannan alƙawarin, Kuma gwamnatin lardin ta ja da baya, inda ministar muhalli Siti Nurbaya Bakar ta bayyana cewa "tilasta wa Indonesia rashin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2030 bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba".
Duba wasu abubuwana
Yanke dazuzzuka a Borneo
Zargin sare itatuwa a kasar Papua New Guinea
1997 gobarar dajin Indonesiya
Aikin noman dabino a Indonesia
The Burning Season (fim na 2008)
APP
Gabaɗaya:
Matsalolin muhalli a Indonesia
Laifuka a Indonesia
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kulawa da Daji don Aiki (FORMA) - Taswirar dazuzzuka na kan layi ana sabunta ta akai-akai a Indonesia
"Asia Pulp & Paper ta ba da sanarwar kawo karshen sare gandun daji a Indonesia," Action Climate (12 Fabrairu 2013)
"Greenpeace tana goyan bayan Asiya Pulp & Takarda ta kuduri don kawo karshen sare itatuwa a Indonesia," RISIinfo.com (5 Fabrairu 2013), sanarwar manema labarai
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattalin%20arzikin%20Botswana | Tattalin arzikin Botswana | Tattalin arzikin Botswana a halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a duniya, tana kusan kashi 5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ci gaban ayyukan yi a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya kai kusan kashi 10% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru 30 na farko na samun 'yancin kai. Bayan wani lokaci na tabarbarewar a farkon karni na 21, tattalin arzikin Botswana ya yi rijistar matakan ci gaba mai karfi, tare da ci gaban GDP ya zarce kashi 6-7%. Bankin raya kasashen Afirka ya yabawa kasar Botswana bisa ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arziki mafi dadewa a duniya. Ci gaban tattalin arziki tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ya yi daidai da wasu manyan ƙasashen Asiya. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kiyaye rarar kasafin kudi kuma tana da yawan ajiyar musanya ta waje.
Kyakkyawar tarihin tattalin arzikin Botswana idan aka kwatanta da wasu maƙwabtanta an gina su akan ginshiƙin hakar lu'u-lu'u, tsare-tsare na kasafin kuɗi, da manufofin ketare na taka tsantsan. Tattalin arzikin Botswana ya dogara ne akan hakar lu'u-lu'u. Ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u yana ba da gudummawa ga kashi 50% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati musamman ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na 50:50 tare da De Beers a cikin Kamfanin Diamond Debswana. Hukumar da ke sa ido kan cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa da kasa , Transparency International ta kididdige ta a matsayin kasa mafi karancin cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka. Tana da matsayi na hudu mafi girman kudaden shiga na kasa ga kowane mutum a cikin ikon sayayya a Afirka kuma sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya.
Kungiyoyin kwadago suna wakiltar tsirarun ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arzikin Botswana. Gabaɗaya, ana yin su ne cikin kwanciyar hankali, duk da cewa ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Botswana (BFTU) tana ƙarfafa matsayinta a matsayin cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa kaɗai a cikin ƙasar.
Ko da yake ana daukar tattalin arzikin Botswana a matsayin abin koyi ga kasashen yankin, dogaron da take da shi kan hakar ma'adinai da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS (daya cikin kowane babba uku yana da illa) kuma rashin aikin yi na iya yin barazana ga nasararta a nan gaba.
Tarihi
Har yanzu noma yana samar da abinci ga kashi 70% na mazauna karkara amma yana samar da kusan kashi 50% na bukatun abinci kuma ya kai kashi 1.8% na GDP kamar na shekarar 2016. Noman rayuwa da kiwo sun fi yawa. Bangaren yana fama da rashin ruwan sama da rashin kyawun kasa. Haka ma hakar lu'u-lu'u da yawon bude ido suna da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki. An samo ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci a cikin shekarar 1970s kuma sashin ma'adinai ya karu daga 25% na GDP a shekarar 1980 zuwa 38% a shekarar 1998. Rashin aikin yi a hukumance ya tsaya a kashi 21% kamar na shekarar 2000 amma ƙiyasin da ba na hukuma ba ya sanya shi kusa da 40%.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ragu a cikin shekarun 2005-2008 kuma ya juya mara kyau a cikin 2009 sakamakon babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, kwangila da kashi 5.2%. Wannan ya kara tabarbare ne sakamakon wani babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a duniya a bangaren masana'antu, wanda ya ragu da kashi 30%, koma bayan tattalin arzikin Botswana ya sha banban da sauran kasashen Afirka da suka ci gaba da samun ci gaba a wannan lokacin.
Wasu daga cikin gibin kasafin kuɗin Botswana za a iya gano su zuwa ƙananan kashe kuɗin soja (kimanin 4% na GDP a shekarar 2004, a cewar CIA World Factbook ). Wasu masu suka dai sun soki wannan matakin na kudaden da ake kashewa na soji, idan aka yi la'akari da rashin yiwuwar rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa, amma kuma ana amfani da wadannan sojojin ne wajen gudanar da ayyuka da ayyukan taimako.
Ciniki
Botswana wata bangare ce ta Kungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka (SACU) tare da Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, Eswatini, da Namibiya. Bankin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekarar 2001 (shekarar da ta gabata wacce bayanan Bankin Duniya ke samuwa), SACU tana da matsakaicin ƙimar kuɗin fito na waje na 3.6%. A cewar Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka, "akwai 'yan kaɗan na harajin kuɗin fito ko shingen haraji don kasuwanci tare da Botswana, baya ga ƙuntatawa kan lasisi ga wasu ayyukan kasuwanci, waɗanda aka keɓe ga kamfanonin [Botswana]." Dangane da tsarin dabarun ciniki da aka sake fasalin, makin manufofin kasuwanci na Botswana ba ya canzawa.
Babban abin da ake fitarwa daga Botswana shine lu'u-lu'u. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017 ita ce kasa ta biyu a duniya wajen samar da lu'u-lu'u bayan Rasha. Saboda tsananin dogaro da Botswana kan lu'u-lu'u, buƙatun duniya mai ƙarfi na da mahimmanci ga lafiyar tattalin arziƙin. Fitar da lu'u-lu'u na samar da tattalin arzikin Botswana da wadataccen kayayyaki na musanya na ketare kuma ya ba da tushe don bunƙasa masana'antu da kuma inganta abubuwan more rayuwa na Botswana. Sai dai duk da rawar da suke takawa a tattalin arzikin kasar Botswana, akwai fargabar cewa ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u ba su da karfin gwuiwa wajen samar da isassun ayyukan yi ga ma'aikatan Botswana, kuma an danganta wannan rashin daidaito a matsayin wani abu na rashin aikin yi a kasar.
Manazarta |
48941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintirin%20Kasuwancin%20Bayi%20na%20Afirka | Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka | sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka wani bangare ne na Toshewar Afirka da ke dakile cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin 1819 da farkon yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. Saboda yunkurin kawar da kai a Amurka, an tura tawagar jiragen ruwan yaki na sojojin ruwan Amurka da masu yankan rago don kama masu fataucin bayi a Afirka da kewaye . A cikin shekaru 42 an kama kimanin jiragen ruwa 100 da ake zargin bayi .
Ayyuka
Asalin
An aika da tawagar Amurka ta farko zuwa Afirka a 1819, amma bayan da aka juya jiragen babu wani ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Afirka har zuwa 1840s. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, an kama jiragen bayi kaɗan saboda babu isassun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka don yin sintiri sama da mil 3,000 na gabar tekun Afirka, da kuma manyan bakin tekun Amurka da tekun da ke tsakanin. Har ila yau, masu bautar sun san cewa idan sun ɗaga tutar Spain ko Portuguese za su iya tserewa daga bi. Majalisa ta yi wahala ga sojojin ruwa su ci gaba da zama a Afirka har zuwa 1842 lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton tare da Birtaniya . An aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya sake ba da umarni ga Squadron na Afirka bayan ya zama kwamandan a 1821 a cikin jirgin USS Shark . Zuwan nasa ya nuna mafarin samun bunkasuwa a Amurka wajen dakile duk da cewa nasarar da aka samu ba ta da wani tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta yammacin Afirka a daidai wannan lokacin. Turawan ingila sun kame daruruwan jiragen ruwa na bayi kuma sun yi yakin ruwa da dama; Nasarar da suka samu ya samo asali ne saboda girman girman sojojin ruwansu da sansanonin samar da kayayyaki da ke Afirka kanta. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Amurka sun yi nasarar 'yantar da dubban bayi amma cinikin ya ci gaba da fadada aikin zuwa yammacin Indiya, Brazil da Tekun Indiya . Squadron na Brazil, West Indies Squadron, Gabashin Indiya Squadron da Squadron na gida daga baya duk suna da alhakin kama akalla 'yan bayin kowane.
Ma'aikatan Sabis na Cutter
A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1808, wata doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Afirka ta fara aiki. An tuhumi masu yanke kudaden shiga da aiwatar da wannan doka. A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1820, Dallas sun kama Brig Janar Ramirez mai dauke da bindigogi 10 dauke da bayi 280 daga Afirka a St. Augustine, Florida. A ranar 25 ga Maris, Alabama sun kama jiragen bayi uku. A shekara ta 1865, masu yanke kudaden shiga sun kama bayi da yawa kuma sun 'yantar da bayi kusan 500.
Kama Spitfire
Ranar 13 ga Yuni 1844, Brig USS An mayar da USS a cikin kwamandan tare da Kwamandan Henry Bruce . Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta gangara cikin kogin Delaware kuma ta wuce tsakanin kogin zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan ziyartar Funchal, Madeira, jirgin ya shiga tashar Afirka kusa da Tenerife a cikin Canary Islands . A cikin watanni goma sha shida masu zuwa, Truxtun ta yi sintiri a yammacin Afirka, ta ziyarci Monrovia, Laberiya da Saliyo, inda aka 'yantar da bayi. Truxtun kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa tsibiran Maio na Santiago, da Sao Vicente . Amurkawa sun kama bawa guda ɗaya kawai a kan jirgin ruwa a cikin 1845, masanin New Orleans mai suna Spitfire . An kama jirgin ne a tekun Rio Pongo na kasar Guinea kuma an dauke shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Ko da yake tana da kusan tan 100 kawai, ta ɗauki bayi 346. Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun gano cewa ta yi kasa da bayi 339 a kusa da Matanzas, a Cuba, shekara ta gaba. Kwamanda Bruce ta ruwaito cewa, "A tsakanin kwanukanta, inda bayin suka cika, babu wurin da mutum zai zauna, sai dai idan ya karkata kansa gaba; abincinsu ya kai rabin fam na shinkafa a kowace rana, tare da ruwa fam guda. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin irin wahalhalun da bayi suke ciki a kan wucewarsu, sai an duba isar da aka kai su. Kyakkyawan negroe mai kyau yana tsada amma dala ashirin, ko kuma game da shi, kuma yana kawo daga dala ɗari uku zuwa ɗari huɗu a Cuba. " Kama Spitfire ya bai wa sojojin ruwan Amurka kwarin gwiwa don kara karfin Squadron na Afirka. An kuma kera jirgin kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan yaki da bauta. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1845, Truxtun ta auna anka a Monrovia, kuma ta nufi yamma zuwa Gosport Navy Yard, wanda ta kai ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Daga nan aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba
Kama Ann D. Richardson da Independence
Farashin USS Perry yayi aiki a Kudancin Atlantic tare da Squadron Brazil wanda ya fara a 1847. Perry ya fara tafiya daga Philadelphia ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1847, tare da takamaiman umarni don yin sintiri tsakanin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil da Buenos Aires, Argentina . An sanar da Laftanar John A. Davis cewa wadanda ake zargin bayi ne a Barque Ann D. Richardson na Amurka an daure su zuwa gabar tekun Afirka a karkashin takardun karya. Daga nan Perry ya kama jirgin a kusa da Rio de Janeiro a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Bayan kwana biyu, ta kuma kwace 'yancin kai na Amurka brig Independence . Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi cinikin bayi, kuma an aika da su zuwa birnin New York a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kyaftin na Independence ya fusata game da kama shi har ma ya kai karar Commodore George W. Storer, amma bai yi nasara ba. USS Perry ya koma Norfolk a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1849, kuma an kore shi a can bayan kwanaki hudu. Daga baya ta sake yin hidima a Afirka, amma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan haka ta koma New York.
Kama Marta
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Amirkawa suka samu a wannan aiki shine kama jirgin bawa Martha . A ranar 6 ga Yuni na 1850, Perry, ƙarƙashin Laftanar Davis, ya gano babban jirgin ruwa Martha a kusa da Ambriz yayin da take tsaye zuwa gaci. Ba da daɗewa ba, ' da Perry ya zo cikin kewayon bindiga, Laftanar Davis da mutanensa sun shaida wasu ma'aikatan Martha suna jefa tebur a gefe yayin da suke ɗaga tutar Amurka. Da alama barayin ba su fahimci cewa jirgin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa ne na Amurka ba har sai da aka aika wani jami’i da wasu ’yan maza da suka shiga, inda suka sauke tutar Amurka suka daga tutar Brazil . Sa’ad da jami’in ya isa ' Martha, kyaftin ɗin ya musanta cewa ba shi da wata takarda, don haka aka aika da jirgin ruwa a bayan teburin, wanda har yanzu yana iyo, kuma an gano duk wata shaida. Bayan haka, mai cinikin bayi ya yarda da Davis cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma jirgin nasa na da kayan sawa don yin baƙar fata . An gano wani bene mai ɓoye da farina mai yawa da wake, sama da cokali 400 na katako, da na'urorin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don hana bayi. An kuma gano cewa kyaftin din Martha na jiran jigilar 'yan Afirka 1,800 lokacin da Perry ya bayyana. An aika Martha tare da ma'aikatan kyauta zuwa birnin New York inda aka yanke mata hukunci. Kyaftin ɗin bayin ya biya dala 3,000 don tserewa daga kurkuku.
Kama Nightingale na Boston
Jirgin ruwan yankan ton 1,066 USS Nightingale ya fara tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka kamar Nightengale na BostonA kasar Sin, kafin kasuwanci a wannan yanki riba a cikin shekarun 1850. Daga nan ta zama sanannen jirgin bayi har sai an kama ta a St. Thomas a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1861, ta hanyar sloop-of-war USS . Saratoga . Kyaftin Saratoga daga baya ya kwatanta bawan;"Tun wani lokaci ana kallon jirgin ruwa na Amurka Nightingale na Boston, Francis Bowen, master, a wannan gabar teku a karkashin zargin yana yin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa mun shiga tare da ita kuma ko da yake an tabbatar da cewa ta kusa shiga wannan haramtacciyar fataucin ta sha shakku. Kwanaki kadan da na lura da ita a Kabenda, na shigo na shiga da ita sai aka sa na yarda cewa tana shirin karbar bayi. A karkashin wannan tunanin jirgin ya tashi ya yi nisa da nisa amma da niyyar komawa cikin dare; wanda aka yi kuma karfe 10 na dare muka dakata muka aika da jiragen ruwa guda biyu karkashin Lieut. Guthrie ya ba ta mamaki kuma an gano cewa tana da bayi 961 a cikin jirgin kuma tana tsammanin ƙari. Laftanar Guthrie ya mallake ta a matsayin kyauta kuma na umarce shi ya kai ta New York. Ita ce mai yankan ton 1,000 kuma tana da Nightingale na Boston a bayanta kuma tana tashi da launukan Amurka."An 'yantar da bayin kuma sun sauka a Monrovia a Laberiya amma kafin 160 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon zazzabin Afirka a cikin Saratoga . Cutar kuma ta bazu ga ma'aikatan jirgin. Kyaftin, wanda ake kira "Prince of Slavers", da abokin aikin sa na biyu na Mutanen Espanya sun tsere Nightingale yayin da aka kafa ta St. Thomas. Laftanar John J. Guthrie, wanda ya fito daga North Carolina, sa'an nan a matsayin bawa, ana zargin ya 'yantar da biyun kuma ya bar su tserewa daga shari'a. Clipper daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na USS Nightingale a cikin Squadron Blockading na Gulf . Daga ƙarshe, an watsar da ita a cikin teku a cikin 1893, yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Norway .
Ƙarshen ayyuka
Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka akan cinikin bayi sun ƙare a cikin 1861 tare da barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka . An sake kiran jiragen ruwa na ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma an sake tura su zuwa gamayyar Tarayyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci.
A karshen yakin basasa, cinikin bayi na Afirka a Tekun Atlantika ya kara raguwa, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1900, musamman a Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya . Jami'an sojin ruwan Amurka da suka yi aiki a Afirka tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1861 sun karbi yakin neman zabe na "African Slave Patrol".
An kama jiragen ruwa
Afrika Squadron
Brazil Squadron
Gidan Squadron
Nassoshi
Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
44252 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Surhyel%20Newman | Lucy Surhyel Newman |
Tarihi
Newman an haife ta 16 ga watan yulu na shkarar 1965, iyayenta sune Mallam Angaya Mshelbwala da MAlama Tani Angaya Mshelbwala dukansu sun rasu yanzu a garin Mubi na jihar Adamawa a arewacin Najeruya. Ta kasance mabiya addinin kiristanci ce kuma ta tashi a Marama a karamar hykumar Hawul dake Borno, tana jin yarukan HAusa, Bwurrah kanuri, turanci da faransanci.
Karatu
Lucy ta fara karatun firamarenta a Shehu Garbai Primary School wadda take a Maisandari, Damboa G.R.A dake Maiduguri, daga nan tabtafi makarantar gwamnatin tarayya dake kaduna, a jihar kadunan NAjeriya, domin karatun salandare dinta ta gama a shekara ta 1983, Ta shiga jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1993 inda ta fita da sakamako mai daraja daga School of Basic Studies, sannan Digiri a bangaren kimiyar Tsare-tsaren gudanarwa na kasuwanci da karkata a bangaren Financial MAnagement.Sai digiri na biyu a bangaren Business Administration a 2008, ta samu digirinta na ukku wato doctorate gigiri daga jami'ar Phoenix, daga Phoenix, Arizona, a Amuruka, inda ta karanci a bangaren Leadershipand Performance daga 2019 zuwa 2020
Mamba a jerin Makarantu d MA'aikatu
Mamba, Nigerian Institute of Management
Mamba, Institute of Directors Nigeria
Certified Performance Technologist of the International Society for Performance Improvement
Life Member of the International Society for Performance Improvemen
Aiki
Newman ta fara aiki da kamfanin Borno Investment Company Limited a 1987 a matsayin mai bautar kasa lokacin da ta kammala digirin ta na farko, Sannan Rose ta Zama Shugaba a rukunin kamfanin dake legas, aikinta a BICL yayi tsawon shekara goma, a 1997 ta shiga kamfanin BAnkin Omega a matsayin MAnager Treasury and Production Development a watan yuli 2000, ta shiga FSB Bank a mtsayin manaja ta farko a bankin, a bangaren ci gaban kasuwanci na banki,daga bayata zama Shugaban rukunin gaba daya a 2002-2005
Maikatu
Newman ta kasance mamba a wadandan ma'aikatu da kamfanoni kuma da :
Non-Executive Director – Renaissance Development Forum [RDF] Board, Nigeria [Non-Governmental Organization] July 2020 - Date Member of the Governing Board and Member of the Board Governance, Digitization and Sustainability Committee.
Mamba, ANAP Foundation Covid – 19 Think Tank. Nigeria [Non-Governmental Organization] March 2020 - Date. Non-Executive Member of the Think Tank and Member, Volunteer Management as well as Data & Analytics Sub Team.
Mamba, Advisory Board of the African Center for Development Finance [ACDF] which is a Think Tank of Stellenbosch University Business School. South Africa. [Public, Educational Research] March 2019 – present.
Mamba, 16 Person C K Prahalad Award for Social Innovation Global Jury Panel. November 2020 to present.
Non-Executive Director – West African Theological Seminary [WATS], Nigeria. [Private, Faith Based] February 2021 – to November 2021 Non-Executive Member of the Governing Council.
Non-Executive Director – International University for Information Management [IUIM], United States. [Private Educational] July 2020 – September 2021 Non-Executive Member of the Governing Council.
Mambar, Governing Council of the Institute of Directors [IoD], Nigeria [Professional Network] June 2018 to June 2020.
Elected International Director, Global Board of the International Society for Performance Improvement [ISPI] representing members in 48 countries. April 2012 to April 2014.
Ex-Officio Member, Bank Directors' Association of Nigeria [BDAN] May 2009 to September, 2019. [Professional Network].
Managing Director, Financial Institutions Training Center [FITC] Nigeria May 2009 to September, 2019. [Professional Services Firm].
Ex- Officio Member, West African Bankers' Association [WABA] May 2009 to September, 2019. [Professional Network]
Wallafe-Wallafe
Za'a iya samun wallafe wallafen Newman a wadandan bayanan
Newman, Lucy (2009). The Refractive Thinker vol. 1:an Anthology of Higher Learning. United States of America: The Refractive Thinker Press. ISBN 978-1-4666-8331-0.
Newman, Lucy (2015). Cases on Human Performance Improvement Technologies. United States of America: Business Science Reference. ISBN 978-1-4666-8331-0.
Newman, Lucy (April 30, 2016). "Emerging HR Landmines:Critical Concerns for CEOs" (PDF). pwc.com. PWC. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Newman, L. S (2022). African Leaders' Tete A Tete: Navigating Entity Design And Prioritization For Systemic Outcomes. Dallas, Texas, USA: Pyxidia House.
Newman, L.S (2022). Directors' Eyes on Africa- A Reflection on Agenda 2063's second Phase. The Director, a Magazine of the Institute of Directors Nigeria. Issue No. 29; Pages 12–16.
Newman, L. S. (2020). Storytelling: An African Leadership Journey of Performance Improvement Innovation. In Van Time, D. M., & Burns, N. C. (Eds.), Cases on Performance Improvement Innovation (pp. 126–155). IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3673-5.ch008.
Newman, L.S (2020). Corporate Governance and Performance Imperatives for Directors in Africa: SDGs, AfCFTA and Agenda 2063. The Director, a Magazine of the Institute of Directors Nigeria. Issue No. 24; Pages 64–71.
Newman, L.S (2019). Leveraging Corporate Governance for Economic Development: Imperatives for Governments and Regulators in Sub Saharan Africa. The Director, a Magazine of the Institute of Directors Nigeria. Issue No. 22, Pages: 37–48.
Newman, L. S (2018). From Idea to Reality: The FITC Story. A case study published in People First Magazine Vol.7 No. 1(17-22). Chartered Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria (CIPMN).
Newman, L. S (2017). The Role of Development Finance Institutions in Development: Missed Opportunities and Imperatives for the Financial System. A paper published in the FITC Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 13 (1).
Newman, L.S (2015). Branding Beyond Logo and Colors: A case study of FITC's evidence-based transformation. Being Chapter 13 of the book, J. Stefaniak (Ed.) (2015) Cases on Human Performance Improvement Technologies. Hershey, PA: IGI Publishing.
Newman, L. S (2014). Ethical Values in the Financial Market Performance in Nigeria: recent Issues and Progress. An article published in the Financial Nigeria; Development and Finance Journal, Vol. 6 No. 71, June 2014; pp: 30–32.
Newman, L.S (2014). Industry Sustainability and the ‘New’ Primary Mortgage Banks. An article published in the Financial Nigeria; Development and Finance Journal, Vol. 6 No. 70, May 2014; pp: 16–17.
Newman, L. S (2013). Leveraging Corporate Governance for Economic Development: Imperatives for Regulators in Sub Saharan Africa. A paper published in Financial Nigeria; Development and Finance Journal, Vol. 6 No. 63, October 2013; pp: 16–18.
Newman, L. S (2012). Issues and Challenges of Gender Diversity and Inclusiveness. A paper published in the Human resource Management Journal; Journal of the Chartered Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria, Vol. 4 No: 1, 2012, 29–32.
Newman, L. S (2011). Transformational Leadership; A Leadership approach for changing Times. A paper published in the FITC Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 2 No, 2011; pp 03–17.
Newman, L.S (2011). Effects of Employee Performance Management Systems on Employee Learning and Leadership Development, 2011 – Published by LAP Publishing, Germany.
Newman, L.S (2009). The CEO's triple dilemma of compensation, employee and corporate performance, being a one-chapter manuscript along with 9 other authors in the book, “The Refractive Thinker: an anthology of higher learning” published by the Lentz Leadership Institute of Las Vegas, Nevada USA. ISBN 978-0-9823036-1-0. Spring 2009.
Newman, L. S (2008). Effects of Employee Performance Management Systems on Employee Learning and Development, a qualitative method dissertation in partial fulfilment of conditions precedent to a Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) submitted to the University of Phoenix, Arizona. USA. It is a study of themes and patterns of practice to develop a new concept leading to the likely development of a new theory in performance management, and was published by ProQuest UMI. ISBN 978-1-109-04887-2. October 2008.
Newman, L. S (August, 2007). Emerging HR Landmines: Critical Concerns for CEOs. Being an article published the Business Day Daily Newspaper of Thursday August 30, 2007.
Newman, L.S (February, 2007). The CEOs dual dilemma: governance & sustainability in an increasingly dynamic global business environment. Being an article published on the Business Day Daily Newspaper of Monday February 19, 2007.
Mshelia, L.S (1998). Change Integration for Corporate Survival and Growth. A competitive study for the “1998 Young Manager Competition” of the Nigerian Institute of Management. The research population was registered organizations in Nigeria, with a sample of five high performing industry leaders from five sectors of the Nigerian economy listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Being a research that was selected as first position for the Lagos zone Competition and came third for the National Competition in 1998, by the NIMN.
Mshelia, L.S (1993). The role Development Finance Institutions in Nigeria: A Case study on Borno Investment Company Limited. A mixed method thesis in partial fulfilment of conditions precedent to a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) submitted to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Nigeria.
Bwala, L.A (1987). The Nigerian Financial System. A qualitative method thesis in partial fulfilment of conditions precedent to a Bachelors of Sciences Degree (BS.C) in Business Administration submitted to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
Manazarta |
20620 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Modibbo%20Adama%20ta%20Fasaha%20ta%20Tarayya%2C%20Yola. | Jami'ar Modibbo Adama ta Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola. | Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola wacce a yanzu ake kira da Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, babbar jami'a ce mai zurfin bincike da ke Girei wani gari a jihar Adamawa dake Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga tsarin jami'o'in gwamnatin tarayya guda 27 kuma ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in 4 na fasaha na tarayya da aka kafa tare da manufar kawai don haɓaka tushen ilimin kimiyya. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola ta sami amincewar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Kasa . Jami'ar na ba da aboki, digiri, na biyu, da kuma digiri na PhD .
Bayan Fage
A 1980, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya dangane da bukatar da ake da ita a kasar nan na samun kwararrun ma'aikata, ta kafa wasu Jami'oi bakwai wadanda za su kasance a Abeokuta, Akure, Bauchi, Makurdi, Minna, Owerri da Yola Farfesa Ethelbert N. Chukwu, masanin lissafi kuma ma’aikacin Jami’ar Jos an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Yola na farko a 1981. Mai martaba, Alhaji Kabir Usman, Sarkin Katsina, ya zama Kansila na farko yayin da mai martaba, Alhaji Kabir Umar, Sarkin Katagum, aka nada Pro-Kansila da Shugaban Karamar Hukumar.
A shekarar 1983, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ta karɓi rukunin farko na ɗalibai 214 a yayin zaman karatun 1982/83 zuwa Makarantar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa da Tsarin Kimiyyar Remedial. A watan Yunin 1984, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Gwamnatin Tarayya karkashin Janar Buhari ta hade da Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) da Jami’ar Maiduguri, kuma har yanzu ana kiranta da suna Modibbo Adama College, Jami’ar Maiduguri. An tura mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar daga Jami'ar Maiduguri don ya jagoranci kwalejin. A cikin 1986, Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya a karkashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida saboda bukatar da ake da ita na samar da karfi na mutane da ke da alaka da kere-kere, ta fitar da doka mai lamba No.13 1986 inda aka lalata Jami'oi biyar kuma aka kafa su Jami'o'in Fasaha na Tarayya. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola (FUTY) an cire ta daga Jami'ar Maiduguri, kuma an nada Dokta Tijani Suleiman (daga baya Farfesa) Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar kuma ya fara aiki a watan Afrilu 1988. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ta fara cikakken aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya kuma ta yaye dalibanta na farko da suka kai 108 a zama na 1988/89. Jami'ar ta fara shirye-shiryen karatun digiri a karkashin makarantu hudu wadanda suka hada da: Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha (SSTE), Makarantar Injiniya da Fasahar Injiniya (SEET), Makarantar Kimiyyar Muhalli (SES) da Makarantar Noma da Fasahar Noma (SAAT).
A cikin burinta na bin babban burinta na farko (fasaha don ci gaba) ta fara ba da kyautar shirye-shiryen Postgraduate ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Makarantar Karatun Digiri na biyu (SPGS) da kuma faɗaɗa tsofaffin makarantu da kafa sababbi. Wadannan sun hada da: Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ilimi (SSTE) an fadada ta zuwa Makarantar Tsabta da Kimiyyar Aiyuka (SPAS) da Makarantar Fasaha da Ilimin Kimiyya (STSE) yayin da Makarantar Gudanarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa (SMIT) ta kasance sabuwar kafa. A halin yanzu, Jami'ar tana ba da izinin shiga cikin karatun digiri, digiri na biyu da shirye-shiryen tuntuba ciki har da difloma da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, ilimin nesa da shirye-shiryen gurasar. Jami'ar na tallata dukkan shirye-shiryenta wanda za'a iya shigar da dalibai a cikin takardun UME / DE JAMB da kuma a kan manyan labarai na kasa, Talabijan da tashoshin Rediyo, Kwamitocin Sanarwarta kuma ba shakka, a shafin yanar gizon ta.
Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) tana da matukar daraja ga rikodin rikodin ta a yankuna daban-daban tsakanin sauran cibiyoyin manyan makarantu musamman a Nijeriya da Afirka gaba ɗaya. Misali, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ita ce ta farko kuma ita ce kadai jami'a a Najeriya da ke ba da Aikin Bincike a matakin Digiri na farko (kuma tana gudanar da shirin a cikin kwas din har zuwa matakin digirgir). Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ita ce kuma jami'a ta farko a Nijeriya da ta fara ba da lambar yabo ta digiri na farko a Fasahar Sadarwa da Sadarwa. Duk waɗannan sun jawo hankalin sanannun saka hannun jari daga kamfanoni na gida da na duniya da ƙungiya a cikin tallafin bincike da sauran kayan ilimi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cibiyar fasahar kere-kere ta CHEVRON, ita kaɗai ce irinta a duk yankin yankin Saharar Afirka, wanda CHEVRON NIG ya gina kuma ya ba da kuɗi. LTD., Ericsson Cibiyar Horarwa da Bincike ta GSM, wacce kamfanin Ericsson, PROF ya gina kuma ya tallafawa. Cibiyar ICT ta JIBRIN AMINU, wacce Ministan Ilimi na lokaci daya, Ministan Man Fetur, Ambasadan Nijeriya a Amurka ya gina kuma ta wadata shi kuma a yanzu haka Sanata ne mai wakiltar gundumar Yola, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC) Cybercafé, ayyukan Gidauniyar Amintaccen Ilimi. ambaci amma kaɗan.
Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola tana alfahari da wurare da yawa waɗanda ke matsayin bincike, jindadin ɗalibai, da hutu da kuma dalilai na ilimi da horo. wadannan sun hada da: Lodges na Jami'a, Makarantun Firamare da Sakandare, Gidan Baƙin Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) Teburin Ruwa, Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) Farm, cibiyar bincike ta Ericsson, CHEVRON Biotech Center, Veterinary Clinic and Research Center, Cibiyar Computer, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Cibiyar Koyon Nisa, Cibiyar Kula da Kayan aiki da Horar da Masana'antu, Cibiyar Dalibai, Cibiyar Fastocin Jami'a da dama, Cibiyar Wasannin Jami'a, Cibiyar ICT, da sauransu.
Daliban da suka kammala karatu a jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) sun kasance a kan gaba a bangaren halaye da ilmantarwa a bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arzikin Najeriya da ma bayan yankunan Najeriya. Sanannen mutum daga cikinsu shi ne Mista Frank Nweke Jnr., Tsohon Ministan Labarai, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya kan Jam’iyyun Siyasar Tsakanin. Jami'ar tana da Ofishin Dangantaka na Tsoffin tsofaffi, a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban, wanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ag. Mai gudanarwa. Ofishin tsoffin daliban yana da alaƙa ne da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin ɗalibai a duk faɗin duniya don sha'awar Jami'ar ta ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin Tsoffin Jami'o'in Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) waɗanda ke nan kuma suna tallafawa kafa ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin ɗalibai inda ba sa nan. Alungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) suna da hedkwatar duniya a Yola, Nijeriya da ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin ɗalibai a jihohi da yawa a Nijeriya, Ingila, Amurka da sauran sassan duniya.
Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) tun kafuwarta a 1983 ta yaye saiti 15 a bukukuwan taro 15 kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji biyar ne suka gudanar da ita. Manyan jami'anta sun hada da Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin (Kwalejin Ilimi), Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban (Gudanarwa), Magatakarda, Bursar, Daraktan Sashin Tsara Ilimin Ilimi, Daraktan Sashin Shirya Jiki, Daraktan Ayyuka, Daraktan Kafa, Daraktan Rijistar Ilimi, da na Hakika Jami'ar Laburaren. Jami'ar a yanzu haka tana da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a a cikin mutumin Prof. BH Usman, Farfesa ne a fannin samar da taki da sarrafa taki, wanda kuma ya taba zama Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Gudanarwa) a gwamnatin da ta gabata.
Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar ya ƙunshi Majalisar da Majalisar Dattawa. Majalisar Gudanarwa ita ce babbar hukuma da ke tsara manufofi a Jami'ar. Yana da ikon yin dokoki don babban tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar da kuɗaɗen ta. Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar a madadin Ambasada Bukar Mele, kuma wasu membobin Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke nada su, bisa la’akari da cancantar da suke da ita na sanin kwarewar su a bangarorin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, yayin da wasu kuma aka zaba daga cikin Jami’ar. watau daga majalisar dattijai, tsofaffin ɗalibai, Taro da Taro. Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a wanda shine Babban Shugabancin Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke nada shi. Majalisar dattijai tana da babban iko akan duk al'amuran ilimi na Jami'ar. Ya ƙunshi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a, a matsayin Shugaba, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji, Shugabannin Makarantu, dukkan furofesoshi, Jami'in Laburaren Jami'a, Wakilan Kwamitin Makaranta da waɗanda Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar ya nada bisa ga dokar Jami'ar.
Jami'ar tana da yanayi mai kyau mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali, mai sada zumunci da karɓar baƙi da kuma wuraren shakatawa da ayyuka da yawa (wasanni, kulake, ƙungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da dai sauransu. ).
Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar na yanzu Farfesa Abdullahi Liman Tukur. Ya gaji daga karshe Mataimakin shugaban gwamnati wanda ya kare a watan Yunin 2019.
Bayani
1.Jonathan renames Federal varsity, Yola". Vanguard News. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
2. Wakili, Abednego (2019-10-23). "Nigerian govt plans to convert MAUTECH to conventional university". EduCeleb. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
3. "10 universities of technology in Nigeria and their rankings". Pulse Nigeria. 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
4. "About MAUTECH". mautech.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
5. "7-Business: Chevron build biotech centre in Nigeria". www.gene.ch. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
7. "VC's Profile". mautech.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070234/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20100211204755/http://www. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) .edu.ng / index.html Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) .edu.ng
Jami'o'i a Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
jami'o'in Fasaha a Najeriya
kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya |
41083 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafofin%20yada%20labarai | Kafofin yada labarai | Kafofin watsa labarai suna nufin nau'ikan fasahar watsa labarai daban-daban waɗanda ke isa ga ɗimbin masu sauraro ta hanyar sadarwar jama'a. Hanyoyin fasahar da wannan sadarwa ke gudana ta hanyar su sun haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban.
Kafofin watsa labarai suna watsa bayanai ta hanyar electronically ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kamar fina-finai, rediyo, kiɗan da aka yi rikodi, ko talabijin. Kafofin watsa labarai na dijital sun ƙunshi duka Intanet da sadarwa ta wayar hannu. Kafofin watsa labaru na Intanet sun ƙunshi ayyuka kamar imel, shafukan sada zumunta, gidajen yanar gizo, da rediyo da talabijin na tushen Intanet. Yawancin sauran kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun suna da ƙarin kasancewa akan gidan yanar gizo, ta hanyar haɗawa ko gudanar da tallan TV akan layi, ko rarraba lambobin QR a waje ko buga kafofin watsa labarai da jagorantar masu amfani da wayar hannu zuwa gidan yanar gizo. Ta wannan hanyar, za su iya amfani da sauƙi da damar kai wa Intanet damar, ta yadda ta haka cikin sauƙin watsa bayanai a cikin yankuna daban-daban na duniya lokaci guda kuma cikin farashi mai inganci. Kafofin watsa labarai na waje suna watsa bayanai ta hanyar irin wannan kafofin watsa labarai kamar tallan AR; allunan talla; kumburi; allunan tallace-tallace masu tashi (signs in tow of airplanes); alluna ko kiosks da aka sanya a ciki da wajen motocin bas, gine-ginen kasuwanci, shaguna, filayen wasanni, motocin karkashin kasa, ko jiragen kasa; alamu; ko skywriting. Kafofin watsa labarai suna watsa bayanai ta hanyar abubuwa na zahiri, kamar littattafai, ban dariya, mujallu, jaridu, ko ƙasidu. Shirya taron da magana da jama'a kuma ana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai.
Ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da waɗannan fasahohin, irin su gidajen kallon fina-finai, kamfanonin buga littattafai, da gidajen rediyo da talabijin, ana kuma san su da kafofin watsa labarai.
Issues with definition
A ƙarshen karni na 20, ana iya rarraba kafofin watsa labarai zuwa masana'antar watsa labarai guda takwas: littattafai, Intanet, mujallu, fina-finai, jaridu, rediyo, rikodin rikodin da talabijin. Fashewar fasahar sadarwar dijital a karshen karni na 20 zuwa farkon karni na 21 ya sanya babbar tambaya: wadanne nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai ya kamata a kasafta da "mass media"? Misali, yana da controversial ko haɗa wayar hannu, wasannin kwamfuta (kamar MMORPGs) da wasannin bidiyo a cikin ma'anar. A farkon shekarun 2000, an fara amfani da wani rarrabuwa da ake kira "Mass Media Bakwai". Domin gabatarwa, sune:
Buga (littattafai, ƙasidu, jaridu, mujallu, fosta, da sauransu) daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 15
Rikodi (rikodin gramophone, kaset na maganadisu, kaset, harsashi, CD da DVD) daga ƙarshen karni na 19
Cinema daga 1900
Rediyo daga kusan 1910
Television daga 1950
Intanet daga 1990
Wayoyin hannu daga kusan 2000
Kowane matsakaicin taro yana da nau'ikan abun ciki na kansa, masu fasaha, masu fasaha da samfuran kasuwanci. Misali, intanit ya haɗa da bulogi, kwasfan fayiloli, rukunin yanar gizo da sauran fasahohi iri-iri da aka gina a saman hanyar sadarwa ta gama gari. Kafofin watsa labarai na shida da na bakwai, Intanet da wayoyin hannu, galibi ana kiran su gaba ɗaya azaman kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; da na huɗu da na biyar, rediyo da TV, kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai watsa labarai. Wasu suna jayayya cewa wasannin bidiyo sun haɓaka zuwa nau'in watsa labarai na musamman.
Yayin da wayar tarho na'urar sadarwa ce ta hanyoyi biyu, kafofin watsa labarai suna sadarwa zuwa babban rukuni. Bugu da kari, wayar ta rikide zuwa wayar salula wacce ke dauke da fasahar Intanet. Tambayar ta taso ko wannan ya sa wayar salula ta zama babbar hanyar sadarwar jama'a ko kuma kawai na'urar da ake amfani da ita don shiga hanyar sadarwa (Internet). A halin yanzu akwai tsarin da ‘yan kasuwa da masu talla za su iya shiga cikin tauraron dan adam, da watsa tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace kai tsaye zuwa wayar salula, ba tare da neman mai amfani da wayar ba. -tallace na jama'a ga miliyoyin mutane wani nau'i ne na sadarwar jama'a.
Wasannin bidiyo na iya kasancewa suna rikiɗa zuwa matsakaicin matsakaici. Wasannin bidiyo (misali, wasannin wasan kwaikwayo masu yawa akan layi (MMORPGs), irin su RuneScape) suna ba da ƙwarewar wasan gama gari ga miliyoyin masu amfani a duk faɗin duniya kuma suna isar da saƙon da akidu iri ɗaya ga duk masu amfani da su. Masu amfani wani lokaci suna raba gwaninta tare da juna ta yin wasa akan layi. Ban da Intanet, duk da haka, yana da shakka ko ’yan wasan wasannin bidiyo suna raba gogewa iri ɗaya lokacin da suke buga wasan ɗayan ɗayan. Yana yiwuwa a tattauna dalla-dalla game da abubuwan da suka faru na wasan bidiyo tare da aboki wanda bai taɓa yin wasa tare da shi ba, saboda ƙwarewar yana kama da kowane. Tambayar, ita ce, shin wannan wani nau'i ne na sadarwar jama'a.
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
9892 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabi%20Isah | Annabi Isah | Annabi Isa (A.S) na daya daga cikin Annabawa a Musulunci. Wanda Allah ya aiko
Nasabar Annabi Isah (A.S)
Sunan Babarsa Maryam Imrana. Sunan Mahaifiyarta Hannatu, Babanta yana cikin manyan mutane a cikin jama'ar Banu-Isra'ila har ma shi ne yake limanci a Masallacin Qudus.
Yayinda matar Imrana ta sami cikinsa ta rika fatar abin da za ta haifa ya zama namiji har ma ta yi bakance idan ta haifi namiji zai zama hadimin masallaci, amma da ta tashi haihuwa sai Allah ya ba ta 'ya mace. Hannatu babar Maryam ta damu qwarai saboda bakancen da ta yi, amma duk da haka sai ta yi wa Allah godiya kuma ta ambace ta da suna Maryam, Ma'anarsa shi ne, WADDA BA TA DA AIBI.
Iyayen Maryam sun rasu tana qarama saboda haka sai Annabi Zakariyya ya dauke ta ya cigaba da renonta, har ma ya gina mata daki na musamman a cikin Masallaci. Babu wanda yake shiga dakin sai shi. Nana Maryam tun tasowarta ba ta da wani aiki sai ibada dare da rana. Duk sanda Annabi Zakariyya ya kawo mata ziyara sai ya tarar da abinci da kayan marmari a wajenta, idan ya tambayeta wa ya kawo mata wannan sai ta ce: Daga Allah ne, domin Allah yana arzuta wanda ya so, ba tare da hisabi ba.
Annabi Isah (A.S)
Yayinda Nana Maryamu ta kai munzalin mata sai al'ada ta zo mata, saboda haka, sai ta fita bayan gari wajen wata qorama don ta yi tsarki, sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya zo mata a siffar wani saurayi daga Banu Isra'ila mai suna Taqiyyu, shi wannan mutum ya yi qaurin suna da varna a wannan lokaci Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce, "Sai muka aika mata da ruhu (shi ne Ma'aika Jibrilu) ya je mata a surar saurayi, sai ta ce "Ni ina neman tsari da Ubangiji Rahama daga gareka idan kai ne Taqiyyu. "Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya ce, mata "Ni Manzon Ubangijinki ne, Allah ne ya aiko ni. Domin in ba ki kyautar da mai qwazo.
"Sai ta ce da shi: Ta ya ya zan sami xa, bayan wani mutum bai shafe ni ba, kuma ni ban tava yin alfasha ba? Sai ya ce: Haka al'amarin yake, haka Allah Ya hukumta, kuma wannan abu ne mai sauqi a wajen Allah.
Allah ya ce: "Za mu sanya shi ya zama izina a wajen mutane, kuma Rahama daga garemu, wannan lamari ne zartacce." (Surar Maryam, Aya ta 17)
Mala'ika Jibrilu yana gama wannan bayanin sai ya kama gefen rigarta ya yi busa a ciki, nan take sai Allah ya halicci Annabi Isah a cikin cikinta.
Malam wahabu ya ce: Tsakanin xaukar cikin Annabi Isah da haife shi sa'a guda ne kawai, saboda faxin Allah Ta'ala ya ce, "Sai ta xauki cikinsa, sai ta tafi da shi wuri mai nisa, sai naquda ta zo mata a wajen kututturen dabino, sai ta ce: Ya kaicona dama na mutu kafin faruwar wanan na zama mantacciya abar mantawa."
Sai Allah ya ce; Sai muka kirata ta qarqashinta muka ce: Kada ki yi baqin ciki, Allah ya gudano da qoramar ruwa a kusa da ke, ki girgiza kututturen dabinon nan zai zubo miki da lubiya nunanniya, ki ci, ki sha, ki kwantar da hankalinki.
An ce wannan dabinon da ta girgiza shekararsa saba'in bai yi 'ya'ya ba, amma ana haihuwar Annabi Isah a kusa da shi, nan take sai ya yi ganyen, ya fitar da 'ya'ya saboda mu'ujizar Annabi Isah (A.S.)
Ruwaya
An ruwaito cewa; Yayinda Maryam ta je wajen mutanenta tana xauke da Annabi Isah (A.S.) sai suka ce; Ya ke Maryam lallai kin zo da babban lamari, ya 'yar'uwar Haruna mahaifinki ba mutumin banza ba ne, mahaifiyarki ma ba mutuniyar banza ba ce. Yayinda ta ji wannan zargi daga mutanenta sai ta yi musu nuni da Annabi Isah tana nufin su tambaye shi. Sai suka ce: Ta ya ya za mu yi magana da jariri a cikin zanin goyo?
Sai Allah ya buxi bakin Annabi Isah ya ce da su:
"Ni bawan Allah ne ya bani littafi yasan yani Manzo yayi albarka a gareni duk inda nake yayimin wasiyya da sallah da Zakka matukar ina raye, sannan da yin biyayya ga Mahaifiyata. Bai san yani shakiyyi mai tsaurin kai ba, farkon Kalmar da Annabi Isah ya fara magana da ita itace, ni bawan Allah ne domin yanke hanzari ga wadanda za suce shi dan Allah ne.
Anruwaito cewea yayin da Annabi Isah ya girma sai yarika yawo aba yan kasa, baya zama da waje daya, saboda haka ma bai taba mallakar dakin kwana ba. Bare gida ko mata, ko abun hawa tufafinsa kuma jubbace ta sufi. Baya cin abinci sai daga kasabin Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana saka tufafi tasiyar suci abinci. a irin wayace-wayacen da yake yi ya je wani gari da ake cewa Nasira a qasar Sham, shida mahaifiyarsa suka zauna a can.
Saboda haka ne ake dan ganta mutanensa da sunan wannan garin ake ce musu NASARA.
Mu'ujizar Raya Uzairu (A.S.)
Malam Wahabu ya ce; Yayin da lamarin Annabi Isah ya shahara da cewa yana raya matacce ya warkar da makaho, da izinin Allah sai Yahudawa suka taru suka je wajensa suka ce, mu ba zamu yi imani da kai ba har sai ka raya mana Uzairu. Sai ya ce da su: A ina kabarinsa yake? Sai suka kai shi inda kabarin yake, sai ya yi sallah raka'a biyu ya roqi Allah ya raya masa Uzairu.
Saiu aka ga kabarin yana buxewa a hankali a hankali, sai ga Uzairu ya bayyana.
Gashin kansa da gemunsa sun yi fari, sai ya cewa Annabi Isah, :Ya xan Maryamu wannan shi ne abinda zaka yi min? Sai Annabi Isah ya ce: Mutanenka ne suka ce ba za su bada gaskiya da ni ba sai na tashe ka.
To daga nan sai Uzairu ya tashi zaune, ya ce: Ya ku jama'ar Banu Isra'ila ku yi imandi da Manzancin Annabi Isah, ku bi addininsa, shi a kan gaskiya yake,d aga Ubangijinsa, sai Yahudawa suka ce da shi: To ai mu kafin ka mutu mun san saurayi ne kai matashi mai baqin gashi ya ya muka ganka yanzu kanka ya yi fari fat? Sai ya ce: Yayin da Annabi Isah ya ce min tashi da izinin Allah na zaci tashin kiyama ce, saboda haka ya sa nan take kaina da gemuna suka yi fari, yayin da Annabi Isah ya raya Uzairu da mu'ujiza, sai mutane da ywa daga cikinsu suka bada gaskiya da shi, sannan daga bisani sai ya roqi Allah ya mayar da Uzairu matacce kamar yadda yake.
Ambaton saukar ma'ida
An ruwaito daga Salmanul Farisi (R.A.) ya ce: hawariyawa sun faxa ga Annabi Isah suka ce shin Ubangijinka zai iya suako mana da Ma'ida daga sama? Sai yaamsa musu ya ce, ku dai ku ji tsoron Allah in kun kasance muminai, sai suka ce lallai muna da buqatar haka, sai Annabi Isah ya fita ya shiga sahara ya yi ta kuka yana qanqan da kai ga Allah yana cewa: "Ya Ubangiji ka saukar mana da Ma'ida daga sama domin ta zama idi ga na farkonmu da na qarshenmu, ta kasance aya daga gareka, ka arzurtamu kai ne fiyayen mai arzutawa."
Sai Allah ya yi wahayi gare shi ya ce: "Ni zan saukar da ita gareku, amma wanda duk ya kafirta a cikinku bayan wannan haqiqa zan masa azaba irin wadda ban tava yiwa wani irinta ba, a cikin talikai."
Imamutturmuzi ya ce: Sai Allah ya saukar musu da teburin abinci daga sama a tsakanin giragizai guda biyu, yayin da Annabi Isah ya ganta sai ya ce: Ya Ubangiji ka sanya ta zama Rahama, kada ta zama azaba.
Ba ta gushe ba tana saukowa a hankali a hankali har sai da teburin abincin nan ya sauko qasa mutane na kallo an lulluve shi da mayafi, sai Annabi Isah ya faxi ya yi sujjada ga Allah ya yi godiya. Hawariyawa suma suka yi sujjada tare da shi, sannans uka ce Annabi Isah ya tashi ya bude su ga abinda yake ciki. da aka bude sai ga soyayyen kifi da zaitun da dabino da gurasa, da wani nau'in kayan marmari. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya cewa kifin nan tashi da izinin Allah, sai Allah ya raya kifin ya riqa juyawa yana kallon jama'ar Banu Isra'ila, sannan sai ya cewa kifin ya koma yadda yake da izinin Allah. sai Hawariyawa suka cewa Annabi Isah shi ya kamata ya fara cin abincin nan. Sai ya ce: A'a wanda ya nemi a kawo shi zai ci. sai duk suka qi ci, suna tsoron kada ta zama fitina, sai ya sa aka kirawo talakawa da miskinai da guragu da makafi, ya ce su ci. A cikinsu har da marasa lafiya da masu cutar albasar da sauransu duk suka haxu suka ci abincin. Suna gama ci marasa lafiyar nan sai duk suka warke, nan take. Yayin da mutanen gari suka ji labari sai suma suka zo suka ci, har suka riqa turereniya, da Annabi Isah ya ga haka sai ya sa aka kasa mutane kashi biyu, rana daya ta talakawa, rana daya kuma ta mawadata.
Sai Ma'idar ta zama tana sauka sau daya bayan kwanaki biyu.
Sannan kuma wannan tebur idan ya sauka duk yawan mutanen da suke wajen kowa zia ci ya qoshi, ya bari sannan ya tashi ya koma sama kamar yadda ya sauko. An ce haka Ma'idar nan ta riqa sauka har tsawon kwana arba'in. Sannan sai wata jama'a daga Bani Isra'ila suka aibata Ma'idar suka ce ba Allah ne yake saukar da ita ba, da suka faxi haka, sai Allah ya mayar da wasunsu aladu, wasu kuma birori. An ce adadin waxanda suka haxu da wannan matsala sun kai mutum talatin, suka zuana a cikin wannan hali tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan sai qasa ta haxiye su.
Yuqurin kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.)
Ka'abur Akabari ya ce; Yayin da addinin Annabi isah ya yaxu ya cika ko'ina, mutane suka yi ta shiga addinin daga ko'ina, sai addinin Yahudanci ya yi rauni, Allah ya saukarwa Annabi Isah Littafin Linjila, ya zama yana raya matattu da ikon Allah, yayin da wani sarki mai suna HArdusa ya ga haka sia ya yi nufin zai kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) ya sami goyon bayan wasu daga manyan malaman Yahudawa.
Sai suka shirya suka ki masa hari a lokacin yana tare da mahaifiyarsa suka wakilta wani daga cikinsu don ya shiga xakin ya kashe shi.
Kafin ya shiga sai Allah ya xauke Annabi zuwa sama, ya shiga yanan ta dube-dube bai gan shi ba, sauran waxanda suke waje da suka ga ya daxe bai fito ba sai suka bi shi suna shiga sai suka ga xan uwansu, Allah ya sa masa kamannin Annabi Isah komai da komai, sai suka kama shi suka xaure suka sa masa hular gashi, suka kewaye gari da shi, sannans uka kafa azarori guda biyu suka gicciye shi a kanta, suka kashe xan uwansu, suna zaton Annabi Isah suka kashe.
Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce; "Ba su kashe shi ba, ba su gicciye shi ba, sai dai cewa Allah ya xuakaka shi ya zuwa gare shi.
An ruwaito cewa: A lokacin da suka kashe xan uwansu ya kasnace ranar Juma'a ne da misalin qarfe uku na rana, sai duniyad ta yi duhu, tsawon kwanaki uku, a kai girgizar qasa a wanan rana.
Malam Sa'alabi ya ruwaito cewa: Lokacin da aka xauke Annabi Isah zuwa sama shekarunsa talatin da biyar a duniya.
Sai Allah Ta'ala ya sara masa xabi'a irin ta Mala'iku ya zama baya buqatar ci da sha, kuma har yau yana nan a raya kamar yadda Hadisai ingantattu suka tabbatar.
Malam Sa'alabi ya qara da cewa: nana Maryam Allah ya qara mata yarda ta yi wafati bayan xauke Annabi Isah da shekara shida. An ce ta rayu tsawon shekara sittin. Kabarinta a yanzu haka yana masallacin qudus ana ziyararsa.
Saukowar Annabi isah (A.S) zuwa Kasa
Malam Uwaisu Assakafi ya ruwaito cewa: Na ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana cewa: "Annabi Isah dan Maryam zia sauko daf da tashin alqiyama, zai sauka a kan wata hasumiya fara da take a gabashin masallacin Dimashka.
Annabi Isah mutum ne mai madaidaicin tsawo mai baqin gashi, mai farin launi, idan ya sauka zai shiga masallaci ya zuana a kanmubari sai mutane su ji labarin saukarsa, sai su yi ta shiga masallacin, ta ko'ina Musulmai da Kirista da Yahudawa, aka cika masallacin har ta kaid wasu akan wasu, saboda ci kowa.
Sannan sai mai kiran sallah daga Musulmi ya kira sallah, sai Annabi isah ya shige gaba ya yi limanci, a sannan Imamu Mahadi, ya bayyana kuma yana cikin masallacin sai ya bi sallar ita ce sallar Asuba.
Bayyanar Dujal
An ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Dujal zai bayyana zai fito daga garin Asfihan tsawonsa zira'i goma, kuma ido xaya ne da shi, an rubuta (KAFIR) a fuskarsa. A qasan wannan kuma an rubuta: DUK WNADA YA BI SHI YA TAVE, WANDA YA QI SHI YA YI ARZIQI, ya na nunawa mutane yana da wuta da aljanna, amma a haqiqa wutarsa aljannace, aljannarsa kuma wuta ce. Zai kewaye duniya yana kashe mutane yana cewa shi ne Ubangiji. Yana tafe da dubunnan xaruruwan sojoji, zia biyo ta Asfihan ya zo Dimashqa. A cikin kwana arba'in, ya yi ta kashe mutane yana ribace su, to a sannan Mahadi zai bayyana sai mutane su taru a qarqashinsa ya xaura xamarar yaqar Dujal.
Ana cikin haka sai Annabi Isah ya sauka sai su haxu da Mahadi, a wannan maslalaci su yi sallah tare, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata.
Sai Dujal ya fito da rundunarsa don ya yaqe su, yanayin arba da Annabi Isah sai ya narke kamar yadda darma take narkewa a kan wuta, sai Annabi Isah ya kashe shi da takobinsa.
An ruwaito cewa bayan kashe Dujal Annabi Isah zai shimfixa mulki na adalci a bayan qasa, ba zai bar wani Bayahude ko Banasare akan addininsa ba, sai Musulunci kawai, zai yi hukunci da adalci a tsakanin mutane, gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Asannan Allah zai umarci qasa da ta fito da alheranta ga mutane, kamar yadda ta kasance tun da farko, har ta kai ga mutane da yawa za su haxu a kan curi xaya na inibi su ci har su qoshi amma ba zai qare ba, yaro ya xauko maciji yana wasa da shi, amma ba zai cuce shi ba, akuya ta haxu da aki amman ba zai kulata ba. Mutane kowa zai rayu a cikin yalwa da wadata har ta kai za a ba mutum kyautar kuxi ya ce, baya buqata. Mutum zai ga kabari sai ya ce: Ina ma dai wannan yana raye ya ga irin adalcin da yake gudana a bayan qasa. Za a kasance a wannan hali tsawon shekara arba'in. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya auri wata mata daga mutanen Askalan ta haifa masa 'ya maza guda biyu, sai ya tafi Makka ya yi aikin Hajji, ya je Madina ya ziyarci Annabi (S.A.W) Sai ya yi rashin lafiya, sai Allah ya karvi ransa, anan Madina, sai a binne shi a cikin Raudah kusa da Annabi (S.A.W.).
Fa`ida
Idan Dujal ya bayyana zia shiga ko'ina amma ban da Makka da Madina, duk sadda ya zo zai shiga sai ya ga Mala'iku sun tsaitsaya suna gadin garin sai ya koma.
Tsari daga Dujal
Sannan ya inganta a Hadisi Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce: Duk wanda ya haddace ayoyi goma na farkon Suratul Kahfi, Allah zia kiyaye shi daga fitinar Dujal.
Manazarta |
16681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwa | Mutuwa | Mutuwa, wani al'amari ne na dindindin, wanda ba'a iya maido shi baya a lokacin da rayuwa ta tsaya (ƙare) ga duk wata halitta wadanda ke rayuwa. Ana amfani da Kalmar mutuwa da kuma rashin iya yin aiki na kwakwalwa na dindin din a matsayin ma'anar mutuwa a hukunce. Gawar mamaci kan fara rubewa jim kadan bayan mutuwa. Mutuwa abu ne da babu makawa, tsari ne na rayuwar duniya wanda daga qarshe yake faruwa ga dukkan wani abu mai rai.
Mutuwa ta kuma jibanci duk wani abu mai rai, gaba ɗaya tun daga ƙwayoyin halitta, da sassan jiki, raunin kwayoyin halitta. Wani abu ne da ba'a ɗauka a matsayin abu mai rai ba, kamar ƙwayar cuta, ana iya lalata ta amma ba a ce ta mutu ba.
Ya zuwa farkon karni na 21, sama da mutane 150,000 ke mutuwa a kowace rana a duniya.
Yawancin al'adu da addinai suna da fahimtar rayuwa bayan mutuwa, kuma suna riƙe da ra'ayin cewa akwai hukunci da lada don kyawawan ayyuka ko hukuncin zunubi don munana.
Fahimtar sila
Matsalolin ma'ana
Fahimtar silar mutuwa mabuɗin fahimtar ɗan Adam ne game da abin da ya faru kafin ya mutu. Akwai hanyoyin kimiyya daban-daban na gano sanadin mutuwa. Bugu da kari, bullowar magungunan tsawaita rayuwa da ƙa'idodi gano dalilan mutuwa daban-daban daga mahangar likitanci da shari'a, sun sanya wahala wajen ƙirƙirar ma'anonin silar mutuwa guda ɗaya.
Daya daga cikin kalubalen bayyana ma'anar mutuwa shi ne rarrabe ma'anarta da rayuwa. A wasu lokutan, mutuwa kamar tana nufin lokacin da rayuwa ta ƙare. Tabbatar da lokacin da mutuwa ta faru na da wuya, saboda daina ayyukan rayuwa galibi ba abu ɗaya bane a tsarin sassan jiki. Sabili da haka, irin wannan ƙuduri, yana buƙatar zana ainihin iyakokin fahimta tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa. Wannan yana da wahala, saboda kasancewar akwai yar yarjejeniya kan yadda za'a ayyana rayuwa.
Sannan ana iya nuna ma’nar mutuwa ta hanyar ayyana rayuwa dangane da hankali/hayyaci. Lokacin da hankali ko hayyaci ya gushe, za a iya cewa an mutu. Daya daga cikin kuskuren wannan ma'anar shi ne cewa akwai halittu da yawa waɗanda suke raye amma mai yiwuwa hankalinsu ya gushe (misali, halittu masu kwayoyin halitta kwaya ɗaya tak). Wata matsalar ita ce ta bayyana ainihin ma'anar hankali wanda ke da ma'anoni daban-daban da masana kimiyyar zamani, masana halayyar dan Adam da masana falsafa suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa addini hadisai, ciki har da Ibrahim da kuma Dharmic hadisai, rike cewa mutuwa ba (ko iya ba) kunsa karshen sani. A wasu al'adu, mutuwa ta fi tsari sau ɗaya. Yana nuna jinkirin sauyawa daga yanayin ruhaniya zuwa wani.
Sauran ma'anoni dangane da mutuwa suna mai da hankali ne akan halin daina wani abu ko karshen wani abu. Musamman, mutuwa tana faruwa yayin da rayayyen abu ya gamu da dakatarwar kowane aiki. Kamar yadda ya shafi rayuwar mutum, mutuwa abu ce da ba za a iya juyawa ba inda wani ya rasa kasancewar su mutum.
A tarihance, yunƙurin ayyana ainihin lokacin da ɗan Adam ya mutu ba su da wata ma'ana ko kuma lokaci. An bayyana mutuwa sau ɗaya azaman dakatar da bugun zuciya ( kamun zuciya ) da numfashi, amma ci gaban CPR da saurin ruɓewa sun sanya wannan ma'anar ba ta isa ba saboda ana iya sake numfashi da bugun zuciya a wasu lokuta. Wannan nau'in mutuwa inda yaduwar jini da kamawar numfashi an san shi da ma'anar zagayawa na mutuwa (DCDD). Magoya bayan DCDD sun yi amannar cewa wannan ma'anar tana da ma'ana saboda mutumin da ke da asarar dindindin na aikin jini da na numfashi ya kamata a ɗauka cewa ya mutu. Masu sukar wannan ma'anar sun bayyana cewa yayin dakatar da waɗannan ayyukan na iya zama na dindindin, ba yana nufin halin ba zai yiwu ba, domin idan aka yi amfani da CPR, ana iya farfaɗo da mutumin. Don haka, hujjojin don da kuma adawa da DCDD sun tafka har zuwa batun ma'anar ainihin kalmomin "madawwami" da "ba za a iya sauyawa ba," wanda ya ƙara rikitar da ƙalubalen ayyana mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suke da alaƙa da mutuwa a da can baya daina kashe rayuka a kowane yanayi; ba tare da zuciya ko huhu mai aiki ba, rayuwa wani lokaci ana iya dorewa tare da haɗin na'urorin tallafi na rayuwa, dashen sassan jiki da kuma abubuwan bugun zuciya na wucin gadi.
A yau, inda ake buƙatar ma'anar lokacin mutuwa, likitoci da masu binciken gawa yawanci suna komawa zuwa "mutuwar kwakwalwa" ko "mutuwar ƙirar halitta" don ayyana mutum cewa ya mutu; mutane ana daukar su matattu lokacin da aikin lantarki a kwakwalwar su ya daina. An ɗauka cewa ƙarshen aikin lantarki yana nuna ƙarshen sani . Dakatar da hankali dole ne ya kasance na dindindin, kuma ba mai jinkiri ba, kamar yadda yake faruwa yayin wasu matakan bacci, kuma musamman coma . Game da bacci, EEGs na iya faɗan bambanci
Jinsin na "mutuwar kwakwalwa" wasu masana suna ganin matsala ce. Misali, Dr. Franklin Miller, babban malamin jami'a a Sashin Bioethics, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, ya lura cewa: "A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 .. ƙididdigar mutuwar kwakwalwa da mutuwar ɗan adam ya gamu da ƙalubalantar masana, bisa akan hujjoji game da tsarin aikin nazarin halittu wanda marasa lafiya suka nuna daidai suna da ciwon wannan yanayin waɗanda aka kiyaye su akan iska na injina na wasu lokuta. Wadannan marassa lafiyar sun kiyaye ikon ci gaba da zagayawa da numfashi, sarrafa zafin jiki, fitowar almubazzaranci, warkar da raunuka, yakar cutuka kuma, mafi yawan gaske, yiwa 'yan tayi ciki (dangane da mata masu "ƙwaƙwalwar da ta mutu").
Yayinda "mutuwar kwakwalwa" wasu malamai ke kallonta a matsayin matsala, tabbas akwai masu goyon bayanta wadanda suka yi imani da cewa wannan ma'anar mutuwa ita ce mafi dacewa ga bambance rayuwa da mutuwa. Dalilin bayan goyan baya ga wannan ma'anar shine mutuwar kwakwalwa tana da wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda za a dogara da su kuma za'a iya sake fitarwa. Hakanan, kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci wajen tantance asalinmu ko kuma mu mutane ne. Ya kamata a rarrabe cewa "mutuwar kwakwalwa" ba za a iya daidaita ta da wanda ke cikin yanayin ciyayi ko suma ba, a cikin cewa yanayin da ya gabata ya bayyana yanayin da yafi karfin warkewa.
Waɗannan mutane suna riƙe da cewa neo-cortex na ƙwaƙwalwa kawai ke da muhimmanci don sanin wani lokacin suna jayayya cewa aikin lantarki ne kawai ya kamata a yi la’akari da shi yayin bayyana mutuwa. Daga qarshe zai yuwu cewa ma'aunin mutuwa zai zama dawwamamme kuma ba za'a iya sakewarsa aikin aiki na fahimi ba, kamar yadda aka nuna mutuwar mutuwar kwakwalwar . Duk wani fata na dawo da tunani da halin mutum ya tafi kenan idan aka bashi fasahar yanzu ta zamani da kuma hangowa. A halin yanzu, a mafi yawan wurare ma'anan ma'anar mutu'a - daina dakatar da aikin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa baki daya, sabanin kawai a cikin neo-cortex - an karɓe shi (alal misali Dokar Tabbataccen Yanayin Mutuwa a Amurka). A cikin 2005, shari'ar Terri Schiavo ta kawo batun mutuwar ƙwaƙwalwa da wadatar ɗan adam a gaban siyasar Amurka .
Ko da ta hanyar ma'aunin kwakwalwa duka, ƙaddarar mutuwar kwakwalwa na iya zama mai rikitarwa. EEGs na iya gano ɓataccen motsi na lantarki, yayin da wasu kwayoyi, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ko hypothermia na iya dannewa ko ma dakatar da aikin kwakwalwa na ɗan lokaci. Saboda wannan ne asibitoci suna da ladabi don ƙayyade mutuwar ƙwaƙwalwar da ke tattare da EEGs a cikin ratayoyi da yawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi.
A da, ɗaukar wannan ma'anar cikakkiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ita ce ƙarshen Kwamitin Shugaban forasa don Nazarin Matsalolin icalabi'a a Magunguna da Bincike na Bioabi'a da Beabi'a a 1980. Sun yanke shawarar cewa wannan hanyar don bayyana mutuwa ta wadatar wajen isa ga ma'anar bai ɗaya a ƙasar. An gabatar da dalilai masu yawa don tallafawa wannan ma'anar da suka haɗa da: daidaitattun ƙa'idodin shari'a don kafa mutuwa; amfani da albarkatun cikin iyali don tallafawa rayuwar wucin gadi; da kafa doka don daidaita mutuwar kwakwalwalokacin da mutuwa don ci gaba da ba da gudummawar sassan jiki.
Ba’a ga batun tallafawa ko jayayya game da mutuwar kwakwalwa, akwai wata matsala ta daban a cikin wannan ma'anar rarrabuwa: bambancin aikace-aikacenta a aikin likita. A cikin 1995, Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Neurology ta Amurka (AAN), ta kafa wasu sharuɗɗa waɗanda suka zama ƙa'idar likita don bincikar mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. A wancan lokacin, dole ne a gamsar da sifofi na asibiti guda uku domin a tantance "ƙarewar da ba za a iya sakewa ba" na jimlar ƙwaƙwalwa da suka hada da: coma tare da bayyananniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, dakatar da numfashi, da kuma rashin karfin kwakwalwa. Wannan sabunta ka'idojin an sake sabunta shi kwanan nan a cikin 2010, amma har yanzu akwai bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin asibitoci da fannoni na likita.
Matsalar ayyana mutuwa yana da mahimmanci musamman kamar yadda ya shafi dokar mai bayarwa ta mutu, wanda za'a iya fahimtarsa ɗayan fassarorin masu zuwa ne na ƙa'idar: dole ne a sami sanarwar mutuwar mutum a hukumance kafin fara sayan ɓangarori ko kuma siyan kayan gaɓa ba zai iya haifar da mutuwar mai bayarwa ba. Babban rikice-rikice ya kewaye ma'anar mutuwa da mutuwar mai bayarwa. Masu fafutukar kafa dokar sun yi imanin cewa dokar ta halatta wajen kare masu ba da gudummawa yayin da kuma suke adawa da duk wata halayya ko doka da ke hana sashin kayan aiki. Masu sukar lamiri, a daya bangaren, sun yi amannar cewa dokar ba ta kula da bukatun masu ba da gudummawa kuma dokar ba ta inganta bayar da sassan jiki yadda ya kamata.
Alamomin mutuwa
Alamomin mutuwa ko alamu masu karfi da ke nuna cewa dabba mai jini-jini ba ta da rai lokacin, sun hada da:
Kama numfashi (babu numfashi )
Kama Cardiac (ba bugun zuciya )
Mutuwar kwakwalwa (babu aikin jijiyoyi)
Matakan da zasu biyo bayan mutuwa sun hada da:
Pallor mortis, paleness wanda ke faruwa a cikin mintuna 15-120 bayan an mutu
Algor mortis, raguwar yanayin zafin jiki bayan mutuwa. Wannan gabaɗaya kwata-kwata raguwa har sai yayi daidai da yanayin zafin yanayi
Rigor mortis, gabobin gawar sun zama masu tsauri (Latin rigor ) kuma suna da wahalar motsi ko sarrafa su
Livor mortis, saitin jini a cikin ƙananan (dogaro) ɓangaren jiki
Dogaro, alamun farko na ruɓewa
Bazuwar, raguwa cikin siffofin abu mafi sauki, tare da karfi, wari mara dadi.
Skeletonization, ƙarshen bazuwar, inda duk kayan laushi suka bazu, suka bar kwarangwal kawai.
Kasuwa, adana halittar kasusuwan kasusuwan da aka samu tsawon lokaci
Doka
Mutuwar mutum tana da sakamako na shari'a wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da yanayim tsarin mulki daban-daban. Ana bayar da takardar shaidar mutuwa a yawancin yankuna, ko dai daga likita ko kuma ta ofishin gudanarwa bayan gabatar da sanarwar mutuwar likita.
Ba a Tantanceshi da kyau ba
Akwai matsaloli dangane da tabbatar da mutuwan mutane ana ayyana matattu da likitoci sa'an nan "dawo rayuwa", wani lokacin kwanaki baya a nasu akwatin gawa, ko a lokacin da hanyoyin ne game da fara. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 18 zuwa gaba, an sami wani tashin hankali game da tsoron jama'a na kuskuren binne su da rai, da kuma muhawara da yawa game da rashin tabbas na alamun mutuwa. An gabatar da shawarwari daban-daban don gwada alamun rai kafin binnewa, tun daga zuba ruwan tsami da barkono a cikin bakin gawar zuwa sanya jan zafin masu tsaka a ƙafa ko cikin dubura . Da yake rubutu a 1895, likita JC Ouseley ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan mutane 2,700 ne ake binnewa ba tare da lokaci ba a kowace shekara a Ingila da Wales, duk da cewa wasu sun kiyasta adadin ya kusan 800.
Dangane dai da yanayin girgizar wutar lantarki, sake farfado da zuciya (CPR) na awa ɗaya ko fiye zai iya ba da damar jijiyoyi su dimauce, su bar wanda ya mutu da alama ya rayu. Mutanen da aka samu a sume a ƙarƙashin ruwan sanyi suna iya rayuwa idan fuskokinsu suna ci gaba da yin sanyi har sai sun isa ɗakin gaggawa . Wannan "amsar ruwa", wanda aikin motsa jiki da bukatun oxygen suke kadan, wani abu ne da mutane suke rabawa tare da dabbobi masu suna wanda ake kira mahaifa mai nutsuwa.
Yayinda fasahohin likitanci ke gaba, ra'ayoyi game da lokacin da mutuwa ta auku na iya zama dole a sake yin la'akari da ikon dawo da mutum zuwa ga rayuwa bayan tsawon lokaci na bayyane na mutuwa (kamar yadda ya faru lokacin da CPR da defibrillation suka nuna cewa dakatar da bugun zuciya bai isa ba kamar Mai yanke hukunci game da mutuwa). Rashin aikin kwakwalwar lantarki bazai isa ya dauki wani ya mutu a kimiyance ba. Sabili da haka, an ba da shawarar batun mutuwar-bayani game da ilimin a matsayin mafi kyawun hanyar bayyana lokacin da mutuwar gaskiya ta faru, kodayake manufar ba ta da wasu aikace-aikace kaɗan a wajen fannin kyanikiya.
There have been some scientific attempts to bring dead organisms back to life, but with limited success. In science fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death.
Dalilan Mutuwa
Babban abunda yafi kashe mutane a kasashen waje sune cututtuka da ke yaduwa . a Kasashen dake tasowa kuwa cututtkan zucia da Stroke da cancer da cttuka da kiba da sekaru ke kawowa sunfi kashen mutane ..Avunda afi Kase mutame a kasashen da suka ci gaba shine tsfa, A kowane mutum 150,000 da suka mutu a kullum a iya, kusan kasi biyu dda raibi suna mutuwa ne saboda tsufas. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world.
A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, yanayin rashin tsafta da rashin damar amfani da fasahar likitanci ta zamani ya sanya mutuwa daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ya zama ruwan dare fiye da kasashen da suka ci gaba . Oneaya daga cikin irin wannan cutar ita ce tarin fuka, cuta ce ta kwayan cuta wacce ta kashe mutane 1.8M a shekarar 2015. Zazzabin cizon sauro na haifar da kusan mutane 400-900M na zazzaɓi da mutuwar 1-3M a kowace shekara. Adadin mutanen da suka mutu kanjamau a Afirka na iya kaiwa 90-100M zuwa 2025.
Acewar Jean Ziegler (United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 – Mar 2008), mutuwa sabofa rasinQ kuZari a kwase kashi 58% a shekara ta 2006 ya kuma kara da cewa acikin mutum miliyan 62 da suke mutuwa daga kowanne irin fye da milyan36 suna mtuwa ne daa tyunwa da kuma cutukato malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients.
Shan taba sigari ya kashe mutum 100 mutane miliyan a duniya a karni na 20 kuma zasu iya kashe 1 biliyan biliyan a duniya a cikin karni na 21, wani rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya yi gargadin.
Mafi yawancin kasasen da suka cigaba rayuwa na qara tsawo a idan akwai abinci e kyau da kwanciyar hankali da motsia .
Selye yace wata sa'in ba'a sanin takamaiman dalilin mtuwa He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on,n. In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.akia
In 2012, kashe-kai dakai ya overtoo ya quce hatsarin mota a sanadiyyar mutuwar utane a Amurka, se shan guba, faduwa, da kisan kai. Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people. prdiseases.
Gwajin gawa
Ana autopsy wato gwajin gawa, kuma an sanshi a matsayin gwajen jikin mamaci, shi ne wani likita hanya da ta ƙunshi cikakken jarrabawa na wani mutum gawar domin gano dalilin da iri na mutum mutuwa da kuma kimanta wani cuta ko rauni da cewa zai iya zama ba. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne daga ƙwararren likitan likita wanda ake kira masanin ilimin cututtuka .
Ana yin autopsies ko don doka ko sanin dalilai na lafiya. Ana gudanar da bincike kan gawa yayin da musabbabin mutuwar na iya zama batun laifi, yayin da ake gudanar da bincike na asibiti ko kuma na ilimi don gano dalilin mutuwar kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin yanayin mutuwar da ba a sani ba ko rashin tabbas, ko don dalilai na bincike. Za'a iya kara rarraba autopsies a cikin yanayin inda gwajin waje ya wadatar, da kuma waɗanda aka rarraba jiki kuma ana yin gwajin ciki. Ana iya buƙatar izini daga dangi na kusa don yin bincike na ciki a wasu yanayi. Da zarar an kammala tantancewar cikin jiki gabaɗaya za a sake sake jiki ta hanyar dinke shi tare. Autopsy yana da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin likita kuma ƙila ya ba da haske kan kurakurai kuma ya taimaka inganta ayyukan.
Necropsy, wanda ba koyaushe ake daukar ma'anan kalmar magani ba, kuma kalma ce da aka yi amfani dashi a baya don bayyana gwajin gawa bayan mutuwa. A zamanin yau, ana danganta wannan kalmar da gawawwakin dabbobi.
Yawan tsufa
Shekaru na tsufa na nufin yanayi lokacin da mutum zai iya tsira daga dukkan masifu, amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu saboda abubuwan da suka shafi tsufa. Kwayoyin dabbobi da na tsire-tsire suna haihuwa kuma suna aiki a duk tsawon lokacin kasancewar yanayin, amma tsarin tsufa yana samu ne daga lalacewar ayyukan salula da lalata ayyukan yau da kullun. Kwarewar kwayoyin halitta don saurin lalacewa da macewar rayuwa yana nufin cewa a dabi'ance ana yankewa kwayoyin rai hukuncin dorewa da asarar lokaci na karfin rayuwa, koda kuwa duk da ci gaba da tasirin rayuwa da iya aiki. Misali a kasar Burtaniya, kashi tara cikin goma na yawan mace-macen da ake samu a kowace rana ya danganta da tsufa, yayin da a fadin duniya yake dauke da kashi biyu bisa uku na mutuwar mutane 150,000 da ke faruwa a kullum (Hayflick & Moody, 2003) .
Mafi yawan dabbobin da suka tsira daga haɗarin waje don gudanar da rayuwarsu suna mutuwa savboda tsufa, wanda aka sani da ilimin rayuwa kamar " tsufa " Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna fuskantar karancin tsufa, harma suna nuna rashin rayuwa na rayuwa . Wadannan sun hada da jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, da hydra, da kuma mai tsarawa . Abubuwan da ba na al'ada ba na mutuwa sun haɗa da kashe kansa da farauta . Daga dukkan dalilai, kusan mutane 150,000 ke mutuwa a duniya kowace rana. Daga cikin wadannan, kashi biyu bisa uku suna mutuwa kai tsaye ko a fakaice saboda tsufa, amma a kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu - kamar Amurka, Ingila da Jamus - adadin ya kusan zuwa 90% (watau kusan tara cikin goma na dukkan mace-mace suna da dangantaka da tsufa).
Yanzu ana ganin mutuw kamar tsari, fiye da abin da ya faru: yanayin da a da ake ɗauka mai alamun mutuwa a yanzu ana iya canza shi. Inda a yayin aiwatar da layin rarrabawa tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa ya dogara da abubuwan da suka wuce gaban kasancewar ko rashi alamun mahimmanci . Gabaɗaya, mutuwar asibiti ba lallai ba ce kuma ba ta isa ga yanke hukuncin mutuwar doka ba . Mai haƙuri da zuciya mai aiki da huhu wanda aka ƙaddara ya mutu ya mutu ana iya bayyana shi a mace ba tare da mutuwa ba. Kamar yadda ilimin kimiyya da magani ke ci gaba, kirkirar ma'anonin likitanci na mutuwa ya zama da wahala.
Ajiyar Gawa
Cryonics (daga Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') anayi na sanyi da ake ajye gawa don ta dade ba tare da ta lalace ba don bincike.
Ajiyar gawar e mutane ko dabbobi yana da bambamcin da na zamani..The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who .
Wasu daga cikin rubce rubucen kimiyya sun hoyi bayan gwajin gawas. Masana lafa su muna cewa gwaijin gawa a matsayiin kwarewa.
Maido da sheshheka
"Daya daga cikin sababbin bincike sun nuna cewa idan zciya ta kai tsawon minti biyar ba tare da isakan oxygen ba ake mutuwa saboda haka sun nuna cewa rage yawan iska na kara wanzuwar iska da ruwa da jini a jiki na karawa jiki ikon shakan iska.
Jinkirin mutuwa
Jinkirin mutuwa na nufin karin tsawon rayuwa akan ainufin shekarun mutuwa or iya tsawon shekarun rayuwa musamman a mutane ta hanya jinkirta tsufa. Tsawon rayuwa na da hadi da yanayin rayuwa hatsarin da shekaru da cututtuka kamna cancer da sauransu. Za'a iya samunjikirin mutuwa ta hanyar abici mai kyau , motsa ini da udun duk wanu abu da zae iya ctarwa kamar shan taba. Akasarin tsawon rayuwa kuwa ya danganta d shekrun tsufa a owacce al'umma dangane da kwayoyin halitta. A yanzu, hanyan jinkirta mutuwa shine ta hanya tsaida ci/shan Calorie ko ta hanya rage illar tsufa ta hanya canza gurbatattun gabobi kamar jijiyoyida suransu.
A kasar Amurka kuri'u sun nuna cewa babu banbanci a tsakanin masu addini da marasa addinai, ko maza ko mata, ko talaka da mai kudi a wjen son jinkirin mutuwa, bayan haka mutanen Afrka sunfi kwa son jinkirin mutuwa.
Masu bincike sun nuna cewa jinkirin mutuwa na samuwa ta sanadiyar wasu abubuwa da ake kira "biomedical gerontologists". Sunyi kokari faimtar tsarin tsfa and cifgaban.binciken tsawaita rayuwa ta hanyan samun cikakken lapia da ingata kurucia.
Wuri
Kafin 1930 mutane da yawa suna mutuwa a gidaensu ne ksa da iyalansu da kuma makwatansu da masu kiwon lapiya. A tsakiar karni na 20, rabinkutaen Amrka suna mutuwa a asibitoci ne. A farkom karnina 21 kuwa kashi 20-25% kawai kekutuwa a wani wurin dda ba wurin kiwon lafiya ba.A Canin wajen mutuwa daa gidaje zuwa wuraren kiwon lafya ake kira Invisible Death". wanda hakan ya faru a lokuta dabn.
Ra'ayoyi
Mutane da yawa basu son labarin mutuwansu. Tsoron mutuwa na sana wasu su tamadi kudi ko barin wasiya kan arzikisu ko su ema taimako waje mas. Kiwaon lafiya don kada su mutu.
Mutane na da bambancin ra'yi akan mutwa
Philosopher Galen Strawson ya rubta cewa mutwa da mutane da yawa suka fi so sine mutuwar fuji'a, mara zafi ko rasa wani sashen. A wanann yanayin myum anamutuwa ba tareda ya sani kuma a tare da yaji tsoro ba
Mutane da Aladu
A zamantakewar mutane, yanayin mutuwa da sanin mutane cewa zas mutu ya dade matsayi abun damuwa a al'umma a addiace da gargajiance da hikauance. Wannan ya hada da imani akan cewa za'a tasi bayan mutuwa ko kuma baza'a tashi ba Mutuwa (secular humanism)
Zaman mutuwa bayan mamaci a rasu ya hada da koke-koke, jana'iza da kuma tunawa da mamacin. Ana sanya gawar mamaci a cikin makara o akwatin gawa se akai shi a binne a makabarta danane da al'ada. A turance anayi masa addua da Rest in Peace " wato ka huta cikin Aminci, a hausance ana cewa Allah jikan mamaci.
Mutuwa wani alamari ne daban a kowacce al'ada da mutane; al'adun. Sun bambamta tsakanin wurare a duniya. Yawanci ya hada da kulawa da harkokin£ Da iyalensa da kuma abunda ya barir
Akwai shariar da kunshi kowacce irin mutuwa ta maganan muhallin da rabbon gadon abunda mamaci ya bari.
hukuncin kisa na daya daga Capital punishment cikin sanadin mutuwa. A shariance ana ba wanda aka yankewa kisa lokaci don ya gana da yanuwansa da kuma ubaniinsa. Ana kisan ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar hangin, allura , wutar klantarki sauransu.
Mutwa a fanin yaki da hari ya hada da jana'izan bakidaya, da tunawa da mamatan soji. Sai kuma mutuwae kunar bakin wake suna da banbancin jana'iza a alqaryu.
kisan kai da kai har wayau sn kasance abubwa lura ttun tuni. Kuma duka suna da banbancin fahimta a sassa na duniya dabandaban, a Japan a msali, daukan rai da kai daraja ce a yaren Seppuku wanda abu kauna ne
A kasar Brazil, ana kirga mamatas sannan a rubuta ma'aji na gwamnatin Kasan .
Magana akan yadda ake daukan rai ya banbanta a wurare daban dabn, da al'adu. lking .
Tunani
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban daban akan abunda ke faruwa da mutum bayan ya mutu. Imani cewa mutum na rasa tunanimsa bayan ya mutu shi ake kira da 9 eternal oblivion.
A biologi
Bayan mutuwa, ragowar wata kwayar halitta zaata zama wani ɓangare ta sake zagayowar biogeochemical, a lokacin da dabba zai iya cinye ta ta mai farauta ko mai satar abubuwa . Organic abu iya sa'an nan za a kara bazu zuwa detritivores, kwayoyin wanda maimaita detritus, ya dawo da shi zuwa ga yanayi domin sake amfani a cikin abinci sarkar, inda wadannan sunadarai zai iya ƙarshe ƙarasa ana cinye kuma assimilated cikin sel wani rai gabar. Misalan abubuwan banƙyama sun haɗa da tsutsotsi na ƙasa, katako da ƙwarin dung .
kanan halitu suma sunataka rawa wajen rubewar jikin mamaci.
Zaba
Ka'idar juyin halitta ta zamani tana ganin mutuwa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin zabin yanayi. Ana la'akari da cewa ƙwayoyin da basu dace da yanayi su ba zasu iya mutuwa kasancewar basu da produceda offspringan da suka haifa, ta haka zasu rage gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga kwayar halittar . Kwayar halittar su ta ƙarshe an haife su daga cikin jama'a, wanda ke haifar da mafi munin lalacewa kuma, mafi mahimmanci, samar da aikin mai yiwuwa, wanda ake kira ƙwarewa . Yawan saurin haihuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajan tabbatar da rayuwa mai rai: kwayar halittar da ta mutu tana saurayi amma ta bar zuriya da yawa, bisa ga ka'idojin Darwiniyanci, mafi dacewa fiye da kwayar halittar da ta dade tana barin guda daya.
Bacewa
Bacewa a nan na nufn karewar kalan -halita baki daa a doro kasa.
Cigaba a fannin tsufa da mutuwa
Bimcike ciknbayanin cigaba a fannin tsufa
Halittu masu haiuwa su kadai (kaman bakteriya, protist)
Ra'ayin addinai
Addinin Buddhi
A addinin Buddhist .
Mutuwa na cikin abu mafi Mahi
Kiristanci
Addinin Hindu
A cikin rubutun Hindu, an bayyana mutuwa na matsayin ruhin ruhu madawwami (mai hankali) yana fita daga jikin kayan ɗan lokaci na yanzu. Ruhi yana fita daga wannan jikin lokacin da jiki ba zai iya riƙe kai (rai) mai hankali ba, wanda zai iya zama saboda dalilai na tunani ko na zahiri, ko mafi daidai, rashin iya aiki da sha'awar mutum. A lokacin daukar ciki, rai yana shiga cikin sabon jiki mai jituwa bisa ragowar karma da yanayin tunanin mutum (tunanin karshe) a lokacin mutuwa.
Galibi wannan sauyin yakan sa mutum ya manta da duk wata tunanin rayuwar da ta gabata. Saboda babu abin da ya mutu da gaske kuma ciikin ɗan lokaci yana canzawa, a cikin rayuwar duniya da lahira, mutuwa kawai na nufin mantawa da abubuwan da mutum ya gabata ne (asalin abin da ya gabatu).
An bayyana wanzuwar abu mai cike da baƙin ciki wanda ya samo asali daga haihuwa, cuta, tsufa, mutuwa, hankali, yanayi, da sauransu Don cin nasarar zagayowar mutuwa da sake haihuwa kuma ya cancanci ɗayan nau'ikan 'yanci, dole ne mutum ya fara cin nasara da sha'awar abin duniya kuma ya sami kansa . Yanayin rayuwar mutum ya fi dacewa da wannan tafiya ta ruhaniya, musamman tare da taimakon sadhu (mutane masu gane kansu), sastra (littattafan ruhaniya da aka saukar), da kuma guru (masanan da suka fahimci kansu na ruhaniya), an ba duka ukun suna cikin yarjejeniya.
Islam
Judaiziyya
Akwai imani iri-iri game da rayuwa bayan addinin Yahudanci, amma babu ɗayansu da ya saɓa da fifikon rayuwa akan mutuwa. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda mutuwa tana sanya dakatar da yuwuwar cika kowane umarni .
Harsuna game da mutuwa
Kalmar mutuwa (death) ta fito ne daga Tsohon Turanci dēaþ, wanda kuma hakan ya fito ne daga Proto-Germanic * dauþuz (wanda aka sake gina shi ta hanyar nazarin yanayi ). Wannan fito ne daga tushen Proto-Indo-Turai * kuma ma'anar "tsari, aiki, yanayin mutuwa".
Tunani da alamomin mutuwa, da nau'ikan nau'ikan abincin da ake amfani da su wajen tattaunawa a tarurruka na jama'a, sun haifar da maganganu da yawa na kimiyya, shari'a, da zamantakewar da za a yarda da su ko kuma maganganu na mutuwa. Lokacin da mutum ya mutu, ana kuma cewa sun shuɗe, sun wuce, sun ƙare, ko sun tafi, a tsakanin sauran al'ummomin da aka yarda da su, takamaiman addini, lafazi, da rashi mutunci.
A matsayin sharar da aka yi wa mutumin da ya mutu, ya zama gama gari a yi amfani da sigar "yaudara", kamar yadda ake yi wa mamacin ; wani nau'in suna yana lalacewa .
Rashin rai, da mutumin da ya mutu ne sai wata gawa, cadaver, a jiki, wani sa na saura, da kuma lokacin da dukan jiki ya rotted tafi, wani kwarangwal . The sharuddan mũshe da kuma gawa kuma za a iya amfani, ko wadannan more sau da yawa connote ragowar wadanda ba mutum dabbobi. A toka barin toa bayan ani ƙonawa wani lokaci ana kira su da neologism cremains.
Kara dubawa
Kara Nazari
Best, Ben. "Causes of Death". BenBest.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Marques, Susana Moreira & Sanches, Julia (Translator) (13 October 2015). Now and At the Hour of Our Death. And Other Stories. ISBN 978-1-908276-62-9.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Rosenberg, David Rosenberg (17 August 2014). "How One Photographer Overcame His Fear of Death by Photographing It (Walter Schels' Life Before Death)". Slate.
Sachs, Jessica Snyder (2001). Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death (270 pages). Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7382-0336-2.
Schels, Walter (Photographer) & Lakotta, Beate (Interviewer). "Before and After Death". LensCulture.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Interviews with people dying in hospices, and portraits of them before, and shortly after, death.
"The Odds of dying from various injuries or accidents". National Safety Council. United States. 2001.
U.S. Census & AntiqueBooks.net (Scanned by). "Causes of Death 1916". Archived from the original on 18 September 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) How the medical profession categorized causes of death
Wald, George. "The Origin of Death". ElijahWald.com. A biologist explains life and death in different kinds of organisms, in relation to evolution.
Manazarta
N
Mutuwa
Mukalan Wikipedia masu buqatan tantancewa
Duka shafuka masu bukatar tantancewar hujja
Tsufa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40250 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting | Painting | Yin zane shine al'adar yin amfani da fenti, pigment, launi ko wani matsakaici zuwa wani solid surface (wanda ake kira "matrix" ko "support"). Ana amfani da matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa tushe tare da burosh, amma ana iya amfani da wasu kayan aiki, irin su wuƙaƙe, soso, da buroshin.
A cikin fasaha, kalmar zanen ta kwatanta dukka aikin da sakamakon aikin (aiki na ƙarshe da ake kira "zanen"). Taimako don zane-zane ya haɗa da irin wannan saman kamar bango, takarda, zane, itace, gilashi, lacquer, tukwane, leaf, jan karfe da kankare, kuma zanen na iya haɗawa da wasu kayan da yawa, ciki har da yashi, yumbu, takarda, filasta, leaf zinariya, da kuma har ma da dukkan abubuwa.
Zane wani nau'i ne mai mahimmanci a cikin zane-zane na gani, yana kawo abubuwa kamar zane, abun da ke ciki, motsi (kamar yadda a cikin zanen gestural), labari (kamar yadda a cikin zane), da kuma abstraction (kamar yadda a cikin zane). Zane na iya zama na halitta da kumawakilci (zane mai rai da zanen wuri), hoto, labari, alama (kamar yadda yake a cikin zane-zanen na Symbolist), (kamar yadda yake cikin Expressionism) ko siyasa a cikin yanayi (kamar yadda a cikin Artivism)
Wani yanki na tarihin zanen a dukka fasahar Gabas da Yamma ya mamaye fasahar addini. Misalai na irin wannan zane-zane sun fito ne daga zane-zanen da ke nuna ƙididdiga na tatsuniyoyi a kan tukwane, zuwa wuraren da Littafi Mai-Tsarki ke kan rufin Sistine Chapel, zuwa al'amuran daga rayuwar Buddha (ko wasu hotuna na tushen addinin Gabas).
Tarihi
Fitattun zane-zanen da aka fi sani da su sun kai kimanin shekaru 40,000, ana samun su a cikin yankin Franco-Cantabrian a yammacin Turai, da kuma cikin kogo a gundumar Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). A cikin watan Nuwamba 2018, duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton gano wani zanen zanen hoto mafi tsufa a lokacin, wanda ya wuce 40,000 (watakila yana da shekaru 52,000), na dabbar da ba a sani ba, a cikin kogon Lubang Jeriji Saléh a tsibirin Borneo na Indonesiya. (Kalimantan). A cikin watan Disamba 2019, zane-zanen kogo na alama da ke nuna farautar alade a cikin Karst Maros-Pangkep a Sulawesi an kiyasta sun fi girma, aƙalla shekaru 43,900. An lura cewa binciken shine "mafi tsufa rikodin tarihin ba da labari da kuma farkon zane-zane na alama a duniya". Kwanan nan, a cikin shekarar 2021, an ba da rahoton fasahar kogon alade da aka samu a tsibirin Indonesiya, wanda aka yi kwanan watan sama da shekaru 45,500. Koyaya, an gano farkon shaidar aikin zanen a cikin matsugunan dutse guda biyu a Arnhem Land, a arewacin Ostiraliya. A cikin mafi ƙanƙancin kayan abu a waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, ana amfani da guntun ocher da aka kiyasta sun kai shekaru 60,000. Har ila yau, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wani guntun zanen dutse da aka adana a cikin wani matsuguni na dutse a cikin yankin Kimberley na Arewa maso Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ke da shekaru 40,000. Akwai misalan zane-zanen kogo a duk faɗin duniya-a Indonesia, Faransa, Spain, Portugal, Italiya, China, Indiya, Australia, Mexico, da sauransu. A cikin al'adun Yammacin Turai, zanen mai da zanen launi na ruwa suna da al'adu masu sauki da sarƙaƙƙiya a cikin salo da batun. A Gabas, tawada da tawada mai launi a tarihi sun mamaye zaɓin kafofin watsa labarai, tare da wadatattun al'adu iri ɗaya.
Ƙirƙirar daukar hoto ya yi tasiri sosai a kan zane. A cikin shekaru da yawa bayan da aka samar da hoton farko a cikin shekarar 1829, hanyoyin daukar hoto sun inganta kuma sun zama mafi yawan aiki, suna hana zanen yawancin manufar tarihi don samar da ingantaccen rikodin na duniya da ake gani. Jerin ƙungiyoyin fasaha a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20 musamman Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, da Dadaism-sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayin Renaissance na duniya. Zanen Gabas da Afirka, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da dogon tarihi na salo kuma bai sami canji daidai ba a lokaci guda.
Fasahar zamani da ta zamani ta ƙaura daga ƙima na tarihi na fasaha da takaddun shaida don neman ra'ayi. Wannan bai hana yawancin masu zane-zanen rayuwa su ci gaba da yin zanen gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na aikinsu ba. Ƙarfafawa da haɓakar zane-zane a cikin ƙarni na 21st sun ƙi "bayanai" da suka gabata na mutuwarsa. A cikin zamanin da ke da ra'ayin jam'i, babu yarjejeniya game da salon wakilci na zamani. Masu zane-zane suna ci gaba da yin muhimman ayyukan fasaha a cikin salo iri-iri da kyawawan halaye ana barin cancantarsu ga jama'a da kuma kasuwa don yin hukunci.
Ƙungiyar fasaha ta mata ta fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s a lokacin tashin mata na biyu. Ƙungiyar ta nemi samun daidaitattun haƙƙi da dama daidai ga mata masu fasaha a duniya.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41678 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeida | Zubeida | Zubeida Begum Dhanrajgir (1911 - 21 Satumba 1988) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya. Ta fito a fim ɗin Indiya mai magana na farko Alam Ara (1931). Ƙididdigar ta sun haɗa da farkon hits Devdas (1937), da Sagar Movietone 's first talkie, Meri Jaan .
Rayuwar farko
An haifeta a shekara ta 1911 a garin Surat na Gujarat a yammacin Indiya, Zubeida ɗiyar Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan na jihar Sachin ce, da Fatima Begum. Tana kuma da kanne biyu, Sultana da Shehzadi, dukkansu ƴan fim ne. Ta kasance cikin ’yan matan da suka shiga fim tun suna ƙanana a lokacin da ba a ganin sana’ar da ta dace da ‘yan mata daga iyalai masu daraja.
Sana'a
Zubeida tana shekara 12 kacal lokacin da ta fara fitowa a wani fim mai suna; Kohinoor. A cikin shekarun 1920 ta bayyana a wani fim tare da Sultana wanda, a lokacin, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matan fina-finan Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan da ƴan’uwan ta biyu za su fito shi ne Kalyan Khajina a shekarar 1924. Sun kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin farko na Zubeida, mai taken Veer Abhimanyu wanda aka saki shekaru biyu baya, wanda kuma mahaifiyarsu, Fatima Begum, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim ɗin.
A cikin 1925 Zubeida ta fito acikin fina-finai guda tara, daga cikinsu akwai Kala Chor, Devdasi da Desh Ka Dushman . Bayan shekara guda ta fito a fim ɗin mahaifiyarta, Bulbul-e-Paristan. Shekarar 1927 ya kasance abin tunawa a gare ta da fina-finai Laila Majnu, Nanand Bhojai da Naval Gandhi's Sacrifice waɗanda fina-finai ne da suka yi tashe sosai a wannan lokacin. Na karshen, bisa Rabindranath Tagore's 'Balidan', ta kuma fito a cikin Sulochana Devi, Master Vithal da Jal Khambatta. Ta yi Allah wadai da tsohuwar al'adar hadaya ta dabba a wurin bauta na Kali dake a Bengal. Membobin Kwamitin Cinematograph na Indiya sun ji daɗin wannan "kyakkyawan fim ɗin Indiya da gaske". Membobinta na Turai sun ba da shawarar a aika da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje don tantancewa.
Zubeida ta fito a wasu fina-finai kafin Alam Ara. Ba zato ba tsammani ta kasance mai matukar buƙata kuma ta sami albashi sama da matsayin albashi mace a cikin masana'antar fim a lokacin.
A cikin shekarun 30s zuwa farkon 40s ta yi fice tare da Jal Merchant kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin manyan fina-finai na tarihi masu nasara da suka yi wasa kamar Subhadra, Uttara da Draupadi. Ta kuma yi nasara wajen nuna motsin rai tare da fina-finai irin su Ezra Mir 's Zarina wanda ya sa ta ta yi wasan ƙwanƙwasa, yarinya mai ban mamaki, wacce sumbanta ta ɗaga fuskarta kuma ta haifar da zazzafar muhawara kan sahihanci. Zubeida ta kasance daya daga cikin ’yan fim din da suka yi nasarar sauya sheka daga zamanin shiru zuwa zance.
A cikin 1934 ta kafa Mahalakshmi Movietone tare da Nanubhai Vakil kuma tana da bonanzas na ofis a Gul-e-Sonobar da Rasik-e-Laila . Ta ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai daya ko biyu a shekara har zuwa 1949. Nirdosh Abla shine fim dinta na karshe.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Zubeida ta auri Maharaj Narsingir Dhanrajgir Gyan Bahadur na Hyderabad. Ita ce mahaifiyar Humayun Dhanrajgir da Dhurreshwar Dhanrajgir. Dhurreshwar ita ce mahaifiyar samfurin Rhea Pillai.
Fina-finai
Gul-e-Bakavali (1924)
Manorama (1924)
Prithvi Vallabh (1924)
Sati Sardarba (1924)
Kala Chor (1925)
Devadasi (1925)
Indrasabha (1925)
Ra Navghan (1925)
Rambha of Rajnagar (1925)
Deshna Dushman (1925)
Yashodevi (1925)
Khandani Khavis (1925)
Sati Simantini (1925)
Bulbule Paristan (1926)
Kashmeera (1926)
Raja Bhoj (1926)
Indrajal (1926)
Sati Menadevi (1926)
Laila Majnu (1927)
Nanand Bhojai (1927)
Balidan (1927)
Chamakti Chanda (1928)
Samrat Ashok (1928)
Golden Gang (1928)
Heer Ranjha (1928)
Kanakatara (1929)
Mahasundar (1929)
Milan Dinar (1929)
Shahi Chor (1929)
Jai Bharati (1929)
Devadasi (1930)
Garva Khandan (1930)
Joban Na Jadu (1930)
Veer Rajput (1930)
Sinh No Panja (1930)
Meethi Churi (1931)
Diwani Duniya (1931)
Roop Sundari (1931)
Hoor-E-Misar (1931)
Karmano Kaher (1931)
Nadira (1931)
Alam Ara (1931)
Meri Jaan (1931)
Veer Abhimanyu (1931)
Meerabai (1932)
Subhadra Haran (1932)
Zarina (1932)
Harijan (1933)
Bulbule Punjab (1933)
Pandav Kaurav (1933)
Mahabharat (1933)
Gul Sanobar (1934)
Nanand Bhojai (1934)
Radha Mohan/Nand Ke Lala (1934)
Rasik-e-Laila (1934)
Seva Sadan (1934)
Birbal Ki Beti (1935)
Gulshane Alam (1935)
Mr. and Mrs. Bombay (1936)
Aurat Ki Zindagi (1937)
Kiski Pyari (1937)
Devdas (1937)
Nirdosh Abla (1949)
Awāra (1951): Young Rita
Mutuwa
Zubeida ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe a gidan Bombay Palace, Dhanraj Mahal. Ta rasu ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 1988, kuma an binne ta a Chhatrapahi Shivaji Maharaj Marg, Apollo Bunder, Colaba, kudu Mumbai.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
India Heritage:Performing Arts:Cinema In India:Personalities:Silent Screen Stars.
Zubeida profile
Haifaffun 1911
Mutuwan 1988
Ƴar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya
Mutanen Gujarati
Mutane daga Gujarat |
48216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20shakatawa%20na%20Cross%20River | Gidan shakatawa na Cross River | Gidan shakatawa na Cross River wani wurin shaƙatawa ne na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Cross River, Najeriya .
Akwai sassa biyu daban-daban, Okwangwo (wanda aka kafa a 1991) da Oban (wanda aka gina a 1988).
Gidan shakatawa yana da jimlar yanki kusan 4,000 km2, mafi yawansu sun ƙunshi gandun daji masu zafi a yankunan Arewa da Tsakiya, tare da maras kyau a yankunan bakin teku.
Sassan wurin shakatawa na yankin Guinea-Congolian ne, tare da rufe rufin da kuma warwatse bishiyoyi masu tasowa da suka kai mita 40 ko 50 a tsawo.
Gidan shakatawa yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin gandun daji a Afirka, kuma an gano shi a matsayin wuri mai zafi na halittu.
An rubuta nau'ikan dabbobi goma sha shida a cikin wurin shakatawa.
Kayan da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da chimpanzees na yau da kullun, drills da (a Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas.
Wani dabba mai suna, mangabey mai launin toka, da alama kwanan nan [yaushe?] ya ƙare a yankin.
Dukkanin bangarorin biyu na wurin shakatawa suna fuskantar barazanar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, yanka da ƙone noma da farauta.
Yawon shakatawa na muhalli na iya tallafawa kokarin adana namun daji na wurin shakatawa.
Taimaka wa mazauna ƙauyuka a cikin yankuna masu kariya don yin aikin gandun daji mai ɗorewa yana da alkawari.
Tarihi
An fara gabatar da wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1965, amma ba a fara shirin ba sai 1988.
Asusun Duniya na Yanayi - Burtaniya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga shirin kafa wurin shakatawa a cikin bangarori biyu da gonaki da kwarin Cross River suka raba, tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 49.9.
Shirin ya yi la'akari da mazauna ƙauyen da ke cikin yankin da ke cikin gudanar da wurin shakatawa kuma ana ba su taimakon ci gaba.
An kafa Gidan shakatawa na Cross River (CRNP) ta hanyar Dokar Gwamnatin Ma'aikatar Tarayya a cikin 1991, tare da gorilla na Cross River da aka zaba a matsayin dabba mai taken.
Ba a aiwatar da shirin asali ba, kuma wurin shakatawa da aka kafa a 1991 kawai ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji na yanzu. Bayan karamin taimako na farko, kudaden sun bushe kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun zama masu adawa da gwamnatin wurin shakatawa.
Dokar gyare-gyare a cikin 1999 ta canza Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya, wacce ke gudanar da wurin shakatawa, a cikin kayan aikin soja tare da karuwar iko.
Ƙungiya
Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane. Gidan shakatawa na Cross River yana karkashin jagorancin Darakta a karkashin jagorancin Kwamitin Gudanar da Gidan shakata.
Gudanar da wurin shakatawa ya kafa tashar a Portugal a matsayin tushe don bincike da yawon shakatawa na muhalli.
Babban Ofishin Butatong, wanda aka kafa tare da taimakon Tarayyar Turai da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya suna ba da tushe ga masu tsaron da ke sintiri a bangarorin Okwa da Okwangwo na ƙungiyar Okwangwo.
Gidan shakatawa yana da sassan huɗu: Tsaro da Tsaro, Yawon shakatawa na Muhalli, Injiniya da Kulawa na Gidan shakata, da Kudi da Gudanarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, 250 daga cikin ma'aikata 320 sun yi aiki a cikin Tsaro da Tsaro, galibi maza saboda tsananin aikin, wanda ke da tushe a tashoshin ranger goma sha biyu. Wannan lambar ba ta isa ba saboda girman yankin da za a yi sintiri. Duk da yunkurin horo, da yawa daga cikin masu tsaron ba su da ƙwarewa kuma ba su gamsu da albashi, kayan aiki, motsawa da damar aiki.
Yankin Oban Hills
Wurin da yake
Yankin Oban Hills yana da 2,800 km2 a cikin yanki, yana tsakiya a kan daidaitattun / 5.41667°N 8.58333°E / 5. 41667; 8.58333.
Rukunin yana da iyaka mai tsawo tare da Korup National Park a Jamhuriyar Kamaru, yana samar da yanki mai kariya guda ɗaya.
Rukunin yana da ƙasa mai tsawo, yana tashi daga 100 m a cikin kwarin kogi zuwa sama da 1,000 m a cikin duwatsu.
Ƙasa tana da matukar damuwa ga leaching da rushewa inda aka cire shi daga murfin shuka.
Lokacin ruwan sama yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 3,500mm.
Yankin arewacin kogin Cross da masu goyon bayansa ne ke zubar da ruwa.
Kogin Calabar, Kwa da Korup sun zubar da sassan kudancin.
Biodiversity
Rukunin galibi an rufe shi da gandun daji mai laushi.
Nau'in bishiyoyi na al'ada sun haɗa da Musanga cecropioides, itacen corkwood na Afirka ko itacen laima, Irvingia gabonensis bush mango Berlinia confusa, Coula edulis, Hannoa klaineana, Klainedoxa gabonensis, mahogany na Afirka da jan ƙarfe.
An gano kimanin nau'ikan shuke-shuke 1,568, daga cikinsu 77 suna cikin Najeriya.
Wadannan sun hada da tsire-tsire masu fure 1,303, lichens 141 da nau'in moss 56.
Torben Larsen ya tattara kusan nau'in malam buɗe ido 600 a cikin ƙungiyar Oban a cikin 1995, kuma ya kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar nau'in 950 a cikin rukuni.
Kodayake ba a bincika wurin shakatawa sosai ba, an rubuta nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350. Yana daya daga cikin sassa biyu na Najeriya inda aka sami greenbul na Xavier. Sauran nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba a Najeriya sun hada da bat hawk, Cassin's hawk-eagle, crested guineafowl, gray-throated rail, olive long-tailed cuckoo, bare-cheeked trogon, lyre-tailed honeyguide, green-backed bulbul, grey-throed tit-flycatcher da Rachel's malimbe. An ƙidaya nau'in maciji 42.
Akwai akalla nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 75, gami da buffalo na Afirka, giwaye na gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari, chimpanzee na yau da kullun, Preuss's red colobus da Sclater's guenon da kuma drill mai haɗari sosai.
Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 400, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba.
Damuwa
Dajin ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba a cikin yankunan da ba su da sauƙin isa, amma a gefen gefen aikin ɗan adam ya shafa shi sosai. A wasu wurare, sake girma na biyu ya faru, amma wasu yankuna suna dauke da shuke-shuke na man dabino da roba.
Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba babbar barazana ce, kuma tana ƙaruwa.
Yawan ƙauyuka a cikin yankin shinge yana ƙaruwa, kuma manoma suna fara shiga.
Matakan farauta, kamun kifi da noma na ɗan lokaci suna ƙaruwa, kuma suna lalata yanayin halittu.
Chemicals da aka yi amfani da su don kamun kifi sun shafi tarin kifi.
An gwada hanyar da za ta shafi al'ummomin cikin gida wajen gudanar da gandun daji a cikin yankunan da ke cikin yankuna tare da wasu nasarori a cikin tsoffin da sabbin ƙauyukan Ekuri a arewa maso yammacin yankin Oban.
Mazauna ƙauyen suna da haƙƙin kusan 250 km2 na ƙasar gandun daji, kuma suna rayuwa ta hanyar aikin gona da siyar da kayayyakin gandun daji masu daraja, gami da nama na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari kamar chimpanzee da drill.
An kafa aikin gandun daji na Ekuri tare da taimakon jami'an wurin shakatawa da masu ba da gudummawa na kasashen waje don inganta gudanar da gandun daji da samun damar kasuwanni.
Tare da horo da tallafin kuɗi, mazauna ƙauyen sun kafa hanyoyin girbi gandun daji ta hanyar da za ta ɗorewa, kuma yanzu suna da sha'awar kiyaye shi.
Wannan ya bambanta da mummunan tasirin da ake gani lokacin da kamfanonin katako na waje ko shuka suka shiga wani yanki kamar wannan.
Yankin Okwangwo
Wurin da yake
Yankin Okwangwo yana tsakiyar a kan daidaitattun / 6.28333°N 9.23333°E / 6. 28333; 9.23333.
Ya ƙunshi tsohuwar Boshi, Okwangwo da Boshi Extension Forest Reserves.
Rukunin yana da yanki na kimanin 920 km2 a tsawo na 150 - 1,700m sama da matakin teku.
An raba shi daga yankin Oban zuwa kudu da kusan kilomita 50 na gandun daji mai cike da damuwa.
Yana kwance kudu maso yammacin Obudu Plateau kuma nan da nan zuwa gabashin Ajiyar dazuzzukan Kogin Afi, wanda aka raba shi daga wannan ajiyar ta Dutsen Mbe Community Forest.
Gidan ajiyar daji na Takamanda a Jamhuriyar Kamaru yana da iyaka tare da ƙungiyar Okwangwo zuwa gabas.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 an inganta Takamanda zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa ta hanyar aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kudancin da Gwamnatin Kamaru, tare da kariya ga gorilla na Cross River mai haɗari babban burin.
Gidan shakatawa na Takamanda na 676 km2 zai kuma taimaka wajen kiyaye giwaye na gandun daji, chimpanzees, da drills.
Ƙasa tana da tsaunuka, tare da tsaunukan duwatsu da tsaun-tsire. Manyan maki suna cikin Dutsen Sankwala a arewa (1,700 m) da kuma Dutsen Mbe a kudu maso yamma (1,000 m).
Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya zama kusan 4,280 mm, galibi yana fadowa a lokacin rigar tsakanin Maris da Nuwamba.
Kogin Oyi, Bemi da Okon, masu ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Cross, sun zubar da wannan rarrabuwa.
An rufe tsaunuka masu tsawo a cikin tsaunuka, tare da gandun daji a cikin kwari.
Ƙananan ƙasa, rabuwa ta rufe da gandun daji masu laushi, tare da yankunan savanna inda mutane suka lalata gandun daji.
Ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka da yankunan da ke ƙasa suna da haɗari ga rushewa da leaching lokacin da aka cire su daga shuke-shuke.
Biodiversity
Yankin Okwangwo yana da tsire-tsire daban-daban, tare da kimanin nau'in 1,545 da ke wakiltar iyalai 98 da aka rubuta.
Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in suna cikin yankin. Sauran ba a san su ba har zuwa kwanan nan. [yaushe?] Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 280 an rubuta su, gami da tsuntsayen dutse masu launin toka, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin tsaunukan Mbe da greenbul na zinariya, wanda ba shi da yawa a Najeriya. Tsuntsu mai launin toka yana kusa da barazana.
Gidan shakatawa yana da kusan kashi 78% na nau'in dabbobi da ake samu a Najeriya, gami da chimpanzee na yau da kullun da gorilla na yamma, da guenon na Sclater mai haɗari, biri da drill na Preuss, wanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan yankunan wurin shakatawa. Sauran manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da giwayen gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari da kuma buffalo na Afirka.
Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 200, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba.
Gidan gorilla ya kunshi tsaka-tsaki, tsaunuka da kuma wuraren savannah da aka samo a cikin wani hadaddun tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da kwari masu tsawo, tare da tsaunuka waɗanda suka tashi har zuwa 2,000m.
Babban tushe ga gorillas shine Dutsen Mbe, tare da yawan mutane 30 zuwa 40, ba a riga an haɗa su a cikin wurin shakatawa ba.
A shekara ta 2003 an yi tunanin cewa Boshi Extension Forest a arewacin rarrabuwa da Okwa da Ononyi Hills a kudu sun kasance tare da mutane 50-60, gabaɗaya suna zaune a cikin ƙananan mutane kuma sabili da haka suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin kwayar halitta.
Gorillas ma suna da rauni ga farauta, amma gabaɗaya mutanen Boki na yankin sun fi son karamin wasa.
Koyaya, a lokacin 1990-1998, watakila mafarauta sun kashe gorillas biyu a kowace shekara.
Damuwa
Akwai kimanin ƙauyuka 66 a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke dogara da wurin shakata don rayuwarsu. Tare da karuwar yawan mutane, ana rasa gandun daji don aikin gona da konewa da kuma katako ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu masunta suna amfani da sunadarai (gamalin 20, herbicide) don kashe kifin. An yi tunanin cewa an kawar da nau'o'i uku na primate.
Kashe katako, bisa doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba, a cikin yankin da kuma wurin shakatawa da kansa sun haifar da asarar mazauni, kuma hanyoyin katako sun buɗe gandun daji ga masu farauta. Snares da aka saita don kama ƙananan dabbobi suna haifar da rauni ga manyan jinsuna.
Makiyaya Fulani sun shiga cikin ajiyar don kiwon shanu tare da Bushi-Ranch axis.
Akwai ci gaba da farautar giwaye a kan iyaka tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru.
Babban burin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine Carpolobia, Garcinia da ebony, dazuzzuka da ba su da yawa a waje da wurin shakatawa.
'Yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan ayyukan, amma suna da nakasa saboda rashin kuɗi.
mallakar ƙasa a yankin ya kasance tare da ikon ƙasa, wanda dole ne ya sami izinin al'umma don canja wurin ƙasa. Mutanen yankin, tare da dalili, suna da shakku game da alkawuran gwamnati cewa za su sami taimakon tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci don musayar barin ƙasarsu, kuma a maimakon haka suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi mai yawa. Wannan ya yi takaici da kokarin da za a yi na hada da Afi River Forest da Mbe Mountains Community Forest a cikin wurin shakatawa, yana hana ingantaccen kokarin kiyayewa.
Shirye-shiryen da za a kafa aikin gona na baya na nau'in nama na daji sun ci nasara a wasu sassan jihar, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke kiwon zomo, kaji, duikers, porcupines, beraye, giant rats, pythons, crocodiles da snails. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, farauta da farautar nama na daji sun ragu sosai. Hanyar tana da alkawari ga yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa. Sauran hanyoyin kare nau'in da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin ko hanyoyin muhalli, karkatar da babbar hanya da inganta aikin 'yan sanda. Dukkanin zai kasance mai tsada kuma ya dogara da jami'an gwamnati masu himma a jihohi da matakan tarayya.
Halin yawon bude ido
Gwamnatin Tarayya tana neman masu saka hannun jari don bunkasa damar yawon shakatawa na muhalli a cikin wannan da sauran wuraren shakatawa na kasa.
An ba wurin shakatawa taken "The Pride Of Nigeria".
Garin yawon bude ido, kimanin sa'a daya daga Calabar, zai ba ba baƙi tushe daga inda za su kalli wurin shakatawa, tare da masauki, gidan cin abinci da gidan kayan gargajiya na namun daji.
Ayyuka sun haɗa da kallon wasan, kallon tsuntsaye, bin diddigin gorilla, hawan dutse ko yawo, kamun kifi na wasanni, jirgin ruwa da lambun Botanical da Herbarium a Butatong.
Abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da Kwa Falls, a cikin wani kunkuntar, mai tsawo kusa da maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Kwa. An ɓoye tafkin zurfi a ƙarƙashin faduwar ruwa a ƙarƙashin babban rufin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kafin a sare daji. Agbokim ya fadi a kan Kogin Cross ya sauka a cikin kimanin 7 a kan dutse a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Akwai wani karamin lambun kiwon dabbobi da ke da nau'ikan dabbobi da ba a samu a Najeriya ba, wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton wasu nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba daga halaka.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53603 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Walter | Tommy Walter | Thomas Edward Walter (an Haife shi Oktoba 30, 1970) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, wanda aka fi sani da madadin rukunin rock ɗinsa, Waɗanda aka bari, da kuma kasancewa tsohon bassist kuma ɗaya daga cikin membobin Eels .
Shekaru na farko da Eels
Tommy Walter ya girma a kauyen Westlake . Mahaifinsa matukin jirgin sama ne; mahaifiyarsa mai hidima. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga Kanada, kuma yana kusan 47 lokacin da aka haifi Tommy. Ya girma a cikin gida mai ƙanƙanta, matsakaita. Ya fara buga bass tun yana ƙarami, kuma an horar da shi bisa ƙa'idar ƙahon Faransa a kwaleji. Ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin California, sannan Jami'ar Pacific ta biyo baya. Ya fara koyar da ka'idar kiɗan gargajiya, kuma ya yi aiki tare da mawakan yankin Los Angeles na gida.
Ya sadu da mawaƙi-mawaƙi Mark Oliver Everett (wanda aka sani da E), da Butch Norton kuma ya kafa Eels. Kafin kafuwar su, E ya riga ya fitar da faifai guda biyu da kansa, a ƙarƙashin sunan sa na harafi ɗaya, kuma an yanke sunan su don a sanya kiɗan su kusa da ayyukan solo na E. Duk da haka, a baya sun fahimci cewa akwai makada da za a sanya a tsakanin, irin su Eagles .
Haɗin gwiwarsu ya haifar da gyare-gyaren waƙoƙin da E ya rubuta a baya, da kuma ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa. Sun fito da kundi na farko, Beautiful Freak, a cikin 1996. Koyaya, bayan shekara guda na yawon shakatawa, Walter ya bar ƙungiyar. A cikin wata hira, ya bayyana rashin gamsuwa da halin E, da kuma asarar adadin abubuwan shigar da Butch da kansa suka yi kafin nasarar Kyakkyawan Freak.
Ba da daɗewa ba, ya kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira Metromax. Ba da daɗewa ba suka canza suna zuwa Tely, kuma sun fitar da wani kundi ta Intanet. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara mai yawa ba, kuma nan da nan ta samo asali zuwa aikin solo na Walter, Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Walter.
Tarihi
Dan Adam (2001-2004)
Walter, ta yin amfani da sababbin kayan aiki, da kuma waƙoƙi da dama da ya yi aiki a baya a cikin Tely da Metromax, ya haɗa, rubutawa, kuma ya saki kundin solo, Humanistic, a cikin 2001 akan Extasy Records . Yayin da suke zama ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirƙira a bayan aikin, sauran mawaƙa sun ba da gudummawa ga aikin, kamar Angie Hart na Frente!, wanda ya rera waƙoƙin goyan baya zuwa "Farawa," "Run Your Life," "Ranar Sunny," da "Seed."
Ko da yake aikin solo ne, ya ɗauki ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa, wanda ke nuna Leah Randi da Bryan Head suna cika matsayi na bassist da mai ganga, bi da bi. Suna da balaguron nasara da yawa, suna tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma suna kan layi tare da ayyuka irin su Garbage, A Perfect Circle da Lenny Kravitz . Sun kuma bayyana akan The Late Late Show tare da Craig Kilborn da kuma bidiyo guda biyu, " Mercy Kiss ", da "The Remedy", an fito da su. Monster, wani bidiyo, ya ƙunshi hotuna da aka ɗauka yayin yawon buɗe ido, amma ba a sake shi ba tsawon shekaru, ta gidan yanar gizon MTV.
A cikin 2002 sun yi waƙar jigon don ɗan gajeren lokaci na Teletoon (kuma ana watsa shi akan MTV ) jerin rayayye na Clone High, wanda ake kira waƙar Clone High theme . Ana iya jin yawancin waƙoƙinsu a bayan fage yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Walter kuma ya bayyana kansa a cikin ɗan gajeren bayyanar a cikin wasan karshe, " Canje-canje: Kuna Samun Prom Wit Dat? " . Bayan MTV ya jefar da Clone High, duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta dakatar da yawon shakatawa.
Makamai zuwa Hakora (2005-2007)
Yayin da yake ci gaba da tuntuɓar magoya bayansa da kuma kula da cat ɗinsa mara lafiya, Iggy, Walter ya fara aiki a kan kayan a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, yana shirin sakin wani kundi. Bayan da dangantakarsa ta kai ga ƙarshe, Universal ta ɗauke shi, kuma ya rubuta waƙa da yawa don kundin sa na gaba, yana ambaton rayuwarsa ta sirri, da kuma siyasa, a matsayin babban abin da ya sa ya yi farin ciki.
Haɗin kai tare da Bryan Head sau ɗaya kuma ya kawo mawaƙi Sean Woolstenhulme, Walter ya fara aiki a 2004 don yin rikodin kundi na gaba. A cikin Yuni 2005 sun fito da EP, wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan waƙoƙi daga sabon kundin tare da b-sides da demos, mai suna Reverb EP . Wannan ya biyo bayan cikakken kundin, Armed to the Teeth, a cikin Satumba 2005
A cikin Janairu 2006, Walter ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa ta kan layi cewa Universal Records ya daina inganta kundin. Daga baya ya bar lakabin, yana mai lura da cewa Waɗanda aka watsar sun sake zama aikin mutum ɗaya. Tun daga lokacin ya ƙirƙiri ayyukan gefe guda biyu-Glacier Hiking, madadin dutsen band, da Oliver the Penguin, aikin lantarki.
Babban Kudi (2011-2012)
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2011, Waɗanda aka yi watsi da su sun fito da waƙar "A cikin Silence", ana samun su a duk shagunan dijital, a matsayin na farko daga kundi mai zuwa Sublime Currency . A Yuni 7, 2011, na biyu guda, "Marigolds" da aka saki a duk dijital Stores.
A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2012, Waɗanda aka yi watsi da su sun bayyana cewa sun sanya hannu kan sabon lakabin rikodin, Haƙori & Nail Records, kuma za a fitar da Sublime Currency a ƙarƙashin wannan lakabin. Sun kuma ambata cewa za a bayyana ranar fito da albam na uku "nan ba da jimawa ba".
An bayyana a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2012, cewa Babban Kuɗin zai ƙunshi waƙoƙi 11. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2012, an bayyana cewa za a saki Sublime Currency a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2012, kuma an nuna zane-zane na ƙarshe na kundin.
A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2012, an fara waƙar taken kundin akan gidan yanar gizon Alternative Press '. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2012, an fitar da waƙar bisa hukuma a matsayin kundi na uku. Washegari, waƙar "Ba a karanta ba" an yi kyauta don saukewa akan gidan yanar gizon RCRD LBL . A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2012, waƙar "Behemoth" ta fara kan gidan yanar gizon CMJ .
An saki Sublime Currency a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2012, kuma an fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na "Maɗaukakin Kuɗi" guda ɗaya a kan Satumba 7.
Somnambulist (2013)
A Yuni 6, 2013, da watsi Pools Twitter asusun ya sanar da cewa band ta gaba LP, mai suna Somnambulist, za a saki a Yuli 2, 2013. Ba da daɗewa ba, an sanar da cewa za a jinkirta album ɗin da mako guda, kuma a maimakon haka za a sake shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2013.
A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Tafkunan da aka watsar sun fitar da murfin waƙar Kirsimeti " Noel Farko " ta cikin kundi na Hype Music Presents Holidays, Vol. 1 .
Album na 5 mai zuwa
A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2021, Walter ya fito da kamfen na Kickstarter don yin yuwuwar kundi na 5, shekaru 8 bayan kundi na ƙarshe, Somnambulist, saboda labaran da ke bayyana cewa farfaɗowar MTV's Clone High yana kan haɓakawa, za a sake shi akan HBO Max . Kickstarter ya haɗa da bidiyo wanda ke ƙunshe da nunin faifan sauti na waƙoƙin da za a yi rikodin kundi.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara samun jimlar $43,782 daga masu goyon bayan 486.
Sa'an nan, bayan wata daya zai ci gaba da canja wurin yakin zuwa Indiegogo . Nasarar ta ci gaba kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya samu zuwa jimlar $44,606 daga masu goyon bayan 498.
Solo
A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2020, Walter ya fito da kundi na kayan aiki Supraliminal akan lakabin Kiɗa na Matsayi.
Hotuna
Eels
Waɗanda Aka Yashe
Cikakken tsayi
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52475 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bori%20Da%20Girka | Bori Da Girka |
Bori Da Girka
Bori Wata hanƴa ce ta bautar Iskoki, kamar yadda Musulmai ke bautar Allah (SWT) da nufin neman biyan buƙata.
Bunza 1990, Haka kuma Bori wata daɗaɗɗiyar al’ada ce da ake yi a ƙasar Hausa tun kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci. Hanya ce da ake bi wajen bautar iskoki a matsayin addini. Domin nema da samun dukkan buƙatu daga Aljanu ko Iskoki. [{https://amsoshi.com}]
Masu riƙo da wannan al’ada ta Bori, sun yarda kuma sun amince cewa bautar irin waɗannan Iskoki ita ce hanƴar samun duk wani magani ga marasa lafiya ko masu lalura.
Uba 2006:304 Sai dai sharuɗan dake cikin wannan addini na Bori shi ne, dole ne sai ka kasance kana da Iskoki da suke a kan ka ko kan ki, kafin ka zamo Ɗan Bori. Idan kuma kana da sha’awar ka shiga wannan addini kuma baka da irin waɗancan Iskoki, sai ka zauna da manƴan Sarakunan Bori da manƴan Bokaye a girka ka, kafin ka samu shiga cikin irin wannan addini.
Haka kuma Bunza, (2006:25) Ya raba Bori ya zuwa kashi huɗu kamar haka:
1- Borin Fage
2- Borin magani
3- Borin giri
4- Borin girka
Bambancin Bori da Tsafi
Bori wata dabarar warkarwa ce da bokaye suka yi fice da ita. Da Musulunci ya bayyana a ƙasar Hausa ya tarar da ƴan bori ne jagororin al’umma. Da aka rinjaye su, suka miƙa wuya karkace. Kasancewarsu cikin summa kafaru summa amanu sai bori da Musulunci suka cakuɗe wuri ɗaya Musuluncin, sai bori ya koma barbarar yanyawa. Taho-mu-gaman aƙidojin addinin Musulunci da aƙidojin bori ya sa da wuya a tantance kama da wane ba wane ba ne. Bori ba addini ba ne, wata hidima ce da wasu ‘yan tsiraru ke yi wa iskoki tsakanin ƙarya da gaskiya, har abin ya bi jikinsu da hankalinsu suka ɗabi’antu da ɗabi’aɗaya da ake iya rarrabe su da sauran wasu ba su ba (Bunza, 2016:37).
Tsafi yana nufin bin wasu hanyoyi na gargajiya musamman yi wa iskoki hidima da yanka da bauta domin biyan wata buƙata ko samun wani amfani ko tunkuɗe wata cuta. Hidima a nan, tana nufin yi musu wasu ayyuka ko taimaka musu da abinci ko wasu abubuwa (Bunza, 2006:35).
Shi kuma, Gobir (2013:370) yana ganin cewa ƴanbori suna cikin nau’i na bokaye a ƙasar Hausa, domin duk wani ƙasurgumin boka daga bori ya fara. ‘Yanbori su suka fi hulɗa da Iskoki, musamman miyagu masu haddasa ciwon hauka da sauran rashin lafiya. Hanyoyin bayar da magungunansu su ne ta fuskar wasan bori da girka.
Asali da Dalili
Ƴanbori da Matsafa kan yi sanƴa wasu sunaye, musamman na aljanu domin girmamawa da kuma camfi a yanayi na tsoron kar su cutar da su, ko kuma, domin neman biyan buƙata da waɗannan aljanu da sukan sanƴa sunayensu. Da kuma dalili na nisanta kai da cutarwa da kuma dangantankar aljanun da magani da kuma waraka.
Girka
Wannan na nufin kafe wani abu ko ɗora wani abu a kan wani da nufin a zaunar da wannan abin akan wani. Za a iya tabbatar da wannan ma’ana idan aka dubi Kalmar ‘Girki’. Kowa ya san cewa idan aka ce “Furera tana yin girki”.
Abin da mutum zai sa ran ya gani shi ne, ya ga an ɗora tukunya a kan murhu ana dafa abinci. Waccan ɗora tukunƴar da ake yi a kan murhu, ita ce girkawar. Amma a harshen Bori idan aka ce ‘girka’ ana nufin zaunar da wasu gungun Aljanu ko Iskoki a kan wani
Bil’adama da nufin su saba da shi su riƙa yi masa hidima, ta fuskar bayar da magungunan dukkan cututtuka.
Sannan girka na daga cikin lamura masu wahalar aiwatarwa a cikin aikin Bori, domin sai an tanadi kayayyakin da za a yi amfani da su a wannan aiki na girka. Hakan ta sa ba a iya yin girka a lokaci guda. Kuma dole sai an yi tarayya da juna, wato mutum guda ba zai iya aiwatar da girka shi kaɗai ba.
Bahaushen Girka
Waƙar Bahaushen Girka wadda Sulaiman Ahmad Tijjani (Farfesan Waƙa) wadda yayi Waƙar Bahaushen Girka, waƙa ce da a cikin ta mawaƙin ya zayyano ma’anar Bori da kuma Ɗan Bori. Da irin zurga-zurgar da ake yi kafin a zama Ɗan Bori.
Har ya kwatanta shi da ‘Hurtumin Sa’ wato irin artabu da ake yi da gawurtattun Shanu. Da irin yadda suke dalalar da yawu mai yauƙi da kumfa kamar dai yadda Sa mai asurka yake yi. A gaba kuma ya ambace shi da irin Amalen Raƙuma, da irin tsallen da Amalen Raƙumi yake yi a dokar daji, ko a duk lokacin da wani abu ya taso, haka Ɗan Bori yake yi, a lokacin da ake yi masa girka.
An rera wannan waƙa ne domin zayyano lamarin Bori da kuma yadda idan lamura sun gawurta ake tashi daga Ɗan Bori gama-gari a koma ‘girkakken ƊanBori. Kamar yadda mawaƙin ya faɗa tun a farkon buɗe waƙar kamar haka:
Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka, na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan Waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin ga nan na hurtumi na Sa da asurka"
Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka"
Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Ya bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka"
Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin nan
na hurtumi na Sa da asurka"
Da sauran baitukan dake cikin Waƙar yadda ya fayyace dukkan yadda bori da girka yake a ƙasar Hausa.
Madogara
. Gobir, Y. A. (2012). Tasirin Iskoki ga Cutuka da Magungunan Hausawa. Kundin Digiri na uku (Ph.D Thesis). Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Sokoto: Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo.
. Gobir, Y. A. (2013). Najasa a Mahaɗin Maganin Iska. In Harsunan Nijeriya Volume XXIII, Special Edition. Kano: Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University. Zariya: Ahmadu
Bello University Press.
. Guo, Ƙ. (2010). Cultural Difference in Chinese and English Euphemisms. In
Cross-Cultural Communication, 6(4), 135-141. Canadian:
Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture.[{Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu}]
. Kuta, H. M. (2014). Kwatantacin Borin Hausawa da na Gbagyi. Kundin Digiri na Biyu (M.A.Thesis). Sashen Harsunan Afirka da Al’adu,
Zariya:Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
. Yahaya, N. (2012). Euphemism Expressions for
Death in Hausa Language. In Amfani, A.H. da Alhassan, B.S.Y. da Malumfashi, A. I. da Tsoho, M. Y. da Amin, M.L. da Abdullahi, B. (Editoci). In champion of Hausa cikin Hausa a festchrift in honour of Ɗalhatu Muhammad. Zaria: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya da Afrika, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
. Yahaya, N. (2013). Sááyèn Suna a Ƙasar Hausa:
Jiya da Yau Taɓarɓarewar Al’adun Hausawa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Presss Limited. |
21328 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinedum%20Peace%20Babalola | Chinedum Peace Babalola | Chinedum Aminci Babalola (nee Anyabuike) , ne a Nijeriya, Farfesa na Pharmaceutical sunadarai da Pharmacokinetics. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama farfesa a fannin ilimin magunguna a jami’ar Ibadan, FAS da FAAS kuma mace ta biyu ‘yar Najeriya FAAS. Ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Chrisland, Nijeriya.
Bayan Fage
Ilimi
Chinedum ta sami digiri na farko a kantin magani (BEnglish.Pharm.) A shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da Uku 1983A.c, Master of Science a Pharmaceutical Chemistry a shekarar 1987 da kuma Doctor of Philosophy a Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Pharmacokinetics option) a shekarar 1997 daga Jami'ar Ife, yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University. Ta lashe kyautar Bankin Duniya/NUC don horon ma’aikata kuma ta kammala karatunta na digirgir a jami’ar British Columbia tsakanin shekarar 1994 da shekara ta 1995.
A shekarar 2012, Chinedum ta sami difloma a fannin ilimin hada magunguna na zamani (IPAT) wanda hadin gwiwar Makarantar Kimiyya ta Kilimanjaro, Tanzania da Jami'ar Purdue, Amurka. Ta sami Doctor na Pharmacy (PharmD) daga Jami'ar Benin, Nijeriya a cikin shekara ta 2019.
Ayyuka
Babalola ta fara karatun ta na ilimi a matsayinta na Junior Trainee/ Graduate Assistant a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo a shekarar 1985. A shekarar 1994, ta kuma koma Jami’ar British Columbia don kammala karatun share fagen digiri. Ta kai matsayin Malami na 1 a Sashin ilimin kimiyyar harhada magunguna na jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo kafin ta shiga jami’ar Ibadan a matsayin babbar Malama a shekarar 1998. Babalola ta zama mace ta farko a Jami’ar Ibadan mace ta zama Farfesa a fannin harhada magunguna a watan Oktoba shekarar 2006.
Farfesa Babalola gogaggen mai kula da jami'a ne. Kafin nadin nata a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Chrisland, ta yi aiki a matsayin Dean mace ta farko a Kwalejin Fasaha na Jami'ar Ibadan (2013-2017), kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Magunguna, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Jami'ar Onabanjo . Ta kasance Darakta-Janar na Babban Nazarin-zango na biyu (2005 - 2010). Jami'ar Ibadan. Ita ce likitan magunguna na farko da aka nada a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kuma mai ba da shawara a asibitin Nijeriya - Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a (UCH), Ibadan.
Bincike-Bincike da aiki
Farfesa, binciken Babalola ya mayar da hankali ne kan ka'idodin binciken ɗan adam, magunguna, gwajin asibiti, hulɗar magunguna PK / PD, da cututtukan da ba za a iya kamuwa da su ba (Cutar Sickle Cell da Cancer ). Ta kirkiro wata hanya mai saurin ruwa ta hanyar chromatography don nazarin quinine a cikin biometrics . Wannan sabon tsarin binciken quinine din ya haifar da karin bayani game da maganin quinine a cikin yan Afirka kuma ya zama tushen inganta kwayoyi a cikin takardun mallakar malaria. Karatun da take da shi game da cudanya da magunguna da kuma narkar da kwayoyi suna nuna raguwar samuwar kwayar halittar da kwayar wasu kwayoyi idan aka hada su da wasu magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda suka ba da rahoton binciken magani na farko a marasa lafiya da sikila a cikin 'yan Nijeriya tare da proguanil a matsayin bincike. Rahoton ya nuna cewa wasu 'yan Najeriya na dauke da kwayoyin halittar CYP2C19 masu rikitarwa da kuma gurbatattun magunguna.
Daga shekarar 2002 har zuwa yau, ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya da Ilimi (IAMRAT) ƙarƙashin Unungiyar Nazarin Halitta da Halitta; Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Ibadan. Rukuni guda ita ma ta shugabanci daga 2010 - 2012.
Farfesa Babalola mai karɓar abokantaka ne da yawa, kyaututtuka da kuma tallafi. A shekarar 2011, ta lashe kyautar Gidauniyar MacArthur da darajarta ta kai $ 950,000 (2012) don Ilimi mafi girma Ilimi, wanda da shi ne ta kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Kwarewa da Samun Magunguna (CDDDP), a Jami'ar Ibadan. A halin yanzu, ita ce Babban Jami'in Bincike, a kan USAID ta ɗauki nauyin USP PQM + kan aikin inganta Ingantaccen Magunguna a cikin LMIC a cikin CDDDP, UI core-flex (yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa - $ 160M Global).
Tun da ta zama farfesa, ta kula da ɗaruruwan ɗalibai masu karatun digiri da sama da ɗalibai masu karatun digiri na uku (PGD, MSC, M. Phil & PhD). Tana da labarai na masaniya sama da dari da hamsin 150 a cikin sanannen mujallar ilimi har ma da littattafai, babin littattafai, takaddun taro da rubutu ɗaya.
Kyauta da girmamawa
Union kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Kwame Nkrumah Taron Yanki / Kyauta na Kwarewar Kimiyya a Tarayyar Afirka Addis Ababa, Habasha ($ 20,000), 2019.
Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Magunguna ta Nijeriya (NAPharm), 2015.
Aboki, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Magunguna ta Afirka ta Yamma (FPCPharam), 2014
Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (F AAS ), 2013
Fellow, aceungiyar Magunguna ta Nijeriya (F PSN ), 2012
Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya ( FAS ), 2011
Memba, Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Najeriya (MIPAN)
Rajista Pharmacist, Najeriya, 1984.
Zaɓaɓɓun labaran ilimi
Da ke ƙasa an zaɓi wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe na farfesa Chinedum.
Adehin A, Igbinoba SI, Soyinka JO, Onyeji CO, Babalola CP (2019) Pharmacokinetics na quinine a cikin batutuwan Najeriya masu lafiya da kuma marasa lafiya tare da malaria mai rikitarwa: nazarin bayanai ta hanyar amfani da tsarin jama'a " Binciken Magunguna na Yanzu 91, 33-38
Oluwasanu MM, Atara N, Balogun W, Awolude O, Kotila O, Aniagwu T, Adejumo P, Oyedele OO, Ogun M, Arinola G, Babalola CP, Olopade CS, Olopade OI da Ojengbede O (2019) Abubuwan da magunguna don ƙananan bincike yawan aiki a tsakanin malamai masu karatun digiri na biyu da masu bincike na farko kan cututtukan da ba su yaduwa a Najeriya . Bayanan Binciken BMC 12: 403, 2019 doi: 10.1186 / s13104-019-4458-y
Nwogu JN, Babalola CP, Ngene SO, Taiwo BO, Berzins B, Ghandhi M (2019) Shirye don ba da Gudummawar Samfuran Gashi don Bincike Tsakanin Mutane Masu Cutar Kanjamau / HIV / AIDs Suna Halartar Babban Sashin Kiwon Lafiya a Ibadan, Nigeria . Binciken Aids da Mazaunin Rayuwa 35 (7) An buga Layi: 26 Yuni 2019 doi: 10.1089 / aid.2018.0242
Kotila OA, Fawole OI, Olopade OI, Ayede AI, Falusi AG, Babalola CP (2019) N-acetyltransferase 2 enzyme genotype – phenotype a cikin masu cutar HIV da masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta Najeriya da magungunan jinsi, 29 (5), 106– 113, 2019 DOI: doi: 10.1097 / FPC.0000000000000373
Adejumo OE, Kotila TR, Falusi AG, Silva BO, Nwogu JN, Fasinu PS, Babalola CP (2016) Yin amfani da kwayar cutar ta CYP2C19 ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta proguanil a cikin masu cutar sikila da masu kula da lafiya a Najeriya. Nazarin Magungunan Magunguna da Haske, 4 (5): e00252. Doi: 10.1002 / prp2.252
Ong CT; et al. (2005). Haɗuwa a cikin mutum, tarin cikin cikin kwayar halitta da kuma tasirin tigecycline a cikin kwayar halittar polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Jaridar Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56: 498-501.
Babalola CP; et al. (2013) Tasirin Toxicological na SubTherapeutic, Therapeutic da overdose regimens na Halofantrine Hydrochloride akan Maɗaurin Albino. Pharmacologia 4 (3): 180-185, 2013
Babalola, CP. ; et al. (2010). Cytochrome P450 CYP2C19 genotypes a cikin marasa lafiyar cututtukan sikila da sarrafawar al'ada. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Magunguna . 35: 471-477
Babalola CP; et al. (2009) Sakamakon fluconazole a kan pharmacokinetics na halofantrine a cikin masu sa kai na lafiya. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Magunguna . 34: 677-682
Maglio D et al. (2005). Bayanin Pharmacodynamic na ertapenem akan Klebsiella pneumoniae da Escherichia coli a cikin cinyar murine murine. Jaridar Antimicrobial Agents da Chemotherapy 49 (1): 276-280.
Babalola CP; et al. (2002). Hanyoyin hulɗar proguanil akan samar da kwayar halitta ta cloxacillin. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Therapeutics, 27: 461-464
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na vancomycin da teicoplanin shi kaɗai kuma a haɗe tare da streptomycin akan Enterococci faecalis tare da abubuwa masu saurin kamuwa da cutar ta vancomycin. Jaridar Duniya ta Antimicrobial Agents 23: 343-348
Babalola CP; et al. (2004). Kwatancen nazarin bioavailability na sabon quinine suppository da baka quinine a cikin masu sa kai na lafiya. Jaridar Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research . 3 (1): 291-297
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Ingantaccen tasiri na G-CSF kan maganin Pseudomonas aeruginosa ciwon huhu a cikin mahaɗan neutropenic da ba-neutropenic. Jaridar Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53 (6): 1098-1100.
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Binciken bioaquailalence da bioequivalence (BA / BE). Zuwa ga Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Magunguna a cikin na 3 ..., 2004 Pg 79
Babalola CP; et al. (2006) Tattaunawa game da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro na halofantrine da babban narkewar sa N-desbutylhalofantrine a cikin plasma ta mutum ta hanyar yin chromatography mai saurin ruwa- Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2006 An ambata ta 10 Labarai masu alaƙa Duk nau'ikan 6
Babalola CP; et al. (2012) Gwaje-gwajen asibiti na ganye-ci gaban tarihi da aikace-aikace a cikin ƙarni na 21- Pharmacologia, 2012 wanda aka buga da wasu abubuwa guda 10
Babalola CP; et al. (2003) Tabbatar da chromatographic ruwa na pyronaridine a cikin plasma ta mutum da kuma samfurin maganin baka- Journal of Chromatography B, wanda aka buga ta hanyar abubuwan 16 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 6
Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Herbalism Medical and Herbal Clinical Research: Tsarin Duniya.
Babalola CP; et al. (2002) Polymorphic oxidative metabolism na proguanil a cikin yawan jama'ar Nijeriya - European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, wanda aka buga ta abubuwan 19 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 9
Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Kimantawa game da tsarin takardar saiti a cikin jihar Osun (Kudu maso Yammacin) Nijeriya - Jaridar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Cutar Cutar Rarraba, wanda aka buga ta abubuwan 39 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 4
Haɗin waje
https://www.linkedin.com/in/chinedum-peace-babalola-91445613/?originalSubdomain=ng
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lvw32FsAAAAJ&hl=en
https://chinedumpeacebabalola.org/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032
https://dbpedia.org/page/Chinedum_Peace_Babalola
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
27490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Talabijin%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya | Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. Asali anfi saninshi da Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a cikin 1990s.
NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a Najeriya tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.
Tarihi
Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya
Gidan talabijin na farko a Najeriya, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin Najeriya (WNTV) ya fara watsa labarai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a Burtaniya kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan kishin zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan Najeriya. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a Afirka mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.
A watan Maris na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a Kaduna kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin Najeriya ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a Zariya a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma kano a watan Fabrairun 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna.
A watan Afrilun a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin Legas, yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma.
An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na Fatakwal . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a Benin .
Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a Jos . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos.
An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.
Shirye-shiryen farko
1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida
Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na Alawada a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), Shugaban Kauyen da Hotel de Jordan akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su Tales da Moonlight, Cockcrow at Dawn, da Mirror in the Sun a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, Moment of Truth ce ta sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a Algiers . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. Cockcrow at Dawn, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta Moment of Truth, ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". Acada Campus, wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai.
A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a kan Rana, sai kuma Mai Kyau ko Mummuna da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode a Rana . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere Bayan Giza-gizai da Juyawa .
A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a (Moonlight), shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na Chinua Achebe 's Things Fall Apart a 1986.
Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar Sabon Masquerade da Ken Saro Wiwa 's Basi and Company . Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai no. 13 (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan barkwanci da aka yaba da wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. Shugaban Kauye, Koko Close da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin Pidgin Nigerian, an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.
1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci
A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar, an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar.
NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su Mind Bending na Lola Fani-Kayode, Ripples na Zeb Ejiro da Checkmate na Amaka Igwe . Ripples, wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. Checkmate by Amaka Igwe, tare da Richard Mofe Damijo, Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen Ripples da Checkmate, NTA ya inganta nunin Blossom da Fortunes, amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar The Rich Also Cry, Asirin da Sand kuma Wild Rose .
Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30karfe 07:00 na yammapm. Nunin sun haɗa da lokacin Nishaɗi, Ƙwallon Karatu, Yi aiki da shi, da Ɗauki Mataki .
A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da AM Express .
Labarai
Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, Bimbo Oloyede, Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's Newsline. Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune Labaran Sadarwa a Tara, Labarai na mintuna 5 a Taƙaice da ƙarfe 5:00pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna 15 a 11:00pm.
A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi.
Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21
Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci.
A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar AM Express, daga baya aka sake masa suna Good Morning Nigeria, ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30na zuwa 9:00na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar Super Story da Stand Up Nigeria yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da A filin wasa a ranar Litinin.
NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen Nickelodeon yayin 5-7. lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.
Labaran Sadarwa
Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. Babban samar da labarai shine Labaran Sadarwa, shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00 pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Ƙarin Labarai . Labaran Sadarwa galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da Labarai a 7 da Labaran ƙasa a 4 pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da Newsline da ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar Newsline ko 9labaran sadarwar pm.
Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da Panorama, Ƙarfe ɗaya Live, A cikin Majalisar Dattijai, da Kai da Wakilinku .
Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su
Tsoho
Mai rairayi
Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin
Kasadar Karamin Yarima
Atom Ant
Yakin Duniya
Bear, Tiger da sauran su
Bertha
Biker Mice Daga Mars
Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio
Hasken Wuta
Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers
Casper the Friendly Ghost
Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta
Dennis the Menace
Dino-Mahaya
DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space
Dungeons & Dodanni
Tatsuniya na Green Forest
Groovie Goolies
G-Force
Harlem Globetrotters
Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya
Hulk Mai Girma
Inspector Gadget
Jimbo da Jet-Set
Johnny Bravo
Sarki Rollo
Ƙananan Mayu
Bus Makarantar Magic
Muppet Babies
Sabon Shmoo
Ovide da Gang
Titin Tattabara
Pingu
Pinky da Brain
Samurai Jack
Samurai X
Sirrin Kunkuru
SilverHawks
Gudun tsere
Wasanni Billy
SuperTed
Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru
ThunderCats
Subsauki
Tom dan Jerry
Towser
Victor & Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka
Voltron: Mai kare Duniya
Shirye-shiryen Yara
3-2-1 Tuntuɓi
Dabbobin Kwackers
ChuckleHounds
Fraggle Rock
Wutar Wuta
Rentaghost
Titin Sesame
Terrahawks
Ƙungiyar Waterville
Wasan kwaikwayo
Charlie's Mala'iku
Likitan Wane
Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi
Yawon shakatawa
Abin ban dariya
Kula da Harshen ku
Muppet Show
Guma Mai Riga!
Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em
Wasanni
Telematch
NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa
Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto.
Suka
NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA.
Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Becky Umeh bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas The Guardian ta bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa."
An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani.
Ayyuka masu alaƙa
An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel.
Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya
Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke Burtaniya, inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781.
Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507.
Sanannun ma'aikata
Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( Network News ), NTA Network
Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba
Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003)
Julie Coker - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( Julie's World ), NTA Legas
Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos
Funmi Iyanda - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( New Dawn On Ten ), NTA Lagos
Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( Wasannin NTA, Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma, Wasannin ban sha'awa ), NTA Network
John Momoh - Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa da Daren Yau A Tara ), NTA Network
Tade Ogidan - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5
Onyeka Onwenu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( Contact and Wanene Ke kunne? ), NTA Network
Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu
Bimbo Roberts - Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA
Cyril Stober - Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA
Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin
Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( News Extra ), NTA Network
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin hukuma
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashique%20Kuruniyan | Ashique Kuruniyan | Muhammed Ashique Kuruniyan (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), da aka sani da Ashique Kuruniyan dan kasar indiya ne, Dan sana'an kwallon da ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan hagu na bangaren baya ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Indian, Super League kulob da ke Garin Bengaluru da kuma tawagar kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indiya dake buga wasan ƙasa da ƙasa.
Kulub
Haihuwarsa da fara kwallonsa
An haife shi a Malappuram, Kerala, Kuruniyan shine na biyar ga mahaifin sa wanda yake da shago da kuma uwa wacce take matar gida ce. Don taimakawa tallafawa iyalinsa, Kuruniyan ya daina zuwa makaranta lokacin da yake a kan mizani na takwas kuma ya fara aiki a shagon dawa na mahaifinsa. Lokacin da ya gama aikinsa da yamma, zai yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin filayen. Ba kuma da daɗewa ba Vision India ta zaɓa shi, wani shiri wanda Footballungiyar Kwallan Kwallan ta fara, kuma yana tare da makarantar har zuwa shekara ta 2014, lokacin da ya shiga makarantar koyar da ƙungiyar I-League ta wancan lokacin, Pune FC . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala Pune FC a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015 I-League U19 .
A cikin shekara ta 2016, lokacin da aka sayar da makarantar Pune FC ta FC Pune City, suka sake sanya sunan kungiyar zuwa FC Pune City Academy, wanda Kuruniyan zai shiga tare. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, an sanar da cewa Kuruniyan zai koma Villarreal C, rukuni na uku na Villarreal na La liga a matsayin aro daga Pune City . Koyaya, bayan samun horo a Spain tsawon watanni hudu, Kuruniyan ya koma Indiya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, bayan ya ji rauni a cinyarsa.
Birnin Pune
A watan Yulin shekara ta 2017 an tabbatar da cewa Kuruniyan ya sanya hannu kan wata kwantiragin kwararru tare da Pune City kuma kulob din ya ci gaba da rike shi a fafatawar da za su yi na Indian Super League. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 10 Disamban shekara ta 2017 a wasansu da Jamshedpur . Ya shigo ne a matsayin wanda ya sauya minti na 83 don Emiliano Alfaro yayin da Pune City tayi nasara da ci 1-0. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 30 ga Disamba, lokacin da ya ci kwallon farko a minti na takwas na nasarar 5-0 a kan NorthEast United FC . Ya zauna a kulob din don lokacin ISL na shekarar 2018-19, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na kakar a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2021 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Delhi Dynamos ( Odisha FC na yanzu). Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar bana a kan Chennaiyin FC a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, inda Kuruniyan ya buda bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na tara, amma daga karshe aka tashi wasan da ci 2 da 4. Kuruniyan ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar kuma kwallon karshe a Pune City a karawar da suka yi da Jamshedpur a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, inda ya ci wa Pune City kwallo ta karshe, yayin da suka ci wasan a kan babban tazara na 1-4. Bayan kakar shekarar 2018-19, FC Pune City ta watse, kuma Kuruniyan ya sanya hannu kan Bengaluru FC .
Bengaluru FC
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bengaluru FC ya kulla Kuruniyan a karkashin yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasan sa na farko a kungiyar da kungiyar NorthEast United FC a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2019, wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. Bengaluru ya cancanci zuwa wasan zagayen gaba na gasar kuma ya fuskanci kulob din ISL ATK a kafafu biyu. Kuruniyan ne ya fara ci wa Bengaluru kwallo a karawa ta biyu a wasan dab da na karshe a minti na 5 na wasan a ranar 8 ga Maris, na shekara ta 2020, wanda suka tashi 3-1. An fitar da Bengaluru daga buga wasan bayan ATK ta ci gaba da jimillar ci 3-2. Tsakanin kakar wasa ta yau, Kuruniyan ya fara buga wasan farko a nahiyoyin farko a wasan farko a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekara 2020, a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 akan Paro FC, wanda Bengaluru ya ci 0-1. Kuruniyan ya fara kakar wasannin Super League ta shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021 a wasan da suka buga da FC Goa a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2020, wanda shine wasan farko na kungiyar a kakar wasan wanda ya kare da kunnen doki ci 2-2 bayan wani jinkiri da FC Goa tayi. Yayin wasan da kungiyar Odisha FC a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, Kuruniyan ya sami karaya da yawa a fuskarsa bayan wani rikici da Odisha's Jerry Mawihmingthanga ya yi . Nan take motar daukar marasa lafiya ta dauke shi zuwa asibiti. Ya kasance kusan watanni biyu bayan an yi masa tiyata mai nasara kuma ya dawo filin wasa tare da abin rufe fuska. Kuruniyan ya dawo cikin fili tare da tabo fuska a karawar da suka yi da Mumbai City FC a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2021, wanda ya kare da nasarar Bengaluru da ci 2-4. Bayan an kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, Kuruniyan ya buga wasan farko na nahiyoyi na wannan kakar a wasan Bengaluru na shekarar 2021 AFC Cup Preliminary zagaye na 2 da Nepal Army Club a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, wanda ya ƙare 5-0 zuwa Bengaluru.
Ayyukan duniya
Kuruniyan sun wakilci Indiya a matakan ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 da 19. Ya samu kiran babbar kungiyar sa ta kasa, lokacin da aka zaba shi cikin tawagar Indiya don gasar cin kofin Intercontinental ta shekarar 2018 biyo bayan fitaccen rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2017–18 ISL. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa a wasan bude gasar da China Taipei a madadin Halicharan Narzary a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, wanda ya kare da ci 5-0 mai ban mamaki ga Indiya. Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na shekara ta 2018 Intercontinental Cup da Kenya a matsayin maimakon Udanta Singh a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2018, wanda India da ci 2-0, game da shi ya lashe farko edition na Intercontinental Cup da kuma taimaka Kuruniyan lashe farko da na kasa da kasa suna Kuruniyan yana cikin yan wasan da zasuyi tafiya zuwa Bangladesh don Gasar SAFF ta shekarar 2018 . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga kungiyar kasa a karawar da suka yi da Sri Lanka a wasan farko na Indiya na gasar a ranar 5 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2018, inda ya ci kwallon farko yayin da Indiya ta ci wasan 2-2 a cikakken lokaci. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a wasan da India ta doke ta da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe da Maldives a ranar 15 ga Satumba. Kuruniyan yana daga cikin tawagar Indiya don fafatawa a Gasar cin Kofin Asiya ta AFC na 2019 . Ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni-rukuni uku, gami da wasan budewar Indiya da Thailand ranar 6 ga Janairun 2019, wanda Indiya ta ci 1-4, don haka ya ga nasarar farko da Indiya ta samu a gasar cin Kofin Asiya a cikin shekaru 55, sannan kuma ya zama wani bangare na Indiya mafi girma. lashe a tarihin su na Kofin Asiya. Ya kuma buga wasan-ko-mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu da Bahrain, wacce Indiya ta buge 0-1 bayan Bahrain ta sauya hukuncin lokacin raunin rauni zuwa buri, wanda hakan ya sa aka fitar da Indiya daga gasar. Watanni bayan haka, Indiya ta bayyana sunayen 'yan wasanta don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022, inda aka hada Kuruniyan. Ya buga wasan farko a wasannin share fage da Oman a ranar 5 ga Satumba, wanda ya kare 1-2 zuwa Oman.
Salon wasa
Kuruniyan ne winger wanda kuma iya wasa a matsayin reshe-baya . Ya taka leda a bangaren hagu a cikin kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2020 zuwa 21 ISL karkashin Carles Cuadrat . 'Yan wasa da manajoji sun yaba da shi saboda saurin da yake da shi a cikin filin. Har ila yau, ana girmama shi don kwarewar sa. Kuruniyan saboda wani dalili ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin ɗayan taurari masu zuwa na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Indiya.
Rayuwar mutum
An haifi Kuruniyan a Chungathara, Malappuram, Kerala a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997. Ya auri Aseela, wacce ita ma daga Malappuram ce a ranar 5 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2020 a cikin cutar COVID-19 . Matar sa dalibar B.Pharm ce.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Manufofin duniya
Sakamako da sun lissafa yawan kwallayen India.
Daraja
Na duniya
Indiya
Intercontinental Cup: 2018
Gasar SAFF : 2018 (ta biyu)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ashique Kuruniyan a gasar Super League ta Indiya
Rayayyun mutane
Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Wasannin FIFA
Wasanni
'Yan wasan Kashmir
Pages with unreviewed translations |
13324 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummu%20Salama | Ummu Salama | Ummu Salama Hind diyar Abu Umayya dan Al-Mughira ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan Annabi Muhammad, waɗanda ake ce musu Iyayan dukkan jama'a, ummu salamah anfi sanin ta Hind Suhayl, Ummu salamah sunan Alkunyan ta ne.
Kafin aure tare da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W)
Sunan haihuwar Ummu Salama itace Hind. Mahaifinta shi ne Abu Umayya ibn Al-Mughira bn Abdullah bn Umar bn Makhzum bn Yaqazah wanda aka fi sani da Suhayl ko Zad ar-Rakib. Ya kasance sananne ga dan kabilarsa ta Quraysh, wanda aka san shi da kariamci mai yawa, musamman ga matafiya. Mahaifiyarta '' Ātikah bint 'Āmir ibn Rabī'ah, na Firas ibn Ghanam bangaren Kinana .
Aure da Abu Salama
Kafin auren ta da Muhammad, Ummu Salama ta auri Abu Salama Abd Allah bn Abd al-Asad al-Makhzumi, wanda mahaifiyarsa Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib . Abu Salama daya ne daga cikin abokan Muhammad. Ummu Salama ta haifa wa Abu Salama 'ya'ya hudu: Salama, Umar, Zainab da Ruqayyah.
Karbar Addinin Musulunci
Umm Salama da mijinta Abu Salama suna cikin farkon waɗanda suka musulunta . Ali ne kawai da wasu tsirarun musulmai a gabaninsu. Duk da tsananin fushi da tsanantawa daga Quraishawa masu karfin fada a ji game da musuluntar su zuwa ga addinin Islama, Umm Salama da Abu Salama sun ci gaba da ba da kai ga Musulunci .
Yayin da zalunci ya tsananta ainun, sabbin musulmai sun fara Neman fara rayuwa a wajen garin Makka . Muhammadu (SAW) ya umurci sababbin mabiyansa, wadanda suka hada da Umm Salama da Abu Salama, da suyi ƙaura zuwa Abisiniya . Umm Salama ta watsar da rayuwa mai daraja a dangin ta a Makka don yin hijirar. Yayin da suke cikin Abisiniya, an gaya wa musulman nan cewa an sami raguwar zalunci gami da karuwar adadin Musulmai a Makka . Wannan bayanin ya sa Umm Salama, mijinta, da sauran musulmai wadanda suka yi hijira daga kasar suka yi tafiya zuwa Makka . Bayan dawowarsu Makka, Kuraishawa sun sake tsananta wa musulmai da karfi . A cikin amsar, Muhammadu(SAW) ya ba mabiyansa umarnin yin ƙaura zuwa Madina, wanda kuma aka sani da hijra . Umm Salama, tare da mijinta da ɗanta sun shirya yin hijra tare, duk da haka an dakatar da wannan lokacin da dangin Umm Salama suka tilasta mata ta zama a Makka, yayin da dangin Abu Salama suka ɗauki yaron.
Umm Salama ta ba da wannan labarin:
Kafin mu fita daga garin Makkah, wasu mazaje daga dangin muvsun tsayar damu, sai suka ce wa mijina; Dukda kana da damar aiwatar da abunda kake so wa kanka, baka da iko akan matar ka, ita yar'mu ce, kana tunanin zamu barka ka tafi da ita daga gare mu? Sai suka kauda shi suka kwace ni a wurinsa. Sai dangin mijina, Banu Abd al-Asad, suka hango shi suna tafiya dani, sai suka fusata, A'a Wallahi, suka ce cikin ihu, 'Ba zamu bar danmu ba, sai suka kwace yaron a hannu na'
Abu Salama ya yi tafiya zuwa Madina shi kadai, ya bar matarsa da yaransa a Makka . Bayan wani lokaci, Kuraishawa su bar Makka, kuma aka ba da danta da baya da mijinta ta kabilar. Tare da ɗanta, ta kammala hijra kuma an sake saduwa da mijinta.
Mutuwar Abu Salama
Yayin aurenta da Abu Salama, Umm Salama (a cikin wani labarin da aka ruwaito daga Ziyad bn Abi Maryam) ta ce mijinta ya nemi yarjejeniya cewa idan dayansu ya mutu, dayan ba zai sake yin wani. Ko ta yaya, a cikin wannan hadisin, Abu Salama ya ba da amsa ta umarci Umm Salama da ta sake yin aure bayan rasuwarsa. Sannan ya yi addu'a, "Ya Allah! Ka azurta Ummul Salama a wurina da mutumin da ya fi ni wanda ba zai ba ta baƙin ciki ko cutar da ita ba!"
A yaƙin Uhud (Maris 625), Abu Salama ya ji rauni sosai. Yayin da Abu Salama ke mutuwa saboda wadannan raunuka, sai ya tuno da wani labari ga Ummu Salama wacce ta shafi wani sako da ya ji daga wurin Muhammad: "Na ji Manzon Allah yana cewa, 'Duk lokacin da wata masifa ta same kowa sai ya ce," Lallai daga Allah muke Kuma zuwa gare Shi makõma take. Kuma ya yi addu'a, 'Ya Ubangiji! Ka mayar mini da abin da yake mafi kyau daga gare shi, Kai kaɗai, Mabuwayi, Mai ikon bayarwa' ". An fassara wannan labarin na al'ada tare da bambance-bambance iri daban-daban, amma mahimman ka'idodin hadisi suna cikin kwanciyar hankali.
Daga baya maigidanta ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu a yaqin Uhud . Umm Salama ta tuna da hadisin da mijinta ya tuno kafin rasuwarsa, kuma ta fara karanta addu'ar da aka bayar.
Bayan rasuwar Abdullah bin Abdulasad a yakin Uhud sai aka sanya mata suna Ayyin al-Arab - “wacce ta rasa mijinta”. Ba ta da iyali a Madina, sai yara ƙanana, amma Muhajirun da Ansar sun ba ta tallafi. Bayan ta gama iddah na wata hudu da kwana goma, isasshen lokacin da mace zata jira bayan mutuwar mijinta kafin ta sake yin aure, Ummu Salama ta samu abubuwan aure. Abubakar sannan Umar ya nemi ya aure ta, amma ta ki. Daga nan sai Muhammad da kansa ya ba da shawarar ga Umm Salama. Ta fara yin nadama a karbarta, tana mai cewa, "Ya Manzon Allah, Ina da halaye uku. Ni mace ce mai tsananin kishi kuma ina tsoron kar ki ga a cikina wani abin da zai fusata ki kuma zai sa Allah Ya hore ni. Ni mace ce da ta tsufa kuma ni mace ce da ke da dangi. "
Ko ta yaya, Muhammadu ya nuna rashin damuwa game da damuwar ta, “Dangane da kishin da ka ambata, ina rokon Allah Madaukakin Sarki da ya bar shi ya bar ka. Dangane da tambayar shekaruna da kuka ambata, Ina fuskantar matsala ɗaya kamar ku. Dangane da dangi mai dogaro da kuka ambata, Iyalinku dangina ne. ”
Zamanin Muhammadu
Umm Salama ta auri Muhammad yana da shekara 32. Sai matansa na shida da na bakwai (Umm Salamah) da Zainab, a hankali) 'yan'uwan mahaifiyarsa kai tsaye waɗanda ya san su tun suna yara. Umm Salamah bazawara ce da yara 3 da na huxu suka haihuwar kusan aurensu nan da nan.
Lokacin da Fatimah bint Asad (mahaifiyar Halifa Ali ta 4) ta mutu, an ce Muhammad ya zabi Umm Salama a matsayin mai kula da Al Sayeda Fatimah Al Zahra . Koyaya, ana zaton Fatimah al-Zahra ta auri Ali a cikin 1AH ko 2AH, Fatimah bint Asad ta mutu a shekara ta 4AH, kuma Umm Salama ta auri Annabi a shekara ta 5, don haka dole ne duk wani mai kula da shi ya kasance zalla ne kawai.
An saukar da aya ta tsarkake (33:33) a cikin Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a gidanta.
Umm Salama da matan Muhammadu
A shekara ta huxu bayan hijira zuwa Madina (4 AH), Umm Salama ta karɓi shawarar aure daga wurin Muhammad. Bayan ta raba abubuwa guda uku game da auren, da jin amsar daga Muhammad, Ummu Salama ta yi matukar farin ciki da ta yarda da shawarar. Umm Salama ta kasance farkon duk matan Muhammadu. Ta zama matar mai daraja ta Muhammad, kawai a bayan Khadija . Matsatacciyar matsayinta a tsakanin sauran matan ya kasance sakamakon kasancewar ta cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da kariyar gidan gidan Muhammadu. Halayen da suka bambanta Umm Salama da sauran matan Muhammadu sun hada da masu zuwa: Matsayinta a cikin mahaifiyar Fatima al-Zahra (mafi shaharar 'yar Muhammad, wacce Umm Salama ta yi shelar nuna ilimi fiye da kanta a cikin dukkan al'amuran), gwagwarmayar siyasarta., labarinta game da ruwayoyin Muhammadu (hadisai 378 na Hadisi), da kuma kare mutuncin Imam Ali da mutuncinsa bayan mutuwar Muhammad.
Mafi girman sifofin matan Muhammadu an nuna shi da suna "Uwar muminai". An kuma haramtawa su auri wani mutum kuma. (33:53) Kur'ani ya nuna cewa matan Muhammadu su kasance abin koyi a cikin jama'a (33: 30-32). Duk sauran matan Muhammadu sun kasance masu lura da ita saboda hikimarta da ilimin siyasa. Umm Salama da kanta ta ruwaito Hadisi na 378, daga cikinsu akwai wasu daga cikin mafiya mahimmanci. Ita ce ta ƙarshe daga matan Muhammadu da suka shuɗe.
Tasiri kan Muhammadu da al'umma
Saboda kyawunta, ilimi, da hikimarta, Ummu Salama ta kasance tana da babban matsayi a gidan Muhammadu da al'umma. Ta kasance mace ta musamman ta Muhammadu a cikin imaninta da ɗabi'unta. A matsayinta na mace, ta kan aiwatar da dukkan ayyukanta na addini. Yayin aurenta da Muhammad, ta yi iya kokarin ta don ganin ta faranta masa rai. Ta kasance mai matukar girmama shi. An san ta a cikin jama'a don hankali, savanin siyasa, da kuma aiki don yaƙi da haƙƙin mata. Umm Salama mace ce da aka fi baiwa baiwa hukunci. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin qungiyoyin neman yancin mata a farkon al'umman musulmai ma. Ta taɓa tambayar Muhammadu wata tambaya ta siyasa, "Me yasa aka ambaci maza a cikin Kur'ani kuma me yasa ba mu ba?" A cikin mayar da martani daga sama zuwa ga Muhammadu, Allah ya ce dukkan jinsi biyu sunada daidaito a matsayinsu na membobin gari da muminai. Babu damuwa jima'i, muddin mutumin ya kasance mai aminci kuma yana da sha'awar yi wa Allah biyayya, to za su sami alherinsa. Wannan aiki da Umm Salama ta kafa, ya kafa hujja kuma ya nuna cewa mata za su iya zuwa wurin Muhammad kai tsaye yayin da ba su gamsu da aikin jinsi da ke hulɗa da su ba a cikin jama'a. Wannan matakin da Umm Salama ta yi ya wakilci wani yunkuri na nuna rashin amincewa da mata. Umm Salama ta sami kyakkyawar fahimta, saurin ikon tunani, da kuma ikon da ba ta dace ba wajen kirkirar ra'ayoyi daidai.
Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyya
Umm Salama ta zama mai ba da shawara ta Muhammad yayin tattaunawar game da Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah tare da Meccan a shekara ta 628 AD (6 AH ) Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan wannan yarjejeniya shi ne tantance alakar Muhammad da musulmin Madina da Quraishawa a Makka. Yarjejeniyar an yi niyya ne don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin bangarorin biyu tare da baiwa musulmai damar kammala aikin hajjinsu na shekara zuwa Kaaba, wanda aka fi sani da aikin hajji, wanda suka yi a shekara mai zuwa a shekarar 629 (7 AH). Wannan yarjejeniya ta kasance mai mahimmanci tun lokacin da ta kafa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta shekaru 10 tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Yarjejeniyar ta karye daga baya a cikin 629 (8 AH) wanda ya kai ga mamaye Makka .
Bayan Muhammad
Bayan mutuwar Muhammad, Umm Salama ta ci gaba da yin tasiri a addinin Musulunci . Ta m Hadith watsa sun yi zaunanniya tasiri a kan gaba daga cikin addini. Umm Salama, tare da daya daga sauran matan Muhammadu, Aisha, suma sun dauki matsayin a matsayin limamai, suna jagoranci sauran mata cikin bautar.
Ita ma Umm Salama ta dauki babban matsayi a Yaƙin Camel, inda ƙungiyoyin A'isha da Ali suke adawa kai tsaye. Ita kuwa Ummu Salama ta fito fili ta nuna rashin yarda da shigar Aisha cikin yaƙin. Ta ba da goyon baya ga bangaren Ali, kuma an ce ta tuno da labarun da Muhammadu ya fi son Ali da Fatimah don goyan bayan ra'ayinta kan yaƙin.
Ita ma Umm Salama har ma ta aiko da danta Umar don yaqin nasarar Ali
Umm Salama ta mutu kimanin shekara ta 64 A. Kodayake ana musanta ranar da za ta mutu, amma danta ya ce Umm Salama ta mutu tana da shekara 84. An binne ta a hurumin Baqi . Ita ce ta ƙarshe da ta tsira daga matan Muhammadu.
Hadisi
Umm Salama da Aisha sun samar da wasu Hadisai fiye da kowacce na sauran matan Muhammadu . Don Lady Umm Salama, ruwayoyi 378 ne aka ruwaito ta hanyar darikar Sunni. Daga cikin Hadisin da ta ruwaito akwai:
Ayar tsarkakewa 33:33
Kuma ku tabbata a cikin gidãjenku, kuma kada ku yi fitar gãye-gãye irin fitar gãye-gãye ta jãhiliyyar farko. Kuma ku tsayar da salla, kuma ku bãyar da zakka. Kuma ku yi ɗã'a ga Allah da ManzonSa. Allah na nufin Ya tafiyar da ƙazamta kawai daga gare ku, ya mutãnen Babban Gida, kuma Ya sanya muku tsarkakakku.
Ayar tsarkakewa (Ayat al-Tathir) an ba ta suna ne saboda ambaton tsarkaka a layin karshe. A cewar Umm Salama, ayar tsarkakewa an saukar da ita a gidanta lokacin da Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, da Husayn kaɗai ke nan. Masana kamar Tarbasi da Tha'labi sun ba da labari ga Umm Salama: "Wata rana Uwargida Fatima da ta dafa abinci ta kawo wa gidana ga Annabi. Annabi ya ce, 'Ya hasken idanuna, kira Ali da' ya'yanku don mu ci abincin tare. '" Lokacin da dukansu suka taru sannan suka ci daga wannan abincin, sai Mala'ika Jibrael ya sauko ya saukar da aya mai zuwa: Lallai Allah Yana nufin Ya kankare muku duk wani kazamta daga gare ku, ya ku Iyalan Gida, kuma ya tsarkake ku tsarkakakku.
Da jin ayar, Annabi ya shimfiɗa mayafi a kansu ya ce: “Ya Allah, waɗannan su ne mutanen gidana. Su amintattu ne da kuma mataimakina. Ya Allah, ka kawar da kazanta daga gare su ka kiyaye su tsarkaka. " Umm Salama ta ba da labari, "Kamar yadda na ji wannan addu'ar daga wurin Annabi, na ce: 'Ya Manzon Allah! Ni ma tare da ku? ' Ga wanda ya amsa ya ce: 'Ba ku da matakin Ahlul-Baiti, amma ku' yantattun kyawawan halaye ne. '
Ayoyin ayoyi sun samo asali ne daga amfanin Muhammadu na kalmar "Ahl al-Bayt" ma'ana "mutanen gida" a sashi na biyu na ayar. Fassarar "Ahl al-Bayt" ta tabbatar da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin Sunnis da Shi'a. 'Yan Shi'a sun yi imani da cewa kalmar na magana ne a kan Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan da Husayn wanda ke nuna cewa su' yan Ahlul-Baiti ne. A karkashin wannan akida, layin Muhammad kai tsaye ne kawai ke da jagoranci na ruhaniya da jagoranci akan al'ummar musulmai. Ya bambanta, Sunnis sun yi imani Muhammad ba yana nufin mutane biyar da ke cikin ɗakin ba ne. Madadin haka, Sunnis suna da kowane kyakkyawan imani na iya samun jagoranci na ruhaniya da mulki. Bambanci tsakanin fassarar guda biyu ya samo asali daga hadisin Umm Salama na ayar tsarkakewa da Hadisin Cloak.
Wasu bayanan da aka fassara, ciki har da Amina Wadud sun fassara layin farko, "kuyi shuru a cikin gidajenku, kuma kada kuyi wani sabon abu mai ban sha'awa, irin na Tsohon Jahilci" don nuna cewa bai kamata a kyale mata su fita kwata-kwata ba, maimakon damuwa. iyakance fitowar fita domin manufar nuna rashin sani.
33:35
Ga musulmai maza da mata, ga muminai maza da mata, ga maza da mata masu ibada, na kwarai maza da mata, ga maza da mata masu haquri da daurewa, ga maza da mata masu kaskantar da kai, ga maza da mata wadanda ke bayar da sadaka, ga maza da mata masu azumi (kuma suna musun kansu), ga maza da mata masu tsare farjinsu, da na maza da mata masu yawan shiga ambaton Allah, to, Allah ya yi musu gafara da sakamako mai girma.
Umm Salama ta nemi daidaito da 'yancin cin gashin kai ga matan musulmai kuma ba ta yi kasa a guiwa ba da tambayoyi ga siyasa ga annabin. Wannan ayar ta fara ne yayin da Umm Salama ta tambayi Muhammad, "me yasa aka ambaci maza a cikin Kur'ani kuma me yasa ba mu ba?" An nakalto yana ba da labari, "Na tambayi Annabi me yasa Kur'ani bai yi magana akan mu kamar yadda ya faru da maza ba. Kuma menene abin mamakin ni da rana ɗaya, lokacin da nake hada gashi, in ji muryarsa daga minbar. Da sauri na tsinke kaina da gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin gidajen da zan iya jin magana mai kyau " A nan ne Ummu Salama ta ji ayar.
Wasu fassarar bayanai sun fassara wannan aya don nuna daidaito tsakanin mata da maza. Amina Wadud ta fadi ra'ayinta cewa ayar tana sanya mata a kan mace ta gaskiya dangane da damar ruhi da ikon samun aljanna.
Gudummawar Umm Salami ga Sunan Ibn Majah
Abū ʻAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd Ibn Mājah al-Rabʻī al-Qazwīnī, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Majah, babban malamin karnin 9th ne. Ya shahara sosai wurin tattara hadisi na shida na Sunni Islam, Sunan Ibn Majah . Sunayen Hadisai a kasa sune Hadisan da Umm Salamah ta ruwaito daga Sunan Ibn Majah:
Hadisi 603 : “Na ce, ya Manzon Allah! Ni mace ce mai ɗaure kai. Shin ya kamata in kwance su idan na yi wanka in tsarkake kaina daga halin lalata? " Ya ce: "it'a, kun ishe ku isasshen ruwa uku a kansu, sannan ku zuba ruwa a kanku, kuma kun kasance tsarkaku."
Hadisi na 623 : “Wata mata ta tambayi Annabi (saw): 'Ina zubar da jini kullum kuma baya da tsafta. Shin bari na tashi ne? ' Ya ce: 'A'a, sai dai ku bar yin addu'a domin adadin ranaku da dare wanda kuka kasance kuna haila.' " (Daya daga cikin masu ruwaya) Abu Bakr (Ibn Abu Shaibah) ya fada a cikin Hadisin sa: "Ku kirga yawan ranakun cikin watan, sannan kuyi wanka ku rufe suttukanku da mayafi kuma ku yi sallah."
Hadisi na 637 : "Na kasance tare da Manzon Allah (saw) a karkashin bargo, sannan na ji cewa ina yin haila kamar yadda mata suke yi, don haka sai na tsallake daga karkashin murfin. Manzon Allah (saw) yace: "Shin kuna haila?" Na ce: 'Ina jin cewa ni mai haila ce kamar yadda mata suke yi.' Ya ce: "Abin da Allah Ya rub hasta wa ofya theyan .damu." Don haka na tsallake waje na rarrabe kaina, sannan na dawo, sai Manzon Allah (saw) ya ce mini: 'Ka zo karkashin murfin tare da ni,' don haka sai na shiga tare da shi. '"
Hadisi 648 : "A lokacin manzon Allah (s.a.w), mata masu zubar da jini bayan haihuwa (bayan haihuwar) sun kasance suna jira na kwanaki arba'in, kuma mun kasance muna sanya Wars a fuskokinmu saboda tarko."
Hadisi na 491 : "An kawo wani naman daga kafada na tunkiya ga manzon Allah (s.a.w) sai ya ci abinci daga ciki, sannan ya yi salla ba tare da an shafa ruwa ba (don alwala)."
Wadanda suka hada da Hadisai 499, 531, 925, 932.
Manazarta |
20345 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Efik | Harshen Efik | Efik /ɛ f ɪ k / dace. Efik. Usem Efịk ) suna ne na yaren kabilar Efik ta Nigeria. Shi ne babban yaren da aka fi yi a jihar Cross River a Najeriya. An saka sunan yaren ne bayan mutanen Efik waɗanda suke a cikin jihar ta Cross River da kuma jihar Akwa Ibom. Masu amfani da harshen Efik na iya fahimtar juna tare da masu amfani da sauran ƙananan harsunan Cross River kamar Ibibio, Annang, Oro da Ekid amma matakin fahimtar a fuskar yaren Oro da Ekid na da wahala; a wata fuskar, masu magana da waɗannan yarukan suna iya fahimtar juna watau Efik (da Ibibio) amma ba zasu iya maidawa ba. Habakar kalmomin harshen Efik ya samo asali da tasiri ta hanyar cudanyar Turawan Ingila, na Portugal da sauran al'ummomin da garuruwan dake kewaye da su kamar Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat da Ekoi (Qua).
Rarrabuwa
Salon amfani da harshen Efik ya samu rarrabuwa zuwa kashi da yawa tun a ƙarni na 19. Dr. Baikie ne mutum na farko da yayi kokarin bayanin rarrabuwar harshen Efik a shekara ta 1854. Dr Baikie ya ce, "Duk yarukan da ke gaɓar teku daga Ɗaya zuwa Tsoho Kalabar, suna da alaƙa na kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, da yaren Igbo, wanda daga baya Dr. Latham ya sanar cewa tana da dangantaka da Kafir-class". Kafir-class kalma ce ta kaskanci da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yarukan Bantu. Don haka, Dr Baikie yayi ƙoƙari don rarraba Harshen Efik kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da harsunan Bantu. Attemptoƙari na gaba don rarraba harshen Efik shine Rev. Hugh Goldie wanda ya sanya Harshen Efik a matsayin ɗayan Harsunan Arewa wanda ya faɗi, "ya samar da mafi yawan ɓangarorin sa kamar yadda rukunin Semitic ke yi, daga tushen fi'ili." Westermann ya sake yin wani ƙoƙari wanda ya sanya harsunan Efik a matsayin na ƙungiyar Yammacin Sudan na harsunan Sudanic. Greenberg ne ya gabatarda rabe-raben harsunan yanzu wanda ya hada Efik a cikin dangin Benuwai-Kongo na dangin Niger-Congo. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin shigar da harshen Efik cikin dangin Niger-Congo shine yanayin fasalin su. A cewar Greenberg, "halayyar halittar Neja-Kwango wacce ke samar da babban abin kwatance shine tsarin sanya sunan suna ta hanyar rataye biyu." Saboda yawan kamanceceniya a cikin kalmomin Efik, masana kamar Der-Houssikian, sun soki rabe-raben harshe na Greenberg yana mai cewa, "Goma daga cikin shigar Efik suna da kamus na Goldie da yawa. Wannan nan da nan ya kawo yiwuwar ma'ana mabambanta da ma'anonin ma'ana. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba Goldie ne ya bayyana su ba. Waɗannan keɓaɓɓun suna rage adadin abubuwan da ba tuhuma ba daga 51 zuwa 36. ” Daga baya Faraclass ya yi wani bincike mai wuyar fahimta game da Yarukan Kuros Riba kuma ya rarraba harshen Efik a matsayin memba na ƙaramin rukunin ƙananan ƙungiyar Delta-Cross wanda ƙari ne ga babbar ƙungiyar Kuros Riba wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar Benuwai Kwango dangin Kongo.
Tarihi
Efik Adabi
Cif Eyo Nsa ya fara jawo wanzuwar yaren a rubuce a cikin shekara ta 1812 ta wanda aka fi sani da Willy Eyo Honesty. GA Robertson ne ya samo waɗannan kalmomin daga wajen Cif Eyo Nsa.
Tun kafin gabatar da kalmomi a harshen Efik wanda Cif Eyo Nsa ya janyo, ƴan kasuwa da yawa daga tsohuwar Calabar sun iya karatu da rubutu a harshen turanci kuma suna adana mujallu don karatu. Wasiƙar farko da aka rubuto daga shugabannin Old Calabar ya fara ne a shekarar 1776. Don haka, an riga an shirya filin rubutu don harshen Efik kafin zuwan turawa masu da'awan kiristanci. Lokacin da Cocin United Church Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission ta iso Old Calabar a shekarar 1846, Reverend Hope Waddell da Samuel Edgerley tare da taimakon Eikyo ɗan kasuwar Egboyoung (Ekpenyong) suka fara rikodin kalmomin Efik; waɗannan an buga su a cikin lithofis ɗin lithographic ɗin su kuma an shirya su a shekarar 1849. Bayan isar da mishaneri, akwai matsalar samar da ingantaccen salon rubutu ga Harshen Efik. Dokar Lepsius ne ya kirkiro rubutun da mishan suka zaba wanda aka gano tsarinsa da haruffan sautin suna dacewa da yaren Efik a lokacin. Daga baya aka fitar da kamus na farko na Efik a 1862 ta Rev. Hugh Goldie da rubutun kalmomin Efik an kirkiresu a 1874 ta Goldie. Yaren Efik ya bunƙasa cikin rubutaccen adabi wanda mishaneri da Efik bi da bi, suka taka rawar gani. Ayyukan addini na farko waɗanda aka fassara a cikin yaren Efik sun haɗa da Tsohon Alkawari wanda Alexander Robb ya kammala shi a 1868 kuma aka buga shi a 1873; Wasikar Bulus zuwa ga Ibraniyawa wanda William Anderson ya fassara kuma ya buga. Ministocin 'yan asalin ƙasa ɗaya sun ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa adabin addinin Efik. Reverend Esien Esien Ukpabio, wazirin Efik na farko da aka nada a cikin 1872, ya fassara zuwa harshen Efik, na "Bishara da 'ya'yanta" na Dr. JH Wilson. Asuquo Ekanem wanda yayi daidai da wazirin Efik ya fassara yaƙin John Bunyan mai tsarki zuwa Efik. Mutanen Efik daidai sun fara rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na Coci kuma suna buga su. William Inyang Ndang wanda ya ɗan jima a Biritaniya shine Efik na farko da ya gabatar da mawaƙa a majami'u a Calabar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yawancin waƙoƙin Church tare da matarsa, Misis Jane Ndang. Tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950s, an buga Mujallu, Jaridu da na zamani a cikin yaren Efik. Daga farkon shekarun 1930, akwai mujalla mai shafi goma sha biyu-uku a cikin harshen Efik, "Obụkpọn Obio" (Bugle na gari) wanda Reverend James Ballantyne ya shirya. An tsara aikin ne ga mai karatu na gaba daya kuma ya ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, tun daga yar girma ye Uforo Obio (Raguwar da ci gaban gari) zuwa Ufọk Ndọ (gidan aure) da sauran batutuwa makamantan su. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1940s ta "Uñwana" (haske), na wata-wata mai shafi 32, wanda EN Amaku ya shirya. Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, wata jaridar mai shafi takwas a mako-mako a cikin Efik, "Obodom Edem Usiahautin" (Gabatar da Magana a Gabas), wanda Cif Etim Ekpenyong ya shirya kuma aka buga a Kamfanin Henshaw Press an sayar da shi a 2d kowanne. Yana kawo labaran duniya na yau da kullun (Littafin farko) kuma an karanta shi sosai. Don haka, yaren Efik ya ji daɗin karatun sosai tun daga zuwan mishaneri na Kirista a cikin shekarar 1846.
Yaɗa Harshen Efik
Saboda yawan kasuwancin mutanen Efik, yaren ya zama yaren da ake amfani da shi a yankin Kuros Riba. A cewar Offiong da Ansa,Harshen Efik a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haɓaka zuwa matakin da ya mamaye sauran yarukan da ake magana da su a kewayen Jihar Kuros Riba. Harshe kamar yaren Kiong wanda mutanen Okoyong ke magana an rasa shi saboda masu magana da shi sun lalata harshen Efik tsawon shekaru. Hakanan ana magana akan harshen Efut wanda mutanen Efut ke magana dashi a Calabar ta Kudu, Baya ga kasancewa yaren da kashi daya cikin uku na jihar Kuros Riba yake magana dashi a matsayin L1, shine L2 ko L3 na yawancin yan asalin Kuros Riba. Don manufar talla, ana amfani da yare sosai bayan Ingilishi a cikin jihar. Ana watsa tallan Talabijin da Rediyo a kowace rana a fannoni daban-daban, A cikin siyasa ana amfani da yaren duk a cikin sanatocin Kudancin da wasu yankuna na Yankin Sanatan Tsakiya na Jihar. A cikin ilimi, akwai tsarin karatun firamare da sakandare na Efik a makarantu. A fannin cigaban ilimin harsuna, ana karanta shi ne a matakin farko a jami’ar Calabar. Daga cikin Ibibio, harshen Efik ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin yaren adabi saboda fassarar da Baibul na Ikilisiyar Scotland ya yi a cikin Efik. Harshen Efik daidai ya rayu a Yammacin Indiya saboda fitar da bayi daga Yankin Kuros Riba. Ana iya samun kalmomin asalin Efik a cikin kalmomin mutanen Gullah Geechee na Amurka. A cikin 'yan kasashen waje a Cuba, ana amfani da wani nau'i na forman Efik wanda aka kirkira a cikin ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Abakuá, wacce ta samo tushe daga ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Efik Ekpe a Najeriya.
Fasaha
Bakandamiya
Salon Furuci
/ b / yana da allophone da yawa. Waɗannan allophones suna dogaro da matsayin / b / a cikin kalma. A matsayi na ƙarshe yana faruwa azaman dakatar da fito da sautin magana a matsayin [p̚], kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin aiki masu zuwa. [kop̚] (saurare!), [sɔp̚] (da sauri!), [fɛp̚] (dodge!). / p / a cikin Efik ana samun sa ne kawai a matsayi na ƙarshe kuma ana iya fahimtar su kamar / β / a cikin matsakaiciyar matsayi, misali; [dép] + [úfɔk] = [déβúfɔk]. Idan kuwa, duk da haka, baƙi ne ke biye da shi nan da nan, yana faruwa ne a matsayin tsayayyar fitarwa da sauti, kamar yadda yake a cikin waɗannan misalan: </br> [i.kop.ke] (bai ji ba)</br> [n̩.dɛp.ke] (Ban siya ba)</br>
Kamar / b /, / t / da / k / ba a sake su ba a matsayi na ƙarshe. Don haka, a tsarin magana muna da abubuwa masu zuwa: </br> [bɛt̚] (jira)</br> [dɔk̚] (tono)</br>
Tsarin Rubutawa da Rubutun rubutun Efik
An rubuta Yaren Efik ta amfani da harafin Latin (wanda aka fi sani da Harrufan Boko). Haruffa da ake aiki yayin rubuta Yaren Efik sun haɗa da: a, b, d, e, f, i, k, m, n ,,, o, ọ, s, t, u, w, y, kp, kw, ny, nw, gh. Wadannan Haruffa Har ila yau suna da siffofin babban birnin su: A, B, D, E, F, I, K, M, N, Ñ, O,,, S, T, U, W, Y. Haruffa C, G, J, L da Q, V da Z ba a amfani da su. Don Q, harafin "Kw" da sauti na Turanci 'ng', ana amfani da 'ñ'. Haruffan baƙi na yaren Efik sun kasu kashi biyu Harrufa baƙaƙe da baƙaƙe biyu
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Bayanin ELAR na waƙoƙin Dirge tsakanin mutanen Birni [Efik da Ibibio]
Manazarta
Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Mutanen Afirka
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29640 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Kimiyyar%20Fim%20na%20Ukrainian | Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian | Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian wato "Ukrainian Film Academy Ukrainian" Babban ƙungiyar kwararru ne da farfesosshi a fagen silima da kuma samar da fina-finai. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2017 don tallafawa da haɓaka sinimar Ukrain na zamani. Tun 2017, Ukrainian Film Academy yana gudanar da babban taron shekara-shekara na " Golden Dzyga Film Awards".
Wadanda suka kafa
Wanda ya fara, ya ƙirƙiro, kuma manajan makarantar da lambobin yabonta su ne Odesa International Film Festival. A cikin 2017, yayin ƙirƙirar Kwalejin Fim, duk manyan mukamai na Kwalejin Fina-Finan sun karɓi ta manajojin OIFF: Anna Machukh, Daraktan Kasuwar Fina-Finai ta OIFF, ta zama Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-Finai ta Ukraine, Daraktan PR na OIFF Kateryna Zvezdina ya zama babban darektan OIFF. Daraktan PR, OIFF Viktoriya Tigipko - Shugaban babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Fim - kwamitin kulawa. Tun 2018, PR darektan na fim Academy ne PR darektan OIFF - Tetyana Vlasova, da kuma tun 2019 mai gudanarwa na fim Academy - Yaroslava Kiyashko.
Tarihi
"Lokaci ya yi da kasarmu za ta sami nata Oscar. Masana'antar tana farfaɗowa, muna so mu haɓaka 'yan wasanmu, daraktoci, furodusa - duk wanda ke aiki a cikin wannan fage mai rikitarwa. Yana da kyau a ja hankalin jama'a kan wannan taron." Viktoriya Tigipko, Shugabar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Ukrainian da Odesa International Film Festival An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finan na Ukrainian a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a mai zaman kanta a ranar Fabrairu 8, 2017, wanda aka sanar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a taron manema labarai da masu kafa, masu tallafawa, da abokan haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fim suka gudanar. bikin Karramawar Fina-Finan Kasa ta Farko. Kafuwar Cibiyar Fim ta Odesa International Film Festival ne ta fara tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Jihar Ukraine don Cinematography da Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa "TASKOMBANK." An nada Anna Machukh Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Yukren da lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta kasa. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da bikin bayar da lambobin yabo na lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Farko ta kasa " Golden Dzyga ".
Manufa da ayyuka
An kirkiri makarantar koyar da fina-finai ta Ukrainian da nufin tallata fina-finan Ukrainian a cikin Ukraine da kasashen waje, da kuma ba da cikakken goyon baya ga ci gaban cinema na kasa ta:
Tsarawa da gudanar da al'amuran a lokacin da masana masana'antar fina-finai za su tantance mafi kyawun nasarori da mutuntaka a silima ta ƙasa . Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan shine bikin shekara-shekara na ba da lambar yabo ta National Film Award " Golden Dzyga " don manyan nasarori a cikin fina-finan Ukrainian.
Ƙungiya na abubuwan da suka faru don fahimtar da masu kallon fina-finai dangane da sabon fim ɗin Ukrainian.
Tallafin kuɗi don shirye-shiryen fim na ilimi.
Kasancewa cikin makarantar na fim
Kasancewa cikin makarantar koyar da fina-finai, bisa ga tsarinta, ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gudummuwa da kuma shi mutum. Makarantar na iya haɗawa da duk wanda ya cika buƙatun ɗayan nau'ikan uku:
Wakilan masana'antar fim waɗanda, tun 1991, suka shiga a matsayin marubuta ( 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu rubutun allo, daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu zanen kaya, ko mawaƙa ) ko furodusoshi a cikin ƙirƙirar fim ɗaya ko fiye mai cikakken tsayi ko uku ko fiye gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo da / ko fina-finai masu rai.
Hotunan al'adu, fasaha, da masana'antar fina-finai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓakawa da haɓaka fina-finai na Ukrainian (daga cikinsu masu rarrabawa, masu sukar fina-finai, da shugabannin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya).
Majiɓinta da masu ɗaukar nauyin fina-finan cikin gida.
An karɓi izinin zama memba a makarantar fim daga 20 ga Fabrairu zuwa 19 ga Maris, 2017. Bisa ga sakamakon, daga cikin 343 aikace-aikace, 242 Ukrainian masu shirya fina-finai sun sami matsayi na memba na Ukrain film Academy. Karɓa na biyu na neman zama memba a makarantar fim ɗin ya kasance daga Afrilu 27, 2017, zuwa 15 ga Janairu, 2018.
Kamar na 2019, Kwalejin ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun fina-finai na Ukrainian guda 355.
Kungiyoyin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Fim
Babban taron mambobi (General assembly of members) shine mafi girman hukumar gudanarwa na makarantar ta fina-finai, wanda duk membobi a makarantar fim na yanzu suna da damar shiga.
Babban darektan (Executive director)yana kula da ayyukan yau da kullun na kungiyar. Hukumar kula da harkar fim ce ta zabe shi na tsawon shekaru uku.
Hukumar Kula (Supervisory Board) da Fina-Finai ita ce hukumar da ke kula da makarantar ta fina-finai, wacce ke kula da ayyukan babban daraktan kamfanin gudanarwa. Ta ƙunshi mutane biyar da ba za su iya zama membobin wannan makarantar ta fina-finai ba, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun zama dindindin kuma an zabe su na tsawon shekaru 20. Shugaban hukumar ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda aka zaba daga cikin mambobin hukumar na tsawon shekaru 20. An zabi Viktoriya Tigipko a matsayin shugaban farko na hukumar kula da harkar fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017.
Hukumar ba da shawarwari ta makarantar koyar da fina-finai ita ce hukumar gudanarwa, wacce ta ƙunshi mambobi 15, 12 daga cikinsu an zaɓe su ta babban taron makarantar koyar da fina-finai, uku kuma ana nada su daga hukumar kula da makarantar. Kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai ta kasar Ukraine yana karkashin jagorancin shugaban hukumar gudanarwa, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar yanke shawara na hukumar gudanarwa daga cikin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa. Shugaban farko na Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017 shine shahararren darektan fina-finai na Ukrainian kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Mikhailo Illienko, wanda ya rike wannan matsayi har zuwa Nuwamba 2018. A halin yanzu, shugaban hukumar kula da fina-finai ta Ukraine shine mai sukar fim na Ukrainian Volodymyr Voitenko.
Hukumar Jami'ar fim na Ukraine
Haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian (daga Oktoba 2018):
Volodymyr Voitenko, film critic — Ciyaman na Kungiyar
Sergey Bordenyuk, cinematographer
Lyudmila Gordeladze, Jaruma
Ivanna Dyadyura, Furodusa
Denis Ivanov, Furodusa, mai nuni ga tsarin kwaikwayo
Mikhailo Illienko, Darektan fim
Sergey Lavrenyuk, Furodusa
Yuri Minzyanov, Furodusa
Yegor Olesov, Furodusa
Andriy Rizol, Furodusa
Vlad Ryashin, Furodusa
Igor Savichenko, Furodusa
Akhtem Seitablayev, film director, jarumi
Valeria Sochivets, Furodusa
Marina Stepanska, darektan fim
Tamabarin Makarantar
Ma'anar alamar tambarin makarantar Ukrainian Film Academy an haɓaka ta ƙungiyar tallan "Quadrate 28." Lokacin tasowa tambarin, ya dogara ne akan hoton alamar fim din - " Golden Dzyga ," wanda sanannen dan wasan Ukrainian Nazar Bilyk ya ƙunsa.
Duba kuma
Cinema na Ukraine
Golden Dzyga
Manazarta
Tushen Labari
Володимир Войтенко став головою правління Української кіноакадемії. Кінокритика. 14 листопада 2018. Процитовано 14.11.2018.
Kayayyaki
Положеня про Провління Української на сайті Бюро
Положення про Наглядову раду Української коакадемії на
Українська кіноакадемія оголосила новий склад Правління та Наглядової ради. Детектор медіа. 25 ga Disamba 2018.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ukrainian Film Academy on Facebook
Kungiyoyin fina-finai na Ukraine
Al'adun Ukraine
Sinimar kasar Ukrain
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6308 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu%20%28jiha%29 | Enugu (jiha) | Jihar Enugu ,Jiha ce dake kudu-maso-gabashin Najeriya. Tana da iyaka daga bangaren arewa da jihar Benue da Kogi, jihar Ebonyi daga gabas, jihar Abia daga kudu, da kuma jihar Anambara daga yamma. Jihar ta samo sunanta ne daga Babban Birnin ta watau Birnin Enugu.
Acikin, jihohi 36 dake Najeriya, Enugu itace ta 29 a fadin kasa kuma ita ce kuma ta 22 a yawan jama'a. Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’i 7,161 da yawan jama’a milyan uku da dubu dari biyu da sittin da bakwai da dari takwas da talatin da bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). An ayyana yawan jama'arta a cikin shekara ta 2016 akalla mutum miliyan 4.4. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Enugu. Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Cecilia Ezeilo. Dattijan jihar su ne: Gilbert Emeka Nnaji, Ike Ekweremadu da Utazi Godfrey Chukwuka.
Tarihi
Sunan jihar ya samo asali ne daga babban birnin ta watao Enugu. kalmar "Enugu" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar "Enu Ugwu" ma'ana "saman tsauni" ko kuma ("the top of the hill" a turance). Turawa na farko da suka fara zuwa garin sun zo a 1909, wanda injiniya na hakar ma'adanai watau Albert Kitson ya jagorance su. A yanayinsa na neman azurfa, ya samo gawayi (coal) a yanki Udi. A dalilin haka ne ake kiran garin da "Coal City State" wato Jiha mai Gawayi. Gwamna na mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard, ya nuna ra'ayinsa sosai akan wannan al'amari inda aka fara fitar da coal daga Najeriya zuwa kasar turai a shekara ta 1914. A yayinda harkokin hake-hake suka habaka a garin, a sama wuri mai zaman kansa wanda aka samar da hanyar jirgin kasa. Enugu ta samu zama birni a shekarar 1917, sannan ta zama cikin tsarin burace-buracen turawan lokacin. Kasuwancin kasashen waje suka fara a wanzuwa a Enugu, daga cikin wadanda sukayi fice sun hada da John Holt, Kingsway Stores, bankin turawa na Afurka ta Yamma wato (British Bank of West Africa) da kuma kamfanin United Africa Company.
Jihar Enugu a yau ta tare jama'a iri-iri daga sassa daban daban na kasar, asalin mazauna garin Inyamurai ne da 'yan tsirarun mutanen Idoma and Igala a Etteh Uno. Kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, Jihar Enugu da aka sani a yanzu tana karkashin Daula Nri da kungiyar tarayyar Inyamurai da aka fi sani da Arochukwu-based wato Aro Confederacy kafin daga baya turawa suka ci su da yaki a cikin shekarun 1900s a wani yakin da ake kira "Anglo-Aro War". Bayan an gama yakin, turawa sun sanya garin a karkashin garuruwan Kudancin Najeriya dake da kariyar turawa watau Southern Nigeria Protectorate, wanda daga baya aka kara hadeta cikin garuruwan Najeriya na Turawa a 1914, bayan hadeta din, Enugu ta zamo cibiyar tawaye ga turawan mulkin mallaka bayan abin a'ajabin da ya faru na kisan gilla da akai wa ma'aikatan hako gawayi a 1949 a tafkin Iva Valley.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1960, har wa-yau inda ake kira Jihar Enugu ta kasance daya daga cikin yankunan Gabashin Najeriya ( Eastern Region) har zuwa Mayun 1967, lokaci da gwamnatin Najeriya ta tarwatsa kungiyar aka game ta a cikin yankin garuruwan tsakiyar Gabacin Najeriya, wato East Central State. Bayan watanni biyu da haka, yankin East Central State sun jawo rikici wanda ya janyo yakin basasa na Najeriya da aka kwashe tsawon shekaru uku ana fafatawa, wanda jihar Enugu ta yanzu tana daya daga cikin yankunan Biafra na wancan lokacin. Anyi wa Birnin Biafra lakabi da Babban Birnin Biafra har zuwa lokacin da aka ci galabar ta a yaki acikin shekara ta 1967. Sauran yankunan sunyi wuyan shiga har zuwa lokacin da aka karbe su a watan Juni 1968. Bayan kammala yakin, an hade yankunan Najeriya, in yankunan suka koma karkashin yankin "East Central State", har zuwa 1976, lokacin da aka cire jihar Anambara (tare da jihar Enugu ta yau) daga yankin a lokacin mulkin Murtala Muhammed. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka, An raba jihar Anambara bayan yankin Gabashin ta rushe sannan aka samar da jihar Enugu a 1996. Daga bisani an sake cire wani sashin gabashin jihar Enugu inda aka samar da jihar Ebonyi ta yau.
A fannin kasuwanci kuwa, jihar Enugu tafi kwarewa fannin siya da siyarwa, gudanarwa da kuma harkokin noman kamar doya, shinkafa, gwaza, kwakwan man-ja da rogo da dai makamantansu. Muhimmin fannin sarrafawa shine hako ma'adanai musammman gawayi (coal) daga Tsunukan Udi Hills dake birnin Enugu. Jihar Enugu itace ta goma a tsarin cigaban al'umma a Najeriya kuma itace cibiyar kasashen Inyamurai, wato yankunan garuruwan Inyamurai.
Labarin Kasa
Enugu tana daya daga cikin jihohin gabashin Najeriya dake gabar tsaunukan Udi. Jihar ta hada iyaka da jihohin Abia da Imo daga kudu, Ebonyi daga gabas, jihar Benue daga arewa-maso-gabas, jihar Kogi daga arewa-maso-yamma da kuma jihar Anambara daga yamma.
Babban Birnin jihar Enugu, wato Enugu na bisa kan hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa PortHarcourt miloli 150miles (240 km) daga arewa maso yammacin garin kuma tana kan hanyar garuruwa kamar Aba, Onitsha, da kuma Abakaliki. Tafiyar sa'oi uku ne daga zuwa jihar Portharcourt inda ake fitar da makamashin gawayi (coal) zuwa kasashen ketare. Enugu har wayau tana da nisan tafiyan sa'a guda daga Onitsha, daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin Afurka sannan tukin sa'a biyu ne zuwa Aba (daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci a Najeriya). Akasarin tsarin yanayin gari yana kamawa daga sanyi zuwa zafi-zafi 17°C (60°F) a watanninta na sanyi, sannan takanyi dumi zuwa zafi a watanninta na sanyi tsakanin ~28°C (upper 80°F).
Jihar Enugu tana da kasan noma da yanayi mai kyau har karshen shekara, tana zaune akan bisa 223 metres (732 ft) above sea level sannan akwai hanyoyin ruwa masu kyau a kasa a lokacin damuna.
Tsaka-tsakin zafin Enugu a lokacin mafi zafi garin na faruwa a watan Febreru sannan yakan kai 87.16°F (30.64°C), sannan lokaci mafi sanyi na kasancewa ne a cikin watan Nuwamba wanda yakan kai 60.54°F (15.86°C). Lokacin karancin ruwan sama na 0.16cubic centimetres (0.0098 cu in) na faruwa ne acikin watan Febreru, a yayinda kuma mafi yawan kan kai 35.7 cubic centimetres (2.18 cu in) acikin watan July.
Siyasa
Gwamnatin jiha da na kananan hukumomi ke da ikon gudanrwa a jihar kamar yadda tsarin kowanne jiha take a Najeriya. Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi ne gwamnan Enugu na yanzu. Mutanen jihar suka zaben a zaben April na 2015, kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 May 2015. Sullivan Chime ne gwamnan da ya gabaci Ifeanyi, wanda ya karba mulki shima a hannun Chimaroke Nnamani.
Ƙananan Hukumomi
Jihar Enugu na da adadin Ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha bakwai (17). sune:
Aninri
Awgu
Enugu ta Gabas
Enugu ta Arewa
Enugu ta Kudu
Ezeagu
Igbo Etiti
Igbo Eze ta Arewa
Igbo Eze ta Kudu
Isi Uzo
Nkanu ta Gabas
Nkanu ta Yamma
Nsukka
Oji River
Udenu
Udi
Uzo-Uwani
Tattalin arziki
Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, garin na da karkara wanda akasarin mutanensu manoma ne. Duk da cewa saye da sayarwa (18.8%) da kuma ayyukan gwamnati (12.9%) suna taka muhimmin rawa suma. A yankunan birane kuma, kasuwanci na daya daga cikin ayyukan mutanen gari, sai kuma ayyukan gwamnati. Kadan daga cikin mutanen garin suna harkokin kere-kere, wanda mafi yawansu na zaune a Enugu, Oji, Ohebedim da kuma Nsukka. Jihar Enugu na takama da kasuwanni musamman a yankunan hedikwatan yankuna, wadanda sukayi fice sun hada da kasuwar Ogbete dake birnin Enugu. Har wayau akwai wani babban kasuwan hatsi daga kudanci Niger, kasuwar Orie Orba wanda ke matsayin kasuwan manoma daga sassa daban daban kamar Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa da Plateau wanda ke amfani da kasuwar wajen saida hatsin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin da kuma kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. A duk bayan kwanaki hudu ana kawo hatsi masu yawa kuma ana cinikinsu da yawa zuwa sassa daban daban na kasan a farashi mafi sauki.
Lantarki
Akwai isasshen wutan lantarki a yankin Enugu da kewayenta. Akwai kamfanin wutan lantarki na garin watau "Oji River Power Station" wand ake samar da wuta ga duka yankunan gabashin Najeriya na nan a jihar Enugu. Har wayau akwai makarantu masu zaman kansu da dama a jihar.
Ilimi
Kowacce unguwa/yanki na jihar Enugu na da akalla makarantan firamare da na sakandare wanda gwamnatin jiha ke daukan nauyin karatun dalibanta.
Jami'ar farko na Najeriya (University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), na nan a jihar Enugu. Akwai makarantu da dama a yankin kadan daga cikinsu sun hada da Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT), Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO);[15] Enugu State College of Education Technical, Enugu; Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Renaissance University, Ugbawka; Command Day Secondary School Enugu, Federal Government College Enugu, Federal School of Dental Technology & Therapy, College of Immaculate Conception, Enugu,[17] Queen's School Enugu a Prominent high school for girls in the Eastern region; St. Theresa's College, Nsukka; Special Science Boys' Secondary School Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A; [St. Patrick's Secondary School], Emene, Bigard Memorial Seminary, Enugu; Awgu County College, Nenwe; Community Secondary School, Ugbo-Okpala da makamantansu.
Kiwon Lafiya
Akwai asibitoci kaman University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) na nan a Enugu, hadi da asibitocin Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and College of Medicine duk a Enugu. Bugu da kari, akwai asibitoci masu zaman kansu da dama a jihar. Har wayau akwai asibitoci karkashin kowacce gunduma kamar, Udi, Agbani, Awgu, Ikem, Enugu-Ezike, da kuma Nsukka. sannan kuma akalla akwai wurin shan magani guda a kowacce kamar hukuma daga kananan hukumomi 17 na garin da kuma wuraren gwaji 39 a kowacce jiha. Haka zalika akwai jami'ar kiwon lafiyar dabbobi watau University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) duk a Enugu.
Daga cikin asibitocin da sukayi fice a garin sun hada da "Niger Foundation Hospital" da kuma "Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (wanda akafi sani da Park Lane)".
Addini
Cocukan garin sun rabu zuwa Catholic, Anglican da kuma Pentecostal.
Jama'a
Kidayen da aka kaddamar a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa akwai mutane akall 3,267,837 a Enugu (an ayyana cewa sun kai 3.8 million a 2012). Garin inyamurai ne da mutane kadan daga yarukan Idoma/Ighala a Ette (Igbo-Eze North) Jihar Enugu, Najeriya,
Sanannun Mutane
Rear admiral Allison Madueke - tsohon Chief Naval Staff
Justice Anthony Aniagolu
Commodore Anthony Ogugua - Gwamnan Soja na jihar Imo
Justice Augustine Nnamani
Sen Ayogu Eze
Prof. Barth Nnaji - Tsohon Minista na Power
Bianca Ojukwu Nee (Onoh)
Lolo Cecelia Ezilo - Mace ta farko da ta riki mukamin mataimakiyar Gwaman a jihar Enugu.
Justice Charles Onyeama - Alkalin kotun Supreme Court na Nigeria, da kuma International Court of Justice
Senator Chimaroke Nnamani - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar
Chiwetel Ejiofor - Dan wasan kwaikwayo na turai
Christian Chukwu - Tsohon Captain na wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kuma coach na super eagles
Chief C.C. Onoh - Gwamnan tsohuwar Anambra, Chairman dan kasa na farko Indigenous Chairman Coal Co-operation
Prof Onwumechili Cyril - Dan Najeriya na farko wato Nigerian Nuclear Physicist kumaFirst African Professor of Agricultural Science
Daniel Kanayo Daniel
Dillibe Onyeama - Nigerian Author and publisher, the first black person to finish his studies at Eton College
Akuabata Njeze - Tsohon Minista na Aviation and Ambassador
Frank Edward
Frank Nweke - Tsohon Minista da DG Nigerian Economics Summit Group
Geofrey Onyema - Ministan harkokin waje
Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi - Governor Enugu state, Former Three times member House of Representative
Senator Ike Ekweremadu - Longest Serving Deputy Senate President in Nigeria and First Nigerian Speaker of ECOWAS Parliament
Commodore James Aneke - Gwamnan soja na Jihar Imo
Jim Ifeanyichukwu Nwobodo - Ex Governor Old Anambra state, Minister and Senator
John Nnia Nwodo - President Ohaneze Ndigbo and Former Minister of Information
John Okafor (Aka Mr. Ibu)
Group Capt. Joe Orji - Military Governor Gombe state
Justina Eze - Ambassador
Senator Ken Nnamani - Tsohon Senate President
Kenneth Okonkwo
Mike Ejeagha
Nkem Owoh
Ogbonna Onovo - I.G.P
Ogonna Nneka Nnamani - American indoor volleyball player, former member of the United States National and Olympic Team
Dr. Okwesilieze Nwodo - Governor Old Enugu State and Former National Secretary PDP
Prof. Chinedu Nebo - Tsohon V.C. University of Nigeria Nsukka and Federal University Oye Ekiti, Former Minister of Power
Prof Osita Ogbu
Patience Ozokwor
Justice Nnaemeka Agu
Racheal Okonkwo
Sullivan Chime - Tsohon Gwamnan jihar Enugu
Uche Ogbodo
William Onyeabor
Zain Ejiofor Asher - British News Anchor at CNN
Owoh Chimaobi Chris (Aka Zoro)
Hazel Oyeye Onou (Aka White-Money) Winner of Big Brother Naija season 6 (Shine Ya Eye)
Manazarta
Jihohin Najeriya |
21693 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%2C | Greenville, | Greenville Gunduma ce.
Asali
Daga Cherokee Land zuwa Gundumar GreenvilleFalls Park da McBee's Mill a cikin 1844.
Ofasar Greenville ta yau ta kasance filin farauta na Cherokee, wanda aka haramta wa masu mulkin mallaka. Wani hamshakin mai kudi daga Virginia mai suna Richard Pearis ya isa South Carolina a wajajen 1754 kuma ya kulla dangantaka da Cherokee. Pearis yana da ɗa tare da matar Cherokee kuma ya karɓi eka dubu 100 (ar 40,000) daga Cherokee a kusa da 1770. Pearis ya kafa shuka a kan Kogin Reedy da ake kira Great Plains a cikin garin Greenville na yanzu. Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya raba ƙasar Kudancin Carolina tsakanin Masu biyayya da Patan ƙasa. Pearis ya goyi bayan yalan Aminci kuma tare da ƙawayensu, Cherokee. Bayan Cherokee ya kai hari ga Patriots, Patriots sun rama ta hanyar kona gonar Pearis kuma suka kulle shi a Charleston. Pearis bai sake komawa gonarsa ba amma an kira sunan tsaunin Paris da shi.Yarjejeniyar Kusurwa ta Dewitt a cikin 1777 ta ba da kusan duk ƙasar Cherokee, gami da Greenville ta yau, zuwa South Carolina.
Tarihi
An kirkiro gundumar Greenville ne a shekarar 1786. Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa an sanya mata sunan ne saboda kamanninta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce an sanya wa yankin sunan Janar Nathanael Greene ne don girmama aikinsa a yakin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Lemuel J. Alston ya zo Gundumar Greenville a cikin 1788 kuma ya sayi kadada 400 (160 ha) da wani yanki na tsohuwar shukar Pearis. A cikin 1797 Alston yayi amfani da mallakar ƙasarsa don kafa ƙauye mai suna Pleasantburg inda ya kuma gina katafaren gida. A 1816, Vardry McBee ya sayi ƙasar Alston, wanda kuma ya bayar da hayar gidan Alston din don hutun bazara, kafin ya gina gidan daga 1835 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1864. An ɗauka shi ne mahaifin Greenville, McBee ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa don gine-gine da yawa kamar su coci-coci, makarantu, da kuma injin auduga. McBee ne ya dauki nauyin Jami'ar Furman wanda ya taimaka aka kawo jami'ar zuwa Greenville daga Winnsboro, South Carolina a 1851. A 1853 McBee da sauran shugabannin Greenville County sun ba da gudummawar sabuwar hanyar jirgin kasa da ake kira Greenville da Columbia Railroad. Greenville ya bunkasa zuwa kusan 1,000 a cikin 1850s saboda haɓakar gudummawar McBee da kuma jan hankalin garin a matsayin wurin hutu na baƙi. A 1831 Pleasantburg aka sanya shi a matsayin Greenville.Terarshen karni na 19: Greenville da Railway na Arewa a cikin 1890s wanda aka canza shi zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail a cikin 2010. A watan Disamba 1860 Greenville ya goyi bayan babban taro don mahawara kan batun ballewa daga Kudancin Carolina. Yankin Greenville ya tura James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, da James P. Harrison a matsayin wakilan taron. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1860, babban taron jihar South Carolina, tare da wakilan Greenville, suka kada kuri’ar ballewa daga Tarayyar. Greenungiyar Greenville ta ba da sojoji sama da 2,000 ga Statesungiyar edeasashe. Garin ya ba da abinci, tufafi, da bindigogi ga edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi. Greenville bai ga wani aiki ba daga yaƙin har zuwa 1865 lokacin da sojojin Union suka zo ta cikin garin suna neman Shugaba Jefferson Davis na edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi waɗanda suka gudu kudu daga Richmond, Virginia. A watan Yunin 1865 Andrew Johnson ya nada ɗan asalin County Benjaminville Benjamin Franklin Perry a matsayin Gwamnan South Carolina. [A watan Fabrairu 1869, Babban taron Majalisar S. C. wanda ya kafa Greenville, garin, birni ne ya gyara kundin tsarin mulkin garin Greenville. Gine-gine ya bunƙasa a cikin 1870s kamar kafa gada a kan Kogin Reedy, sabbin masarufi a kan kogin da sabbin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa Greenville News ne a cikin 1874 a matsayin jaridar farko ta Greenville ta yau da kullun. Southern Bell sun saka layukan tarho na farko a cikin garin. Mafi mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa da suka zo garin sune masana'antar auduga. Manyan sanannun kasuwancin auduga sun yi aiki kusa da Greenville wanda ya mai da shi garin niƙan garin auduga. Zuwa shekarar 1915 Greenville ya zama sananne da "Cibiyar Masakar ta Kudu. Daga shekarar 1915 zuwa 2004, garin ya karbi bakuncin wani muhimmin bikin baje kolin kayayyakin masaku, watau Bayyanar Kudancin Kudu.20th karn: Babban titin kusa da 1910
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Greenville ta kasance cibiyar sansanin horar da sojoji. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya an faɗaɗa ayyukan kasuwanci tare da sabbin gidajen silima da kuma manyan shaguna. An rusa Gidan ansionasa kuma an maye gurbinsa da Poinsett Hotel a 1925. Babban Tsananin Cutar ya cutar da tattalin arzikin Greenville wanda ya tilasta masana'antar barin ma'aikata. Jami’ar Furman da Kwalejin Mata ta Greenville suma sun yi gwagwarmaya cikin durkushewar tattalin arziki wanda hakan ya tilasta musu hadewa a shekarar 1933. Yajin aikin Ma’aikatan yadika a shekarar 1934 ya haifar da irin wannan hayaniya a cikin gari da biranen da ke kusa da masu nika wanda ya zama dole ne Sojojin Kasa su shawo kan hargitsin. Sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta kafa Filin wasa na Sirrine da sabon Makarantar Highville High School. An kafa sansanin sojin sama na Greenville Army a 1942 a lokacin yakin duniya na II wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Greenville. Greenville Main Post Office A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1947, wasu gungun galibin direbobin motocin tasi suka dauke shi, wani bakar fata da ake zargi da dabawa wani direban tasi wuka, daga dakin da yake kurkuku kuma suka kashe shi. An fara shari’ar maza farare talatin da daya a kan laifin; yawancin wadanda ake tuhumar sun sanya hannu kan ikirari, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sanya sunan Roosevelt Carlos Hurd a matsayin shugaban masu zanga-zangar da kuma mutumin da ya kashe Earle da bindiga. Ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1947, masu yanke hukunci na wasu fararen fata 12 sun yanke hukuncin rashin laifi ga kowane mai kare su. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tattalin arzikin Greenville ya haɓaka tare da kafa sabbin shaguna a cikin gari da faɗaɗa iyakokin birni. Jami'ar Furman ta ninka yawan dalibanta kuma ta koma sabon wuri. An kafa manyan makarantu kamar su Jami'ar Bob Jones a 1947 da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a 1962 a Greenville. An kafa Filin Jirgin Sama na Greenville – Spartanburg a Greer na kusa a cikin 1962. Tattalin arzikin Greenville a ƙarshe ya ɓace a cikin 1970s yana barin fanko a cikin garin Greenville saboda jirgin da yawa yan kasuwa suka yi. Magajin gari Max Heller sannan ya sake farfado da cikin garin Greenville tare da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Greenville County da Hughes Main Library. Daga nan aka sauya Babban titin zuwa hanyar layi biyu wacce aka yi layi da bishiyoyi da titunan titi. Tare da tallafin tarayya na 1978, an gina cibiyar taro da otal, wanda ya kawo kasuwancin yankin.
Labarin kasaLabarin kasa Greenville: tana a 34 ° 50'40 ″ N 82 ° 23′8 ″ W (34.844313, −82.385428), daidai yake tsakanin Atlanta (mil mil 145 (nisan 233 kudu maso yamma), da Charlotte, North Carolina (mil mil 100) [Kilomita 160] arewa maso gabas). Columbia, babban birnin jihar, tana da nisan mil 100 (kilomita 160) zuwa kudu maso gabas.Cikin gari Greenville daga iska
Greenville tana cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan Blue Ridge, wani yanki ne na yanayin tsaunukan tsaunukan Appalachian, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa. Mountain tsaunin Sassafras, wuri mafi girma a Kudancin Carolina, yana arewacin Pickens County, ƙasa da mil 40 (kilomita 64) arewa maso yamma na Greenville. Yawancin gidajen telebijin da hasumiyar gidan rediyo suna kan Dutsen Paris, na biyu mafi shahara a wurin, mil 8 (kilomita 13) arewa da garin Greenville. Bisa ga Cidayar Ofishin ensusidaya na Amurka, Greenville tana da jimillar yanki na murabba'in mil 28.8 (74.6 km2), wanda a cikin murabba'in kilomita 28.7 (74.3 km2) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in mil 0.2 (0.4 km2), ko 0.51%, ruwa ne. 23] Kogin Reedy, wani yanki ne na Kogin Saluda, yana ratsa tsakiyar garin.
Greenville yana cikin Yankin Laifi na Brevard kuma yana da ƙananan girgizar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci.
Yanayi
Greenville, kamar yawancin yankin Piedmont na kudu maso gabashin Amurka, yana da yanayin yanayin ruwa mai zafi (Köppen Cfa), tare da yanayi guda huɗu; garin na cikin USDA Hardiness zone 7b / 8a. Winters gajere ne kuma gabaɗaya yana da sanyi, tare da matsakaiciyar watan Janairu kowace rana na 42.2 ° F (5.7 ° C). A matsakaici, akwai dare 59 a kowace shekara waɗanda ke sauka zuwa ƙasa ko kuma daskarewa, kuma kwana 1.3 ne kawai waɗanda suka kasa tashi sama da daskarewa. Afrilu shine watanni mafi bushewa, tare da matsakaita na inci 3.36 (mm 85) na hazo.
Yanayin bazara suna da zafi da zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin rana a watan Yuli na 79.9 ° F (26.6 ° C). Akwai matsakaita kwanaki 43 a kowace shekara tare da tsawo ko sama da 90 ° F (32 ° C). [25] Rikodin rikodin hukuma ya fara daga 107 ° F (42 ° C) a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012, zuwa -6 ° F (-21 ° C) a Janairu 30, 1966; Matsakaicin rikodin sanyi a kowace rana shine 19 ° F (-7 ° C) a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1917, yayin da, akasin haka, mafi ƙarancin rikodin rikodin yau da kullun shine 80 ° F (27 ° C) a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1937, na ƙarshe na lokuta uku Matsakaicin taga don yanayin sanyi shine 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, yana ba da damar girma na kwanaki 217.
Kusan yawan ruwan sama ba kasafai yake faruwa ba a lokacin kaka fiye da lokacin bazara [25] kuma, a matsakaici, Greenville yana karbar inci 47.2 (1,200 mm) na hazo a kowace shekara, wanda ake rarraba shi daidai a cikin shekara, kodayake rani yana da ɗan kaɗan; yanayin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 31.08 a cikin (789 mm) a 2007 zuwa 72.53 a (1,842 mm) a cikin 1908. [25] Bugu da kari, akwai matsakaicin inci 4.7 (11.9 cm) na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke faruwa galibi daga Janairu zuwa Maris, tare da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a Nuwamba ko Afrilu. Frequentarin ruwan guguwa da kankara mai hade da ruwan sama suna faruwa a yankin Greenville; saukar dusar kankara ta wani yanayi a tarihi ya kasance daga adadin da aka gano a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2011-12 zuwa 21.4 a cikin (54 cm) a cikin 1935-36. Waɗannan guguwar na iya yin babban tasiri a yankin, saboda galibi suna jan ƙafafun bishiya a kan layukan wutar kuma suna sa tuki cikin haɗari.
Doka da gwamnati
Hallin garin Greenville Garin Greenville ya karɓi tsarin Majalissar-Manajan gwamnatin birni a shekarar 1976. [28] Majalisar ta Greenville City ta ƙunshi magajin gari da mambobin majalisar shida. Magajin gari da membobin majalissar biyu an zaba su baki daya yayin da aka zabi sauran mambobin majalisar daga gundumomi masu mambobi daya. Kotun Karamar Hukumar ta Greenville tana kula da take hakki na laifi, keta haddi, da kuma keta dokar gari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, magajin garin shine Knox H. White, wanda yake wannan matsayin tun watan Disambar 1995. [30]
An kafa Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville a 1845 a matsayin thean sanda na Greenville. A shekara ta 1876 Policean Sanda na Greenville sun zama Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville. A cikin 1976 Ofishin 'yan sanda na Greenville ya koma cikin Cibiyar Kula da Dokoki ta Greenville County tare da Ma'aikatar Sheriff ta Greenville County. Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Greenville yana yiwa Greenville hidima tare da ma’aikata kusan 241 tare da jami’ai da aka rantsar da su 199.Gundumomi 22-25 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu ta Kudu suna ɗaukar sassan Greenville, kamar yadda gundumomin majalisar dattijai na jihar ke yi 6-8. Garin yana cikin gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Kudu ta Carolina, wanda William Timmons ya wakilta tun daga 2019.
Jan hankali
A matsayin gari mafi girma a cikin Upstate, Greenville yana ba da ayyuka da yawa da jan hankali. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greenville da wuraren taron a kai a kai suna karɓar manyan kide kide da rangadi da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo. Gidaje huɗu masu zaman kansu suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa a shekara.Wuraren taron
Wuraren taro
Bon Secours Wellness Arena Bon Secours Wellness Arena, gidan Greenville Swamp Zomaye na ECHL, filin wasa ne mai kujeru 16,000 a cikin garin Greenville wanda aka buɗe a 1998 a matsayin Bi-Lo Center. Peace Center, cibiyar wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa da zauren kade kade tare da kujeru 2,100 da wurin zama na wasan kwaikwayo 400. Timmons Arena, wurin zama mai yawan kujeru 5,000 a harabar Jami'ar Furman. Filin Fluor a Yammacin ,arshe, gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville Drive, Classungiyar Class-A reshen Boston Red Sox. Filin wasan an tsara shi don ya maimaita abubuwa da yawa na Fenway Park, gidan gidan kula da iyaye, gami da wakilcin Fenway's Green Monster wanda ke tsaye ƙafa 30 (tsayin mita 9.1) a filin hagu. Cibiyar Taron TD, babban taro mai fadin murabba'in kafa 280,000 (26,000 m2) da kuma wurin taro wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964 a matsayin sabon jerin jerin Majami'un Yadi, asalinsu sun fara ne a shekarar 1915 a matsayin Kudancin Yankunan Kudancin. [36]
Gidan Kofi na Karkashin Kasa (wanda aka kafa a 1995 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai kujeru 75 wanda ke dauke da nishadi kai tsaye gami da Alchemy Improv Comedy, Wits End Poetry Abubuwan da suka faru a daren Lahadi (tun daga 2002), live music, tsayuwa mai tsayi, [42] da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a littafin.
Alamu
Greenville Zoo Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi Falls Park a kan Reedi Mills Mill ya canza zuwa manyan gidajen haya Falls Park a kan Reedy, wani babban yankin shakatawa a West End tare da lambuna da ruwa da yawa, tare da samun damar zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail. An keɓe shi a 2004, wurin shakatawa na dala miliyan 15.0 gida ne ga Liberty Bridge, gadar dakatar da masu tafiya a ƙafa suna kallon Kogin Reedy. Ci gaban dajin ya haifar da ci gaban $ 75 miliyan na jama'a-masu zaman kansu, Riverplace, kai tsaye ta hanyar Main Street. An kira Falls Park wurin haifuwar Greenville, amma a tsakiyar karni na 20 yankin ya kasance cikin mummunan rauni, kuma an gina Gadar Camperdown a duk faɗin Falls, yana hana gani. A tsakiyar 1980s, Birnin ya amince da wani babban shiri na wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kai ga cire Gadar Camperdown da kuma samar da hanyar yin gyare-gyare da yawa, don haɗa da kadada 20 (81,000 m2) na lambuna da kuma Liberty Bridge. Duk da yake an gina gadoji tare da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya a Turai, Liberty Bridge babu irinta a cikin yanayin yanayin sa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County na Kwarewa akan fasahar Amurka, akai-akai tare da hangen nesa na Kudancin da ya samo asali tun ƙarni na 18. Andrew Wyeth da Jasper Johns ne suka lura dashi saboda tarin kayan aikinsa, da kuma tarin zamani wanda yake dauke da manyan mutane kamar Andy Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, da sauransu. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Roper Mountain tana gida ne mai dauke da madubin hangen nesa na 23, wanda shi ne na takwas mafi girma a cikin Amurka. An kafa gidan shakatawa na Greenville a shekara ta 1960 kuma yana cikin Cleveland Park.
Bukukuwa A Euphoria
Greenville ita ce taron abinci na shekara-shekara na tsakiyar watan Satumba wanda ake gudanarwa a Wyche Pavilion a Larkin's a kan Kogin, Art a cikin Park, da kuma Peace Center for the Performing Arts; abinci, ruwan inabi, da kuma bikin kiɗa a cikin 2019 sun haɗa da ɓangaren ilimi da kuma cin abincin dare ta hanyar manyan masu dafa abinci na Michelin. Faduwa ga Greenville waƙa ce ta kwanaki uku da kuma titin abinci a kowace kaka. Bikin na 2019 ya kasance na 37, tare da ɗaruruwan kayan abinci da kuma gomomin masu fasahar kiɗa a matakai shida. Artisphere wani bikin fasaha ne na kwanaki uku da ake gudanarwa a kowace bazara. Bikin na 2019 ya nuna mawaƙa Sabuwar girmamawa da Jill Andrews da sama da masu zane-zane na gani ɗari da masu yin titi.IMAGINE Upstate biki ne na ƙarshen mako da kuma nuna STEM, na 'yan kasuwa, masu kirkira, da kuma sabbin abubuwa a cikin Upstate da ake gudanarwa kowace bazara. Bikin na inganta ilmantarwa a matsayin abin nishadi, ta hanyar ayyukan hannu da dama, nunin mu'amala, da gogewa.SC Comicon taro ne na kwanaki biyu da ake yi duk shekara. Taron ya jawo dubban mahalarta, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna sanye da kayan kwalliya. Indie Craft Parade wani biki ne na kere kere da ake yi kowane Satumba.2019 ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara na 10, wanda ke da masu zane-zane sama da 100, kayan abinci na cikin gida, da rumfar daukar hoto kyauta. Bikin Shakespeare na Upstate yana yin Shakespeare da sauran wasannin gargajiya kowane bazara a Falls Park. An gudanar da bikin ne karo na 25 a shekarar 2019 kuma ya fito da The Tempest, wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Warehouse ya yi. Bikin Girka shine biki na kwana uku wanda Cocin Orthodox na Girka ke daukar nauyin shi a cikin garin Greenville don murnar al'adun Girka. Bikin shekara ta 33 na shekara ta 2019 na rawa, kiɗa, da abinci sun haɗa da yawon shakatawa na St. George Greek Orthodox Cathedral. Sabuwar Taron Wasannin Kudancin Kwana ne na kwanaki goma masu ban dariya da ke nuna rashin kyautatawa, tsayawa-tsaye, zane-zane, da kuma kade kade daga ko'ina cikin kasar. Bikin na 5 na shekara ta 2018 ya kunshi sama da ‘yan wasan barkwanci 300. Greenville Open Studios, da aka kafa a 2002, bikin shekara uku ne na shekara-shekara inda masu zane-zane na cikin gida 158 ke buɗe gidajen su ga jama'a. Bikin 2019 ya kasance na 18, tare da halarta-saitin halarta.
Ilimi Greenville
County Hughes Babban Laburaren Makarantun gwamnati Gundumar Makarantar County ta Greenville ita ce gundumar makaranta mafi girma a cikin jihar ta South Carolina kuma ita ce ta tara a gundumar ta 49 mafi girma a Amurka, tare da manyan makarantu 14, da makarantun tsakiya 18, da kuma makarantun firamare 50 a cikin gundumar. Tare da kasafin kuɗin 2012 na dala miliyan 426, gundumar tana amfani da malamai 5,200, 63.1% daga cikinsu suna riƙe da digiri na biyu ko mafi girma. Baya ga makarantun gargajiya na gargajiya, yankin cikin gari na Greenville gida ne ga Makarantar Kwalejin Gwamnan Kudancin Carolina don Arts & Humanities, makarantar kwana don matasa masu fasaha.
Makarantu masu zaman kansu Baya ga makarantun gwamnati, Greenville County tana da makarantu masu zaman kansu da na addini, gami da Makarantar Katolika ta St Mary (wanda aka kafa a 1900), Makarantar Camperdown (ga ɗalibai masu fama da matsalar karatu), Hidden Treasure Christian School (wata makaranta ce ta ɗalibai tare da nakasa jiki da / ko na hankali), Makarantar Episcopal Christ Church (makarantar koyon karatun Episcopalian mai kwaleji tare da wata makarantar Ba'amurke a waje da Jamus da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bavaria ta ba da shaida), Makarantar Kirista ta Dajin Shannon (makarantar kirista ta bishara), Makarantar Katolika ta Saint Joseph, Uwargidanmu ta Rosary Katolika School, St. Anthony's Catholic School, Southside Christian School (wanda aka kafa a 1967 ta Southside Baptist Church), Hampton Park Christian School, da Bob Jones Academy da Elementary School da Greenville Classical Academy (makarantar kirista ta gargajiya wacce aka kafa a 2004)
Kolejoji da jami’o
iJames B. Duke Library a Jami'ar Furman
Greenville tana da kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Furman, Jami'ar North Greenville, Jami'ar Bob Jones, da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville. Furman ya fara ne a matsayin Furman Academy da Theology Institution a 1825 mai suna Richard Furman. Makarantar tauhidin ta Furman ta rabu a 1858 kuma ta zama Kudancin Baptist tauhidin Seminary yanzu a Louisville, Kentucky. An kafa Jami'ar North Greenville a cikin 1893 kuma tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta South Carolina. An kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones a shekara ta 1927 ta Bob Jones Sr a matsayin jami'ar Furotesta mai zaman kanta wacce ba darikar ba. An kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a cikin 1962 a matsayin kwalejin fasaha. Jami'ar Clemson tana da haraba a Greenville da ake kira Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research wanda ke mai da hankali kan binciken mota. Makarantar Medicine ta Jami'ar South Carolina Greenville wata makarantar likitanci ce ta shekaru hudu tana aiki a harabar Lafiya ta Prisma.
Tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin Greenville ya ta'allaka ne akan masana'antar keɓaɓɓu, kuma garin ya daɗe da suna "Babban Birnin Yadi na Duniya". A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, albashi mai kyau da fa'idodin haraji sun sa kamfanonin kasashen waje sun saka jari sosai a yankin. Garin shine hedkwatar Arewacin Amurka na Michelin, Synnex, United Community Bank, AVX Corporation, NCEES, Ameco, Kudancin Ruwa, Confluence Outdoor, Concentrix, JTEKT, Cleva North America, Hubbell Lighting reshen Hubbell Incorporated, Greenville News, Greenville Health System , da kuma Scansource. A shekarar 2003, aka kirkiro Cibiyar Bincike ta Motocin Kasa da Kasa, inda aka kirkiro CUICAR a matsayin sabon salon binciken motar. An buɗe Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha a cikin motsi da kuzari a cikin 2011, ta karɓi bakuncin kamfanoni da yawa a cikin jagorancin R&D da kuma hedkwatar Sage Automotive.
Lokacin da aka rufe tsohon sansanin Sojan Sama na Donaldson, sai ƙasar ta zama Kwalejin Fasaha da Jirgin Sama ta South Carolina, kuma ta kasance gida ga Lockheed Martin jirgin sama da kuma kayan aiki, da kuma wuraren da 3M da Honeywell ke aiki. Filin jirgin saman Donaldson yanzu ya mamaye tsohon tashar jirgin sama a matsayin filin jirgin saman jama'a. General Electric yana da iskar gas, jirgin sama da ayyukan samar da makamashi na iska dake cikin Greenville.
Kayan more rayuwa
Tsarin lafiya
Asibitin Tunawa da Greenville tana da manyan tsarin kiwon lafiya guda biyu, da Bon Secours Health da Prisma Health. Bon Secours St. Francis Health System, wanda ya hada da St. Francis Downtown; St. Francis Eastside; da kuma St. Francis Outpatient Center da Upstate Surgery Center, suna cikin manyan asibitocin ƙasar ta hanyar HealthGrades don aikin tiyatar zuciya da kuma ɗawainiyar kashi. Prisma Health (tsohon tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Greenville kuma kafin hakan, Tsarin Asibitin Greenville) kungiya ce ta kiwon lafiya ba riba wacce ta hada cibiyoyi bakwai a cikin yankin Upstate: Greenville Memorial Medical Center, North Greenville Long Term Acute Care Hospital da ER, Asibitin Hillcrest, Asibitin Tunawa da Patewood, Asibitin Tunawa da Greer, Asibitin Tunawa da Laurens County, da Asibitin Tunawa da Oconee. Yana daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a yankin. An gane shi ne don 2010-2011 a matsayin babban mai ba da kulawar zuciya da gastroenterology ta US News & World Report. Prisma tana da asibitin yara daya tilo a yankin Upstate na Kudancin Carolina. Tana karɓar Jami'ar South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, cikakken reshe na makarantar likita a Columbia, South Carolina. Asibitin Greenville na Shriners na Yara yana kula da marasa lafiyar yara na musamman, kyauta.
SufuriGreenville
Spartanburg International Airport Greenville yana kan babbar hanyar Interstate 85, kusan rabin hanya tsakanin Atlanta da Charlotte. Terminarshen arewaci na Interstate 385 yana cikin gari, kuma ana amfani da yankin ta hanyar Interstate 185 da US Highway 123 (Calhoun Memorial Highway). Sauran manyan hanyoyin sun hada da U.S. 25, U.S. 29 da U.S. 276
Akwai filayen jirgin sama da yawa da ke aiki a yankin Greenville. Mafi girma a cikin yankin, Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport (GSP), shi ne na uku mafi yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jihar kuma mafi yawan manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama ke yi masa hidima. SCTAC (tsohon filin jirgin saman Donaldson) ya sami ci gaba na zamani kuma shine shafin sabon Kwalejin Taimako na Jirgin Sama na Kudancin Carolina (AASF) da kuma Cibiyar Super General Aviation. Greenville tana aiki azaman tashar jigilar kaya don FedEx Express. Filin jirgin saman Greenville Downtown, shine babban filin jirgin sama mafi hadari a South Carolina tare da tashi sama da sauka 80,000 a kowace shekara kuma sama da jiragen sama 245. Tafiyar jama'a a cikin Greenville ana kula da ita ne ta Greenville Transit Authority (GTA), wacce ta ƙulla yarjejeniya da City Of Greenville a cikin shekara ta 2008 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ɓangare uku da Greenville County. Birnin ya sake sabunta sabis ɗin tare da sunan Greenlink. Greenlink yana gudanar da tsarin bas wanda ke hidimtawa yankin Greenville, yawancin yankunan Greenville County gami da Mauldin da Simpsonville, da wani yanki na Pickens County ta hanyar mahaɗin zuwa Clemson. A halin yanzu Birnin yana gudanar da karatu don Saurin Kai tsaye wanda zai fara a cikin gari, yana haɗa shi zuwa Jami'ar Ridge da kuma Clemson ICAR ta hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa da aka watsar.
Tashoshi da hanyoyi
Greenville tana da tashar Amtrak, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Crescent na Amtrak, yana haɗa Greenville da biranen New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Raleigh, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham da New Orleans. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa Greenville a cikin layin da aka tsara na Kudu maso Gabashin Railway, wanda zai fara daga Washington, DC zuwa Birmingham, Alabama. Ana bayar da sabis na layin dogo ta CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, da Carolina Piedmont Railroad. Tsohon layin Greenville da na Railway na Arewa zuwa Masu Tafiya an watsar da shi kuma an canza shi zuwa hanyar yawo da keke da ake kira Swamp Rabbit Trail
Tsarkakewa: Interstate 85 yana tafiya tare da gefen kudu maso gabas na gari, tare da hanyoyi biyu, Interstate 185 da Interstate 385, suna haɗa shi zuwa tsakiyar gari. Tsakiyar 385 tana gabas daga tsakiyar gari Greenville, ta ratsa Tsakiyar 85, kuma ta ci gaba kudu daga can zuwa mahadar tare da Interstate 26. Tsakanin 185 ya fara kudu da cikin gari, ya ratsa Tsakiyar 85 kudu da birnin, sannan ya samar da hanyar kudu ta hanyar Greenville, ya ƙare a Interstate 385 kudu maso gabas na Greenville. I-85 I-385 I-185
Teamsungiyoyin wasanni
Masu kallo a wasan Greenville Drive Taron wasannin motsa jiki na Kungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin Kiristanci ta Kasa (NCCAA) yana da hedkwata a Greenville, kamar yadda ƙananan kungiyoyin wasanni da na jami'a suke Sportsananan kungiyoyin wasanni Greenville Drive, ƙungiya ce ta A-ƙungiyar Boston Red Sox a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika. Drive ɗin sun buga kakarsu ta farko a filin wasa na Greenville Municipal, tsohon gidan ƙungiyar Atlanta Braves AA. Drive din ya fara kakarsu ta biyu a sabon filin wasansu na cikin gari a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2006, wanda, kafin farkon kakar 2008, aka sake masa suna filin Fluor a West End. A shekarar farko bayan kafuwar su, ana kiran su Greenville Bombers, bayan sun ƙaura daga Columbia, South Carolina. Kafin wannan, Greenville ta dauki bakuncin wasu kananan kungiyoyin kwallon baseball, wadanda suka fara da Greenville Spinners a shekarar 1907.
Greenville Swamp Rabits, ƙaramin ƙungiyar wasan hockey a ECHL, sun fara wasa a lokacin hockey na 2010-11 a matsayin Green War Road Warriors kuma aka sake musu suna a 2015.Greenville Gaels, ƙungiyar jefawa a cikin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin theungiyar Wasannin Gaelic ta Amurka.
Greenville Triumph SC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a USL League One wacce ta fara wasa a cikin 2019. Theungiyar tana wasa a Filin Kwalejin Legacy Early. A watan Yunin 2021, USL ta ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar mata masu alaƙa za ta fara wasa a 2022 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon rukunin W. Greenville FC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a cikin NPSL wacce ta fara a cikin 2018; suna taka leda a Filin wasa na Sirrine duk da cewa sun tafi hutun shekara ta 2020.Carolina Upstate Thunder ta Americanungiyar Baswallon Kwando ta Mata ta Amurka tana yin wasannin gida a Kwalejin Legacy Early farawa a watan Yulin 2021.
Jami'ar Furman
Furman Paladins suna gasa a matakin NCAA Division I. (Lura: footballwallon Furman memba ne na AAungiyar Wasannin Kwallon Kafa ta NCAA.) Teamsungiyoyin wasan motsa jiki na Furman suna gasa a cikin haraba a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Filin Paladin, Timmons Arena, da Eugene Stone Soccer Stadium. Furman memba ne na Taron Kudancin.Jami'ar Bob Jones Jami'ar Bob Jones ta yi takara a matakin NCCAA Division II. BJU Bruins sun fara wasannin tsere tsakanin juna a shekarar makaranta ta 2012-2013. Makarantar ta fara ne da ƙwallon ƙafa maza da mata da ƙwallon kwando, tare da fatan ƙarshe ƙara wasu wasanni. An ƙara ƙasar ƙetare da golf don shekarar makaranta ta 2013-2014. An kara wasannin harbi na maza da na mata a shekarar 2016. Jami'ar North Greenville Jami'ar North Greenville ta yi gasa a matakin NCAA Division II.
Al'adu An lasafta Greenville ɗayan ɗayan "Manyan Artsananan Artsananan Artsauyuka a Amurka. Filin Lafiya na Bon Secours yana kawo rangadin ƙasashe na shahararrun mawaƙa zuwa cikin gari, kuma Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya don Yin Arts ta ba da wuri don ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma yana wasa. Shirye-shiryen gyaran miliyoyin daloli da aka shirya zuwa babban zauren gidan kade-kade da filin wasan shaƙatawa na ruwa ya fara a cikin bazarar 2011.
Kayayyakin zane
Gidan Tarihi na Artville County na Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Tarihi na Sargent, wanda a da yake shuka Coca-Cola
Da yawa daga cikin masu zane-zane na cikin gida suna aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da hotuna a cikin birni, musamman ofauyen West Greenville kusa da cikin gari. Artsungiyar Fasaha ta Metropolitan tana ba da al'amuran jama'a da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan zane-zane, ciki har da Farkon Jumma'a na Farko da Greenville Open Studios. Greenville yana kuma ba da wasu sanannun kayan tarihi na fasaha mai kyau:
An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County Art, gidan Andrew Wyeth Collection, tare da gagarumar gudummawa daga masanin masana'antar yankin, Arthur Magill. Ya ƙunshi guda ɗaya daga Jackson Pollock, Jonathan Greene, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jasper Johns da William H. Johnson.Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Jami'ar Bob Jones da Gidan Hoto yana ɗauke da tarin tarin ƙwararrun masanan Turai
Waƙa
Wurin kiɗan Greenville gida ne na gida, yanki, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa suna yin kiɗa a cikin nau'ukan daban-daban. Garin yana dauke ne da kungiyar makada na Greenville Symphony Orchestra, Greenville County Youth Orchestra, Carolina Youth Symphony, Carolina Pops Orchestra, da kuma Greenville Concert Band. Bostonungiyar Orchestra ta Symphony ta Boston tana yin aiki a kai a kai a Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Greenville Light Opera Works (GLOW Lyric Theater) ƙwararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin Greenville wanda ke samar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musical, Operetta da Opera Kungiyoyin waƙoƙin cappella na cikin gida sun haɗa da mata Vocal Matrix Chorus (a da Greenville a cikin Haɗuwa) da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Palmetto Statesmen na maza. Groupsarin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa sun haɗa da Greenville Chorale da Greenville Gay Men's Chorus. Yawancin shahararrun ayyukan yawon shakatawa na ƙasa suna da tushen Greenville, gami da: Nile, The Marcus King Band, Edwin McCain, Islander, Nikki Lane, Austin Webb, da Peabo Bryson.A tarihi, Greenville ta kasance gida ce ta shahararrun mawaƙa na ƙasa, gami da:Ann Sexton, Cat Anderson, Josh White, da Mac Arnold. Lynyrd Skynyrd sun buga kide-kide na karshe tare da dukkanin membobin asali a Greenville, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1977; wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar, da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar, sun mutu a cikin haɗarin jirgin sama lokacin da ya bar Filin Jirgin Saman Gini na Greenville.
Barkwanci Akwai wurare takwas na barkwanci a Greenville wadanda suke nuna tsayuwa mai ban dariya, wasan kwaikwayo na zane, masu ba da labari, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji da wadanda ba na gargajiya ba. [100]
Dance da gidan wasan kwaikwayo:Greenville Little gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Carolina Ballet Theater ƙwararren kamfani ne mai raye-raye wanda ke gabatar da shirye-shirye akai-akai a Cibiyar Aminci da sauran wurare. CBT tana gabatar da wasanni huɗu a kowace shekara a matsayin kamfanin ƙwararrun raye-raye na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Cibiyar Aminci tare da mafi girma kamar hutu na gargajiya, "The Nutcracker, Da zarar Bayan Wani Lokaci a Greenville." Wannan samfurin ana yin kwatankwacinsa ne kamar manyan kamfanoni waɗanda suka saita ajin hutu a garinsu. Stage Stage, Greenville Theater, South Carolina Theater da kuma Warehouse Theater sune manyan wuraren wasanni a yankin. Wadannan siliman din suna ba da wasanni iri-iri ciki har da sanannun ayyuka, kamar Mutuwar Mai Siyarwa da Man shafawa, da wasannin kwaikwayo da marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida suka rubuta. A lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, kamfanin Shakespearean na yankin yana yin Shakespeare a cikin Park a Falls Park Amphitheater.
Adabin adabi: Kungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu wadanda ba na riba ba suna cikin Greenville: Gidauniyar Emrys, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1983, da Wits End Poetry, wadanda aka kafa a 2002.
Mai jarida:Duba kuma: Jerin jaridu a South Carolina, Jerin gidajen rediyo a South Carolina, da Jerin gidajen talabijin a South Carolina Tsohon ginin Greenville NewsThe Greenville News ita ce jaridar gari ta yau da kullun kuma ita ce jaridar mafi girma ta Upstate da ke zagayawa da karatu.Jaridar Greenville: Jaridar mako-mako mai ma'amala da kasuwanci, ci gaban tattalin arziki, al'amuran cikin gida, da lamuran yau da kullun da suka dace da Greenville. Asalinsa shine Greenville Civic da Commercial Journal Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Upstate: Jaridar kasuwanci ta mako-mako tana zuwa ga shugabannin kasuwancin 100,000 a cikin kananan hukumomin Greenville, Spartanburg, da Anderson.Kasuwancin GSA: An buga kowane mako biyu, yana ɗaukar labaran kasuwanci daga ko'ina cikin yankin metropic na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson.Greenville Magazine Magazine: Mujallar wata-wata wanda ke ƙunshe da bayanan kasuwanci da kuma game da yankin Greenville.Mujallar Upstate Link: Bugun mako-mako ya fara ne a cikin Janairu 2004 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Greenville News kuma ya ci gaba da bugawa har zuwa 2008. Yanzu ya daina aiki.
ShareGVL (Share Greenville): kwatankwacin 'yan Adam na New York, ƙungiya ce ta dijital mai ba da riba wacce ke ba mazauna Greenville mutuntaka.
Talabijan: Greenville wani ɓangare ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville DMA, wacce ita ce kasuwar talabijin ta 36 mafi girma a ƙasar. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen telebijin na gida.
Rediyo:Greenville wani yanki ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Arbitron Metro wanda shine babbar kasuwar rediyo ta 59 mafi girma tare da mutum 12+ na 813,700. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen rediyo na gida vte
Yawan jama'a
Tarihin jama'a Yawan Jama'a % ± 1850 1,305 - 1860 1,518 16.3% 1870 2,757 81.6% 1880 6,160 123.4% 1890 8,607 39.7% 1900 11,860 37.8% 1910 15,741 32.7% 1920 23,127 46.9% 1930 29,154 26.1% 1940 34,734 19.1% 1950 58,161 67.4% 1960 66,188 13.8% 1970 61,208 −7.5% 1980 58,242 −4.8% 1990 58,282 0.1% 2000 56,002 −3.9% 2010 58,409 4.3% 2019 (kimanin.) 70,635 [3] 20.9% Kimanin Ofishin Kidaya [105] Kimanin shekara ta 2018 [106] Greenville ita ce babbar birni mafi girma a cikin Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, babban birni ne wanda ke rufe kananan hukumomin Greenville, Laurens, Anderson da Pickens kuma yana da adadin mutane 874,869 kamar na shekarar 2015. [9] Tunda dokar South Carolina ta sanya hade yankunan kewayen birni kewaye da birane da wahala, garin garin Greenville daidai gwargwado yana da ƙarancin adadin yawan jama'ar yankin birni. Game da ƙidayar jama'a na 2010, akwai mutane 58,409, gidaje 24,382, da iyalai 12,581 da ke zaune a cikin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 2,148.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (829.3 / km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 27,295 a matsakaicin nauyin 1,046.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (404.2 / km2). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 62.12% Fari, 31.54% Baƙi ko Ba'amurken Ba'amurke, 3.44% Hispanic ko Latino (na kowane jinsi), 1.27% Asiya, 0.14% Asalin Ba'amurke, 0.06% Tsibirin Pacific, 1.37% na sauran jinsi, kuma 1.11% na jinsi biyu ko fiye. Akwai gidaje 29,418, daga cikinsu 22.3% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, 32.7% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, 15.5% na da mata mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma 48.4% ba iyalai bane. 40.8% na dukkan gidajen sun kasance mutane, kuma 12.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda yake da shekaru 65 ko sama. Matsakaicin iyali ya kasance 2.11 kuma matsakaicin iyali shine 2.90. A cikin birni, yawan shekarun yana nuna 20.0% ƙasa da shekaru 18, 13.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, 31.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.5% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 14.4% waɗanda shekarunsu ke 65 girmi Matsakaicin shekaru 35 ne. A cikin kowane mata 100, akwai maza 89.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 86.8. Matsakaicin kudin shiga na iyali a cikin gari ya kai $ 33,144, kuma matsakaicin kudin shiga ga iyali ya kasance $ 44,125. Maza suna da kuɗin shiga na $ 35,111 akan $ 25,339 na mata. Kudin shigar kowane mutum na gari ya kai $ 23,242. Kimanin 12.2% na iyalai da 16.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 22.7% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 17.5% na waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Sananne mutane
Jaimie Alexander, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dorothy Allison, marubuciya [109] Cat Anderson, mai kahon jazz (1916-1981) [110] Manjo Rudolf Anderson Jr., mutum ɗaya tilo da wutar abokan gaba ta kashe a lokacin Rikicin Makami Mai linzami na Cuba Zinn Beck, tsohon dan wasan MLB; gudanar da Greenville Spinners daga 1923 zuwa 1925 Danielle Brooks, 'yar fim, ta girma a Simpsonville kuma ta halarci SCGSAH a Greenville Peabo Bryson, mawaƙi-mai waƙa Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., gwamna na 112 na South Carolina, 1987 - 1995 Judith Chapman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dextor Clinkscale, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa John Culbertson, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Santia Deck, 'yan wasa Jim DeMint, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka kuma shugaban Gidauniyar al'adun gargajiya Esquerita, mawaƙa Jawun Evans, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwando ta kasa Tyler Florence, shugaba kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin [124]
Kevin Garnett, ɗan wasa a Basungiyar Kwando ta ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon 15wallon 15wallon 15 da M 2004 MVP André Goodman, aikin shekara 10 na NFL azaman kusurwa tare da Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, da Denver Broncos [Trey Gowdy, Wakilin Amurka Chad Green, Leaguewallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon manyan League Clement Haynsworth, Alkalin Da'irar Amurka na Kotun ofaukaka U.S.ara ta Amurka na Hudu; Wanda aka zabi Kotun Koli Max Heller, magajin garin Greenville daga 1971 zuwa 1979; an sanya wa Max Conne Convention Center don girmamawa Jesse L. Helms, magajin garin Greenville daga 1979 zuwa 1982
James M. Henderson, babban jami'in talla kuma dan takarar Republican na Laftanar Gwamnan South Carolina a 1970; surukin Jim DeMint [132]
George Hincapie, mai tsere kan keke
John D. Hollingsworth, babban jami'in kayan masaku da taimakon jama'a
Bo Hopkins, talabijin da kuma dan wasan fim
Jesse Hughes, mawaƙin dutsen
Jesse Jackson, mai rajin kare hakkin jama'a da Baptist ministrt
Shoeless Joe Jackson, Manyan Wasan Kwallan Baseball
Bob Jones Sr., mai bishara, wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones
Bob Jones Jr., shugaban jami’ar Bob Jones na biyu
Monique Jones, IFBB ƙwararren mai ginin jiki
Marcus King, bluesmusician, wanda ya kafa The Marcus King Band
Virginia Postrel, marubucin siyasa da al'aduYar uwa garuruwa:''' Greenville tagwaye ne da: Italiya Bergamo, Italiya
Belgium Kortrijk, Belgium
Yankin Kasuwanci na Tianjin na Sin, China
Indiya Vadodara, Indiya
Manazarta |
20611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Brazil%20a%20Najeriya | Yan Brazil a Najeriya | 'Yan Brazil a Najeriya, Amaros ko Agudas sun ƙunshi zuriyar bayi' yan Afro-Brazil da aka 'yanta waɗanda suka bar Brazil suka zauna a Najeriya . Kalmar 'yan Brazil a Najeriya na iya komawa zuwa baƙin ƙaura daga Brazil.
Farawa daga shekarun 1830, yawancin ƴan Afirka da aka kwato waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyar tilasta musu aiki da nuna bambanci a cikin Brazil sun fara komawa Lagos, tare da wasu dabarun al'adu da zamantakewar da suka dace da zamansu a Brazil. Waɗannan ean Afirka da suka sami 'yanci galibi ana kiransu "Aguda" ko "Amaro", kuma sun haɗa da waɗanda suka dawo daga Cuba.
Tarihi
A lokacin da ake tsaka da cinikin bayi a Afirka ta Yamma, fursunonin yaƙi da yawa ko waɗanda aka sace don sayarwa a kasuwannin bayi an sayar da su ga Turawa kuma an yi jigilar su zuwa ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika. Kimanin adadin bayi daga Gulf of Guinea zuwa Brazil sun kai kimanin 300,000 a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadanda aka kaman sun sauka a Bahia kafin su kara matsawa kudu don aiki a gonaki, taimakawa 'yan kasuwa ko kayan shaho na fararen Brazil. Kamar yadda wasu tsiwirwirinsu ƴan mishan, sanã'anta tanadi ko samu tura a sakamakon wariyar launin fata, tãguwar ruwa na Afirka hijirarsa baya ga ƙasashen yammacin Afrika Coast ci gaba. Zuwa tsakiyar goma sha tara, al'ummar Afro-Brazil ta fara fitowa tare da gabar yammacin Afirka, waɗanda kuma zuriyar bayi suka haɓaka waɗanda suka tsallaka Tekun Atlantika sau biyu. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun dawo da hankalin Afro-Brazilian game da abinci, noma, gine-gine da addini.
Maido da mutanen Afirka na farko da aka yi rubuce-rubuce daga kasar Brazil zuwa Kasar da ake kira Najeriya a yanzu shi ne kora da gwamnatin ta yi a shekarar 1835 bayan wani boren Yarbawa da Hausawa a garin Salvador da aka fi sani da Revolt na Malê . Bayan tawaye, gwamnatin Brazil - da tsoron kara tawaye - ta ba da izinin 'yantar ko kuma nuna wa' yan Afirka zaɓi su koma gida ko ci gaba da biyan haraji mai yawa ga gwamnati. Ƴan Afirka da suka sami ƴanci kuma suka adana wasu kuɗi sun sami damar komawa Afirka sakamakon mawuyacin hali, haraji, wariyar launin fata da rashin gida. A cikin 1851, Mina Afirka 60 sun haɗa dala 4,000 don siyan jirgi zuwa Badagry.
Bayan an daina bautar a Cuba da Brazil a 1886 da 1888 bi da bi, ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Lagos ya ci gaba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka dawo sun zaɓi dawowa Najeriya saboda al'adu, mishan da kuma tattalin arziki. Yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Yarabawa . A cikin Legas, an ba su filayen ruwa na Popo Aguda a matsayin mazauninsu. Zuwa shekarun 1880, sun ƙunshi kusan 9% na yawan jama'ar Legas. Zuwa ƙarshen 1920, ƙaura ta tsaya.
Kodayake Legas da ke bakin teku ita ce hanyar da aka fi so, amma yawancin wadanda suka dawo daga zuriyar kungiyoyi ne kamar Ijeshas, Oyos, Ijebu da Egba wadanda ke cikin gida. Agudas suna sane da garuruwansu na asali amma sun gwammace su kafa shago a Legas saboda yana da kyau ga kasuwanci, an karbe su sosai a Badagry sannan kuma saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ke faruwa a ciki. Jirgin da ke tare da Agudas a tashar jirgin ruwa a Badagry zai sami tarba daga taron yara da ke yabonsu yayin da suka sauka daga jirgin, yayin da a ƙetaren bakin haure ana kallon baƙi. A wasu lokuta, Oba na Legas ya ba su filaye don gina gida kuma ya ba su maza da za su taimaka musu a canjinsu zuwa rayuwar gida. Wannan duk da cewa, Legas ta bambanta da Bahia. Manyan wadanda suka dawo din suna cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma da yawa daga cikin yaran baƙi ne zuwa Legas. Sun ci gaba da bin al'adun Bahia kamar Katolika kuma sun kafa wata ƙungiyar haɗin kai a cikin Tsibirin Lagos . Saboda riƙe da ɗariƙar Katolika da sutturar Yammacin Turai, 'yan asalin Afirka sun kira su "baƙin fata" ko Agudas. Game da neman arziki a Afirka, wasu daga cikin mutanen Agudas na farko sun kasance masu rikitarwa ta ɗabi'a akan batutuwa kamar su bayi kuma sun zama yan kasuwar bayi kansu, kamar Francisco Felix de Sousa da Domingo Martinez.
Mazauni
Lokacin da Agudas ya dawo daga Bahia da Pernambuco, sai suka zauna a sassan gabashin Legas a filin da Oba Ojulari ya bayar . A shekara ta 1852, an shata wannan yankin a matsayin mazaunan Brazil (abin da daga baya aka san shi da suna Popo Aguda). A wannan lokacin, Lagos babban birni ya bi halaye na kabilanci da al'adun da ke bayyane a cikin garin. 'Yan Saros din sun rayu ne a Olowogbowo, wani yanki a gefen yamma na tsibirin Lagos, Turawan sun rayu kuma sun yi ciniki a tsayin Marina kuma' yan asalin Lagos sun zauna a yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin tsibirin. A kusurwar yamma mafi kusurwa na yankin Brazil ya isa sassan gabashin Olowogbowo a Filin Tinubu, yayin da tsakiyar yankin yankin Brazil din shi ne Campos Square - wanda aka sa wa sunan Cuban da ya dawo Hilario Campos. Sauran manyan titunan sun hada da Bamgbose da Tokunboh. A cikin ƙididdigar abubuwan da ke tattare da rikice-rikice sun bayyana, jama'ar ba su da alamun nuna ƙabilanci, kuma an sami ruwa a cikin ayyukan addini na mazauna.
Popo Aguda kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar rarraba kayan da aka shigo dasu. Shugabanta, Onipopo, a yau yana jagorantar bukukuwa daban-daban na tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin kwata-kwata. Akwai kuma wata ƴar uwa ta zan ƙasar ta Brazil a cikin Ago Egba, yankin mulkin mallaka na Egba a cikin garin Legas, wanda yake a babban yankin Ebute Metta.
Al'adu
Wadanda suka dawo daga Brazil da zuriyarsu ta yau ana kiransu "Agudas" (daga , kalma mara dacewa ta Portuguese don auduga da kyau fassara azaman ) ko "Amaro". Yawancinsu 'yan Katolika ne, amma wasu suna bautar Orishas na Afirka waɗanda suka kawo daga Brazil. Wasu daga cikin 'yan Aguda ma musulmai ne. Yawancin su har yanzu suna da sunayen Portuguese . Wasu sunayen dangin Fotigal da aka saba dasu a Najeriya sun haɗa da Da Silveira, De Silva, De Souza, da Moreira. A cikin 1800s, babban rarrabewar rarrabuwa shine ta haihuwa, Agudas da aka kama daga Yammacin Afirka wadanda suka yi kaura zuwa Legas ana kiransu Papae ko Mamae kuma waɗanda aka haifa a Brazil sannan kuma aka dawo ana kiransu Yaya ko Yayo.
Turawan Birtaniyya da suka hade da Legas a 1861 da kuma bunƙasa kasuwanci sun amfani al'umar Brazil. Tare da Saros, sun zama masu haɓaka burgesois . Sun yi amfani da salon ado na yamma, dawakai na tsere da shirya waltzes, raye-rayen murabba'i da soirees na kida inda aka yi Molière. Koyaya, da lokaci da yawa sun fara rungumar al'adunsu kuma lokacin da 'ya'yan waɗanda suka dawo suka girma, sai suka zo suka rungumi Legas a matsayin gidansu. Haɗin garin na Legas wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wannan ajin ma ya zo ne tare da fahimtar cewa masu mulkin mallaka ba sa barin nan da nan kuma duk wani fata na kafa ajin siyasa ya dushe. 'Yan Brazil din sun fara kulla alaka da hukumomin gargajiya a Legas, yayin da wasu suka sabunta dangantaka da' yan Afirka a can bayan kasa ta hanyar wadata su da makamai. Agudas ya samar da makamai ga Ijeshas a yakin da suka yi da Ibadan. Farawa a cikin 1880s, da yawa sun fara canza sunayensu zuwa na Afirka yayin da aka kirkiro reliefungiyar Agaji ta Aurora don bincika al'adunsu. Abincin Agudas a farkon 1920s ya haɗa da abincin da ake ɗauka na Afirka a Bahia amma ana ɗaukarsa daban da waɗanda 'yan asalin tsibirin ke ci. Sun ci pirão de caranguejo a lokacin hutu kuma sun shirya , (porridge) da (wake na madarar kwakwa) a matsayin kayan abinci. A harkar noma, wadanda suka dawo sun kuma yaɗa amfani da Rogo a matsayin amfanin gona.
Agudas ya yi bikin Ista tare da fitowar Caretas ko adadi na burrinha a Epiphany da Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (Ubangijinmu na ƙarshe) wanda ke da alaƙa da Obatala an yi bikin a lokacin yuletide.
Popo Aguda jama'a ce da ke da kusanci sosai kuma an san mazauna da iya tattalinsu da kuma ƙa'idodin aiki.
Addini
Mafi yawan 'yan Agudas mabiya ɗarikar Katolika ne, amma jama'ar yankin suna da adadi mai yawa na dangin musulmai da wadanda har yanzu suke bin addinin gargajiya. Bambancin addini ba shi da mahimmanci ko rarraba kamar yadda yake ga 'yan asalin Afirka, kuma suna jin daɗin yin aure daga ɗayan addinan uku. Kafin a gina katafaren cocin, an yi taro a cikin ginin gora a kan Broad St, filin da daga baya aka gina St Mary Convent. Firist na farko shi ne Padre Anthonio, shi ne mai kula da cocin Katolika kafin zuwan mishaneri na Faransa. Yin baftisma yana da mahimmanci ga jama'ar yankin kuma hakan ma wata hanya ce ta shiga yankin Aguda.
Wani babban coci, an gama Holy Cross Pro-Cathedral a cikin 1881, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar kuɗi daga ƙungiyar taron. An tsara shi don zama mafi mahimmancin tsari a cikin mulkin mallaka na Legas lokacin kammala shi. Asali an gina shi da hasumiya guda, bayan fewan shekaru bayan haka kuma an ƙara wata hasumiya tare da tsarin da ke kafa gicciyen gicciye tare da hasumiyoyi biyu. Agudas ne ya gina Cocin, amma mishanan Faransa ne suka lura da ginin. Daga cikin magina akwai rukuni na Francisco Nobre (wanda aka gina ɗayan hasumiyoyin), Balthazar dos Reis, João da Costa da Lázaro Borges da Silva (ƙwararren magina) tare da waɗanda suka koya musu aikin. Wannan rukuni kuma ya gina tsohon Masallacin Masallaci, wanda ake kira Jamiu Central Mosque.
Ciniki
Ciniki tsakanin Lagos da Brazil ya tashi a cikin 1860s kuma a 1869, Brazil ce ta uku mafi girma zuwa Lagos zuwa Lagos, ta kasance bayan Biritaniya sosai amma ta sha gaban Faransa. Wadanda suka dawo daga Legas suka mamaye kasuwancin tare da Brazil suka sayar da auduga, kayayyakin gargajiya da kayan goro ga ’yan Afirka a Bahia. Koyaya, wannan kasuwancin Transatlantic ya ragu a hankali kuma a farkon karni na ashirin babu kusan babu shi. Sun fara hidimar kasuwanci tare da Brazil a tsakiyar karni na sha tara amma a shekarun 1880, masu gasa masu lalata da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tilasta da yawa yin watsi da kasuwancin fitarwa. Noma ba da daɗewa ba aikin gona ya zama hanya don haɓaka guntun aiki a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kafin koma baya, yan kasuwa da yawa sun sami wadata kuma sun zama sanannun iyalai a cikin garin na Legas. Irin wadannan magabatan sun hada da Angelo Campos, Esan da Rocha da Joaquim Branco (wadanda aka fara zama a Dahomey) wadanda suka sami damar daukar nauyin 'ya'yansu don karin ilimi a Bahia, Havana ko Turai. A cikin Bahia, Afro-Brazilawa sun kafa yawancin ƙwararrun ƙwadago, Aguda da suka dawo sun kawo ƙwarewar kasuwanci da suka ƙware a Bahia kuma sun gwammace koyawa yaransu sana'a ko sana'ar hannu kamar masan, aikin kafinta ko ɗinki. Wasu sun yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na kamfanonin ciniki na Turai. A cikin 1897, daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan Aguda 96 da aka lissafa a cikin kundin adireshi, 11 sun kasance magina ne da magina, 6 magina ne, tela 9, masassaƙa 21, magatakarda 17 da kuma yan kasuwa 24 Wanda ke kan gaba a kera suttura a Legas Victoria shine Yaya Clemencia Guinaries.
Har ila yau, 'yan kasar ta Brazil da ke cinikin kayayyaki sun kuma samu fa'idar amfani da alakar da ke tsakanin su da garuruwan su na asali don tsallake hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya ta hanyar bude hanyoyi kai tsaye daga Legas zuwa cikin gida da kuma yin biris da biranen kasuwar gargajiya da matsakaita. Baya ga fataucin kayayyaki, saka hannun jari cikin kadarori ya kasance ruwan dare tsakanin iyalai masu wadata.
Gine-gine
Gine-ginen Brasil a Najeriya kyauta ne na dubban slavesancin bayi da suka dawo gida a cikin ƙarni na 19. Horar da matsayin kafintoci, cabinetmakers, magina, da bricklayers a Brazil, da tsohon bayi sun musamman a zahiri gwani sana'a kuma aka san su da exuberant da kuma abinda ya shafi style a kan doorways, haske fentin facades da chunky kankare ginshikan wanda aka kafe a cikin Baroque styles rare a Brazil a cikin ƙarni na 18.
A farkon 1800 Lagos, babban tsarin gine-ginen shine gidajen laka da gidaje tare da shinge ta amfani da ciyawar ganye a matsayin rufi; waɗannan gidajen galibi an kasasu gida-gida don rike dangin dangi. Gidan Oba da sarakuna sun fi girma, suna da manyan farfajiyoyi, ginshiƙai da baka, haɗuwa da salon Turawa da na asali. Tasirin Turawa ya samo asali ne a lokacin mulkin Oba Akinsemoyin wanda ya gayyaci masu bautar Fotigal zuwa Lagos, kuma bayin sun sake gyara fadarsa ta amfani da tubalin da aka shigo da su daga Fotigal don tsari da farantin rufin rufi. A cikin 1830s, hijirar waɗanda suka dawo daga ƙasarsu ta sake canza salon ginin. Sakamakon tasirin tsarin gidan mulkin mallaka na Brazil, sun gabatar da sabon salon gine-gine zuwa Lagos wanda ba da daɗewa ba attajirai masu hannu da shuni suka rungume shi. Tsarin gine-ginen Brazil ya zama sananne a Tsibirin Lagos a ƙarshen karni na 19. Gine-ginen gidaje ne masu hawa daya da aka gina don mazauna masu matsakaici kuma wasu kuma hawa biyu ko uku ne masu kyan gani (sobrados) waɗanda aka gina don abokan arziƙi. Gine-ginen benaye da aka ware sun ba da daraja ga masu su. An gina su da rufaffiyar tagogi, suna da sarari tsakanin saman bango da rufin kuma tare da mahadi. Falon ƙasa yawanci ana buɗe shi zuwa kan titi kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman ajiya, kantin sayarwa ko gidaje taimakon gida. Gidajen an gina su ne don dangin nukiliya sabanin tsarin dangi na tsarin gine-ginen Yarbawa na farko.
Wannan salon ya shahara a tsohuwar Legas a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin amma yayin da birni ya haɓaka, da yawa daga cikin gidajen an sake fasalta su ko rushe su don ba da damar manyan gidaje.
Gine-ginen tarihi
Gidan mashaya na Hephzhi: An kammala wannan gidan a shekarar 1924. Gidajan PH Williams ne, wani ɗan kasuwar Legas wanda iyayensa suka koma Afirka daga Trinidad lokacin yana ƙarami. Gidan bene ne mai hawa uku wanda Herbert Macaulay ya tsara . Ofar ta buɗe zuwa babban hanyar da za ta kai baƙi zuwa falo, ɗakuna biyu da ke kusa da juna sun kasance a gefe. Matakalar katako tana hawa bene tare da tsari iri ɗaya kamar ƙasa a ƙasa amma tare da ƙananan hanyoyi da ɗakuna. Tagayen suna da girma kuma suna gefen duka ginin da kuma bayan ginin.
Holy Cross Cathedral : Wannan ita ce Cocin Katolika na farko kuma cocin farko na tubali da aka gina a Legas. Ginin an fara shi ne a 1878 kuma a ƙarshe aka kammala shi a 1880. Bayyanannun tsarin gicciye ne tare da naves na hanya, transepts da hasumiyoyi biyu. Kodayake ma'aikatan Brazil sun fi son salon baroque, mishanaran Faransa waɗanda suka kula da gini sun sanya salon Gothic da aka yi amfani da shi. Bayan shekaru masu yawa, an rusa hasumiyoyin biyu kuma an fadada ƙarshen Gabas.
Gidan Ruwa : Wannan gidan ne Joao Esan da Rocha ya gina sannan kuma ɗansa, Candido ya faɗaɗa shi. An kira shi Gidan Ruwa ne saboda Joao Esan ya haƙa rijiya a bayan gidan wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sayar da ruwan bututu ga 'yan Legas. Ya so a gina gidan a cikin salo irin na gidan da yake zaune a Bahia bayan da ya sami kulawa sosai karin yan uwa.
Manazarta
Al'ada
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Mutanen Najeriya
Mutanen Afirka |
34108 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20dan%20adam%20a%20finland | Hakkin dan adam a finland | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Finland yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ne, addini, ƙungiya, da taro kamar yadda doka da aikace-aikace suka kiyaye. Mutane suna da tabbacin haƙƙoƙin asali a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki, ta hanyar ayyukan majalisa, da kuma cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da gwamnatin Finland ta amince da su. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa.
Finland ta kasance a matsayi sama da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin ƙasashen duniya a cikin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin aikin jarida, da ci gaban ɗan Adam.
Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da wasu batutuwa a Finland, kamar zargin ba da izinin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na CIA, daure masu adawa da aikin soja, da nuna wariya ga al'umma ga al'ummar Romani da 'yan tsirarun kabilu da harsuna.
Fage
A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1917, Finland ta ayyana 'yancin kai. A baya can, Finland ta kasance wani yanki na Sweden (1253-1808) sannan wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na Rasha (1809-1917).
Tsarin adalci
Hukuncin kisa
A lokacin zaman lafiya, a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Finland bai taba daukar hukuncin kisa ba. A cikin 1825, lokacin da Finland ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Rasha, an kashe Tahvo Putkonen. Wannan shi ne kisa na ƙarshe lokacin zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1944, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na karshe a lokacin yakin.
Bincika da kamawa
A karkashin dokar Finnish, ba a buƙatar sammacin bincike na kotu don 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike da kamawa. Kotun kare hakkin bil adama ta Turai da Mataimakin Ombudsman na Majalisar Dokokin Finland sun yi suka game da binciken da bai dace ba da kuma kame da 'yan sandan Finland ke amfani da su.
'Yancin magana
Tun da farko mai tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma dan majalisa dan asalin Finnish Anders Chydenius, Sweden ta karbi daya daga cikin 'yancin aikin jarida na farko a 1766. Dokar dai ta soke aikin tauye rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a baya kafin a buga jaridu, duk da cewa cin zarafi da suka ga sarkin ya kasance haramun ne. Koyaya, aikin ya koma baya kuma an sake gabatar da shi sau da yawa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Rasha, gwamnatin daular Rasha ta yi amfani da shi. Tashin hankali na 1905 a Rasha ya haifar da bayyanar Nuwamba na Czar, wanda ya sake dawo da 'yancin yin magana da manema labarai. Tare da 'yancin kai, an sake tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kuma gabaɗaya ana mutunta su. Babban abin da ya ke banbanta shi ne furucin lokacin yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An dakatar da wasu ayyukan hagu a cikin 1930s yayin da lokacin zamanin Finlandization, manyan kantunan labarai sun yi aikin tantance kai don kada suyi adawa da Tarayyar Soviet.
Sabo ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba, haka nan tunzura kiyayyar kabilanci.
A watan Afrilun 2016 Yle mai watsa shirye-shirye na kasar Finland ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga Ministan Kudi Alexander Stubb da hukumomin haraji don mika bayanan da ke da alaka da kwararar bayanan Panama Papers. Wannan na iya kawo cikas ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Finland da kuma damar kafofin watsa labarai a duk wani labarin da ya shafi cin hanci da rashawa a Finland. Alexander Stubb ya sha bayyana niyyarsa na gafartawa duk laifukan kudi da suka shafi wuraren haraji (lokacin karshe a cikin bayanansa yayin sauraron karar gwamnati a Majalisar dangane da takardun Panama). Hukumomin haraji na kasar Finland sun yi barazanar ba da sammacin bincike don kai samame a harabar Yle da gidajen ‘yan jarida domin neman abin da ake kira Panama Papers. Kimanin lauyoyin Finnish guda goma sha biyu ko ’yan kasuwa na Finnish sun yi aiki tare da Mossack Fonseca don gina kamfanonin haraji daga 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2015.
Zabe da gudunmawar jama'a
A cikin 1907, Finland ta amince da zaɓe na duniya, wanda ya sa al'ummar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko don ba da damar duk wani ɗan ƙasa balagagge, ba tare da la'akari da dukiya ko jinsi ba, don kada kuri'a da tsayawa zabe. A cikin yawan jama'a, 3.6% mazauna kasashen waje ne. Tun daga 1917, an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama guda biyu. Na farko shi ne zaben raba gardama na haramcin Finnish na 1931 da na biyu, kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Tarayyar Turai ta 1994 .
Tun daga shekara ta 2012, yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa sun ba ƴan ƙasa damar neman majalisar ta yi la'akari da dokar da aka gabatar . Aƙalla magoya bayan 50,000 dole ne su sanya hannu kan takardar koke don ba da damar shirin ya ci gaba. Nasarar farko da 'yan kasa suka yi shi ne hana noman fur. An samu sa hannun mutane 70,000 da ke goyon bayan shirin a cikin wa'adin da aka kayyade. Shirin na biyu ɗan ƙasa shine don daidaita haƙƙin aure a 2013.
Daidaito
Hakkokin mata
Bayan New Zealand da Ostiraliya, Finland ita ce ƙasa ta uku da ta ba mata damar jefa ƙuri'a. A shekara ta 1907, Finland ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ba wa mata damar jefa ƙuri'a da kuma yin takara a zaben 'yan majalisa. Ministar mata ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Finland ita ce Miina Sillanpää. Ta yi ministar harkokin zamantakewa ta biyu a shekarar 1926 zuwa 1927 a majalisar dokoki. Tarja Halonen, wacce ta yi aiki daga 2000 zuwa 2012, itace mace ta farko shugabar kasar Finland.
A cikin 1878, a Porvoo, Charlotta Backman ta zama darektan mace ta farko na ofishin gidan waya.
A cikin 1886, Vera Hjält (an haife ta 1857 - ta mutu 1947) ta buɗe wata masana'anta don kera benci na kafinta. A shekara ta 1903, ta zama mace ta farko a Finland da ta zama mai duba kasuwanci. An bukaci ta kawo karshen sabani da yajin aiki. Ta yi aiki don kawo karshen wariya ga mata a wurin aiki. Hjalt ya kasance dan majalisa tsawon shekaru goma.
Tekla Hultin (an haife ta a shekara ta 1864) ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Helsinki (sai Helsingin Keisarillinen Aleksanterin yliopisto) Ta ci gaba da karatu a Rasha da Faransa kuma ta kasance 'yar majalisa tsawon shekaru 15. (Mahaifiyar Hultin ita ma tana son yin karatu amma mahaifinta ya hana ta yin hakan.)
Har zuwa 1926, matan Finnish da ke neman ofishin jama'a dole ne su nemi izini dangane da jinsi. Dangane da haka, ba a samu daidaito ba sai 1975.
Matan Finnish za su iya gādo kuma su mallaki dukiya. Aurora Karamzin (1808 - 1902) ta gaji tsohon mijinta, dan Rasha, mallakar Paul Demidov. Bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu, Andrei Karamzin, Karamzin ya gudanar da dukiyarta da dukiyar masana'antu. Ta shiga aikin tsaro na zamantakewa a Finland da Rasha kuma ta yi aiki a cikin ilimi da kiwon lafiya. A 1867, ta kafa Helsingin Diakonissalaitos.
A ranar 6 ga Maris 1988, an naɗa mata na farko da suka zama firistoci a Cocin Evangelical Lutheran na Finland . An zabi mace ta farko da ta zama bishop a shekarar 2010.
Har ila yau, a yau, Finland na kokawa da cin zarafin kare hakkin ɗan adam da ake yi wa mata. A kowace shekara a kasar Finland, mazajensu ko mazajensu sun kashe mata har ashirin. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da Amnesty International, sun soki rashin daukar matakai don cika ayyukan da ake bukata ga wadanda aka zalunta, da aka jera a cikin kudurin yarjejeniyar Istanbul . Samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka duka yana iyakance rashin daidaituwa bisa ga wurin zama.
Daidaiton jinsi a wurin aiki
Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna damuwa game da rashin daidaiton jinsi a cikin rayuwar aikin Finnish. A shekarar 2013, bambanci tsakanin albashin da maza ke karba da wanda mata ke karba, don aiki daya, ya kai kashi 8 cikin dari. Masu daukan ma'aikata sun ba da karin horo ga maza, yayin da mata suka nemi horo fiye da maza.
Dokar Finnish ta yi kira ga kamfanoni masu ma'aikata fiye da talatin da su yi shirin daidaita jinsi. A watan Agustan 2013, kamfanoni da yawa sun yi watsi da bin wannan doka. Duk da haka, ba a aiwatar da dokar da kyau ba.
Doka a cikin 1945 ta ba da izini ga albashin mata ya zama kashi 80% na maza a cikin aiki daidai gwargwado a Finland. A cikin 2018 wani mutumin Finnish ya sami fiye da € 70,000 a cikin shekaru goma idan aka kwatanta da mace Finnish.
Hakkokin yara
Finland ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC). Samun yara suyi aiki ko bara haramun ne kamar yadda ake amfani da yara ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a buga yaro a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau.
Ba a rubuta adadin da tarihin karuwai matasa a Finland ba. Saye ko yunƙurin siyan jima'i daga ƙaramin ƙarami laifi ne a Finland. Alhakin shari'a na aikin koyaushe yana kan mai siye.
Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar
A cikin Fabrairu 2013, Finland ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Yan Asalin Ƙasa ba ko Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙabila, 1989 (ILO-convention 169). A cikin Maris 2014, Finland ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ILO 169 Sauli Niinistö, Shugaban ƙasar Finland, ya ce yarjejeniyar ba ta da wani tasiri. Duk da haka, mutanen Sami na arewacin Finland da Lapland ba su da wani haƙƙi na musamman, alal misali, haƙƙin filaye don kiwo . A cikin Oktoba 2011, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira da a dakatar da kashe barewa a Nellim, Inari . Masu reindeer da Metsähallitus (Ma'aikatar gandun daji) sun yi jayayya kan wannan al'amari. A cikin 2019, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya gano cewa Finland ta keta haƙƙin siyasa na Sámi, kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta Finland ta yi tun daga 2011 zuwa gaba, ta fara amfani da sharuɗɗan da ba na haƙiƙa ba lokacin da aka yanke izinin zama memba a cikin jerin sunayen zaɓe ga Majalisar Sami.
Hakkin LGBT
Finland tana tilasta haifuwa ga mutanen da suka yi aikin sake aikin jima'i . Canza jinsi na shari'a yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da aka gano cutar tabin hankali kuma ba ta samuwa ga ƙananan yara.
'Yancin addini
Kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, amma duk da haka alal misali har yanzu iyayensu ne ke ba da izinin zama membobin ƙungiyar addini na yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18, don haka, a cewar wasu ƙungiyoyi, taƙawa ’yancin yin addinin yara. Yara ba za su iya zaɓar ko sun yi nazarin addininsu ko ɗabi'a ba (elämänkatsomustieto), amma an ƙayyade ko dai yaron yana cikin al'ummar addini ko a'a ko, a wasu lokuta, iyayensu. Wanda ba ya cikin al’ummar addini zai iya zabar ya yi karatun addini bisa radin kansa, amma wanda yake daya ba zai iya zabar tsakanin zabi biyu ba (kuma ba ya barin kungiyar addini ba tare da izinin iyaye ba) kuma a tilasta masa yin karatun addini. Ko da yake koyarwar addini a makarantu de jure ba ikirari ba ne, rahoton 'Yancin Tunani ya bayyana cewa "yana nuna son kai ko kuma ikirari kan iyaka". Ikilisiya da jihar ba su rabu sosai ba, kuma a cewar Humanists International da Freethinkers' Association, yana haifar da matsaloli tare da tsaka-tsakin gwamnati game da addinai.
A cikin 2020, Babban mai gabatar da kara na Finland ya binciki shugaban Diocese na Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese na Finland kuma Sashen yan sanda na Helsinki ya kira shi ya ba da shaida saboda "ana tuhumarsa da laifin tunzura kiyayya ga kungiya" don sanyawa. ƙaramin ɗan littafin a kan gidan yanar gizon yanar gizon kuma yana rarraba ta cikin coci. Littafin ya taƙaita koyaswar gargajiya akan al'amuran jima'i.
Soja da aikin farar hula
Mutanen Finnish maza suna yin aikin soja na tilas. Sabis na farar hula ya kasance watanni 13 a cikin tsawon lokacin yayin da ake yi wa aiki, kamar , ƙwararrun jami'ai da wasu ƙwararru kamar wasu ma'aikatan abin hawa sun yi watanni 12 kacal. Matsakaicin lokacin hidima a cikin sojojin shine watanni takwas. An yi adalci a rashin adalci ta sa'o'in aikin da kowane rukuni ya yi. A shekara ta 2008, an canza tsawon lokacin aikin farar hula zuwa watanni 12. Domin ya rage fiye da mafi ƙarancin lokacin da ake kashewa a aikin soja, Amnesty International tana kallonsa a matsayin matakin ladabtarwa. Ƙari ga haka, ana kai su gidan yari. A cewar Amnesty, fursunonin lamiri ne .
Kasuwancin makamai zuwa kasashen da ba su da demokradiyya
A cikin 2011, gwamnatin Finland ta ba da lasisin fitar da makamai zuwa kasashe ashirin da biyar wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin Tarayyar Turai . A cikin Oktoba 2011, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Finland ta ba da lasisin fitarwa don jigilar bindigogin maharbi da harsasai zuwa Kazakhstan .
Ma'aikatan ƙaura
A shekara ta 2011, Finland ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Haƙƙin Dukan Ma'aikatan Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu ba. Ma'aikatan Estoniya, alal misali, ƙila ba a biya su kuɗin aikinsu ba. Bugu da kari, a matsayin misali, a watan Disamba na shekarar 2011, an umurci wani gidan cin abinci na kasar Sin da ke Ideapark Lempäälä ya biya Yuro 298,000 na asarar ma'aikatan bakin haure na haraji, albashi da kuma azabtarwa. A cikin 2013, Lauri Ihalainen, Ministan Kwadago, ya yi kira ga daidaito a kasuwar aiki.
Aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Olkiluoto
A yayin aikin gina tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Olkiluoto, kungiyoyin kwadago sun bukaci daidaito a yanayin ma'aikatan kasashen waje. A watan Nuwamban 2011, ma'aikatan 'yan ci-rani 'yan Poland a Elektrobudowa sun yi sabani game da albashin da ba a biya ba da kuma zama membobin kungiyar kwadago. Kungiyoyin kwadago sun kai kararsu kotu. An kori mutane 32 saboda shiga kungiyar kwadago Sähköliitto .
Tauye hakkin dan adam a Thailand
Wani kwararre kan kare hakkin bakin haure dan Burtaniya Andy Hall (mai fafutuka) wanda ya yi aiki da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Finnwatch a kasar Thailand ta yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari daga kotunan kasar saboda rahotonsa na cin zarafin bil adama a masana'antar sarrafa 'ya'yan itace ta kasar da aka fitar da kayayyakin a kasashen waje. Finland. Tuhumar da ta shafi buga wani rahoto mai arha yana da tsada a cikin 2013 na Finnwatch, wata ƙungiyar farar hula ta Finnish. Rahoton ya zayyana zarge-zargen cin zarafi mai tsanani, kamar yadda ake yin amfani da kananan yara, a kamfanin sarrafa abarba na Kamfanin Natural Fruit da ke lardin Prachuap Khiri Khan a kasar Thailand. Kamfanonin kasuwanci da yawa sun shigo da samfuran a Finland ( Kesko, Siwa da S Group ).
A cewar rahoton Finnwatch a shekarar 2015 Tokmanni ta kuma kasa tantance masu samar da ita yadda ya kamata da kuma yin taka-tsantsan game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin nata sarƙoƙin shigo da kayayyaki. A cewar rahoton na Great Oriental, ma’aikatan bakin haure ba su da biza ko izinin aiki kuma ana biyan su albashin ma’aikata ba bisa ka’ida ba.
lamuran
A cikin Maris 2013, Erkki Tuomioja, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Finland ya bi sahun sauran kasashe wajen yin kira da a tsaurara matakan kiyaye hakkin dan Adam a Tarayyar Turai. A cikin 2014, Finnwatch ya zargi kamfanonin Finnish da yawa a ƙasashen waje sun aikata rashin da'a.
A cikin Janairu 2013, Open Society Foundations, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Amurka, ta yi zargin cewa jiragen CIA sun yi tafiya ta Finland a asirce. Kungiyar Amnesty ta goyi bayan zargin.
A cikin 2014, Kalla fakta, shirin talabijin na Sweden, ya ruwaito cewa Stora Enso ya yi amfani da aikin yara a cikin ayyukan Pakistan kuma kamfanin ya san wannan daga 2012.
Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam
A cewar Kotun Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Turai a shekarar 2019 Finland ta keta hakkin dan Adam a shekarar 2017 lokacin da ta ki ba da mafaka ga wani dan Iraki da aka tasa keyar shi zuwa Iraki kuma aka kashe bayan 'yan makonni.
A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2020, Kotun Kolin Turai (ECHR) ta ce ba za ta amince da bukatar wani ɗan ƙasar Afganistan ba, inda ya zargi Finland da rashin ba shi mafaka da kuma izinin zama a ƙasar.
Duba kuma
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai
Fataucin mutane a Finland
Takaddama a Finland
Auren jinsi daya a Finland
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin Farko na Wakilin Majalisar Wakilai na Hakkokin Dan Adam.
Hakkokin Dan Adam da Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Finland.
Taskar Finland ta yi rahoton a Amnesty International .
Rukunin Rukunin Ƙasa na Finland ya ba da rahoto a Human Rights Watch .
Rahoton 2005 na Finland na Freedom House .
Binciken 'Yancin Jarida na Duniya na 2004, Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya ta buga
Shafin farko na Cibiyar Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jami'ar Åbo Akademi .
Kungiyar Finnish League for Human Rights
Laifukan tantancewa a Finland - IFEX
Bita na Finland na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Review Periodic periodic, 9 Afrilu 2008.
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2005
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2004
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2003
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2002
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2001
Rahoton Yancin Addini 2000
Rahoton Yancin Addini 1999
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2004
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2003
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2002
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2001
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2000
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 1999
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17130 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasumiya | Hasumiya | Hasumiya (Turanci Minaret /ˌ m ɪ n ə r ɛ t, M ɪ n ə ˌ r ɛ t / ; Persian goldasteh, Azerbaijani , Turkish , daga manarah) wani nau'in hasumiya ne wanda galibi aka gina shi ko kusa da masallatai. Ana yin Hasumiya bisa dalilai da yawa. Duk da yake suna samar da mahimmin abu, ana kuma amfani dasu gaba daya don kiran musulmai zuwa sallah ( adhan ). Tsarin asali na hasumiya ya haɗa da tushe, yanayin tsayi, sannan kuma hula da kai. Gabaɗaya su ne tsayi mai tsayi tare da kambi mai kamanni albasa.
Ayyuka
A farkon karni na 9, an sanya hasumiyayoyi na farko a gaban bangon ƙibla. Sau da yawa, wannan sanyawar ba ta da fa'ida ga isa ga al'umma don kiran salla. Sun yi tunatarwa cewa yankin na Islama ne kuma ya taimaka wajen bambanta masallatai da gine-ginen da ke kewaye.
Baya ga samar da abin gani ga al'ummar musulmai, sauran aikin shi ne samar da wani wurin kallo wanda ake yin kiran sallah, ko adhan . Ana Kuma yin kiran salla sau biyar a kowace rana: alfijir, azahar, tsakiyar rana, faduwar rana, da kuma dare. A mafi yawan masallatan zamani, ana kiran adhān daga musallah (zauren salla) ta hanyar makirufo zuwa tsarin magana a hasumiya.
Gina
Ainihin nau'in hasumiya ce
Tarihi
Masallatan farko basu da hasumiya kuma ana yin kiran sallah sau da yawa daga ƙananan gine-gine. Hadisai sun nuna cewa musulmin farko na Madina sun yi kiran salla daga rufin gidan Muhammad, wanda ya ninka wurin addua.
Binciken masana ya gano asalin hasumiya yazo ne dag daular Umayyad kuma yayi bayanin cewa wadiannan hasumiya ɗin kwafin tsafin coci ne da ake samu a Siriya a wancan lokacin. Hasumiyayoyi na farko an samo su ne ta hanyar gine-gine daga hasumiyar majami'ar Siriya. Sauran nassoshi sun nuna cewa hasumiya a Siriya sun samo asali ne daga ziggurats na wuraren bauta na Babila da na Assuriya na Mesofotamiya.
Hasumiyayoyi da aka sani na farko sun bayyana a farkon ƙarni na 9 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Abbasiyya, kuma ba a amfani da su sosai har zuwa karni na 11. Waɗannan siffofin hasumiyayoyi na farko an sanya su a tsakiyar bangon da ke gaban bangon qibla. Waɗannan kuma hasumiyoyin an gina su a ƙasan masarautar a tsayi zuwa girman 3: 1.
Tsohuwar hasumiya ita ce Babban Masallacin Kairouan a Tunisia kuma har yanzu hasumiya din tana tsaye. Ginin Babban Masallacin Kairouan ya fara ne tun shekara ta 836. An gina masallacin da matakai uku na faɗaɗa waɗanda suka kai tsayin mita 31.5.
Hasumiyayoyi suna da siffofi iri-iri (gabaɗaya zagaye, murabba'i ɗaya, karkace ko octagonal) dangane da aikin gine-ginensu. Hasumiyayoyi an gina su ne daga kowane kayan abu wanda yake da sauƙin samu, kuma sau da yawa yakan canza daga yanki zuwa yanki. Adadin minarorin da masallatai ba su tsayar ba, asali minaret guda daya ce za ta raka kowane masallaci, sannan magini zai iya yin wasu da yawa.
Salon gini na gida
Asiya ta Tsakiya
A lokacin zamanin Seljuk, an yi ma hasumiya ado da zane-zane. An gina su sosai, koda a ƙananan masallatai ko haɗaɗɗun masallaci. Bugu da ƙari, hasumiyayoyi a lokacin zamanin Seljuk sun kasance suna da alaƙa da tsare-tsaren madauwari da sansanonin octagonal. Hasumiyar Bukhara ta kasance sananniyar hasumiya na Seljuk don amfani da tsarin tubali da rubutu.
Salon "ƙasa da ƙasa na Timurid" ya bayyana a tsakiyar Asiya a lokacin ƙarni na 17 kuma an rarraba shi ta hanyar amfani da minarets da yawa. Misalan wannan salon sun hada da minarets a saman rufin kofar kudu a cikin Kabbar Akbar a Sikandra (1613), da minarets a kan Kabarin Jahangir (1628-1638), da kuma hasumiya hudu da ke kewaye da kabarin Taj Mahal .
Masar
Salon hasumiya ya ɗan bambanta a tarihin Misira . Yawancin hasumiyayoyi sun kasance a kan wani tushe murabba'i, duk da haka, jiki ɗin na iya zama a bayyane ko an yi masa ado kuma an saka shi da rawanin daban-daban da kuma tanti. Ana kuma raba bene na hasumiya ta baranda.
Masallacin al-Hakim, wanda aka gina tsakanin 990 da 1010, yana da wani murabba'i mai tushe tare da shaft wanda yake zuwa rawanin.
Gabashin Sin
Hasumiyayoyi na Gabashin Sin sun sami tasiri sosai daga hasumiyayoyi na Islama na Iran. Sau da yawa suna da dandamali na madauwari da maɓuɓɓu na siliki tare da alamu na ado na ƙasar Sin. Hasumiyar Haske, wanda aka fi sani da Guangta minaret (1350), ya haɗu da ɓangarorin gine-ginen Islama da na China.
Iraƙi
Babban Masallacin Samarra (848-852) ɗayan farkon minaret ne kuma yana da fasalin tsawan hasumiyar silinda a bayan bangon masallacin. Salon minaret na Abbasawa na yau da kullun, wanda aka gani a Iraki, yana da sifa tare da tushen polygonal da kuma babban ramin siliki. Hakanan galibi ana samun sa a saman rufin masallacin.
Misalai biyu na wannan salon sune Masallacin al-Khaffafin da Masallacin Qumriyya.
Iran
Minarets na ƙarni na 12 Iran sau da yawa suna da shafuka masu motsi tare da murabba'i masu tushe ko octagonal waɗanda ke ɓoye zuwa manyan biranensu. Wadannan minarets sun zama sanannen salo a duk duniyar musulinci. Waɗannan fom ɗin ma an yi musu ado sosai. Nau'in hasumiyar minaret wadanda suka yi wa kofar shiga masallaci sun samo asali ne daga Iran.
Kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Hasumiyar minarets ba ta zama gama gari a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar yadda aka tsara masallatai don yin aiki kamar tsarin al'umma. An tsara Masallatai su zama karami sosai kuma a wasu lokutan ana samun minarets na hawa bene.
Tunisia
Minaret a Babban Masallacin Kairouan, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 836, ya rinjayi duk wasu minaret a yammacin musulunci. Ita ce mafi girman minaret a cikin duniyar Musulmi.
Turkiya
Seljuks na Rum, wanda ya gaji jihar ta Seljuks, sun gina minarets ta hanyar shiga daga bulo wanda asalinsu Iran ne.
Gabaɗaya, minarets a Anatolia sun kasance ɗaya kuma sun sami girmamawa ta ado yayin masallacin ya kasance a fili. An yi amfani da minaret din a kusurwowin masallatai, kamar yadda aka gani a Babban Masallacin Divrigi .
Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da al'adun Iran na siffofin minaret mai tudu da tushe mai murabba'i. Minarets galibi ana cika su da alamun jinjirin wata. Amfani da minaret fiye da ɗaya, da manyan minarets, an yi amfani dashi don nuna tallafi.
Misali, Suleymaniye Dome yana da minarets da ya kai mita 70.
Afirka ta Yamma
Hasumiyayoyi na Afirka ta Yamma suna da ƙyallen kyallen dutse wanda ya ba da damar tsarin ya ɗauki sabbin fasali. Yawanci, suna hasumiya guda ɗaya, murabba'in sukwaya tare da bangon da aka buga. Keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓun fitattun mutane sun haɗa da ƙananan minarets na octagonal a cikin biranen arewacin - Chefchaouen, Tetouan, Rabat, Ouezzane, Asilah, da Tangier - da zagaye na minaret na Moulay Idriss .
Hasumiyayoyi a zamanan ce
Asalin Hasumiya anyi ta ne domin a hau ayi kiran Sallah. Ladabi mai kiran sallah na hawa saman ƙololuwar hasumiya yayi kiran sallah domin sautin Muryar shi yake ko ina.
To amma a wannan zamanin da aka samu na'ura ta amsa kuwa, an mayar da hasumiya wajen da ake ɗora amsa kuwa ta na'urar lasifiƙa. Hakanan ana yima Hasumiya ado domin ƙara ƙarara masallaci a wannan zamanin.
Manazarta |
29908 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabtarewar%20%C6%99asa | Zabtarewar ƙasa | A fannin ilmin kasa da kuma nazarin injiniyoyin ƙasa, zabtarewar ƙasa babbar haɗarin ƙasa ce a wurare da yawa a duniya. Ana la'akari da su wani tsari na almubazzaranci, wanda aka fi sani da su shine tarkace kwarara, faifan tuddai, da faɗuwar dutse . Waɗannan abubuwan na iya faruwa a cikin shekaru masu yawa na motsi mai raɗaɗi amma mai ƙarfi, ko kuma a cikin wasu ƴan lokuta masu ɓarna. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin ilimin ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da abubuwan da suka faru na zaizayar ƙasa. Babban abin da ya shafi zabtarewar ƙasa shine ƙarfin dutse. Ƙarfin dutse ana bayyana shi ta hanyar danniya/matsala dangantaka, matsa lamba mai ƙarfi, da matsa lamba . Ƙarfafa, manyan duwatsu masu yawa ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin zamewar dutse ko zabtarewar ƙasa fiye da raƙuman duwatsu masu ƙarancin yawa waɗanda za a iya cika su da ruwa cikin sauƙi. A Utah matakin ruwan karkashin kasa yana ci gaba da jujjuyawa, yana mai da yankin ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da zaftarewar kasa. Yayin da ruwa ya cika ƙasa, yana sa ta yi laushi kuma ta yi nauyi, damuwa/dangin dangantakar da duwatsu ke fuskanta suna ƙaruwa sosai. Ƙarfin dutsen ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Mohr Circle, da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsa . Da zarar an sami yanayin da zai sanya dutse akan ambulan da ya gaza, zai iya fuskantar nakasu.
Akwai manyan nau'ikan nakasawa guda biyu waɗanda duwatsu suke yi kuma duka suna da alaƙa da zabtarewar ƙasa. Idan dutsen yana da ƙarfi kuma ya sami raunin raunin da ke tattare da ƙananan motsi a cikin dutsen, ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana ɗan ɗan kiyayewa, kuma ana iya hana zamewar ɗan lokaci. Koyaya, idan dutsen ya sami gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kuma ya karye, zabtarewar ƙasa na iya faruwa da yawa. Damuwa da yanayin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da duwatsu da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsu sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan dutsen, amma an yi nazari sosai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje saboda abubuwan da waɗannan bayanan ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci a kowane fanni na ilimin ƙasa da ake da Shi.
Abubuwan zaɓen ƙasa a Utah
Wani bugu na baya-bayan nan da Cibiyar Nazarin Geologic ta Utah ta yi ta ba da rahoton faruwar ayyukan zaizayar ƙasa sama da kimanin 22,000 a duk faɗin jihar a kan yanayin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan. An sami aukuwar zaftarewar ƙasa da yawa a cikin gundumar Utah a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata waɗanda suka haifar da asarar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli na diyya da asarar dukiya. A ƙasa akwai bayanin da ya shafi ƙasuwar Thistle, Utah da zaftarwar ƙasar Cedar, Utah (aiki).
The Thistle Landslide
Zaftarewar kasa a Thistle, Utah, a shekarata (1983) ta haifar da asarar sama da dala miliyan 200 da asarar dukiya. Dusar ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi, haɗe da dumi, ruwan marmaro ya haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai gudu zuwa ƙafa 3.5 a cikin sa'a. Kaurin ya wuce ƙafa 200, faɗinsa ƙafa 1000, kuma tsayin sama da mil ɗaya. Zamewar ta tsaya a ƙarshe lokacin da ta yi karo da wani babban dutse mai yashi a gindin dutsen. Adadin kayan da aka motsa a cikin faifan ya isa ya haifar da dam mai tsayin ƙafa kimanin 200 wanda ya toshe bakin kogin Fork na Sipaniya, kuma ya samar da wani babban tafki inda garin Thistle ya kasance. Hakanan ya hana zirga-zirgar layin dogo tare da rufe manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu (US6 da US89). Daga karshe tafkin ya zarce ya bar ragowar garin, wanda har yanzu ana iya gani a cikin kwaruruka.
An tattara samfuran duwatsu da ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin zabtarewar ƙasa Thistle kuma an yi nazari. Babban nau'ikan dutsen su ne dutsen yashi da dutsen farar ƙasa, kuma ƙasar ta ƙunshi kusan hatsin yashi quartz kaɗai da ma'adinan yumbu (illite). Karatuttukan ƙarfin da aka yi a baya akan dutsen yashi mai ƙyalli ya sa a sami sauƙin ganin dalilin da yasa aka jawo zaɓen ƙasa. Gwajin matsawa na Triaxial da aka yi don busassun dutsen yashi na silty yana nuna daidaiton ƙarfin haɗin kai zuwa 18.7 MPa, ma'ana cewa dutsen ba zai karye ba har sai an kai waɗannan yanayin damuwa. Don samfurin rigar, kama da yanayin da ke cikin Thistle, ƙarfin haɗin kai yana raguwa zuwa 15.9 MPa. Wadannan bayanai sun nuna cewa idan dutsen yashi maras nauyi ya cika, duwatsun sun fi saurin karyewa, wanda hakan ne wata hanya da za ta iya haddasa zabtarewar kasa. Tare da kyawawan kaddarorin dutsen yashi maras nauyi, da kuma ikon ƙasa mai arzikin yumbu don sha ruwa mai yawa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Kogin Fork na Sipaniya ya fuskanci zabtarewar ƙasa da yawa cikin tarihin yanayin ƙasa. Zaben sarkar ya sake kunnawa sau da yawa tun babban aikinsa a shekarata 1983, kuma zai ci gaba da yin hakan har sai ingantacciyar yanayin zaizayar ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ya haifar.
Zaftarewar Kasa ta Cedar Hills
A cikin Afrilun shekarar 2005, zaftarewar ƙasa ta faru a Cedar Hills, Utah. Yankin zaizayar ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta motsa a cikin shwky 1983, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da lokacin sanyi iri ɗaya da dumi, yanayin bazara wanda ya haifar da zamewar Thistle. Zaftarewar kasa wani bangare ne na babban, hadadden zaizayar kasa mai hade da Manning Canyon Shale. Zaizayar kasa mai aiki tana da kusan ƙafa 375 tsayi da faɗin ƙafa 150. Nau'in dutsen da ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da wannan taron sune yumbu da laka mai wadataccen shale . Ƙarfafa Properties hade da rigar vs. bushe shale sun yi kama da na rigar vs. bushe sandstone. Lokacin da shale yana kusa da saman ƙasa inda abun cikin ruwa ke jujjuyawa, yakan shiga cikin ƙasa mai arziƙin yumbu inda ƙarin danshi yana rage ƙarfin dutsen kuma yana ƙara yuwuwar faruwar zaɓen ƙasa. Ana yin gwajin matsawa na Triaxial akan busassun shale ya nuna gazawar danniya mai tasiri sama da 15MPa. Zaftarwar kasa ta Cedar Hills ba ta yi tsanani kamar zamewar Thistle ba saboda gangaren tudun ba ta kai tsayin daka ba, wanda ke haifar da karancin damuwa. Hakanan, shale yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarfin matsawa fiye da dutsen yashi, don haka nauyin nauyi bai yi tasiri sosai akan shale ba. An yi sa'a ga mazauna Cedar Hills, nunin ya tsaya a yanzu, kuma da fatan za a ci gaba da kasancewa a tsaye, ko da yake shaidar ilimin ƙasa ta nuna cewa hakan ba zai yiwu ba.
An dauki matakan kiyayewa bayan zamewar shekarata 2005 don rage damuwa a kan tudu, ciki har da gina bango mai riƙewa don rage tasirin damuwa na tsaye (sigma 1), da magudanar tsakuwa don taimakawa wajen cire ruwa daga tudu don taimakawa duwatsu su kula da haɗin kai. ƙarfi. Waɗannan matakan ba su da tasiri, saboda faifan ya motsa sau uku tun a Shekarar 2005, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalata gidajen da ke kusa da hoton.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
http://geology.utah.gov/survenotes/geosights/thistle.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20101103144603/http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/hazards/landslide/cedarhills0405/index.htm
http://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2005/IMWA2005_072_Li.pdf
Girgizar ƙasa
Ƙasa
Ambaliya |
50461 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Dabarun%20Gudanar%20da%20Kemikal%20ta%20Duniya | Hanyar Dabarun Gudanar da Kemikal ta Duniya | Hanyar Dabarun Gudanar ta Kemikal ta Duniya (SAICM) tsari ne na manufofin duniya don haɓaka ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai. Sakatariyar SAICM tana gudanar da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
“Samar da ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa sinadarai yana da matukar muhimmanci idan ana son samun ci gaba mai dorewa, gami da kawar da talauci da cututtuka, inganta lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli da daukaka da kiyaye zaman rayuwa a kasashe a dukkan matakai na ci gaba. " -Dubai, 2006.
Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ta karbe shi a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu 2006. Taron farko na taron da tsarin samar da dabarun dabarun sarrafa sinadarai na kasa da kasa an gudanar da shi ne tare da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN muhalli), Shirin Tsare-tsaren Tsara don Gudanar da Sauti na Sinadarai (IOMC ). da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga akan Kariyar Sinadarai (IFCS ).
Tsarin Dabarun na goyon bayan cimma burin da aka amince da su a taron kolin duniya na 2002 na Johannesburg kan ci gaba mai dorewa na tabbatar da cewa, nan da shekara ta 2020, za a samar da sinadarai da amfani da su ta hanyoyin da za su rage illa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Ya yarda da mahimman gudummawar sinadarai a cikin al'ummomi da tattalin arziƙin yanzu, tare da sanin yuwuwar barazanar ci gaba mai dorewa idan ba a sarrafa sinadarai da kyau ba.
(Tun daga ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 2015) Mahimman hanyoyin dabarun dabara sun haɗa da gwamnatoci 175, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai 85, gami da ɗimbin wakilai daga masana'antu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
Dabarun Siyasa Overarching
An bayyana alkawuran SAICM ta hanyar Sanarwa ta Dubai, Dabarun Manufofin Mahimmanci da Tsarin Ayyuka na Duniya.
Iyaka
Hanyar Dabarun tana da iyaka wanda ya haɗa da:
a. Muhalli, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya da kuma aiki al'amurran aminci sunadarai,
b. Sinadaran noma da masana'antu, da nufin haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma rufe sinadarai a kowane mataki na rayuwarsu, gami da samfuran.
Makasudai
Babban makasudin na Hanyar Dabarun su ne:
A. Rage haɗari
B. Ilimi da bayanai
C. Mulki
D. Ƙimar ƙarfi da haɗin gwiwar fasaha
E. Illegal international traffic
Quick Start Programme
Shirin Saurin Farawa (QSP) shiri ne a ƙarƙashin SAICM don tallafawa farkon ba da damar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki da ayyukan aiwatarwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanci, ƙananan tsibiran ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe masu tattalin arziƙin canji. QSP ya ƙunshi asusun amincewa na son rai, iyakataccen lokaci, wanda Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke gudanarwa, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin biyu da sauran nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa. Takaddun Asusun Tallafawa na QSP ya ƙunshi ayyuka 184 da aka amince da su a cikin ƙasashe 108, waɗanda 54 daga cikinsu sune ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanta ko ƙasashe masu tasowa na Tsibiri, don kusan dala miliyan 37.
Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai
Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai (ICCM) yana yin bita na lokaci-lokaci na SAICM. An gudanar da zama na farko (ICCM 1) a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, daga 4-6 Fabrairu 2006, an kammala shi kuma an karɓi SAICM.
An gudanar da zama na biyu (ICCM 2) a Geneva, Switzerland, 11-15 A watan Mayu 2009 kuma an gudanar da nazari na farko na lokaci-lokaci na aiwatar da SAICM.
An gudanar da zama na uku (ICCM 3) a Nairobi, Kenya, 17-21 A watan Satumba 2012 kuma ya sake nazarin ci gaba a cikin aiwatar da SAICM tare da bayanai masu ma'ana akan alamun 20 na ci gaba da aka karɓa a ICCM2, ya magance batutuwan manufofi masu tasowa kuma sun karbi Dabarun Sashin Lafiya.
An gudanar da zama na hudu (ICCM 4) a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, daga ranar 28 ga watan Satumba zuwa 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2015. Gabaɗaya da jagora don cimma burin 2020 shine sakamakon dabarun ICCM4, wanda ke kafa matakin aiwatarwa zuwa 2020. ICCM4 kuma an sake duba aiwatar da al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin da suka kunno kai da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, an yi la'akari da Manufofin Ci gaba mai Dorewa, sun tattauna ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida fiye da 2020, kuma sun sake nazarin ayyukan da aka tsara.
ICCM4, ta hanyar ƙuduri IV/4, ya ƙaddamar da wani tsari na tsaka-tsaki don shirya shawarwari game da Tsarin Dabarun da sarrafa sauti na sinadarai da sharar gida fiye da 2020. Taron farko na tsarin tsaka-tsaki yana la'akari da Hanyar Dabarun da sarrafa sautin sinadarai da sharar gida bayan 2020 an gudanar da shi a Brasilia, Brazil, daga 7 zuwa 9 ga watan Fabrairu 2017.
An shirya zama na biyar na taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai a Bonn, Jamus, 25 - 29 Satumba 2023.
Matsalolin Siyasa masu tasowa da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa
ICCM tana ba da dandali don yin kira ga matakin da ya dace kan al'amuran manufofi masu tasowa (EPI) yayin da suka taso da kuma samar da yarjejeniya kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa. Ya zuwa yanzu, an zartar da kudurori kan batutuwa kamar haka:
A. Lead in paint
B. Chemical a cikin samfura
C. Abu mai haɗari a cikin tsarin rayuwar samfuran lantarki da na lantarki
D. Nanotechnology da ƙera nanomaterials
E. Magungunan Endocrine masu ɓarna
F. Gurbatattun Magunguna Na Muhalli
An yarda da wasu batutuwan damuwa:
G. Sinadaran da aka lalata
H. Magungunan Kwari masu Hatsari
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31328 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%20Hijirar%20Muhalli | Masu Hijirar Muhalli | Masu Hijirar muhalli mutane ne waɗanda aka tilasta wa barin yankunansu saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko na dogon lokaci ga muhallinsu ko yanki. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna yin illa ga jin daɗinsu ko rayuwarsu, kuma sun haɗa da haɓakar fari, kwararowar hamada, hawan teku, da rushewar yanayin yanayi na yanayi (kamar damina). Ko da yake babu wani iri daya bayyana ma'anar ƙaura na muhalli, ra'ayin yana samun kulawa yayin da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyyar muhalli da zamantakewa ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar yiwuwar tasirin zamantakewa na sauyin yanayi da sauran lalacewar muhalli, irin wannan saran gandun daji ko wuce gona da iri.
Ana kiran "Mai hijira na muhalli" da " mai hijirar yanayi " (ko "'yan gudun hijirar yanayi") da ɗan musanya tare da kewayon kalmomi iri ɗaya, kamar
Ma'anar da ra'ayi
akasarin mutanen da ke tserewa matsalolin muhalli suna ƙaura ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, galibi na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan gudun hijirar ba sa barin gidajensu saboda tsoron za a tsananta musu, ko kuma saboda "tashin hankali ko abubuwan da ke damun jama'a sosai." Ko da yake an faɗaɗa ma'anar wane ɗan gudun hijira ne tun farkon ma'anarsa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da doka a cikin 1951 mutanen da aka tilastawa yin hijira saboda sauyin muhalli har yanzu ba a ba su kariya irin ta ƴan gudun hijirar ba.
Kalmar "ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli" Lester Brown ne ya fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1976. Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ba da shawarar ma'anar mai zuwa ga masu ƙaura: “Masu hijira na muhalli mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda, saboda dalilai masu ƙarfi na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zaɓi yin hakan na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. kuma waɗanda suke tafiya ko dai a cikin ƙasar su ko kuma ƙasashen waje."Ƴan ci- rani na yanayi wani yanki ne na baƙin haure na muhalli waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin gudun hijira "saboda sauye-sauye kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a yanayin yanayin da ke da alaka da akalla daya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hawan teku, matsanancin yanayi, da fari da karancin ruwa. ."
Nau'uka
Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan ƙauran muhalli iri uku:
Baƙi na gaggawa na muhalli : mutanen da ke gudun hijira na ɗan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko yanayin muhalli kwatsam. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda guguwa, tsunami, girgizar kasa, da sauransu. )
Muhalli na tilastawa ƙaura : mutanen da dole ne su tashi saboda taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali tabarbarewar muhallinsu kamar sare itatuwa, lalacewar gabar teku, da sauransu. Ƙauyen Satabhaya a gundumar Kendrapara na Odisha a Indiya shine "daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da zaizayar gabar teku da ruwa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mutanen ƙauyen sun yi asarar gidajensu saboda tekun da ke mamayewa da kuma filayen noma da suke da shi ta hanyar shigar gishiri, kuma an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa wani wuri. A Nepal, an ba da rahoton ƙauyuka da yawa na ƙaura daga yankunan Sivalik Hills / Chure saboda ƙarancin ruwa. Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunukan Nepal gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da kuma gidaje 10 a Panchkhapan an tilasta musu yin ƙaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu.
Baƙi masu raɗaɗin mahalli kuma aka sani da ƙaurawar tattalin arziƙin muhalli : mutanen da suka zaɓi ficewa don guje wa yiwuwar matsalolin nan gaba. (Misali: wanda ya fita saboda raguwar amfanin amfanin gona da hamada ke haifarwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 ya nuna cewa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar yankin Volta na Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun bayyana dalilan tattalin arziki a matsayin sanadin hijirarsu kuma kashi 2.8 ne kawai. kawo dalilan muhalli. Amma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gidaje masu ƙaura sun fahimci ƙaƙƙarfan fuskantar haɗurran muhalli da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan muhalli da ƙarin rashin tsaro. Wannan yana nuna yadda muhalli ke yin tasiri na kusanci ga ƙaura. )
Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan ƙaura da suka haɗa da:
Masu ƙauran muhalli masu matsi - jinkirin farawa Irin wannan nau'in ƙaura yana gudun hijira daga muhallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama wajibi ga mazauna su tashi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya zama kwararowar hamada ko kuma tsawan lokaci na fari, inda al’ummar yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayi mai kyau.
Mahimman ƙaura na muhalli – farawa a hankali Waɗannan baƙin haure ne da aka “ƙaura” ko kuma za a “ƙaura” daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikonsu.
Baƙi na ɗan lokaci na muhalli - ɗan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam - Wannan ya haɗa da baƙin haure masu fama da wani lamari guda ɗaya (watau Hurricane Katrina ). Wannan ba ya zuwa a ce matsayinsu na wucin gadi bai kai na wani ba, a’a yana nufin za su iya komawa inda suka gudu (ko da yake ba a so a yi hakan) idan aka yi la’akari da haka. suna iya sake gina abin da ya karye, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin rayuwar da ta kasance kafin bala'in yanayi. Irin wannan baƙin hauren yana gudun hijira daga jiharsu ta asali lokacin da yanayinsu ya canza cikin sauri. Suna gudun hijira lokacin da bala'i suka faru, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa, da sauran bala'o'i.
Ƙididdigar duniya
An yi yunƙuri da dama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don ƙididdige ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli. An ambaci Jodi Jacobson (1988) a matsayin mai bincike na farko da ya ƙididdige batun, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an sami 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli har miliyan 10. Da take zana 'yanayi mafi muni' game da hawan teku, ta yi jayayya cewa kowane nau'i na 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli' zai ninka sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa. A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na UNEP, yana iƙirarin cewa 'mutane miliyan 50 za su iya zama 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli' idan duniya ba ta yi aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa ba .
A cikin tsakiyar shekaru 1990, masanin muhalli na Birtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama babban mashawarcin wannan makaranta na 'maximalist' (Suhrke 1993), yana mai lura da cewa "'yan gudun hijirar muhalli za su zama mafi girma na 'yan gudun hijirar ba da gangan ba". Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana mai kara da'awar cewa wannan adadi zai iya ninka nan da shekarar 2010, tare da babban iyaka na miliyan 200 nan da 2050 (Myers 1997). Myers ya bayar da hujjar cewa, abubuwan da ke haifar da kaura daga muhallin za su hada da kwararowar hamada, rashin ruwa, gishirin filayen da ake noma ruwa da kuma naƙasar halittu. Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa gudun hijira zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Masar, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jahohin tsibirai, kuma tare da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan noma zai kai miliyan 50 nan da 2050 Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin nan da 2050 zai iya kaiwa miliyan 250.
Norman Myers shi ne mai binciken da aka fi ambata a wannan fanni, wanda ya gano cewa 25 masu hijirar muhalli sun wanzu a cikin 1995 a cikin aikinsa (Myers & Kent 1995), wanda ya zana sama da 1000 kafofin. Duk da haka, Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa aikin Myers za a iya 'suka don rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a duba ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da dama don daidaitawa' (2008: 9). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa alkalummansa sun dogara ne akan 'haɓakar jaruntaka' (Brown 2008: 12). Gabaɗaya, Black ya yi jayayya cewa akwai 'ƙananan shaidun kimiyya masu ban mamaki' da ke nuna cewa duniya tana 'cika da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli' (1998: 23).
Al'umma da al'adu
Shahararrun al'adu
Tunanin 'baƙi na muhalli' ya kasance wani ɓangare na shahararrun al'adu aƙalla tun inabi na fushi wani labari na 1939 na John Steinbeck .
Tattara fina-finan
Eco Migrants: Case of Bhola Island (2013), fim ɗin shirin da Susan Stein ya jagoranta. Starring Katherine Jacobsen, Nancy Schneider, Bogumil Terminski
'Yan gudun hijira na Blue Planet (2006), fim ɗin gaskiya wanda Hélène Choquette & Jean-Philippe Duval suka jagoranta.
Fim ɗin gaskiya na ƙasa tsakanin (2014) wanda David Fedele ya jagoranta.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Bogumil Terminski, Matsugunan da Muhalli ya jawo. Tsarin Ka'idoji da Kalubale na Yanzu, CEDEM, Jami'ar Liège, 2012.
9781849770088
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (2021) 'Mafita don Gudanar da Gudun Hijira na Duniya'
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina%20Go%20Dye | Ina Go Dye | Francis Agoda (an haife shi Afrilu 4, 1979), wanda aka fi sani da I Go Dye ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya. Shi mai magana ne na azanci, marubuci kuma mai kishin al'umma. Ya shirya wasannin barkwanci da dama na duniya kamar "I go Dye Standing."
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Francis Agoda a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1979 a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Tun yana karami, ya girma a gefen ruwan Okpara tare da kakarsa, Sarauniya Agnes, inda ya ga dimbin kalubalen da ke fuskantar yankunan karkara a Najeriya. Wannan fahimta ta sa ya isar dasu ta cikin hanyar barkwanci da wallafe-wallafe. Wani bita da aka yi masa ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da ya yi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Ighogbadu, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci, Jihar Delta. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya kasance memba a kungiyar Junior Engineering Technical Society kuma an nada shi manajan ayyukan shiyya don wakiltar jihar Delta A shekarar 1992, yana matashi, ya hadu da gwamnan zartarwa na farko na jihar Delta Olorogun Felix Ibru bayan da ya nuna wani sabon salo na kere-kere. ga wanda ya taso a kauye ya samu sabuwar fasahar kera jirgin ruwa, na’urar watsa rediyo, na’urar busar gashi, da na’ura mai daukar hoto, da fanfo mai amfani da hasken rana, da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yaro na farko a Afirka da ya kera jirgi mai saukar ungulu da motsi hovercraft jirgi. An ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun injiniyan gini a Jami'ar New York. Hankalinsa game da rayuwa da kuma gaba abu ne mai ban mamaki a cewar mahaifiyarsa, Gimbiya Emily saboda yana da'awar batutuwa game da gaba kuma yana da ruhi mai girma wanda ya sa ya tsorata. Cikin kankanin lokaci sha’awarsa ta wasan barkwanci ta kara masa karbuwa da kuma farin jini, wanda ya fahimci cewa wata hanya ce ta magance matsalolin da ke addabar kananan yara da marasa galihu da dama, bisa ga abin da ya shaida girma a kauyen tun yana karami.
Sana'a
Ya fito da sunan I Go rini daga kamannin sautin sunan suna Agoda, I GO DYE wanda aka fassara zuwa ma'anar jagorar jagora kan bunkasa baiwa matasa. Mahaifiyarsa ta cire shi daga United College of Commerce zuwa Essi College, Warri, domin kawun nasa wanda malami ne a makarantar ya sa ido akan ayyukansa. Yayin da yake Kwalejin Essi, ya shiga SVC inda ya hadu da babban abokinsa na yau Otagware Onodjeyeke (Ltas) wanda a yanzu ake kira Igosave, tare suka fara gabatar da labarai na izgili a kan Delta Broadcasting Service 1994, inda suka tattauna batutuwa da dama da suka shafi al'umma. Daga baya ya samu kwangila a matsayin dan wasan barkwanci a Perst Motel da ke cikin birnin Benin inda ake biyansa Naira dubu daya a kowane wasa. Yayin da ya kuma fadada bayanansa a cikin al'amura daban-daban a Najeriya bayan shekaru da dama yana nazarin fasaharsa, ya fito a cikin babban shirin wasan barkwanci na Afirka a daren dariya (bugu na shekara ta 2000 ) kuma ya zama dan wasan barkwanci da aka fi sayar da shi a cewar dan kasuwar, Mista Obino. Kiɗa. Ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru goma kuma daga karshe furodusan Nite of a Thousand Laugh, Mista Opa Williams ya karrama shi a matsayin fitaccen jarumin barkwanci da ya kasance a dandalin dariya na daren shekara goma.
Ziyarar sa ta farko a Turai shine tare da Ehi Zoya Golden Entertainment (2005), wanda ya kai shi kusan kasashe 7. Daga baya kasar Faransa (NIDOE) ta ba shi kwangilar yin wasan kwaikwayo a taron makon al’adu na UNESCO da aka gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa, kuma Niddo Spain ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen daukaka darajar al’adun Najeriya.
An nuna shi a cikin MTV Africa Music Awards. Har ila yau, ya yi rawar gani a cikin budawa da rufewa na fitattun mawakan da suka haɗa da Akon, Boyz II Men, 50-Cent, Rick Ross, Wasan, da Kelly Rowland.
Kyauta
I Go Dye ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da:
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci na Afirka.
Kyautar kungiyar ‘Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation of Europe-SPAIN’ saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al’adu da fasahar Najeriya.
Kyautar Kyautar Barkwanci Mafi Kyau (NEA AWARD).
lambar yabo ta Delta Role model 2017
Kyautar mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci a Najeriya
Kyautar Niddo Spain; saboda gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga al'adun Najeriya da fasaha.
Ukaid da youth alive foundation Ambassador Award a kan #MadACT sun kawo sauyi akan cin hanci da rashawa a yau; sadaukarwa ga yan fansho na Najeriya
Kyautar Civil Army ta Najeriya tare da hakin babban hafsan sojin kasa Laftanar Janar TY Buratai
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sauran Ayyuka
Igodye mai suna Igodye yana tsaye a cikin 2016 Igodye ya sayar da 02 London don nuna shekaru 20 a kan mataki, kafin Igodye tsaye yawon shakatawa na duniya, Igodye ya yi a cikin abubuwan ban dariya na Afirka ciki har da MTV Africa Music Awards. Igodye a matsayinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasan barkwanci ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci, yana nishadantar da gwamnoni, shugabanni, da jami'an diflomasiyya. Ya kuma yi rawar gani a taron Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Najeriya na 2018, wanda aka gudanar a Fatakwal tare da Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji Sa'ad Abubakar III, Ooni na Ife Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, da dai sauransu.
Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na ci gaban muradun karni, yana aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A watan Satumba na 2014, an dauki hotonsa tare da Gwamnan Cross River Liyel Imoke a bikin Carnival na Nigeria Ireland a Dublin.
Dandali na zamantakewa
Ni Go Dye a matsayin wanda ya fuskanci matsalolin rikice-rikice kuma aka harbe shi, ya rasa wasu abokansa na kud da kud, wannan bala'in abin ya canza tunaninsa. A lokacin da ya yi waiwaye kan rikicin Warri na 1997 tsakanin kabilar Ijaw da Itsekiri, ya jajirce wajen gudanar da aikin, Aminci a gani. Amb Francis Agoda ya dauki fim din na tsawon mintuna 10, wani dan gajeren fim ne a shekarar 2004 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya don inganta zaman lafiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga ci gaban karkara. Ya sha ba da murya tare da samar da mafita ga shugabannin duniya da jiga-jigan Najeriya da yawancin littattafansa. Budaddiyar wasikar da ya yi na bikin ranar matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2017 mai suna Logic and Reason without bindiga zuwa ga Gwamnatin Najeriya, Gwamnonin ‘yan bindiga da matasa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutukar kare matasan Afirka, yana inganta wata sabuwar akidar siyasa da za ta hada da matasa. Ya kuma bayar da shawarar shugabancin matasa, a kasar Zimbabwe inda ya rubutawa shugaba Robert Mugabe da ya sauka daga kan karagar mulki na matasa, ya kuma ba da shawara ga matashin shugaban kasa a Laberiya wanda ya yi nasara kuma ya ci gaba da zama sabon shugabanci ga Najeriya ta hanyar sa. budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Mukaloli marasa hujja |
50196 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Bayyana%20Kyau | An Bayyana Kyau | An Bayyana Beauty Hoton kai ne na shekarar 1828 na 'yar wasan Amurka Sarah Goodridge,ɗan ƙaramin hoto mai launin ruwa akan guntun hauren giwa.Nuna kawai ƙirjin mai zane wanda ke kewaye da farin zane, zanen,wanda aka samo asali da takarda, yanzu yana cikin tsarin zamani. Goodridge,mai shekaru arba'in lokacin da ta kammala ƙaramar,tana nuna ƙirjin da suka bayyana cike da "ma'auni,kodadde,da buoyancy"ta hanyar jituwa na haske,launi,da ma'auni.Tufafin da ke kewaye yana jawo mai kallo don mayar da hankali a kansu,wanda ke haifar da "share"jiki.
Goodridge taba da hoton ga dan majalisa Daniel Webster,wanda ya kasance batun akai-akai kuma mai yiwuwa mai ƙauna,bayan mutuwar matarsa; Watakila ta yi niyyar tsokanar shi ya aure ta. Kodayake Webster ya auri wani,danginsa sun riƙe hoton har zuwa 1980s,lokacin da aka yi gwanjonsa a Christie's kuma Gloria da Richard Manney suka samu a 1981.Ma'auratan sun ba da gudummawa ko sayar da ƙananan tarin kayan fasaha na su,ciki har da Beauty Revealed, zuwa Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan a 2006.
Bayani da mahallin
Beauty Revealed Hoton kai ne ta Sarah Goodridge, wanda ke kwatanta nonon da ba a san shi ba, nonuwa masu ruwan hoda, da alamar kyau.Ana gabatar da waɗannan a cikin launi na gradation, suna ba da sakamako mai girma uku. Ko da yake Goodridge ta cika shekara arba'in lokacin da ta zana wannan ƙaramar,a cewar mai sukar fasaha Chris Packard ƙirjinta kamar ƙanana ce, tare da "ma'auni, kodadde,da buoyancy" wanda ke cike da daidaituwar haske,launi, da daidaituwa. An tsara ƙirjin da wani shuɗi,wanda a cikin sassa yana nuna haske.
an saita zane a cikin akwati; An fara shigar da shi a kan takardar goyon baya wanda ke da kwanan wata "1828"a baya. Aikin shine zanen launi na ruwa akan hauren giwa, bakin ciki isa haske don haskakawa ta haka yana ba da damar ƙirjin da aka kwatanta su "haske". Wannan matsakaicin ya kasance gama gari ga ƙananan ƙanana na Amurka, amma a cikin wannan yanayin kuma ya zama misalin naman da aka gabatar akansa.
An Kammala Beauty Revealed a lokacin shaharar ɗan ƙaramin hoto, matsakaicin da aka gabatar a Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18.A lokacin da Goodridge ta kammala hoton kanta, ƙananan abubuwa sun ƙaru cikin sarƙaƙƙiya da rawar jiki. Timeline of Art History Heilbrunn ya bayyana Beauty Revealed a matsayin wasa a kan kananan ido wanda a lokacin suka shahara a matsayin alamun soyayya a Ingila da Faransa, amma ba kowa ba ne a Amurka. Irin waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa sun ba da damar masu son ɗaukar hotuna na ƙaunatattun su ba tare da bayyana ainihin masu zama ba.
Tarihi
Goodridge ta kasance ƙwararren 'yar zanen hoto na tushen Boston wanda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Gilbert Stuart da Elkanah Tisdale. Tana da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Daniel Webster,ɗan siyasa wanda ya fara ayyuka a matsayin Sanata daga Massachusetts a 1827. Webster ya aika mata da wasiku sama da arba’in a tsakanin shekara ta 1827 zuwa 1851,kuma da shigewar lokaci, gaisuwarsa zuwa gare ta ta zama sananne; Wasikunsa na ƙarshe sun aike da su zuwa ga "Masoyi, abokina", wanda bai dace da salon rubutun da ya saba ba. Ita, a halin yanzu, ta zana masa fenti fiye da goma sha biyu kuma ta bar garinsu na Boston don ziyarce shi a Washington, DC aƙalla sau biyu,sau ɗaya a cikin 1828 bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko da kuma a cikin 1841–42,lokacin da Webster ya rabu.daga matarsa ta biyu.
Goodridge ta kammala Beauty Bayyana a 1828,mai yiwuwa daga kallon kanta a cikin madubi. An ba da misalin ayyuka da yawa a matsayin abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafawa, ciki har da John Vanderlyn 's Ariadne Barci a Tsibirin Naxos da Horatio Greenough 's sculpture Venus Victrix. Goodridge ta aika da hotonta zuwa Webster lokacin da take sabon gwauruwa, kuma, dangane da ƙaramin tsari, mai yiwuwa an yi nufinsa ne kawai don . Masanin fasaha na Amurka John Updike ya nuna cewa mai zane ya yi niyyar ba da kansa ga Webster; Ya rubuta cewa bama-baman ƙirjin sun bayyana suna cewa "Mu naku ne don ɗaukar,a cikin duk ƙaunar da muke yi na hauren giwa, da nonuwanmu masu tausasawa". Daga ƙarshe,duk da haka,Webster ya auri wata mace mai arziki.
Bayan mutuwar Webster, Beauty Revealed ta ci gaba da mika shi daga danginsa,tare da wani hoton kansa da Goodridge ta aika masa. Zuriyar 'yan siyasar sun yarda cewa Goodridge da Webster sun yi aure.A ƙarshe an yi gwanjon zanen ta hanyar Christie's, tare da jerin farashin $15,000, kuma ya wuce ta Alexander Gallery na New York daga baya a waccan shekarar kafin masu tarawa na New York Gloria Manney da mijinta Richard su saya. Ma'auratan sun haɗa da Beauty Revealed a cikin nunin "Tokens of Love:The Portrait Miniature in America" a cikin 1991, wanda ya zagaya da Gidan Tarihi na Art (Met) a New York, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Amurka Art a cikin 1991. Washington, DC,da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago.
Beauty Revealed ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hotuna sama da ɗari uku da ma'auratan suka haɗa, waɗanda suka ba da ita ga Met a cikin 2006,a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kyauta / siyan tarin su. Carrie Rebora Barratt da Lori Zabar na Met sun kwatanta hoton kansa na Goodridge a matsayin mafi tursasawa na "baƙon abu da ban mamaki" na ƙananan masu fasaha a cikin tarin. Bayan shekaru biyu, Beauty Revealed an haɗa ta a cikin wani bita na baya, "Shekaru Philippe de Montebello: Masu ba da izini sun yi bikin shekaru goma na soyayya", wanda ya nuna ayyukan da aka samu a ƙarƙashin lokacin darektan Met Philippe de Montebello mai ritaya. Holland Cotter na The New York Times ya haskaka hoton kanta na Goodridge, tana kwatanta shi da"abin ban mamaki". A cikin 2009, marubuta Jane Kamensky da Jill Lepore sun zana wahayi daga Beauty Revealed (da sauran zane-zane,irin su John Singleton Copley 's Boy tare da Squirrel ) don littafin su Blindspot . , Gidan yana gizon Met ya lissafa Beauty Bayyana kamar ba a kan nuni ba.
Bincike
Masanin tarihin fasaha Dale Johnson ya bayyana Beauty Revealed a matsayin "mafi kyawun gaske", mai nuna ikon Goodridge na nuna fitilu da inuwa.Ta sami ƙulle-ƙulle da ƙyanƙyashe da aka yi amfani da su wajen ƙirƙirar zanen suna da daɗi. Rubutu a cikin Antiques a cikin 2012, Randall L. Holton da Charles A. Gilday sun ce zanen ya ci gaba da gabatar da kai wanda ke haifar da " frisson na yiwuwar batsa".
Packard ya rubuta cewa Beauty Revealed ta yi aiki a matsayin nau'in synecdoche na gani, wanda ke wakiltar daukan Goodridge ta cikin ƙirjinta. Ya bambanta da "nauyi" na 1845 na kai da kuma wanda ba shi da rai na 1830,ya sami Beauty ya bayyana don gaba da Goodridge da bukatarta na kulawa.Da yake jayayya cewa tufafin da ke kewaye da ƙirjinta sunyi aiki don nuna wasan kwaikwayo (kamar labulen vaudeville ), Packard ya kwatanta idanun mai kallo yana mai da hankali kan ƙirjin,yayin da sauran jikin Goodridge ya shafe kuma an cire shi. Wannan,in ji shi,ya ƙalubalanci zato da ra'ayi game da mace mai zaman gida na ƙarni na 19.
Nassoshi
Ayyukan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29190 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Masallacin%20Sana%27a | Babban Masallacin Sana'a | Babban Masallacin Sana'a (Larabci: الجامع الكبير بصنعاء, Al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Sanʿāʾ) tsohon masallaci ne a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a duniya. An ce an kafa masallacin ne a farkon zamanin Musulunci, wanda aka ce zai kasance a shekara ta 633. Yayin da ba a san takamaiman ranar da za a gina masallacin ba, gyare-gyaren farko da aka rubuta ya faru ne a karkashin Halifa Al-Alid I a farkon karni na 8, wanda ke nuna mai yiwuwa a baya. kwanan watan gini. Rahotanni sun ce an gina masallacin ne a wani bangare na spolia daga fadar Ghumdan ta zamanin Himyarite da kuma cocin Kirista na Axumite na al-Qalis wanda a da ya mamaye wurin. Babban Masallacin shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a cikin masallatai sama da dari a cikin tsohon birnin Sana'a.
An gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 8, karni na 13, da kuma a zamanin Ottoman. Wani muhimmin abin da aka gano na kayan tarihi shi ne rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka gano a wurin lokacin da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1972. A yau, babban masallacin Sana'a yana cikin wurin tarihi na UNESCO na tsohon birnin Sana'a.
Wuri
Birnin Sana'a shi ne cibiyar soji na daular Sabeawa kafin zuwan musulunci kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar daular Himyari. Masallacin, wanda Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarni a gina shi a cikin lambun gwamnonin Farisa, an gina shi ne a kan rugujewar fadar Ghumdan ta Sheba, tsakanin yankuna biyu na Sana'a, Al-Quati da Al-Sailah. An gina Babban Masallaci a kusa da Suq, wanda tuni aka yi shi a lokacin da aka gina shi.
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tsarin gine-ginen birni, fadadawa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ya yi tasiri matuka, sakamakon gina babban masallacin da aka yi da wasu masallatai biyu a bangaren arewa na birnin.
Gine-gine
An gina babban masallacin ne da wani salo na tsakuwa, wanda ke da nasaba da irin wannan tsohon aikin dutsen Axumite na Abyssiniya. An sassaƙa da fenti na katako da aka yi da itacen lacunari.
Tsakar gida tana auna mita 80 zuwa 60 (260 ft × 200 ft), tare da wuraren addu'o'in da aka tsara su ta hanyar arewa zuwa kudu. Zauren da ke da hanyoyi guda uku masu daidaita gabas zuwa yamma an gina su ne da kayayyakin zamanin jahiliyya da aka kawo daga wasu wurare. A cikin tsakar gida akwai wani tsari mai zaman kansa tun daga karni na 16. Ginin daular Usmaniyya ne da ya yi kama da dakin Ka'aba a Makka, duk da haka, ana zargin cewa ba a hade su biyun ba saboda sauye-sauyen kayan kayyakin launi, wanda wata dabara ce ta ablaq, tun kafin Musulunci a yankin. Wannan ginin da farko ya zama taskar masallacin, sannan ya zama wurin ajiyar wakafi kuma yana da babban dakin karatu da sauran tsoffin rubuce-rubucen. Watakila tun asali wannan ginin ya kasance yana da sigar ruwa kamar tafkin alwala a karkashinsa ga masu son yin tsarki yayin ziyartar masallaci.
Wuraren dutse na ciki na rufin masallacin an ba da shawarar su zama fasalin gine-gine na Byzantine na Daular Axumite. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa daular Axumite ta kafa babban cocinta a cikin birnin Sana'a da kuma ragowar wannan majami'ar, da kuma daga fadar Gumdan da wuraren ibada na Kirista da Yahudawa a cikin babban masallacin. Ƙarin shaida na wannan alaƙa wani rubutu ne a cikin yare kafin zuwan Musulunci na yankin, Sabaic, a cikin tallafin baka na dutse da aka sake amfani da shi yana nuna yana da alaƙa da gine-ginen Byzantine.
Minaret yammacin kasar da aka gina a lokacin da Sarauniya Arwa bint Ahmad ta sake ginawa, ta yi kama da na masallatan zamanin da aka gina a birnin Alkahira, saboda alaka ta kut da kut da daular Fatimi a Masar.
Tarihi
A wajajen shekara ta 630 miladiyya (6H), a cewar majiyoyin Musulunci na farko, an ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya ba da umarnin gina babban masallacin Sana'a, kuma an san masallacin a matsayin masallacin farko da aka gina a wajen addinin Musulunci. garuruwa masu tsarki na Makka da Madina. A wannan zamani na bayan Hijira (622-632 AD), Sana'a ita ce cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci. Yawancin abubuwan binciken archaeological da aka gano a cikin Babban Masallaci sun tabbatar da hujjar gina shi zuwa zamanin Muhammadu yana raye, ciki har da spolia da dama daga Cathedral na Axumite da kuma daga fadar Himyarite Ghumdan. A karni na 7, ragowar Sana'a kafin jahiliyya sun lalace sosai lokacin da ta zama cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci a farkon shekarun Hijira. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka samu a cikin babban Masallacin kafin Musulunci.
Daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 715 (86-96 AH), khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid na daya ya fadada masallacin. Wani rubutu da aka samu a harabar masallacin ya kasance a shekara ta 753 CE, a zamanin Abbasiyawa.
A shekara ta 876/7 CE, ambaliyar ruwa sau biyu ta yi barna sosai ga masallacin, bayan haka kuma aka gyara shi gaba daya.
A farkon karni na 9, an gina minaret a gefen gabas. A shekara ta 911 AD, Karmatis ya mamaye birnin, ya lalata masallacin.
A karni na goma sha biyu, shekara ta 1130 miladiyya, sarauniyar Isma’ili Arwa bint Ahmad ta gyara masallacin da yawa. Ita ce ke da alhakin sassaka silin na masallacin na gabas da yamma da kuma fikafikan arewa. An gina minaret na yammacin masallacin a matsayin wani bangare na wannan gyara.
A farkon karni na 16, an yi wa masallacin gyaran fuska da wani katafaren fili da kuma shimfidar farfajiyar masallacin.
Ganowa
A shekara ta 1972-73, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka cire filasta, sun gano wasu kayan tarihi 65, da suka hada da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce da fatu masu yawa, da kuma rubutun Sana’a, wanda ma’aikatan gini suka gano a lokacin da suke gyaran bangon soro. An kuma bankado wasu rubuce-rubucen larabci da ba kasafai suke yi ba, wadanda ke da alaka da farkon Musulunci, zamanin Banu Umayyawa, da fadar Sheba na Ghamdan da lalata shi. Daya daga cikin Alkur’ani da aka samu a nan an ce Imam Ali ne ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada shi, wanda dakin karatu na masallaci ke adana shi. Abubuwan dauri na farko da aka samu a masallacin sun samu rubuce-rubuce sosai daga malamai kamar Ursula Dreibholz (1997).
Sauran abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi da aka gano a Babban Masallacin sun hada da ragowar rumbuna da tsoffin gine-ginen da ke da alaka da babban birnin kasar lokacin da ke dauke da Cocin Axumite na al-Qalis, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2006.
Kiyayyewa
Babban Masallacin yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wanda aka keɓe a cikin 1986 a matsayin jerin No. 345, karkashin Sharuɗɗa: (iv) (v) (vi), wanda ya haɗa da masallatai 103, hammams 14 da gidaje sama da 6,000 na Sana'a, waɗanda aka gina su kafin ƙarni na sha ɗaya. Kiyaye Babban Masallacin, wanda ke da kima na musamman na addini da na tarihi, Cibiyar Horar da Tarihi da Bincike ta UNESCO ta tallafa wa Asiya da Pacific (Shanghai). Binciken irin barnar da masallacin ya yi a tsawon shekaru aru-aru ya hada da hujjojin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan sama, da kasa da kasa, da tsofaffin na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin sadarwa, da magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, barna da yake-yake, da kuma raunin tsofaffin gine-gine da ke daura da masallacin.
Ana ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a cikin 2003 a cikin matakai, kamar gyaran tsarin lantarki. An sake gyara plaster ɗin, gami da maido da tsohuwar filastar gargajiya da aka fi sani da qudad. An inganta shimfidar fale-falen, an kuma maido da ma'adanai. An gyara wuraren alwala da kuma bandaki na zamani. An kuma yi wasu gyare-gyare a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da magudanar ruwa, da kuma kawar da tsoffin gine-ginen da ba su dace da abubuwan tarihi da na masallacin ba.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Finster, Barbara, "Die Freitagsmoschee von Ṣan‘ā’," Baghdader Mitteilungen 9 (1978), p. 92-133; 10 (1979), p. 179-192.
Finster, Barbara. "Die Grosse Moschee von Ṣan‘ā," Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen 1, 1982, p. 197-211, 3, 1986, p. 185-193.
Finster, Barbara. "Survey islamischer Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Yemen - Die Große Moschee von Ṣan‘ā'", Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen, III, 1986 (1987), 185–193.
Costa, Paolo. “La Moschea Grande di San’a,” Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli 34 (N.S. 24) (1974), pp/ 487–506.
Costa, Paolo. Studies in Arabian Architecture, London: Routledge, 1994, chapter II “The Great Mosque of Sanaa.” |
29820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyarwar%20amincewar%20jama%27a | Koyarwar amincewar jama'a | Koyarwar amincewar jama'a ita ce ƙa'idar da mai mulki ya amince da shi don amfanin jama'a wasu albarkatu kamar bakin teku tsakanin manyan layukan kogin ruwa, ba tare da la'akari da mallakar kadarori masu zaman kansu ba.
Tushe
Dokokin da na Sarkin Rumawa Justinian sun gudanar da cewa teku, gaɓar teku, iska da ruwan sha na kowa da kowa. Tekun teku, wanda daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin ruwan da ƙududdufai ya shafa ba za a iya keɓance shi don amfanin ba kuma yana buɗe ne ga kowa. Wannan ƙa'ida ta zama doka a Ingila kuma. Bayan shuɗewar zamanunnuka, Magna Carta ya ƙara ƙarfafa haƙƙin jama'a. A bisa nacewar manyan turawan Ingila, an cire kamun kifi bisa cewa suna hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin koguna .
Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi sun ƙara ƙarfi ta hanyar zama dokoki daga baya a Ingila sannan kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokar gama gari ta Amurka. Kotun Koli ta fara karɓar koyarwar amincewa da jama'a a cikin Martin v. Waddell's Lessee a cikin 1842, yana tabbatar da shi shekaru da yawa daga baya a cikin Illinois Central Railroad v. Illinois, 146 US 387 (1892). A halin da ake ciki majalisar dokokin Illinois ta ba da wani babban yanki na tashar jiragen ruwa na Chicago zuwa Babban titin jirgin kasa na Illinois . Majalisar da ta biyo baya ta nemi a janye tallafin, inda ta ce bai kamata a fara ba da tallafin na asali ba. Kotun ta ce dokar gama gari koyarwar amana da jama'a ta hana gwamnati tauye hakkin jama'a na filayen da ke karkashin ruwa mai tafiye-tafiye (sai dai idan aka yi la'akari da wani yanki kadan na filaye wanda ba zai yi tasiri ga shiga ko kewayawa ba).
Amincewar jama'a ta shafi duka ruwayen da raƙuman ruwa da ruwan da ke tafiya a zahiri. Amincewar jama'a kuma ta shafi albarkatun kasa (ma'adinai ko dabba) da ke cikin ƙasa da ruwa a kan waɗannan filayen amintattu na jama'a.
Aikace-aikace
Wannan koyarwar tana da muhimmanci a ɓangarori guda biyu: samun damar shiga ƙasa da amfanuwa da ita da kuma dokar albarkatun ƙasa .
Samun damar teku da tafkuna
Ana yawan kiran koyarwar dangane da samun damar shiga gaɓar teku. A Amurka, dokar ta bambanta tsakanin jihohi hamsin amma gabaɗaya ta iyakance haƙƙin masu mallakar gaban teku don ware jama'a ƙasa da madaidaicin layin ruwan teku .
Massachusetts da Maine (waɗanda ke raba gadon shari'a na gama gari) sun amince da mallakar kadarori masu zaman kansu zuwa madaidaicin layin tide-amma ba da damar jama'a su shiga gaɓar teku tsakanin ƙanana da manyan tide don "kamun kifi, kifi da kewayawa," haƙƙin gargajiya na komawa zuwa ga Dokar Mulki ta 1647. Kotun Koli ta Maine a cikin 2011 ta faɗaɗa koyaswar amincewar jama'a ta hanyar kammala kamun kifi da kewayawa ba jerin keɓantacce ba; kotun ta baiwa jama'a damar ketare kan tekun masu zaman kansu domin yin ruwa.
Koyarwar amincewa da jama'a kuma tana samun magana a cikin Babbar Doka, haƙƙin gargajiya da aka tsara a cikin shari'ar doka da ƙa'idodi a Massachusetts, Maine, da New Hampshire. An ce jihar ta mallaki ƙasar da ke ƙasa da ƙananan alamar ruwa a ƙarƙashin manyan tafkuna (tafkuna sama da eka goma), kuma jama'a suna riƙe da ikon samun damar shiga kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu marasa inganci don amfani kamar kamun kifi, yanke kankara, da farauta.
A cikin Oregon, 1967 "Bikin Tekun Ruwa" ya tabbatar da koyaswar amincewar jama'a na jihar, da kuma haƙƙin jama'a na samun damar shiga gaɓar teku kusan ko'ina tsakanin ƙananan alamomi da manyan tuddai. A California lamarin ya fi rikitarwa: masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu sukan yi ƙoƙari su toshe hanyar rairayin bakin teku na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da tsawaita shari'a. Haƙƙin amfani da ruwan sha kuma an shigar da ƙara a California, ƙarƙashin koyaswar amincewar jama'a.
albarkatun kasa
An kuma yi amfani da koyaswar don ba da damar jama'a a ko'ina da kuma samar da ci gaba da sha'awar jama'a a wuraren da aka cika ƙasa ƙarƙashin ruwa mai tasiri. A wasu lokuta, an iyakance amfani da wannan ƙasa (don sufuri, alal misali) kuma a wasu, an yi tanadin damar jama'a a cikin su.
An yi amfani da koyaswar don tabbatar da sha'awar jama'a game da albarkatun mai da aka gano a cikin yankunan da ke da tasiri sosai ( Mississippi, California ) kuma an yi amfani da shi don hana mallakar hannun jari na kifaye da gadaje crustacean.
A yawancin jihohi a Amurka, tafkuna da rafukan da za a iya tafiya a zahiri ana kiyaye su don abubuwan sha da nishaɗi a ƙarƙashin koyaswar amincewar jama'a.
A wasu ƙasashe, an yi amfani da koyarwar amincewar jama'a don samar da kariyar muhalli ga albarkatun ƙasa don kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kuma ya nuna cewa koyarwar amincewar jama'a tana jujjuyawa.
Duba kuma
Sauƙaƙan rubutun
'Yancin yawo
Kudin hannun jari Illinois Central Railroad Co.v. Illinois
Juliana v. Amurka
MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath
National Audubon Society v. Kotun Koli
Amincewar jama'a
Jama'a alheri
Filin jama'a
Dukiyar jama'a
Dama hanya
Ci gaba da karatu
978-0-615-24111-1
Mary Christina Wood, Amintaccen Hali: Dokar Muhalli don Sabon Zaman Lafiya (2014)
Manazarta
Michael Seth Benn, Zuwa Harkokin Kasuwancin Muhalli: Maido da Dokokin Amincewar Jama'a a New York, 155 Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law Review 203 (2006).
James L. Huffman, "Kifi Daga Ruwa: Rukunan Amincewa da Jama'a a Tsarin Dimokuradiyya na Tsarin Mulki" Batutuwa a cikin Karatun Ilimin Shari'a, Joseph Sax da Amincewar Jama'a (2003): Mataki na 6.
"Mayar da Aminci: Albarkatun Ruwa & Rukunan Amincewar Jama'a, Littafin Masu Ba da Shawara" ta Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gyarawa, Satumba 2009
Gidan yanar gizon kwamitin Mono Lake
Dokoki
Yanci
'Yancin Dan Adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24197 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia | Nokia | Kamfanin Nokia (asalin Nokia Oyj, wanda ake kira Nokia; salo a matsayin NOKIA) [a] shi ne sadarwa ta ƙasashe da yawa na Finnish, fasahar bayanai, da kamfanin lantarki, wanda aka kafa a 1865. Babban hedkwatar Nokia yana Espoo, Finland, a cikin babban Helsinki yankin birni, amma ainihin tushen kamfanin yana cikin yankin Tampere na Pirkanmaa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Nokia ta ɗauki kusan mutane 92,000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, sun yi kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe sama da 130, kuma sun ba da rahoton kudaden shiga na shekara -shekara na kusan billion 23 biliyan. Nokia kamfani ne mai iyaka na jama'a wanda aka jera a kan Helsinki Stock Exchange da New York Stock Exchange. Shi ne kamfani mafi girma na 415 a duniya wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na shekara ta 2016 bisa ga Fortune Global 500, inda ya hau matsayi na 85 a sekara ta 2009. Sashi ne na ƙimar kasuwar hannun jari ta Euro Stoxx 50.
Kamfanin ya yi aiki a masana'antu daban -daban a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. An kafa ta ne a matsayin injin daskarewa kuma an daɗe ana haɗa ta da roba da igiyoyi amma tun daga shekarun 1990 ta mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, haɓaka fasaha, da lasisi. Nokia babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce ga masana'antar wayar tafi -da -gidanka, bayan da ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin GSM, 3G, da LTE (kuma a halin yanzu a cikin 5G), kuma ya kasance babban mai siyar da wayoyin hannu da wayoyin hannu a duk duniya. Nokia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran da Samsung ke biye da su a farkon shekarun 2000 amma ya yi gwagwarmaya a kasuwanni saboda Nokia ba ta saka hannun jari wajen kera wayoyin hannu na taɓawa ba a lokacin. Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft da gwagwarmayar kasuwar Nokia ta gaba, Microsoft ta sayi kasuwancin wayar salula, ta ƙirƙirar Microsoft Mobile a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta a 2014. Bayan siyarwar, Nokia ta fara mai da hankali sosai kan kasuwancin kayayyakin sadarwar ta da Intanet na fasahar abubuwa, alama. karkatar da sashen taswirar ta Anan da siyan Alcatel-Lucent, gami da ƙungiyar bincike ta Bell Labs. Kamfanin sannan kuma yayi gwaji tare da haƙiƙanin gaskiya da lafiyar dijital, na ƙarshe ta hanyar siyan Withings. Alamar Nokia ta koma kasuwar wayar hannu da wayoyin hannu a cikin shekara ta 2016 ta hanyar tsarin lasisi tare da HMD Global. Nokia na ci gaba da zama babban mai ba da lasisin lasisi ga mafi yawan manyan dillalan wayar hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Nokia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayan aikin sadarwa.
Finns sun kalli kamfanin da alfahari da ƙasa, kamar yadda kasuwancin wayoyin salula ya sa ya zama babban kamfani mafi girma a duniya da alama daga Finland. A mafi girmansa a cikin shekara ta 2000, yayin kumbon sadarwa, Nokia ta kai kashi 4% na GDP na ƙasar, 21% na jimlar fitar da kayayyaki, da 70% na babban birnin kasuwar musayar hannayen jari na Helsinki.
Tarihi
1865–1967
Tarihin Nokia ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1865, lokacin da injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Finnish-Swede Fredrik Idestam ya kafa injin sarrafa ruwa a bakin tekun Tammerkoski kusa da garin Tampere, Finland (sannan a Daular Rasha). An buɗe injin injin na biyu a cikin sekara ta 1868 kusa da garin makwabta na Nokia, inda aka sami ingantattun albarkatun ruwa. A cikin shekara ta 1871, Idestam, tare da abokinsa Leo Mechelin, sun kafa kamfani ɗaya kuma sun kira shi Nokia Ab (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden, Kamfanin Nokia shine kwatankwacin Ingilishi), bayan wurin da injin daskarewa na biyu.
Idestam ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1896, inda ya mayar da Mechelin shugaban kamfanin; ya fadada zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara ta 1902, wanda Idestam ya yi adawa da shi. A cikin shekara ta 1904 Suomen Gummitehdas (Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish), kasuwancin roba wanda Eduard Polón ya kafa, ya kafa masana'anta kusa da garin Nokia kuma ya yi amfani da sunanta.
A cikin shekara ta 1922, a cikin Finland mai cin gashin kanta a yanzu, Nokia Ab ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Finber Rubber Works da Kaapelitehdas (masana'antar kebul), duk a yanzu tare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Polón. Kamfanin roba ya yi girma cikin sauri lokacin da ya koma yankin Nokia a cikin shekara ta 1930 don cin gajiyar samar da wutar lantarki, kuma kamfanin kebul ba da jimawa ba ma ya yi.
Nokia a lokacin ta kuma sanya masu ba da agaji don amfanin farar hula da na soja, daga shekara ta 1930 har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1990.
1967–1990
A cikin shekara ta 1967, kamfanoni uku - Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, da Finber Rubber Works - sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabon Kamfanin Nokia, wanda aka sake tsara shi zuwa manyan kamfanoni huɗu: gandun daji, kebul, roba, da lantarki. A farkon shekara ta 1970, ta shiga harkar sadarwa da masana'antar rediyo. Nokia ta fara kera kayan aikin soji ga dakarun tsaron Finland (Puolustusvoimat), kamar mai magana da yawun Sanomalaite M/90 a shekara ta 1983, da kuma mashin gas na M61 wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a shekara ta 1960. Yanzu Nokia kuma tana kera ƙwararrun rediyo ta wayar hannu, sauya wayoyin tarho, capacitors da sunadarai.
Bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Finland da Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1960, Nokia ta fadada zuwa kasuwar Soviet. Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa kasuwanci, wanda ya fara daga musayar tarho ta atomatik zuwa robotik da sauransu; a ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, Tarayyar Soviet ta zama babbar kasuwa ga Nokia, tana taimakawa wajen samar da riba mai yawa. Nokia kuma ta yi aiki tare da fasahar kimiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙara shakkar wannan haɗin gwiwar bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki détente a farkon shekara ta 1980s. Nokia ta shigo da abubuwa da yawa da Amurka ta ƙera kuma ta yi amfani da su cikin samfura don Soviets, kuma a cewar Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Amurka, Richard Perle, Nokia tana da haɗin gwiwa a asirce tare da The Pentagon wanda ya ba Amurka damar bin diddigin ci gaban fasaha a cikin. Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Nokia. Wannan zanga -zangar ce ta kasuwancin Finland tare da ɓangarorin biyu, saboda ba ta tsaka tsaki ba a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.
A cikin shekara ta 1977, Kari Kairamo ya zama Shugaba kuma ya canza kasuwancin kamfanin. A wannan lokacin, Finland ta zama abin da ake kira "Nordic Japan". A karkashin jagorancinsa, Nokia ta sami kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da mai yin talabijin Salora a shekara ta 1984, sai kuma kayan lantarki na Sweden da mai yin kwamfuta kwamfuta Luxor AB a 1985, da kuma kamfanin kera talabijin na Faransa Oceanic a shekara ta 1987. Wannan ya sanya Nokia ta zama mafi girman masana'antar talabijin ta Turai (bayan Philips da Thomson). An ci gaba da amfani da samfuran da ake da su har zuwa ƙarshen kasuwancin talabijin a shekara ta 1996.
A cikin shekara ta 1987, Nokia ta sami Schaub-Lorenz, ayyukan mabukaci na Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) na Jamus, wanda ya haɗa da samfuran "Schaub-Lorenz" da "Graetz". Asalinsa wani ɓangare ne na Kamfanin Hadin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya da Telegraph (ITT) na Amurka, kuma bayan da aka siyar da samfuran a ƙarƙashin alamar "ITT Nokia", duk da siyar da SEL ga Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), magabacin Alcatel, a shekara ta 1986 .
A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1988, Nokia ta sayi sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Ericsson, wanda ya samo asali a matsayin rukunin komputa na Datasaab na jirgin saman Sweden da kamfanin kera mota Saab. Tsarin Bayani na Ericsson ya yi tashoshin Alfaskop, masu buga rubutu, masu amfani da ƙananan na'urori da PCS masu jituwa na IBM. Haɗin tare da sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Nokia - wanda tun a shekara ta 1981 yana da layin kwamfutoci na sirri da ake kira MikroMikko - ya haifar da sunan Nokia Data.
Nokia ta kuma mallaki Mobira, wani kamfanin wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin wayar hannu ta gaba. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da sabis na Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), cibiyar sadarwar wayar salula ta duniya ta farko kuma ta farko don ba da izinin yawo na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da wayar mota ta Mobira Senator, wayar Nokia ta farko. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar kera wayoyin hannu, wanda hukumar zartarwa ke ɗauka daidai da na James Bond: na'urori masu yuwuwa da na gaba. Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka saya, tushen samun kuɗin Nokia ya zama dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Shugaba Kairamo ya kashe kansa a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1988.
A cikin shekara ta 1987, Kaapelitehdas ya daina kera igiyoyi a masana'antar ta Helsinki bayan shekaru 44, yana rufe ƙananan kamfanin.
1990–2010
Bayan nadin Simo Vuorilehto a matsayin Shugaba, an shirya wani babban gyara. Tare da ƙungiyoyi 11 a cikin kamfanin, Vuorilehto ya karkatar da sassan masana'antu da ya ɗauka a matsayin marasa dabaru. Nokian Tires (Nokian Renkaat), mai kera taya da aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na Ayyukan Rubber na Finland a shekara ta 1932, ya rabu da Kamfanin Nokia a shekara ta 1988. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1990, Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish sun bi sahu. A shekara ta 1991 Nokia ta sayar da sashen na’urar kwamfuta, Nokia Data, ga Kamfanin International Computers Limited (ICL), wanda ya kasance farkon Fujitsu Siemens. Masu saka hannun jari sun yi tunanin hakan a matsayin matsalar kudi kuma farashin hannun jarin Nokia ya fadi sakamakon hakan. Finland yanzu ma tana fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, babban abokin ciniki, ya kara dagula al'amura.
Vuorilehto ya yi murabus a cikin Janairu a shekara ta 1992 kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Jorma Ollila, wacce ta kasance shugabar kasuwancin wayar hannu daga shekara ta 1990 kuma ta ba da shawara game da sayar da wannan rukunin. Ollila ya yanke shawarar juyar da Nokia zuwa kamfanin 'telecom-oriented', daga ƙarshe ya kawar da rarrabuwa kamar kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da nasara sosai kuma kamfanin ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ribar aikin Nokia ya tashi daga mara kyau a shekara ta 1991 zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekara ta 1995 kuma kusan dala biliyan Hudu 4 a shekara ta 1999.
Wayar Nokia ta farko mai cikakken šaukuwa bayan Sanatan Mobira shine Mobira Cityman 900 a shekara ta 1987. Nokia ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙirar wayar hannu ta GSM a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kuma ta haɓaka hanyar sadarwar GSM ta farko tare da Siemens, magabacin Nokia Siemens Network. Firayim Ministan Finland Harri Holkeri ne ya yi kiran GSM na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1991, ta amfani da kayan aikin Nokia a kan hanyar sadarwa ta MHz 900 da Nokia ta gina kuma Radiolinja ke sarrafawa. A cikin Nuwamba 1992, Nokia 1011 ta ƙaddamar, wanda ya sa ta zama farkon wayar salula ta GSM ta kasuwanci.
Salora Oy a matsayin reshen Nokia ya ƙare a 1989 lokacin da aka haɗa rarrabuwa zuwa Nokia-Mobira Oy. An ci gaba da amfani da alamar don talabijin har zuwa shekara ta 1995.
A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1996, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar sayar da kasuwancin tallan ta ga Kamfanin Semi-Tech na Kanada/Hong Kong. An rufe kamfanin kera talabijin a Jamus a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 1996. Sayarwar ta haɗa da masana'anta a Turku, da haƙƙin amfani da samfuran Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz da Oceanic har zuwa ƙarshen shkara ta 1999. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran daga baya an sayar da su ga wasu kamfanoni.
Nokia ita ce ta fara ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na dijital a Burtaniya, wanda aka sanar a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1997. A watan Agusta shekara ta 1997 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tauraron dan adam ta farko tare da tallafin Common Interface (CI). A cikin shekara ta 1998 Nokia ta zama zaɓaɓɓen mai siyar da kayayyaki don samar da akwatunan akwatin gidan talabijin na dijital na farko na duniya ta British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin ONdigital.
A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta riski Motorola ta zama babbar wayar salula mafi siyarwa, kuma a watan Disamba ta kera wayar salula ta miliyan dari. Babban dalilin da yasa Nokia tayi girma akan manyan masu fafatawa da ita Motorola da Ericsson shine cewa ta sami damar kula da kasuwar matasa masu amfani da masu amfani da kayan kwalliya, mafi mahimmanci tare da wayoyin hannu na Nokia 5110 da 3210 waɗanda ke nuna babban kewayon launuka masu canzawa da canzawa- murfin da ake kira Xpress-on. Daya daga cikin wayoyin zamani na farko a cikin shekara ta 1992, daga agogon Switzerland Swatch, ya dogara ne akan wayar Nokia ta 101. Kamfanin zai kuma samar da rukunin Vertu, yana ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu masu alatu.
Nokia ta yi iƙirarin a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1996 masu sa ido na 447Xav da 447K su zama na farko tare da masu magana da sitiriyo da ƙaramin woofer. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1999 Nokia ta gabatar da samfuran LAN na farko mara waya. A watan Janairun 2000 ViewSonic ya sayi samfuran Nuni na Nokia, rabon yin nunin don kwamfutoci na sirri. A ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2001 Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Telefonica don samar da modem ɗin DSL da magudanar ruwa a Spain.
A cikin 1997, Nokia ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin lantarki na Brazil Gradiente inda aka basu lasisin kera ire -iren wayoyin salula na Nokia a cikin gida ƙarƙashin sunayen Nokia da Gradiente.
A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta kafa kamfanin Symbian Ltd. wanda Psion ke jagoranta don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin aiki don PDAs da wayoyin hannu masu wayo a matsayin magajin EPOC32. Sun saki Nokia 9210 Communicator da ke gudanar da Symbian OS a shekara ta 2001 kuma daga baya a waccan shekarar ta kirkiri dandalin Symbian Series 60, daga baya suka gabatar da ita tare da wayar kyamarar su ta farko, Nokia 7650. Dukansu Nokia da Symbian sun zama manyan kayan masarufi na wayoyi da mai yin software bi da bi, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 Nokia ta zama babban mai hannun jari na Symbian Ltd. Nokia ta mallaki kamfani baki daya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 sannan ta kafa Gidauniyar Symbian a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta.
A cikin shekara ta 1998 kawai, kamfanin yana da kuɗin shiga na dala biliyan 20 wanda ya sami ribar dala biliyan 2.6. Zuwa shekarar 2000 Nokia ta dauki mutane sama da 55,000 aiki, kuma tana da kaso 30% a kasuwar wayar tafi da gidanka, kusan ninki biyu na babbar gasa, Motorola. Kamfanin yana aiki a kasashe 140 tun daga shekara ta 1999. An ba da rahoton a lokacin cewa wasu mutane sun yi imanin Nokia kamfanin Japan ne. Tsakanin shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 2001, yawan kudin da Nokia ta samu ya karu ninki biyar, daga € 6.5 biliyan zuwa € 31bn.
Daga nan za a san kamfanin a matsayin mai nasara kuma mai kirkirar wayoyin kyamara. Nokia 3600/3650 ita ce wayar kamara ta farko da aka sayar a Arewacin Amurka a shekasra ta 2003. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta yi hadin gwiwa da mai kera kyamarar kyamarar Jamus Carl Zeiss AG. A cikin wannan watan Nokia ta gabatar da Nseries, wanda zai zama layin wayoyin salula na shekaru shida masu zuwa. Nokia N95 da aka gabatar a watan Satumba na shekarar 2006 ya yi nasara sosai kuma an kuma ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin "mafi kyawun na'urar daukar hoto" a Turai a shekara ta 2007. Wanda ya gaje shi N82 ya nuna walƙiyar xenon, wanda ya taimaka mata lashe lambar "mafi kyawun hoton wayar hannu" a Turai a shekara ta 2008. N93 a shekara ta 2006 an san shi da camcorder na musamman da kuma karkatacciyar ƙirar da ke sauyawa tsakanin clamshell da matsayi kamar camcorder. An kuma san su sosai da N8 tare da babban firikwensin 12-megapixel a cikin shekara ta 2010; 808 PureView a cikin shekara ta 2012 tare da firikwensin 41-megapixel; da tutar Lumia 920 a cikin shekara ta 2012 wanda ya aiwatar da ingantattun fasahar PureView.
Nokia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara wasan caca ta hannu saboda shaharar Snake, wanda aka riga aka ɗora shi akan samfura da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 2002, Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin kasuwar caca ta hannu tare da N-Gage. Shugaban nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai na Nokia, Ilkka Raiskinen, ya taɓa yin ƙaulin "Game Boy na yara 'yan shekara 10", yana mai bayyana cewa N-Gage ya fi dacewa da masu sauraro da suka manyanta. Koyaya, na'urar ta gaza, ta kasa ƙalubalantar jagoran kasuwar Nintendo. Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin farfado da N-Gage a matsayin dandamali na wayoyin salula na S60, wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da su a shekara ta 2008.
A cikin Q1a shekara ta 2004, kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta ragu sosai zuwa 28.9%, ƙasa daga 34.6% a shekara da ta gabata. Koyaya, zuwa shekara ta 2006 kamfanin ya sake samun ci gaba kuma a cikin Q4 a shekara ta 2007 ya kai adadi mafi girma na 40.4%. Rabon kasuwar wayoyin salula a waccan kwata shine 51%. Nokia ita ce babbar mai siyarwa a lokacin a duk yankuna bar Arewacin Amurka.
Nokia ta ƙaddamar da gwajin talabijin ta wayar hannu a 2005 a Finland tare da abun ciki wanda mai watsa labarai na jama'a Yle ya bayar. Ayyukan suna dogara ne akan ma'aunin DVB-H. Ana iya duba shi tare da babbar wayar Nokia 7710 tare da kayan haɗi na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar karɓar siginar DVB-H. Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Arqiva da O2 don ƙaddamar da gwaji a Burtaniya a watan Satumba shekara ta 2005.
A cikin shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta haɓaka tsarin aiki na tushen Linux wanda ake kira Maemo, wanda ya yi jigilar wannan shekarar akan Nokia 770 Internet Tablet.
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006, Jorma Ollila ta zama shugaban kamfanin kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba, wanda Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo ya maye gurbinsa.
A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007, Nokia ta gabatar da Ovi, sunan laima don sabbin aiyukan Intanet na kamfanin wanda ya haɗa da dandalin N-Gage da Nokia Music Store. Shagon Ovi ya fuskanci gagarumar gasa da Apple App Store lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2008.
A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, na’urar farko da za ta yi jigilar kaya tare da sabon S60 5th Edition, wanda aka fi sani da Symbian^1, farkon maimaita dandamali tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gidauniyar Symbian. A watan Nuwambashekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta kawo karshen sayar da wayoyin hannu a Japan saboda karancin kasuwa. Kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 2008 da kashi 38.6. A wannan shekarar, Nokia ta sanar da siyan Trolltech da haɓaka software ta Qt. Qt ya kasance babban ɓangaren dabarun Nokia har zuwa shekara ta 2011, kuma a ƙarshe an sayar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2012.
Nokia a takaice ta koma kasuwar kwamfuta tare da ɗan littafin netbook 3G a watan Agusta shekara ta 2009.
2010–2014
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010, an gabatar da Xseries da ke mai da hankali kan kiɗa da Cseries mai mai da hankali. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tafi da gidanka ta gaba, Nokia N8, wacce za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fara aiki a kan Symbian^3. Sai dai an yi jinkiri tsawon watanni da dama wanda hakan ya bata sunan kamfanin, musamman bayan gazawar tutar da ta yi a baya N97 da gasa mai tsauri daga Apple da kamfanin Google mai tasowa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2010, an kori Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo a matsayin Shugaba kuma an sanar da cewa Stephen Elop daga Microsoft zai dauki matsayin Babban Daraktan Nokia, inda ya zama darakta na farko da ba Finnish ba a tarihin Nokia. An yi iƙirarin cewa masu saka hannun jari sun matsa wa hukumar Nokia lamba don ɗaukar wani baƙo don girgiza gudanarwa kuma ya rabu da al'adar "Nokia hanya". Ollila ya kuma sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga shugabancin Nokia kafin shekarar 2012. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011 Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta biya Elop dala miliyan shida na sanya hannu a matsayin "diyyar asarar kudin shiga daga tsohon ma'aikacin sa", a kan dala miliyan 1.4 na shekara albashi.
Tsohon Symbian OS ya zama tushen budewa gaba daya a watan Fabrairu 2010. Sai dai, a watan Nuwamban 2010 an sanar da cewa Symbian Foundation na rufe kuma Nokia za ta sake karbe ikon tsarin aikin Symbian a karkashin lasisin rufewa. Zuwa yanzu Nokia ita ce kawai kamfanin da ya rage ta amfani da dandamali, tare da mai jigilar NTT DoCoMo a Japan, bayan duka Samsung da Sony Ericsson sun koma Android. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin 2010 don burin Nokia na Linux, Nokia ta haɗu tare da Intel don ƙirƙirar aikin MeeGo, bayan haɗuwar Maemo na Nokia da Moblin na Intel.
Dandalin Symbian na Nokia wanda ya kasance babban dandamali na wayoyin hannu a Turai da Asiya tsawon shekaru da yawa yana saurin tsufa kuma yana da wahala ga masu haɓakawa bayan bayyanar iOS da Android. Don magance wannan, Nokia ta shirya yin tsarin aikin su na MeeGo Linux, a ƙarƙashin ci gaba, ƙirar kamfanin akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikin Shugaba na Elop, hukumar Nokia ta kore shi ikon canza dabarun wayoyin hannu na kamfanin, gami da canza tsarin aiki. Tsohon soja Anssi Vanjoki, shugaban sashen wayoyin salula, ya bar kamfanin a wannan lokacin. Fitowar sa ta ƙarshe shine a Nokia World 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da Nokia E7 da wasu na'urorin Symbian^3.
A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar "haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci" tare da Microsoft, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa zai karɓi Windows Phone 7 a matsayin babban tsarin aikin sa akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, tare da haɗa ayyukansa da dandamali tare da nasa, gami da Bing azaman injin bincike, da haɗawa. Bayanan Maps na Nokia cikin Taswirorin Bing. Elop ya bayyana cewa Nokia ta zabi kada ta yi amfani da Android saboda a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya "bambance" abubuwan da ake bayarwa ba, tare da masu sukar sun kuma lura cewa alakar sa ta baya da Microsoft na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar. Kodayake MeeGo "Harmattan" -bn N9 an sadu da kyakkyawar tarba a cikin 2011, Nokia ta riga ta yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen ci gaba akan MeeGo kuma kawai ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kodayake Shugaba ya ce "sabbin abubuwa" na N9 za su ci gaba makomar, wacce a ƙarshe ta hau kan dandalin Asha a 2013. Bayan sanarwar haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kasuwar kasuwar Nokia ta lalace; wannan ya faru ne saboda buƙatar faduwar Symbian lokacin da masu amfani suka fahimci hankalin Nokia da kulawa zai kasance a wani wuri.
Kamfanin ya sanya babban asara a cikin kwata na biyu na 2011 - kawai asarar su ta biyu a cikin shekaru 19. Wayar Nokia ta farko ta Wayar Windows ita ce Lumia 800, wacce ta iso a watan Nuwamba na 2011. Faduwar tallace -tallace a 2011, wanda ba a inganta shi sosai tare da layin Lumia a 2012, ya haifar da manyan asara a jere. Zuwa tsakiyar 2012 farashin hannayen jarin kamfanin ya fadi kasa da $ 2. Shugaba Elop ya ba da sanarwar rage farashin farashi a watan Yuni ta hanyar zubar da ma’aikata 10,000 zuwa karshen shekara da kuma rufe masana'antar kera Salo. Firayim Ministan na Finland ya kuma ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati ba za ta ceci kamfanin daga asusun jihar na gaggawa ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin Nokia ta fara sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da "Meltemi", dandamali ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Tare da kawancen Microsoft kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Elop, Nokia kuma ta sake mai da hankali kan kasuwar Arewacin Amurka inda wayoyin Nokia suke, sabanin sauran ƙasashen duniya, kusan ba su da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dabarar ta fara ne a cikin Janairu 2012 tare da gabatar da wayar Nokia Lumia 900 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin AT&T na Amurka.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2011, Nokia ta bullo da wani sabon nau'in kamfani mai suna "Pure". A ranar 1 ga Agustan 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi amfani da sabon tsarin lambar lambobi uku don samfuran wayar hannu kuma ta daina amfani da haruffa, ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen Nseries, Eseries, da Cseries na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan ranar aka gabatar da Nokia 500 tare da sabon tsarin. Nokia ta yi amfani da sunaye masu lamba uku a wayoyin analog a shekarun 1990.
Lokacin da aka sanar da Lumia 920 a watan Satumbar 2012, 'yan jaridu sun gan ta a matsayin babbar babbar Windows Phone wacce za ta iya ƙalubalanci abokan hamayya saboda tsarinta na ci gaba. Elop ya ce kyakkyawan martanin da aka yi masa ya haifar da bege da kyakkyawan fata a kamfanin. Kamfanin yana kuma samun nasarori a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da jerin Asha, waɗanda ke siyarwa da ƙarfi. Kodayake tallace -tallace da wayoyin salula na Nokia sun karu sosai a cikin 2013, gami da a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, har yanzu bai isa ba don gujewa asarar kuɗi. Ollila ta sauka daga kujerarta a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2012 kuma Risto Siilasmaa ya maye gurbin ta
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 Nokia ta sanar da sayar da sashen wayar salula da na’urorinta ga Microsoft. Sayarwar tana da kyau ga Nokia don gujewa ƙarin adadi na kuɗi mara kyau, kazalika ga Babban Manajan Microsoft Steve Ballmer, wanda ke son Microsoft ta samar da ƙarin kayan masarufi kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa kamfanin na'urori da sabis. Shugaban Nokia, Risto Siilasmaa, ya bayyana yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai hankali (a cikin fa'idar masu hannun jarin Nokia), amma mai wahalar gaske - masana sun yarda cewa Nokia za ta kasance cikin rikicin kuɗi idan ba ta sayar da rabon ga Microsoft ba. Manazarta sun yi imanin cewa Ballmer ya matsa don siyan saboda tsoron cewa Nokia tana gab da ɗaukar Android kuma ta yi watsi da ƙawancen su da Microsoft. Tabbas, a cikin Janairu 2014 an gabatar da Nokia X wanda ke gudana akan sigar Android ta musamman. Abin mamaki ne da ɗan ban mamaki wanda ke zuwa makonni kaɗan kacal daga ƙarshen siyan Microsoft. Wasu, ciki har da magajin Ballmer Satya Nadella, suna jin cewa Microsoft na tunanin haɗe ƙungiyoyin software ɗin su da injiniyan kayan masarufi na Nokia da zai “hanzarta” haɓaka Windows Phone. An kammala siyarwar a watan Afrilun 2014, inda Microsoft Mobile ta zama magajin sashen na'urorin wayoyin Nokia. Nokia kuma ta tashi daga hedkwatarsa zuwa wani katafaren gini da ke Karaportti. A lokacin, Ballmer da kansa yana yin ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya yi adawa da siyan wayoyin salula na Nokia, tare da shugaban Bill Gates. Microsoft ya rubuta kadarorin da aka saya daga Nokia a shekarar 2015.
A shekara ta 2014, darajar tambarin Nokia a duniya bisa ga Interbrand ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na 98, raguwa mai kaifi daga wuri na 5 da yake a 2009. Faduwar Nokia a kasuwar wayar tafi -da -gidanka ya sami bayanai daban -daban daga manazarta, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna game da shawarar Shugaba na yin watsi da shi. tsarin aiki na cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da Windows Phone a 2011. Masu bincike da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa Nokia ta sha wahala daga zurfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin gudanarwa. Tsoffin ma’aikatan sun yi iƙirarin cewa gudanarwar ta yi kumbura ta hanyar nasarar farko da suka zama masu gamsuwa da lokaci. Wasu daga ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Symbian sun yi iƙirarin cewa babban jami'in kamfanin ya ƙi ɗaruruwan sabbin abubuwa a cikin shekarun 2000 da suka gabatar, gami da sake rubuta lambar Symbian gaba ɗaya. Wani tsohon ma'aikacin Nokia ya yi ikirarin cewa ana gudanar da kamfanin ne a matsayin "tsarin mulki irin na Soviet".
A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sayi hannun jarin Siemens a cikin haɗin gwiwar Nokia Siemens Networks na dala biliyan 2.2, ta mai da shi wani kamfani mallakinsa gaba ɗaya wanda ake kira Nokia Solutions and Networks, har sai da aka sake masa suna zuwa Nokia Networks ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Nokia, sashen sadarwar sa mai riba tare da Siemens ya ba da kuɗin shiga da yawa; don haka, sayan ya tabbatar da inganci, musamman bayan siyar da na’urorin wayar salularsa.
2014–2016
Bayan siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu, Nokia ta mai da hankali kan kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Nokia Networks.
A watan Oktoba na 2014, Nokia da China Mobile sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin dala miliyan 970 don isar da kayayyaki tsakanin 2014 da 2015.
A ranar 17 ga Nuwamban 2014, shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia Ramzi Haidamus ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin kayan masarufi a matsayin mai kera ƙira na asali, yana ba da lasisin ƙirar kayan cikin gida da fasaha ga masana'antun na uku. Haidamus ya bayyana cewa alamar Nokia tana da '' mahimmanci '' amma '' yana raguwa da ƙima, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci mu canza wannan yanayin cikin sauri, nan ba da jimawa ba ''. Kashegari, Nokia ta ƙaddamar da N1, kwamfutar hannu ta Android da Foxconn ta ƙera, a matsayin samfur na farko bayan siyarwar Microsoft. Haidamus ya jaddada cewa na'urorin da aka fito da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyar lasisi za a riƙe su cikin manyan ƙimar ingancin samarwa, kuma za su "yi kama da jin kamar Nokia ta gina ta". Shugaban kamfanin Nokia Rajeev Suri ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin wayar salula ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2016, bayan karewar sharuddan da ba ta gasa da Microsoft.
A cewar Robert Morlino, mai magana da yawun Nokia Technologies, Nokia ta shirya bin tsarin lasisin alama maimakon tallan na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kai tsaye saboda siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Kamfanin ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai don farfado da kansa, a bayyane ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwararrun software, gwajin sabbin samfura da neman abokan hulɗa. A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2015, Shugaba Rajeev Suri ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai dawo kasuwar wayoyin hannu a cikin 2016.
A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015, Nokia ta sanar da OZO, kyamarar gaskiya ta 360-digiri, tare da firikwensin hoto na 2K guda takwas. Rarraba bayan samfurin, Nokia Technologies, ya yi iƙirarin cewa OZO zai kasance mafi ingantaccen dandamali na yin fim na VR. Sanarwar manema labarai ta Nokia ta bayyana cewa OZO zai kasance "na farko a cikin shirin da aka tsara na hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital," tare da tsammanin samfuran fasaha a nan gaba. An bayyana OZO cikakke a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba a Los Angeles. OZO, wanda aka ƙera don amfani da ƙwararru, an yi niyyar siyar da shi akan dalar Amurka 60,000; duk da haka, an rage farashinsa da $ 15,000 kafin a sake shi, kuma an jera shi akan gidan yanar gizon sa a matsayin $ 40,000.
A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2015, Nokia ta tabbatar da cewa tana tattaunawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa na Faransa Alcatel-Lucent dangane da yiwuwar hadewa. Kashegari, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta amince ta sayi Alcatel-Lucent akan € 15.6 biliyan a cikin yarjejeniyar hannun jari. Shugaba Rajeev Suri yana jin cewa siyan zai ba Nokia wata fa'ida mai mahimmanci a haɓaka fasahar mara waya ta 5G. Sayen ya haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi ga kamfanoni masu hamayya da Ericsson da Huawei, waɗanda Nokia da Alcatel-Lucent suka zarce ta jimlar kuɗin shiga a 2014. Masu hannun jarin Nokia suna riƙe da kashi 66.5% na sabon haɗin kamfani, yayin da masu hannun jarin Alcatel-Lucent ke riƙe da 33.5% . Ya kamata a kula da rukunin Bell Labs, amma Nokia za ta maye gurbin alamar Alcatel-Lucent. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, bayan amincewar yarjejeniyar da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yi, hadakar tana jiran amincewar hukumomin Faransa. Duk da niyyar farko ta siyar da rukunin kebul na jirgin ruwa daban daban, daga baya Alcatel-Lucent ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi ba. An rufe hadewar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2016, amma bai cika ba sai ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2016. Daga saye, yanzu Nokia kuma ita ce mai mallakar alamar wayar hannu ta Alcatel, wacce ke ci gaba da samun lasisin kamfanin TCL.
A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya don sayar da sashen taswirar dijital na nan ga ƙungiyar BMW, Daimler AG da Volkswagen Group akan € 2.8 biliyan. An rufe yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015.
2016–2019
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2016, Nokia ta sanar da aniyarta ta sayen kamfanin kera na’urar lafiya na Faransa mai suna Andings kan dalar Amurka miliyan 191. An haɗa kamfanin zuwa sabon sashin Lafiya na Dijital na Fasahar Nokia. Daga baya Nokia ta kashe kuɗin siyan kuma a watan Mayu 2018 an sake sayar da sashin lafiya ga Éric Carreel, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Withings kuma tsohon Shugaba.
A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2016, Microsoft Mobile ta sayar da kasuwancin wayar ta Nokia mai alama ga HMD Global, sabon kamfani wanda tsohon babban jami'in Nokia Jean-Francois Baril ya kafa, da wata masana'anta mai alaƙa a Vietnam ga kamfanin FoxHn na FIH Mobile. Daga baya Nokia ta shiga yarjejeniyar lasisin na dogon lokaci don sanya HMD keɓaɓɓen kera wayoyin Nokia da allunan da aka yi wa alama a wajen Japan, suna aiki tare da Foxconn. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba HMD haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da software na wayoyin hannu. Daga baya HMD ta sanar da wayar Nokia 6 mai tushen Android a cikin Janairu 2017. A Mobile World Congress, HMD ya kuma ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Nokia 3 da Nokia 5, da kuma sake tunanin ƙirar wayar Nokia mai lamba 3310. Duk da cewa Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin, suna da wasu bayanai a cikin sabbin na'urorin.
A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016 Nokia ta nuna a karon farko cibiyar sadarwa mai shirye-shiryen 5G. A watan Fabrairun 2017 Nokia ta aiwatar da haɗin 5G a Oulu, Finland ta amfani da ma'aunin 5GTF, wanda Verizon ke goyan baya, akan kayan aikin gine-gine na Intel.
A watan Yuli na 2017, Nokia da Xiaomi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da yarjejeniyar patent na shekaru da yawa, gami da lasisin ƙetare ga kowane kamfani mai daidaitattun lamuran salula. A waccan shekarar, darajar alama ta Nokia ta kasance ta 188th ta Brand Finance, tsallake wurare 147 daga 2016. An danganta hauhawar ta ga fayil ɗin lafiya da sabbin wayoyin hannu da HMD Global suka haɓaka.
A cikin Janairu 2018, Nokia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da NTT Docomo, babban kamfanin wayar hannu na Japan, don samar da tashoshin rediyo mara waya na 5G a cikin kasar nan da 2020. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta sanar da layin ReefShark na chipsets 5G, tana mai cewa tana ninka bandwidth zuwa 84 Gbit/s. A watan Maris, Solidium, hannun jarin gwamnatin Finland, ya sayi hannun jarin 3.3% a Nokia wanda darajarsa ta kai million 844 miliyan. A watan Mayu, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sami kamfanin IoT na California, SpaceTime Insight.A watan Janairun 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ba da dala miliyan 40 don tallafawa binciken Nokia kan fasahar 5G. Wani bincike na 2019 ya nuna cewa wayoyin Nokia sun yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da abokan hamayyar Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, da Huawei wajen sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar Android. Binciken, wanda Counterpoint Research ya yi, ya gano cewa kashi 96 na wayoyin Nokia ko dai an aika su ko an sabunta su zuwa sabuwar sigar Android tun lokacin da aka saki Pie a cikin 2018. An gano masu fafatawa da Nokia kusan kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari.
2020 - yanzu
A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, Nokia ta sanar da Pekka Lundmark a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta kammala siyan Elenion Technologies, wani kamfani da ke Amurka wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar silikon photonics don haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samfuran haɗin haɗin kai.
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sari Baldauf ya gaji Risto Siilasmaa a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma an nada Kari Stadigh a matsayin mataimakiyar kujera. A watan Yuni, Nokia ta lashe kwangilar 5G mai kimanin dala miliyan 450 daga Taiwan Mobile don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba mai aiki na telecom a matsayin mai siyarwa kawai. A watan Oktoba, Nokia ta sanar da kwangila tare da NASA don gina hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta 4G don amfani da 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata. Kwangilar dala miliyan 14.1 ta hannun kamfanin Bell Labs ne, kuma ana sa ran fara shirin a 2022.
A cikin 2020, Flipkart ya haɗu tare da Nokia don tallata samfuran masu amfani da Nokia a Indiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talabijin, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka da na’urar sanyaya daki.
Ayyuka na yanzu
Nokia julkinen osakeyhtiö (kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na jama'a) da aka jera akan Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki da New York. Nokia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Finland, kuma babban ma'aikaci ne a cikin ƙasar, yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida da ƙananan kamfanoni. Nokia ta ba da gudummawar kashi 1.6% ga GDP na Finland kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% na fitar da ƙasar a 2006.
Nokia ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu tare da ƙarin rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa.
Nokia Networks
Nokia Networks shine babban kamfanin Nokia Corporation. Kamfanin sadarwar bayanai ne na ƙasashe da yawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Espoo, Finland, kuma shine masana'antun kayan aikin sadarwa na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na 2017 (bayan Huawei da Cisco). A cikin Amurka tana gasa tare da Ericsson akan gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na 5G don masu aiki, yayin da aka hana Huawei Technologies da ZTE Corporation yadda yakamata.
Tana da ayyuka a cikin kasashe kusan 150.
Nokia Networks tana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya da madaidaiciya, hanyoyin sadarwa da dandamali na sabis da sabis na ƙwararru ga masu aiki da masu ba da sabis. Yana mai da hankali kan GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na WiMAX, suna tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da haɓaka IP da damar aiki da ayyuka da yawa.
An ƙaddamar da asalin alamar Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) a Babban Taron Duniya na 3GSM a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu na 2007 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia (50.1%) da Siemens (49.9%), duk da cewa yanzu mallakar Nokia ce gaba ɗaya. A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sake dawo da duk hannun jarin da ke cikin Nokia Siemens Networks kan kudi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.21 sannan ta sake mata suna zuwa Nokia Solutions da Networks, jim kadan bayan haka ta canza zuwa Nokia Networks.
Fasahar Nokia
Fasahar Nokia wani bangare ne na Nokia wanda ke haɓaka samfuran masu amfani da fasahar lasisi gami da alamar Nokia. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali sune hoto, fahimta, haɗin mara waya, sarrafa wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni kamar shirin lasisin IP. Ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje -gwaje guda uku: Labarin Tsarin Rediyo, a wuraren samun rediyo, haɗin gida mara waya da aiwatar da rediyo; Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren watsa labarai da hulɗa; da Sensor da Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren ingantattun hanyoyin gano hanyoyin, hanyoyin hulɗa, nanotechnologies da fasahar jimla. Fasahar Nokia kuma tana ba da gudummawar jama'a a cikin ci gaban ta ta Invent tare da shirin Nokia. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2014 bayan sake fasalin kamfanin Nokia.
A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Nokia Technologies ta ƙaddamar da samfurin ta na farko, kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu ta Nokia N1. A watan Yuli na 2015, Nokia Technologies ta gabatar da kyamarar VR mai suna OZO, wanda aka ƙera don ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki kuma aka haɓaka su a Tampere, Finland. Tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin rufewa guda 8 da makirufo 8, samfurin zai iya kama bidiyon 3D na stereoscopic da sauti na sararin samaniya.
A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Ramzi Haidamus ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kamfanin Nokia Technologies. Brad Rodrigues, tsohon shugaban dabaru da bunƙasa kasuwanci, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2017, Gregory Lee, tsohon Shugaba na Samsung Electronics a Arewacin Amurka, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia da Shugaba.
Labarin Bell na Nokia
Nokia Bell Labs kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaban kimiyya wanda ya taɓa zama hannun R&D na Tsarin Bell na Amurka. Ya zama wani kamfani na Nokia Corporation bayan kwace Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016.
Farashin NGP
NGP Capital (tsohon Nokia Growth Partners) babban kamfani ne na kamfani na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a matakin haɓaka "Intanet na abubuwa" (IoT) da kamfanonin fasahar wayar hannu. NGP tana riƙe da saka hannun jari a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Indiya. Fayil ɗin su ya ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin fasahar tafi -da -gidanka waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangarorin Haɗin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya na Dijital, Mai amfani da IoT, da Haɗin Mota. Bayan tallafin dala miliyan 350 ga kamfanonin IoT a cikin 2016, NGP tana sarrafa kadarorin dala biliyan 1.
Nokia a baya ta inganta kirkire -kirkire ta hanyar tallafa wa kamfani tun daga 1998 tare da Nokia Venture Partners, wanda aka sake masa suna BlueRun Ventures kuma aka sake shi a 2005. Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) an kafa shi ne a 2005 a matsayin asusu na kamfani na ci gaba a matsayin ci gaban farkon nasarorin Nokia Venture Partners. A cikin 2017, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa NGP Capital.
Manyan fitowar NGP sun haɗa da GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics da Netmagic.
Networks na Nuage
Nuage Networks kamfani ne wanda ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta software. Alcatel-Lucent ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2013 don haɓaka rufin software don sarrafa kansa da tsara girgije. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Nokia biyo bayan siyan Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017 Nuage ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Vodafone da Telefonica don samar da gine-ginen SD-WAN ga sabobin su. BT ya riga ya kasance abokin ciniki tun daga 2016. Yarjejeniyar da China Mobile a cikin Janairu 2017 kuma ta yi amfani da fasahar sadarwar da aka ayyana ta Nuage don sabobin girgije na jama'a 2,000 a cibiyoyin bayanan data kasance a China, kuma wani a watan Oktoba 2017 tare da Kamfanin Inshorar China Pacific.
Kamfanin yana tushen Mountain View, California kuma Shugaba shine Sunil Khandekar.
Alcatel Mobile
Alcatel Mobile alama ce ta wayar hannu mallakar Nokia tun 2016. An ba shi lasisi tun 2005 ga kamfanin TCL na China lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Alcatel (daga baya Alcatel-Lucent) a cikin kwangilar har zuwa 2024.
HMD Global
HMD Global kamfani ne na wayar tafi da gidanka da ke Espoo, Finland. Alamar Nokia ta sami lasisin tsoffin ma’aikatan Nokia waɗanda suka kafa HMD Global kuma suka gabatar da na’urorin da ke da alamar Nokia a kasuwa a cikin 2017. Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin amma tana riƙe da wasu bayanai a ci gaban na'urorin ta.
Alcatel Submarine Networks
Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) shine mai ba da mafita na hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku. Ƙungiyar kasuwanci tana haɓaka fasaha kuma tana ba da sabis na shigarwa don hanyoyin haɗin kebul na jirgin ruwa na ruwa a cikin tekuna na duniya.
Harkokin kamfanoni
Gudanar da kamfanoni
An raba iko da gudanar da Nokia tsakanin masu hannun jari a wani babban taro da Kungiyar Shugabancin Rukunan Nokia (hagu), karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa (dama). Shugaban hukumar da sauran membobin Kungiyar Jagorancin Nokia ne hukumar gudanarwa ta nada. Shugaban Kungiyar Shugabancin Nokia ne kaɗai zai iya zama membobin kwamitin daraktoci da ƙungiyar Jagorancin Nokia Group. Kwamitocin Kwamitin Daraktoci sun ƙunshi Kwamitin Bincike, Kwamitin Ma'aikata, da Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Nomination.
Ana gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a cikin tsarin da Dokar Kamfanonin Finnish, Labarin Ƙungiyar Nokia, da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Kamfanoni, waɗanda kwamitin riƙo na rikon kwarya suka ƙara. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta daina aikin Babban Jami'in Aiki (COO) tare da rarraba ayyukanta ga sauran shugabannin kamfanin. A sakamakon haka, Babban Jami'in Ayyuka Joerg Erlemeier ya yanke shawarar sauka, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2020.
Tsoffin jami'an kamfanoni
Hannun jari
Nokia kamfani ne mai iyakance na jama'a kuma shine mafi tsufa kamfanin da aka jera a ƙarƙashin wannan suna akan Helsinki Stock Exchange, wanda aka fara a 1915. Nokia tana da jeri na biyu a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York tun 1994. An cire hannun jarin Nokia daga hannun jari na London Musanya a 2003, Kasuwar Paris a 2004, Stockholm Stock Exchange a 2007 da Frankfurt Stock Exchange a 2012. Saboda samun Alcatel-Lucent a 2015, Nokia ta sake lissafa hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Paris kuma an haɗa shi a cikin alamar CAC 40 a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2016 amma daga baya aka cire ta a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2017.
A 2007, Nokia tana da babban darajar kasuwa na billion 110 biliyan; zuwa 17 Yuli 2012 wannan ya faɗi zuwa € 6.28 biliyan, kuma zuwa 23 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya ƙaru zuwa billion 26.07 biliyan. Kasuwancin Nokia a shekarar 2020 ya kai biliyan 21.76.
Al'adar kamfanoni
Bayanin al'adun kamfani na hukuma na Nokia tun daga shekarun 1990 ana kiranta The Nokia Way. Yana nanata saurin da sassaucin yanke shawara a cikin ɗakin kwana, ƙungiyar yanar gizo.
Harshen kasuwancin hukuma na Nokia shine Turanci. An rubuta duk takaddun a cikin Ingilishi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin sadarwar intra-company na hukuma.
A cikin 1992, Nokia ta karɓi ƙimar da aka ayyana tare da mahimman kalmomin girmamawa, nasara, sabuntawa da ƙalubale. A watan Mayu 2007, kamfanin ya sake fasalta ƙimarsa bayan ya fara jerin tattaunawa a duk rassansa na duniya game da abin da sabbin ƙimar kamfanin ya kamata su kasance. Dangane da shawarwarin ma'aikaci, an ayyana sabbin dabi'un kamar: Shiga Kai, Cimma Tare, Sha'awar Innovation da Dan Adam. A watan Agustan 2014, Nokia ta sake fasalta darajarta bayan sayar da kasuwancin Na'urorin ta, ta sake amfani da ƙimar 1992 na asali.
Hedikwatar
Nokia tana tushen a Karaportti a Espoo, Finland, kusa da babban birnin Helsinki. Ya kasance babban ofishin su tun daga 2014 bayan ƙaura daga gidan Nokia da aka gina a cikin Espoo a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyar da kasuwancin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Ginin a Karaportti a baya shine hedikwatar NSN (yanzu Nokia Networks).
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin 2018, Nokia ta sami lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Lights don mafi kyawun samfurin kebul/samfurin bidiyo kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin kamfanonin kamfanonin da'a na duniya na 2018 na Ethisphere.
Tarihin Logo
Jayayya
NSN ta samar da damar kutse ga Iran
A shekarar 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia da Siemens AG, an ba da rahoton cewa sun bai wa kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Iran fasahar da ta ba ta damar katse hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet na 'yan kasarta. An ba da rahoton cewa fasahar ta ba Iran damar amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi don karantawa da canza abun cikin imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da kiran wayar kan layi. Fasahar "tana ba wa hukumomi damar toshe sadarwa ba kawai ba amma don sa ido don tattara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, tare da canza shi don dalilai na ɓarna".
A lokacin zanga-zangar bayan zabe a Iran a watan Yunin 2009, an ba da rahoton cewa, shiga Intanet ta Iran ya ragu zuwa kasa da goma na saurin sa na yau da kullun, wanda kwararru ke zargin ya faru ne saboda amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi.
A watan Yulin 2009, Nokia ta fara fuskantar kauracewa kayayyakinsu da aiyukansu a Iran. Kauracewar ta kasance ta masu amfani da tausayawa motsin zanga-zangar bayan zaɓen da kuma farmakin kamfanonin da ake ganin suna haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin. Buƙatar wayar hannu ta faɗi kuma masu amfani sun fara guje wa saƙon SMS.
Nokia Siemens Networks ta ba da sanarwar a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai cewa ta ba wa Iran kawai "damar kutse na halal kawai don sa ido kan kiran murya na gida" kuma "ba ta ba da cikakken fakiti fakiti, takunkumin yanar gizo, ko damar tace Intanet ga Iran".
Lex Nokia
A cikin 2009, Nokia ta goyi bayan wata doka a Finland wanda ke ba kamfanoni damar sanya ido kan sadarwar ma'aikatan su a yayin da ake zargin bayanai sun ɓace. Nokia ta musanta jita -jitar cewa kamfanin ya yi tunanin cire babban ofishinta daga Finland idan ba a canza dokokin sa ido na lantarki ba. Kafafen yada labarai na kasar Finland sun yi wa dokar lakabi da Lex Nokia saboda an aiwatar da ita ne sakamakon matsin lambar Nokia.
An kafa dokar, amma tare da tsauraran sharudda don aiwatar da tanade -tanaden ta. Babu wani kamfani da ya yi amfani da tanadinsa kafin 25 ga Fabrairu 2013, lokacin da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kariyar Bayanai ya tabbatar da cewa kwanan nan birnin Hämeenlinna ya ba da sanarwar da ake buƙata.
Rikicin patent na Nokia -Apple
A watan Oktoban 2009, Nokia ta shigar da karar Apple Inc. a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Delaware inda ta yi ikirarin cewa Apple ya keta hakkokinsa guda 10 da suka shafi sadarwa mara waya ciki har da canja wurin bayanai. Apple ya yi saurin mayar da martani tare da shigar da ƙara a cikin Disamba 2009 yana zargin Nokia da keta haƙƙin mallaka 11. Babban mashawarcin kamfanin Apple, Bruce Sewell ya ci gaba da wani mataki inda ya ce, "Dole ne sauran kamfanoni su yi gogayya da mu ta hanyar kirkirar fasahar su, ba kawai ta hanyar satar namu ba." Wannan ya haifar da takaddama ta doka tsakanin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa biyu tare da Nokia ta shigar da wata kara, a wannan karon tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Amurka (ITC), tana zargin Apple da keta hakkin mallakarsa a "kusan dukkan wayoyin hannu, 'yan wasan kiɗa da kwamfutoci". . Nokia ta ci gaba da rokon kotu da ta hana duk kayayyakin da Amurka ke shigowa da su daga Apple, ciki har da iPhone, Macintosh da iPod. Apple ya musanta ta hanyar shigar da ƙara tare da ITC a cikin Janairu 2010.
A watan Yunin 2011, Apple ya zauna tare da Nokia kuma ya amince da kimantawa da biyan dala miliyan 600 da sarauta ga Nokia. Kamfanonin biyu sun kuma amince kan wasu lasisin lasisi na wasu fasahohin da suka mallaka.
Ana zargin kaucewa biyan haraji a Indiya
An tuhumi reshen Indiya na Nokia a cikin Janairu 2013 tare da rashin biyan harajin Indiya da aka Rage daga Tushen da keta ƙa'idodin farashin canja wuri a Indiya. TDS ɗin da ba a biya ba na billion 30 biliyan, wanda aka tara a cikin shekaru shida, ya kasance saboda sarautar da reshen Indiya ya biya wa kamfanin mahaifanta.
Sabunta bayanan Nokia 7 Plus
A watan Maris na 2019, labarai sun bayyana cewa ana zargin wayoyin Nokia 7 Plus na kamfanin suna aika bayanan masu amfani na sirri zuwa China sama da watanni da yawa. A cewar masu binciken, na'urar ta aika da fakitin bayanan da ba a rufa masu asiri ba ciki har da wurin yanki, lambar katin SIM, da lambar serial na wayar zuwa ga uwar garken kasar Sin da ba a san ko wane lokaci ba da “aka kunna wayar, allon ya kunna ko budewa.” Bayanai sun isa su bi motsi da ayyukan wayar a ainihin lokacin.
Mamallakin kamfanin Nokia HMD Global ya musanta cewa an yi irin wannan aika -aika, yana mai cewa maimakon hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kuskure a cikin tsarin shiryawa na software na wayar. Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin Kariyar Bayanai na Finland ya kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin bisa zaton "an canja bayanan sirri."
Duba kuma
Nokia Networks
Nokia - wani gari a Pirkanmaa, Finland
Tarihin Nokia
Jolla - kamfanin da tsoffin ma'aikatan Nokia suka fara wanda ke haɓaka Linux Sailfish OS, ci gaba da Linux MeeGo OS
Twig Com - Asali Benefon, tsohon kamfanin kera wayar hannu ne wanda tsoffin mutanen Nokia suka fara, yanzu shine mai kera lafiyar mutum da samfuran bin diddigin GPS.
Microsoft Mobile - sake sunan sabuwar na'urar Nokia da Sabis na Sabis bayan Microsoft ta saya
HMD Global-ci gaban Microsoft na na'urorin Nokia na tushen Android
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi |
59493 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Yanayi | Ƙungiyar Yanayi | Kungiyar Climate kungiya ce mai zaman kanta,wacce ke aiki tare da kamfanoni da shugabannin gwamnati a duk duniya don magance canjin yanayi.Kungiyar tana da shirye-shiryen da ke mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayaƙin gas.An ƙaddamar dashi a shekara ta 2004,ƙungiyar tana aiki a duniya tare da ofisoshi a Burtaniya (headquarters),Amurka da Indiya.
Tana aiki a matsayin sakateriyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa biyu,haɗin gwiwoyi na gwamnatoci da yankuna a duk duniya,waɗanda suka himmatu ga rage fitar da iskar gas zuwa matakan zero a shekarar 2050.I zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci sama da 270 waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya.
Shirin kasuwanci na kungiyar, wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ''We Mean Business'', tana da niyyar haɓɓaka buƙatun kamfanoni don makamashi mai sabuntawa,yawan makamashi da sufuri na lantarki,hanzarta sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin fitar da iska, yayin da yake taimakawa wajen jagorantar kasuwancin don rage hayakin carbon, zama mafi ƙarfi da haɓaka riba.
Sauran ayyukan da suka gabata da na yanzu,sun haɗa da gwajin LED "LightSavers"na duniya, wanda ya faru a birane kamar New York City, Hong Kong da Kolkata;aikin ƙa'idodin Yanayi,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa cibiyoyin kuɗi (ciki har da Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re,F & C Asset Management da BNP Paribas),sun yarda suyi la'akari da canjin yanayi yayin tsara ayyukansu da samfuran su; Jihohi da Yankin Alliance,waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa manufofin canjin yanayi na lardin,da kuma inganta manufofin canji da ƙarancin carbon.
Sun yi haɗin gwiwa a kan shirye-shirye da rahotanni tareda kungiyoyi,gami da Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSi),International Emissions Trading Association (IETA),CDP, Gidauniyar Basel ta Duniya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York,Gidaunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,Asusun Marshall na Jamus,Ofishin Tony Blair da Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba.
Ƙungiyar Climate ta ɗauki baƙuncin taron ƙoli na ƙasa da ƙasa, da abubuwan da suka faru, tare da Climate Week NYC a Birnin New York, wani taron mako-mako na duniya, wanda ke inganta aikin yanayi na duniya, da kuma taron India Energy Access Summit a New Delhi.
Tarihi
Anfara kungiyar Climate Group a shekara ta 2003,kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a shekara ta 2004,ta tsohon Shugaba da kuma Steve Howard,tareda tsohon Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa Jim Walkerda tsohon Darakta na Sadarwa Alison Lucas.Ya samo asali ne daga bincike da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers ya jagoranta kuma an kafa shi don ƙarfafa manyan kamfanoni da gwamnatocin ƙasa don ɗaukar mataki kan canjin yanayi.Don shiga, kamfani ko gwamnati dole ne su sanya hannu kan ƙa'idojin jagorancin ƙungiyar.Tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya goyi bayan kungiyar tun lokacin da'aka ƙaddamar da ita kuma ya bayyana yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙungiyar.
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Jihohi da Yankuna ta Climate Group ta haɗa da wasu fitattun shugabannin gwamnatocin dake cikin ƙasa, waɗanda suka kasance, ko suna da hannu a cikin aikin manufofinta na haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayakin gas.Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Ministan farko na Scotland Alex Salmond; Ministan farko na Welsh Carwyn Jones; Yarima Albert na Monaco; tsohon Gwamnan California, Arnold Schwarzenegger; tsohon Firimiya Minista na Manitoba, Gary Doer; tsohon Firaministan Quebec, Jean Charest; tsohon Firimiya na Kudancin Australia Mike Rann da Shugaban Poitou-Charentes,Ségolène Royal. Acikin shekaru masu zuwa,Schwarzenegger, Charest da Salmond,kowannensu ya sami:Kyautar jagorancin yanayi ta ƙasa da ƙasa daga shugaban Mike Rann. Cibiyar sadarwar ta haɗa da sama da kamfanoni 80 da gwamnatoci mafi girma a duniya (ciki harda, alal misali, Birnin New York, Miami, Los Angeles, Jihar California,yawancin lardunan Kanada da Australiya,da Birnin London).
A shekara ta 2011, Mark Kenber,wanda a baya ya kasan ce mataimakin Shugaba, ya maye gurbin Steve Howard a matsayin Shugaba. Yayi murabus daga mukamin a shekarar 2016.
A cikin 2017, Helen Clarkson ta zama Shugaba.
Kudin
Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta bayyana cewa, tana aiki ba tare da wata ƙungiya ta gwamnati ba. Tana tallafawa aikin ta daga hanyoyin kuɗaɗen shiga daban-daban. Ƙungiyar ta 2004 ta sami goyon baya da farko daga ƙungiyoyin agaji, gami da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers,Gidauniyar DOEN,Gidaunin John D da Catherine T. MacArthur, da Gidauniyoyin Esmee Fairbairn. Rahoton shekara-shekara na kungiyar na 2007-2008 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen da ta bayar a lokacin sun fitone daga gudummawar agaji,tushe da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma daga kungiyar HSBC Climate Partnership da'aka dakatar yanzu.
Har zuwa kwanan nan, 'yan kasuwa da membobin gwamnati sun biya su zama membobin The Climate Group, kuma wannan kudade sun kai kusan 20% na kasafin kuɗin aiki na kungiyar. Yawancin shirye-shiryenta ana gudanar da su ne tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da membobin, waɗanda tallafawa sau da yawa shine tushen tushen kudaden shiga ga waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Kungiyar Climate ta bayyana cewa ma'aikata ne ke jagorantar dabarun gaba ɗaya - wani lokacin a cikin shawarwari tare da membobinta - kuma kwamitin ta ya amince da ita, kuma babu wata alaƙa tsakanin membobin da shugabancin kungiyar.
HSBC Yanayin Yanayi
A cikin 2007, HSBC ta ba da sanarwar cewa The Climate Group, tare da WWF, Earthwatch, da Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, za su zama abokin tarayya a cikin HSBC Climate Partnership, kuma sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 100 don tallafawa aikin hadin gwiwa - mafi girman gudummawar kamfanoni ga muhalli. Ana iya ganin sakamakon wannan shirin a cikin HSBC's 2010 Partnership Review, da kuma fim din HSBC'n Clean Cities na Disamba 2010. Fim din Clean Cities musamman ya tsara wasu nasarorin da kungiyar Climate Group ta samu ta wannan shirin, gami da matukan jirgi na LED a New York, kudaden fasaha masu tsabta a Mumbai, kamfen din mabukaci a London, da kuma yanke sawun carbon na ma'aikaci a Hong Kong.
Littattafai
Kungiyar Climate ta wallafa rahotanni na bincike waɗanda ke neman haskaka damar da makamashi mai tsabta zai iya samarwa dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki da rage hayaki. Wasu sun hada da:
Bayyanawa ta shekara-shekara - kowace shekara, Ƙungiyar Yanayi da CDP suna raba bayanan da aka bayyana a fili daga gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna game da manufofi da ayyukansu na yanayi, kayan fitarwa da sauran bayanan yanayi. An buga mafi kwanan nan a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 a tattaunawar yanayi ta duniya ta UNFCCC COP23.
Going Beyond - wannan rahoton na 2017 ya tattara abubuwan da kamfanoni uku suka samu wadanda suke daga cikin shirin The Climate Group RE100 - Apple Inc., BT Group da IKEA Group - don nuna abin da kamfanoni zasu iya yi don shawo kan kalubale da kuma shigar da masu samar da su cikin sauyawa zuwa 100% mai sabuntawa.
Dandalin sauya makamashi - wannan shirin na duniya wanda ke tallafawa gwamnatocin masana'antu, masu amfani da carbon mai yawa da na yankuna wajen bunkasa da aiwatar da sabbin manufofi na makamashi mai tsabta, a kai a kai yana sakin nazarin shari'a daga yankunan abokan hulɗa - Alberta, Basque Country, California, Hauts-de-France, Lombardy, Minnesota, North Rhine-Westphalia, Silesia, South Australia, Upper Austria da Wales - don haka za su iya koyo daga takwarorinsu na duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan shine wanda ke kimanta yiwuwar rikice-rikice na yanayi da batutuwan makamashi tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a cikin jihar North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bijli - Tsabtace makamashi ga kowa - galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Lottery na Postcode na Dutch, wannan rahoton na 2016 ya nuna yadda aikin batun ya taimaka wajen rage hayakin gas da kuma inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauyuka a Indiya ta hanyar haɗa su zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu arha, masu tsabta da kuma abin dogaro.
American Clean Revolution - wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2012, wannan rahoton yana kallon yadda Amurka za ta iya amfana daga ribar dala tiriliyan 3 don tattalin arzikin su ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsabta da ayyukan yi.
Smart 2020: Bayar da ƙananan tattalin arzikin carbon a cikin shekarun bayanai - wannan rahoton na 2008, wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Global e-Sustainability Initiative, ya gabatar da bincike wanda ke nuna cewa IT mai basira zai iya rage hayaki na duniya da 15% kuma adana Yuro biliyan 500 a cikin farashin makamashi na shekara-shekara nan da 2020.
The UK-India Business Leaders Climate Group - an ƙaddamar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2010 don ba da shawara ga Burtaniya da Indiya kan "yadda za a hanzarta hadin gwiwa, ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dacewa da yanayi".
Jerin Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China - zuwa Disamba 2010, an saki rahotanni uku game da manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa na kasar Sin. An saki rahoton na baya-bayan nan a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010, don ya dace da COP16 a Cancun, shine Rahoton Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China III: Low Carbon Development in Cities.
Shirye-shiryen
Kungiyar Yanayi tana jagorantar kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan da yawa, kamfen, da taron koli. Sun hada da:
Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa 2
Kungiyar Yanayi tana aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen 2 kuma tana aiki kai tsaye tare da masu sa hannu na gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na Ƙasashen Duniya 2 don fitar da burin da aiki. MOU na kasa da kasa 2 sadaukarwa ce ta gwamnatocin da ke cikin kasa don rage iskar gas (GHG) zuwa ga net-zero nan da shekara ta 2050. Babban abin da ya shafi wannan shi ne sadaukarwar jama'a ta duk masu sanya hannu don rage hayakin GHG da kashi 80-95% a matakan 1990, ko kuma tan 2 na carbon dioxide-daidai da kowane mutum, nan da shekara ta 2050. Ya zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci 270 daga ƙasashe daban-daban waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya waɗanda suka yi alkawarin rage hayakin GHG zuwa zero a shekara ta 2050.
Scale-Up na LED
Wannan aikin yana da niyyar hanzarta yaduwar amfani da fasahar hasken LED (diode mai fitar da haske). Manufar shirin ita ce hasken LED don wakiltar kashi 25% na kasuwar hasken wuta ta cikin gida da waje ta duniya ta hanyar 2020, rage amfani da wutar lantarki da farashi - da kuma hayakin CO2 da ke tattare da shi - da 50-70%. Ayyukan zanga-zangar yanzu suna aiki a birane da yawa a duk faɗin duniya ciki har da Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kolkata, London, Birnin New York da Sydney.
RE100
Kungiyar Yanayi ce ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da CDP, RE100 wani shiri ne na duniya don shiga, tallafawa da nuna kamfanoni masu tasiri da suka himmatu ga amfani da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa 100%. Kamfanoni suna samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da fa'idodin kasancewa 100% sabuntawa da amfana daga ilmantarwa na tsara-zuwa-tsara da kuma karɓar jama'a game da burinsu da nasarorin su yayin da suke aiki don cimma burinsu. Ya zuwa 2017, jimlar kamfanoni 100 sun himmatu ga kamfen ɗin.
EP100
EP100 ya nuna kasuwancin duniya da suka himmatu ga ninka yawan amfanin makamashi (EP). EP100, wanda The Climate Group ke aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar, yana ba da wani taro don raba ayyukan mafi kyau da nuna jagorancin kamfanoni da ke ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarfin zuciya, alkawuran jama'a game da samar da makamashi.
EV100
EV100 wani shiri ne na duniya wanda ke tattara kamfanoni da suka himmatu don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs) da kuma yin jigilar lantarki "sabon al'ada" nan da 2030. Sashin sufuri shine mai ba da gudummawa mafi sauri ga canjin yanayi, yana da kashi 23% na iskar gas mai guba a duniya. Sufurin lantarki yana ba da mafita wajen yanke miliyoyin ton na hayaki a kowace shekara, da kuma hana iska da gurɓataccen amo.
Yanayi Week NYC
Climate Week NYC, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Climate Group, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho, Birnin New York, Gwamnatin Denmark, Tck Tck Tc Campaign da CDP, suna faruwa a kowace shekara a Birnin Nework. Taron ya faru ne tare da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya tara shugabannin kasa da kasa daga kasuwanci, gwamnati da jama'a don nuna matakin yanayi na duniya. Climate Week NYC shine sararin hadin gwiwa don abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi don tallafawa aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 2017, akwai abubuwan da suka faru 140 a duk faɗin Birnin New York a matsayin wani ɓangare na Climate Week NYC.
Jihohi da Yankuna
Ƙungiyar Yanayi da Yankuna ta Ƙungiyar Yanayin Yanayi ta sami goyon baya ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar da gwamnatocin ƙasashe ke takawa wajen magance canjin yanayi a ƙasa. Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa 50-80% na ayyukan da ake buƙata don ɗaukar iyakance yawan zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 2 ° C zai buƙaci ya taso daga matakan gwamnati na ƙasa. Kungiyar Climate ta yi jayayya cewa yayin da tattaunawar duniya ke ci gaba da zama da wahala, membobinta na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Jiha da Yankuna, da sauran gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina yarjejeniyar canjin yanayi ta duniya daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
Ta hanyar shirin su na Jihohi da Yankuna, Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta kawo shugabannin gwamnatocin ƙasashe tare a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar Ranar China ta Cancún da Taron Shugabannin Yanayi na 2010. Sanarwar da aka amince da ita daga waɗannan abubuwan, waɗanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya hannu, sun haɗa da Sanarwar Copenhagen ta 2009 da Sanarutar Cancun ta 2010. Shirin Jihohi da Yankuna ya kuma sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, suna haifar da ayyukan kamar kimantawar rauni na yanki ga tasirin canjin yanayi.
Shirye-shiryen da suka gabata
Shirin Kashewa da Adana Carbon, wanda ke da niyyar bunkasa tsire-tsire na nunawa da adana carbon a China, Indiya, Amurka, Turai da Ostiraliya.
Shirin SMART 2020, wanda ke da niyyar amfani da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa, kamar fasahar grid mai wayo da tsarin gudanar da gine-gine, don rage hayaki har zuwa 15% nan da shekarar 2020.
Shirin EV20, wanda ke da niyyar gina ƙarfin kasuwar motocin lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antun mota da batir, kayan aikin lantarki, cibiyoyin kuɗi da gwamnatoci.
Tare A cikin 2007, The Climate Group ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin haɗin gwiwar mabukaci a Burtaniya da ake kira Together, wanda Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Boris Johnson, David James, Claudia Schiffer da Annie Lennox suka goyi bayan. Tare sun yi aiki tare da manyan sunayen alama don kawo masu amfani da hanyoyi masu sauƙi da za su iya taimakawa wajen yaki da canjin yanayi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Kamfen ɗin Together ya ba da rahoton cewa abokan hulɗarsa sun taimaka wa masu amfani da Burtaniya adana fiye da tan miliyan 1 na carbon dioxide da kusan fam miliyan 200 a kan kuɗin gidajensu. Tare kuma sun gudu a Ostiraliya da Amurka.
An ƙaddamar da ka'idar Carbon (VCS) a watan Nuwamba 2007. Manufar VCS ita ce ta bunkasa amincewa da kasuwar carbon ta son rai ta hanyar samar da sabon tabbacin inganci da ake buƙata don takaddun shaida na amintaccen carbon na son rai.
Kashe Yanayin Yanayi A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, wakilai sun taru a UNFCCC COP-15 a Copenhagen. Kungiyar Climate ta nemi taimakawa wajen karfafa yarjejeniya mai adalci da tasiri, tare da tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair.
Greenhouse Indicator, mai nuna alamar mako-mako na hayakin gas da aka samar daga ƙarni na makamashi a jihohin Australia ciki har da New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria da Tasmania. Ana bayar da rahoton fitarwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen jarida ciki har da The Age .
Ka'idodin Yanayi, tsarin bangaren kudi wanda manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa kamar su Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re, F&C Asset Management da BNP Paribas suka karɓa. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan ka'idojin suna aiki don hada la'akari da canjin yanayi a duk samfuran kuɗi da ayyukansu.
Hadin gwiwar HSBC Climate, wanda ya hada da The Climate Group, Cibiyar Kula da Duniya, Cibiyar Nazarin Tropical ta Smithsonian da Asusun Duniya don Yanayi (WWF). Haɗin gwiwar yana da niyyar rage manyan hayakin carbon na birni, saka idanu kan tasirin canjin yanayi a kan gandun daji da hanyoyin ruwa, da kuma karfafa mutane a cikin al'ummominsu da wuraren aiki don ba da gudummawa ga aikin canjin yanayi da bincike.
Kungiyar Airs Global Deal Group wacce ta kunshi British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Air France KLM, Virgin Atlantic Airways, BAA ta nemi magance fitar da iskar gas daga jirgin sama na duniya.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22405 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20hutu%20da%20shakatawa | Yancin hutu da shakatawa | Yan’cin hutu da shakatawa, Dama ce ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu dan samun wadataccen lokaci daga aiki da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Yana da nasaba da haƙƙin aiki da ƙungiyoyi na tarihi don iyakance doka a kan lokutan aiki. A yau, haƙƙin hutu an yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya game da' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Yarjejeniya kan Hakkokin yaro, da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa na yanki kamar Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yaron.
Tarihi
Motsi don haƙƙin da aka amince da shi dan hutawa da hutu ana kuma iya dawowa zuwa karni na sha tara 19 da motsi na kwana takwas. Tun a shekara ta 1856, masanan da ke aiki a Jami'ar Melbourne a Ostiraliya suka ajiye kayan aikinsu har sai an karɓi buƙatun rage sa'o'in aiki. Shiri mai zuwa na matsakaicin ranar aiki na awa takwas 8 shine ɗayan misalai na farko na kariya ta doka game da aiki mai yawa, wanda a yau muka gane a matsayin haƙƙin hutu da hutu. Taken Stonemason na Australiya a cikin shekarar 1856 ya kasance kamar haka:
Yayinda kasar Ostiraliya ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙasashe don jin daɗin iyakancewar aiki na duniya baki ɗaya (haƙƙin da ke cikin hutu), a cikin ƙarni na ashirin 20 sauran ƙasashe da yawa sun kuma fara zartar da irin waɗannan dokokin na iyakance adadin awonnin da mutum zai iya aiki.
Ma'ana
Tunanin zamani game da 'yancin hutawa da hutu an yarda da shi a cikin labari na ashirin da hudu 24 na Sanarwar Duniya game da' Yancin Dan-Adam wanda ya ce:
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da sashi na III, Mataki na 7:
An kuma amince da 'Yancin Hutu a cikin doka ta talatin da daya 31 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, da kuma doka ta goma sha biyu 12 ta Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Dadin Yaron, duka sun amince da ita:
'Yancin lokacin hutu ana daukar shi a matsayin dama ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sabanin na' yan kasa da na siyasa. Hakkin hutu da hutu yana da nasaba da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka tanada shi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da ukku 23 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, da kuma sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Inda 'yancin yin aiki ya bayar da 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin hutu da hutu na kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa.
Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu, da 'Yancin Jama'a bai yi wani bayani ba game da labarin 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Saboda haka, babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da takamaiman wajibai na jihohi dangane da haƙƙin na hutu da hutu, kuma "ba wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da waɗannan sharuɗɗan da za a iya ɗauka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". Koyaya, jihohi har yanzu suna da nauyi dangane da haƙƙin hutu da hutu.
Wajibai a kan haƙƙin hutu da hutu
Duk da yaren shubce na labarin 24 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya, Jihohi suna da wajibai da nauyi dangane da haƙƙin shakatawa. Kungiyar marubuta da Kwamitin wallafa Tattalin Arziki, da na Al'adu ya wallafa ya nuna cewa dangane da dukkan haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin hutu da lokacin hutu, Jihohi suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa.
Girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa
Girmamawa da kiyayewa na daga cikin ƙa'idojin sune ainihin wajibcin ƙasa dangane da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, gami da haƙƙin shakatawa:
Dangane da ma'anar girmamawa, karewa da cika ƙa'idar da aka zayyana a cikin Kwamitin Rightsancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da 'Yancin Al'adu ' babban sharhi mai lamba 14, kuma wajibcin girmamawa yana buƙatar Jihohi su guji yin katsalandan kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da jin daɗin 'yancin hutu Hakkin karewa yana buƙatar Jihohi su ɗauki matakan da ke hana ɓangare na uku tsoma baki cikin haƙƙin shakatawa. Aƙarshe, wajibin cikawa yana buƙatar Jihohi suyi amfani da dokokin da suka dace, tsarin mulki, kasafin kuɗi, shari'a, gabatarwa da sauran matakan tabbatarwa da jin daɗin haƙƙin hutu.
Sabili da haka, dole ne jihohi ba kawai girmamawa da kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa ba, amma dole ne su cika hakki, kuma su tabbatar da cewa mutane na da karfin da za su ci gajiyar hakkinsu na hutu, kuma ba kawai kasancewa cikin rashin aiki da yawa ba.
Sukar
Hakkin hutu da hutu, kamar yawancin haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR), galibi ana ɗaukarsa ƙasa da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci kamar haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa . Sanarwa game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu irin su Maurice Cranston da Aryeh Neier, ko William Talbott Wane Hakki Ya Kamata Ya Zama Na Duniya, galibi suna jayayya cewa (ESCR) ba su da wata mahimmanci don mutuncin ɗan adam, ba su da asali kamar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da siyasa, su ma tsada da rashin aiki, kuma cewa wasu yankuna na mutane basu cancanci (ESCR) ba.
Koyaya, masana haƙƙin ɗan adam suna ƙara karɓar ra'ayi na rashin rarrabuwa kuma suna yarda da cewa duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na asali ne. Masu kare hakkin hutu da hutu suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga jin dadi da zarar an tabbatar da tsaro na asali, kuma wannan hutu "ba ɓata lokaci ba ne kawai ko rashin aiki ne kawai ba, amma dai, ya zama dole don rayuwar mutunci ".
Hakkin hutawa da shakatawa dama ce ta ɗan adam, kuma ana iya tattaunawa game da mahimmancin sa da aiwatarwa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Bayani
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20407 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirdi | Kirdi | Kirdi ( /k ɜːr d ɪ / ) ƙabilu ne da al'adu da suka mamaye arewa maso yammacin Kamaru da kuma arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.
Ana amfani da kalmar ga mutane da ba su musulunta ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kasance abun ki ne, kodayake daga baya marubuta sun wanke su. Kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Kanuri ma'ana arna; mutanen Kanuri galibi musulmai ne.
Tun daga ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya Musulman Bantu, kamar Fulanin sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kamaru, inda suka yi yunƙurin musuluntar da mutanen da suka wanzu. Saboda haka kirdi, suna da ƙarancin kamanceceniya a al'adance ko a yare a dalilin wanzuwar su a kasashe daban daban, da farko suna cikin busassun matakai da savannahs na yankunan Arewa da Arewa masu nisa na Kamaru
Kimanin yawan ƙungiyoyi da za'a iya bayyana a matsayin Kirdi ya bambanta, tare da kimantawa daga 26 (2007) zuwa fiye da 40 (1977).
Bata, Fali, Fata, Gemjek, Guidar, Giziga, Hurza, Kapsiki, Mada, Mafa, Massa, Matakam, Mofou, Mora, Mousgoum, Muyang, Ouldeme, Podoko, mutanen Toupouri, Vame da Zulgo duk ana ɗaukar su Kirdi, saboda juriyarsu ga Musulunci. Suna magana da yarukan Chadi da na Adamawa.
Ambaton Kirdi na farko shi ne na Denham a 1826 (1985: 145) wanda ya fassara kalmar Kerdies a matsayin "Negroes waɗanda ba su taɓa karɓar imanin Mohammedan ba".
Gabaɗaya, Kirdi ba su da yawa a tsarin siyasar Kamaru . Dangane da CIA World Factbook, Kirdi na wakiltar kaso 11 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru, idan aka kwatanta da galibin Musulmi da Fulani masu alaƙa da al'adu a kashi 10 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru; sai kuma Kamaru Highlanders da kaso 31, Equatorial Bantu kashi 19, Bantu na arewa maso yamma, kashi 8, da Eastern Nigritic kashi 7, da sauran Afirka da wadanda ba Afirka ba da ke wakiltar kashi 14. Idan aka ba su wakilcin tarihi, Kirdi bai taɓa kasancewa ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a ta siyasa ba. Neman samun kuri'un Kirdi, Fulanin, yayin da a tarihance suka raina Kirdi, suka sanya su a gaba don bunkasa damar su ta zabe, kamar na Kamaru Union ko UC. Kodayake al'umar Kirdi tana da bambancin al'adu, bisa matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin da ke gaba da su, irin su Fulani, sun zo sun ga kansu a matsayin rukuni guda na mutane, kuma sun kara samun sha'awar wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa. .
Asalin mutanen Kirdi
Bata
Al’umar Bata ta Arewacin Kamaru wata al’umma ce da ba kasafai ake riskar su ba amma sun kai kusan mutum 13,500 a yankunansu na tarihi. Mutanen Chadi ne. Yaren da suke magana da shi shine Bata, daga dangin yarukan Chadi. Yawancin mutanen Bata sun musulunta, yayin da waɗanda suka rage a yankinsu mai dadadden tarihi ke ci gaba da bautan gargajiya.
Fali
Al’ummar Fali sun fi karkata ne a yankunan tsaunukan Najeriya da Arewacin Kamaru kuma wasu suna zaune a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A Najeriya, ana kiransu mutanen Bana. Suna magana da yarukan daban daban. Waɗannan mutanen suna da asali daga mutanen Ngomma, waɗanda suka kafa tsoffin babban birni na ƙasarsu ta dā, Timpil. Suna da tauhidi da mika wuya ga ubangiji daya amma daga baya suka zama Krista. Ana iya banbance mutanen Fali da sauran Kirdi saboda kyawawan kayan masu ado na sutura da suke sanyawa.
Kapsiki
Mutanen Kapsiki, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Kamwe, suna zaune a ƙauyuka dake da mutane 2000-6000, kuma rayuwa ya ta'llaka a wajen kiwon dabbobi, noma da kuma, wuraren shakatawa musamman a ƙauyen Rumsiki. A Najeriya, mutanen Kapsiki suna zaune a gangaren tsaunuka da filayen yamma. Kapsiki suna rayuwa a wannan yankin tsawon karni biyar, tun kafin lokacin daukan bayi a karni na 19, amma saboda garinsu dake kewaye ya sa sun iya kiyaye kansu daga mutanen Fulbe. Sauran mutanen yankin na Mandara, kamar su Mafa, Mofu, Podoko Guisiga, ko mutanen Daba suma sun kasance cikin kariya saboda keɓewa da sukayi.
Mafa
Mutanen Mafa suna zaune can yankin Arewacin Kamaru kuma an san su da nasarori irin na fasahar noma. Waɗannan hanyoyin aikin injiniyoyi sun haɗa da: ƙananun aikin noman rani, sarrafa abubuwa, da kuma magudanan ruwa. Bugu da kari, Mafa suna gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa aikin noma iri-iri ta hanyar tsarin kula da kyawun kasan noma, gami da: salon noman crop rotation, da amfani da sinadaran noma, Agroforestry, biomass, sarrafa sunadaran bunkasa noma. Suna magana da yaren Mafa na dangin yare na Chadi.
Mofu
Mutanen Mofu da farko sun wanzu ne a cikin lardin Arewa ta Arewa na Kamaru. Harsunan sun bambamta da sauran harsunan reshen Biu – Mandara na dangin harsunan Cadi.
Mousgoum
Mutanen Musgum (Musgum ko Mulwi) ƙabilun Chadi ne a cikin Kamaru. Mutanen Musgum da yawa suna tsunduma ne cikin aikin noma tare da amfanin gona wanda ya haɗa da: gyada da auduga waɗanda ake nomawa don kasuwanci.
Tupuri
Mutanen Tupuri, wanda aka fi sani da Tupouri, suna da tarihi a gabashin Kaélé a cikin rukunin Kaele da kuma cikin Kar-Hay na Mayo-Danay na lardin Arewa. Ƙabilu da yare ne, wadanda suka fito daga arewacin Kamaru zuwa Chadi. Wannan yare ya fito ne daga dangin harsunan Chadi. Kuma ana kiran yaren su da suna Tupuri.
Zulgo
Mutanen Zulgo, kwatankwacin mutanen Gemjek, ba su daɗe da mutanen arewacin Kamaru waɗanda ba a taɓa samunsu ba. Duk da yake kasancewa a Chadic mutane, su harshe ne daga dangin harshen Zulgu-Gezmek baya daga Chadic harshen iyali .
Asalin suna
Akwai taƙaddama game da sunan "Kirdi", kamar yadda ya zama haɗe shi azaman pejorative . Fulatanci da sauran yarukan Kamaru sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar ta cin mutuncin mutane. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Kanuri kuma daga karshe ana zaton ta samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci ta "biri". Kodayake wasu marubutan sun yi la’akari da sunan a matsayin abin da ya dace game da tarin mutane. A halin yanzu, Kirdi yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar "arna," yana adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mutane da yawa sun dawo da lakabin a matsayin hanyar ganowa da haɗin kan siyasa, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin "kirditude".
Kirdi ana tunanin an fara shi ne a matsayin motsi na adawa da akasarin musulman Fulani na siyasa ga Maigari Bello Bouba na UNDP yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1991. Kalmar ana amincewa da ita ne kawai a Yankin Arewa da Arewa sosai, yayin da ba a amfani da ita a yankin na Adamawa, a Fulfulde kalmar Matchoubé, ma'anar "bawa" ko "bawa," a maimakon haka. Yawancin kungiyoyi, waɗanda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin kalmar lafazin wato mutanen kirdi suna magana da yarukan Afro-Asiya, duk da cewa wasu suna magana da Yarukan Nijar-Congo, wannan ya dogara da yadda ƙungiyoyin suka watsu, yayin da har yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyin da ake ganin kirdi ne wanda ya rage a ciki mulkin Nijeriya sabanin Kamaru. Kamar Kamaru, kirdi yana da yawa da yawa na yaruka daban-daban, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna bambanta da dangin harshe duka.
Ma'anar kalmar ta kirdi, za'a iya fassara ta da ma'ana mai zuwa, 'duk waɗanda ba musulmai ba kuma waɗanda zasu iya zama bayi '. Waɗanda suka ki amincewa da musuluntarsu ko kuma a mayar da su a matsayin wadanda suka yi fice a lokacin masarautar Adamawa an kama su a matsayin bayi. Anan ne aka sami amfani da kalmar kirdi. Koyaya, marubuta sun sake maimaita kalmar don ƙunshe da gamayyar ƙungiyoyin gama gari waɗanda ba su haɗu da yare, al'ada, ko addini ba, amma game da takamaiman ƙin yarda da addini ɗaya, da kuma kasancewa mutanen tarihi na tsaunukan Mandara . Daga wannan, an fassara Kirdi a cikin mahallin ƙungiyar mutane waɗanda haɗe da aƙidar zamantakewar da ke ƙarfafa juriya gaba ɗaya.
Tarihi
Jamhuriyar Kamaru, yankin mafi yawan Kirdi ya fara ne a farkon mulkin mallaka daga ƙungiyoyin Musulmi masu tayar da ƙayar baya. Zuwa 1400s Turawa sun fara mamayar su, kamar daga Kamerun sannan suka raba tsakanin arewa da kudu yankunan Faransa da Birtaniyya. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya zo karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana hasashen Kirdi za a ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa, wanda ya zama kamar hangen nesa yayin da yawancin kungiyoyin siyasa suka fara kafa daga ƙungiyoyin mutane. A karni na sha daya kuma zuwa karnin karni na sha tara Fulanin Musulmai daga yankin Niger suka yi kaura zuwa Kamaru, wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na sha tara. Yawan Fulanin ya karu a bakin teku da yankin kudu na Kamaru kuma sun sauya tsoffin mazaunan. A ƙarshen ƙarshen 1770s da farkon karni na 19, Fulani, makiyayan Islama na yammacin Sahel, sun mamaye mafi yawancin yankin da ke arewacin Kamaru a yanzu, suna mai da hankali ko kuma tilasta wa yawancin mazaunan da ba Musulmi ba.
A cikin 1960, Kamaru ta ayyana 'yancinta kuma ta amince da tsarin mulki ta hanyar zaɓen raba gardama. Zuwa 1972, an sake tsara kundin tsarin mulkin da gaske don kafa jihar jam'iyya daya. Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, Bafullatani Bafulatani daga Kamaru na Faransa, zai ci gaba da mulki daga 1960 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1989. Kirdi sun nemi wakilci a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan daga jam’iyyun marasa rinjaye kamar Social Democratic Front (SDF) a adawa da ƙungiyar Fulani da ke mulki Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP). Mishan mishan sun sami ɗan nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin recentan shekarun nan. Manyan Kirdi sun hada da Luc Ayang da Etienne Hollong.
Addini
Ofishin jakadancin Kirista ya ɗan sami nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin shekarun nan. Duk da yake kirdi gaba daya yana dauke da ma'anar " arna ," a adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai, ba dukkansu suke aiwatar da al'adun gargajiya da al'adun maguzawa ba, da yawa sun koma addinin kirista kuma suna kara nuna kansu a matsayin kungiyar siyasa ta kirista, sabanin haka musulmin da ke adawa da kungiyoyi.
Musuluntar da su yayin jihadin Fulani
Kirdi mutanen tarihi ne na tsaunukan Mandara, da kuma mutanen tarihi na Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa, Kamaru . A cikin karni na sha tara malamin addinin Islama da jihadi, Modibbo Adama, ya fara mulkin mallakar Fulani. Wannan ƙaura ta ƙaura ta haifar da fiye da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar yankin na Fulani, ba yan asalin yankin ba. Babban ƙaura daga mazaunan tarihi na waɗannan yankuna ya fara a farkon karni na sha tara, daga abin da zai zama ana kiran shi Masarautar Adamawa . Mulkin mallaka na Fulanin zai haifar da Fulani zama manyan mutane a yankin. Ganin cewa Fulanin ba 'yan asalin yankin bane, wannan babbar nasara ce da suka zama masu rinjaye. Modibbo Adama wani Fulani masanin da kuma tsarki warrior . Kafin ya jagoranci jihadi, ya kasance dalibin makarantar islamiyya . Anyi masa jagoranci ne a karkashin koyarwar fasihin Fulani Usman dan Fodio . Mulkin Adama ya kasance daga 1806 zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1847. Modibbo Adama ta ci yankin Fombina, wanda a yanzu yake keɓe yankunan yankunan Kamaru da Nijeriya ta zamani . Ayyukansa sun buɗe dama ga yawancin mutanensa don shiga yankin kuma su mallaki yankin a matsayin nasu. Bayan bayyana jihadi nasa, kamar yadda Usman ya yi a yankuna na Arewa a Chadi, Adama ya shigo yankin tare da wasu tarin mutane waɗanda suka himmatu don sauya yankin da waɗannan kabilun suke zaune a karkashinsa. Adama ya hadu da Usman ne a shekarar 1806, kila a Gwandu . A can, suka fahimci cewa nufinsa shi ne ya faɗaɗa jihadinsa zuwa gabas, zuwa Fumbina. Burin shine don musuluntar da Kirdi (arna) daban-daban. Da zarar ta kasance a karkashin ikon yankin, Adama ta baiwa kasashen makiya makiya zabi biyu: ko dai su musulunta ko kuma su mika wuya ga rasa 'yancin cin gashin kansu da kuma zama kasar mai biyan haraji . Waɗannan rukunin ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka kirkiro nasu gwagwarmaya mai ƙarfi amma ba su da cikakken tsarin da ake da shi a ƙarƙashin al'ummomin da ke da ƙwarewar gwamnatin tarayya, suna da zaɓi ɗaya: sun zama bayi . Daga nan kirdi ya zama kungiyar da ba ta da gwamnati don ta yi wa Fulani kutse don haka suka zama bayi ga Fulanin kuma suka sanya su karkashin mulkin danniyarsu har sai da suka mika wuya ga Musulunci. Har zuwa yau, yawancin al'ummomin da suka ƙi yarda da tuba a lokacin Masarautar Adama, har yanzu ba Musulmi ba ne. Major canje-canje ya faru dangane da Legacy of Modibo Adama ko da bayan da mulkin da ya Khalifanci da aka rasa to sauran iko daga kudu. Sabbin wadanda suka musulunta sun koyi rubutun larabci kuma sun yi karatun Alkur'ani (DeLancey, 2010). Wannan ya gabatar da karin matakan karatu da rubutu a yankin da kusan babu mai karatu da rubutu. Yayin da Kirdi ke son zama masu nomar filayen su, Fulani da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙar sun kasance da farko makiyaya, wanda ya haifar da sauya ƙasar gaba ɗaya zuwa wacce ta fi dacewa da shanu. Gandun Daji da Fulani sun abada bata ne, ƙasar da Arewa tudu .
Rashin ikon mallaka
Dangane da jihohin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da yawa Kamaru na da tarihin rikice-rikice a karkashin ikon masu iko, shugaban su na farko Bafulatanin Musulmi, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo . Kirdi ya kasance yana fama da nuna wariya da kuma rashin samun dama daga wasu manyan iko musamman wadancan kungiyoyi wadanda suke da tarihin yakin neman sauya tarin al'ummomi zuwa Musulunci . Kamar yadda yake yanzu, addini na Jamhuriyar Kamaru bai wuce rabin Musulmai ba, galibi mazaunan bakin Bantu ne suka fi mayar da hankali ga yankin, yayin da Kirdi ke son faɗa a cikin savanna da ke gaba a arewacin ykasar.
Abinci
Kasancewa a Afirka ta Yamma, Kamaru babban alwatiran nan uku an san shi da ƙaramar Afirka, ko kuma maɓallin microcosm na duk Afirka. Yawancin abinci na yau da kullun na Kirdi sun sami tasiri ta hanyar fatauci da amfani daga ikon Turai. Wadannan tasirin sun fara ne da zuwan Biritaniya a 1800, sannan Faransawa suka biyo baya, sannan Jamusawa . Kodayake sauran kayan abinci daga China, Italiya, da Rasha sun kutsa cikin yankin Arewacin Kamaru, kamar yadda babban birnin Kamaru, Yaoundé, birni ne mai matukar girma a Afirka. Kirdi yana da wasu kayan abinci na gargajiya waɗanda suka dace da yankinsu na musamman, wanda ke nuni da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci da yawa da ke yammacin Afirka. Mafi shahararren kayan abinci shine fufu, wanda galibi ana nufin kullu da aka yi daga tafasasshen kayan masarufi kamar su mandioca, ayaba, dawa, rogo, ko malanga . A wasu girke-girke, ana saka kitse a cikin fufu don ƙarin katanga. Wannan kitse na iya samun daga dabbobi ko tsirrai. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida sun haɗa da waɗannan abinci masu muhimmanci a Kamaru: rogo, dawa, shinkafa, ayaba, dankalin turawa, ɗankali mai ɗanɗano, masara, wake, gero , cocoyams iri-iri, da kuma kayan lambu da yawa. Kankana, kabewa, da wake suma ana noma su.
Ayyukan Magunguna
Kamaru kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma suna da tsarin mace-mace wanda ya zarce na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Wannan yana samun ci gaba sannu a hankali tare da taimakon ƙudurorin duniya waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kawo rigakafi, da magungunan yamma zuwa yankin. Ma'aikata masu himma sun zo cikin al'ummomin yankin don taimakawa ƙwararru da ba da kayan aiki, suna kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin magungunan gargajiya da magungunan yamma . Koyaya, ci gaba da yawan mace-macen yana nuna mahimmancin tasirin cututtukan cututtuka da haɗarin haɗarin mutuwa yayin ciki da haihuwa. Cututtukan numfashi na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. Don rage mawuyacin yanayin da al'ummomin makiyaya na Yankin Arewa mai Nisa, Kamaru ke fama da shi, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun saka jari don fahimtar kabilanci na wannan yankin, da dubunnan shekaru na al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya waɗanda suka ba da wani taimako kafin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na bangarori daban-daban. . Wadannan likita ayyuka sun hada da amfani da albarkatun da shuke-shuke, danye hakar hanyoyin, decoctions, kuma fermentation tafiyar matakai. Shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da su don yin magani sun hada da Cissus quadrangularis, wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Fali a Kamaru, waɗanda aka ruwaito sun wanke mamatan a wani yanki na tsiron.
Ayyuka na Ruhaniya
Kirdi, bisa ga al'adunsu na gargajiya kafin jihadi, sun yi imani da addinan gargajiya. Waɗannan imani an gano su a matsayin tauhidi . Mabiya addinin Fali sun kiyaye wannan imanin tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Abubuwan da suka yi imani da shi sun haɗa da cewa akwai allah mai halitta wanda ke da iko da komai . Wannan halayyar mafi girma ga Fali da ire-iren rassa sun sanya mata suna Muttaf, kodayake an dauki wasu sunaye don irin wannan ra'ayi na gaba daya. Hakanan da allahn mahalicci, Fali sun yi imani, akwai wani mai suna Ona, wanda ya zo don nuna uwa ƙasa . An yi amfani da gunkin Ona tare da duniyar duniyar. Lokacin da Fali suke magana game da duniya, ƙasa, albarkatun ƙasa, da wucewar lokaci, suna yin hakan game da Ona. Ona, tare da Muttaf, suna da alhakin halittar komai. Wadannan halittun da ake danganta su ga gunkin da aka sani da Muttaf, sun hada da dangi, kakanni, da mutum, da albarkatun kasa, da Duniya, da sama, da komai. Koyaya, Muttaf ba mahaliccin dukkan abubuwa bane, kamar allahn tauhidi wanda addinan Ibrahim suka karɓa, amma sun nuna shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da ilimin ɗan adam . Yankin da tunanin addinin Islama ya zube a cikin wasu mazhabobin addini, an hana allahn Muttaf zanawa, saboda a dabi'ance yana adawa da takaitawa da kowane irin yanayin magana. Akwai lokutan da rikici ya faru sakamakon zane-zanen Muttaf. Bugu da ƙari, addinin ya haɗa da halittun allahntaka, a matsayin mutanen da suka yi yaƙi don kiyaye abubuwan da suka yi imani da su yayin da ake rinjayi su ƙarƙashin ikon addinai irin su Islama . Sun kafa daula guda inda mutane suke zaune, da kuma wani yanki na alloli tsarkaka, da kuma na uku matsakaici na duniya wanda yake hulda da duka inda halittun allahntaka suke. Ana iya kiran waɗannan ruhohi tare da sadarwa tare da mabiyan Fali, don yin afuwa ga alloli tsarkaka a madadin mai bi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan alloli na allahntaka na masarautar ta tsakiya sun hada da kwayoyin halittar da zasu iya bada buri, kadoji masu alfarma wadanda za a nema da yabawa, da kuma bakar macijin. By 2009, wani girma rabo daga Fali Kirdi ya tuba zuwa Kristanci, ko da yake da yawa daga wadannan sabobin tuba har yanzu kula da su syncretic tsatstsauran ra'ayin . Yawan Fali a cikin duka sun fi mutane 250, 000, ko kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Suriname (2017). A yanzu, kashi 99 na Fali kirista ne. Manyan majami'u a ƙasar Fali, waɗanda suke yankin arewa maso yamma na Kamaru, sune Katolika, Baptist, da EYN tare da churchesan majami'u Pentikostal da suka fito a recentan kwanakin nan.
Manazarta
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Al'ummomi
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
42711 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Benoit | Chris Benoit | Christopher Michael Benoit an haife shi a watan Mayu 21, 1967 - Yuni 24, 2007), ƙwararren ɗan kokawa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne. Ya yi aiki don tallata kokawa daban-daban a lokacin aikinsa na shekaru 22 ciki har da musamman Ƙungiyar Kokawa ta Duniya/Wrestling Entertainment (WWF/WWE), Wrestling Championship (WCW) da Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) a Amurka, New Japan . Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) a Japan da Stampede Wrestling a Kanada.
Cike da laƙabi The (Kanada) Crippler tare da Rabid Wolverine a tsawon aikinsa, Benoit ya gudanar da gasar zakarun Turai 30 tsakanin WWF/WWE, WCW, NJPW, ECW da Stampede. Ya kasance zakara na duniya sau biyu, bayan ya yi mulki a matsayin zakara na WCW na duniya sau ɗaya, da kuma zakaran na'ura mai nauyi na duniya sau ɗaya a WWE; an ba shi izinin lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku a wani taron WWE a daren mutuwarsa . Benoit shi ne zakaran WWE Triple Crown na goma sha biyu kuma na bakwai na WCW Triple Crown Champion, kuma na biyu cikin maza hudu a tarihi don cimma nasarar WWE da WCW sau uku. Shi ne kuma mai nasara na Royal Rumble na shekarar 2004, tare da Shawn Michaels kuma ya gabace Edge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin maza uku don cin nasarar Royal Rumble a matsayin mai shiga lamba ɗaya. Benoit ya ba da taken biyan kuɗi da yawa don WWE, gami da nasara a gasar cin kofin nauyi ta duniya babban wasan WrestleMania XX a cikin watan Maris ɗin 2004.
A cikin kwanaki uku na kisan kai da kashe kansa, Benoit ya kashe matarsa a gidansu a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2007, ya kashe ɗansa mai shekaru 7 a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, kuma ya kashe kansa a ranar 24 ga Yuni. Binciken da Cibiyar Legacy ta Wasanni (yanzu Concussion Legacy Foundation ) ta gudanar ya nuna cewa rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi na rashin lafiya (CTE), yanayin lalacewar kwakwalwa, daga rikice-rikice masu yawa da Benoit ya ci gaba da kasancewa a lokacin aikin kokawa na ƙwararru duka biyun suna iya ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru. laifukan.
Sakamakon kisan da ya yi, gadon Benoit a cikin ƙwararrun masana'antar kokawa ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce da muhawara sosai. Benoit ya shahara a wurin mutane da yawa saboda gwanintar wasan kokawa . Fitaccen ɗan jaridar wasanni Dave Meltzer ya ɗauki Benoit "ɗaya daga cikin manyan 10, watakila ma [a cikin] manyan biyar, mafi girma a kowane lokaci" a tarihin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya.
An shigar da Benoit a cikin Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame a shekarar 1995 da Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame a 2003. An shigar da WON sa zuwa sake jefa kuri'ar raba gardama ga masu karatun WON a 2008 don tantance ko ya kamata ya ci gaba da zama memba na WON Hall of Fame. Daga ƙarshe, adadin ƙuri'un da ake buƙata don cire Benoit bai cika ba kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba da zama a cikin Zauren Fame.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Benoit a Montreal, Quebec, ɗan Michael da Margaret Benoit. Ya girma a Edmonton, Alberta, daga inda aka yi masa cajin kuɗi a cikin mafi yawan aikinsa. Yana da ’yar’uwa da ke zaune kusa da Edmonton.
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa da farkon samartaka a Edmonton, Benoit ya bautar da Tom "Dynamite Kid" Billington da Bret Hart ; yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, ya halarci wani taron kokawa na gida wanda 'yan wasan biyu suka "tsaye sama da kowa". Benoit ya horar da ya zama ƙwararren ɗan kokawa a cikin dangin Hart " Kurkuku ", yana samun ilimi daga uban iyali Stu Hart . A cikin zobe, Benoit ya kwaikwayi Billington da Bret Hart, yana haɓaka salon haɗari mai haɗari da kamannin jiki wanda ya fi tunawa da tsohon (shekaru daga baya, ya ɗauki alamar kasuwancin Hart " Sharpshooter " riƙe azaman ƙarewa. motsi).
A ranar 11 ga Yuni na Raw, an tsara Benoit daga SmackDown! zuwa ECW a matsayin wani ɓangare na daftarin WWE na 2007 bayan rashin nasara a hannun ECW Champion Bobby Lashley . A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni na ECW, Benoit ya yi kokawa a wasansa na karshe, inda ya doke Iliya Burke a wasa don tantance wanda zai fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ECW da ta bar baya a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni. Tun lokacin da aka tsara Lashley zuwa Raw, ya bar taken.
Gasa da nasarori
Manazarta
Tushe
SLAM! Wrestling — Chris Benoit
Metro — 60 Seconds: Chris Benoit by Andrew Williams
Wrestling Digest: Technically Speaking, wrestler and sports entertainer Chris Benoit
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
World Championship Wrestling profile at the Wayback Machine (archived May 8, 1999)
World Wrestling Entertainment profile at the Wayback Machine (archived June 17, 2005)
Chris Benoit's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Haihuwan 1967 |
32658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Profumo | John Profumo | John Dennis Profumo, CBE, OBE (Mil.) ( / prə ˈf juː m oʊ / prə-FEW -moh ; 30 Janairu 1915 - 9 Maris 2006) ɗan siyasar Biritaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya ƙare a 1963 bayan dangantaka ta jima'i da shi. Christine Keeler mai shekaru 19 a cikin 1961. Wannan abin kunya, wanda aka fi sani da Profumo affair, ya sa ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin Conservative ta Harold Macmillan .
Bayan murabus din Profumo ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a Toynbee Hall, wata ƙungiyar agaji a Gabashin London, kuma ta zama babban mai tara kuɗaɗe. Waɗannan ayyukan agaji sun taimaka wajen dawo da martabarsa kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin 1975.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Profumo a Kensington, London, ɗan Albert Profumo, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma barista na zuriyar Italiya, wanda ya mutu a 1940. Ya halarci Makarantar Harrow da Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, inda ya karanta doka kuma ya kasance memba na Bullingdon Club .
A farkon 1930s, "Jack" Profumo yana da dangantaka da wani samfurin Jamus, Gisela Winegard, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki don leƙen asirin Jamus a Paris. Takardun Sabis na Sirrin jihar Profumo kuma ya rubuta wa Winegard yayin da yake ɗan majalisa.
A ranar 1 ga Yuli 1939, an ba shi izini a cikin Royal Armored Corps a matsayin laftanar na biyu, Ya taɓa zama memba na Jami'an Horar da Jami'an da kuma Sajan Cadet yayin da yake Harrow. Ya yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka tare da Northamptonshire Yeomanry a matsayin Kaftin ( manyan riƙo ), inda aka ambace shi a cikin aikewa. Ya sauka a Normandy a ranar D-Day kuma ya shiga mummunan faɗa don tabbatar da yankin na Faransa. Matsayinsa na ƙarshe a Sojan Burtaniya shine birigediya.
A ranar 21 ga Disamba 1944, Manjo ( Laftanar Kanal na wucin gadi) an naɗa Profumo a matsayin jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE, Military Division) "don girmamawa ga galant da fitaccen sabis a Italiya", musamman, don hidimarsa a kan Ma'aikatan filin Marshal Sir Harold Alexander da ke jagorantar Rukunin Sojoji na 15 . A cikin Nuwamba 1947, Muƙaddashin Kanar Profumo ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Star Medal ta Amurka "don amincewa da fitattun ayyuka a cikin hanyar Allies".
Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1940, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a Soja, an zaɓi Profumo a cikin House of Commons a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (MP) don Kettering a Northamptonshire a zaɓen fidda gwani a ranar 3 ga Maris .
Jim kaɗan bayan haka ya kada ƙuri'ar adawa da gwamnatin Chamberlain a muhawarar da ta biyo bayan shan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi a Narvik a Norway. Wannan rashin amincewa da Profumo ya yi ya fusata mai shari'ar gwamnati, David Margesson, wanda ya ce masa, "Zan iya gaya maka wannan, kai ɗan ƙaramin abin raini ne. A duk safiya da ka tashi har ƙarshen rayuwarka za ka ji kunyar abin da ka aikata a daren jiya." Profumo daga baya ya bayyana cewa Margesson "ba zai iya yin kuskure ba."
Profumo ya kasance ɗan majalisa mafi ƙanƙanta kuma, a lokacin mutuwarsa, ya zama ɗan majalisa na ƙarshe da ya tsira a cikin 1940 House of Commons. A zaɓen 1945 Profumo ya sha kaye a Kettering ta ɗan takarar Labour, Dick Mitchison . Daga baya a cikin 1945, ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Japan. A cikin 1950, ya bar Sojoji kuma, a babban zaɓe a watan Fabrairun 1950, an zaɓe shi don Stratford-on-Avon a Warwickshire, wurin zama mai aminci na Conservative.
Profumo ɗan siyasa ne mai haɗin gwiwa tare da kyakkyawan tarihin yaƙi kuma, duk da fashewar da Margesson ya ambata, an yi masa ƙimma sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Conservative. Waɗannan halaye sun taimaka masa ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba ta hanyar gwamnatin Conservative da ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1951. An naɗa shi Sakataren Majalisa a Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1952, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki a Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1953, Mataimakin Sakataren Majalisar Dokokin Mulkin Mallaka a Janairu 1957, Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati a Majalisar Ofishin Harkokin Waje a cikin Nuwamba 1958, da Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Janairu 1959. A cikin Yuli 1960, an naɗa shi Sakataren Yaki na Jiha (a wajen Majalisar Zartaswa) kuma an rantsar da shi a Majalisar Wakilai. A 1954, ya auri actress Valerie Hobson .
Matsalar Profumo
A cikin Yuli 1961, a wata ƙungiya a Cliveden, gidan Viscount Astor, John Profumo ya sadu da Christine Keeler, wani samfurin 19 mai shekaru 19 wanda ya fara jima'i. An yi gardama kan ainihin tsawon al'amarin tsakanin Profumo da Keeler, wanda ya ƙare ko dai a cikin watan Agustan 1961 bayan da jami'an tsaro suka gargaɗi Profumo game da haɗarin haɗuwa da da'irar Ward, ko kuma ci gaba da raguwar kuzari har zuwa Disamba 1961. Tun da Keeler ya yi jima'i tare da Yevgeny Ivanov, babban hafsan sojojin ruwa a Ofishin Jakadancin Soviet, al'amarin ya ɗauki nauyin tsaron ƙasa.
A watan Disamba na 1962, wani harbi da ya faru a London wanda ya haɗa da wasu mutane biyu da ke da hannu tare da Keeler ya jagoranci 'yan jarida don bincikar Keeler, kuma ba da daɗewa ba 'yan jarida sun fahimci al'amuranta tare da Profumo da Ivanov. Amma al'adar Burtaniya na mutunta rayuwar sirri na 'yan siyasar Burtaniya, saboda tsoron ayyukan cin zarafi, an kiyaye shi har zuwa Maris 1963, lokacin da ɗan majalisar Labour George Wigg, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran tsaron ƙasa ne suka motsa shi, yana cin gajiyar damar majalisar ., wanda ya ba shi kariya daga duk wani mataki na shari'a, wanda aka ambata a cikin House of Commons zuwa jita-jita da ke danganta Profumo tare da Keeler. Profumo ya yi wata sanarwa ta sirri inda ya yarda cewa ya san Keeler amma ya musanta cewa akwai "rashin adalci" a cikin dangantakar su kuma ya yi barazanar kai ƙara idan jaridu suka yi iƙirarin akasin haka.
Maganar Profumo ba ta hana jaridu buga labarun game da Keeler ba, kuma nan da nan ya bayyana ga Macmillan cewa matsayin Profumo bai dace ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1963, an tilasta Profumo ya yarda cewa ya yi ƙarya ga House a watan Maris lokacin da ya ƙaryata game da wani al'amari da Keeler, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani laifi da ba a gafartawa a cikin siyasar Birtaniya. Profumo ya yi murabus daga ofis kuma daga majalisar masu zaman kansu, kuma ya nemi kuma a naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da ɗaruruwan don ya bar kujerarsa ta Commons. Kafin ya yi iƙirari a bainar jama’a, Profumo ya shaida wa matarsa, wadda ta tsaya masa. Ba a taɓa nuna cewa dangantakarsa da Keeler ta haifar da wani cin zarafi na tsaron ƙasa ba. Wannan abin kunya ya girgiza gwamnatin Conservative, kuma ana kyautata zaton na ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin shan kaye da jam'iyyar Labour ta yi a zaɓen 1964 . Macmillan ya riga ya wuce lokacin, bayan ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba 1963 bisa dalilan kiwon lafiya da Alec Douglas-Home ya gaje shi.
Profumo ya ci gaba da yin shiru na jama'a game da lamarin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ko da lokacin fim ɗin Scandal na 1989 - wanda Ian McKellen ya buga shi - da kuma buga bayanan Keeler ya farfaɗo da sha'awar jama'a game da lamarin.
Daniel Flynn ne ya nuna Profumo a cikin wasan kida na matakin Andrew Lloyd Webber Stephen Ward, wanda aka buɗe a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych akan 19 Disamba 2013.
Ben Miles ne ya bayyana shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na 2019/2020 Jarabawar Christine Keeler da Tim Steed a cikin jerin Netflix The Crown, inda Al'amarin Profumo wani bangare ne na shirin na kakar 2, episode 10. - "Mystery Man".
Daga baya rayuwa
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan murabus ɗinsa, an gayyaci Profumo don yin aiki a Toynbee Hall a matsayin mai ba da agaji ta Walter Birmingham, wanda ya kasance mai kula da wurin.
Toynbee Hall sadaka ce da ke Gabashin Ƙarshen London, kuma Profumo ya ci gaba da yin aiki a wurin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ya zama babban mai tara kuɗi na Toynbee Hall, kuma yana amfani da dabarun siyasa da abokan huɗɗarsa don tara kuɗi masu yawa.
Duk wannan aikin an yi shi ne a matsayin mai sa kai, tun da Profumo ya iya rayuwa a kan dukiyar da ya gada.
Matarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Valerie Hobson, ita ma ta sadaukar da kanta ga sadaka har mutuwarta a 1998.
A ganin wasu, ayyukan agaji na Profumo ya fanshi sunansa. Abokinsa, mai fafutukar kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Lord Longford, ya ce "ya ji sha'awar [ga Profumo] fiye da [ga] duk mazajen da na sani a rayuwata".
An naɗa Profumo a matsayin kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE, Civil Division) a cikin 1975 Birthday Honors, kuma ya sami karramawa a wani bikin Buckingham Palace daga Sarauniya Elizabeth II, yana nuna alamar komawa ga girmamawa. A shekarar 1995, tsohuwar Firayim Minista mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Margaret Thatcher ta gayyace shi zuwa liyafar bikin cikarta shekaru 70 da haihuwa, inda ya zauna kusa da Sarauniya. Yana bayyana lokaci-lokaci a bainar jama'a, musamman a shekarunsa na ƙarshe lokacin da ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce wurin taron tunawa da Sir Edward Heath a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2005.
Mutuwa da haraji
A ranar 7 ga Maris 2006, Profumo ya sha fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a asibitin Chelsea na London da Westminster . Ya rasu bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalansa, yana da shekaru 91 a duniya. Bayan rasuwarsa, masu sharhi da dama sun ce kamata ya yi a riƙa tunawa da shi saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al’umma bayan da ya faɗi daga ra’ayin siyasa dangane da badaƙalar 1963 da ta haifar da faɗuwar. An ƙona shi a Mortlake Crematorium ; An binne tokarsa kusa da na matarsa a rumfar iyali a Hersham.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20da%20%C6%B3anci%20ta%20%C6%98asar%20Nijar | Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Ƴanci ta Ƙasar Nijar | Hukumar Kare Hakkin Ɗan-Adam da 'Yanci ta Ƙasa ( fr : La Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des Libertés Fondamentales, CNDHLF a kasar Niger, Yammacin Afirka wata hukuma ce ta kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta kasa, da ake zargi da gudanar da bincike akanta, saboda karya dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da nasiha ga Gwamnatin Nijar kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam. Ta kasance memba ta kungiyar Sadarwar ƙungiyoyin ƴancin Dan Adam na Afirka kuma an amince da ita a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta hanyar Kwamitin ƙungiyar ƙasashen Duniya na NHRIs.
Ikon tsarin mulki
Mataki na 33 na kundin tsarin mulki ne na shekarar 1999 ya ƙirƙiro wani kwamiti, na hukuma don yin bincike da bayar da rahoto game da cin zarafin ɗan adam. An zaɓi membobinta daga ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na 'yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin shari'a, da ofisoshin gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ƙunshi mambobi 19, waɗanda kuma aka zaɓa na wa'adin shekaru uku ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Bata da ikon kamawa, amma tana iya bincika cin zarafin ko dai don son ranta ko kuma lokacin da wanda aka zalunta ya caje shi. Ya kai rahoto ga shugaban ƙasar Nijar.
Kafawa
Labarin da ya ƙirƙiro Hukumar da ke Kula da Hakkokin Dan-Adam a zahiri an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin Tsarin Mulkin a shekarar 1996, na Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Nijar (a matsayin Mataki na 33), kuma ƙirƙirarta ya zama doka ta hanyar doka ta 98-55 ta 29 Disamba 1998. Kafin a ƙirƙiro Kwamitin, Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar an kifar da Shugaba Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, an kashe shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1999, sannan an dakatar da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Hudu. Tsarin mulki na watan Yulin shekarata 1999 na Jamhuriya ta biyar ta Nijar ya hada kalmomi iri daya wadanda suka wajaba ga Hukumar Kula da Hakkokin Ɗan Adam.
An fara kafa kwamitin a watan Maris na shekarar 2000. A cikin 2000 Hukumar ta buga abin da Amurka ta kira "rahoto mai sahihanci, bincike sosai" a kan shari'ar 2000 ta sajan sojoji biyu, wadanda suka bace bayan da wasu sojoji suka kama su saboda zarginsu da hannu a sacewa da ɓacewar Manjo a watan Yunin shekarata 2000 Djibrilla Hima, kwamandan rundunar sojoji ta sojoji. A karshen watan Mayu 2001, an sake sauran sojoji 18 da aka kama da ake zargi da hannu a satar sai an ci gaba da bincike; duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan an dauki wani mataki a kan sojojin da ake zargin sun buge da azabtar da 3 daga cikin sojojin da aka tsare a shekarar 2000. Mai gabatar da ƙara tare da cikakken alhakin shari'ar satar mutane sun binciki zargin azabtarwa da bacewar; duk da haka, an cire shi daga shari'ar a tsakiyar shekarata 2000 bayan wata guda na bincike mai tsanani, kuma babu wani ƙarin bincike game da lamarin.
Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar farko, Hukumar ta bayar da rahoto wanda ya gano cewa Gwamnati ta karya dokoki da ka’idoji game da sarakunan gargajiya lokacin da ta cire Sarkin Zinder. Abubuwan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin fararen hula sun yi nasarar adawa da yunƙurin gwamnati na canza ƙungiyar a cikin shekarar 2001, amma daga ƙarshe an sake tsara ta a cikin 2002 don haɗa da ƙarin wakilcin gwamnati ta hanyar ƙara ma'aikatan gwamnati daga Ma'aikatun Shari'a, Cikin Gida, Ci Gaban Jama'a, da Ƙwadago a cikin Umarni da rage wakilci daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
Shugabancin Lompo
An zabi Garba Lompo a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar a shekarar 2001, sannan aka sake zabar sa a 2004. Wa'adin mulkin nasa ya kasance mai sukar lamirin aikin hukumar.
A lokacin da Timidria, ƙungiyar da ke yaki da bautar da mutane, ta yi yunƙurin shirya wani bikin don 'yantar da bayi 7,000 a Inatès a farkon shekarar 2005, CNDHLF ta ce a maimakon haka kungiyar ta bayyana bikin a matsayin "kamfen din wayar da kan jama'a da kuma yaɗuwar doka da yin ayyukan bautar da bayi. ". A wurin bikin, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 – 5 ga Maris din shekarata 2005, Shugaban CNDHLF Lompo ya kasance kuma ya bayyana cewa "duk wani yunƙuri na 'yantar da bayi a ƙasar [ya kasance] ba bisa doka ba kuma ba za a karɓa ba"; ya kuma ce "za a hukunta duk wani mutum da ke bikin kwato 'yancin bayi ƙarƙashin doka". A cikin rahotonta da ta fitar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, CNDHLF ta bayyana cewa bautar bayi a yankin kuma ta zargi wadanda ke yada bautar "jita-jita" da aiki a asirce don "bata sunan kasar" da hana masu bayar da tallafi. A cikin shawarwarin nata, rahoton na CNDHLF ya yi kira da a kama shugabannin Timidria (an kame biyu daga cikinsu a ranar da aka fitar da rahoton), rusa kungiyar da kuma daskarar da asusun ajiyarta na banki. Lombo ya bukaci Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da “tabbatar da sa ido a kai a kai game da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ayyukan ƙungiyoyi a cikin kasar”.
Daga baya a shekarar 2005, Lompo ya ce "babu bayi " a Nijar. Sauran dangantakar zamantakewar da za a iya lasafta ta a matsayin bayi shiri ne na son rai bisa dogaro da al'ada kuma an ci gaba saboda bayin sun sami kwanciyar hankali tare da maigidan, a cewar Lompo.
A ranar 14 ga Satumbar shekarar 2006, Lompo ya yi jawabi a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dyinkin Duniya kan Tattaunawar Babban Matsayi kan Shige da Fice da Ci Gaban Kasashen Duniya. Ya sanar a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2007 cewa gwamnati ta fara bincike don sanin ko akwai bayi a zahiri ko "shin waɗannan maganganun marasa tushe ne kawai".
Bayan da Ali Madou , ' yan tawayen Abzinawa suka yi awon gaba da Mataimakin Shugaban CNDHLF a tsakiyar watan Mayun 2008, Lombo ya yi kira ga' yan tawayen da su saki Madou nan take ba tare da wani sharadi ba.
Ya zuwa 2007 da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci ta ƙasar Nijar da gwamnati ta kafa ta yi aiki ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba amma ba ta da wadatattun ayyuka, ana ɗauka cewa ba shi da inganci, kuma ba a ba da reportsan rahoto ko shawarwari. A lokacinda aka gudanar da sabon zaben hukumar a 2007 amma takaddama kan tsarin tantancewar ta ci gaba, tare da wakilan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam guda biyu da ke takara da juna. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin sasanta rikicin, amma daya daga cikin kungiyoyin ta nemi a sasanta Kotun Koli, yayin da wakilan rukuni na biyu suka hau kujerar naki a hukumar.
Shugaban Djibouti
A ranar 4 ga Satumbar shekarar 2008 aka zabi sabon shugaban kungiyar CNDHLF tare da Mamoudou Djibo, wani malami, ya zama Shugaba, Aissata Adamou Zakaria, tsohuwar majistare da ta zama mataimakin kujera. An cire Lompo Garba daga tsayawa takarar kujera saboda takaita wa’adi biyu. An zabi Anne Marie Douramane, masanin shari’a, Rapporteur General da Oumarou Lalo Keita, dan jarida an zaɓi mataimaki Rapporteur. An zaɓi tsohon jakada Boubacar Bello a matsayin Ma'aji.
Manazarta
Tarihin Nijar
Nijar
Afirka
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20207 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahaya%20Madawaki | Yahaya Madawaki | Alhaji Yahaya Madawaki, MFR, OBE, DLL kuma mai riƙe da lambar girmamawa ta Sarki George VI haihuwa (Janairu 1907 -mutuwa 5 ga Yuni, shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998) ya kasance shahararren ɗan siyasar Nijeriya, tsohon Ministan Lafiya, Madawaki na Ilorin da Atunluse na Erin-Ile, Kwara Jiha .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Alhaji Yahaya a shekara ta alif dari tara da bakwai 1907 a Ilorin, jihar Kwara, babban dan Abdulkadir Popoola Ayinla-Agbe hamshakin dan kasuwar Ilorin da Salimotu Asabi.
Ya fara karatun boko a makarantar kur'ani a yankin Kasuwar Ago a Ilorin sannan ya fara makarantar firamare ta lardin Ilorin. Da yake ya kasance ajin farko, sai aka zabe shi ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Katsina, wacce daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Barewa, don neman ilimi a watan Yunin shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da biyu 1922
Daga cikin tsaransa a Kwalejin ta Katsina akwai Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sakkwato, Aliyu Makama Bida, Suleiman Barau da Sir Kashim Ibrahim. Hazikin dalibi kuma ɗan wasa, ya zama Shugaban Headan wasa kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma an zaɓe shi ne don ya gabatar da jawabin maraba ga Gwamnan Nijeriya na lokacin, Sir Hugh Clifford, a lokacin ƙaddamar da Kwalejin a hukumance a shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da hudu 1924.
Bayan ya ci mafi girman maki a karatunsa, inda ya kafa bayanan da ba a fasa su ba tsawon shekaru, daga baya aka ci gaba da zama a Kwalejin a matsayin malami bayan karatunsa a 1928. Ya koyar ne, a Katsina College for shekaru biyu da dalibai hada da Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, wanda daga baya ya zama firayim ministan kasar, Sir Ahmadu Bello, da Sardauna of Sokoto, Justice Mohammed Bello wanda daga baya ya zama babban mai shari'a na kotun kolin Najeriya, Justice Saidu Kawu, wani tsohon Babban Alkalin Jihar Kwara sannan kuma daga baya Alkalin Kotun Koli, Mai shari’a Mamman Nasir, Ibrahim Coomassie, wanda daga baya ya zama Sufeto Janar na ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya, Alhaji Ibrahim Dasuki wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi na 18 na Halifancin Sokoto haka ma surukinsa, Habba Habib na Barno, Shuaibu Abuja, Sarkin Gobir na Kaligo, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Gwandu, Alhaji Zulkarnaini Gambari da Alhaji Aliyu Abdulkadir wanda aka fi sani da Baba Agba, dukkansu kuma daga baya sun zama na 9. da Sarakuna na 10 na Ilorin bi da bi
Yahaya ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Makarantar Middle School da kuma fitaccen shugaban al'umma, wanda ya shahara wajen sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin manyan shugabannin yankin da kuma tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Sarki George VI a 1936.
Harkar siyasa
Yahaya ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Masarautar Ilorin a 1936, inda ya sami lakanin "Yahaya Kiigbaa" ("Yahaya bai yarda ba") saboda nuna gaskiyarsa da kuma kokarinsa na kawar da rashawa a majalisar.A 1948, tare da Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Yahaya ya kasance memba ne na wakilan taron Afirka na farko a Landan kuma Sarki George na VI ya karbe shi a Fadar Buckingham a 8 ga Oktoba 1948.
Bayan dawowarsa daga Ingila, an tsayar da shi a matsayin memba na sabuwar majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa da aka kafa kuma memba na Majalisar Sarakunan Yankin Ilorin Bayan fara aiki da Tsarin Mulki na McPherson a 1952, an zabi Yahaya a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Arewa da za su shiga majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin tsakiya. A wannan shekarar ya zama Ministan Lafiya, ya shiga majalisar zartaswa tare da Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da sauran manyan Ministocin Arewa . An maye gurbinsa a 1956 da Alhaji Ahman.
A lokacin da yake Ministan Lafiya ya rubuta nasarori da dama, ciki har da kaddamar da asibitoci da dama, kamar makarantar koyon aikin likita a Zariya da asibitin kashi a Kano, kuma shi ne ya yi sanadiyyar soke kudin asibiti a duk Babban Asibitocin Arewa.
A 1973, an nada Yahaya Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Jiha, a lokacin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Asa Dam kuma ya ba da manyan ayyuka da yawa. A 1981, Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya nada Yahaya a matsayin daya daga cikin Kwamitin Dattawa. A bangaren siyasa, ya yi mu'amala da dama tare da marigayi Cif Obafemi Awolowo, Cif JS Olawoyin, Cif SB Awoniyi, Cif Gabriel Igbinedion da kuma gungun wasu manyan 'yan siyasa a duk fadin kasar.
Girmamawa da alƙawura
A shekarar 1936, an baiwa Yahaya lambar yabo ta nadin sarauta ta Sarki George VI . A cikin karramawar sabuwar shekara ta 1955, Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta bashi lambar yabo ta Masarautar Burtaniya (OBE) da sarautar gargajiya ta Madawaki ta Ilorin. A 1981, Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya ba Yahaya lambar girmamawa ta kasa a matsayin memba na Tarayyar Tarayya (MFR) . A 1982, an ba shi digirin girmamawa na wasiƙu (DLL) daga Jami'ar Ilorin da taken Atunuse na Erin-Ile.
Ya kasance memba kuma Shugaban Kwamitocin da yawa, ciki har da Hukumar Raya Kasa ta Arewacin Nijeriya, Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Najeriya, Kamfanin Ruwa na Jihar Kwara da Kamfanin Sugar na Bacita . Hakanan an san shi musamman a matsayin mutumin da ya ba Jihar Kwara sunan ta,
Aikin Kasuwancin
Alhaji Yahaya ya kuma tsunduma cikin manyan kasuwancin da ya ci nasara, daga cikinsu akwai Yahaya Marines & Co, kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki da kayan aiki wanda a lokacin yake a Apapa Wharf da kuma dukiya daga cikin manyan mashahuran Madawaki da ke kan titin Ibrahim Taiwo, Ilorin .
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje |
38674 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggo%20Road%20Gaol | Boggo Road Gaol | Boggo Road Gaol a Brisbane, Ostiraliya, shine babban gidan yari na Queensland daga shekarar 1880s zuwa, 1980s, wanda a lokacin ya zama sananne ga rashin yanayi da tarzoma. Ana zaune akan titin Annerley a cikin Dutton Park, yanki na kudu na Brisbane, shine kawai gaol mai tsira a cikin Queensland wanda ke nuna, ka'idodin penological na karni na 19. Bayan rufewa a cikin 1992, an rushe babban ɓangaren 1960s, yana barin sashin da aka lissafa (wanda aka gina a matsayin gidan yarin mata a 1905), wanda ke buɗe wa jama'a ta hanyar balaguron jagororin da Boggo Road Gaol Pty Ltd. ke gudanarwa.
An san shi a hukumance da "Brisbane Gaol" amma an fisanin shi da sunan "Titin Boggo" bayan sunan asalin hanyar Annerley. Wani sabon titi da aka kafa bayan 1996 yanzu yana da sunan Boggo Road.
Tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 1850s, gundumar da gaol ya kasance daga baya an san shi da sunan, 'Boggo' ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma a cikin 1860s ana kiran waƙar ta yankin da Boggo Road.
An bayyana cewa sunan ya samo asali ne saboda yankin ya yi kaca-kaca a lokacin damina. Wata ka'idar ita ce Boggo (ko 'Bloggo' ko 'Bolgo') lalata ce ta kalmar Aborijin da ke nufin 'bishiyu masu jingina', kuma an sanya wa titin sunan fitattun bishiyoyi guda biyu a ko dai One-Mile Swamp ko kuma abin da yake yanzu Wilkins. Titin, kashe titin Annerley. Wata yuwuwar ita ce hanyar Boggo ta kasance gajeriyar hanya ce wacce ba ta hukuma ba kuma wacce ba a kula da ita ba tsakanin titin Ipswich da titin Stanley wanda ya zama bugu sosai bayan ruwan sama. Hanyar Boggo a hukumance an sake masa suna Annerley Road a cikin 1903, amma sunan gaol ɗin da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi ya tsaya.
A cikin shekara ta1863, an keɓe ƙasa daga hanyar Boggo a matsayin ajiyar gwamnati, a ƙarshe an yi shelar gaol Reserve a 1880. An buɗe shingen cell na farko a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1883, wanda Robert Porter ya gina, ya ƙunshi sel guda 57, kuma an gina shi ta amfani da kayan da aka rusa daga gidan yarin Petrie Terrace. A cikin 1903, an gina sabon gidan yari don ɗaukar fursunoni mata. Wannan daga baya ya zama sananne da sunan No.2 Division, kuma yanzu shine yanki daya tilo da yake tsaye, kuma an jera shi a cikin Rajista na Gado na Jihar Queensland. Rukunin 'No.1 Division' da aka gina a 1883 shine wurin da aka rataye 42, gami da rataye Ernest Austin a 1913 — kisa na ƙarshe a Queensland. An gina sabon gidan yari a kusa da kewayen gidan yarin na 1 a shekarun 1960 kuma an ruguje gidan yari na 1 da aka bar wurin da zai bar wurin zama na oval da na nishadi na sabon gidan yarin da aka gina, wanda ke da ruwan sanyi da kayan bayan gida a dukkan dakunan. A karkashin oval akwai wurin da aka fi sani da "black hole" inda fursunoni ke fuskantar "hukunci". "Baƙar rami" ya ci gaba da amfani har zuwa ƙarshen 80s. An kuma gina sabon gaol na mata a wannan lokacin. An tsara wannan gaol ne da farko don kula da fursunoni maza 40 waɗanda ke zama wurin tsare fursunonin da ke kan hanyar zuwa tsibirin St Helena a Moreton Bay . Koyaya, ya zuwa 1989 akwai fursunoni maza 187 kuma wurin mata yana da ƙarin fursunoni kusan 200.
Zanga-zangar da aka yi a gaol a cikin shekarun 1970s an ga fursunoni sun yi yajin yunwa, wato suqi cin abinci zanga-zangar saman rufin asiri, da tarzoma kan rashin kyawun yanayi da kulawa. Gidan yarin ya kasance koyaushe cikin kanun labarai kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Ostiraliya. Salon da ke gidan yarin na 2 ba su da wani nau'in tsaftar muhalli, kuma babu kayan aikin wanke-wanke. Ana buƙatar fursunonin su yi amfani da guga da yamma don hutun bayan gida kuma su zubar da shi, ko 'slop out', da safe. Wani bincike da Gwamnatin Queensland ta gudanar kan yanayin zaman gidajen yarin Jihohi, ya gano titin Boggo ta tsufa kuma ba ta wadatar da bukatun fursunoni. A'a. An rufe 2 Division a 1989. A'a. An rufe rukunin 1 a cikin 1992 kuma an rushe shi a cikin 1996 (ƙananan ɓangaren abin da yake "C5" kuma hasumiya mai gadi har yanzu tana nan). Gidan yarin mata ya yi aiki har zuwa 2000 kuma an rushe shi a cikin 2006.
Tun daga 1992, No. 2 Division ya kasance gida ne ga Gidan kayan tarihi na Boggo Road Gaol, wanda ke nuna baje kolin kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da kurkuku. A cikin shekarun 1990s, tsoffin jami'ai sun gudanar da rangadi na jagora na rukunin yanar gizon, kuma daga 2003 gidan kayan gargajiya da yawon shakatawa na Boggo Road Gaol Historical Society, ƙungiyar masu sa kai mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. Tun daga Disamba 2012, Boggo Road Gaol ya zama abin jan hankali ga Queensland, tare da tafiye-tafiyen jagororin da Boggo Road Gaol Pty ke gudanarwa, waɗanda a yanzu suna da lasisin gudanar da balaguro da abubuwan da suka faru a gaol. Kamar sauran wurare masu kama da juna a cikin ƙasar, rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ɗaukar balaguron fatalwa jagora.
An fara sake fasalin wuraren da ke kewaye a cikin 2006, wanda ya kai ga rufe wucin gadi na wurin tarihi na Boggo Road Gaol. Tun daga 2012 an sake buɗe gaol ga jama'a. Titin Boggo tun daga lokacin an mayar da shi ƙauyen birni mai suna Boggo Road Urban Village kuma an kammala shi a 2010.
Jerin abubuwan tarihi
Sashen No. 2 da ragowar No. An jera rukuni na 1 akan Rajista na Heritage na Queensland a cikin 1993.
Sanannen fursunoni
Hon. Gordon Browntsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Australiya
James Finch da Andrew Stuartmasu kisa na " Wiskey Au-Go-Go "
Nathan Jonesdan wasan kwaikwayo kuma kwararren dan kokawa
Debbie Kilroy ne adam watamai fafutukar kare hakkin fursuna, wanda ya kafa Sisters Inside
Patrick Kenniffwanda kuma aka sani da Queensland's last bushranger
Michael PetersonAlmara na hawan igiyar ruwa ta Australiya
Wayne Michael Ryanwanda aka yanke wa dan fashin banki da yawa wanda ya tsere daga Boggo Road Gaol sau biyu (1988 da 1989)
Ellen Thompsonmace daya tilo da aka rataye a Queensland
Arthur Ernest "Slim" Hallidayya kashe wani direban tasi kuma shi ne kawai fursuna da ya yi nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin sau biyu.
Kisa
An rataye fursunoni 42 a Gaol.
Shahararrun al'adu
An ambaci titin Boggo a cikin gidan yarin opera na sabulu a matsayin gidan yarin da Joan Ferguson yayi aiki kafin ya zo Melbourne . An kuma ziyarce shi a wasan karshe na The Amazing Race Australia 2 .
Titin Boggo kuma shine saitin kashi na biyu na kashi na shida na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Amurka The Mole (jerin talabijin na Amurka) .
Duba kuma
Boggo Road Busway
Jerin gidajen yarin Australiya
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Boggo Road Gaol Historical Society website
Gidan yarin Boggo Road (Steve Gage)
Tarihin Boggo Road Gaol
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18576 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Jong-un | Kim Jong-un | Kim Jong-un (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982, 1983 ko 1984) ɗan siyasan Koriya ta Arewa ne. Ya kasance Babban Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa tun a watan Disambar shekarar 2011, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il.
Rayuwar farko
A cewar rahotanni a jaridun Japan, yayi makaranta a Switzerland kusa da Bern . Rahotannin farko sun yi iƙirarin Kim ya tafi Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Turanci mai zaman kanta a Gümligen da sunan "Chol-pak" ko "Pak-chol" daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998. Kim ya bayyana a matsayin mai kunya, ɗalibi mai kyau wanda ya dace da abokan karatun sa, kuma ya kasance mai son ƙwallon kwando.
Shugabanci
A watan Disambar shekarar 2011, Kim ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa bayan mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011. Kakansa Kim Il-Sung shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko.
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014, an zaɓi Kim ba tare da hamayya ba a Majalisar Ƙoli ta Jama'a .
Kashe iyali
A ranar 12 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2013, kafofin yada labaran Koriya ta Arewa sun ruwaito cewa saboda zargin "cin amana", Kim ya ba da umarnin a kashe kawunsa Jang Song-thaek . Kim da yawa suna tunanin Kim ya ba da umarnin kisan ɗan uwansa, Kim Jong-nam, a Malaysia a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017.
Makaman nukiliya
Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kirkiro takunkumi sau biyar a kan Koriya ta Arewa saboda shirinta na nukiliya da gwajin makami mai linzami.
Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2018, wani jami’in Koriya ta Kudu Chung Eui-Yong ya ba da sanarwa game da Koriya ta Arewa a dakin tattaunawa na Fadar White House cewa shugaban Koriya ta Arewa Kim ya gaya wa Koriya ta Kudu cewa “ya jajirce wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya” kuma “Koriya ta Arewa za ta guji duk wani kara gwajin nukiliya ko makamai masu linzami. " kuma a bude yake don ganawa da Donald Trump a Koriya ta Arewa.
Take haƙƙin dan adam
Take hakkin bil adama karkashin jagorancin Kim Jong-il ya yi Allah wadai da babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Rahotannin manema labarai sun nuna cewa suna ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Kim.
2018 dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa
A jawabinsa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2018, Kim ya ce a buɗe yake don tattaunawa da Koriya ta Kudu, sannan kuma ya halarci wasannin Olympics na hunturu na shekarar 2018 a Kudu. An sake buɗe layin waya na Seoul – Pyongyang bayan kusan shekaru 2. Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu sun yi maci tare a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics ƙarƙashin tuta mai hade.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2018, Kim da Moon Jae-in sun halarci taron kolin Koriya na shekarar 2018 kuma sun amince da kawo karshen yakin Koriya a hukumance kafin shekarar 2019.
A watan Afrilu da Mayu na shekarar 2018, Kim ya gana da Xi Jinping, Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin . A watan Mayun 2018, Donald Trump ya faɗa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa zai hadu da Kim a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni a Singapore don tattaunawar zaman lafiya.
Rayuwar mutum
Kim ya auri Ri Sol-ju. Sun yi aure a cikin shekarar 2009. Sun haifi 'ya mace a cikin shekarar 2010. Ya halarci makarantar gwamnati a Switzerland daga shekarar 1998 zuwa shekara ta 2000 inda ya zama ɗan diflomasiyya . Kim ya ruwaito daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Soja ta Kim Il Sung a Pyongyang daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a shekara ta 2004.
A cikin shekarar 2009, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Kim na da ciwon sukari ne kuma yana fama da hauhawar jini . Sanan shi kuma yana shan taba sigari.
Labarin mutuwar jita jitar mutuwar sa ta 2020
Jita-jita game da mutuwar Kim ta faru ne a ƙarshen watan Afrilu shekarar 2020. Kim ba ya nan a ranar Rana, 15 ga watan Afrilu, don bikin mahaifin da ya kafa kasar, Kim Il Sung, kodayake an ga shi kwana hudu kafin taron gwamnati. Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa Kim ya je asibiti don yin aikin tiyatar zuciya a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, amma a cewar CNN a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu cewa jihar Kim na cikin “hadari mai girma” daga tiyatar. Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da rahoto game da waɗannan labaran cewa "babu alamun da ba a gano ba" game da lafiyar Kim. Jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito cewa China ta tura tawagar likitoci a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu zuwa Koriya ta Arewa don duba lafiyar Kim.
Sauran yanar gizo
Shugaban Matasan Koriya ta Arewa akan Nunin - rahoton bidiyo na The New York Times
Taskar NSA Kim Jong-Il: "Babban Magaji"
Takaitaccen tarihin aikin hukuma a Naenara
Ayyukan Kim Jong-un a Bayanai na DPRK
Koriya ta Arewa
Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Manazarta |
22227 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27ima%20B.%20Robert | Na'ima B. Robert | Na'ima B Robert (an haife ta a Thando Nomhle McLaren ; ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1977) marubuciya ce ta wallafe-wallafen al'adu da yawa kuma edita ce ta buga mujallar mata Musulmai mazauna Burtaniya, SISTERS Magazine . An haife ta a Leeds ga mahaifinsa ɗan Scotland kuma mahaifiyarsa Zulu, dukansu daga Afirka ta Kudu, Robert ya girma a Zimbabwe kuma ya halarci jami'a a Ingila. Ta musulunta ne a shekara tar 1998. A halin yanzu Robert yana raba lokacinta tsakanin birnin London da Alkahira tare da sonsa sonsanta maza uku da mata biyu. Mijinta Henry Amankwah ya mutu a watan Afrilu shekarar 2015.
Rayuwar farko
Iyalin Na'ima B. Robert sun ƙaura daga Ingila zuwa Habasha lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu sannan kuma shekaru huɗu daga baya suka koma Zimbabwe inda Robert ya sami karatun firamare. Robert ya kasance yana da matsakaiciyar yarinya tare da ƙannenta da ƙanwarsa a cikin ƙauyukan babban birnin Harare . Baya ga nutsuwa cikin al'adun Zimbabwe, iyayen Robert sun cusa wa yaran asalinsu na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wayewar siyasa. Mahaifinta, Robert McLaren, ya kasance babban malami a Jami’ar Zimbabwe kuma mahaifiyarsa, Thembi McLaren, ’yar kasuwa ce. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Zimbabwe, Robert ta koma Ingila don karatun jami'a kuma ya sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar London .
Juyawa
A lokacin karatunta na jami'a Na'ima B. Robert ta yi tafiya zuwa Masar a matsayin mawaƙiya kuma mai raira waƙoƙin gargajiya ta Zimbabwe a wani bikin kide-kide. Abinda ta fara yi game da hijabi da mata musulmai ya kamata ta "firgita" amma daga karshe ta tambayi wata kyakkyawar mace 'yar kasar Egypt me yasa zata zabi rufe kyawunta:' Saboda, 'in ji ta,' Ina son a yanke min hukunci game da abin da na fada da abin da nake yi, ba don yadda nake kama ba. " Bayan musayar su Na'ima B. Robert ta ce," Na fara tunani game da rayuwata, game da hoton kaina da yadda nake son in girma da ci gaba. " Na'ima B. Robert ta koma Landan ta fara karatun Kur'ani na Marmaduke Pickthall, tana koyo game da addinin Islama da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma ta ba da "suturar da ta dace ta gwada." A cikin Kirsimeti biki da cewa wannan shekarar Robert tafiya zuwa "Muslim Afirka, to Guinea" inda ta gano cewa, "Kamar yadda wani har yanzu steeped a cikin akida na Black kishin kasa, wadannan musulmi kira ga kaina Afirka ainihi da kuma ta hankali na Black girman kai . " A Guinea Robert ta fara yin salloli biyar na musulinci, yayi azumi a watan Ramadan sannan bayan ta dawo Landan ta sanar da shahada (bayyana addinin Musulunci) a shekarar 1998.
Writing career
Almara
Bayan koyarwa a aji kuma ta kafa makarantar gida mai zaman kansa, Robert ya fara rubuta littattafan hoto na al'adu da dama tare da jigogin musulmai ga yara. Littafinta na hoto na farko, The Swirling Hijab, an saka shi cikin shirin Booktrust . Littattafan hoto na Na'ima B. Robert da almara na samari sun sami ɗaukaka kara don karɓar shigar da su cikin tsarin jihar, kamar makarantu da horar da al'adu iri daban-daban, kuma an yarda da su a matsayin tatsuniyoyin Islama a tsakanin Musulmi. A yau ta buga littattafan hoto goma sha uku don yara, da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin saitunan yare biyu kuma ana buga su a cikin harsuna 31, da suka haɗa da Tamil, Kurdish, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, Yoruba, Czech, Larabci, Yaren mutanen Poland, China, Urdu, Panjabi, Faransanci, Swahili da kuma Farisi. An ba da Tafiya Ta Hanyar Islama ta theungiyar Trustungiyar Ilimi ta UKasa ta Burtaniya WOW! Kyauta don taken Yarin ya mafi kyau.
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a tarihin rayuwarta, Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata, Robert ya fara rubuta samari (YA) tatsuniyar Islama . Littafin ta na YA na farko, Daga Somalia, Tare da wasauna ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen mako tare da ƙungiyar matasan Somaliya, waɗanda Somaliungiyar Haɗin Haɗin Somaliya suka shirya. Daga Somalia, Tare da isauna ɗayan thean litattafan da ake samu tare da haruffa da batutuwa Musulmai na Somaliya. An saka shi a cikin kundin makaranta na ranar Littattafai na Duniya na shekara ta 2009 kuma an daɗe da jerin sunayen don Associationungiyar Liteungiyar Ilimi da Ilimin Kingdomasar Ingila . Robert na biyu YA labari, Yaro vs. Yarinya, ta kalubalanci samfuran da aka saba da su game da matasa Musulmai a Biritaniya kuma ta fito da fitowar mai zane -zanen zane-zanen Musulunci na Urban Muhammed 'Aerosol Arabic' Ali. taken Robert na na uku YA, Far Daga Gida, almarar tatsuniya ce ta tarihi da aka saita a Zimbabwe kuma an nuna ta a cikin bikin Fitowa na Fage na shekara ta 2011 a Landan.
A cikin shekarar 2005 wakili Robert ta ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar wanda ya zama fitacciyar Musulma ta ƙasa da ƙasa Daga psan Uwana Mata . Baya ga zama abin tunawa, Daga bakin 'Yan Uwana Mata ya hada da labarin wasu da yawa da suka tuba kuma suka koma ga addinin Musulunci, "[Daga Lebukan' Yan Uwana Mata] a bayyane yake bayanin yadda ake juyawa daga ra'ayi na farko ta hanyar juyawa, hijabi, da hanyar aure a musulunce. Yana buɗe ƙofofi don hanyoyin tunani na sirri da gwagwarmaya waɗanda ke fuskantar sabbin musulmai kuma yana sa mai wuyar fahimta har ma da ban dariya. Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata an fassara kuma an buga su cikin Larabci. Kamar yadda suka kafa kuma editan mujallar mata ta Musulmai ta SISTERS da ke zaune a Burtaniya, Robert da wadanda suka ba da gudummawar mujallar sun himmatu wajen magance batutuwan da ba a yarda da su ba a tsakanin al'ummar Musulmai, kamar cin zarafin yara, zubar da ciki, tashin hankali a cikin gida, bakin ciki da kuma al'amura na ganin girman kai a tsakanin Matan musulmai. Robert ya bada goyan baya da kuma kulla kawance tsakanin mujallar SISTERS da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin musulmai da yawa, kamar su Mercy Mission UK, Solace, Nour DV, The Muslim Youth Helpline and Rabin Date. Baya ga rubuta edita na kowane bugun mujallar SISTERS, Robert yana rubuta labarai game da addinin Islama da kuma alamura da suka shafi musulmi, kamar Ramadan, ranakun hutu na musulmai, hijabi (gyale na Musulunci) da niqāb (fuskar fuskar Musulunci) don manyan wallafe-wallafe, gami da The Times Online, Jaridar The Times, da The Observer . Robert ya yi magana da masu sauraro game da batutuwan da suka shafi Musulmi a ranar Lahadi da safe ta BBC, Sa’ar Mata, Rediyon London, Channel 5, Newsnight, BBC Asian Network, GMT tare da Lorraine Kelly, da kuma The Moral Maze na BBC Radio 4. A shekarar 2014 ta kaddamar da taken Yabo mai matukar karbuwa, She Wore Red Trainers, labarin soyayya wanda ya gano asalin Musulmai.
Niqāb
Robert is a full-time observer of the niqāb (Islamic face-veil) and a vocal advocate for women's right to choose to fully cover. Soon after becoming Muslim in 1998 Robert began to wear the niqāb full-time in 1999. In her memoir, From My Sisters' Lips, Robert explained the effect of wearing niqāb, "[The covered woman] cannot be judged on her appearance because nothing personal about her can be seen...She does not feel the need to live up to society's changing expectations of women's bodies...So whoever relates to her must relate to what she has presented – be it what she says, does or thinks." Robert is one of the founding members of Veiled Justice and has represented the East London Mosque on Muslim women's issues. She has spoken in support of the niqāb in numerous British media, including The Telegraph, BBC News, The Times Online, BBC Radio 4's The Moral Maze and Channel 4's Undercover Mosque series; as well as speaking to Muslim and international media outlets, such as for Islam Channel and AIM TV.
Robert's saurayin kirkirarren labarin almara ne Boy vs. Yarinya ta hada da halin sanya niqabi, Anti Najma. Halin na Auntie Najma ya kasance an soki lamirin ta da kyau kuma mai kyau a matsayin mai nuna hoto mara kyau ko a matsayin kyakkyawan abin koyi ga matasa musulmai. Robert ya ce Anti Najma, kamar sauran halayen, haɗakar 'yan'uwa mata ne da ta sani da kaina.
Bibliography
Littattafan hoto
Hijaab mai lilo (Mantra Lingua, 2002, takarda)
Tafiya Ta Hanyar Muslunci (Mantra Lingua, 2005, mai rufin asiri)
Barka da zuwa Jaririn Duniya (Mantra Lingua, 2005, paperback)
Yum! Mu Ci! (Mantra Lingua, 2008, takarda)
Watan Ramadan (Frances Lincoln, 2009, mai rufin asiri)
An buga shi a matsayin Thando McLaren
Haruffa A Duk Duniya (Littattafan Tango, 2004, mai rufin asiri)
Duk Gidajen Gida (Littattafan Tango, 2005, mai rufin asiri)
My Day, My Way (Littattafan Tango, 2005, masu rufin asiri)
Duk nau'ikan sufuri (Littattafan Tango, 2006, mai rufin asiri)
Farautar Kasuwanci: Tafiya a Lokaci (Littattafan Tango, 2008, mai kwalliya)
My Around the World Scrapbook (Tango Books, 2008, mai rufin asiri)
Young adult fiction
Daga Somalia, tare da Loveauna (Frances Lincoln, 2009, takarda)
Yaro vs. Yarinya (Frances Lincoln, 2010, takarda)
Nesa Daga Gida (Frances Lincoln, 2011, paperback)
Black Tumaki (2013)
Ta Ci Red Masu Koyarwa: Labarin Soyayyar Musulmai (Kube Publishing Ltd, 2014, paperback)
Ba-almara
Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata (Bantam Press, 2005, hardcover)
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Ahmed, Yusuf (26 Oktoba 2010), Wanda ake nema: Matsayi a Matsayi , Campus Islam , an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Bovey Alhakawati, Nicole (29 Afrilu 2007), Nazarin Littafin: Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata, Kan Musulunci, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Channel 4 (2008), Masallacin Boye, Channel 4 Dispatches, an dawo da shi 9 Yuni 2011
Chowdhury, Lothifa (20 ga Yuni 2008), Tatsuniyar 'yar Somalia, Musulma Mako-mako, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
East Sussex County Council Fostering Service (2008), Baki da Blackan tsirarun Foan Ra'ayi , Susarfafa Susan Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Gabas Sussex , an dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
Bryony Gordon (25 Afrilu 2005), Cewa Mace Musulma zata Iya Farin Ciki Da Ku, The Telegraph, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Khan, Rahla (19 ga watan Yulin 2010), Akwai Hanyar da tafi Duniya fiye da MTV , Labaran A1 na Saudi Arabia , da aka dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Khwaja, Ayman (Satumba 2009, Fitowa ta 60), Nazarin Littattafai: Ramadan Moon, emel, an dawo da shi 9 Yuni 2011
Halal Rayuwa (5 ga Afrilu 2008), Fuskantar Kalubale, Farin Cikin Nasara: Rayuwar Sabon Musulmi , Bidiyon Ummah, an dawo da 10 ga Yuni 2011
Nour DV Nour DV Masu tallafawa, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Rawe, Julie (29 Afrilu 2009), Nazarin Littafin: Daga Somalia, Tare da Loveauna , Muryoyin Musulmai, an dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (2006), Daga Bakin 'Yan Uwana Mata, Littattafan Bantam, , an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (18 Afrilu 2008), Wahayi a Karkara Daga Somaliya, Tare da Blogaunar Blogspot, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (1 ga Yuni 2008), Haske mai ban mamaki a cikin Talakawa Amma Rayuka masu ban mamaki, The Guardian, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (25 Yuli 2008), Bayan Mayafin: Littafin Layi na Wata Mace Musulma 'Yar Burtaniya, The Times Online, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Sawyer, Miranda (22 ga Oktoba 2006), Kayan Alatu da Walkin Duck, Rediyon Guardian "Moral Maze", an dawo da shi 9 ga Yuni 2011
Saya (12 Yuli 2010), Na'ima B Robert akan 'Boy vs. Girl ', The Rockpool, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Ta'aziyya na Taimakawa Ga 'Yan Uwa Mata da ke cikin Wahala, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Suleaman, Nasreen (5 ga Nuwamba 2006), Yadda Amsoshin Ra'ayoyin suka Itsarfafa Tallafinta, Labaran BBC, aka dawo dasu 9 Yuni 2011
Umm Imran (10 Agusta 2010), Sharhin Littafin: Yaro vs. Yarinya, Mama da Mujallar Musulmai , an sake dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
External links
Naima B. Robert shafin yanar gizo
SISTERS Magazine
Nesa Da Gida
Marubucin Tarihi
Haifaffun 1977 |
21619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20military%20college | Nigerian military college | Nigerian military college An kafa NDA a watan Fabrairun a alif1964 a matsayin sake fasalin Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Soja ta Ingila (RMFTC), wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya (NMTC) kan ’yancin kai. Cibiyar soja tana horas da hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya, Navy da Air Force.
Tarihi
Ajin farko yana da ɗalibai 62 ne kawai, kuma masu horarwa galibi jami'ai ne a cikin Sojojin Indiya. Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta kasa (NDA) ta bi tsarin kwatankwacin NDA a Khadakwasla, Pune, Indiya. Babban kwamandan NDA shi ne Birgediya M.R Verma na Sojan Indiya. NDA ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan ma'aikatan horar da 'yan Najeriya kawai a cikin 1978.A cikin 1981 kanta ta fara horar da bangarorin biyu na sojojin kasashen waje.
Matakin karatu
A cikin 1985 makarantar ta fara ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko ga Jami'an Sojoji A cikin Horarwa kuma yanzu haka a halin yanzu ana ba da karatun digiri na biyu don Msc da Ph.D ga duka sojoji da ɗaliban farar hula iri ɗaya. Babban aikin ya kasance horar da matasa jami'ai a cikin shekaru 5 na "Regular Combatant Course" wanda a ke horar da 'yan boko a fannin Soja, Ilimi da Hali don karantar da da'a da dabarun jagoranci bisa dacewa da kyawawan halaye na duniya, wanda ya kai ga samun lambar yabo ta digiri digiri da aikin shugaban kasa zuwa mukamin na laftan na biyu na rundunar sojan kasa ko makamancin haka a cikin Sojojin Ruwa da na Sojan Sama na daban. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 wannan kwas ɗin ya kasance na maza ne kawai, rukunin farko na mata ya fara horo a watan Satumban 2011. Zuwa shekarar 2019, jimlar ɗaliban ɗalibanta sun kai kimanin 2500.
Babban kwamandan na yanzu shi ne Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro. Kafin nadin nasa, Yaro shi ne babban manajan darakta, Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Nijeriya ta Guarantee (NAWLG)
Jerin Kwamandojin NDA
Birgediya M.R. Varma 1964–1969 (dan kasar Indiya kuma Kwamanda na NDA na 1)
Manjo Janar David Ejoor 1969–1971 (Kwamandan Nijeriya na 1)
Manjo Janar Adeyinka Adebayo 1971
Manjo Janar E.O. Ekpo Maris 1971 - Fabrairu 1975
Brigadier Illiya Bisalla Fabrairu 1975 - Agusta 1975
Brigadier Gibson Jalo Agusta 1975 - Janairu 1978
Birgediya E.S Armah Janairu 1978 - Yuli 1978
Birgediya Joseph Garba Yuli 1978 - Yuli 1979
Birgediya Zamani Lekwot Yuli 1979 - 1982
Birgediya Abdullahi Shelleng 1982–
Manjo Janar Paul Tarfa 1984–1985
Manjo Janar Peter Adomokai 1986 - 1988
Laftanar Janar Salihu Ibrahim 1988–1990
Laftanar Janar Garba Duba 1990–1992
Laftanar Janar Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1992–1993
Laftanar Janar Mohammed Balarabe Haladu 1993 - 1994
Air Marshal Al-Amin Daggash 1994 - 1998
Manjo Janar Bashir Salihi Magashi 1998–1999
Manjo Janar TL Ashei 2000-2002
Manjo Janar Okon Edet Okon (2002-2003)
Manjo Janar Akpa (2004)
Laftanar-Janar Abel Akale (2004-2006)
Manjo Janar Harris Dzarma (2006–2008)
Manjo Janar Mamuda Yerima (2008–2010)
Manjo Janar Emeka Onwuamaegbu (2010–2013) [4]
Manjo Janar Muhammad Inuwa Idris (Disamba 2013 - Agusta 2015)
Manjo Janar M.T. Ibrahim (Agusta 2015 - Oktoba 2017)
Manjo Janar A Oyebade (Oktoba 2017 - Nuwamba 2019)
Manjo Janar Jamilu Sarham (Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019 - Maris 2021)
Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro (Maris 2021 - Yanzu)
Tsoffin Dalibai
Wasu sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da;
Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau, tsohon Shugaban hafsan sojan kasa
Alexander Ogomudia, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja
Sani Abacha, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a Najeriya
Muhammadu Buhari, shugaban kasar Najeriya kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja
Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa
Dangiwa Umar, tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kaduna
Gideon Orkar, Afrilu 1990 shugaban juyin mulkin
Tukur Yusuf Buratai, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya
Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan ruwa, Navy
Kayode Are, tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro kuma Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha
Maxwell Khobe, tsohon kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, Saliyo
Emeka Onwuamaegbu Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA
Muhammad Inuwa Idris, Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA
Oladipo Diya, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro
Owoye Andrew Azazi, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja
Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto
Sambo Dasuki, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa
Tunji Olurin, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Oyo
Victor Malu,tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa
John Michael Ogidi, tsohon jami'in ECOMOG kuma Kwamandan Corps of Signals Hedkwatar Legas
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Https:www.nigeriandefenceacademy.edu.ng (2008), an isa ga 2009-04-20
Manazarta
Ahmadu-Suka, Maryam. "Janar Jamilu ya karbi matsayin Kwamandan NDA na 29". Aminiya. Aminiya.
Owolabi, Femi (11 ga Maris, 2021). "Sojoji sun nada Sagir Yaro a matsayin kwamandan NES". www.the cable.ng. "Girgiza a cikin soja". Kasar. An dawo da 19 ga Yuli, 2015. |
54642 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien%20Wright | Damien Wright | Damien Geoffrey Wright (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1975) shi ne kocin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallaye na farko wanda ya horar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Hobart Hurricanes . Wright ya fara bugawa Tasmania wasa a shekarar 1997, yana wasa tare da kungiyar har sai ya sauya zuwa Victoria a kakar 2008-09. A shekara ta 2002 ya taka leda a kungiyar wasan kurket ta Scotland a matsayin dan wasan da aka ba su izini a kasashen waje - ya kuma yi wasanni a baya a wasan kurket na gundumar tare da Northamptonshire, Glamorgan da Somerset . Shi dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hannun dama kuma dan wasan kwallon kwando na hannun dama. Yana da aikin bowling na gefe da kuma ikon bugawa kwallon da sauri. Wright ya fara horar da Hobart Hurricanes a cikin Big Bash League 03 a 2013-14, ya horar da tawagar don kayar da Melbourne Stars, wadanda ba a ci nasara ba a gasar har zuwa lokacin. Hurricanes daga nan suka rasa wasan karshe ga Perth Scorchers. Wright daga nan ya horar da Hurricanes zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar zakarun Turai ta T20 2014 a Indiya.
Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa
Farkon aiki
An haife shi a Casino, New South Wales, Wright ya koma Tasmania a cikin 1997-98. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Tasmania a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1997 a kan Kudancin Australia, yana da'awar wicket a kowane innings kuma ya zira kwallaye 19 a cikin innings na farko. Farkonsa na rana ɗaya ya zo kwana huɗu bayan haka a kan wannan adawa, kuma Wright ya ɗauki wickets uku bayan buɗe wasan bowling. Ya sake buga wasanni hudu a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko, kuma ya gama bazara tare da wickets biyar na farko a matsakaicin bowling na 56.40, da kuma wickets guda biyar na List A a matsakaitan 20.20. A cikin 1998-99, yana wasa ga Kwalejin Cricket ta Australia da Kwalejin New Zealand, Wright ya yi ikirarin wickets biyar a cikin innings yayin da ƙungiyar Australiya ta ci nasara bayan da abokan hamayyarsu suka tilasta musu su bi. Ya buga wasanni biyu ne kawai ga tawagar farko ta Tasmania, duka biyu a gasar cin kofin Pura a watan Maris, kuma ya dauki wickets uku.
A kakar 1999-2000 ya ga karuwa mai yawa a cikin adadin wasan kurket da Wright ya buga; ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin gasar cin kofin Mercantile Mutual Cup guda shida na jihar, da bakwai daga cikin wasanninsu goma na Pura Cup. Ya fara kakar wasa tare da wickets uku masu tattalin arziki a wasan farko na rana daya da Kudancin Australia, Wickets ya zo a hankali, amma ba a yi yawa ba a cikin sauran kakar. Ya yi ikirarin sau biyu a cikin innings, a kan Queensland a watan Nuwamba, da Victoria a watan Maris. Gabaɗaya, ya ɗauki wickets na farko 17 a 48.05, da wickets goma na rana ɗaya a 20.50, duka biyu aƙalla ninka jimlar aikinsa. A kakar wasa mai zuwa Wright ya buga wasan kurket na rana ɗaya, amma dan kadan kadan a cikin aji na farko. Bayan ya buga wasanni hudu daga cikin wasannin farko na gasar cin kofin Pura na Tasmania, Wright bai sake bayyana a gasar ba har sai wasannin karshe na yakin neman zabe na Tasmania. Daga cikin wasansa na farko 22 a cikin kakar, 12 sun zo a wasanni biyu da suka gabata, tare da Wright ya dauki wickets hudu a cikin wasannin biyu, a kan Yammacin Australia da Kudancin Australia. Wickets na farko a cikin kakar ya zo a matsakaicin 26.95, wanda ya fi kyau fiye da yadda ya gudanar a cikin lokutan da suka gabata. A gasar kwana daya, ya dawo da wickets tara, ciki har da wickels uku a wasan Queensland.
Ya shafe lokacin hunturu na Australiya yana wasa da kulob din cricket a Scotland, inda ya taimaka wa Grange Cricket Club ya kai wasan karshe na Kofin Scotland. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a wasanni biyu na Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy . A wasan zagaye na farko, ya yi rabin ƙarni na farko a cikin jerin sunayen cricket, inda ya zira kwallaye 55 bayan ya buɗe batting. Ya sake yin rabin karni a wasan zagaye na biyu, kuma an kira shi a matsayin mutumin wasan yayin da Scotland ta kammala nasarar goma tare da Wright ya rage 53 ba tare da fita ba.
Kungiyar farko ta yau da kullun
A kakar 2001-02 Wright ya zama memba na yau da kullun na duka bangarorin farko na Tasmania da na rana ɗaya, suna buga dukkan wasanninsu a duka tsarin wasan. Wright ya ci gaba da nuna ci gaba tare da bat, matsakaicin 34.08 a cikin Pura Cup, yana yin rabin ƙarni huɗu. Na farko daga cikin wadannan - budurwa ta farko-class rabin karni - ya zo a Tasmania ta bude Pura Cup match na kakar, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye 50 daidai kafin a kama shi a kafa kafin wicket a cikin babban zira kwallayi. A wasansa na gaba, an kira Wright mutumin wasan bayan ya dauki wickets biyu kuma ya ba da gudummawa 22 kawai a cikin goma, yana taimakawa wajen ƙuntata Yammacin Australia zuwa 195 don kafa nasara biyar ga jiharsa. Wright ya gama da adadi iri ɗaya a wasan da ya yi na rana ɗaya da abokan adawar, amma Yammacin Ostiraliya ya sami nasara saboda godiya ga ƙarni ɗaya daga Michael Hussey.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1975 |
20981 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Group | Naval Group | Rukunin Naval (wanda a da ake kira Direction des Constructions Navales ko DCNS ) babban dan kwangila ne na kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da na Faransa da kuma wani rukunin masana'antu da suka kware a dandalin tsaro na ruwa da kuma makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa. Kungiyar tana aiki kusa da mutane 16,000 a kasashe 18. Kamfanin mallakar wani bangare ne daga kamfanin Agence des participations de l'État, wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda kasar Faransa ta mallaki kaso 62.49%, Thales yana da 35% yayin da ma'aikata ke da kaso 1.64%. Ragowar 0.87% mallakin magaji ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Faransa da kuma Direction des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN), wanda ya zama DCN ( Direction des Constructions Navales ) a 1991, DCNS a 2007 da Naval Group tun daga 2017.
Tarihi
Rukunin Naval yana da kayan tarihi kusan shekaru 400. An gina manyan filayen jirgi a Faransa a Brest (1631), Nantes-Indret (1771), Lorient (1778) kuma, daga baya, a Cherbourg (1813). Wasu kuma su bi. Tun farkon 1926, abin da muka sani a matsayin Rukunin Naval a yau ya riga ya mallaki duk abubuwan da ƙungiyar ta mallaka yanzu a cikin ƙasar Faransa.
Haihuwar tashoshin jiragen ruwa
A shekarar 1624, Cardinal Richelieu, wanda shi ne Louis na XII na Firayim Ministan Faransa a lokacin, ya kirkiro da manufofin sojan ruwa wanda ya tanadi ci gaban tashoshin jiragen ruwa don bai wa Faransa isasshen ikon teku don ta yi takara da ta Ingila. An aiwatar da wannan manufar daga 1631, tare da ƙirƙirar jiragen ruwa na Ponant a cikin Atlantika da kuma jiragen ruwa na Levant a cikin Bahar Rum, da Brest dockyards da kuma fadada ƙauyukan Toulon, waɗanda aka kirkira ƙarƙashin Henri IV .
Manufa ta ci gaba da manufar ta Colbert, Ministan Sojan Ruwa na Louis XIV, wanda ya kirkiro manyan mashigar ruwa da yawa. Ya tsawaita shingaye a Toulon, ya ba da umarnin a tona ragunan a Brest kuma ya kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rochefort. Hisansa, Seignelay, wanda ya gaje shi a 1683, ya bi sawun sa.
Networkungiyar jiragen ruwan Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa ta kara ƙarfi a ƙarni na 18. A cikin 1750, Marquis de Montalembert ya canza tsohuwar masana'antar takarda ta zama masana'antar ƙirƙira ƙira a Ruelle-sur-Touvre . A cikin 1777, Antoine de Sartine, Ministan Navy na XVI, ya buɗe mahaɗa igwa kusa da filayen jiragen ruwa a Indret. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara aikin inganta tashar jirgin ruwa a Cherbourg, wanda aka kammala a 1813. A cikin 1778, jiragen ruwan na Lorient sun yi nasarar cin nasarar kamfanin La Compagnie des Indes du port de L'Orient .
An rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Rochefort a cikin 1926. A cikin 1937, an buɗe kafa a Saint-Tropez a kan tsohon rukunin kamfanin Schneider, wanda ya ƙware a cikin torpedoes. A wannan lokacin, yawancin rukunonin rukunin Faransa na Rukunin Naval sun riga sun wanzu, kuma ba su sake ba tun daga lokacin.
Masana'antu da kere-kere na kere kere
A cikin karni na 19, jiragen ruwa na ruwa sun sami canji yayin da aka maye gurbin jiragen ruwan da jiragen ruwa. Shafukan sun kasance na masana'antu kuma sannu-sannu kwararru. A cikin 1865, tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Brest sun zama sojoji na musamman, tare da rufe tashar Penfeld zuwa jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci. A cikin 1898, bayan da suka ƙware a ginin jirgi tare da keɓaɓɓun abubuwa maimakon jirgi, filayen jirgi a Cherbourg an ɗora su ne kawai tare da gina jiragen ruwa na ƙasan ruwa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1927, wata doka ta ba da cikakken bayani game da misalan filayen jiragen ruwa daban-daban: Brest da Lorient an ɗora musu alhakin gina manyan jiragen ruwa, Cherbourg tare da kera jiragen ruwa, yayin da Toulon, Bizerte da Saigon suka ɗauki nauyin kula da rundunar.
Wannan fahimtar matsayin na tashar jiragen ruwan ya kasance tare da sabbin fasahohin kere-kere da na soji da kuma kera jiragen ruwa a wani matakin da ya dace, kan asalin tseren makamai da mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1858, Gloire, jirgi na farko da ke zuwa teku a duniya ya tashi daga ƙofar ruwa a Toulon. Shekarun 1860 sun ga isowar jiragen ruwa na farko na jirgin ruwa da na ruwa, tare da ƙaddamar da Plongeur a 1863. Matsalolin fasaha da wannan jirgin ruwan da aka fara amfani da shi da farko ya fuskanta ya nuna cewa ya kasance samfurin ne maimakon jirgin yakin aiki. Amma hakan ya bude hanyar gina Gymnote a shekarar 1886 da Le Narval a 1899, wadanda sune jiragen ruwa na farko a jirgin ruwa wadanda suka fara aiki a tarihi.
Hakanan an ƙaddamar da samar da jiragen ruwa masu nauyi a cikin 1910s. An gina jiragen ruwa da yawa kafin farkon Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, kuma rundunar ta sami ƙarfi ta hanyar Richelieu mai nauyin 35,000 a cikin 1939.
Sake tsara ayyukan
A cikin 1946, nazari game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Faransa sun kammala aikin mallakar shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban da aka sanar a cikin dokar 1927. An dorawa Brest aikin samarwa da gyara manyan jiragen ruwa, Lorient tare da gina kananan jiragen ruwa masu matsakaici, Cherbourg tare da jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa da Toulon tare da gyara da kula da jiragen. Daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin teku, Indret ya karɓi ayyukan tura jirgin ruwa, Ruelle gina bindigogi, manyan sassa da kayan lantarki, Saint-Tropez samar da torpedoes da Guérigny ginin sarƙoƙin jiragen ruwa da anka. Shafuka guda biyar suna kasashen waje: Mers el-Kébir, Bizerte, Dakar, Diego-Suarez da Papeete .
Har zuwa 1961, rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa ta gyara da kuma gyara jirgin kanta, ta hanyar Directions des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN) a cikin mashigar ruwa. Injiniyoyin da ke aiki a cikin DCAN sun kasance jami'ai ne a bangaren injiniyan sojojin ruwan Faransa. A wannan lokacin, mashigar ruwa ta balle daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, inda suka samar da dama don fadada ayyukansu a cikin shekarun 1970s.
DCAN guda ɗaya ta rufe duk manyan yankuna da ƙofar ruwa na ƙetare, suna ba da rahoto ga Direction Technique des Constructions Navales (DTCN). Hakanan, DTCN ya kasance mai ba da amsa ga Délégation Ministérielle pour l'Armement (DMA), wanda Michel Debré ya kafa . A cikin 1977, la DMA ya zama Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA). Manufar wannan garambawul ita ce ta sanya duk wata rundunar soja da ke aiki karkashin ikon gwamnati ta tsara dukkanin karfin rundunonin soji da karfinsu.
A cikin 1958, ƙaddamar da hukuma ta Janar de Gaulle na shirin nukiliyar sojan Faransa da manufofin hanawa ya haifar da sake fasalin masana'antar tsaro da fasahar tsaro.
Aikin Cœlacanthe ya tattaro DTCN da Faransancin Alternative Energies da Atomic Energy Commission, kuma a cikin 1971, Redoutable, jirgin ruwan makami mai linzami na farko da Faransa ta harba, ya fara aiki.
Canzawa zuwa kamfani
Yanayin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da mulkin mallaka a cikin 1970s ya jagoranci DCAN don shiga cikin sababbin kasuwanni. Asarar jiragen ruwan na ƙetare na ƙasashen waje sun haɗu da rage yawan buƙatun Sojojin Ruwa na Faransa don jiragen ruwa da ƙara wahala wajen samun kuɗi. Wannan yanayin ya kara saurin tafiya bayan karshen yakin cacar baka, duk da yawan ayyukan DCAN, wanda a yanzu ya hada da kiyaye hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki da share ma'adinai daga bakin teku. Wasu rukunin yanar gizo kuma sun kware a ayyukan farar hula: Brest ya gina manyan motoci, Guérigny ya kera injunan noma kuma Toulon ya samar da jiragen ruwa na farar hula (yachts, liners).
Amma, duba bayan littattafan umarni, yanayin jama'a ne na DCAN wanda a hankali aka fara tambayarsa, kuma aka dauke shi a matsayin cikas na gudanarwa ga ci gaban tasirin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa.
Wannan canjin ya faru a matakai da yawa. A cikin 1991, an yiwa DCAN bikin DCN (Direction des Construction Navales). A cikin wannan shekarar, an ƙirƙiri DCN International. Manufar wannan PLC shine inganta ayyukan DCN akan sikelin duniya da kuma sauƙaƙe fitar da kayan sa zuwa ƙasashen waje.
A cikin 1992, ayyukan DCN na jihar suna haɗe da sashen Shirye-shiryen Naval (SPN), wanda shine hukumar da ke ba da kwangilar jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwan Faransa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, DCN tana da alhakin ayyukan masana'antu ne kawai, yayin da ta kasance wani ɓangare na DGA. Wannan canjin matsayin ya baiwa DCN International damar samarwa da DCN tallafi na kasuwanci da kuma na shari'a wajen bunkasa kasuwancin ta na duniya tun karshen shekarun 1990s.
Dabarar ci gaban da DCN International ta bi ta haifar da sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli da yawa. A cikin 1994, Agosta -klass guda uku zuwa Pakistan, kuma, a cikin 1997, Scorpène-class An gina jiragen ruwa don jiragen ruwa don Chile. An kuma ci kwangila a shekarar 2000 don samar da Formidable -klass guda shida frigates zuwa Singapore. A cikin 2007, an sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Malesiya don jiragen ruwa na Scorpène biyu, ta hannun reshen Armaris.
DCN ta kuma sami kwangila a fannin hako mai daga waje. A cikin 1997, shafin Brest ya sabunta dandamalin Sedco 707 kuma yanzu yana gina SFX nau'ikan matatun mai.
A cikin 1999, DCN ta zama hukuma tare da hukumar ƙasa (SCN), tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2001, gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar canza DCN zuwa cikakken kamfani mai zaman kansa mai ikon mallakar kamfanoni. Canjin matsayi ya fara aiki a cikin 2003. DCN ta zama kawai DCN, wacce ta daina tsayawa don Direction des Constructions Navales .
Ci gaba da ci gaba da ƙungiyar DCNS
A cikin 2007, DCN ta sami reshen ayyukan sojan ruwan Faransa na Thales, Armaris, tsohon reshen da aka raba daidai tsakanin DCN da Thales, da MOPA2, kamfanin da ke kula da aikin don kera jirgi na biyu. Don ƙarfafa sabon asalinsa, ƙungiyar da aka samu sunan ta DCNS. Thales sun sami kaso 25% a cikin babban rukunin ƙungiyar. A cikin 2011, Thales ya haɓaka rabonsa na babban birnin DCNS zuwa 35%.
Ginin keɓaɓɓen frigata mai aiki ( FREMM ) ya fara a 2007. A shekarar 2008, wani jirgi mara matuki ya sauka a kan jirgin ruwa a teku a karon farko a tarihi. A cikin 2013, ƙungiyar ta kafa DCNS Research don haɓaka ayyukanta na bincike. An kafa DCNS Indiya a cikin 2008, saboda kwangila biyu da aka sanya hannu a cikin 2005 da 2008 don isar da jiragen ruwa na zamani guda shida na Scorpène. Hakazalika, a cikin 2013, an buɗe wani yanki na yin jirgin ruwa a cikin Brazil. Ungiyar ta ƙirƙiri Jami'ar DCNS a cikin 2013 don isar da horo na ciki da waje.
A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2017, DCNS ya canza suna zuwa Kungiyar Naval
Ayyuka
Ayyukan Naval na Rukuni na iya kasu kashi biyu a manyan fannoni biyu: tsaron sojan ruwa, babban kasuwancin kungiyar (jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, gudanar da shirye-shiryen gudanar da karfi), da samar da makamashi da abubuwan ci gaban ruwa (makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa, makamashin nukiliya na farar hula, gina jiragen ruwa tushe da kuma tashoshin wutar lantarki).
Kariyar jirgin ruwa
Rukunin Rukunin Naval ya tsara, haɓakawa da sarrafa shirye-shiryen aiki na tsarin ruwa da na ruwa, da kuma tsarin haɗin gwiwa da abubuwan more rayuwa. A matsayina na mai gudanar da aiki da kuma hada karfi da karfe, Rukunin Sojan Ruwa ya tsoma baki tare da dukkanin darajojin, daga shirin shirin dabaru, zuwa tsara, gini da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen aiki.
Worksungiyar tana aiki tare da sojojin ruwan Faransa da sauran sojojin ruwa, don samfuran al'ada, kuma tare da izinin gwamnatin Faransa. Hakanan yana ba da ƙwarewar soja ga Sojan Sama na Faransa don tsara keɓaɓɓiyar kewayawa da tsarin yaƙi, da kuma gyara jirgin sama.
Tsarin jiragen ruwa na ruwa
Frigates masu yawa-manufa: FREMM -girgin frigates
Frigates masu yawa-manufa: Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na ƙarni na biyu don Royal Navy na Royal, bisa ga Gowind-class corvette
Air frigates: Horizon-class frigates
Matsakaici-tannage tasoshin: Gowind-class corvettes
Masu jigila: French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
Masu Mistral helikofta : Mistral -class LHD
Gina jiragen sama marasa matuka ga sojojin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa da makamai na karkashin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa na Scorpène aji, Andrasta aji da Attack aji
Jirgin ruwan Nukiliya: jirgin ruwan nukiliya mai linzami na jirgin nukiliya Triomphant aji da Redoutable aji
Jirgin ruwan Nukiliya: Rubis aji da Barracuda aji
Ka'idojin haɗin gwiwa: jerin Sous-Marin Experimental (SMX) na kamfanin sun bincika ra'ayoyin ci gaba game da yaƙin jirgin ruwa. Inaya daga cikin jerin - SMX-25 - an tsara shi don isa cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo cikin hanzari ta hanyar saurin saman sama sannan kuma yayi aiki azaman ruwan karkashin ruwa.
F21 manyan motoci masu nauyi
MU90 motocin nauyi masu nauyi
Hanyoyin samar da makamashi da na ruwa
Kungiyar ta hada kai da EDF , da CEA da AREVA wajen gina tashoshin wutar lantarki na EPR da kuma kula da tashoshin samar da makamashin nukiliya. Rukunin Sojan Ruwa kuma yana gina tsire-tsire da wutar lantarki mai amfani da lantarki da kuma tasoshin jiragen ruwa. Designedungiyar ta tsara tashoshin wutar lantarki a Mayotte, La Réunion da Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Tun shekara ta 2008, suna ta nazarin wata ma'anar ƙaramar tashar nukiliya (50 zuwa 250 MWe) mai suna Flexblue .
Rukunin Naval yana saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin ruwa guda uku masu sabuntawa: injinan ruwa na yanzu, jujjuyawar wutar lantarki a cikin teku, da kuma iska mai yawo a iska. Tun lokacin da ta sami ikon kamfanin Irish na OpenHydro a cikin 2013, Naungiyar Naval ta sami ci gaba daga ɓangaren bincike da haɓaka zuwa masana'antar masana'antu.
Nauyin kamfanoni
kungiyar Naval tana aiki da shirye-shirye da yawa don haɓaka horo da haɗakar ƙwararru. Hasungiyar ta sanya hannu kan Pacte PME, wanda ke haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin manyan kamfanoni da ƙananan masana'antu da kuma kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ilimi. Tsakanin 2006 da 2013, DCNS ta shirya Trophée Poséidon don ɗalibai a makarantun injiniya, wanda ya ba da lada ga ayyukan ɗalibai a fannonin kirkire-kirkire da yanayin teku.
Tsakanin 2008 da 2014, Naungiyar Naval ta kuma gudanar da shirin haɗakarwa na kwararru don duka mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar fasaha da kuma mutane ba tare da kowane ƙwarewa ba, wanda ake kira Filières du Talent . A cikin 2010, wannan shirin ya sami lada ta Trophée national 2010 de l'entreprise citoyenne .
Hakanan DCNS ta kasance cikin duniyar yachting shekaru da yawa ta hanyar musayar fasahohin ta kuma ta hanyar tallafawa da ayyukan nasiha. kungiyar ƙawancen Grand-Prix de l ' École Navale ne, wani regatta da aka gudanar kusa da yankin tsibirin Crozon tun shekara ta 2001. Hakanan ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Pôle France Voile a Brest tun shekara ta 2007, kuma yana aiki don ƙwarewar ƙwararrun tsoffin 'yan wasa da matan wasanni.
A cikin 2008, DCNS ta gina ƙwallon ƙafa guda ɗaya DCNS 1000, jirgin ruwan da aka tsara don tsere-zagaye na duniya, wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin 2013 En Solitaire, na Christophe Offenstein, wanda François Cluzet ya fito .
A yau, Rukunin Naval ya kuma raba ƙwarewar fasaharsa a cikin kayan haɗi don ƙwanƙwasawa da kuma cikin tsarin kewayawa ta hanyar gina gwajin gwaji 'L' Hydroptère, kuma ta haɗu da ƙungiyar Areva Challenge da ta halarci Kofin Amurka a 2007. Industrialungiyar masana'antar Naval Group a Toulon ta kasance abokiyar haɗin gwiwar kulob din rugby na Toulon tun daga 2005.
Kungiya
kungiyar Naval kamfani ne mai iyakantaccen kamfani wanda ƙasar Faransa ke riƙe da hannun jarin 62.49%. A Thales kungiyoyin riko 35% na babban birnin kasar, da kuma sauran 2,51% ana yi har na kamfanin & ma'aikata hannun jari . A ƙarshen 2016, Naungiyar Sojan Ruwa ta ɗauki mutane 12,771 aiki, fiye da rabi daga cikinsu ma'aikata ne masu zaman kansu, yayin da ɗayan rabin ma'aikatan gwamnati ne. Isungiyar tana cikin ƙasashe 18 kuma ta shiga ƙawance da yawa a wajen Faransa ta hanyar rassa da haɗin gwiwa.
Gudanarwa
Shugaba da Shugaba: Hervé Guillou
Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Ci Gaban: Marie-Pierre de Bailliencourt
Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Kudi, Doka & Sayayya: Frank Le Rebeller
Bayanin kudi
Shafuka
A Faransa
Rukunin Naval yana aiki da shafuka 10 a Faransa. Kowane rukunin yanar gizo yana da ƙwarewa a cikin wani aikin na musamman.
Bagneux: tsarin bayanai da sa ido
Brest: ayyuka, shirye-shiryen aiki na jiragen ruwa da na ruwa, kiyaye kayayyakin masarufin tashar jiragen ruwa na Navy, makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa. Gidan yanar gizon yana cikin ƙauyukan Brest, a yankin Froutven da kan Île Longue . Mai ruwa da tsaki ne a Pôle Mer Bretagne .
Cherbourg: samar da jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa
Toulon-Ollioules: tsarin bayanai da sa ido
Lorient: tsarin tsaro na ruwa
Nantes-Indret da Tekun Teknocampus: jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, bincike da ci gaba, tursasa makaman nukiliya. Co-wanda ya kafa cibiyar ingantaccen EMC
Paris: babban ofishin kungiyar
Ruelle-sur-Touvre: jiragen ruwa na ruwa, na atomatik tsarin, simulators, horo
Saint-Tropez: makamai na karkashin ruwa (torpedoes)
Toulon: aiyuka, kiyaye jiragen ruwa da jigilar jirgin sama na Charles de Gaulle
Duniya
Rukunin Naval yana da ofisoshi a Australia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Chile, United Arab Emirates, Girka, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Norway da Pakistan. Hakanan ana wakiltar ƙungiyar a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar rassa da haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suke mallakar su gaba ɗaya ko aiki tare da wasu kamfanoni.
Turai-Gabas ta Tsakiya
Faransa:
Sirehna, wani kamfani ne na 100%: hydrodynamics naval, hanyoyin kewaya jiragen ruwa da saukar da mafita ga jiragen ruwa, kasa ko jiragen sama da jirage
Sabis ɗin Kula da Yanayi, ƙungiya ce ta kashi 49%, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Veolia Environnement: kayayyakin more rayuwa da yawa
Kership, ƙawancen haɗin gwiwa na kashi 45%, tare da Piriou: jiragen ruwa masu matsakaicin nauyi na ƙasar Faransa
Ireland:
OpenHydro, wani kamfani ne na 62% mallakar Naval Energies: injin turbin na yanzu
Saudi Arabiya:
Tallafin DCNS, kamfani na 100% mallakar: taimako ga Naungiyar valungiyar Naval Group na shirye shiryen aiki
Asiya-Fasifik
Indiya:
Rukunin Naval Group India, kamfani na 100% mallakar: tallafi don ayyukan fasaha da bincike a cikin filayen jirgin ruwan ruwa na cikin gida
Malaysia:
DCNS Malaysia, kamfani na 100% mallakar: taimako ga Rukunin Naval a cikin ayyukan cikin gida
Kamfanin Naus na Boustead DCNS, kamfani na 40% mallakar, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Boustead: shirye-shiryen aiki na jiragen ruwa
Singapore:
DCNS Far East, wani kamfani ne na 100%: kayan aiki da kulawa don tsarin jiragen ruwa da na iska da na teku
Ostiraliya
Rukunin Naval Group Australia, kamfani na 100% mallakar: an ba da kwangilar SEA1000 a cikin 2016 azaman DCNS Ostiraliya ta Gwamnatin Australiya . Wanda ke da alhakin zana jiragen ruwa na Goma goma sha biyu masu zuwa na Royal Australian Navy .
Amurka
Brazil:
Rukunin Naval do Brasil, wani kamfani ne na 100%: ofishin tallace-tallace na kungiyar a Brazil
Prosin, wani kamfani ne na 100% mallakar Naval Group do Brasil: Hakkin injiniyan injiniyan ruwa a cikin Brazil
Itaguaí Construções Navais, wata ƙungiya ce ta kashi 41%, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Brazil : gina jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na kwangilar da DCNS ya sanya hannu tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Brazil .
Kanada:
DCNS Technologies Canada Inc, wani kamfani ne na 100%: ofishin tallace-tallace na ƙungiyar a Kanada
Rigima
DCN / DCNS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a "ɗayan manyan rikice-rikicen siyasa da na kuɗi na Faransa na ƙarni na ƙarshe [wanda ya bar] tafarkin mutuwar mutane takwas da ba a bayyana ba, kusan dala biliyan biliyan cikin ɓatattun kuɗaɗe da zarge-zargen damuwa na haɗin gwiwar gwamnati" wanda aka haɗa da sayar da jiragen ruwan yaki ga Taiwan a cikin 1990s.
Baya ga batutuwan da suka shafi sayar da jiragen ruwa ga Taiwan da aka ambata a sama, masu shigar da kara na Faransa sun fara binciken laifuka da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 2010 da ya shafi tallace-tallace daban-daban na karkashin ruwa, tare da yiwuwar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma cin hanci ga manyan jami'ai a Faransa. Musamman abubuwan da masu shigar da kara suka nuna shine sayar da jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu samfurin Scorpène ga kasashe kamar India da Malaysia. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Suaram ce ta sanya binciken a Malaysia saboda ya shafi Firayim Minista Najib Tun Razak lokacin da yake ministan tsaro da kuma abokinsa Abdul Razak Baginda wanda ake zargin an biya kamfaninsa Primekar wata babbar hukuma yayin sayen wasu biyu. Jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Scorpène. Masu binciken Faransa suna da sha'awar gaskiyar cewa an kirkiro Perimekar 'yan watanni kaɗan kafin a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da gwamnatin Malaysia da DCNS kuma Firayim Minista ba shi da wani tarihi na yin hidimar jiragen ruwa kuma ba shi da ikon kuɗi don tallafawa kwangilar. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa wani kamfani a Hong Kong da ake kira Terasasi Ltd wanda daraktocin su ne Razak Baginda da mahaifinsa, ya sayar da takaddun bayanan tsaron ruwan Malesiya ga DCNS. Har ila yau, a karkashin binciken akwai zargin karbar kudi da kuma kisan Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, mai fassara wanda ya yi aiki kan yarjejeniyar.
A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2015, kotunan Faransa suka tuhumi Bernard Baiocco, tsohon shugaban Thales International Asia saboda biyan diyya ga Abdul Razak Baginda. A lokaci guda ana tuhumar daraktan kamfanin kera jirgin DCN International da amfani da kadarorin kamfanoni ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.
A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2016, Kafafen yada labarai na Australiya ne suka ruwaito cewa an sami kwararar rahoto mai shafi 22,000 game da jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa mai nasaba da Scorpène da a halin yanzu Indiya ke ginawa a wani bangare na yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 3.5. Zargin da ake zargin kwararar bayanan sirri game da Scorpène an yi ikirarin cewa yana dauke ne da bayanai game da boye, na'urori masu auna sigina, karar karar jirgin karkashin ruwa a zurfin teku daban-daban, bayanan acoustic, da sauransu.
Sojojin Ruwa na Indiya sun zarga da laifin kwararar bayanan kan wasu kafofin na kasashen waje da ba a ambata suna ba, mai yiwuwa daga satar bayanan sirri.
Manazarta |
31835 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon%20Mallakar%20Abinci | Ikon Mallakar Abinci | Mallakar abinci tsarin abinci ne wanda mutanen da ke noma abinci, suke rarrabawa, kuma suke amfani da abinci har wayau suke da alhakin sarrafa wa da samar da tsarin shukawa da rarraba abincin. Wannan tsarin ya sha bambam da tsarin abinci na masana'antu a yau, inda kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarukan abinci na duniya. Mallakar abinci tana jaddada muhimmanci akan tattalin arzikin abinci na gargajiya, wadatar abinci mai dorewa, kuma ta daidaita kan tsarin samar da abinci da suka dace da al'du. Canje-canjen yanayi da rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci sun yi tasiri sosai ga mutanen karkara da kuma damar samun abinci na al'ada yayin da suke ba fuskantar kamuwa da wasu cututtuka; saboda wannan dalilai, ikon mallakar abinci ta'allak ne akan mutanen asalin yanki. Kungiyoyin duniya da dama sun magance wadannan bukatu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da kasashe da dama da ke daukar manufofin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin doka. Masu sukar fafutukar neman 'yancin abinci sun yi imanin cewa an kafa tsarin ne bisa zato mara inganci; anyi watsi ne da asalin matsalolin da ake fuskanta; kuma tsarin na fama da rashin haɗin kai don shawarwarin mafita.
Ma'ana
Mambobin kungiyar manoma ta Via Campesina ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "mallakar abinci" a shekarar 1996, sannan daga bisani kungiyoyin duniya da dama, ciki har da Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka fara amfani da kalmar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, "Sanarwar Nyéléni " ta ba da ma'anar da ƙasashe 80 suka karɓa; a shekara ta 2011 kasashen Turai sun fara amfani da kalmar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, aƙalla ƙasashe bakwai sun haɗa tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu.
Tarihi
Hakan yazo daidai da ɗan lokaci tare da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar Slow Food, tarihin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin kungiya za'a iya cewa bai dade ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar tana samun karbuwa yayin da kasashe da yawa ke daukar matakai masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da tsarin abinci wanda ke magance rashin daidaito na abinci.
Tarukan duniya
A taron shekara ta 2007 don ikon mallakar abinci a Sélingué, Mali, wakilai 500, ƙasashe sama da 80 sun amince da "Sanarwar Nyéléni ", wanda ke cewa a wani bangare:Mallakar abinci shine haƙƙin al'umma don samun lafiyayyen abinci mai dacewa da al'ada da ake samarwa ta ingantacciyar hanya da muhalli mai dorewa, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ayyana tsarin abincinsu da yanayin noman su. Tsarin na sanya waɗanda ke samar da abinci, rarrabawa da kuma cin abincin a tsakiyar tsarin abinci da manufofi maimakon buƙatun kasuwanni da kamfanoni. Yana kare muradu da shigar da na gaba. Tsarin yana ba da dabaru don yin tsaye da wargaza tsarin kasuwancin kamfanonin abinci da tsarin abinci na yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin abinci, noma, kiwo da tsarin kiwon kifi wanda manoman gida suka tsara. Mallakar abinci yana ba da fifiko kan tattalin arziki na gida da na ƙasa da kasuwanni kuma yana ba wa kananan manoma da masu noman gandu damar aikin noma, kamun kifi, kiwo da kiwon dabbobi, da samar da abinci, rarraba su da kuma ci ko amfani dasu bisa dorewar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin watan Afrilun 2008 Ƙididdigar Kimiyya da Fasaha Noma da Kiwo ta Duniya (IAASTD), wani kwamiti ne na gwamnatoci da ke ƙarƙashin tallafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya, sun samar da ma'anar kamar haka: "An ayyana ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin 'yancin mutane da ƙasashe masu iko domin su tantance manufofinsu na noma da tsare-tsaren abinci ta hanyar yarda da amincewar mutane."
Kasancewa daga cikin manufofin gwamnati
Batutuwa na samar da abinci, rarraba su da samun damar isa gare su ba abu bane mai sauki na siyasa ko kuma ba tare da an soke tsarin ba. Misali, amincewa da juyin yanayi na samar da abinci wato "Green Revolution" a kasashe da dama na fadin duniya ya kara samar da abinci a duniya amma bai "warware" matsalolin yunwa ba a duniya. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wannan hanzarin bai magance damar samun fili ko rarraba ikon tattalin arziki ba. Wasu kuma sunyi jayayya da cewa ikon mallakar abinci ya dogara ne akan zato mara kyau game da rawar da noma ke takawa ga manufofin gwamnati. Bangarorin noma na ikon mallakar abinci sun sanya kungiyar a yanayi na rikici da cigaban duniya, haɓaka masana'antu, da sauran tsare-tsare.
A cikin watan Satumba 2008, kasar Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sanya tsarin ikon mallakar abinci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, an fara tsara wata doka wacce ake sa ran za ta fadada wannan tanadin tsarin mulki ta hanyar hana kwayoyin halittu da aka gyara, da kare yankuna da dama na kasar daga fitar da albarkatun ta da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, da kuma hana shuka abinci iri daya tak a fili. An tsara dokar ne ta yadda zata wanzuwarhalittu a matsayin mallakar fasaha na gaba daya da kuma amincewa da Hakkokin Muhalli.
Tun daga nan kasashen Venezuela, Mali, Bolivia, Nepal da Senegal; da kuma na baya-bayan nan Masar (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 2014) sun kara tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu ko dokokin ƙasashen su.
Mallakar abincin asali
Batutuwan Duniya
Yanayi
Canjin yanayi yana yin tasiri matuka ga damar samar da abinci na al'umma na asali, wanda ya hada da mutanen tsibirin Pacific da waɗanda ke yankin kankara na duniya wato "Circumpolar North", saboda hauhawar matakan teku ko zaizayar ƙasa.
Ire-Iren Abinci
Masu fafutuka kan tsarin sun yi iƙirari da cewa ikon mallakar abinci na asali na a matsayin ire-iren abinci na yau da kullun saboda abincin mutane na asalin yakan zama ingantaccen abinci a al'adance, waɗanda ke wajen waɗannan al'ummomin ke so. Sinadaran abinci wadanda suka zama ginshiƙan abincin al'adu, waɗanda ke da wahala ga waɗannan al'ummomin su samu, ana asarar su saboda ƙarin buƙatu na samun su daga mutanen asali da ke wajen yankin.
Mallakar abinci na mutanen asalin Amurka
’Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka sun sami matsala ta kai tsaye wajen samu da shirya abincinsu na asali kuma hakan ya haifar da matsaloli na lafiya, kamar ciwon siga da cututtukan zuciya. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali a Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa kauracewa abincin asali da mutane sukayi ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun gargajiya, haɓaka hanyoyin samar da abinci n gargajiya, ' yancin abinci, da ikon mallakar iri.
Tsarin mallakar abinci da wadatar abinci ga mutanen asalin yanki na da alaƙa ta kut da kut da wurin da suke zama. Hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya na Amurka suna da alaƙa da ƙasashen kakanni na al'ummar Amurka, musamman ga waɗanda ke rike da al'adunsu. Alal misali, an koyar da shi a cikin Muckleshoot cewa "ƙasar da ke ba da abinci da magunguna da muke bukata wani bangare ne na mu."
An bayyana rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya da cewa yana da alaƙa da katsewar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gargajiya da mutanensu, canjin da Rachel V. Vernon ta kwatanta da cewa tana da alaƙa da "wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da kuma asarar 'yancin kai da mulki." Kasashen da suka riga sun yi mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu fa'ida kuma suna bunƙasa tare da abinci na gargajiya. Saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yake, ƴan asalin ƙasar a farkon ƙarni na 20 sun samu matsala sosai wajen iya siye da shirya abincinsu. Baya ga wannan, ƙaura daga ƙasashen kakanni na ƙara iyakance hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Yawancin ’yan asalin ƙasar Amurka yanzu suna zama a cikin hamadar abinci . Saboda rashin isassun abinci ko hana samun abinci, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna fama da rashin daidaituwar abinci idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'ar Amurka. A abubuwan da aka tanada, "'abin da aka sarrafa sosai, da sukari mai yawa, mai mai yawa, da abincin da aka sarrafa," ya kara ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ke haifar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a Amurka suna da mafi girman adadin ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya a cikin al'ummar. Baya ga wannan, galibin ƴan asalin ƙasar suma suna rayuwa ne ba tare da an ware su ba, don haka ana ƙara cire su daga hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya.
Saboda al'ummar asalin Amurkawa suna da kima a kasar Amurka, sun sami taimako kaɗan don gyara hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Indiyawan Amirka ta ayyana, ikon mallakar kabilanci yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani shawara game da ƙabilun game da dukiyoyinsu da ƴan ƙasa an yi su tare da sa hannu da yardarsu. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta amince da ƙabilun Amirkawa a matsayin gwamnatoci daban-daban, masu adawa da "ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, daidaikun mutane, ko ... wani nau'in ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu."
Tarihi
Kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suna da abinci iri-iri na al’adunsu, suna samun abinci ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam a tsakanin kabilu. Dangane da yankin, ’yan asalin ƙasar suna samun abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, kamun kifi, taro, da noma. Hanyoyin abinci na asali sun ta'allaka ne akan " 'yan'uwa mata uku ," ko masara, wake, da squash, a matsayin madaidaitan abincinsu. Farauta, tarawa, da kamun kifi sune farkon hanyoyin tattara abinci.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun wargaza waɗannan ma'auni masu ma'amala da muhalli bayan "gano Amurka" Christopher Columbus a 1492. Bayan zuwan Turawa, ’yan asalin Amurka sun kwashe kayansu har ma da yunwa a matsayin dabarar mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen ’yan asali. Mazaunan Turawa sun shigo da dabbobin gida cikin Amurka, suna kawo sabbin cututtuka tare da su. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi niyya kan shagunan abinci musamman kuma sun canza abincin ƴan asalin Amirkawa sosai, ikonsu na samun albarkatu, da samar da abinci.
Sabbin tsarukan abinci da sabbin mazauna Amurkawa suka samar, sun tilastawa asalin Amurkawa dogaro da abinci da aka sarrafa da yawa akan wuraren ajiyar Indiya da al'ummomin ƴan asalin gaba ɗaya. An tilasta wa kabilun asali shiga wani yanayi na rashin abinci kuma an sanya su cikin wani wuri a cikin al'umma inda ba za a iya samun damar samun wasu hanyoyin samun lafiya ko abincin da ake nomawa ba. Tare da asarar ikon mallakar abinci, an kuma yi asarar filaye, yayin da Indiyawan suka ƙaura da tilastawa. Bayan majalisar ta zartar da dokar kasa da kasa ta Indiya a shekara ta 1851, an tilasta wa duk 'yan asalin ƙasar shiga wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sun rasa ikon noma ƙasa da dogaro da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya.
Ayyuka
Asalin mazauna ƙasar Amirka a yau suna fafutukar neman yancin abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin lafiya, suna komawa ga abincinsu na al’ada don waraka. Komawa cin abinci na gargajiya yana da ƙalubale, idan akayi la'akari da tarihin ƙaura da kashe al'adu . Anyi rasa ko kuma asarar yawancin tarihin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na abincin al'adun gargajiya kuma suna da wahala a kara kirkiransu.
Masu fafutukar kare hakkin abinci na 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar sun yi gudun hijira daga gidajen abinci na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ana zargin cewa hanya mafi inganci don samun wadatar abinci ga ’yan asalin yanki ita ce karin tsare-tsare wajen samar da abinci. Wasu masu fafutuka kuma suna jayayya game da ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin hanyar warkar da raunukan tarihi da kuma hanyar mallakar yankunan daga masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin {asar Amirka, Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Abinci ta Amirka, suna aiki don ilmantarwa da tsara manufofi da suka shafi tsaro na abinci da noma. Wani rukunin da ya mayar da hankali kan buƙatar abinci da ikon mallakar makamashi shine White Earth Anishnaabeg daga Minnesota, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abinci iri-iri, dasa shuki da girbin su ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, nau'in lalatawa. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna haɗuwa don kafa manufofin ikon mallakar abinci da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin abinci na gida a taron koli kamar Diné Bich'iiya' Summit a Tsaile, Arizona, wanda ya mai da hankali kan abincin gargajiya na Navajo.
Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali suma galibi suna bayar da muhimmanci wajen samun ikon mallakar iri, kuma galibi akan haƙƙin masu kiwo. Adana iri yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka saboda yana samarwa waɗancan al'ummomin ingantaccen tushen abinci kuma yana bada mahimmanci ga al'adu. Bugu da kari, masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa ceton iri wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wajen samar da tsarin noma wanda zai iya dacewa da sauyin yanayi.
Bincike da ayyukan ikon mallakar abinci
A cikin shekara ta 2021, cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafe na IFS (Mallakan Abinci na Ƙasa) da ingancin ka'idodin ikon mallakar abinci sun kammala da cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Canada suna da samun karin kiba, rashin abinci, da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 fiye da yawan jama'a.
Ayyukan gwamnati da ke tallafawa tsarin abinci na asali sun kasance sabbin yunƙuri na ɗaga al'ummomin ƴan asalin kuma suna cikin matakan ci gaba masu son ci gaba. Wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki shirye-shiryen abinci na 'yan asalin shekaru kafin Amurka, gami da Kanada. An ƙirƙiri Jagoran Abinci na Kanada (CFG) a cikin Janairu 2019 a matsayin hanyar haɗa nau'ikan abincin al'adu, maimakon kafa ƙa'idodin abinci a kan al'adu ɗaya ko kaɗan - jagorar ya haɗa da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƴan asalin ƙasar cikin shawarwari.
A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mallakar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin. An ƙera wannan yunƙurin don "haɓaka hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya" kamar yadda, kama da Kanada, shirye-shiryen USDA ba su ƙunshi hanyoyin abinci da abinci na 'yan asalin a tarihi ba. Usda ta hadu da kungiyoyi sun riga sun yi hidimar zean asalinsu: Majalisar Dabbobi Aregrad - Majalisar Noma da Noma ta Tsammani da Noma Ƙaddamarwa .
Ayyukan da ba na gwamnati ba, irin su aikin tsari na "Good Life" a Ecuador, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan asalin al'umma ne ke jagorantar su. "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" ta nuna cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bi ta hanyar ci gaban al'ummar 'yan asalin da ba su haɗa da tallafin gwamnati ko samar da jihohi ba. A Ecuador, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun haɓaka aikin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" wanda ke nisanta daga fahimtar jari-hujja da yammacin duniya game da abin da al'umma ke buƙata, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka nasarar al'umma ta hanyar jituwa da mutane, yanayi, da kare ƙasarsu - da gaske suna aiki. kai tsaye a cikin al'ummar ƴan asalin ƙasar don kwato ikon abinci.
Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka sun ɗauki irin wannan samfuri zuwa aikin "Good Life" na Ecuador. A California, ƙungiyar UC Berkeley, CARES (Kimanin Al'umma na Sabunta Makamashi da Dorewa) yana aiki tare da PPN (Pinoleville Pomo Nation) a Ukiah, California, don tallafawa ikon mallakar kabilanci. Wannan al'ummar 'yan asalin ta kasance tana aiki tare da CARES tsawon shekaru don tsara gidaje masu ɗorewa da makamashi waɗanda ke nuna al'adunta.
Ikon mallakar iri
Ana iya bayyana ikon mallakar iri a matsayin haƙƙin “haɓaka da musanya irr daban daban.” Tsarinyana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ikon mallakar abinci, kamar yadda masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri ke jayayya da aiwatar da aikin ceton iri a wani ɓangare a matsayin hanyar haɓaka wadatar abinci. Wadannan masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa ceton iri yana ba da damar rufaffiyar tsarin abinci wanda zai iya taimakawa al'ummomi samun 'yancin kai daga manyan kamfanonin noma. Mallakar iri ta bambanta da ikon mallakar abinci a cikin fifikonta kan ceton iri musamman, maimakon tsarin abinci gaba ɗaya. Masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya don ceto iri bisa la'akari da muhalli, ba kawai adalcin abinci ba. Suna jayayya da cewa ceto iri ya cika muhimmiyar rawa na maido da ɗimbin halittu ga noma, da samar da nau'ikan tsirrai waɗanda suka fi jure canza yanayin yanayi ta fuskar sauyin yanayi.
Mullakar abinci tare da amincin abinci
An kirkiri ikon mallakar abinci ne a matsayin martani ga masu fafutuka game da samar da abinci ta ko yaya, babban jawabin duniya kan samar da abinci da manufofi. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada samun isassun abinci mai gina jiki ga kowa, wanda zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar abinci daga ƙasarsa ko kuma daga shigo da kayayyaki na duniya. A cikin sunan inganci da haɓaka yawan aiki, don haka ya yi aiki don haɓaka abin da ake kira "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni": manyan ma'auni, masana'antu na masana'antu dangane da samarwa na musamman, tattara ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi . Masu sukar harkar samar da abinci sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kula da tattalin arziƙin siyasa na tsarin abinci na kamfanoni yana rufe mata ido da illolin wannan gwamnatin, musamman yadda ake korar ƙananan masana'antun da kuma lalacewar muhallin duniya.
Da yake rubutawa a cikin Bayanan Abinci na Farko, faɗuwar shekara ta 2003, Peter Rosset ya yi jayayya da cewa "Ikon mallakar abinci ya wuce manufar samar da abinci . . . [Tsaron abinci] yana nufin cewa... [kowa] dole ne ya sami tabbacin samun abin da zai ci kowace rana[,] ... amma bai ce komai ba game da inda abincin ya fito ko yadda ake samar da shi.” Mallakar abinci ya haɗa da tallafi ga masu karamin karfi da gonaki, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu, maimakon samar da masana'antu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya kaɗan. A cikin wani littafin, Food First ya bayyana "Mallakar abinci" a matsayin "dandali na farfado da karkara a matakin duniya bisa daidaiton rabon filayen noma da ruwa, sarrafa manoma kan iri, da kananan gonaki masu albarka da ke wadata masu amfani da kiwon lafiya, abincin da ake nomawa na al'ada. ."
Hakanan an kara kwatanta tsarin ikon mallakar abinci da adalcin abinci, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan kabilanci da rashin adalcin aji da alakar su da abinci, yayin da mallakar abinci yana nufin hukuma kan tsarin samar da abinci.
Sukar juyin yanayin tsirrai
Juyin tsarin shuke-shuke, wanda ke nufin ci gaban da aka samu a kiwo a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 wanda ya inganta amfanin gona daga manyan amfanin gona na hatsi, wasu masu goyon bayan samar da abinci ne suka amince da shi a matsayin labarin nasara wajen kara yawan amfanin gona da yaki da yunwa a duniya. Manufar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan bincike, haɓakawa da canja wurin fasahar noma, irin su nau'in iri da takin zamani, ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda suka kawo sauyi a harkar noma a ƙasashe da dama, tun daga Mexico da Indiya. Koyaya, da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci suna sukar juyin yanayin samar da abinci kuma suna zargin waɗanda ke ba da shawararsa da cewa suna bin tsarin fasaha na al'adun Yammacin Turai da yawa wanda bai dace da bukatun yawancin ƙananan masana'antu da manoma ba.
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Yayin da juyin yanayin halayyar shuke-shuke na iya samar da abinci mai yawa, yunwar duniya ta ci gaba saboda bai magance matsalolin samun dama ba. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa juyin juya halin koren ya gaza canza babban rabon ikon tattalin arziki, musamman damar samun filaye da ikon siye. Masu sukar sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa juyin shuke-shuke ya ƙara yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya haifar da barna a muhalli da kuma rage ɗimbin halittu a wurare da dama.
Ra'ayoyin ilimi
Ka'idar Tsarin Abinci
A matsayinsa na kungiya na zamantakewa, masu nazarin tsarin abinci suna da ra'ayi akan ikon mallakar abinci. Tare da tasirinsa na Marxist, masana ilimin tsarin abinci suna sha'awar yadda lokutan rikici tsakanin wani tsarin abinci ke bayyana tashin hankali na yare wanda ke motsa motsi tsakanin irin waɗannan jeri (watau lokutan canji). A cewar babban masanin ka'idar Philip McMichael, tsarin tsarin abinci koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da sabani. Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki ba ya da ƙwaƙƙwara kamar yadda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma ya dace da waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula.
A cewar McMichael, "noman duniya" a karkashin yarjejeniyar WTO akan aikin gona ("abinci daga ko ina") yana wakiltar daya iyaka na "cibanin tsakiya" na mulkin yanzu. Yana da sha'awar yuwuwar tsarin ikon mallakar abinci don ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin wannan da sandar sa ta gaba, tushen agroecology ("abinci daga wani wuri") wanda ƙungiyoyin abinci daban-daban suka ba da shawarar. Bayar da yanke shawara daban-daban, aikin kwanan nan na Harriet Friedmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "abinci daga wani wuri" an riga an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin tsarin " juyin tsirrai " na gaggawa (cf. Campbell 2009).
Suka
Zato na asali mara kuskure
Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bayar da Abinci ta bin diddigin zato ba daidai ba ne, suna masu nuni da cewa ƙananan manoma ba lallai ba ne salon rayuwarsu da aka zaɓa ba kuma manoma a ƙalla ƙasashe masu ci gaba da wanda suka cigaba ba sa fuskantar kalubale iri ɗaya. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ikon mallakar abinci na iya yin daidai game da kura-kuran akidar tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗai, amma an yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yunwa a zahiri ta faru ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu da na gurguzu waɗanda suka bi manufar wadatar abinci (cf. Shekarar 2011).
Tsarin siyasa-na shari'a
Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ra'ayin ikon mallakar abinci game da siyasa ko al'umman hukunce-hukuncen da ake ba da umarnin kiranta na neman dimokaradiyya da sabunta "dan kasa na noma" . A cikin bayanan jama'a, ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci ta buƙaci ɗaukar tsauraran matakai daga gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi (a cikin jigon ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa na Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) . A wani wurin kuma ta yi kira ga kungiyoyin farar hula ta duniya da su yi aiki a matsayin abin dubawa ga cin zarafi daga hukumomin kasa da na kasa.
Wadanda ke da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da ikon mallakar jihohi za su yi jayayya da yiwuwar cewa za a iya daidaita ikon mallakar ƙasashe da na al'ummomin gida (duba kuma muhawara game da al'adu da yawa da 'yancin cin gashin na 'yan asalin a Mexico ).
Rikicin noma?
A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan sake tabbatar noma na ƙauye da ƙauye, an karanta motsin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin ƙalubale ga labaran zamani na ƙasƙantar birni, masana'antu na noma, da kawar da manoma. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ke gudana game da mahimmancin aikin noma a cikin Marxism na gargajiya, Henry Bernstein yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan asusun. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan nazarin sun kasance suna gabatar da yawan masu noman noma a matsayin haɗin kai, nau'in zamantakewa guda ɗaya da tarihin duniya, wanda ya kasa yin lissafin:
Manyan bambance-bambancen zamantakewar jama'a (Arewa/Kudu, jinsi da matsayi);
dabi'un masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ra'ayin tsiratar da al'adu na motsi wanda ya fito a matsayin wani bangare na koma baya ga masu ra'ayin yin kama da juna na duniya (Boyer yayi magana akan ko ikon mallakar abinci shine labari ko rashin ci gaba ) Berstein yayi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan asusun. ba zai iya tserewa wani populism (ko agrarianism ). Don amsa ga Bernstein, duba McMichael (2009) .
Duba kuma
2007-2008 rikicin farashin abinci a duniya
Kame kasa
Permaculture
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya
Bayanan kafa
Adabi
Annette Desmarais, Nettie Wiebe, da Hannah Wittman (2010). Mallakar Abinci: Sake Haɗin Abinci, Hali da Al'umma. Littattafan Farkon Abinci. ISBN 978-0-935028-37-9
Choplin, Gérard; Strickner, Alexandra; Trouvé, Aurélie [Hg.] (2011). Mallakar abinci - zuwa sabuwar manufar noma da abinci a Turai (Ernährungssouveränität - Für eine andere Agrar- und Lebensmittelpolitik a Europa). Mandelbaum Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85476-346-8
Kadada biyar da 'Yanci
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dandalin Turai don Mallakar Abinci - Krems, Austria, Agusta 2011
Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta Yan asalin ƙasar
Haɗin Kan Mulkin Abinci na Ƙasar Amirka
Nyéléni Na farko International Forum for Food Sovereignty (Sélingué, Mali - Fabrairu 2007) da kuma kasa da kasa Newsletter - muryar motsi ga Abinci.
Yaƙi akan shirin Mulkin Abinci na So
"MASARAUTAR ABINCI: zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a cikin tsarin abinci" na Michael Windfuhr da Jennie Jonsén, FIAN. ITDG Bugawa - takarda aiki. 64pp ku. 2005. Yana ba da bayanai akan Tsarin Manufofin Mulkin Abinci. Haɗi zuwa manyan bayanai da takaddun da aka samar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai PDF mai saukewa.
"Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Duniya don Mallakar Abinci" . Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO na kasa da kasa - IPC cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO da suka damu da batutuwa da shirye-shiryen ikon mallakar abinci. IPC tana aiki azaman hanyar watsa bayanai kan ikon mallakar abinci da batutuwan da suka shafi samar da abinci.
Mulkin abinci da matasan karkara (MIJARC)
Michel Pimbert, 2010. IIED. Zuwa ga Mallakar Abinci. Maido da tsarin abinci mai cin gashin kansa
"Menene mulkin mallaka?" - Harkar Ci gaban Duniya
Mallaka
'Yancin Abinci
Ikon mallakar abinci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53560 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaro%20Mai%20Banza | Yaro Mai Banza | Shahid Khan ( ; an haife shi 1 Janairun Shekarar 1981), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Naughty Boy, ɗan Burtaniya DJ ne, mai yin rikodin rikodi, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. A cikin 2012, Khan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bugu na shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma kwangilar rikodi don sakin kundi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin Virgin EMI Records . Khan ya kaddamar da kansa a matsayin mai shirya rikodi a karkashin moniker "Naughty Boy" kuma yana gudanar da nasa kamfani mai suna Naughty Boy Recordings.
Ya samar da rikodi guda biyu don rappers Chipmunk da Wiley, duka suna nuna Emeli Sandé . Naughty Boy da Sandé daga baya sun kafa haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce da samarwa, wanda ya kai ga Sandé ta sauko da yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da Budurwa da EMI. Sandé ya ci gaba da zama mai suna The Critics Choice for 2012 BRIT Awards, kuma ta sake sakin kundi na farko na Mu Version of Events (2012), rikodin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi tare da Naughty Boy. Khan ya shafe 2011 da 2012 yana aiki akan rikodin Leona Lewis, JLS, Cheryl, Jennifer Hudson, Alesha Dixon da Tinie Tempah, da sauransu.
A cikin 2013, Naughty Boy ya fito da kundi na farko Hotel Cabana . Saitin ya ƙunshi fitaccen mai haɗin gwiwar Sandé, da kuma Ed Sheeran, Gabrielle da sauransu. An gabace shi da sakin manyan-goma guda ɗaya " Al'ajabi " (wanda ke nuna Sandé), lamba ɗaya ta buga " La La La ", yana nuna Sam Smith da " Lifted ", wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Sandé. Kundin sa na farko ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2013, an ba wa Naughty Boy's "La La La" kyautar 'Mafi kyawun Waƙa' da 'Mafi kyawun Bidiyo' a Kyautar MOBO ' 18th Anniversary.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Shahid Khan a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1981 a Watford, Hertfordshire. Iyayensa na asali daga Pakistan, da kuma bayyana mahimmancin asalinsa na Pakistan, kasancewar kuma yana makarantar kusa da Rawalpindi tsawon shekaru biyu, ya ce ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Pakistan da kallon fina-finai na Pakistan fiye da yadda al'adun Yammacin Turai suka rinjayi, yana sha'awar irin su Sultan Rahi da Mustafa Qureshi, a ƙarshe yana furta cewa "Ni kuma ina alfahari da Pakistan". Ilimi a Westfield Academy, Watford, da farko, Khan yana karatun Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Guildhall ta London (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), amma a lokacin karatunsa na farko, ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta kuma ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na lokaci-lokaci a Domino's Pizza da Watford General Hospital . Ya ci fam 44,000 akan Deal ko No Deal kuma ya kashe kudin ne a wani dakin motsa jiki a lambun iyayensa, tare da baiwa iyayensa fam 15,000 da kuma sayen motar motsa jiki ta Audi. Ya yanke shawarar bin burinsa na rubutawa da samar da nasa kiɗan, a ƙarƙashin sunan Naughty Boy Recordings. A bayan fage, Khan yana rera waƙoƙi a cikin lambun iyayensa da ke Charlock Way a Watford, Hertfordshire. Kudaden sun ba Khan damar haɓaka samarwa daga rumbun lambun zuwa ɗakin studio a Ealing, Yammacin London . A ƙarshe, ya sami kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi guda ɗaya tare da Virgin Records ( EMI Records ).
Khan ya nemi kungiyar The Princes Trust a shekara ta 2005, inda aka ba shi kyautar fan 5,000 don taimakawa fara kasuwancinsa. Da yake magana da Watford Observer a 2009 game da damar, Khan ya ce "Prince's Trust yana da wani tsari inda suke son taimakawa mutanen da suke ganin za su iya kafa nasu kasuwanci. Ina so in yi kiɗa amma ba ni da kayan aiki. Suka ce suna son su taimake ni.” A wannan shekarar, Khan ya fito a tashar wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 4 da aka buga a rana-lokaci gamehow Deal or No Deal, inda ya ci fam 44,000, ya kara ba shi damar siyan kayan aiki kuma ya fara rikodin. Furodusan yanzu ya kafa faifan rikodinsa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa da ke Ealing, Yammacin London .
Aikin kiɗa
2009-2012: Farko da samarwa
Furodusan ya fashe zuwa wurin kiɗan a cikin 2009, ta hanyar rubutawa tare da samar da waƙar Chipmunk " Diamond Rings ", yana nuna Emeli Sandé . Khan zai sake yin aiki tare da Sandé, wannan lokacin akan Wiley 's " Kada Ka Kasance Matar Ka " (2010), murfin White Town 's '' Your Woman '' (1997). Daga baya Sandé ta sami yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi tare da Virgin Records, tare da Khan tare da rubutawa da kuma samar da kundi na farko, Shafinmu na Abubuwan da suka faru . An gabatar da Naughty Boy bisa ƙa'ida kuma an ba shi matsayin mai zane a kan waƙar Sandé ta biyu " Daddy ", kodayake a zahiri baya yin waƙar.
Khan ya kuma yi aiki tare da Alesha Dixon, JLS, Lily Allen, Alexandra Burke da Jennifer Hudson . Ya kuma samar da bayanan Farfesa Green, Cheryl Cole da Tinie Tempah . Khan yayi aiki tare da Sandé don samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da rubuta Leona Lewis '2012 dawowar "Matsalar" wanda ke nuna Childish Gambino . Khan kuma ya rubuta kuma ya samar da "Lokacin da Ya Yi Watsi" da "Dutse" don album na Lewis Glassheart ; Duk da haka, Sandé ta sake yin rikodin "Mountains" kuma ta sanya kundi nata na Mu Version of Events . Ya kuma yi aiki a kan rikodin don Rihanna ciki har da " Rabin Ni " (wanda aka haɗa tare da Stargate ), "Sakamakon Tasirin ku" don Fantasia Barrino da kuma samar da "Craziest Things" tare da will.i.am don Cheryl Cole .
2012–2014: Hotel Cabana
Har ila yau Khan ya shafe lokaci, a duk ci gaban aikinsa, yana aiki a kan nasa album na farko mai suna Hotel Cabana, wanda aka tsara za a sake shi a ƙarƙashin moniker "Naughty Boy" ta Virgin EMI Records a 2013. Kundin farko na " Al'ajabi " yana fasalta mai yawan haɗin gwiwa Sandé akan waƙoƙin jagora. An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2012 kuma shi ne jagora guda ɗaya daga sake fitar da kundi na farko na Sandé, Sigar Mu na Abubuwan da suka faru, bayan an riga an bayyana a sigar Amurka ta kundin. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba goma akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya .
Mawaƙin Burtaniya Gabrielle ya kuma yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy don Hotel Cabana akan wata waƙa mai suna "Hollywood", wacce aka fara zayyana ita ce ta biyu ta albam, tare da kundin da ke biye a cikin Fabrairu 2013. Gabrielle ya kuma bayyana cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan Burtaniya-mawaƙiya Ed Sheeran da mawakiyar Burtaniya Tinie Tempah suma za su fito a Hotel Cabana . Dukansu Tempah da Sheeran sun yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy akan bayanan da suka gabata. Ita ce waƙar taken kundin, "Hotel Cabana" wanda ke nuna Tempah. An kaddamar da tirela na Hotel Cabana akan asusun Vevo na Naughty Boy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2012. Ya ce Hotel Cabana "Naughty Boy ne ya jagoranci shi, tare da Emeli Sandé, Tinie Tempah, Farfesa Green, Gabrielle da George the Poet ". A cikin kundin, ra'ayin Khan game da shi shine "Yana da ra'ayi a kansa, don haka ya fi kama da fim ta wasu bangarori", yana mai cewa "Ni ba furodusa ba ne kawai - ni ma darakta ne". Duk da haka, bai faru ba har sai Mayu 2013, cewa an sake saki na biyu " La La La " wanda ke nuna Sam Smith . Ya kai lamba daya a Burtaniya, uku a Ireland da uku a Scotland. An saki kundin a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2013. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
Bayan ya kammala aiki a kan nasa kundin, a cikin 2013, Khan ya ci gaba da samarwa ga sauran masu fasaha. Ya yi aiki a kan rikodin pop don mawaƙin Ba'amurke Britney Spears, da kuma shiga cikin zaman Spears tare da furodusa William Orbit . Mawakiyar Burtaniya Lily Allen ita ma ta nemi Khan da ta samar da bayanai na kundi nata mai zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu tare da Sandé da Katy Perry a New York don yin aiki akan waƙa don kundi na Perry sannan mai zuwa, Prism (2013).
2015-yanzu: Factor X da kundi na biyu
A cikin Maris 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Naughty Boy ya yi aiki tare da memba na One Direction Zayn Malik don ɗayan waƙoƙin kundin sa na biyu. Malik ya fice daga kungiyar jim kadan bayan wannan sanarwar, wanda ya kai ga yawancin magoya bayan One Direction suna zargin Naughty Boy akan tafiyar Malik.
A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2015, Naughty Boy ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fitar da waƙa mai taken " Runnin' (Lose It All) " mai nuna Beyoncé da Arrow Benjamin. A daidai wannan kwanan wata, ya raba zane-zane don guda ɗaya, waƙoƙin sa, snippet mai sauti na biyu na 15 tare da bidiyo ta asusun Instagram kuma ya fara ƙidayar har sai an sake shi ta kan layi. Washegari, a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2015, "Runnin' (Lose It All)" ya fara kan layi. An samo shi don saukewa na dijital akan Shagon iTunes akan 18 Satumba 2015. " Ya Kamata Na Kasance Ni ", wanda ke nuna muryoyin Kyla da Popcaan an sake shi a matsayin na biyu a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2016. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a lamba 61 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya . "Daya Dama zuwa Rawa", wanda ke nuna muryoyin daga Joe Jonas an sake shi a matsayin na uku a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2017.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52368 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic | Titanic | Wani jirgin saman fasinja ne na kasar Biritaniya, wanda ke karkashin layin White Star, wanda ya nutse a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1912 bayan ta buge wani dutsen kankara yayin balaguron farko da ta yi daga Southampton, Ingila zuwa birnin New York na Amurka. Daga cikin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin 2,224 da aka kiyasta, sama da 1,500 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama mafi muni a nutsewar jirgin ruwa guda har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ya kasance mafi munin lokacin kwanciyar hankali nutsewar jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa . Bala'in ya ja hankalin jama'a, ya ba da kayan tushe don nau'in fim ɗin bala'i, kuma ya ƙarfafa ayyukan fasaha da yawa. UpRMS Titanic
RMS Titanic shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya da ke shawagi a lokacin da ta shiga sabis kuma na biyu na OlympicOlympics da ke karkashin White Star Line. Gidan jirgin ruwa na Harland da Wolff ne suka gina ta a Belfast . Thomas Andrews, babban jami'in gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na filin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a cikin bala'in. Titanic yana karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Edward Smith, wanda ya sauka tare da jirgin . Jirgin ruwan ya dauki wasu daga cikin masu hannu da shuni a duniya, da kuma daruruwan bakin haure daga tsibirin Biritaniya, Scandinavia, da sauran wurare a Turai, wadanda ke neman sabuwar rayuwa a Amurka da Kanada.
An tsara masaukin na matakin farko don zama kololuwar jin daɗi da jin daɗi, tare da dakin motsa jiki, wurin shakatawa, dakunan shan taba, manyan gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shaye-shaye, wurin wanka na Turkawa da ɗaruruwan ɗakuna masu dumbin yawa. Ana samun mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo mai ƙarfi don aika fasinja "marconigrams" da kuma aikin aikin jirgin. Titanic yana da manyan fasalulluka na aminci, kamar ɗakunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma kunna kofofin da ba su da ruwa daga nesa, suna ba da gudummawa ga sunansa a matsayin "marasa nitsewa".
Titanic an sanye shi da jiragen ruwa na ceto guda 16, kowannensu yana iya sauke kwale-kwalen ceto guda uku, domin jimillar jiragen ruwa 48. Koyaya, a zahiri ta ɗauki kwale-kwale na ceto guda 20 ne kawai, huɗu daga cikinsu sun ruguje kuma sun nuna wuya a harba yayin da take nutsewa (Collapsible A ya kusan fadama kuma an cika da ƙafar ruwa har sai an ceto; Collapsible B gaba ɗaya ya kife yayin ƙaddamarwa). Tare, kwale-kwalen ceto 20 na iya ɗaukar mutane 1,178—kusan rabin adadin fasinjojin da ke cikin jirgin, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na adadin fasinjojin da jirgin zai iya ɗauka da cikakken iko (daidai da ka'idojin kiyaye teku na zamanin). Lokacin da jirgin ya nutse, kwale-kwalen ceton da aka saukar sun cika kusan kashi 60 ne kawai.
Fage
Sunan Titanic ya samo asali ne daga Titans na tatsuniyoyi na Girka . An gina shi a Belfast, Ireland, a lokacin da United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, RMS Titanic shi ne na biyu a cikin OlympicOlympics uku - na farko shi ne RMS . Olympic kuma na uku shine HMHS Britanniya . Britannic asalin ana kiransa Gigantic kuma ya kasance sama da dogon. Sun kasance da nisa mafi girma na jiragen ruwa na jirgin ruwa na kamfanin jirgin ruwa White Star Line na Birtaniya, 29 steamers da tender a 1912. Shugaban White Star Line, J. Bruce Ismay, da kuma mai ba da kudi na Amurka JP Morgan, wanda ke kula da iyaye na White Star Line, International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM).
Layin White Star ya fuskanci ƙalubale daga manyan abokan hamayyarsa, Cunard - wanda kwanan nan ya ƙaddamar da Lusitania da Mauretania, jiragen ruwa mafi sauri a lokacin da suke aiki - da kuma layin Jamus Hamburg America da Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay ya gwammace ya yi gasa a kan girma maimakon sauri kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙaddamar da sabon nau'in layin layi wanda zai fi duk wani abu da ya gabata, da kuma kasancewa kalma ta ƙarshe a cikin jin daɗi da jin daɗi. Layin White Star ya nemi haɓaka rundunarta da farko don amsa gabatar da kattai na Cunard amma kuma don ƙarfafa matsayinsa sosai kan sabis na Southampton – Cherbourg – New York wanda aka buɗe a 1907. Sabbin jiragen ruwa za su sami isasshen gudun don kula da sabis na mako-mako tare da jiragen ruwa uku kawai maimakon hudu na asali. Don haka, Olympic da Titanic za su maye gurbin RMS Teutonic na 1889, RMS Majestic na 1890 da RMS Adriatic ta 1907. RMS Oceanic zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar har sai an kawo sabon jirgi na uku.Za a dawo da Majestic akan sabis na White Star Line na New York bayan Titanic .
Gabaɗayan tsayinta, wanda aka auna daga gindin keel zuwa saman gada, ya kai . Ta auna 46,329 GRT da 21,831 NRT kuma tare da daftarin aiki na , ta raba tan 52,310. Dukkan jiragen ruwa guda uku na gasar Olympics suna da benaye goma (ban da saman guraben jami'an), takwas daga cikinsu na amfani da fasinja ne. Daga sama zuwa kasa, benen sun kasance:Harland & Wolff na Belfast ne ya gina jiragen ruwa, wanda ke da dangantaka mai tsawo da White Star Line tun 1867. ; Hanyar da aka saba shine Wilhelm Wolff ya zana ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya, wanda Edward James Harland zai juya ya zama ƙirar jirgi. La'akarin farashi ya kasance mafi ƙarancin fifiko; Harland & Wolff an ba su izinin kashe abin da suke buƙata a kan jiragen ruwa, da ribar kashi biyar cikin ɗari. A cikin yanayin jiragen ruwa na Olympics, farashin £ 3 miliyan (kimanin £ 310 miliyan a cikin 2019 ) na jiragen ruwa biyu na farko an amince da "karin kwangila" da kuma kuɗin da aka saba da kashi biyar.
Harland da Wolff sun sanya manyan masu zanen su yin aikin kera jiragen ruwa na Olympics . An kula da zane ta hanyar Lord Pirrie, darektan Harland da Wolff da White Star Line; Architecture na ruwa Thomas Andrews, Manajan Daraktan Harland da Wolff's zane sashen; Edward Wilding, mataimakin Andrews kuma ke da alhakin ƙididdige ƙirar jirgin, kwanciyar hankali da datsa; da kuma Alexander Carlisle, babban mai tsara aikin jirgin ruwa kuma babban manajan. Ayyukan Carlisle sun haɗa da kayan ado, kayan aiki, da duk shirye-shirye na gabaɗaya, gami da aiwatar da ingantaccen ƙirar davit jirgin ruwa .
A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1908, Harland da Wolff sun gabatar da zanen ga J. Bruce Ismay da sauran shugabannin White Star Line. Ismay ya amince da tsarin kuma ya sanya hannu kan "wasiƙun yarjejeniya" guda uku bayan kwana biyu, wanda ya ba da izinin fara ginin. A wannan lokacin, jirgin na farko - wanda daga baya ya zama Olympic - ba shi da suna amma an kira shi kawai "Lambar 400", kamar yadda Harland da Wolff na dari hudu. Titanic ya dogara ne akan sigar da aka sabunta na ƙirar iri ɗaya kuma an ba shi lamba 401.
Titanic ya kasance tsawo tare da iyakar fadin .
Jirgin ruwan, wanda aka ajiye kwale-kwalen ceto. Daga nan ne a farkon 15 ga Afrilu 1912 aka saukar da kwale kwalen ceton Titanic zuwa Arewacin Atlantic. Gada da keken keken sun kasance a ƙarshen gaba, a gaban ɗakin kyaftin da jami'ai. Gadar ta tsaya sama da bene, yana shimfiɗa zuwa kowane gefe don a iya sarrafa jirgin yayin da yake docking. Gidan motar ya tsaya a cikin gadar. Ƙofar Babban Matakai na Ajin Farko da Gymnasium suna tsakiyar jiragen ruwa ne tare da ɗagarar rufin falon falon ajin farko, yayin da a bayan bene akwai rufin ɗakin hayaƙi na aji na farko da ƙofar aji na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta. An raba benen da aka lulluɓe da itace zuwa manyan hanyoyin balaguro guda huɗu: na jami'ai, fasinjojin ajin farko, injiniyoyi, da fasinjojin aji na biyu bi da bi. Kwale-kwale na ceto sun yi layi a gefen jirgin sai dai a yankin da ake kira First Class, inda aka samu gibi don kada abin ya lalace.
Deck, wanda kuma ake kira filin jirgin sama, wanda aka shimfida tare da dukan tsayin babban tsari . An keɓe shi ne kawai don fasinjojin aji na farko kuma yana ɗauke da ɗakunan ajiya na ajin farko, ɗakin kwana na farko, ɗakin hayaki, ɗakunan karatu da rubutu, da Kotun Dabino.
B Deck, benen gada, shine babban bene mai ɗaukar nauyi da matakin babba na ƙwanƙwasa. Ana samun ƙarin masaukin fasinja aji na farko a nan tare da dakunan fasinja guda shida (cabin) waɗanda ke da nasu balaguron balaguro. A kan Titanic, gidan cin abinci na à la carte da Café Parisien sun ba da wuraren cin abinci na alfarma ga fasinjojin Class Class. Dukansu biyun suna ƙarƙashin wasu masu dafa abinci ne da ma'aikatansu; duk sun yi asara a cikin bala'in. Dakin shan taba mai daraja na biyu da zauren shiga duk suna kan wannan bene. Hasashen da aka taso na jirgin yana gaba da bene na gada, yana ɗaukar ƙyanƙyashe lamba 1 (babban ƙyanƙyashe har zuwa ɗimbin kaya), manyan injina da gidajen anka. Bayan benen gada shine bene mai ɗagawa, dogon, wanda fasinjojin aji na uku ke amfani da shi azaman balaguro. A nan ne yawancin fasinjojin Titanic da ma'aikatan jirgin suka tsaya tsayin na ƙarshe yayin da jirgin ya nutse. An raba wurin hasashe da bene na gada da rijiyoyin rijiyoyin .
C Deck, benen tsari, shine mafi girman bene don gudana ba tare da katsewa ba daga kara zuwa baya. Ya haɗa da ɗakunan rijiyoyin biyu; wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron aji na uku. An ajiye dakunan jirgin a ƙasan hasashe kuma an ajiye dakunan jama'a na aji na uku a ƙasan bene. A tsakanin akwai mafi yawan gidajen kwana na Ajin Farko da ɗakin karatu na aji na biyu.
D Deck, bene na saloon, ya mamaye manyan dakuna uku na jama'a-ɗakin liyafar ajin farko, salon cin abinci na aji na farko da salon cin abinci na aji na biyu. An samar da fili ga fasinjojin aji na uku. Fasinjoji na farko, na biyu da na uku suna da dakuna a wannan bene, tare da wuraren kwana na masu kashe gobara a cikin baka. Ya kasance mafi girman matakin da manyan ɗigon ruwa na jirgin ya kai (ko da yake kawai takwas daga cikin goma sha biyar).
E Deck, bene na sama, an fi amfani dashi don masaukin fasinja don duk azuzuwan uku tare da wuraren dafa abinci, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu kula da masu gyarawa . Tare da tsawon sa an yi wata doguwar hanya mai suna 'Scotland Road', dangane da wani sanannen titi a Liverpool . Fasinjojin aji na uku da ma'aikatan jirgin ne suka yi amfani da titin Scotland Road.
F Deck, tsakiyar bene, shine cikakken bene na ƙarshe, kuma galibi yana ɗaukar fasinjoji na biyu da na uku da sassa da yawa na ma'aikatan jirgin. Salon cin abinci na aji uku yana nan, haka kuma wurin wanka, wankan Turkawa da dakunan kwana.
G Deck, ƙananan bene, shine mafi ƙasƙanci cikakken bene wanda ke ɗaukar fasinjoji, kuma yana da ƙananan ramuka, kusa da layin ruwa. Kotun squash tana nan tare da gidan waya mai balaguro inda aka jera wasiƙu da fakiti a shirye don isarwa lokacin da jirgin ya tsaya. An kuma ajiye abinci a nan. An katse bene a wurare da yawa ta hanyar bene na orlop (bangare) akan tukunyar jirgi, injin da dakunan injin turbine.
Wuraren orlop, da saman tanki da ke ƙasa da wancan, sun kasance a kan matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na jirgin, a ƙarƙashin layin ruwa. An yi amfani da bene na orlop a matsayin wuraren dakon kaya, yayin da babban tanki—ƙasa na cikin jirgin ruwa—ya samar da dandamalin da ake ajiye tukunyar jirgi, injina, injina da injinan lantarki. Wannan yanki na jirgin ya kasance a cikin injin da dakunan tanki, wuraren da za a hana fasinjoji gani. An haɗa su tare da matakan mafi girma na jirgin ta matakan matakan hawa; Matakan karkace tagwaye kusa da baka sun ba da damar zuwa D Deck.
Siffofin
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links |
25562 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTT%20%28education%29 | TTT (education) | Thalir Thiran Thittam ( TTT ; Tamil; Gujarati; Hindi) shirin ilimi ne na tushen dabarun rayuwa wanda aka tsara musamman don yara da matasa. Tare da taken "Canje Canjenable ta hanyar Fadakarwa, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2008 ta Gidauniyar Madurai -based Aparajitha Foundations ( ƙungiyar alhakin zamantakewa na Aparajitha Corporate Services. TTT ta ba da ilimin ƙwarewar rayuwa 5,305,250 a makarantu 39,498 a cikin jihohin Indiya biyar (Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana da Madhya Pradesh ) ta hanyar sassan ilimi na jihar. Manufarta ita ce haɓaka ƙwarewar rayuwa, mai mahimmanci don fuskantar ƙalubalen rayuwar zamani, waɗanda ba a bayar da su a cikin tsarin karatun na yau da kullun. Shirin zai taimaka wa ɗalibai su fahimci ƙarfinsu kuma suyi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa.
Bayan Fage
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana dabarun rayuwa a matsayin "iyawa don daidaitawa da kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke ba mutane damar yin aiki yadda yakamata tare da buƙatu da ƙalubalen rayuwa." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar dinkin Duniya kan 1989an 1989an Adam ta 1989 ta ayyana manufofin tarbiyyar yara a sassan (a) zuwa (e) na labarin 29. Tushen Aparajitha sun kirkiro TTT a cikin shekara tab 2008, dangane da waɗannan ma'anoni.
Manufofi, tsari, da manhaja
An ƙirƙiri TTT tare da maƙasudai masu zuwa:
Don ba wa ɗalibai damar yin zaɓin bayanai ta hanyar ba su ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don jimre da matsaloli da matsalolin da suka shafi rayuwarsu da jin daɗinsu.
Don shirya ɗalibai su zama masu ƙwazo, ƙwazo manya, masu ba su damar samun ƙima
Don sanya ɗalibai su dace da ainihin duniyar da za su kasance 'yan ƙasa masu alhakin, suna ba da gudummawa ga kansu, danginsu da al'umma gaba ɗaya
Shirin yana da matakai shida: haɓaka manhaja, isar da manhaja, aiwatar da shirin, ƙarfafa shirin, nazarin tasiri da bincike kan ayyuka . An raba manhajarsa zuwa sassa 10:
Kwarewar rayuwa guda 10, kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta lissafa:
Sanin kai
Tausayi
Basirar mutane
Sadarwa
Tunanin kirkira
Tunani mai mahimmanci
Yin shawara
Matsalar matsala
Yin fama da motsin rai
Yin fama da damuwa)
Bayanin darajar
Da'a
Gudanar da lokaci
Saitin manufa
Lafiya da tsafta
Fahimtar jinsi
Dokokin ƙasa
Fahimtar kafofin watsa labarai
Ilimin halittu da muhalli
Matakan
Dalibai a cikin aji 1-5 suna cikin rukunin firamare, kuma shirin su ya ƙunshi wasanni, ayyuka da waƙoƙi. Dalibai a aji 6-11 suna da darussan bidiyo 120.
Aiwatarwa
An aiwatar da aikin matukin jirgi a cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2008 zuwa ta 2009 a manyan makarantun sakandare biyar: biyu a Madurai, makarantun gwamnati biyu a Tirupathur a gundumar Sivaganga, da makarantar gwamnati ɗaya a Mallankinaru, gundumar Virudhunagar . An ƙaddamar da TTT a ranar 29 ga Yuli a cikin shekara tab 2008 a Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati da ke Mallankinaru.
Bayan aikin gwaji, an ƙara TTT zuwa manyan makarantu 2141 na gwamnati da manyan makarantun sakandare na gwamnati na shekara ta 2018 a Tamil Nadu ranar 1 ga Oktoba a cikin shekara ta 2009. A shekarar 2013, an fadada shirin zuwa makarantun da gwamnati ke taimakawa. An ba da TTT ga ɗaliban firamare a makarantun firamare da na tsakiya waɗanda Kamfanin Karamar Hukumar Madurai ke gudanarwa tun daga shekara ta 2015.
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta don aiwatar da sigar Gujarati na TTT, Tim Tim Tara, a makarantu 489 da gwamnati ke jagoranta da makarantu 6,769 da gwamnati ta taimaka a shekarar ilimi ta 2011-12. Tun farkon shekarar ilimi ta 2018–19, ana watsa darussan ta wayar tarho akan EDUSAT .
An sanya hannu wani MoU a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016 don aiwatar da sigar Hindi, Tim Tim Tare, a manyan makarantun sakandare na gwamnatin Rajasthan na 71 da manyan makarantun sakandare 1,340 a shekarar ilimi ta 2016 - 17. Tun daga shekarar ilimi ta 2018–19, an ba da ilimin ƙwarewar rayuwa akan EDUSAT.
Tim Tim Tare (Hindi) an gwada shi a makarantu 270 a cikin gundumomi takwas na yankin Indore na Madhya Pradesh yayin shekarar karatu ta 2016 - 17. An fadada shirin zuwa sauran makarantun da ke shiyyar yayin shekarar karatu ta 2017–18.
An sanya hannu kan MoU a cikin Satumba shekara ta 2017 don aiwatar da Tim Tim Tare a makarantun Haryana 14,000 a cikin shekarar karatu ta 2017–18. A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2018-19, an ba da darussa akan EDUSAT.
Nazari da bincike
An gudanar da bincike guda uku don tantance tasirin shirin:
Horar da ƙwarewar taushi ga matasa da aka ware: batutuwa da ƙalubale - Nazarin da Osheen Tripathi ya yi a cikin shekara ta 2013 don Rakshak, ƙungiyar da [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]ke Delhi.
Shirin Kwarewar Rayuwa ga Matasa (Thalir Thiran Thittam) - Nazarin 2014 da Farfesa Selvalakshmi na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Thiagarajar da ɗalibai biyu[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]
Wani kimantawa na Thalir Thiran Thittam da Dr. Preetha ya yi na karatun digiri na 2014 a Jami'ar Bharathiar[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]
Dalibai a Makarantar Kasuwancin Ross ta Jami'ar Michigan sun kuma yi karatun Thalir Thiran Thittam.
Nassoshi
Manazarta
Labari game da TTT a cikin Tamil Wikipedia
TTT - Gabatarwa
Soma Basu, Darussa daga wajen littafin, The Hindu, Madurai, 13-06-2012
Aruna Raghuram, A girke -girke na nasara: Haɓaka ƙwarewar laushi a cikin yara
Thalir Thiran Thittam - Canjin Canji ta hanyar Fadakarwa
Thalir Thiran Thittam, shirin canji ga matasa - Bidiyo
Shirye -shiryen Ingantawa: Thalir Thiran Thittam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
42928 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20mata%20ta%20Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Burundi, wadda ake yi wa laƙabi da Swallows (Faransanci: Hirondelles ), tana wakiltar Burundi a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta mata. Tun shekarar 2016 kungiyar ta fafata a wasannin da FIFA ta amince da ita, hukumar wasanni ta kasa da kasa. Wata babbar tawagar kasar ba ta ci gaba da aiki ba, amma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta buga wasanni da yawa. Ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa a kasar yana fuskantar kalubalen da ake samu a fadin Afirka, ciki har da rashin daidaito da karancin damar samun ilimi ga mata. Ba a samu wani shirin kwallon kafa na mata a Burundi ba sai a shekara ta 2000, kuma 'yan wasa 455 ne kawai suka yi rajistar shiga matakin kasa a shekara ta 2006.
Tarihi
A shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata kasa a duniya da ke da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa.Yayin da wasan ya samu karbuwa a duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Burundi ba ta da wata kungiya a hukumance sai bayan fiye da shekaru ashirin. A shekara ta 2009, duk da haka, Burundi tana da babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar da FIFA ta amince da ita da ake yiwa laƙabi da Swallows da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 da FIFA ta amince da ita. Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta buga wasan kasa da kasa daya a shekarar 2002, daya a shekarar 2004 da daya a shekarar 2006.
Babbar tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa ba ta taɓa yin gasa a matakin da FIFA ta amince da ita ba kuma ba ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata . Tawagar ta kasance daya daga cikin 200 da ke shirin tunkarar gasar share fagen shiga gasar a shekarar 2007, amma ba ta buga gasar ba. Tawagar ta janye daga wasu al'amura da dama. Burundi za ta buga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka a shekara ta 2008 amma ta fice daga gasar, abin da ya bai wa Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango damar shiga gasar. Kungiyar ta kuma fice daga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na mata a shekara ta 2010 da kuma ta 2012 kafin a buga wasan share fage na farko. Burundi ba ta halarci wasu manyan al'amura a nahiyar ba, ciki har da gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 2011 . Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2012, FIFA ba ta sanya ƙungiyar ba. As of March 2012, the team was not ranked by FIFA.
An shirya Burundi za ta halarci gasar a shekara ta 2007 da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta shirya a Zanzibar . Nicholas Musonye, shi ne sakataren hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka (Cecafa), ya ce game da taron, “CAF na son bunkasa kwallon kafa na mata a wannan yankin, saboda la’akari da irin nasarorin da Cecafa ta samu tsawon shekaru. CAF ta yaba da abin da Cecafa ta yi duk da wahalhalun da kungiyar ta shiga, tun daga matsalolin kudi da rashin zaman lafiya a cikin kasashe mambobin kungiyar da rashin kula da kungiyoyin. Kasashe membobi a yankin Cecafa ba su dauki wasan kwallon kafa na mata da muhimmanci ba. CAF yanzu tana son daukar nauyin kamfen na dogon lokaci don jawo hankalin mata daga wannan yankin zuwa wasan." An soke gasar ne saboda rashin kudi.
Kungiyar mata ta Burundi ta hadu ne a shekarar 2019 karkashin kociyan kungiyar Daniella Niyibimenya da fatan gasar cin kofin mata ta CECAFA ta shekarar 2019 . Kungiyar ta sha kashi da ci 2-0 a karawar da suka yi da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Uganda . Da yake magana kan rashin dorewar kungiyar da kuma taka rawar gani, Niyibimenya ya ce, “Muna da hazikan kungiya amma suna bukatar wasannin motsa jiki da dama don bunkasa halayensu. Saboda rashin kayan aiki, za mu iya hada ’yan matan ne kawai idan an sanar da gasar.”
Fage da ci gaba
Ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka na fuskantar kalubale da dama da suka hada da karancin damar samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata, rashin daidaito da kuma take hakkin dan Adam.
Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Burundi, kungiyar kasa ta kasar, ta kirkiro shirin kwallon kafa na mata a shekara ta 2000. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, 'yan wasa mata 455 ne kawai suka yi rajista, kuma rashin samun bunkasuwar wasan mata ya zama cikas ga tawagar ƙasar. Lydia Nsekera ita ce shugabar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasa.
A wajen tarayyar ta kasa, an kafa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nationale du football féminin tun a shekarar 1990, kuma an shirya gasar lig da ta mata a lokaci guda a Bujumbura .
Manazarta
Duba kuma
Kwallon kafa a Burundi
Kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka
Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin kungiya a fifa.com |
15337 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajumoke%20Adenowo | Olajumoke Adenowo | Olajumoke Olufunmilola Adenowo (an haife tane a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoban shekarar ta 1968) ƙwararriyar masaniya ce a fannin sana'ar zane zane. Ita ma yar kasuwa ce kuma mai son taimakon jama'a, mai magana da jama'a, kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo kuma marubuciya. A wani hira a CNN an bayyana ta a matsayin "Starchitect na Afirka ta bayyana ta a matsayin "fuskar Gine-gine a Najeriya". A shekarar 2018 ne Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) ta amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu kwazo a harkar gine-gine a yau.
Adenowo ta kasance a cikin mujallar gine-ginen Architectural Record kuma tayi magana a taron baja koli da taro ciki har da kuma Global Women Forum da Harvard Business School (African Business Club). Ta shirya wani taron rediyo akan jagoranci "Muryar Canji".
Kamar yadda mai tsara gine-ginen Adenowo ya hada da dimbin abokan cinikayya na kasashen duniya da dama da suka hada da Coca-Cola, L'Oreal, The Nigerian Stock Exchange, Access Bank Plc da Guaranty Trust Bank.
A matsayinsa na mai jawabi ga jama'a, Adenowo ta gabatar da laccoci a kan zane-zane, gine-gine, al'amuran mata, karfafawa mata da ayyukan kasuwanci a Afirka. Kafafen yada labarai na duniya kamar CNN da Fortune sun haska ta.
Ta fara nata gine-ginen gida da kamfanin zane na shekarar AD Consulting a s1994. Kamfanin yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya.
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
Mahaifin Adenowo dukkansu furofesoshi ne, ɗayan Tarihi kuma ɗayan na Laifin Laifi. Ta zauna a harabar jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo . Bauhaus wanda ya koyar da gine-ginen Arieh Sharon ne ya tsara shi tsakanin 1962-1972. Rayuwa a ciki, sannan ƙarshe karatu a Jami'a ya ƙarfafa mata tsarin gine-gine tun tana ƙarama.
A 14 ta shiga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo kuma ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko tare da Kimiyyar kere-kere a shekaru 19. A matsayinta na dalibar zama dalibi ta lashe kyautar Kyautar Dalibai Mafi Kyawu. Ta sami Babbar Jagora na Kimiyyar Aikin Gine-gine, tare da bambanci, daga wannan jami'ar a 1991.
Ita ma tsohuwar makarantar Harvard Kennedy School (2019), Yale School of Management (2016), Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Legas (2002) da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IESE a Jami'ar Navarra a Barcelona, Spain (2005).
Adenowo ta bayyana cewa burinta na harkar gine-gine ya bita ne a lokacin da ta ziyarci biranen Paris da Palais de Versailles tun tana karama, tare da zama a harabar jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo. Waɗannan sun ba ta falsafar ƙirar ƙira - babban darasi shi ne cewa a cikin aikinsa, gine-gine dole ne ya kasance mai kulawa da yanayin ƙira, fasaha, abubuwan more rayuwa da yanayin jiki.
Kariya
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, an dauki Adenowo a matsayin Mataimakin Gini a Towry Coker Associates. Sannan ta yi aikin gine-gine a Legas a Femi Majekodunmi Associates. Ta yi aiki a aikin Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya a Abuja tana da shekara 23.
Adenowo ta kafa nata gine-ginen gine-gine da kamfanin zane a cikin gida a shekarar 1994, AD Consulting lokacin tana 'yar shekara 25. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, AD Consulting ta shiga cikin zane da gina ayyukan fiye da 70. Wadannan sun hada da gine-ginen gwamnatin Najeriya, gidajen masu zaman kansu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, cibiyoyin masana'antu, da kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kudi. Abokan ciniki na AD sun haɗa da Coca-Cola da L'Oreal. A
A cikin layi daya da kafa AD Consulting, Adenowo ya kuma kafa kuma ya gudanar da Kamfanin Advantage Energy, kamfanin samar da mai da Gas. Ita memba ce a cikin theungiyar Chawararrun ofwararrun bitwararrun andwararraki kuma memba ce ta Leadersungiyar Shugabancin Afirka.
A cikin 2019, Olajumoke Adenowo an nada shi a matsayin Farfesa na Ziyarci a Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM) a Jamus. An karrama ta ne a matsayinta na mai lambar yabo da kuma Bako Masana Kimiyyar a Kundin Masana, Tarihin Gine-gine da bangaren zane-zane da zane na jami'ar Sashen Gine-gine. An kafa wannan shirin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bavaria.
Kasuwanci
Kyautar Kyaututtukan Mata na Cartier - Memba na Jury - 2018
Horar da Ma’aikata da Kwalejin Ci gaban Kwarewa (VPDA) - 2018
Hamilton Daraktan Daraktan Makaranta - 2018
Makarantar Lome ta Burtaniya, Darakta - 2012
Fountain Holdings Limited, Darakta - 2011
Bayar da kyaututtika
Adenowo yana da kamfanoni masu yawa. A cikin 1999 ta kafa Gidauniyar Bayanai mai Kyau (ATF), wacce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita, mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a Legas, Najeriya.Gidauniyar tana da manufa don haɓaka shugabanni 1000 nan da 2030 masu aiki musamman mata da matasa.
Yawancin shirye-shiryen gidauniyarta suna mai da hankali ne akan mata da yara marasa ƙarfi. ATF ce ke gudanar da sansanin Camp Dawn, sansanin ilimi, don magance matsalar ilimin yara na gari. Hakanan yana kula da Kyawawan Sarakuna, masu kulawa da girlsan mata froman mata daga ƙauyukan Legas waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata da HIV / AIDs, samar da binciken likita da tsoma bakin ilimi. Esomeididdiga masu ban sha'awa suna ba da horo ga mata don jagorancin ƙasashen waje da kuma kasuwanci ta hanyar koyar da sana'a, azuzuwan kasuwanci da horon jagoranci da ake gudanarwa a duk faɗin Nijeriya. A cikin shekaru 15 na farko, mutane 70,000 sun halarci taron shugabannin ATF.
Bayyana ga jama'a
An gayyace ta don yin magana a taron duniya da na taro, gami da Global Women Forum, SOLVE a MIT, Harvard Business School (African Business Club), Cambridge University (African Society) da New African Woman Forum.
Adenowo ya gabatar da wani shiri na rediyo a wani shiri na mako-mako da aka hada kan jagoranci - Muryar Canji.
Lamban girma
An karrama Adenowo da kyautuka da dama kan gine ginenta da kuma taimakon jama'a. Wadannan sun hada da Rare Gems Award tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Ba da Bayani ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gidauniyar Raya Gaggawar Mata (WODEF), don aikinta tare da karfafawa mata; Allianceungiyar Kawancen Mata ta Duniya don Bambancin Duniya 100; da Kyaututtukan Kasa da Kasa (Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Gine-ginen Jama'a, 2012); Kyautar Kadarorin Afirka (Mafi Kyawun Gine-Gine-gine; Mafi Kyawun Gine-gine na Ofishi da Mafi kyawun Gine-ginen Hidimar Jama'a, 2013); Lambobin IDEA (Mafi kyawun Mai tsara Kasuwancin 2012; Mafi kyawun Ginin Gida 2013); Lambobin yabo na jihar Ekiti, 2014; Lambobin IDEA (Mafi kyawun Masanin Tsarin Gida na shekara ta 2014) da Kyautar Cambridge na Afirka.
A cikin 1991, Adenowo ya kasance cikin 'Waye Zai Zama Wanene a ƙarni na 21' ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi ta Duniya a Cambridge, UK. Ita ce Vital Voices Lead Fellow kuma memba a Global Philanthropy Forum, The African Philanthropy Forum da The African Leadership Network.
An kuma karrama ta a matsayin Ambasada mai kyau saboda kyawawan nasarorin da ta samu a fannin gine-gine da ci gaban mata ta hanyar almajiranta.
Adenowo ya karbi Sabuwar Matan Matan Afirka a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci sannan kuma an zabe shi don Kyautar Matan Yammacin Afirka ta Gwarzon Shekara a CNBC All Africa Business Leaders Awards a 2014. An san ta a matsayin ɗayan 100an Nijeriya 100 da suka fi tasiri a Najeriya. Hakanan an lakafta ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 masu matukar birgewa a Najeriya, daya daga cikin Mata 10 mafiya karfi a Afirka a harkar kasuwanci ta hannun AFK Insider kuma daya daga cikin Businessan Matan Afirka masu Raji sosai ta La Batisseurs Des Economie De L'Afrique.
Ita abokiyar aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-ginen Nijeriya ce kuma ta kasance jury memba a cikin Kyaututtukan Injiniyar Matan. Cartier. An nuna ta a cikin Hall of Fame, Watan Tarihi na Baƙi ta Jami'ar Yammacin Ingila, Bristol.
Ayyukanta a yanzu
Babban aikin Adenowo na farko shine yana da shekaru 24 a karkashin jagorancin Shugabanta Cif Femi Majekodunmi na Femi Majekodunmi da Associates. Ta tsara ginin Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya, Abuja, a Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da:
Majalisar Haske Mai Shiryarwa
Gyara Cibiyar Kinshasa (DRC)
GTBank Babban Networth Mutum Cibiyar
Bankin Bankin Matasa Bankin sake fasalin yanayin ingantawa
VGC - Gidan zama
AD Studio
Man Ruwan Sama
Ginin Majalisar Dattawa na OAU
Cocin Calabar
Rayuwar ta
Tana auren Olukorede Adenowo. Suna da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu.
Wallafa
Rayuwa: Littafin Addu'ar Mahaifiyar (Gyarawa da Updatedaukakawa). Mawallafin Gida; 5 Yuli 2012. .
Seedaron Sirrin: Powerarfin Sirrin Financialaruwar Kuɗi. Mawallafin Gida; Janairu 2013. ISBN 978-1-4685-8285-7 .
An tsara shi don Aure. Gidauniyar Kaya mai ban tsoro; 2013. ISBN 978-978-932-589-4
Forcesungiyoyin Alkawari. Mallakar Hasken Wuta.
Yaron Kaddara. Littafin Hasken Wuta; 1996.
Duba kuma
Jerin masu zane-zanen Najeriya
Manazarta
Karin karatu
"CNN tana murna da zanen mata 'yan Najeriya: Olajumoke Adenowo". Jaridar Nigerian Tribune. Disamba 13, 2014.
'Swararrun mata mata na Afirka suna Fitowa daga Bangare
Rubutun gine-gine - Mai ba da labarai: Olajumoke Adenowo
"Adenowo: Bayyana Najeriya Ta Hanyar Gine-gine", Mujallar Lahadi, The Guardian (Nijeriya), 15 Disamba 2013. An shiga 13 Janairu 2013.
"Ina son ƙirƙirar abubuwa, ba kawai gine-gine ba", The Nation, 18 Maris 2012. An shiga 24 Disamba 2012.
AD Tattaunawa: Babban Abokin Hulɗa. An shiga 24 Disamba 2012.
Game da gidan yanar gizon Me Adenowo.
"Olajumoke Adenowo A Kan Bangon Mujallar TW ta Bugun Yuni", gidan yanar sadarwar Matan Yau, 12 ga Yuni 2013. An shiga 13 Janairu 2013.
Kemi Adejumobi (13 ga Fabrairu, 2015). "Olajumoke Adenowo, fitaccen mai zane-zane a Najeriya -CNN". Ranar kasuwanci. An sake dawo da Maris 9, 2015.
Na Yi Gasa da Ni-Olajumoke Adenowo Sun News Online. 21 Disamba 2013.
"An tsara shi don Aure", Olajumoke Adenowo ya Magance Matsalolin Aure masu mahimmanci, Duba Hotuna Daga Kaddamar da Littafin Onobello.com, 12 July 2013.
"Na yi takara da kaina - Olajumoke Adenowo". NewsFetchers. An dawo da Mayu 2014.
Wadanda Suke Farantawa Najeriya Rai.
"Wanene zai zama wanene a cikin karni na 21" (sashin nasarar matasa) ta International Biographical Center Cambridge, Ingila
Mata a cikin Gine-gine "Ba duniyar mutum ba ce" Olajumoke Adenowo ta ba da labarin Mayu na 2016 na Mujallar Mace ta Afirka ta Duniya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
"Awesome Treasures Foundation: Meet the Founder".
"VOC".
"AD Consulting".
Marubutan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Mutane
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31479 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace | Greenpeace | Greenpeace cibiyar sadarwa ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya. Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 26 na ƙasa/yanki a cikin ƙasashe sama da 55 a duk faɗin Turai, Amurka, Afirka, Asiya da Pasifik, da kuma ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, Greenpeace International, mai tushe a Amsterdam, Netherlands. An kafa Greenpeace a Kanada a cikin 1971 ta Irving da Dorothy Stowe, masu fafutukar kare muhalli baƙi daga Amurka . Greenpeace ta ce manufarta ita ce "tabbatar da ikon duniya don raya rayuwa a cikin dukkan nau'ikanta" kuma ta mai da hankali kan yakin neman zabe a kan batutuwan duniya kamar sauyin yanayi, sare dazuzzuka, kifaye fiye da kifaye, kifin kasuwanci, injiniyan ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma hana makaman nukiliya. al'amura. Yana amfani da aiki kai tsaye, lobbying, bincike, da muhalli don cimma burin sa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ba ta karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, ko jam'iyyun siyasa, ta dogara da masu goyon baya miliyan uku da tallafin gidauniyar. Greenpeace yana da matsayi na ba da shawara na gabaɗaya tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziƙi da Tattalin Arziƙi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kuma memba ne mai kafa na Yarjejeniya Takardun Kuɗi na INGO, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ke da niyyar haɓaka rikodi da bayyana gaskiya na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
An san Greenpeace don ayyukanta na kai tsaye kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ake iya gani a duniya. Ya tayar da batutuwan muhalli zuwa ilimin jama'a, kuma ya yi tasiri ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Ƙungiyar ta samu suka; batu ne na buɗaɗɗiyar wasika daga sama da 100 wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel suna kira ga Greenpeace da ta kawo karshen yakinta na yaki da kwayoyin halitta (GMOs). Ayyukan kai tsaye na ƙungiyar sun haifar da matakan shari'a a kan masu fafutuka na GreenPeace, kamar tara tara da dakatar da hukunce-hukunce don lalata shirin gwajin alkama da aka gyara da lalata Layi na Nazca, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. a Peru. Tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Greenpeace shine batun binciken da ba daidai ba daga Ofishin Bincike na Tarayyar Amurka tsakanin 2001 da 2005. Babban Sufeto Janar na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ya yanke shawarar cewa "kaɗan ko babu dalili" na binciken kuma ya sa FBI ta ba da bayanan da ba daidai ba da yaudara ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.
Tarihi
Asalin
A ƙarshen 1960s, Amurka ta shirya gwajin makamin nukiliya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Cannikin a cikin tsibirin Amchitka da ke cikin Alaska mara kwanciyar hankali; tsare-tsaren sun haifar da wasu damuwa game da gwajin da ya haifar da girgizar kasa da haifar da tsunami . Wasu mutane 7,000 sun toshe iyakar Peace Arch Border tsakanin British Columbia da Washington, ɗauke da alamun da ke karanta "Kada ku Yi Wave. Laifinku Ne Idan Laifin Mu Ya Tafi" da "Tsarin Jirgina Ba a Kammala ba." Zanga-zangar dai ba ta hana Amurka tada bam ɗin ba.
Duk da yake babu wata girgizar ƙasa ko tsunami da ta biyo bayan gwajin, ƴan adawa sun karu lokacin da Amurka ta sanar da cewa za su tayar da bam fiye da na farko. Daga cikin abokan adawar akwai Jim Bohlen, wani tsohon soja da ya yi aiki a Sojan Ruwa na Amurka, da Irving Stowe da Dorothy Stowe, wadanda suka zama Quakers kwanan nan.
Sun ji takaicin rashin aiwatar da aikin Saliyo Club Canada, wanda membobinsu ne. Daga Irving Stowe, Jim Bohlen ya koyi wani nau'i na juriya mai wuyar gaske, "shaidawa", inda ake nuna rashin amincewa da ayyukan da ba su dace ba ta hanyar halarta kawai. Matar Jim Bohlen Marie ta zo da ra'ayin tafiya zuwa Amchitka, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye na nukiliya na Albert Bigelow a 1958. Tunanin ya ƙare a cikin jarida kuma an haɗa shi da Ƙungiyar Saliyo. Ƙungiyar Saliyo ba ta jin daɗin wannan haɗin gwiwa kuma a cikin 1970 an kafa Kwamitin Kada Ku Yi Wave don zanga-zangar. An gudanar da tarurrukan farko a gidan Shaughnessy na Robert Hunter da matarsa Bobbi Hunter. Daga baya, gidan Stowe a 2775 Courtenay Street ( Vancouver ) ya zama hedkwatar. Kamar yadda Rex Weyler ya sanya shi a cikin tarihin tarihinsa, Greenpeace, a cikin 1969, Irving da Dorothy Stowe's "gida mai natsuwa akan titin Courtenay ba da daɗewa ba zai zama babban cibiya, mahimmancin duniya". An gudanar da wasu tarurrukan Greenpeace na farko a can. An bude ofishi na farko a wani daki na baya, kantuna a kan Cypress da West Broadway kudu maso gabas a Kitsilano, Vancouver. A cikin rabin shekara, Greenpeace ta shiga don raba sararin ofis na sama tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamar da Kare Muhalli a 4th da Maple a Kitsilano .
Irving Stowe ya shirya wani kiɗe-kiɗe na fa'ida (goyan bayan Joan Baez ) wanda ya faru a ranar 16 Oktoba 1970 a Pacific Coliseum a Vancouver. Waƙoƙin ya haifar da tushen kuɗi don yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko na Greenpeace. Amchitka, wasan kwaikwayo na 1970 wanda ya ƙaddamar da Greenpeace GreenPeace ne ya buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2009 akan CD kuma ana samunsa azaman zazzagewar mp3 ta gidan yanar gizon kiɗan Amchitka. Yin amfani da kuɗin da aka tara tare da wasan kwaikwayo, Kwamitin Kada Ku Yi Wave Kwamitin hayar jirgi, Phyllis Cormack mallakar John Cormack kuma ya yi tafiya. An canza wa jirgin suna Greenpeace don zanga-zangar bayan wa'adin da mai fafutuka Bill Darnell ya yi. Cikakken ma'aikatan sun hada da: Kyaftin John Cormack (mai jirgin ruwa), Jim Bohlen, Bill Darnell, Patrick Moore, Dr Lyle Thurston, Dave Birmingham, Terry A. Simmons, Richard Fineberg, Robert Hunter (dan jarida), Ben Metcalfe (dan jarida), Bob Cummings (dan jarida) da Bob Keziere (mai daukar hoto).
A ranar 15 ga Satumbar 1971, jirgin ya yi tafiya zuwa Amchitka kuma ya fuskanci Jirgin Tsaron Tekun Amurka Confidence wanda ya tilasta wa masu fafutuka komawa baya. Saboda haka da kuma mummunan yanayi da ma'aikatan jirgin suka yanke shawarar komawa Kanada kawai don gano cewa labarin tafiyarsu da kuma bayar da rahoton goyon baya daga ma'aikatan Confidence ya haifar da juyayi ga zanga-zangar. Bayan haka GreenPeace ta yi kokarin zagaya wurin gwajin tare da wasu jiragen ruwa, har sai da Amurka ta tayar da bam din. An soki gwajin maƙamin nukiliya, kuma Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta ci gaba da shirin gwajinta a Amchitka ba.
Waɗanda suka ƙafa da lokacin ƙafa Greenpeace
Masanin tarihin muhalli Frank Zelko ya bayyana kafa " Kada ku Yi Kwamitin Wave " zuwa 1969 kuma, a cewar Jim Bohlen, ƙungiyar ta ƙarbi sunan "Kada ku Yi Kwamitin Wave" a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1969. Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Greenpeace, an kafa kwamitin Karɓar Wave a cikin 1970. Certificate of incorporation of The Don't Make a Wave Committee kwanakin hadewar zuwa biyar na Oktoba 1970. Mai bincike Vanessa Timmer ta yi kwanan watan haɗin gwiwar hukuma zuwa 1971. Ita kanta Greenpeace ta kira tafiyar zanga-zangar 1971 a matsayin "farko". A cewar Patrick Moore, wanda ya kasance memba na farko kuma tun daga lokacin ya nisanta kansa daga Greenpeace, da Rex Weyler, sunan "Kada Ka Yi Kwamitin Wave" an canza shi bisa hukuma zuwa Greenpeace Foundation a 1972. ]
Vanessa Timmer ta kira membobin farko a matsayin "ƙungiyar masu zanga-zangar da ba za ta yiwu ba". Frank Zelko yayi sharhi cewa "ba kamar Abokan Duniya ba, alal misali, wanda ya fito cikakke daga goshin David Brower, Greenpeace ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar juyin halitta. Babu mai kafa guda ɗaya." Ita kanta Greenpeace ta fada a shafinta na yanar gizo cewa "akwai abin dariya cewa a kowace mashaya a Vancouver, British Columbia, za ku iya zama kusa da wanda ya yi ikirarin kafa Greenpeace. A haƙiƙa, babu wanda ya kafa guda ɗaya: suna, ra’ayi, ruhi da dabaru duk za a iya cewa suna da zuriya dabam-dabam.” Patrick Moore ya ce "gaskiya ita ce, Greenpeace koyaushe aiki ne da ake ci gaba, ba wani abu da aka kafa ba kamar ƙasa ko kamfani. Don haka akwai 'yan inuwar launin toka game da wanda zai iya yin da'awar kasancewarsa wanda ya kafa Greenpeace." Daraktan Greenpeace na farko Rex Weyler ya ce a shafinsa na gida cewa masu ciki na Greenpeace sun yi muhawara game da waɗanda suka kafa tun tsakiyar shekarun 1970.
Gidan yanar gizon Greenpeace na yanzu ya lissafa waɗanda suka kafa The Kar Ka Yi Kwamitin Wave kamar Dorothy da Irving Stowe, Marie da Jim Bohlen, Ben da Dorothy Metcalfe, da Robert Hunter. A cewar duka Patrick Moore da hira da Dorothy Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen da Robert Hunter, wadanda suka kafa The Don't Make a Wave Committee su ne Paul Cote, Irving da Dorothy Stowe da Jim da Marie Bohlen.
Paul Watson, wanda ya kafa makiyayin kiyayewa na teku ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kwamitin kar a sanya kwamitin kalami da kuma kore. Greenpeace ta bayyana cewa Watson ya kasance memba na farko mai tasiri, amma ba daya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Greenpeace ba. Tuni dai Watson ta zargi Greenpeace da sake rubuta tarihin su.
Saboda Patrick Moore yana cikin ma'aikatan tafiyar zanga-zangar farko, Moore kuma yana ɗaukar kansa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa. Greenpeace yayi iƙirarin cewa kodayake Moore ya kasance babban memba na farko, amma baya cikin waɗanda suka kafa Greenpeace.
Bayan Amchitka
Bayan ofis a cikin gidan Stowe, (kuma bayan mai tara kuɗin kide-kide na farko) Ayyukan Greenpeace sun ƙaura zuwa wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu kuma suna gudanar da taron jama'a mako-mako a daren Laraba a Gidan Maƙwabta na Kitsilano kafin a zauna, a cikin kaka na 1974, a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin. ofishin da aka raba tare da ƙungiyar muhalli ta SPEC a 2007 West 4th a Maple a Kitsilano . Lokacin da gwajin nukiliya a Amchitka ya ƙare, Greenpeace ta mayar da hankali ga gwajin makaman nukiliya na Faransa a Moruroa Atoll a Faransa Polynesia . Ƙungiyar matasa ta buƙaci taimako don zanga-zangar kuma an tuntube su David McTaggart, wani tsohon dan kasuwa da ke zaune a New Zealand. A cikin 1972 jirgin ruwan Vega, mai ketch mallakar David McTaggart, an sake masa suna Greenpeace III kuma ya tashi a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya zuwa yankin keɓe a Moruroa don ƙoƙarin tarwatsa gwajin nukiliya na Faransa. Reshen New Zealand na Kamfen don Kare Makaman Nukiliya ne ya dauki nauyin wannan tafiya kuma ya shirya shi. Sojojin ruwan Faransa sun yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da zanga-zangar ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da cin zarafin David McTaggart. An yi zaton an yi wa McTaggart dukan tsiya har ya rasa gani a daya daga cikin idanunsa. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin McTaggart ya dauki hoton lamarin kuma ya fito fili. Bayan da aka ba da sanarwar harin, Faransa ta sanar da cewa za ta dakatar da gwaje-gwajen makaman nukiliya.
A tsakiyar 1970s wasu membobin GreenPeace sun fara yaƙin neman zaɓe mai zaman kansa, Project Ahab, a kan whaling kasuwanci, tunda Irving Stowe ya sabawa Greenpeace yana mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa fiye da makaman nukiliya. Bayan Irving Stowe ya mutu a shekara ta 1975, Phyllis Cormack ya tashi daga Vancouver don fuskantar mayakan Soviet a bakin tekun California. Masu fafutukar kare zaman lafiya na Greenpeace sun kawo cikas ga kifin ta hanyar sanya kansu a tsakanin mawaƙa da kifin kifi, kuma hotunan zanga-zangar sun bazu a duniya. Daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970, ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga haɗawa da sharar gida mai guba da farautar hatimin kasuwanci.
Greenpeace ta buga " Sanarwa na Dogaro da Haɗin Kai " a cikin Greenpeace Chronicles (Winter 1976-77). Wannan ikirari wani nau'i ne na nau'ikan bayanan muhalli da Bob Hunter ya rubuta tsawon shekaru.
Ci gaban ƙungiyoyi
Greenpeace ta samo asali ne daga gungun masu zanga-zangar Kanada da Amurka zuwa gungun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda suka fi nuna adawa da al'adu da ƙungiyoyin matasa na hippie na 1960s da 1970s. Asalin zamantakewa da al'adu wanda GreenPeace ya fito ya ba da sanarwar wani lokaci na karewa daga abubuwan da suka gabata na Tsohuwar Duniya tare da neman haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idoji na zamantakewa, muhalli da siyasa.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu amfani da sunan GreenPeace sun fara bunƙasa a duniya. A shekara ta 1977, akwai ƙungiyoyin GreenPeace guda 15 zuwa 20 a duniya. A lokaci guda kuma ofishin Kanada na Greenpeace ya kasance cikin bashi mai yawa. Taƙaddama tsakanin ofisoshi kan tara kuɗaɗe da alƙiblar ƙungiya sun raba kan harkar duniya yayin da ofisoshin Arewacin Amurka ba su son kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon ofishin Canada.
Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Moruroa Atoll, David McTaggart ya koma Faransa don yin yaƙi a kotu tare da ƙasar Faransa kuma ya taimaka wajen haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin Greenpeace na Turai. David McTaggart ya yi amfani da Gidauniyar GreenPeace ta Kanada don karɓar sabon tsari wanda ke kawo tarwatsa ofisoshi na Greenpeace ƙarƙashin inuwar ƙungiyar duniya guda ɗaya. Greenpeace ta Turai ta biya bashin ofishin Kanada na Greenpeace kuma a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1979, Greenpeace International ta kasance. A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, ofisoshin na gida sun ba da gudummawar kaso na kuɗaɗen shiga ga ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda suka dauki nauyin tsara tsarin tafiyar da gaba daya tare da kowane ofishin yanki yana da kuri'a daya. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Greenpeace, wato London Greenpeace (narkar da su a cikin 2001) da Gidauniyar Greenpeace ta Amurka (har yanzu tana aiki) duk da haka sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da zaman kansu daga Greenpeace International.
A cikin 2015, Greenpeace UK ta ƙaddamar da wani binciken aikin jarida mai suna Unearthed .
Tsarin tsari
Mulki
Greenpeace ta ƙunshi Greenpeace International (a hukumance Stichting Greenpeace Council) wanda ke Amsterdam, Netherlands, da ofisoshin yanki 26 da ke aiki a cikin ƙasashe 55. Ofisoshin yanki suna aiki da cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Greenpeace International. Kwamitin gudanarwa na Greenpeace International ne ya zaɓi babban darektan Greenpeace. A halin yanzu darektan Greenpeace International Norma Torres kuma shugabar hukumar a halin yanzu ita ce Ayesha Imam . Greenpeace tana da ma'aikatan 2,400 da masu sa kai 15,000 a duk duniya.
Kowane ofishin yanki yana jagorancin babban daraktan yanki wanda hukumar gudanarwar yankin ta zaɓa. Hukumomin yankin kuma sun nada mai ba da gaskiya ga Babban taron shekara-shekara na Greenpeace International, inda amintattun zaɓe ko cire kwamitin gudanarwa na Greenpeace International. Aikin babban taron na shekara-shekara shi ne don tattaunawa da yanke shawara gabaɗayan ƙa'idodi da mahimman batutuwan Greenpeace tare da haɗin gwiwar amintattun ofisoshin yanki da kwamitin gudanarwar Greenpeace International.
Tallafawa
Greenpeace tana karɓar kuɗaɗen sa daga ɗaiɗaikun masu tallafawa da tushe. Yana duba duk manyan gudummawar don tabbatar da cewa baya karɓar gudummawar da ba'a so ba. Banda Lottery na National Postcode Lottery, mafi girman irin cacar da gwamnati ke bayarwa a wannan ƙasa, ƙungiyar ba ta karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin siyasa ko kamfanoni don guje wa tasirinsu.
Ba a ƙi ba da gudummawa daga gidauniyoyi waɗanda ƙungiyoyin siyasa ke ba da kuɗi ko kuma karɓar yawancin kuɗin su daga gwamnatoci ko ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci. Hakanan ana ƙi ba da gudummawar gidauniya idan harsashin ya haɗa sharuɗɗa marasa ma'ana, hani ko ƙuntatawa akan ayyukan Greenpeace ko kuma idan gudummawar za ta lalata ƴancin kai da manufofin ƙungiyar. Tun a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 adadin magoya baya ya fara raguwa, Greenpeace ta fara yin amfani da tara kudade ido-da-ido inda masu tara kuɗaɗe ke neman sabbin magoya baya a wuraren taruwar jama'a, suna biyan su don ba da gudummawar zare kudi kai tsaye kowane wata. A shekara ta 2008, yawancin Yuro miliyan 202.5 da ƙungiyar ta samu, an ba da gudummawar kusan masu goyon baya miliyan 2.6 na yau da kullun, galibi daga Turai. A shekarar 2014, an bayar da rahoton cewa, kudaden shigar ƙungiyar sun kai kusan Yuro miliyan 300 (dalar Amurka miliyan 400) duk da cewa sun yi asarar kusan Yuro miliyan 4 (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a hasashen kuɗin a waccan shekarar.
A cikin Satumba 2003, Public Interest Watch (PIW) ya koka ga Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida cewa Greenpeace US's A dawo da haraji ba daidai ba ne kuma ya saba wa doka. IRS ta gudanar da nazari mai zurfi kuma ta kammala a cikin Disamba 2005 cewa Greenpeace Amurka ta ci gaba da cancantar matsayinta na keɓe haraji . A cikin Maris 2006 The Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito cewa PIW ta "takardar harajin tarayya, rufe Agusta 2003 zuwa Yuli 2004, ya bayyana cewa $120,000 na $124,095 da ƙungiyar samu a cikin gudunmawar a lokacin wannan lokacin zo daga Exxon Mobil ". A cikin 2013, bayan IRS ta gudanar da bincike na bin diddigin, wanda kuma ya kasance mai tsabta, kuma, biyo bayan iƙirarin bin diddigin siyasa na IRS na ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da motsin Tea Party, Babban Darakta na GreenPeace na Amurka Phil Radford ya yi kira da a gudanar da bincike na Majalisa game da duk siyasa. yunƙurin tantancewa - gami da waɗanda ake zargi da kai hari ga Ƙungiyar Tea Party, NAACP, da Greenpeace.
Canjin dijital
Babban Darakta na ƙasa da ƙasa Kumi Naidoo ya ayyana taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen na 2009 a matsayin "rashin kasawa" kuma ya nuna ƙungiyar ta fuskanci "dandalin konewa" lokacin. Naidoo ya ƙarfafa shuwagabannin zartarwa na Greenpeace su rungumi sabbin dabaru da dabaru ko haɗarin zama maras dacewa.
Don aiwatar da sabuwar dabarar da aka amince da ita a cikin 2010, Greenpeace ta hayar Michael Silberman don gina "Cibiyar Motsawa ta Dijital" a cikin 2011, wanda ya juya zuwa Lab ɗin Motsi ("MobLab"). An tsara shi azaman tushen mafi kyawun ayyuka, gwaji, da haɓaka dabarun, MobLab ya kuma mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙarfin dijital da haɓaka kamfen na tushen al'umma a cikin ƙasashe 42. A cikin Maris 2017, MobLab ya fita daga GreenPeace ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta hannun Greenpeace da CIVICUS Allianceungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Duniya ."
Takaitacciyar abubuwan fifiko da yakin neman zabe
A shafin yanar gizon sa na ƙasa da ƙasa, Greenpeace ya bayyana manufarsa kamar haka:Greenpeace ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kamfen, wacce ke amfani da rashin tashin hankali, adawar kirkire-kirkire don fallasa matsalolin muhalli na duniya, da samar da mafita don makoma mai kore da lumana. Manufarmu ita ce tabbatar da ikon duniya don raya rayuwa a cikin kowane nau'in ta. Wannan yana nufin muna son:
Dakatar da duniya daga ɗumama sama da 1.5° don hana mafi munin tasirin lalacewar yanayi.
Kare bambancin halittu ta kowane nau'i.
Rage ƙarar yawan amfani da wuce gona da iri kuma ku koyi rayuwa gwargwadon ƙarfinmu.
Haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa azaman mafita wanda zai iya ƙarfafa duniya.
Kiyaye zaman lafiya, kwance damara a duniya da rashin tashin hankali.
Yanayi da kuzari
Greenpeace na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko da suka tsara yanayin ci gaba mai dorewa don magance sauyin yanayi, wanda ya yi a cikin 1993. A cewar masana ilimin zamantakewa Marc Mormont da Christine Dasnoy, kungiyar ta taka rawar gani wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da dumamar yanayi a shekarun 1990. Har ila yau, Greenpeace ta mayar da hankali kan CFCs, saboda duka yuwuwar dumamar yanayi da tasirinsu a kan sararin samaniyar ozone. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mahalarta taron da ke ba da shawarar fita da wuri daga abubuwan da ke rage sinadarin ozone a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal . A farkon shekarun 1990, Greenpeace ta haɓaka fasahar firiji mara amfani da CFC, "Greenfreeze" don samar da taro tare da masana'antar firiji. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya ba Greenpeace kyauta don "fitattun gudunmawar da aka ba da don kare sararin samaniyar ozone" a cikin 1997. A cikin 2011 kashi biyu cikin biyar na yawan samar da firji a duniya sun dogara ne akan fasahar Greenfreeze, tare da fiye da raka'a miliyan 600 da ake amfani da su.
A halin yanzu Greenpeace ta ɗauki dumamar yanayi a matsayin babbar matsalar muhalli da ke fuskantar duniya. Ya yi kira da fitar da iskar gas a duniya ya kai ƙololuwa a cikin 2015 kuma a rage kusan sifili gwargwadon yiwuwa nan da 2050. Don isa ga wadannan lambobi, Greenpeace ta yi kira ga kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu da su rage fitar da hayakinsu a kalla kashi 40 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2020 (daga matakan 1990) tare da ba da kuɗaɗen masu yawa ga ƙasashe masu tasowa don gina karfin makamashi mai dorewa, don daidaitawa ga sakamakon da ba makawa na duniya zai haifar. dumamar yanayi, da kuma daina sare itatuwa nan da shekarar 2020. Tare da EREC, Greenpeace ta tsara yanayin yanayin makamashi na duniya, "Energy [R] juyin halitta", inda aka samar da kashi 80% na yawan makamashin duniya tare da abubuwan sabuntawa, kuma an rage fitar da makamashin da ke cikin 80% na matakan 1990. zuwa 2050.
Yin amfani da aikin kai tsaye, mambobin GreenPeace sun yi zanga-zangar sau da yawa a kan kwal ta hanyar mamaye tashar wutar lantarki da kuma toshe jigilar kwal da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai, a wurare irin su New Zealand, Svalbard, Australia, da Ingila . Har ila yau, Greenpeace tana da matukar muhimmanci ga hako mai daga yashin mai kuma ta yi amfani da matakin kai tsaye don toshe ayyuka a yashin mai na Athabasca a Kanada .
Ƙarfin Kariyar Duniya
A cikin 1999 Greenpeace Jamus (NGO) ta kafa Greenpeace Energy, haɗin gwiwar wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa wanda ke ba abokan ciniki da iskar gas tun daga 2011. Bayan kukan kafofin watsa labarai na 2021 game da mahallin da ke da alaƙa da GreenPeace mai siyar da mai wanda aka siffanta shi da wankin kore, haɗin gwiwar ya canza suna zuwa Green Planet Energy. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Greenpeace Jamus suna riƙe da kaso ɗaya a cikin haɗin gwiwar, wanda aka zarge shi da "kore" gas ɗin Rasha.
Shari'ar kotu ta Kingsnorth
A cikin Oktoba 2007, an kama masu zanga-zangar GreenPeace guda shida saboda kutsawa cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta Kingnorth a Kent, Ingila ; hawan hayaki mai tsayin mita 200, zanen sunan Gordon a kan bututun hayaki (dangane da tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, Gordon Brown ), da kuma haifar da asarar da aka kiyasta £ 30,000. A shari'ar da suka yi a baya sun amince da yunkurin rufe tashar, amma sun yi zargin cewa a bisa doka sun halasta su saboda suna ƙoƙarin hana sauyin yanayi haddasa babbar barna ga dukiyoyi a sauran sassan duniya. An ji sheda daga mashawarcin David Cameron kan muhalli Zac Goldsmith, masanin kimiyyar yanayi James E. Hansen da wani shugaban Inuit daga Greenland, duk suna cewa sauyin yanayi ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a rayuwa a duniya. An dai wanke masu fafutuka shida . Wannan dai shi ne shari'a ta farko inda aka yi amfani da hana barnar dukiya da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa a matsayin wani bangare na "uzuri na halal" a gaban kotu. Dukansu Daily Telegraph da The Guardian sun bayyana hukuncin a matsayin abin kunya ga Ma'aikatar Brown . A cikin Disamba 2008 The New York Times ya jera laifin a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na ra'ayoyin da suka fi tasiri na shekara.
"Ku Wuce Mai"
A matsayin wani ɓangare na matsayinsu game da kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa, Greenpeace sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Go Beyond Oil". Gangamin dai ya mayar da hankali ne kan rage yawan man da ake ci a duniya, sannan kuma a kawo ƙarshen amfani da man fetur; tare da ayyukan fafutuka da ake yi a kan kamfanonin da ke bin hako mai a matsayin kamfani. Yawancin ayyukan yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Go Beyond Oil" sun mayar da hankali ne kan hakar mai a yankin Arctic da yankunan da bala'in Deepwater Horizon ya shafa. Ayyukan Greenpeace a cikin Arctic sun haɗa da kamfanin binciken mai da iskar gas na Edinburgh, Cairn Energy ; da kuma tun daga zanga-zangar da aka yi a hedkwatar makamashin Cairn Energy zuwa zazzage rijiyoyin mai a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da aikin haƙar mai.
Kamfen na “Go Beyond Oil” ya kuma ƙunshi yin matsin lamba na siyasa kan gwamnatocin da ke ba da izinin hakar mai a yankunansu; inda ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa ɗaya daga cikin muhimman manufofin gangamin "Go Beyond Oil" shi ne "aiki don fallasa tsawon lokacin da masana'antar mai ke son ta yi don fitar da ganga na karshe daga cikin ƙasa tare da matsa lamba ga masana'antu da gwamnatoci su wuce mai."
Makaman nukiliya
Greenpeace tana adawa da makamashin nukiliya saboda tana kallonta a matsayin "mai haɗari, gurɓatacce, tsada kuma ba za'a iya sabuntawa ba". Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙarin haske kan bala'in nukiliya na Chernobyl na 1986 da bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima na 2011 a matsayin shaida na hadarin nukiliyar da zai iya haifar da rayuwar mutane, muhalli da tattalin arziki. Greenpeace tana kallon fa'idar makamashin nukiliya don zama ɗan ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da manyan matsalolinta da haɗarinsa, kamar lalacewar muhalli da haɗari daga hakar uranium, yaduwar makaman nukiliya, da tambayoyin da ba a warware ba game da sharar nukiliya . Ƙungiyar ta yi kiyasin cewa yuwuwar makamashin nukiliya don dakile dumamar yanayi ba ta da yawa, tana mai nuni da yanayin makamashin IEA inda aka samu karuwar karfin nukiliya a duniya daga shekarar 2608. TWh a cikin 2007 zuwa 9857 TWh nan da 2050 zai rage fitar da iskar gas a duniya kasa da 5% kuma yana buƙatar raka'a 32 na makamashin nukiliya na 1000 Ana gina ƙarfin MW a kowace shekara har zuwa 2050. A cewar GreenPeace, jinkirin lokacin gini, jinkirin gini, da ɓoyayyun tsadar rayuwa duk suna hana yuwuwar rage ƙarfin makamashin nukiliya. Wannan ya sa yanayin IEA a zahiri da kuma na kuɗi mara gaskiya. Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa ɗaure ɗimbin jarin jari kan makamashin nukiliya zai kawar da kuɗi daga ingantattun hanyoyin magance su. Greenpeace na kallon aikin gina tashar nukiliyar Olkiluoto 3 a Finland a matsayin misali na matsalolin da ake fuskanta kan gina sabuwar makamashin nukiliya.
Tallan yaƙi da makaman nukiliya
A cikin 1994, GreenPeace ta buga wani tallan jaridar da ke adawa da nukiliya wanda ya haɗa da da'awar cewa cibiyoyin nukiliyar Sellafield za su kashe mutane 2,000 a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, kuma hoton wani yaro da ya shafi hydrocephalus ya ce ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da gwajin makamin nukiliya a Kazakhstan . Hukumar Matsayin Talla ta kalli da'awar game da Sellafield a matsayin mara tushe, ba ta da wani tushe na kimiyya. Wannan ya haifar da dakatar da tallan. Greenpeace dai ba ta amsa laifinta ba, inda ta bayyana cewa wani likitan ƙasar Kazakhstan ya ce yanayin yaron na faruwa ne sakamakon gwajin makamin nukiliya duk da cewa ba a yi gwajin makamin nukiliya a Sellafield ba.
EDF leƙken asiri hukunci da roko
A cikin 2011, wata kotu a Faransa ta ci tarar Électricité de France (EDF) Yuro miliyan 1.5 tare da ɗaure wasu manyan ma’aikata biyu bisa laifin leƙen asiri kan GreenPeace, gami da kutse cikin na’urorin kwamfuta na Greenpeace. An ba Greenpeace Yuro 500,000 a matsayin diyya. Ko da yake EDF ta yi ikirarin cewa an yi amfani da wani kamfanin tsaro aiki ne kawai don sa ido kan GreenPeace, kotun ta ki amincewa, inda ta ɗaure shugaban da mataimakin shugaban hukumar tsaron nukiliya ta EDF na tsawon shekaru uku kowace. EDF ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin, an wanke kamfanin daga hada baki don leken asiri kan Greenpeace kuma an soke tarar. Wasu ma'aikata biyu na kamfanin tsaro, Kargus, da wani tsohon memba na hukumar leken asirin Faransa ke gudanarwa, an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru uku da biyu bi da bi.
Ozone Layer da Greenfreeze
Layer na ozone da ke kewaye da Duniya yana ɗaukar adadin hasken ultraviolet . Wani rahoto na 1976 na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka ya goyi bayan hasashen “raguwar hasashe” ozone. An ba da rahoton cewa yana fama da babbar asara daga chlorinated da nitrogenous mahadi a cikin 1985. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya sa wasu ƙasashe suka kafa dokar hana feshin iska, ta yadda aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Vienna a shekarar 1985 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Montreal a 1987 don fara aiki bayan shekaru biyu. Amfani da CFCs da HCFC a cikin firiji sun kasance kuma suna cikin fasahohin da aka haramta. Cibiyar fasaha ta Jamus ta ƙirƙira wani madadin firji mai aminci na ozone wanda ya zo hankalin mai fafutukar Greenpeace a kusa da 1992. An ba da haƙƙin fasaha ga Greenpeace, wanda ya kiyaye ta a matsayin buɗaɗɗen haƙƙin mallaka. Daga baya an yi amfani da fasahar a Jamus, sannan China, da sauran wurare a Turai, kuma bayan wasu shekaru a Japan da Kudancin Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe a Amurka ta 2012.
Gangamin daji
Greenpeace na da nufin kare dazuzzukan farko masu inganci daga sare dazuzzuka tare da manufar saran gandun daji nan da shekarar 2020. Ƙungiyar ta zargi kamfanoni da yawa, irin su Unilever, Nike, KFC, Kit Kat da McDonald's da samun alaƙa da lalata gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda ya haifar da canje-canjen manufofi a yawancin kamfanoni. Greenpeace, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sun kuma yi kamfen na tsawon shekaru goma don EU ta hana shigo da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba . EU ta yanke shawarar haramta katakon katako a cikin Yuli 2010. Yayin da sare itatuwa ke ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi, Greenpeace ta bukaci REDD (Rage fitar da iska daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji) ya kamata a sanya shi cikin yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Kyoto.
Wani motsi na Greenpeace game da dazuzzukan ruwan sama yana hana masana'antun dabino gwiwa. Yunƙurin ya kasance mafi yawan aiki a Indonesia inda aka riga aka yi amfani da hekta miliyan 6 don aikin noman dabino kuma yana da shirin sake samun wani hekta miliyan 4 nan da 2015. Yarda da cewa yawan noman dabino na iya yin illa ga ire-iren gandun daji, Greenpeace tana fafutukar yaki da noman, tana mai kira ga masana'antu da gwamnati da su koma ga sauran nau'ikan albarkatun makamashi. Daya daga cikin kyakkyawan sakamakon yakin shine GAR (Golden Agri-Resources), kamfanin samar da dabino mafi girma na biyu a duniya, ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa don kiyaye gandun daji. Kamfanin ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta hana su bunƙasa noman noma a wuraren da ake kulle dimbin iskar Carbon.
A ɓangaren talla, misalin nasarar Greenpeace a yankin wani bidiyo ne na bidiyo daga 2016 da ke nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Nestlé ke amfani da dabino a sandunan Kit Kat . Bidiyon ya sami ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 1, kuma ya haifar da sanarwar jama'a ta Nestlé yana iƙirarin daina amfani da irin waɗannan ayyukan a cikin samfuran su. A cikin 2018, Greenpeace ta fitar da gajeriyar rairayi mai tauraro mai tatsuniyar almara mai suna Rang-tan gabanin Ranar Orangutan ta Duniya. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Clearcast na Burtaniya sun musanta sigar bidiyon Rang-tan kamar yadda Iceland Foods Ltd ta gabatar.
Cire tsohuwar itace
A cikin watan Yuni 1995, Greenpeace ta ɗauki gangar jikin bishiya daga dazuzzuka na filin shakatawa na ƙasa na Koitajoki a Ilomantsi, Finland kuma ya nuna shi a nune-nunen da aka gudanar a Austria da Jamus. A wani taron manema labarai da Greenpeace ta yi, ta ce asalin bishiyar ta fito ne daga wani yanki na dajin da ya kamata a kare shi. Metsähallitus ya zargi Greenpeace da sata kuma ya ce itacen daga dajin da aka saba da shi kuma an bar shi a tsaye saboda tsufa. Metsähallitus ya kuma ce bishiyar ta fado ne a kan wata hanya a lokacin wata guguwa. Lamarin ya samu karbuwa a Finland, alal misali a cikin manyan jaridu Helsingin Sanomat da Ilta-Sanomat. Greenpeace ta amsa cewa bishiyar ta fado ne saboda dajin da ke kewaye da shi an yanke shi, kuma suna son bayyana makomar dazuzzukan gaba ɗaya, ba makomar bishiya ɗaya ba. Greenpeace ta kuma nuna cewa Metsähallitus ya yarda da darajar dajin bayan haka Metsähallitus a halin yanzu yana nufin Koitajoki a matsayin yanki na musamman saboda tsoffin dazuzzukan girma.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Mimiko | Olusegun Mimiko | Olusegun Mimiko ( Yoruba;) an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1954, shi ne dan takarar sanata na Zenith Labour Party a Ondo ta Tsakiya a zaben shekarar 2019.Shi ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki na 16, kuma na biyar a farar hula, Gwamnan Jihar Ondo, Nijeriya, daga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2009, zuwa Fabrairu shekarar 2017. Gwamna na farko a zango biyu na jihar Ondo kuma gwamna na farkon Jam’iyyar Labour a Najeriya. Mimiko ya taba zama ministan tarayya na gidaje da, sakataren gwamnatin jihar Ondo, sannan ya taba zama kwamishinan lafiya na jihar Ondo sau biyu. Ya ci gaba da sha'awar siyasa tun yana ƙaramin. dan siyasa ya fara ne a makarantar likitanci a Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University), inda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta (Majalisar) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in hulda da jama'a na kungiyar International Students’ Association of the institution daga shekarar 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1978.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a a shekarar 1980 kuma ya kammala National Youth Service Corp, Mimiko ya fara aikin likita. A cikin 1985, ya kafa MONA MEDICLINIC a cikin garin Ondo wanda yayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar taimakon al'umma.
Nadin Mimiko na siyasa na farko shi ne kwamishina na kiwon lafiya da walwala da jin dadin jama'a a jihar Ondo daga shekarar 1992 zuwa shekara ta 1993 lokacin da wani juyin mulkin soja ya kawo karshen mulkin dimokiradiyya ta Uku . Bayan dawowar mulkin dimokiradiyya a Najeriya, Mimiko ya sake zama kwamishinan lafiya a jihar Ondo daga shekarar 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2002.
A shekarar 2003, aka nada shi sakataren Gwamnatin Jihar Ondo (SSG). Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin ministan gidaje da ci gaban birane na tarayya. Mimiko ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ministan tarayya don ya yi takarar gwamnan Ondo da mai ci, Olusegun Agagu a zaben shekarar 2007 .
Mimiko ya lashe zaben. Amma, tasirin tsohon Shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa ta sanar da Agagu a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. Mimiko ya kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotuna kan abin da ya kasance rikicin shekaru biyu na shari’a wanda ya kawo karshen bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a zaben na gwamna ta hanyar hukuncin daya yanke na Kotun, da kuma Kotun daukaka kara a shekarar 2009. Ya ci gaba da sake lashe zaben a shekarar 2012, inda ya doke babban abokin karawarsa, Olusola Oke na Jam’iyyar Democratic Party.
A lokacin mulkin Mimiko a matsayin gwamna, sauye-sauyen da ya yi a bangaren kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ci gaban al'umma, sabunta birane da kuma amfani da fasaha a harkokin mulki sun samu karbuwa a kasashe na duniya.
Bayan ya bar ofis, Mimiko ya kwashe shekara guda yana gabatar da laccocin jama'a tare da yin kira kan kiwon lafiyar duniya da kyakkyawan shugabanci a Najeriya, London, da Washington DC.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2018, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasar Najeriya a zaben shekarar 2019.Ya amshi takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na Labour Zenith Party a watan Oktoba, shekarar 2018.A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, Mimiko ya sanar da cewa ya dakatar da yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, 'yan kwanaki kafin a bude kakar yakin neman zabe a hukumance. Ya dauki tikitin takarar sanata na Zenith Labour Party na mazabar tarayya ta Ondo ta Tsakiya.
Mimiko a halin yanzu yana zaune a Ondo City,a mahaifar sa.
Rayuwar mutum
An haifi Rahman Olusegun Mimiko, wanda aka fi sani da Iroko, a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, na shekarar 1954, a garin Ondo da ke Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . Mahaifinsa, Atiku Bamidele Mimiko, ɗa ne ga Pa Famimikomi, ɗa ne ga Cif Ruwase Akinmeji kuma jika ne ga Babban Cif Adaja Gbegbaje na Masarautar Ondo . Mahaifin Mimiko ya kasance manajan dillalai kuma manomi ne na shuka koko. Ya kuma kasance mai sharhi kan zamantakewar al'umma da ci gaban kasa da kuma taimakon jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Muinat Mimiko (née Ogunsulie) 'yar kasuwa ce har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya.A shekarar 1990, Mimiko ya auri Olukemi Adeniyi wacce ta karanci harshen Faransanci a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile Ife . Suna da yara hudu.
Ilimi
Mimiko ya fara makaranta a St. Joseph's Primary School Aponmu kusa da Akure, St. Patrick Primary School, Yaba a Ondo a farkon shekarar 1960s. Ya halarci kwalejin St. Joseph's, Ondo daga shekarar 1966 da shekara ta 1971. Ya kasance dalibin makarantar sakandare (HSC) a makarantar Gboluji Grammar, Ile-Oluji tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1972. Mimiko ya fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Ife a shekarar 1972. Ya kasance wakilin Dalibai (majalisa) daga shekarar 1975 da shekara ta 1976 kuma shugaban kwamitin girmamawa na musamman (1976-1977), memba na Kwamitin Zabe na Kungiyar Daliban 1976-1977 kuma jami'in hulda da jama'a na kungiyar Dalibai ta Duniya a shekarar 1977 da shekara ta 1978. Ya sami B.Sc. Digiri na Kimiyyar Kiwan Lafiya a shekarar 1976, da kuma Kimiyyar Likita, yayi aikin likita a shekarar 1980. Mimiko yayi rijista da kungiyar likitocin Najeriya da likitan hakori a matsayin likita.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1954 |
20580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Cheiffou | Amadou Cheiffou | Amadou Cheiffou (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1942) ɗan siyasan Nijar ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Nijar daga ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1991 zuwa 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1993, yana shugabancin gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Social Democratic Rally (RSD-Gaskiya), wata jam'iyyar siyasa, tun lokacin da a ka kafa ta a watan Janairun shekarar 2004. Cheiffou shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ta Kasar Nijar (CESOC) daga watan Janairun shekarar 2006 zuwa watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin Ombudsman daga watan Agusta shekarar 2011 zuwa watan Disamba shekarar 2015.
Harkar siyasa
Ya gama karatu daga ENAC, Cheiffou dan Fula ne kuma an haife shi ne a Kornaka, a Sashen Maradi, a shekarar 1942. Kafin zama Firayim Minista, Cheiffou ya yi aiki a Dakar a matsayin wakili na Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (ICAO) don Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. Ya kasance wakili na kungiyar Nigeran Nijer da ke atasashen Waje a Taron Kasa na shekarar 1991; a wurin Taron, shi ne zabin sasantawa don matsayin Firayim Minista, kodayake wakilai da ke wakiltar gwamnati sun yi adawa da shi, kuma an zabe shi a 26 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1991. Zabarsa a matsayin Firayim Minista ya sami gogewa da ƙwarewar siyasarsa da rashin haɗuwa da tsohuwar gwamnatin Seyni Kountché da Ali Saibou . Cheiffou ya shugabanci gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya da ta yi aiki daga shekarar 1991 zuwa shekarar 1993, a lokacin rikon kwaryar da ta haifar da zabuka da yawa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na kasa a lokacin. Tare da Shugaba Saibou da André Salifou, Shugaban Majalisar Ƙoli ta Jamhuriya, Taron Kasa sun hana shi tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na watan Fabrairun shekarar v1993.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, Cheiffou shi ne Babban Daraktan Yankin ICAO na Ofishin Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar ta.
Cheiffou ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya da Taron Jama’a (CDS-Rahama) kafin ya balle tare da waccan jam’iyyar da Shugabanta, Mahamane Ousmane, ya kuma ƙirƙiro nasa jam’iyya, Social Democratic Rally (RSD-Gaskiya), a watan Janairun shekarar 2004. A zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2004, Cheiffou ya zama na hudu daga cikin ‘yan takara shida, inda ya lashe kashi 6.35% na kuri’un. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004 a matsayin dan takarar RSD a yankin Maradi.
Lokacin da Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya nada mambobi tamanin da biyar (85) na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, Al'adu da Al'adu (CESOC) a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2006, Cheiffou ya zama Shugaban CESOC.
RSD ta goyi bayan Shugaba Tandja a lokacin rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2009, kuma ya shiga cikin zaben majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba shekarar 2009. 'Yan adawar, waɗanda suka fusata da kokarin Shugaba Tandja na sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin ya ci gaba da mulki, sun kauracewa zaben. Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS), wacce ta bukaci a jinkirta zaɓen da fatan shawo kan rikicin siyasa, ta dakatar da Nijar daga cikinta nan da nan bayan an gudanar da zaɓen. Cheiffou ya kasance cikin mambobi 22 na Jamhuriyar Nijar da suka yi tattaki zuwa Abuja don tattaunawa da ECOWAS daga ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2009.
Har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban CESOC, Cheiffou ya tsaya takara a zaɓen cikin gida na watan Disamba shekarar 2009 kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin kansila na birni a Kornaka. Shawarar da Cheiffou ya yanke na neman muƙamin na gida an dauke ta da matuƙar birgewa, kasancewar ba safai manyan shugabannin siyasa a Nijar ke yin hakan ba.
An hambarar da Tandja a wani juyin mulkin soja na watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 . A zaben shugaban ƙasa na watan Janairun shekarar 2011, wanda aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin mulkin riƙon ƙwarya, Cheiffou ya sake tsayawa takara, amma ya samu kaso kaɗan daga ƙuri'un. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, ya sanar da goyon bayansa ga Mahamadou Issoufou, wanda ya sanya na farko, a zagaye na biyu na watan Maris din shekarar 2011. Ya marawa Issoufou baya tare da wasu 'yan takarar da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, yana mai ƙarfafa matsayin Issoufou a kan abokin hamayyarsa na biyu, Seyni Oumarou . Bayan Issoufou ya ci zaɓe, an naɗa Cheiffou a matsayin Ombudsman a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2011.
A ranar 13 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, an ayyana Cheiffou a matsayin dan takarar RSD na zaben shugaban kasa na watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016. Dangane da takararsa, ya mika takardar murabus dinsa a matsayin Ombudsman ga Shugaba Issoufou a ranar 21 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, koda yake ya jaddada cewa ba a doka ta bukaci ya yi murabus ba. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a zaben watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2016. A matsayinsa na mafi dadewar mataimakin, ya shugabanci Majalisar Ƙasa lokacin da ta fara taro a ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2016, har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓi Ousseini Tinni a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa a ranar 25 ga watan Maris.
Manazarta
Mutanen Afirka
Yan siyasa
Yan siyasan Nijar |
22385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Tunani | Yancin Tunani | 'Yancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira ' yancin lamiri ko ra'ayoyi ) 'yanci ne na mutum ya rike ko kuma ya yi la’akari da wata hujja, ko ra’ayi, ko tunani, ba tare da ra’ayin wasu ba.
Bayani
Kowane mutum yana ƙoƙari ya mallaki karfin ikon tunani ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi da kimanta su a cikin yanayin da aka bayar. Wannan ƙwarewar tunani tana ba da gamsuwa da maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauki ga son zuciyar mutum, sabon ilimi da ra'ayoyi suna kawo fata na nan gabada sauran su.
'Yancin tunani shi ne gabatacce magidanci don kulla alaƙa ta kusa da — sauran' yanci, da abubuwn kara yanci gami da 'yancin addini ,' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kodayake 'yanci na tunani yana da mahimmanci ga sauran' yanci da yawa, amma ba a buƙatar su don yin aiki da wanzuwa. Tsinkayan 'yanci ko hakki baya bada garantin kasancewar shi, halalcin sa, ko kariya ta hanyar tsarin falsafa. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai matukar mahimmanci a cikin Yammacin duniya kuma kusan duk kundin tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya yana kiyaye wadannan 'yanci da ake da su.
Misali, Dokar 'Yanci ta kunshi sanannen tabbataccen a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko cewa ba za a yi dokokin da za su tsoma baki cikin addini ba "ko kuma hana aiwatar da shi kyauta". Alkalin Kotun Koli na kasar Amurka, Benjamin Cardozo ya ba da hujja a cikin Palko v. Connecticut (1937):
Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin mamihimmin bangare ne na dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya . A cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ke kan doka a kan kasashen mambobi na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR), "' yancin tunani" an jera shi a karkashin Mataki na goma Sha takwas 18:
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, "ya banbanta da 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini ko imani daga' yancin bayyana addini ko imani. Ba ta ba da izinin kowane iya kancewa ba game da 'yancin tunani da lamiri ko' yancin samun ko karɓar addini ko imanin zaɓin mutum. Wadannan 'yanci ana kiyaye su ba tare da wani sharadi ba ”. Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na dokar ta UDHR ta ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa da kuma fadin albarkacin bakinsa; wannan hakkin ya hada da' yancin gudanar da ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba ko muzgunawa da cin zarafin wani ba".
Tarihin ci gaba da danniya
Ba zai yiwuwa a san tabbatacce abin da wani yake tunani, yana sa danniya da wuya. An inganta manufar a cikin littafin baibul mafi cikakke a rubuce-rubucen Paul na Tarsus (misali, "Don me zai sa a hukunta 'yanci na [eleutheria ] ta lamirin wani [ suneideseos ]?" 1 Korantiyawa 10:29).
Kodayake masana Falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna yancin Tunani kaɗan, amma umarnin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Yesu) an kira shi doka ta farko game da 'Yancin Lamiri. A cikin al'adun Turai, baya ga dokar haƙuri da addini da Constantine I ya yi a Milan a 313, masana falsafa Themistius, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masu ilimin tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan masu yarda da ra'ayin 'Yancin Lamiri (ko' 'yanci rai' a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams).
Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta soke dokar takunkumin tunani a karshen karni na sha shida, saboda, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta "son [yin] tagogi a cikin rayukan maza da tunanin sirrinsu". A lokacin mulkinta, masanin ilmin lissafi, masanin lissafi, masanin taurari, kuma masanin taurari Giordano Bruno ya nemi mafaka a Ingila daga binciken Italiya, inda ya buga wasu littattafansa game da sararin samaniya mara iyaka da kuma batutuwan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan barin amincin Ingilishi, daga ƙarshe an ƙona Bruno a matsayin ɗan bidi'a a Roma saboda ƙin sakewa da ra'ayinsa. A dalilin haka ne wasu suke ganin shi shahidi ne don 'yancin tunani da albarkacin bakinsa.
Ignaz von Döllinger ne ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin "na farko a cikin manyan mutanen duniya da suka kafa wata ka'ida ta musamman ta addini, da kuma aiwatar da ita har zuwa lokacin da yake cikin sa:. . . Ka'idar 'yanci ta lamiri da watsi da tilastawa addini "
Koyaya, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar takunkumi, kamawa, ƙona littafi, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana haifar da kashe' yancin tunani. Misali kamfen masu tasiri kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki sune kungiyoyin masana Soviet game da binciken kwayar halitta don yarda da ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, kamfen ɗin ƙona littattafai na Nazi Jamus, tsattsauran ra'ayi na adawa da ilimi wanda aka aiwatar a Cambodia ƙarƙashin Pol Pot, tsananin tsauraran matakai akan' yanci bayyana ra'ayi da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba suka yi ko kuma ta hanyar kama-karya irin ta Augusto Pinochet a Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain .
Hasashen Sapir – Whorf, wanda ke nuna cewa tunani asaline cikin yare, zai tallafawa da'awar cewa yunƙurin takaita amfani da kalmomin harshe hakika wani nau'i ne na taƙaita damar yancin tunani. An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin Newspeak, wani nau'I na yaren Ingilishi wanda ake tuhumarsa da rashin ƙarfin misaltawa da iyakance maganganun asali.
Sannan Kuma kwanan nan, cigaban neuroimaging fasahar sun nuna damuwarsu, game da abokai kasancewa iya karanta da baya kashe tunani. Kodayake batun yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar larurar hankali, waɗannan damuwar suna haifar da filin da ke haifar da ƙarancin jijiyoyin jiki da ƙwarewar su.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
DV Coornhert, Synod akan 'Yancin Lamiri: Nazari Mai Kyau yayin Taruwar da Aka Gudanar a shekara ta 1582 a cikin fassarar Ingilishi a cikin Garin Freetown
Richard Joseph Cooke, 'Yancin tunani a koyarwar addini (1913)
Lucas Swaine, "'Yancin Tunani A Matsayin' Yanci Na Asali," Ka'idar Siyasa, 46: 3 (2018): 405-25. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716676293
Eugene J. Cooper, "Tushen 'Yancin Mutum da' Yancin Lamiri a cikin Baibul : Tunani akan 1 Korantiyawa 8-10 ", Tauhidin tauhidin Irish Quarterly Dec 1975
George Botterill da Peter Carruthers, 'Falsafar Ilimin halin dan Adam', Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (1999), p. 3
Hon. Sir John Laws, 'Iyakancin' Yancin Dan Adam ', [1998] PL Bazara, Mai Dadi & Maxwell da Masu Ba da Gudummawa, p. 260
Roger Williams, loudarancin Tsanantawa na Musamman don Dalilin Lamiri (1644; 1867 sake bugawa )
Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex ( 1644 )
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Hawan jini na Tsanantawa (sake bugawa ta 1867) (an isa ga Yuli 10, 2009, akan Litattafan Google)
Kamus na Tarihin Ra'ayoyi : 'Yancin Ilimi
Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yanci da Da'a - cibiyar sadarwar malamai ce da ke fadada doka, siyasa da ka'idojin' yancin tunani.
John Bagnell Bury (1861-1927) Tarihin 'Yancin Tunani |
52783 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Holm | Babban Holm | Steep Holm ( Welsh , Old English kuma daga baya ) tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol . Tsibirin ya rufe a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa. A mafi girman matsayi shine sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset ; tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekarar 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekarar 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon . Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm ( Welsh ), wani yanki na Wales .
Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji . Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe . A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin 1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne.
A cikin shekarar 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekarar 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Mark<span about="#mwt43" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt44" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul.
Geology da muhalli
An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down ; duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.
Tsibirin ya kai kusan daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa saboda kewayon tidal na , na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada . Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin, da ramukan tukunya har zuwa zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne. Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce.
An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952. Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls (Larus argentatus) da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata (Larus fuscus) . Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac . Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin da zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da a diamita. Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji (Paeonia mascula) ke tsiro, ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari. An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye, ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum. Alexanders ( Smyrnium olusatrum ) kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain ( Plantago coronopus ) da kuma daji leek ( Allium ampeloprasum ). Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms ( Anguis fragilis ).
Tarihi
Prehistoric zuwa Roman
Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 . tsakanin 1977 da 1992.
Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki . Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British, amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron . Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140. AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware . An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka. Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273).
Tushen addini
Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit. Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury . Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn. Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin. Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna tsayi da fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba. Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe . Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire . Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory. Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari".
Manufofin mallaka
Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln . Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315. Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa.
A shekara ta 1453 , James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson . Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick . A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick . A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick ) daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 - Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley.
Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi.
A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa.
Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall ) kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! ).
Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle . Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge .
A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ) ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 - Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 . Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya.
The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker.
A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300.
Palmerston Fort
Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff . An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine . Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine tsayi, fadi da mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi, kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya
An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu . Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. > A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark<span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu.
Bayan yaki
A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop . The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. "
Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin.
Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust
Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts
Tsibiri Holm
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50793 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Cape%20Verde | 'Yancin Addini a Cape Verde | Kundin tsarin mulkin Cape Verde ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Manufar gwamnati ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da harkokin addini gabaɗaya. Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Alkaluman addini
Cape Verde tsibiri ce mai kunshe da tsibirai 10, 9 daga cikinsu suna zaune. Tana da fadin da yawan jama'a 458,000, bisa ga Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Kasa. Fiye da kashi 85 na yawan jama'ar Roman Katolika ne, a cewar wani kuri'a na yau da kullun da majami'u suka yi. Babbar darikar Furotesta ita ce Cocin Banazare. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Ikilisiyar Adventist na kwana bakwai, Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Saints na Ƙarshe (Mormons), Majami'un God, Ikilisiyar Duniya ta Mulkin God, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Pentikostal da bishara daban-daban. Akwai ƙananan al'ummomin bangaskiyar Baha'i da ƙaramar al'ummar musulmi tana girma. An kiyasta adadin wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba a kasa da kashi 1 cikin dari na yawan jama'a.
Babu wata alaka tsakanin bambancin addini da kabilanci ko siyasa; duk da haka, shugabannin darikar Katolika na tausayawa jam’iyyar Movement for Democracy (MPD) wacce ta mulki kasar daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 2001. Yayin da yawancin Katolika suka taɓa yin adawa da Jam'iyyar ta Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), wacce ta zama jam'iyyar mulki a shekara ta 2001, wasu sun zama magoya bayan PAICV saboda rikici a cikin jam'iyyar MPD da rashin gamsuwa game da ayyukan na ƙarshe.
Akwai ƙungiyoyin masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Gwamnati a kowane mataki na kokarin kare wannan hakkin gaba daya kuma ba ta amince da cin zarafi na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ba.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya kare hakkin mutane na zabi da canza addininsu da kuma fassara addininsu da kansu.
Kundin Penal Code, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa cin zarafi na yancin addini laifuffuka ne da ke fuskantar hukuncin zaman gidan yari tsakanin watanni 3 zuwa shekara 3.
Babu addinin kasa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi rabuwar coci da jiha kuma ya haramtawa gwamnati aiwatar da duk wani imani da ayyuka na addini.
Cocin Katolika na jin daɗin matsayi a rayuwar ƙasa. Alal misali, gwamnati tana ba cocin Katolika lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kyauta don hidimar addini. Hakanan, gwamnati tana kiyaye ranakun tsarkaka na Kirista na Ash Wednesday , Juma'a mai kyau, Ista, Ranar Dukan Waliyai, da Kirsimeti a matsayin hutu na hukuma. Haka kuma, kowace karamar hukuma tana da hutu don girmama waliyyinta. Gwamnati ba ta yin wasu bukukuwan addini.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Duk ƙungiyoyi, na addini ko na zamani, dole ne su yi rajista da Ma'aikatar Shari'a don a san su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin doka.
Rijista wajibi ne a karkashin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar kungiyoyi. Babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa na musamman don yin rajista kuma rashin yin hakan bai haifar da hukunci ko tuhuma ba. Wani illar rashin yin rijista shi ne gazawar ƙungiyoyin da ba su yi rajista ba don neman lamuni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu a matsayin ƙungiya.
Don yin rajista, dole ne ƙungiyar addini ta mika wa Ma’aikatar Shari’a kwafin kundin tsarinta da dokokinta, wanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya wa hannu. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya sharuddan da za a bi a duk wata kungiya, ciki har da na addini, ya kuma bayyana cewa kungiyar ba za ta kasance soja ko makamai ba; ba za a yi nufin inganta tashin hankali, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki, ko mulkin kama-karya ba; kuma maiyuwa bazai sabawa dokar hukunci ba. Rashin yin rajista tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ba ya haifar da wani ƙuntatawa akan imani ko aiki na addini.
Takurawa 'yancin addini
Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da ayyukan addini gabaɗaya.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar.
Tilastawa addini
Babu wani rahoto kan addinantar da wasu da aka tilasta musu, ciki har da kananan ’yan kasar Amurka da aka sace ko kuma an kwashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Amurka, ko kuma na kin barin irin wadannan ‘yan kasar a mayar da su Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya
Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Duba kuma
Addini a Cape Verde
Hakkin Dan Adam a Cape Verde
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22381 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaida | Shaida | SHAIDA kungiya ce ta kare hakkin bil 'adama ba daga Brooklyn ba, New York. Manufarta ita ce hada hannu da kungiyoyin kasa-da-kasa don tallafawa rubuce-rubucen take hakkin bil adama da sakamakonsu, domin cigaba da shiga cikin jama'a, sauya manufofi, da adalci.
Mashaidi ya yi kawance da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 300 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 80.
Bayanin Ofishin Jakadancin
SHAIDA kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke koyar da kuma tallafawa mutane masu amfani da bidiyo a yakin su na kare hakkin dan'adam. Kowace rana, masu gwagwarmaya da 'yan ƙasa suna sa rayuwa a cikin haɗari don fallasa gaskiyar su. Mun taimaka don tabbatar da cewa ƙoƙarin su bai zama banza ba. SHAIDI jagora ne na wani motsi na duniya wanda ke amfani da bidiyo don ƙirƙirar canjin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Tarihi
An kafa shaida a cikin shekarata 1992 ta Peter Gabriel, tare da taimakon Rightsancin Dan Adam na Farko (wanda a lokacin ake kira Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Dan Adam ) da babban darektan kafa Michael Posner .
Mawaki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Peter Gabriel ya sami tasiri ta hanyar kwarewarsa ta amfani da Sony Handycam, ɗayan ƙaramin kamara ta farko da aka tallata wa masu amfani da ita, don yin rikodin labaran da ya ji yayin tafiya tare da Amnesty International ta 1988 Human Rights Now! Yawon shakatawa Ya yanke shawarar samo Mashaidi bayan mummunan halin da 'yan sanda suka shiga a shekarar 1991 wanda ya shafi Rodney King Jr., a cikin faifan bidiyon wani mai kallo game da duka da King ya yiwa' yan sanda na Los Angeles yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma samar da hankalin jama'a. Zuwa ga Gabriel, wannan bidiyon ya nuna ikon bidiyo don ɗaukar hankalin duniya da kuma sadarwa ta hanyar keta hakkin ɗan adam da mutane.
An kafa SHARADI a shekara mai zuwa, a shekarar 1992, tare da tallafin dala miliyan daya daga Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Reebok da kuma kawance da Kwamitin Lauyoyi na Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (yanzu na Farko na 'Yancin Dan Adam ).
A cikin shekarata 1999, WITNESS.org tana amfani da yawo bidiyo a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta kuma ya kasance mai ƙarshe ga RealNetworks, Inc. Streamers Progressive Award a matsayin mafi kyawun shekara ƙungiyar masu watsa labarai mai gudana wacce ba ta riba ba ga Media Assistive .
A cikin shekarata 2001, SHAIDI ya zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. A cikin 2012, WITNESS ta fitar da jerin lokuta na shekara 20 game da kafa kungiyar.
A shekara ta 2004, SHAIDAN ya fara daukar nauyin cin abincin dare da kide kide da ake kira "Maida hankali ga Canji." Taron ya haɗu da masu gwagwarmayar bidiyo, masu ba da kuɗi, da masu shahararrun mutane don raba aikin abokan SHAIDA.
In 2009, WITNESS initiated a focused use of social media as a part of its outreach for video for change. Since 2009, the organization started reporting social media statistics in the organization's performance reports.
A shekarar 2012, SHAHADAR ta kaddamar da wani aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Storyful da YouTube ake kira Channel Human Rights .
SHAIDA ta yi aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 80 don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da bidiyo don canji. A yau, SHAIDA tana da ma'aikata na 30 da $ 3.9 kasafin kudi miliyan.
Gangamin
SHAIDA ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi sama da 300 a cikin sama da ƙasashe 80 tun kafuwarta. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairun shekarata 2015, labarin New York Times, “Kafofin watsa labarai ba su damu da abin da ke faruwa a nan ba”, nuna aikin SHAHADA a Brazil da bidiyo mai ban mamaki a matsayin shiri na shaida tare da masu fafutuka na kafafen yada labarai da ke aiki a cikin kasar. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun hada da:
Horarwa
WITNESS ta kirkiro kayan horo don taimakawa masu gwagwarmaya da masu daukar bidiyo suyi amfani da bidiyo yadda ya kamata kuma cikin aminci don tallafawa kamfen din neman shawarwarin su. SHAIDI yana ba da damar zuwa kayan karatun su ta hanyar laburaren karatun su na kan layi. Sauran albarkatun: Español, Français, Português, جميع أعداد.
Sun fito da Bidiyo na SHAHADI don Littafin Canji, daftarin aiki da aka shirya don koyar da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, muhalli, da ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewar jama'a yadda za a yi amfani da bidiyo sosai a cikin kamfen.
Sun kuma ƙirƙiri Kayan Aiki na Ba da Shawara, jagorar mataki-mataki don hulɗa don taimakawa masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka dabarun bayar da shawarwarin bidiyo.
Kyamarori ko'ina
SHAIDA ta haɗu da Guardian Project don fara shirin kyamarar Ko'ina tare da manufar tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙiri bidiyon bidiyo na haƙƙin ɗan adam cikin aminci, da inganci, da ɗabi'a. Babban aikin Kamara a Ko ina shine SecureSmartCam, shiri ne wanda yake gudana akan wayoyi don tabbatar da tsaro da sahihancin bidiyon kare hakkin dan adam. Amincin masu gwagwarmaya shine manufar ObscureCam, wanda ke ganowa da kuma ɓata fuskoki a cikin hotuna da bidiyo. Tallafin bidiyo yana kan ci gaba har zuwa Maris 2012. Ingancin bidiyo shine manufar InformaCam, wanda ke yin rikodin da ɓoye bayanai ta atomatik kamar haɗin GPS na kamara yayin yin fim, da sigina mara waya ta kusa. Rahoton Kamara a Ko ina gabatar da kira ga kamfanonin fasaha, masu saka jari, masu tsara manufofi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da suyi aiki don amfani da fasaha don amfanin yan Adam.
2015 : Neman Adalcin Zamani Ya Tafi Waya
Tashin hankalin jinsi
SHAIDAN na bayar da tallafi ga masu gwagwarmaya da wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin jinsi ta hanyar basu karfi ta amfani da bidiyo don raba labaran su, sanya muryoyin su da kuma bunkasa canjin da suke nema a rayuwarsu. Albarkatun da ake dasu: Español, Français, Português, جميع أعداد.
Mutuwar kai a Meziko : A watan Maris na 2009, Babban Lauyan Mexico da Ministan Cikin Gida sun himmatu wajen bin diddigin lamarin kan shari'ar Neyra Cervantes, wacce aka yi wa kisan gilla a 2003, da dan uwanta, David Meza wanda ya kwashe shekaru uku a kurkuku bayan an azabtar da shi cikin ikirarin kisan nata. Wannan yarjejeniyar ita ce sakamakon ganawa tsakanin Peter Gabriel, dan wasan kwaikwayo Diego Luna, Jaguares ' Saúl Hernández, Patricia Cervantes (mahaifiyar Neyra) da Shugaban Mexico Calderón, suna neman shi ya kawo karshen kashe mata a Ciudad Juárez da Chihuahua, Mexico . Tun bayan taron, abokiyar aikin SHAIDI Comisión Mexicana ta sadu sau biyu tare da jami’an gwamnati, wadanda ke yin nazarin halin da ake ciki na shari’ar Neyra / David da kuma nazarin jerin manufofin fifiko da suka shafi kawo karshen mace-macen. Labarin Neyra shi ne abin da fim din ya fi mayar da hankali a kai, Dual Injustice, wanda kamfanin WITNESS da (CMDPDH). Bidiyon wani bangare ne na kamfen din Shaida na kasa da kasa da aka yi nasara a 2006 yana kira da a saki Miguel David Meza da kuma ci gaba da bincike kan shari'ar Neyra don tabbatar da cewa za a yi adalci ga dukkan iyalai masu fama da makamancin wannan.
Nuna Bambanci ga Matan Akhdam a Yemen : A shekara ta 2009, Mashaidiya ta haɗu da Sisters Arab Forum (SAF) don samar da shirin fim mai suna “Rushe Shirun,” game da halin da matan Akhdam ke ciki a Yemen. A yanzu haka an dakatar da bidiyon a Yemen, kuma duka Shuhada da SAF suna aiki don soke haramcin.
Canjin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Mashaidin ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri a cikin 2011 don tallafawa sauyawa zuwa dimokiradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka bayan juyin juya halin Larabawa. Wannan shirin ya hada da: haɗin gwiwa tare da Masarautar Dimokuradiyya ta Masar (EDA); karbar bakuncin wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da ke taro a yankin dan gano bukatun gaggawa; ganowa, yadawa da fassara sabbin kayan aiki da dabaru; da kuma kirkirar sabbin manhajoji domin kare hakkin dan adam a yankin.
Sojojin Yara
2007 : SHAIDA ta haɗu da AJEDI-Ka / PES don ƙirƙirar bidiyo don adawa da ɗaukar yara sojoji a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC). Kawancen ya nemi gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifukan da suka haifar da tuhumar laifukan yaki da kotun kasa da kasa da ke hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta tuhumi shugaban yakin Congo na Congo Thomas Lubanga Dyilo . Fim din da aka samo, Aikin Kare . an nuna shi ne a wani babban taron tattaunawa a Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba na 2007 bayan kamun da ICC ta yi na wani shugaban yakin DRC na biyu don amfani da yara sojoji. Mashaidi ya yi aiki tare da Amnesty International don haɓaka tsarin karatun aboki don fim ɗin.
2009 : An fara shari'ar Mista Dyilo a watan Janairun 2009. An sake kame wasu shugabannin yaki uku kuma yanzu haka suna jiran hukunci a kotun ta ICC don amfani da kananan yara a DRC.
2012 : Ranar 14 ga Maris, 2012, aka yanke wa Thomas Lubanga hukunci na amfani da kananan yara - laifin yaki.
2015 : Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Shugaban Sojan Kwango Thomas Lubanga .
Kayan more rayuwa
Bayan bincikar da aka yi wa masu yanke shawara a Chechnya da kuma duniya baki daya a shekarar 2009, Tunawa da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta sami gagarumar nasarar bayar da shawarwari ta hanyar samar da kudaden da gwamnatin Chechen ke samu don sake gina gidaje da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa a Zumsoy, Chechnya.
Fataucin mutane
Bautar Zamani a Brazil : A shekarar 2007, an undulla ta Alkawura, wani fim game da bautar zamani a ƙauyukan Brazil, an nuna shi a gaban Hukumar ' Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dattawan Brazil, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani wajen kai Insungiyar Masu Kula da Wayoyi zuwa ci gaba da binciken da'awar da bayi suka rinka yi. Haɗa ta alkawura ya kuma haifar da ƙarin saka hannun jari a cikin shirye-shiryen ma'aikata.
Fataucin Jima'i na 'Yan Adam a Amurka: A cikin 2012, SHAIDAN sun kirkiro wani faifan bidiyo na ba da shawarwari na minti 21 mai suna Abin da Na Kasance Ba Ba Ni bane, tare da ECPAT -USA. Shortan gajeren shirin ya ba da labarin Katrina, yarinyar da aka sayar da ita don yin jima'i a Amurka.
Zagin dattijo
Cin zarafin dattijo a Amurka : A cikin 2009, SHAHADA da Majalisar Kula da Tsufa (NCOA) sun samar da Shekaru don Adalci: Cin Mutuncin Dattijo a Amurka, fim ɗin da ke ba da hujja na cin zarafin kuɗi, motsin rai da na jiki wanda ya kai kimanin kiyasta tsofaffin Amurkawa miliyan biyar suna fuskantar kowace shekara.
Canjin yanayi
Witness joined the "iMatter Trust Campaign" with Our Children's Trust, the iMatter Campaign and students from Montana State University’s MFA in Science and Natural History Filmmaking to co-produce a series of videos highlighting how climate change and government inaction is affecting the everyday lives of our youth.
'Yan Gudun Hijira (IDPs)
2007 : An yi amfani da Hotuna daga Labaran Burma don yin amfani da wani abu mai muhimmanci ga BBC Newsnight wanda ya soki gwamnatin Kwadago a Burtaniya kan karamin kudin da take bayarwa ga 'Yan Gudun Hijira (IDPs) a Burma. Wannan watsa shirye-shiryen ya taimaka wajen ingiza gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da bita a hukumance wanda, a cikin watan Yulin 2007, ya ba da shawarar a ninka har sau hudu a cikin tallafi ga 'yan gudun hijirar da ke Burma .
Cibiyar: Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta 'Yan Adam
Mashaidi ya ƙaddamar da Hub ɗin a cikin 2007 a matsayin wuri guda don masu amfani don ɗora bidiyo na haƙƙin ɗan adam, wannan mai yiwuwa ba za a iya loda shi a wani wuri ba. Saboda waɗancan buƙatun sun cika ta wasu kafofin, Hub ɗin yanzu ya zama wurin ajiyar abubuwan da aka ɗora a baya.
Outside ratings
Charity Navigator ya bada shaidar SHAHADA 3 daga taurari 4 gabaɗaya, kuma 4 daga cikin taurari 4 akan “Lissafi da Bayyanar Gaskiya”.
Jaridar Global Journal ta fitarda martaba # 83 daga cikin kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu a shekara ta 2012.
Jaridar Global Journal ta tantance SHAHADA # 52 daga cikin kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu a cikin shekarar 2013.
Duba kuma
Shaidar bidiyo
Laifin 'yan sanda
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
innova t ions (MIT) Spring 2008
"Duniyar shaidu", wata kasida a cikin The Economist
Peter Gabriel yana yaƙi da rashin adalci tare da bidiyo, magana da aka bayar a TED
Topungiyar NGOungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta 100 ta Duniya ta Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
46663 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20ta%20Tsakiya | Alberta ta Tsakiya | Alberta ta Tsakiya yanki ne da ke lardin Alberta a kasar Kanada.
Alberta ta Tsakiya ita ce yanki ce da tafi kowacce kauye yawan jama'a a lardin. Noma da makamashi na da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin.
Labarin kasa
Alberta ta Tsakiyar ta hada da iyaka da Rockies Kanada daga yamma, Kudancin Alberta da Yankin Calgary daga kudu, Saskatchewan daga gabas da Arewacin Alberta daga arewa. Ya kewaye yankin Babban Birnin Edmonton gaba daya kuma ta ƙunshi tsakiyar yankin Calgary-Edmonton Corridor mai yawan jama'a.
Kogin Saskatchewan na Arewa ya ratsa yankin daga yamma zuwa gabas. Sauran kogunan da ke ratsa yankin sune kogin Red Deer, Kogin Battle River, Kogin Athabasca, Kogin Pembina, Kogin Brazeau, Kogin Beaver .
Abubuwan da ke jawo hankalin masu yawon bude idanu a yankin sun hada da: Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions, Cibiyar Gano Man Fetur na Kanada a Leduc, Park Discovery Wildlife Park, Kerry Wood Nature Center da Gaetz Lake Sanctuary a cikin Red Deer, Nordegg Heritage Center da Mine Site, Reynolds-Alberta Museum, Rocky Mountain Museum. Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Gida, Ƙauyen Al'adun gargajiya na Ukrainian da Gidan Tarihi na Lardi na Stephannson kusa da tafkin Sylvan .
Manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, na gunduma, da na birni sun haɗa da Park National Park, William A. Switzer Lardin Park, Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, Big Knife Provincial Park, Pigeon Lake Lardin Park, da kuma Sylvan Lake Park .
Ana kuma iya samun jerin abubuwan jan hankali akan tituna da ake kira Giants of the Prairies a tsakiyar Alberta. Manyan mushroom a Vilna, manyan kabewa a yankin Smoky Lake, Giant Perogy (Ukrainian dumpling) a Glendon, babbar Kielbasa ( tsiran alade na Ukraine ) a Mundare, babban Pysanka (Ukrainian Easter kwai) a Vegreville, UFO Landing Pad a St. Paul da giant mallard duck in Andrew .
Alkaluma
Tsakiyar Alberta tana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum 240,368 (2004).
Abubuwan More rayuwa
Sufuri
Babban titin Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta ratsa yankin daga kudu zuwa arewa, da babbar titin Yellowhead daga gabas zuwa yamma. Sauran manyan manyan hanyoyin sun hada da Babbar Hanya 9, Babbar Hanya 21, Babban Titin Tunawa da Tsohon Soji, Hanyar David Thomson, Trail Cowboy, Trail Grizzly da Buffalo Trail. Trail na Poundmaker ta ratsa ta arewa maso gabashin yankin.
Kiwon Lafiya
Akwai yankunan kiwon lafiya a yankin kamar haka: Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Aspen, Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin David Thompson da Lafiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya .
Ilimi
Makarantun gaba da sakandare a yankin sun hada da Red Deer Polytechnic, Kwalejin Olds, Kwalejin Lakeland, Jami'ar Burman da Jami'ar Alberta Augustana Faculty (Camrose) .
Siyasa
A matakin gunduma, Membobin Majalisa da dama ne ke wakiltar Alberta ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta ta 'yan majalisar da aka zaba a yankunan Battle River-Wainwright, Drayton Valley-Calmar, Drumheller-Stettler, Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville, Innisfail-Sylvan Lake, Lacombe-Ponoka, Leduc-Beaumont-Devon, Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills, Red Deer Arewa, Red Deer South, Rocky Mountain House, Stony Plain, Vermilion-Lloydminster, Yamma Yellowhead, Wetaskiwin-Camrose da Whitecourt-Ste. Anne .
Al'umma
Yankin ta bazu zuwa sassan ƙidayar jama'a da dama: 7, 8, 9, 10, 14 da kuma sassan sassan 11, 12 da 13 .
Cities
Camrose
Cold Lake
Lacombe
Lloydminster
Red Deer
Wetaskiwin
Towns
Barrhead
Bashaw
Bentley
Blackfalds
Bonnyville
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Castor
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Daysland
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Drayton Valley
Eckville
Edson
Elk Point
Hanna
Hardisty
Hinton
Innisfail
Killam
Lamont
Mayerthorpe
Millet
Mundare
Olds
Onoway
Penhold
Ponoka
Provost
Rimbey
Rocky Mountain House
Sedgewick
Smoky Lake
St. Paul
Stettler
Sundre
Sylvan Lake
Tofield
Two Hills
Vegreville
Vermilion
Viking
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Westlock
Whitecourt
Villages
Alberta Beach
Alix
Alliance
Amisk
Andrew
Bawlf
Big Valley
Bittern Lake
Botha
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Consort
Cremona
Czar
Delburne
Dewberry
Donalda
Edberg
Edgerton
Elnora
Ferintosh
Forestburg
Gadsby
Galahad
Glendon
Halkirk
Hay Lakes
Heisler
Holden
Hughenden
Innisfree
Irma
Kitscoty
Lougheed
Mannville
Marwayne
Myrnam
Paradise Valley
Rosalind
Ryley
Sangudo
Spring Lake
Strome
Veteran
Vilna
Waskatenau
Willingdon
Summer villages
Argentia Beach
Birch Cove
Birchcliff
Bonnyville Beach
Burnstick Lake
Castle Island
Crystal Springs
Grandview
Gull Lake
Half Moon Bay
Horseshoe Bay
Jarvis Bay
Larkspur
Ma-Me-O Beach
Nakamun Park
Norglenwold
Norris Beach
Parkland Beach
Pelican Narrows
Poplar Bay
Rochon Sands
Ross Haven
Sandy Beach
Silver Beach
Silver Sands
South View
Sunbreaker Cove
Sunrise Beach
Sunset Point
Val Quentin
West Cove
White Sands
Yellowstone
Improvement districts
Improvement District No. 13 (Elk Island)
Municipal districts
Barrhead No. 11, County of
Beaver County
Bonnyville No. 87, M.D. of
Brazeau County
Camrose County
Clearwater County
Flagstaff County
Lac Ste. Anne County
Lacombe County
Lamont County
Minburn No. 27, County of
Mountain View County
Paintearth No. 18, County of
Ponoka County
Provost No. 52, M.D. of
Red Deer County
Smoky Lake County
St. Paul No. 19, County of
Stettler No. 6, County of
Thorhild County
Two Hills No. 21, County of
Vermilion River, County of
Wainwright No. 61, M.D. of
Westlock County
Wetaskiwin No. 10, County of
Woodlands County
Yellowhead County
Special areas
Special Area No. 4
Duba kuma
Jerin yankuna na Kanada
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Central Alberta
Tafiya Alberta - Alberta ta Tsakiya
Yankunan Alberta - Alberta Heritage |
40573 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20halin%20dan%20Adam | Ilimin halin dan Adam | Psychology shine binciken kimiyya na hankali da hali. IIlimin halin dan Adam ya haɗa da nazarin hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, gami da ji da tunani. Ilimi ne na ilimi mai girman gaske, yana ketare iyakoki tsakanin ilimin halitta da zamantakewa. Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa na kwakwalwa, suna danganta horo da ilimin nneuroscience. A matsayin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna nufin fahimtar halayen daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi. syo <b id="mwJQ">Ψ</b> (<i id="mwJg">psi</i>), harafin farko na kalmar Helenanci psyche wanda aka samo kalmar ilimin halin dan Adam (duba ƙasa), yawanci yana hade da kimiyya.
Kwararren likita ko mai bincike da ke da hannu a cikin horo ana kiransa masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman masana kimiyyar halayya ko fahimi. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar matsayin ayyukan tunani a cikin ɗaiɗai da ɗabi'a na zamantakewa. Wasu suna bincika hanyoyin ilimin lissafin jiki da na neurobiological waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ayyuka da halaye na fahimi.
Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin bincike kan ra'ayi, fahimta, hankali, motsin rai, hankali, abubuwan da suka faru, kuzari, aikin kwakwalwa, da mutuntaka. Sha'awar masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kai ga alaƙar juna, juriya na tunani, juriyar iyali, da sauran fagage a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Suna kuma la'akari da hankali marar hankali. Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙwaƙƙwaran don haifar da alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, likitocin ilimin nasiha na asibiti sun dogara da fassarar alama.
Yayin da ake amfani da ilimin tunani sau da yawa akan kimantawa da magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana kuma karkata zuwa ga fahimta da warware matsaloli a fannoni da dama na ayyukan ɗan adam. Ta lissafin da yawa, ilimin halin dan Adam yana nufin amfani da al'umma. Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin wani nau'in rawar warkewa, yin aikin motsa jiki a cikin asibiti, shawarwari, ko saitunan makaranta. Sauran masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya akan batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi hanyoyin tunani da halaye. Yawanci ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ɗabi'a suna aiki a cikin tsarin ilimi (misali, jami'o'i, makarantun likitanci, ko asibitoci). Wani rukuni na masana ilimin halayyar dan adam yana aiki a cikin masana'antu da saitunan kungiya. Duk da haka wasu suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam, tsufa, wasanni, lafiya, kimiyyar bincike, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.
Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta
Kalmar Psychology ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci <i id="mwXQ">psyche</i>, ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaren ƙarshen kalmar "psychology" ya samo asali daga -λογία-logia, wanda ke nufin "karatu" ko "bincike". Kalmar Latin psychologia ta fara amfani da ɗan adam ɗan Croatian kuma ɗan Latin Marko Marulić a cikin littafinsa, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae (Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul) a ƙarshen karni na 15 ko farkon karni na 16. Maganar farko da aka sani game da kalmar ilimin halin dan adam a Turanci shine Steven Blankaart a cikin shekarar 1694 a cikin Kamus na zahiri. Kamus na nufin "Anatomy, wanda ke bi da Jiki, da Psychology, wanda ke bi da Rai."
A cikin shekarar 1890, William James ya bayyana ilimin halin dan Adam a matsayin "kimiyyar rayuwar tunani, duka abubuwan mamaki da yanayin su." Wannan ma'anar ta ji daɗin yaɗu tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, an yi hamayya da wannan ma'anar, musamman ta masu halin kirki irin su John B. Watson, wanda a cikin shekarar 1913 ya tabbatar da cewa horo shine "kimiyya ta halitta", makasudin ka'idar wanda "shine tsinkaya da sarrafa hali." Tunda James ya ayyana “ilimin tunani”, kalmar tana da ƙarfi sosai akan gwajin kimiyya. Ilimin halayyar jama'a yana nufin 'talakawa na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙwararrun tunani', fahimtar yanayin tunani da halayen mutane.
Farkon ilimin halin dan adam na gwaji
Masanin falsafa John Stuart Mill ya yi imanin cewa tunanin ɗan adam a buɗe yake ga binciken kimiyya, ko da kuwa kimiyyar ta wasu hanyoyi ba ta dace ba. Mill ya ba da shawarar " Chemistry na hankali" wanda tunanin farko zai iya haɗuwa cikin ra'ayoyin mafi girma. Gustav Fechner ya fara gudanar da binciken ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Leipzig a cikin 1830s. Ya fayyace ƙa'idar cewa fahimtar ɗan adam game da abin motsa rai yana bambanta logarithm gwargwadon ƙarfinsa. Ka'idar ta zama sananne da dokar Weber-Fechner. Abubuwan Fechner na 1860 na Psychophysics sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayin Kant mara kyau game da gudanar da bincike mai ƙima akan hankali. Nasarar Fechner ita ce ta nuna cewa "hanyoyin tunani ba za a iya ba da girman adadi kawai ba, amma kuma ana iya auna waɗannan ta hanyoyin gwaji." A cikin Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz ya gudanar da bincike guda ɗaya a kan tsinkayen hankali, da kuma horar da masanin ilimin lissafi Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, ya zo Jami'ar Leipzig, inda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya kawo ilimin halin gwaji a duniya. Wundt ya mai da hankali kan tarwatsa hanyoyin tunani zuwa mafi mahimmancin sassa na asali, wanda aka kwadaitar a wani bangare ta kwatankwacin ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ilmin sunadarai, da nasarar bincikensa na abubuwa da tsarin kayan. Paul Flechsig da Emil Kraepelin ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙirƙiri wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tasiri a Leipzig, ɗakin binciken da ke da alaƙa da tunani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan gwajin tabin hankali.
Manazarta |
40683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Dominika | Jamhuriyar Dominika | Jamhuriyar Dominican ( Spanish : República Dominicana ) ƙasa ce ta Latin Amurka a tsibirin Hispaniola na Tsibirin Karibiyan ; ƙasar Haiti na daga cikin ƙasashen tsibirin. Babban birninta, kuma mafi girma birni, shine Santo Domingo . Harshen ƙasar Spanish.
Ƙasar tana cikin daular Spain har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. A cikin ƙarni na 19, Faransa, Spain da Haiti suna iko da ita a lokuta daban-daban, kuma daga baya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta. Amurka ta mamaye ta daga 1916 zuwa 1924. Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Ƙasar tana da yanayi mai zafi amma an canza ta ta hanyar haɓakawa da iskar kasuwanci ( iskar da ke fitowa daga arewa maso gabas, daga Tekun Atlantika ).
Mutanen Espanya sun kawo bayi na Afirka zuwa kasar.
Jamhuriyar Dominika na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da cacao.
Tarihi
Christopher Columbus ya gano tsibirin Hispaniola a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1492, amma karo na farko da ya ga wani yanki na Jamhuriyar Dominika ta yanzu shine a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1493 lokacin da ya ga wani yanki da ya kira Monte Cristi ("Mountain"). na Kristi). Ana kiran wannan dutsen yanzu El Morro kuma yana kusa da birnin Monte Cristi .
Daga Monte Cristi, Columbus ya tafi gabas tare da arewacin bakin tekun tsibirin kuma a ranar 6 ga Janairu, bayan ya ziyarci Samaná Bay, ya koma Spain . A tafiyarsa ta biyu zuwa Amurka, ya kafa birnin Turai na farko a nahiyar, La Isabela, kusa da birnin Puerto Plata na yanzu.
Daga baya, Bartholomew Columbus ya kafa birnin Santo Domingo, birni mafi tsufa na Turai a cikin Amurka. Daga nan, Mutanen Espanya da yawa sun tafi cinye wasu tsibiran ( Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico ). Domin Cuba ta fi kusa da nahiyar, mutane da yawa sun ƙaura daga Hispaniola, sannan zuwa nahiyar. Saboda haka, yawan mutanen tsibirin ya karu a hankali. Ta Yarjejeniyar Ryswick a 1697, Spain ta ba da yammacin ukun na tsibirin ga Faransa kuma ta kiyaye gabas, don haka tsibirin yana da yankuna biyu daban-daban: Faransanci Saint-Domingue da Spain Santo Domingo . A shekara ta 1795, Faransa ta sami dukan tsibirin amma kawai sun iya sarrafa yankin gabas saboda Haiti ta sami ƴanci ba da daɗewa ba. A 1809, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayar da tsohon mulkin mallaka na "Santo Domingo" zuwa Spain.
A ranar 1 ga Disamba 1821, Laftanar Gwamna José Núñez de Cáceres ya ayyana ƴancin kai daga Spain. Sabuwar ƙasar tana da suna Estado Independiente del Haití Español ("Ƙasar Haiti mai zaman kanta ta Spain"). Amma a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1822, sojojin Haiti suka mamaye kasar kuma suka zauna tsawon shekaru 22. Juan Pablo Duarte ya kafa ƙungiyar asiri, La Trinitaria, don yin yaki don 'yancin kai na Dominican. Aikin Haiti ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1844, lokacin da mazaunan gabashin yankin Hispaniola suka yi sabuwar ƙasa mai suna República Dominicana ("Jamhuriyar Dominika"). Daga 1861 zuwa 1865, ƙasar ta sake zama ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1863 ya fara yaƙin Maidowa lokacin da Dominicans suka yi yaƙi don sake samun ƴanci. Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1865 sa’ad da Mutanen Espanya suka bar ƙasar kuma Jamhuriyar Dominican ta sake zama ƙasa mai ƴanci.
Amurka ta mamaye ƙasar daga 1916 zuwa 1924. A shekara ta 1930, Rafael Trujillo ya zama shugaban ƙasar ta hanyar juyin mulki . Trujillo ya kasance azzalumin kama- karya, inda ya kashe dubban mutane, daga cikinsu akwai ’yan Haiti da yawa. An kashe Trujillo a shekara ta 1961. Bayan mutuwar Trujillo, an zabi Juan Bosch a 1962 kuma ya zama, a cikin 1963, zababben shugaban kasa na farko tun 1930. Amma Bosch ya kwashe watanni bakwai kawai yana mulki. A shekarar 1965, an yi yakin basasa tsakanin wadanda ke son Bosch ya dawo kan karagar mulki da kuma wadanda ke adawa da shi. Sannan Amurka ta sake mamaye kasar.
Tun daga ƙarshen yaƙin basasa, shugabannin Jamhuriyar Dominika sun kasance:
Joaquín Balaguer (1966-1978)
Antonio Guzman (1978-1982)
Salvador Jorge Blanco (1982-1986)
Joaquín Balaguer (1986-1996)
Leonel Fernández (1996-2000)
Hipólito Mejía (2000-2004)
Leonel Fernández (2004-2012)
Gwamnati
Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Gwamnati ta kasu kashi uku: Zartarwa, majalisa da kuma ɓangaren shari'a . Bangaren zartaswa ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da kuma ministoci wadanda ake kira Sakatarorin Gwamnati . Shugaban kasa shine shugaban kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati kuma ana zabar shi duk bayan shekaru 4. Ya naɗa majalisar ministoci. Shugaban ƙasa na yanzu shine Luis Abinader.
Reshen Majalisar yana yin dokoki kuma ya ƙunshi Majalisa, wanda ke Santo Domingo, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Majalisa ta kasu kashi biyu: Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 32 (daya na kowane lardi daya na gundumomi na kasa), sai kuma majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 178.
Sashen shari’a ya ƙunshi kotunan ƙasar, ciki har da Kotun Koli na Shari’a.
Siyasa
Jamhuriyar Dominika ƙasar dimokuradiyya ce ta tsarin mulki da shugaban kasa ke mulki . Ana zaben shugaban kasa duk bayan shekaru 4. Shugaban na yanzu shine Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, na PRM.
Akwai muhimman jam'iyyun siyasa 3 a Jamhuriyar Dominican:
PRD : Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Dominican (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Dominicano ). PRD jam'iyyar gurguzu ce. An kafa jam'iyyar ne a shekara ta 1939 a birnin Havana na kasar Cuba . An kafa shi a Jamhuriyar Dominican a cikin 1961.
PRSC : Social Christian Reformist Party (Spanish: Partido Reformista Social Cristiano ). Jam'iyya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wacce Joaquín Balager ya kafa a shekarar 1964, wanda ya kasance shugaban Jamhuriyar daga 1966 zuwa 1978 da 1986-96.
PLD : Jam'iyyar Dominican Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido de la Liberación Dominicana ) ya kasance ɗan gurguzu lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1973; a halin yanzu jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi .
Ƙasa
Akwai sarƙoƙin tsaunuka da yawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominika. Manyan sarkoki guda hudu, daga Arewa zuwa Kudu, su ne:
Cordillera Septentrional (a Turanci, "Arewa Tsaunuka"), kusa da Tekun Atlantika.
Cordillera Central (a Turanci, "Tsakiyar tsaunuka") wanda ke ci gaba zuwa arewacin Haiti inda ake kira Massif du Nord . Duwatsu mafi tsayi na yammacin Indiya suna cikin wannan sarƙar; Pico Duarte, tare da 3,087 m, shine mafi girma. Manyan koguna na Hispaniola suna da tushen su a cikin wannan tsaunuka.
Sierra de Neiba .
Sierra de Bahoruco, wanda aka fi sani da Haití a matsayin Massif de la Selle .
Tsakanin waɗannan tsaunuka, akwai ƙwaruruka masu muhimmanci, kamar:
Kwarin Cibao (Jamhuriyar Dominika) ita ce kwari mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci na ƙasar. Wannan dogon kwari ya taso daga Arewacin Haiti zuwa Samaná Bay, kudu da Cordillera Septentrional.
Kwarin San Juan da Filin Azua manyan kwari ne a kudancin Cordillera Central.
Hoya de Enriquillo ko kwarin Neiba wani kwari ne mai bushewa a kudu da Saliyo de Neiba.
Llano Costero del Caribe (a cikin Ingilishi, "Plain Coastal Plain") yana kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. Wani katafaren daji ne a gabas da Santo Domingo . A cikin wannan fili akwai shuke-shuken sukari masu mahimmanci.
Akwai wasu ƙananan kwari a cikin tsaunuka: Constanza, Jarabacoa, Bonao, Villa Altagracia.
Koguna hudu mafi mahimmanci na Jamhuriyar Dominican sune Yaque del Norte, Yuna, Yaque del Sur da Ozama . Akwai tafkuna da yawa; mafi girma shine tafkin Enriquillo, a cikin Hoya de Enriquillo .
Mutane
Jamhuriyar Dominika tana da jimillar yawan jama'a, wanda aka kiyasta a watan Yuli 2009, na mazaunan 9,650,054, ga yawan mazaunan 236.30 a kowace km².
Kusan 64% na mutanen Dominika suna zaune a birane da garuruwa kuma 87% na mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 ko fiye suna iya karatu da rubutu.
Manyan biranen biyu sune Santo Domingo (babban birni) mai mazauna 1,817,754, da Santiago, a cikin kwarin Cibao kuma tare da mazauna 908,250.
Ƙirar ƙabilanci na mutanen Dominika yana kusa da 85% Mulatto & Black, 14% Fari da 1% na Asiya.
Mulatto Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da Afirka ta Yamma, amma suna da ƴan asalin asalin Taino.
Mestizo Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da ƴan asalin tsibirin Hispaniola; wasu daga cikinsu suna da 'yan asalin Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Black Dominicans: Su zuriyar ’yan Afirka ta Yamma ne waɗanda aka kawo su a matsayin bayi don yin aiki galibi akan noman rake. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Afirka ana iya samo su zuwa ƙasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Ghana, Kamaru, da Angola.
White Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Mutanen Espanya ne, Fotigal, da Faransanci. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Turai sun fito ne daga tsibirin Canary da Kudancin Spain, yayin da wasu da yawa suka fito daga Portuguese, Galiciyawa, Asturiyawa, da Faransawa.
Dominican Asiya: Su ne mafi ƙanƙanta ƙabilu a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Yawancin su sun samo asali ne daga lardunan gabar tekun Kudancin China da Japan. Wasu daga cikinsu an gauraye su da ’yan Dominican da ba na Asiya ba.
Dominicans ƴan asalin ƙasar: galibinsu zuriyar mutanen Taino ne waɗanda suka tsira zuwa ƙarni na farko na mulkin mallaka na Turai, bauta ko cututtuka. Suna da asali daban-daban na asali fiye da yawancin Dominicans, amma suna da al'adu iri ɗaya tare da mulatto da mestizo Dominicans. Mafi yawansu sun samo asali ne daga Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya, da tsaunin Neiba da wasu kwaruruka a yankunan Arewa da Kudu.
Larduna
An raba Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa larduna 31. Babban birnin kasar Santo Domingo de Guzmán yana cikin Distrito National wanda yake kamar lardin kuma ya zaɓi Sanata ɗaya.
Tattalin Arziki
Jamhuriyar Dominican tana da tattalin arzikin gauraye wanda ya dogara ne akan aikin noma, ayyuka (ciki har da yawon shaƙatawa da kuɗi ), kasuwanci da kuɗin da aka aiko daga Dominican da yawa waɗanda ke zaune a wasu ƙasashe ( Amurka, Turai ). Ayyukan noma (yafi yawan rake, tare da ƙananan kofi, cacao, da taba) shine babban aikin tattalin arziki amma yanzu ya kasance a matsayi na uku bayan yawon shakatawa da masana'antu a zonas francas (" yankuna masu kyauta "inda masana'antu ba sa biyan haraji kuma duk ana aikawa da samarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe).
Haƙar ma'adanai na da matuƙar mahimmanci a harkar tattalin arzikin ƙasar.
Jamhuriyar Dominican na fama da talauci, inda kashi 83.3% na al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa kasa da layin talauci a shekarar 2012. Rarraba dukiyar ba ta daidaita: 10% mafi arziki suna samun kusan kashi 40% na kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙasa.
Al'adu
Al'adun Jamhuriyar Dominican, kamar sauran ƙasashen Karibiyan haɗuwa ne na al'adun Taíno, Afirka da Turai (yafi Mutanen Espanya ).
Babu al'adun Taíno da yawa a cikin al'adun Dominican na zamani; wurare da yawa suna ajiye sunayensu Taíno: Dajabón, Bánica, Haina, Yaque, Samaná, da dai sauransu. Hakanan abubuwa da yawa, tsirrai da dabbobi suna da asalin Taíno kuma an haɗa sunayensu cikin wasu harsuna; misali: canoa ( kwalekwale, ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ), hamaca ( hammock, gado mai sauƙi), maíz ( masara, masara ), yuca ( rogo, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Taíno casabe, irin burodin rogo da ake ci a cikin Caribbean), da batata ( dankali mai dadi ).
Wannan cakuda al'adu daban-daban ya haifar da al'ada da aka sani da Creole (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: Criolla ), gama gari ga duk ƙasashe a cikin Caribbean, Louisiana da wasu sassa na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya .
Harsuna
A Jamhuriyar Dominican, Mutanen Espanya ne kawai ake magana, duk da haka; akwai manyan harsuna 3 waɗanda kuma ake magana da su kamar Haitian Creole, Samana English, da kuma Yaren Yarbawa na Yammacin Afirka da aka fi sani da Lucumi da 'yan kaɗan ke magana. Akwai yare na gida ko patois wanda duk Dominicans ke magana - duba Dominican Spanish Creole . A cikin al'ummar Dominican Sinawa (wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 60 000) tsofaffin ƙarni na ci gaba da magana cikin Sinanci na Mandarin da Sinanci na Cantonese .
Addinai
Addinin hukuma shine Roman Katolika amma akwai ƴancin yin addini. Ƙungiyoyin Furotesta suna da mahimmanci, suna wakiltar kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a. Kowace shekara ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa da ake kira fiestas patronales. Biki ne na Katolika don girmama tsarkakan Maɗaukaki na garuruwa da ƙauyuka; al'adar Mutanen Espanya ce a haɗa kowane gari tare da waliyyi na Katolika. Bukukuwan sun haɗa da hidimar coci, faretin tituna, ayyukan kashe gobara, gasar raye-raye da sauran ayyukan. Dominican Voodoo ko Santeria kuma ana yin su da yawa da kuma Dominican Palo, addinin Dominika Kongo, da sauransu.
Al'adun Afirka suna da tasiri mafi ƙarfi a cikin al'adun Dominican, musamman a cikin harshe, addini, abinci, da kiɗa.
Hotuna
Nassoshi
Webarchive template wayback links
Ƙasashen Amurka
Ƙasashe
Ƙasashen Karibiyan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Partey | Thomas Partey | Thomas Teye Partey (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni , shekara ta 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arsenal a Premier League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana.
Partey ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kulob din Atlético Madrid na Sipaniya a cikin shekarar 2013, ya tafi aro zuwa Mallorca da Almería, kuma ya koma Atlético a shekarar 2015, ya ci UEFA Europa League da UEFA Super Cup a 2018. A shekara ta 2020, ya koma Arsenal ne a kan fam miliyan 45 (€50m), ya zama dan wasan Ghana mafi tsada a tarihi.
Dan wasan kasar Ghana ne na kasa da kasa, Partey ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika sau uku (shekarar 2017,2019,da 2021). An sanya shi a cikin Gwarzon Dan wasan CAF a shekarar 2018, kuma ya lashe Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana a shekara ta 2018 da 2019.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Atlético Madrid
An haife shi a cikin Krobo Odumase, Partey ya kasance samfur na ƙungiyar matasan Odometah na gida. Ya sanya hannu tare da Atlético Madrid a cikin shekarar 2012, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Leganés, kuma daga baya aka koma wurin ajiyar bayan shekara guda. A ranar 10 Maris 2013, an kira Partey zuwa babban tawagar wasan da Real Sociedad. Koyaya, ya kasance ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da suka doke gida da ci 0-1.
Mallorca da Almería
A ranar 12 ga Yuli, an ba da rancen Partey zuwa Mallorca, an sake komawa matakin na biyu. A ranar 18 ga Agusta, ya yi ƙwararriyar halarta ta farko, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–4 da Sabadell. Partey ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 15 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Hércules.
A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2014, Partey ya koma kungiyar Almería ta La Liga a kan aro. Ya fara halarta a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, wanda ya fara a wasan gida da Espanyol 1-1. Partey ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a babban rukunin kwallon kafa na kasar Sipaniya a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Granada da ci 3-0 a gida.
Komawa zuwa Atlético Madrid
Partey ya fara bugawa Atlético Madrid wasa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Luciano Vietto a ci 1-0 gida da Espanyol. A ranar 2 ga Janairu na shekara mai zuwa, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan a nasarar gida a kan Levante. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, ya buga wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Real Madrid, inda ya maye gurbin Koke a minti na 116 yayin da kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti.
Partey ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin tare da Atlético Madrid har zuwa 2022 a 14 ga Fabrairu 2017. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta Turai tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida don daidaitawa a gida zuwa Qarabağ a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai; ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya ci kwallo a gasar Atletico. Bayan da ya taka rawar gani a kulob din, an sake ba shi wani kwangila a ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, wannan lokacin har zuwa 2023. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, ya taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta 2018 UEFA Europa, yayin da kungiyarsa ta ci Marseille 3-0.
A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2019, Partey ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa kuma ya ci nasarar wasan a cikin minti na karshe na wasan, yayin da Atlético ta dawo daga 2-0 a kasa ta ci wasan da ci 3-2 da Eibar . Ya buga wasansa na 100 na gasar La Liga a Los Rojiblancos tare da nuna bajinta a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Real Madrid a wasan Madrid derby makonni hudu bayan haka. Duk da barin Atlético a farkon kakar 2020-21, Partey ya yi isassun bayyanuwa a farkon kakar wasa don ya cancanci lashe lambar yabo kamar yadda Atlético ta lashe La Liga a waccan shekarar.
Arsenal
A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2020, kulob din Premier League Arsenal ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Partey kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci, bayan da ya kunna batun sakin sa na fam miliyan 45 (€ 50 miliyan) tare da Atlético Madrid. An ba shi riga mai lamba 18, wacce Nacho Monreal ya bar ta a kakar da ta gabata. Bayan sanya hannu, Partey ya bayyana sha'awarsa na taimaka wa Arsenal "komawa inda suke", yana kwatanta shawararsa ta komawa bisa "[son] fuskantar sabbin kalubale", yayin da kuma ya yaba da canja wurin zuwa kocin Mikel Arteta da darektan fasaha Edu.
A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2020, Partey ya fara bugawa Arsenal wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Granit Xhaka a wasan da suka tashi 0-1 a waje a gasar Premier da Manchester City. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, Partey ya fara wasansa na farko ga Arsenal a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 a waje da Rapid Wien a gasar UEFA Europa League. Tsakanin wasan da suka yi da Aston Villa a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, Partey ya samu rauni a cinyarsa wanda hakan ya sa ya rasa sauran wasannin na wata. A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2020, zai sake dawowa a wasan North London derby, amma ya sake samun rauni a rabin lokaci. Arsenal ta sha kashi a hannun Tottenham da ci 2-0. Ba zai sake buga wasa ba sai bayan wata daya, wanda ya fito daga benci a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Crystal Palace l. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2021, Partey ya ci wa Arsenal kwallonsa ta farko a ci 3-1 da Aston Villa. A watan Fabrairun 2022, Partey ya zama gwarzon dan wasan Arsenal. Ya biyo bayan yabon ne da bugun kai da kai a kan Leicester City a wasan da Arsenal ta ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Maris 2022.
Ayyukan kasa
A watan Mayun 2016, kocin Ghana Avram Grant ya kira Partey a karon farko zuwa tawagar kasar Ghana, gabanin wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2017 da Mauritius. Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, inda ya maye gurbin Frank Acheampong na mintuna 11 na karshe na nasarar da suka yi a waje da ci 2-0 wanda ya kai matsayin Black Stars a wasan karshe. A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2017, Partey ya yi i hat-trick ɗin sa na farko na ƙasa a cikin nasara 5–1 da Kongo a cikin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018.
An zabi Partey a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Kwesi Appiah a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019 a Masar. A wasansu na rukuni na karshe, ya zura kwallo a ragar Guinea-Bissau da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Suez, yayin da Black Stars ke kan gaba a rukuninsu. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karshen wasan zagaye na 16 da Tunisia a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, duk da cewa an fitar da kungiyarsa.
Partey ya lashe Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana a 2018 da 2019. Gabanin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021, da kuma wadanda za su fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, an nada Partey a matsayin mataimakin kyaftin din Ghana.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A watan Maris 2022, Partey ya musulunta a wani masallaci a Landan . Yana da budurwa 'yar Morocco.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Atlético Madrid
La Liga : 2020-21
UEFA Europa League : 2017-18
UEFA Super Cup : 2018
UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2015-16
Mutum
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2018
Halin Wasannin SWAG na Shekara: 2018
Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana : 2018, 2019
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Arsenal FC
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Premier League
Thomas Partey
Thomas Partey
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1993 |
40196 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkwanci | Barkwanci | Bangaren barkwanci wani salo ne na tatsuniyoyi da suka kunshi jawabai ko ayyuka da aka yi niyya don ban dariya ko ban sha'awa ta hanyar haifar da raha musamman a fagen wasan kwaikwayo, fim, wasan barkwanci, talabijin, rediyo, littattafai,ko duk wata hanyar nishadantarwa. Kalmar ta samo asali ne a tsohuwar Girka: a dimokuradiyyar Athens, ra'ayin jama'a na masu jefa kuri'a ya rinjayi ra'ayin jama'a ta hanyar siyasa da mawakan barkwanci suka yi a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. Za a iya kwatanta nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na wasan barkwanci na Girka a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki wanda ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi biyu, shekaru, jinsi, ko al'ummomi a cikin wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa ko kuma rikici. Northrop Frye ya kwatanta wadannan bangarorin biyu masu adawa da juna a matsayin "Ƙungiyar Matasa" da "Ƙungiyar tsofi". Ra'ayi da aka sake dubawa yana nuna mahimmancin tashin hankali na wasan barkwanci a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin matasa marasa ƙarfi da kuma taron al'umma da ke haifar da cikas ga. A wannan fafutuka, sai matasa suka takura saboda rashin ikon zamantakewa, kuma a bar shi da wani zabi face ya yi amfani da dabaru wadanda ke haifar da ban mamaki, wanda ke haifar da dariya.
Satire da ƴaƴan siyasa suna amfani da wasan barkwanci don nuna mutane ko cibiyoyin zamantakewa a matsayin abin dariya ko ɓarna, don haka suna nisantar da masu sauraronsu daga abin da suke barkwanci. Paroedny subverts shahararrun nau'ikan da siffofin, zargi waɗancan nau'ikan ba lallai ba ne ayi Allah wadai da su.
Sauran nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na screwball, wanda ke samun jin daɗinsa mafi yawa daga yanayi masu ban mamaki, abubuwan ban mamaki (kuma ba za a iya yiwuwa ba) ko haruffa, da kuma baki barkwanci, wanda ke da nau'i na ban dariya wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa masu duhu na halin ɗan adam ko yanayin ɗan adam. Hakazalika abin ban dariya, jin daɗin jima'i, da jin daɗin tsere suna haifar da wasan ban dariya ta hanyar keta al'adun zamantakewa ko abubuwan ban dariya a cikin hanyoyin ban dariya, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su azaman abin ban tsoro ta batutuwan da aka faɗi. Wasan barkwanci na ɗabi'a yakan ɗauki matsayinsa wani ɓangare na al'umma (yawanci al'umma mafi girma) kuma yana amfani da barkwanci don yin ɓarna ko lalata ɗabi'a da ɗabi'un membobinta. Wasan barkwanci na soyayya wani mashahurin salo ne wanda ke nuna soyayya mai tada hankali cikin ban dariya kuma yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru na soyayya.
Asalin kalma
Dean Rubin ya ce kalmar "comedy" ta samo asali ne daga Girkanci na gargajiya κωμῳδία kōmōidía, wanda shine fili na κῶμος kômos (revel) da ᾠδή ōidḗ (waƙa; ode). Siffar "comic" (Girkanci κωμικός kōmikós), wanda ke nufin ainihin abin da ke da alaƙa da wasan barkwanci, a cikin amfani da zamani, gabaɗaya ya keɓe ga ma'anar "dariya". Daga cikin wannan, kalmar ta zo cikin amfani da zamani ta hanyar Latin comoedia da Italiyanci commedia kuma, a kan lokaci, ta wuce ta hanyoyi daban-daban na ma'ana.
Girkawa da Romawa sun taƙaita amfani da kalmar "barkwanci" zuwa kwatancin wasan kwaikwayo tare da kyakkyawan ƙarewa. Aristotle ya ayyana wasan barkwanci a matsayin kwaikwayon mazaje mafi muni fiye da matsakaici (inda tragedy ya kasance kwaikwayon maza fiye da matsakaici). Duk da haka, haruffan da aka zayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ba su kasance mafi muni fiye da matsakaici ta kowace hanya ba, sai dai idan sun kasance masu Ridiculous, wanda shine nau'i na Mummuna. Ana iya bayyana abin ba'a a matsayin kuskure ko nakasar da ba ta haifar da ciwo ko cutarwa ga wasu ba; abin rufe fuska, alal misali, abin da ke motsa dariya wani abu ne mai banƙyama da kuma gurɓatacce ba tare da haifar da ciwo ba. A middle ages, kalmar ta faɗaɗa don haɗawa da waƙoƙin ba da labari tare da ƙarshen farin ciki. A cikin wannan ma'anar ne Dante yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin taken waƙarsa, La Commedia.
Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, kalmar ta zo da yawa don haɗawa da kowane nau'i na wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi nufin haifar da dariya. A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, kalmar "comedy" ta zama daidai da satire, kuma daga baya tare da ban dariya a gaba ɗaya.
An fassara <i id="mwWQ">wakokin Aristotle</i> zuwa harshen larabci a duniyar Islama ta tsakiya, inda marubutan Larabci da malaman falsafar Musulunci irin su Abu Bishr da almajiransa Al-Farabi, Avicenna da Averroes suka yi karin haske a kansa. Sun rabu da wasan barkwanci daga wakilcin ban mamaki na Girka, maimakon haka sun danganta shi da jigogi da nau'ikan waƙoƙin Larabci, kamar hija (waƙar satirical). Sun kalli wasan barkwanci a matsayin “fasaha na zargi” kawai, kuma ba su yi nuni ga haske da abubuwan farin ciki ba, ko farkon tashin hankali da ƙarshen farin ciki da ke da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Girka.
Bayan fassarorin Latin na karni na 12, kalmar "barkwanci" ta sami ƙarin ma'ana gabaɗaya a cikin adabi na tsakiya.
A ƙarshen karni na 20, masana da yawa sun gwammace su yi amfani da kalmar dariya don nufin gabaɗayan gamut na wasan barkwanci, don guje wa amfani da ma'anar ma'anoni masu ma'ana da matsala kamar su grotesque, irony, da satire.
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40898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels%20Bohr | Niels Bohr | Niels Henrik David Bohr ( Danish: [ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯ˀ] ; 7 Oktoba 1885 - 18 Nuwamba 1962) masanin kimiyyar Danish ne wanda ya ba da gudummawar Foundational to understanding atomic structure da ka'idar adadi, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics a 1922. Bohr ya kasance masanin falsafa kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya.
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Bohr ya haɓaka Bohr model of the atom , wanda a cikinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa matakan makamashi na electrons suna da amfani kuma cewa electrons suna jujjuya su cikin kwanciyar hankali a kusa da atomic nucleus amma suna iya tsalle daga matakin makamashi (ko orbit) zuwa wani. Kodayake samfurin Bohr an maye gurbinsu da wasu ƙira, ƙa'idodin sa na ci gaba da aiki. Ya yi la'akari da ƙa'idar complimentarity: cewa abubuwa za a iya yin nazari daban-daban cikin sharuddan kaddarorin da suka saba wa juna, kamar hali kamar wave or a stream of particles. Ra'ayin complementarity ya mamaye tunanin Bohr a duka kimiyya da falsafa.
Bohr ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Copenhagen, wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Niels Bohr, wanda aka bude a 1920. Bohr ya ba da jagoranci kuma ya yi aiki tare da masana kimiyya ciki har da Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, George de Hevesy, da Werner Heisenberg. Ya annabta wanzuwar wani sabon nau'i mai kama da zirconium, wanda ake kira hafnium, bayan sunan Latin na Copenhagen, inda aka gano shi. Daga baya, an sanya masa suna bohrium element.
A cikin shekarar 1930s, Bohr ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira daga Nazism. Bayan da Jamusawa suka mamaye Denmark, ya yi sanannen ganawa da Heisenberg, wanda ya zama shugaban shirin kera makaman nukiliya na Jamus. A cikin watan Satumba 1943 labari ya isa ga Bohr cewa Jamusawa za su kama shi, don haka ya gudu zuwa Sweden. Daga nan ne aka kai shi Biritaniya, inda ya shiga aikin makamin nukiliya na Tube Alloys na Burtaniya, kuma yana cikin aikin Burtaniya na aikin Manhattan. Bayan yakin, Bohr ya bukaci hadin kan kasa da kasa kan makamashin nukiliya. Ya kasance tare da kafa CERN da Cibiyar Bincike ta Risø na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Danish kuma ya zama shugaban farko na Cibiyar Nordic Theoretical Physics a 1957.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Niels Henrik David Bohr a Copenhagen, Denmark, a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba 1885, na biyu na 'ya'ya uku na Christian Bohr, farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Copenhagen, da matarsa Ellen née Adler, wacce ta zo. daga dangin banki na Yahudawa masu arziki. Yana da 'yar'uwa babba, Jenny, da ƙani Harald. Jenny ya zama malami, yayin da Harald ya zama masanin lissafi kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1908 a London. Niels ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa mai kishi, kuma 'yan'uwan biyu sun buga wasanni da yawa don Akademisk Boldklub na Copenhagen (Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Ilimi), tare da Niels a matsayin mai tsaron gida.
Bohr ya yi karatu a Makarantar Latin ta Gammelholm, tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai. A cikin shekarar 1903, Bohr ya yi rajista a matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Copenhagen. Babban karatunsa shi ne ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya karanta a karkashin Farfesa Christian Christiansen, malami tilo a fannin ilimin lissafi na jami'a a lokacin. Ya kuma karanci ilmin taurari da lissafi a karkashin Farfesa Thorvald Thiele, da falsafa a karkashin Farfesa Harald Høffding, abokin mahaifinsa.
A cikin shekarar 1905 Cibiyar Kimiyya da Wasika ta Royal Danish Academy ta dauki nauyin gasar lambar zinare don bincika hanyar auna yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa wanda Lord Rayleigh ya gabatar a 1879. Wannan ya haɗa da auna mitar motsin radius na jet na ruwa. Bohr ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa ta amfani da dakin gwaje-gwajen mahaifinsa a jami'a; ita kanta jami'ar ba ta da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar lissafi. Don kammala gwaje-gwajen nasa, dole ne ya yi nasa gilashin gilashi, yana samar da bututun gwaji tare da sassan giciye da ake buƙata. Ya wuce aikin na asali, ya haɗa gyare-gyare a cikin ka'idar Rayleigh da hanyarsa, ta hanyar yin la'akari da dankowar ruwa, da kuma aiki tare da ƙananan amplitudes maimakon kawai marasa iyaka. Rubutun nasa, wanda ya gabatar a minti na karshe, ya lashe kyautar. Daga baya ya gabatar da ingantaccen sigar takarda ga Royal Society a London don bugawa a cikin Ma'amalar Falsafa na Royal Society.
Harald ya zama na farko daga cikin 'yan'uwan Bohr guda biyu don samun digiri na biyu, wanda ya samu a ilimin lissafi a cikin watan Afrilu 1909. Niels ya ɗauki wasu watanni tara don samun nasa akan ka'idar lantarki ta ƙarfe, batun da mai kula da shi, Christiansen ya ba shi. Daga baya Bohr ya fayyace karatun digirinsa a cikin babban littafinsa na Likitan Falsafa (Dr. Phil.). Ya bincika wallafe-wallafen kan batun, yana daidaitawa a kan samfurin da Paul Drude ya buga kuma Hendrik Lorentz ya ba da cikakken bayani, wanda aka yi la'akari da electrons a cikin karfe kamar gas. Bohr ya tsawaita samfurin Lorentz, amma har yanzu ya kasa yin la'akari da abubuwan mamaki kamar tasirin Hall, kuma ya kammala cewa ka'idar lantarki ba ta iya yin cikakken bayanin kaddarorin maganadisu na karafa. An karɓi karatun a cikin watan Afrilu 1911, kuma Bohr ya gudanar da kariyar sa na yau da kullun a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Harald ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar da ta gabata. Rubutun Bohr ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma ya jawo hankali kaɗan a wajen Scandinavia saboda an rubuta shi cikin Danish, buƙatun Jami'ar Copenhagen a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1921, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Holland Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen zai sami kansa da kansa a cikin ka'idar Bohr wanda aka fi sani da Bohr-Van Leeuwen theorem.
A cikin shekarar 1910, Bohr ya hadu da Margrethe Nørlund, 'yar'uwar masanin lissafi Niels Erik Nørlund. Bohr ya yi murabus daga zama membansa a Cocin Denmark a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1912, kuma shi da Margrethe sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a zauren gari a Slagelse a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ɗan’uwansa Harald ma ya bar cocin kafin ya yi aure. Bohr da Margrethe suna da 'ya'ya maza shida. Mafi tsufa, Kirista, ya mutu a wani hatsarin kwale-kwale a 1934, da wani, Harald, yana da naƙasasshiyar tunani sosai. An sanya shi a wata cibiyar da ke nesa da gidan danginsa yana ɗan shekara huɗu kuma ya mutu daga cutar sankarau bayan shekaru shida. Aage Bohr ya zama masanin kimiyyar lissafi mai nasara, kuma a cikin shekarar 1975 an ba shi kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kamar mahaifinsa. Dan Aage, Vilhem A. Bohr, masanin kimiyya ne da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Copenhagen da Cibiyar Kasa kan tsufa na Amurka. ya zama likita; , injiniyan sinadarai; da Ernest, lauya. Kamar kawunsa Harald, Ernest Bohr ya zama dan wasan Olympics, yana buga wasan hockey na Denmark a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1948 a London.
Manazarta
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60204 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi | Sauyin yanayi | Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ke dadewa fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowanne yanayi, yayin da kalmar canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin wadannan bambance-bambancen da ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don kwatanta wasauyin yanayi na zamani, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi. Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin yana ƙara shafar ayyukan ɗan adam.
Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya . Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita da hanyar makamashi ta tsarin yanayi shine kasafin makamashi na duniya . Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita girma, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau ne kuma Duniya tana samun sanyi.
Ƙarfin da ke tafiya a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya yana samun magana a cikin yanayi, ya bambanta akan ma'auni na yanki da lokaci. Matsakaicin tsayin lokaci da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin yanki sune yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya zama sakamakon "saɓanin ciki", lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ya canza rarraba makamashi. Misalai sun haɗa da sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin kwalayen teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation . Canjin yanayi kuma na iya haifarwa daga tilastawa waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a wajen sassan tsarin sauyin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalai sun haɗa da canje-canje a fitowar hasken rana da volcanism .
Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canjen matakin teku, rayuwar shuka, da ɓarnawar taro; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane.
Kalmomi
Canjin yanayi shine kalmar don bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar jihar da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar dama ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan duk ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na wucin gadi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowane yanayi." Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen ba ya bayyana sun haifar da sanannun tsarin kuma yana faruwa a wasu lokuta bazuwar. Irin wannan sauye-sauye ana kiransa bazuwar bazuwar ko hayaniya . A gefe guda, sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sauye-sauye ko yanayin yanayi.
Ana amfani da kalmar sauyin yanayi sau da yawa don nuni musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ɗan adam, sabanin sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na tsarin yanayin duniya gaba daya. Dumamar yanayi ta zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya dumamar yanayi tana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi da duk wani abu da haɓaka matakan iskar gas ke shafar.
Kalmar da ke da alaƙa, canjin yanayi, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gabatar da ita a cikin 1966 don haɗa duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi akan ma'aunin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalili ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam, kamar yadda ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da yuwuwar canza yanayin. An shigar da canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu azaman bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma suna da ake amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar.
Dalilai
A mafi girman ma'auni, adadin kuzarin da ake samu daga Rana da adadin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙayyade ma'aunin zafin jiki da yanayin duniya. Ana rarraba wannan makamashi ne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar iska, magudanar ruwa, da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yankuna daban-daban.
Abubuwan da za su iya siffanta yanayi ana kiransu da tilastawa yanayi ko "hanyoyin tilastawa". Waɗannan sun haɗa da matakai irin su bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana, bambance-bambance a cikin kewayar duniya, bambance-bambance a cikin albedo ko tunani na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da tekuna, ginin dutse da raƙuman nahiyoyi da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigar iskar gas . Tilastawa na waje na iya zama ko dai ɗan adam (misali ƙarar hayaƙin iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canjen fitowar hasken rana, kewayawar duniya, fashewar aman wuta). Akwai ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa ko rage tilastawa ta farko. Hakanan akwai maɓalli na maɓalli waɗanda idan sun wuce su na iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko mara jurewa.
Wasu sassa na tsarin yanayi, irin su tekuna da kankara, suna mayar da martani da sannu a hankali game da tilasta yanayi, yayin da wasu ke mayar da martani da sauri. Misalin sauyi cikin sauri shine sanyin yanayi bayan fashewar aman wuta, lokacin da tokar aman wuta ke nuna hasken rana. Fadada yanayin zafi na ruwan teku bayan ɗumamar yanayi yana jinkirin, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Haɗin kai kuma yana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo kwatsam a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da ƙanƙara na teku ke narkewa, sannan kuma a hankali fadada yanayin zafi na ruwa.
Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su cikin ciki sukan haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na thermohaline.
Canjin ciki
Canjin yanayi saboda canjin cikin gida wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin hawan keke ko oscillations. Ga sauran nau'ikan canjin yanayi na yanayi, ba za mu iya yin hasashen lokacin da ya faru ba; Ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic. Daga yanayin yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar. Idan akwai ƙananan gizagizai a cikin shekara ta musamman, akwai rashin daidaituwar makamashi kuma za a iya ɗaukar karin zafi daga teku. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na yanayi, ana iya 'ajiye wannan siginar' a cikin teku kuma za'a bayyana shi azaman sauye-sauye akan ma'auni mai tsayi fiye da na asali na rikicewar yanayi. Idan hargitsi na yanayin gaba daya bazuwar, yana faruwa kamar farin amo, inertia na glaciers ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda tsawon lokaci oscillations ma ya fi girma oscillations, wani sabon abu da ake kira a ja amo . Yawancin canje-canjen yanayi suna da yanayin bazuwar da yanayin zagaye. Wannan halin ana yiwa lakabi da resonance stochastic . Rabin kyautar Nobel ta 2021 akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an ba shi don wannan aikin ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa akan ƙirar yanayi . Yayin da Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da masu haɗin gwiwa suka gabatar da an ba da ra'ayin stochastic resonance rabin rabin amma akasari don aiki akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.
Canjin yanayin yanayin
Teku da yanayi na iya yin aiki tare don samar da canjin yanayi na cikin gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda zai iya dawwama shekaru zuwa shekaru aru-aru a lokaci guda. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya shafar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya, ta hanyar sake rarraba zafi tsakanin teku mai zurfi da yanayi da/ko ta hanyar canza girgije/ tururin ruwa/ rarraba kankarar teku wanda zai iya shafar jimillar kasafin makamashi na duniya.
Oscillations da hawan keke
Juyin yanayi ko zaga yowar yanayi shine duk wani yanayi mai maimaitawa a cikin yanayin duniya ko yanki. Suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci (ba daidai ba na lokaci-lokaci), don haka bincike na Fourier na bayanan ba shi da kololuwa mai kaifi a cikin bakan . An samo ko hasashen da yawa akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci:
da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - Babban sikelin sikelin na warmer ( El Niño ) da kuma sanyi ( La Niña ) yanayin zafi na teku a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tasirin duniya. Yana da juzu'i mai ɗorewa, wanda aka yi nazarin tsarinsa da kyau. ENSO shine sanannen sanannen tushen bambancin shekara-shekara a yanayi da yanayi a duniya. Zagayowar tana faruwa a kowacce shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, tare da El Niño yana ɗaukar watanni tara zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin dogon lokaci. Harshen sanyi na tekun Pasifik na equatorial ba ya yin ɗumama da sauri kamar sauran tekun, saboda haɓakar ruwan sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka.
Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - Tsarin motsi na gabas na karuwar ruwan sama a kan wurare masu zafi tare da tsawon kwanaki 30 zuwa 60, ana lura da shi a kan Tekun Indiya da Pacific.
Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) - Fihirisa na NAO sun dogara ne akan bambanci na daidaitaccen yanayin matakin teku (SLP) tsakanin Ponta Delgada, Azores da Stykkishólmur / Reykjavík, Iceland. Kyawawan dabi'u na ma'auni suna nuna ƙarfi fiye da matsakaicin yamma a kan tsakiyar latitudes.
oscillation na Quasi-biennial - ƙawancin fahimta mai kyau a cikin yanayin iska a cikin stratosphere kewaye da equator. A cikin tsawon watanni 28 iskar da ke da rinjaye tana canzawa daga gabas zuwa yamma da baya.
Pacific Centennial Oscillation - girgizar yanayi da wasu samfuran yanayi suka annabta
the Pacific decadal oscillation - Mafi girman tsarin canjin yanayin teku a Arewacin Pacific akan sikelin decadal. A lokacin "dumi", ko "tabbatacce", lokaci, yammacin Pacific ya zama sanyi kuma wani ɓangare na tekun gabas yana dumama; a lokacin “sanyi” ko “mara kyau”, akasin tsarin yana faruwa. Ana tunanin ba a matsayin abu ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka haɗuwa da matakai daban-daban na jiki.
the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) - Basin faffadan sauye-sauye a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30.
Atlantic multidecadal oscillation - Wani nau'i na sauye-sauye a cikin Arewacin Atlantic na kimanin shekaru 55 zuwa 70, tare da tasiri akan ruwan sama, fari da yawan guguwa da kuma tsanani.
Juyin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka - bambancin yanayi da Damina ta Arewacin Afirka ke tafiyar da shi, tare da tsawon dubban shekaru.
da Arctic oscillation (AO) da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) - Hanyoyin annular suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na bambancin yanayi. A kan ma'auni na makonni zuwa watanni suna bayyana 20-30% na sauye-sauye a cikin sassansu. Yanayin Annular Arewa ko Arctic oscillation (AO) a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, da Yanayin Kudancin Kudancin ko Antarctic oscillation (AAO) a cikin Kudancin Kudancin. Hanyoyin shekara-shekara suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan zafin jiki da hazo na tsaka-tsaki zuwa tsayin ƙasa talakawa, kamar Turai da Ostiraliya, ta hanyar canza matsakaitan hanyoyin guguwa. Ana iya ɗaukar NAO a matsayin yanki na AO/NAM. An bayyana su azaman EOF na farko na matsin matakin teku ko tsayin ƙasa daga 20°N zuwa 90°N (NAM) ko 20°S zuwa 90°S (SAM).
Keke Dansgaard-Oeschger - yana faruwa akan zagayowar kusan shekaru 1,500 a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe.
canjen yanayin teku
Abubuwan da ke cikin teku na sauye-sauyen yanayi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye a kan lokutan shekaru ɗari saboda tekun yana da yawan ɗaruruwan sau fiye da na yanayi, don haka yana da ƙarfin rashin kuzari. Misali, sauye-sauyen hanyoyin tafiyar teku kamar yanayin yanayin thermohaline suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake rarraba zafi a cikin tekunan duniya.
Ruwan na teku yana ɗaukar ƙarfi da yawa daga wurare masu zafi zuwa yankuna masu sanyi. Canje-canje da ke faruwa a kusa da shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe (a cikin sharuddan fasaha, glacial na ƙarshe) ya nuna cewa wurare dabam dabam shine Arewacin Atlantika na iya canzawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haifar da canjin yanayi na duniya, kodayake yawan adadin kuzarin da ke shigowa cikin tsarin yanayi bai yi ba'. t canza da yawa. Waɗannan manyan canje-canjen ƙila sun fito ne daga abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ake kira Heinrich inda rashin kwanciyar hankali na zanen kankara ya haifar da sakin manyan ƙanƙara a cikin teku. Lokacin da takardar kankara ta narke, ruwan da aka samu yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin gishiri da sanyi, yana motsa canje-canje a wurare dabam dabam.
Rayuwa
Rayuwa tana shafar yanayi ta hanyar rawar da take takawa a cikin hawan carbon da ruwa da kuma hanyoyin kamar albedo, evapotranspiration, samuwar gajimare, da yanayin yanayi . Misalan yadda rayuwa ta iya shafar yanayin da ta gabata sun haɗa da:
glaciation 2.3 shekaru da suka wuce ya jawo ta hanyar juyin halitta na oxygenic photosynthesis, wanda ya lalatar da yanayi na greenhouse gas carbon dioxide da gabatar da free oxygen .
wani glaciation 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce shigar a cikin dogon lokaci binne na bazuwa resistant detritus na jijiyoyin bugun gini ƙasa-shuke-shuke (ƙirƙirar a carbon nutse da kafa kwal )
Ƙarshen Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum shekaru miliyan 55 da suka wuce ta hanyar bunƙasa phytoplankton na ruwa
Juyayin dumamar yanayi shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata ta hanyar shekaru 800,000 na furen arctic azolla
sanyayawar duniya a cikin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yanayin ciyawar
Tilasta yanayi na waje
Greenhouse gas
Yayin da iskar gas da biosphere ke fitarwa galibi ana ganin su azaman martani ko tsarin yanayi na ciki, iskar gas da ke fitowa daga dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci masana yanayin ke rarraba su azaman waje. Gas na kore, irin su CO , methane da nitrous oxide, suna dumama tsarin yanayi ta hanyar kama hasken infrared. Volcanoes kuma wani bangare ne na tsawaita zagayowar carbon . A cikin dogon lokaci (geological) lokaci, suna sakin carbon dioxide daga ɓawon burodi da alkyabbar duniya, suna hana ɗaukar ta da duwatsu masu ruɗi da sauran abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon dioxide .
Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, bil'adama yana ƙara haɓaka iskar gas ta hanyar fitar da CO 2 daga konewar burbushin mai, canza amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, kuma ya ƙara canza yanayin yanayi tare da aerosols (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi), sakin iskar gas. (misali nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ko methane). Sauran dalilai, ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, ragewar ozone, kiwo na dabbobi (dabbobin dabbobi kamar shanu suna samar da methane ), da sare bishiyoyi, suma suna taka rawa.
Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙirar ƙasa ta Amurka ita ce fitar da hayaƙi mai aman wuta ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu, wanda ke samar da adadin carbon dioxide sau 100-300 da volcanoes ke fitarwa. Adadin shekara-shekara da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da adadin da supereruptions ya fitar, wanda na baya-bayan nan shine fashewar Toba a Indonesia shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata.
bambancen Orbital
Bambance-bambancen kaɗan a cikin motsin duniya yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin rarraba hasken rana zuwa saman duniya da yadda ake rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya. Akwai ɗan canji kaɗan ga matsakaicin matsakaicin hasken rana a kowace shekara; amma ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na yanayi. Nau'ukan canji na kinematic guda uku su ne bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity na duniya, canje-canje a kusurwar karkatar jujjuyawar duniya, da kuma gaban axis na duniya. Haɗe, waɗannan suna haifar da zagayowar Milankovitch waɗanda ke shafar yanayin yanayi kuma suna sane da alaƙar su da lokutan glacial da tsaka-tsakin lokaci, dangantakarsu da ci gaba da ja da baya na Sahara, da kuma bayyanar su a cikin rikodin ma'auni.
A lokacin zagayowar glacial, an sami babban alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin CO da yanayin zafi. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi na CO ya ragu, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Lokacin da yanayin teku ya ƙaru, ƙarfin CO yana raguwa ta yadda za a sake shi daga cikin teku. Hakanan ana iya yin tasiri akan musayar CO tsakanin iska da teku ta ƙarin abubuwan canjin yanayi. Waɗannan da sauran hanyoyin ƙarfafa kai suna ba da damar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin motsin duniya don yin tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi.
Fitowar hasken rana
Rana ita ce babbar hanyar shigar da makamashi zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da makamashin ƙasa daga tushen duniya, makamashin ruwa daga wata da zafi daga ruɓar mahadi na rediyoaktif. Dukansu bambance-bambancen na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarfin hasken rana an san su suna shafar yanayin duniya. Fitowar hasken rana ya bambanta akan guntun ma'auni na lokaci, gami da zagayowar hasken rana na shekaru 11 da gyare-gyare na tsawon lokaci. Daidaituwa tsakanin wuraren rana da yanayin yanayi da rashin ƙarfi a mafi kyau.
Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka wuce, Rana ta fitar da kashi 75% kawai kamar yadda take a yau. Idan da yanayin yanayi ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yau, bai kamata ruwa ya kasance a saman duniya ba. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar kasancewar ruwa a farkon Duniya, a cikin Hadean da Archean eons, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙananan matasa Sun paradox. Maganganun da aka yi hasashe game da wannan sabani sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman yawan iskar gas fiye da yadda ake da su a halin yanzu. A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, yawan makamashin Rana ya karu. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, ƙarshen mutuwar rana yayin da ta zama ja-jajayen giant sannan kuma farar dodanniya za ta yi tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi, tare da jan giant lokaci mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata rayuwa a duniya da ke wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin.
Volcanism
Fashewar fashewar da ake ganin tana da girma da za ta iya shafar yanayin duniya a ma'aunin sama da shekara 1, su ne suka yi allurar sama da tan 100,000 na SO 2 a cikin ma'aunin sararin samaniya . Wannan ya faru ne saboda kaddarorin gani na SO 2 da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai ko watsar da hasken rana, suna haifar da hazo na sulfuric acid na duniya. A matsakaicin irin wannan fashewar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin karni, kuma yana haifar da sanyaya (ta hanyar hana watsa hasken rana zuwa saman duniya) na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kodayake dutsen mai aman wuta a zahiri wani bangare ne na lithosphere, wanda shi kansa wani bangare ne na tsarin yanayi, IPCC ta bayyana karara volcanism a matsayin wakili na tilastawa waje.
Fitattun fashe-fashe a cikin bayanan tarihi sune fashewar tsaunin Pinatubo a 1991 wanda ya rage zafin duniya da kusan 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) har zuwa shekaru uku, da fashewar 1815 na Dutsen Tambora wanda ya haifar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba.
A mafi girman ma'auni - 'yan lokuta a kowace shekara miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 - fashewar manyan lardunan da ba su da kyau suna kawo adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta daga riga da lithosphere zuwa saman duniya. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide da ke cikin dutsen zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙananan fashewa, tare da alluran kasa da 0.1 Mt na sulfur dioxide a cikin stratosphere, yana rinjayar yanayi kawai a hankali, kamar yadda canje-canjen zafin jiki yayi kama da bambancin yanayi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan fashewa suna faruwa a mafi girma mita, su ma suna tasiri sosai a yanayin duniya.
Plate tectonics
A cikin tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, motsin faranti na tectonic yana sake fasalin ƙasa da yankunan teku kuma yana haifar da yanayin yanayi. Wannan zai iya shafar yanayin duniya da na gida na yanayi da yanayin yanayi-teku.
Matsayin nahiyoyi yana ƙayyadaddun lissafi na tekuna don haka yana tasiri yanayin zagawar teku. Wuraren teku suna da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yanayin zafi da danshi a fadin duniya, don haka, wajen tantance yanayin duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan na sarrafa tectonic akan zagayawan teku shine samuwar Isthmus na Panama kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, wanda ya rufe hada-hadar kai tsaye tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific . Wannan ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tekun abin da ke yanzu mashigin Gulf Stream kuma mai yiwuwa ya kai ga rufe kankara ta Arewacin Hemisphere. A cikin lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 zuwa 360 da suka gabata, tectonics na farantin karfe na iya haifar da babban adadin ajiyar carbon da haɓaka glaciation . Shaidar ilimin kasa tana nuni ne da tsarin “megamonsoonal” da ake yadawa a lokacin babban yankin Pangea, kuma tsarin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa kasancewar babban nahiyar ya taimaka wajen kafa damina.
Girman nahiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin daidaitawar tekuna akan zafin jiki, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na shekara gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku fiye da yadda suke cikin ƙasa. Don haka babban nahiya mafi girma zai sami ƙarin yanki wanda yanayin ke da ƙarfi fiye da nahiyoyi da tsibirai da yawa.
Sauran hanyoyin
An ba da sanarwar cewa ionized barbashi da aka sani da cosmic haskoki na iya yin tasiri ga murfin gajimare kuma ta haka ne yanayin. Yayin da rana ke kare duniya daga waɗannan barbashi, an yi hasashen canje-canjen ayyukan hasken rana don yin tasiri ga yanayin a kaikaice. Don gwada hasashe, CERN ta tsara gwajin CLOUD, wanda ya nuna tasirin hasken sararin samaniya yana da rauni sosai don rinjayar yanayi a hankali.
Shaidu sun nuna cewa tasirin asteroid na Chicxulub a shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata ya shafi yanayin duniya sosai. An harba iskar sulfate mai yawa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wanda yana rage yanayin zafi a duniya har zuwa 26. °C da kuma samar da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na tsawon shekaru 3-16. Lokacin dawowa don wannan taron ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 30. An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan amfani da makamin nukiliya saboda tasirinsa ga yanayin. Hasashen ita ce ɗigon da gobara mai girma ke fitarwa yana toshe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na hasken rana har tsawon shekara guda, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na ƴan shekaru. An kwatanta wannan abu mai yiwuwa a matsayin lokacin sanyi na nukiliya
Amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam yana tasiri yadda hasken rana ke nunawa da yawan ƙura. Samuwar gajimare ba wai yawan ruwan da ke cikin iska da yanayin zafi ne kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma da yawan iskar da ke cikin iska kamar kura. A duniya, ana samun ƙarin ƙura idan akwai yankuna da yawa tare da ƙasa bushe, ciyayi kaɗan da iska mai ƙarfi.
Shaida da auna canjin yanayi
Paleoclimatology shine nazarin canje-canjen yanayi a cikin dukkan tarihin duniya. Yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na wakili daga Duniya da kimiyyar rayuwa don samun bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwa kamar duwatsu, sediments, zanen kankara, zoben bishiya, murjani, bawo, da microfossils. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da bayanan don tantance jahohin da suka gabata na yankuna daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin kai tsaye yana ba da ƙarin cikakken bayani game da canjin yanayi.
Kai tsaye ma'auni
Canje-canjen yanayi waɗanda suka faru bayan yaɗuwar na'urorin aunawa ana iya lura da su kai tsaye. Cikakkun bayanan yanayin zafin duniya cikin hikima yana samuwa tun daga tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19. Ana samun ƙarin abubuwan lura a kaikaice daga takardun tarihi. Gajimare na tauraron dan adam da bayanan hazo yana samuwa tun shekarun 1970.
Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin canje-canjen tarihi a yanayi da tasirinsu akan tarihin ɗan adam da ci gabansa. Tushen farko sun haɗa da rubutattun bayanai kamar sagas, tarihin tarihi, taswirori da wallafe-wallafen tarihin gida da kuma hotunan hoto kamar zane-zane, zane har ma da fasahar dutse . Ana iya samun sauye-sauyen yanayi a baya-bayan nan daga canje-canjen matsuguni da tsarin noma. Shaidar archaeological, tarihin baka da takaddun tarihi na iya ba da haske game da canje-canjen da suka gabata a cikin yanayi. Canje-canjen yanayi yana da alaƙa da habɓaka da rugujewar wayewa daban-daban.
Ma'aunin wakili
Ma'ajiya daban-daban na yanayin da suka gabata suna nan a cikin duwatsu, bishiyoyi da burbushin halittu. Daga waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya, ana iya samun matakan yanayi kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira proxies. Ƙididdigar bambancin yanayin na hazo a ƙarnin da suka gabata da zamanin da ba a cika cika ba amma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar amfani da proxies kamar ruwan teku, ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, stalagmites kogo, da zoben bishiya. Damuwa, karancin hazo ko yanayin zafi da bai dace ba, na iya canza girman girmar bishiyoyi, wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar sanin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yin nazari kan girman zoben bishiyar. Wannan reshe na kimiyya yana nazarin wannan da ake kira dendroclimatology. Glaciers suna barin bayan moraine waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kayan—ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ma'adini, da potassium waɗanda ƙila za a yi kwanan watan - suna rikodin lokutan da dusar ƙanƙara ta ci gaba da ja da baya
Ana iya yin nazarin ƙanƙara a cikin muryoyin da aka haƙa daga takardar kankara irin su Antarctic kankara, ana iya amfani da su don nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi da bambancin matakin teku na duniya. Iskar da ke makale a cikin kumfa a cikin ƙanƙara kuma na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen CO 2 na yanayi daga nesa mai nisa, tun kafin tasirin muhalli na zamani. Nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan kankara ya kasance mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci na canje-canje a cikin CO 2 a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa, kuma yana ci gaba da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin yanayi na da da na zamani. Matsakaicin 18 O/ 16 O a cikin samfuran ƙididdiga da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da su don cire yanayin zafin teku a baya mai nisa misali ne na hanyar wakili na zafin jiki.
Ragowar tsire-tsire, musamman pollen, ana kuma amfani da su don nazarin canjin yanayi. Rarraba tsire-tsire ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da pollen tare da nau'i na musamman da nau'in launi, kuma tun da yanayin waje na pollen ya ƙunshi abu mai juriya sosai, suna tsayayya da lalacewa. Canje-canje a cikin nau'in pollen da aka samu a cikin nau'ikan laka daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin shuka. Wadannan sauye-sauye sau da yawa alama ce ta sauyin yanayi. A matsayin misali, an yi amfani da nazarin pollen don bin diddigin yanayin ciyayi a cikin glaciations na Quaternary kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen glacial.
Bincike da rashin tabbas
Wahala ɗaya wajen gano zagayowar yanayi ita ce yanayin duniya yana canzawa ta hanyoyin da ba za a iya jujjuyawa ba fiye da mafi yawan lokutan nazarin halittu. A halin yanzu muna cikin lokacin dumamar yanayi a duniya . A cikin mafi girman lokaci, Duniya tana fitowa daga sabon zamanin ƙanƙara, sanyaya daga yanayin yanayi na Holocene da kuma ɗumamawa daga " Ƙananan Ice Age ", wanda ke nufin cewa yanayin yana ci gaba da canzawa cikin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A lokacin dumi, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin girma. Lokacin Pleistocene, wanda aka maimaita akai - akai, ya haɓbaka daga mafi kwanciyar hankali yanayi a cikin yanayin Miocene da Pliocene . Yanayin Holocene ya kasance ɗan kwanciyar hankali. Duk waɗannan canje-canje suna rikitar da aikin neman ɗabi'a na cyclical a cikin yanayi.
Magana mai kyau, ra'ayi mara kyau, da inertia na muhalli daga tsarin yanayin yanayi na ƙasa-teku sau da yawa yana ragewa ko juyar da ƙananan tasiri, ko daga tilastawa orbital, bambancin hasken rana ko canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas. Wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi matakai kamar girgije kuma ba su da tabbas; don contrails, gajimare cirrus na halitta, dimethyl sulfide na teku da kuma daidai da tushen ƙasa, ka'idoji masu gasa sun wanzu game da tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi, misali sabanin hasashen Iris da hasashe na CLAW.
Tasiri
Tsire
Canjin nau'in, rarrabawa da ɗaukar ciyayi na iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da canjin yanayin. Wasu canje-canjen a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da habɓakar hazo da zafi, haifar da ingantacciyar habɓakar tsire-tsire da habɓakar iska ta CO 2 na gaba. Ana sa ran tasirin zai shafi ƙimar yawancin zagayowar yanayi kamar ƙimar ruɓewar shuka. A hankali karuwa a cikin zafi a cikin yanki zai haifar da farkon furanni da lokutan 'ya'yan itace, yana haifar da canji a cikin lokutan yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin dogara. Akasin haka, sanyi zai sa tsire-tsire masu hawan keke su ragu.
Canje mafi girma, sauri ko mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya haifar da damuwa ciyayi, saurin asarar shuka da kwararowar hamada a wasu yanayi. Misalin wannan ya faru ne a lokacin Rushewar Dajin Carboniferous (CRC), abin da ya faru shekaru miliyan 300 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin dazuzzuka masu yawa sun mamaye yankin equatorial na Turai da Amurka. Sauyin yanayi ya lalata waɗannan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, ba zato ba tsammani ya wargaza mazaunin zuwa 'tsibirin' keɓe kuma ya haifar da bacewar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da yawa.
Dabbobin daji
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da dabbobi za su iya magance sauyin yanayi shine ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi ko sanyi. > A tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, juyin halitta yana sa tsarin halittu ciki har da dabbobi ya fi dacewa da sabon yanayi. Sauyin yanayi mai sauri ko babba na iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a lokacin da halittu suka miƙe da nisa don su iya daidaitawa.
Dan Adam
Rushewar wayewar da ta gabata irin ta baya na iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da zagayowar hazo, musamman fari, wanda a cikin wannan misalin kuma yana da alaƙa da tafkin Dumi na Yamma. Kusan shekaru 70 000 da suka wuce fashewar dutsen na Toba ya haifar da lokacin sanyi musamman a lokacin lokacin kankara, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan mutane.
Canje a cikin cryosphere
Glacier da zanen kankara
Ana ɗaukar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi mahimmancin alamun sauyin yanayi. An ƙayyade girman su ta hanyar ma'auni mai yawa tsakanin shigarwar dusar ƙanƙara da fitarwar narkewa. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja da baya sai dai idan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙaru don yin ƙarin narke. Glaciers suna girma kuma suna raguwa saboda duka biyun bambancin yanayi da tilastawa waje. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo da ilimin ruwa na iya ƙayyadad da ƙaƙƙarfan juyin halittar glacier a cikin wani yanayi na musamman.
Mafi mahimmancin tsarin sauyin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar zuwa marigayi Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka wuce) sune hawan glacial da interglacial . Lokacin interglacial na yanzu ( Holocene ) ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 11,700. Siffata ta hanyar bambance-bambancen orbital, martani kamar tashi da faɗuwar zanen kankara na nahiyar da gagarumin canje-canjen matakin teku sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi. Sauran canje-canje, ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru na Heinrich, abubuwan Dansgaard-Oeschger da Dryas Younger, duk da haka, sun nuna yadda bambancin glacial zai iya rinjayar yanayi ba tare da tilasta orbital ba.
Canjin matakin teku
A lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, kimanin shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce baya, matakan teku sun yi ƙasa da nisan mitoci 130 fiye da na yau. Ragewar bayan haka yana da saurin canjin matakin teku. A farkon Pliocene, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fi 1-2˚C zafi fiye da yanayin da ake ciki, duk da haka matakin teku ya fi mita 15-25 fiye da na yau.
Kankarar teku
Kankarar teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin duniya yayin da yake shafar adadin hasken rana da ke nesa da duniya. A baya, tekun duniya sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya sun rufe da ƙanƙara a lokuta da yawa, lokacin da duniya ke cikin yanayin da ake kira Snowball Earth, kuma ba shi da ƙanƙara a lokutan yanayi mai dumi. Lokacin da akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa a duniya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu sanyi, yanayin ya fi dacewa da tilastawa kamar yadda bayanin kankara-albedo ke da ƙarfi sosai.
Tarihin yanayi
Daban na tilasta sauyin yanayi yawanci suna jujjuyawa cikin lokacin yanayin ƙasa, kuma wasu hanyoyin zafin duniya na iya zama masu sarrafa kansu . Alal misali, a lokacin Snowball Duniya a lokacin, manyan kankara zanen gado na glacial dusar ƙanƙara a kan duniya ta equator, rufe kusan dukan surface, da kuma sosai high albedo halitta matsananci yanayin zafi, yayin da tarawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara iya cire carbon dioxide ta yanayi ajiya . Duk da haka, rashin murfin shuka don ɗaukar yanayi CO 2 da ke fitowa daga volcanoes yana nufin cewa iskar gas na iya taruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, akwai rashin fallasa duwatsun siliki, waɗanda ke amfani da CO 2 lokacin da suke fuskantar yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda daga baya ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dawo da yanayin zafin duniya.
Mafi girman zafi na Paleo-eocene
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) lokaci ne tare da fiye da 5-8 °C matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi a duk faɗin taron. Wannan yanayin ya faru a lokacin iyakar Paleocene da zamanin Eocene. A yayin taron an saki methane mai yawa, iskar gas mai ƙarfi. PETM yana wakiltar "binciken shari'a" don canjin yanayi na zamani kamar yadda ake fitar da iskar gas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na yanayin ƙasa. A lokacin PETM, yawan bacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin teku ya faru.
Cenozoic
A ko'ina cikin Cenozoic, sauyin yanayi da yawa ya haifar da ɗumamar yanayin da sanyaya yanayi, wanda ya haifar da farkon samuwar takardar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic, narkewar gaba, da sake sakewa daga baya. Canje-canjen yanayin zafi ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, a yawan adadin carbon dioxide na kusan 600 – 760 ppm da yanayin zafi kusan 4. °C ya fi na yau zafi. A lokacin Pleistocene, zagayowar glaciations da interglacials sun faru akan zagayowar kusan 100,000. shekaru, amma yana iya zama mai tsayi a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci lokacin da eccentricity na orbital ya kusan kusan sifili, kamar lokacin interglacial na yanzu. Interglacials da suka gabata irin su lokacin Eemiyan sun haifar da yanayin zafi sama da na yau, matakan teku mafi girma, da wani ɗan narkewar takardar kankara ta yammacin Antarctic.
Yanayin shafar murfin gajimare da hazo sosai. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, iska na iya ɗaukar ƙarancin tururin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar hazo. A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum na shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce, ƙawancen zafin zafi daga tekuna zuwa kan ƙasashen nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da manyan yankunan hamada mai tsananin gaske, gami da sahara na iyakacin duniya (sanyi amma tare da ƙarancin murfin gajimare da hazo). Sabanin haka, yanayin duniya ya fi gajimare da ruwa fiye da na yau a kusa da farkon lokacin dumin Atlantika na shekaru 8000 da suka gabata.
Holocene
An kwatanta Holocene ta hanyar sanyaya na dogon lokaci wanda ya fara bayan Mafi kyawun Holocene, lokacin da yanayin zafi zai iya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi na yanzu (shekaru na biyu na karni na 21st), da kuma damina mai karfi na Afirka ya haifar da yanayin ciyawa a cikin Sahara a lokacin da ake ciki. Neolithic Subpluvial . Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan sanyaya da yawa sun faru, gami da:
the Piora Oscillation
the Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch
the Iron Age Cold Epoch
the Little Ice Age
the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to global cooling hypothesis
Sabanin haka, lokutan dumi da yawa su ma sun faru, kuma sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance wa ga:
a warm period during the apex of the Minoan civilization
the Roman Warm Period
the Medieval Warm Period
Modern warming during the 20th century
An sami wasu tasiri yayin waɗannan zagayowar. Misali, a lokacin Lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka tana cikin fari, gami da Sand Hills na Nebraska wadanda suke dunes yashi.
GAyyukan hasken rana na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangaren na ɗumamar zamani wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. Koyaya, zagayowar rana sun kasa yin lissafin ɗumamar da aka gani tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. faru kamar budewa na Arewa maso yamma Passage da kuma rikodin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙanƙara na zamani na Arctic shrinkage ba su faru ba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kamar yadda masu bincike na farko duk sun kasa yin hanyar wucewa ta Arctic, har ma a lokacin rani. Sauye-sauye a cikin halittun halittu da jeri na mazaunin su ma ba a taɓa yin irin su ba, suna faruwa a ƙimar da ba su zo daidai da sanannun girgizar yanayi ba.
Sauyin yanayi na zamani da dumamar yanayi
Sakamakon yadda mutane ke fitar da iskar gas, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fara tashi. Dumamar yanayi wani al'amari ne na sauyin yanayi na zamani, kalmar da ta haɗa da sauye-sauyen da aka gani a hazo, hanyoyin guguwa da gajimare. A sakamakon haka, glaciers a duk duniya an gano yana raguwa sosai. Tushen kankara na ƙasa a duka Antarctica da Greenland sun kasance suna yin asarar taro tun 2002 kuma sun ga haɓakar asarar ƙanƙara tun 2009. Matakan teku na duniya suna karuwa sakamakon fadada yanayin zafi da narke kankara. Rushewar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, duka da girma da kauri, cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarin shaida ce ga saurin sauyin yanayin.
Sauyawa tsakanin yankuna
Misalai na canjin yanayi na yanki.
Kasa-teku. Yanayin zafin saman ƙasa yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke kan teku, tekun yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 90% na wuce gona da iri.
Hemispheres. Matsakaicin canjin yanayi na Hemispheres ya bambanta saboda yawan kaso na yankin Arewa, da kuma ruwan tekun duniya.
Latitude makada. Ƙungiyoyin latitude uku waɗanda ke rufe kashi 30, 40 da 30 bisa ɗari na sararin saman duniya suna nuna yanayin girma dabam dabam na yanayin zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Tsayi Hoton ratsi mai zafi (blues yana nuna sanyi, ja yana nuna dumi) yana nuna yadda tasirin greenhouse ke kama zafi a cikin ƙasan yanayi ta yadda yanayi na sama, yana samun ƙarancin haske, yayi sanyi. Volcanos yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki na sama.
Duniya da yanki. Don dalilai na yanki da ƙididdiga, ana tsammanin manyan bambance-bambancen shekara zuwa shekara don yankuna na yanki (misali, Caribbean) fiye da matsakaicin duniya.
Sabanin dangi. Ko da yake arewacin Amurka ya yi zafi sosai fiye da wurare masu zafi, wurare masu zafi sun fi fice a fili daga bambancin tarihi na al'ada (magunguna masu launi: 1σ, 2σ daidaitattun daidaituwa).
Baya ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na duniya da kuma sauyin yanayi na duniya kan lokaci, sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna faruwa a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na zahiri.
Ruwan ruwa na kusan kashi 90% na zafi mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sauri fiye da yanayin yanayin teku. Arewacin Hemisphere, yana da mafi girman girman ƙasa zuwa teku fiye da Kudancin Ƙasar, yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin haɓaka. Bambance tsakanin makada daban-daban suma suna nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a matsakaitawar karuwar zafin jiki, tare da karuwar zafin zafi na karin zafi na arewa ya wuce na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya zarce na kudanci extratropics.
Yankuna na sama na yanayi sun kasance suna yin sanyi lokaci guda tare da ɗumamar yanayi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, suna tabbatar da aikin tasirin greenhouse da raguwar ozone.
bambancen yanayi na yanki da aka lura sun tabbatar da tsinkaya game da sauye-sauye masu gudana, alal misali, ta hanyar bambanta (mai laushi) bambance duniya na shekara zuwa shekara tare da (mafi canzawa) bambancin shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yankuna. Akasin haka, kwatanta yanayin ɗumamar yankuna daban da bambance tarihi daban-daban, yana ba da damar ɗora girman girman canjin yanayin zafi a cikin mahangar abin da ke faruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane yanki.
Abubuwan lura da canjin yanki suna ba da damar yin nazari akan wuraren da aka raba sauyin yanayi kamar asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, narkewar kankara da kankara na teku, da narkewar permafrost. Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da bincike a cikin yuwuwar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro na duniya .
Duba kuma
Climatological normal
Anthropocene
Manazarta |
47745 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ab%20al-Ahbar | Ka'ab al-Ahbar | Ka'b al-Ahbar ( , cikakken suna Abū Isḥāq Ka'b ibn Mani' al-Ḥmyarī ( ) Bayahude ne a ƙarni na 7 ɗan ƙasar Yaman daga ƙabilar Larabawa ta "Dhī Ra'īn" ( ) wanda ya musulunta. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin farkon ikon Isra'iliyya da Larabawa ta Kudu. Kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya nuna, ya kasance tare da Umar a tafiyarsa daga Madina zuwa Kudus, sannan ya zama mai goyon bayan Usman. Ya rasu a cikin Hims a shekara ta 652-6 AD.
Suna
.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ba a san komai ba game da Ka'ab, amma bisa ga al'ada, ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar. Sannan ya raka Umar a tafiyarsa zuwa Kudus. An ruwaito cewa, lokacin da Umar ya shiga birnin Kudus da runduna, ya tambayi Ka’b: “A ina kake ba ni shawarar in gina wurin ibada? Ka'b ya nuna Dutsen Haikali, yanzu babban tulin kango daga haikalin Jupiter. Yahudawa, Ka'b ya bayyana, a taƙaice sun yi nasarar mayar da tsohon babban birninsu kwata kwata (lokacin da Farisa suka mamaye Siriya), amma ba su sami lokacin share wurin da Haikalin yake ba, domin Rumawa (Rūm) sun sake kwacewa. birnin. Daga nan ne Umar ya umarci Nabatawa su kwashe dattin da ke cikin Dutsen Haikali, bayan ruwan sama mai karfi uku ya wanke dutsen, sai ya gabatar da addu'o'i a wurin. An ce Umar ya yi shingen, kuma bayan wasu shekaru, Halifan Umayyawa Abd al-Malik ya gina Dome of the Rock a bisa wurin a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na harabar Aqsa. Har wala yau, ana kiran wurin da Qubbat al-Sakhra (Kubbat na Dutse).
A bisa al’ada, Ka’b ya yi imani da cewa “Duk wani abin da ya faru ko zai faru a kowace kafa na duniya, an rubuta shi a cikin Tourat (Attaura), wanda Allah ya saukar wa Annabinsa Musa ”. An ce ya yi hasashen mutuwar Umar ta hanyar amfani da Attaura. A wata ruwaya, Ka'b ya ce wa Umar "kamata ka rubuta wasiyyarka domin zaka mutu nan da kwana uku." Umar ya amsa da "Bana jin zafi ko ciwo". Abu Lulu ya kashe Umar bayan kwana biyu.
A cewar majiyoyin Shi'a Ka'ab malamin Yahudawa ne, wanda ya tashi daga Yemen zuwa Bilad al-Sham (Syria). Ya kasance daga dangin Dhu Ra'in ko Dhu al-Kila. Ka'b ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar inda ya musulunta. Ya rayu a can har zamanin Usman .
Ra'ayin Sunna
Ibn Hajar Asqalani, malamin Sunna na mazhabar Shafi'i na ƙarni na 14, ya rubuta cewa;Ka`b Ibn Mati` al-Himyari, Abu Ishaq, wanda aka fi sani da Ka`b al-Ahbar, amintacce ne ( thiqah ). Yana daga [tabaqah] ta 2. Ya rayu a zamanin Jahiliyya da Musulunci . Ya zauna a Yemen kafin ya koma Sham [~Syria]. Ya rasu a zamanin khalifancin Usman yana da shekara 100. Babu wani rahotonsa a cikin Bukhari. Yana da ruwaya guda a cikin Muslim daga Abu Huraira daga gare shi, daga al-A`mash daga Abu Salih . Al-Tabari ya nakalto sosai game da Ka'b a cikin Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna . Sauran marubutan Sunna kuma sun ambaci Ka’b da ƙissoshinsa tare da Khalifofi Umar da Uthman da Mu’awiyah.
A wani gidan yanar gizon da Ma'aikatar Awka da Harkokin Musulunci (Katar) ta ƙasar Qatar ke gudanarwa kuma mallakarta, ana iya samun fatawa akan Ka'ab al-Ahbar.
Ambato a cikin littattafan hadisi
An ambaci Ka’ab al-Ahbar a cikin wasu littattafan hadisi kamar Sahih Muslim da Muwatta Malik, da sauransu. An ruwaito hadisi cewa halifa Umar bn Khattab ya naɗa shi a matsayin amir a kan musulmi.
Ra'ayin Shi'a goma sha biyu
A cikin al'adar Shi'a ana kallon Ka'b a matsayin wani mutum wanda ba shi da tabbas. Muhammad al-Tijani malamin Shi'a a ƙarni na 20 ya rubuta cewa "Shi Bayahude ne daga ƙasar Yemen wanda ya yi kamar ya musulunta sannan ya tafi Madina a zamanin Umar bn al-Khattab." Muhammad Jawad Chirri ya rubuta, bayan ya kawo wani hadisi cewa, “Ya kamata wannan tattaunawa ta fadakar da mu game da yunkurin Ka’b na yaudara da nasara na yin tasiri ga abubuwan da zasu faru nan gaba ta hanyar shawarwarin shaiɗan. Yana tattare da ha’inci mai yawa wanda ya haifar da illoli masu yawa ga Musulunci da Musulmi.” . Tasirin Ka'b ya lalace a cikin al'adar Shi'a ta Musulunci.
Zargin son zuciya na Yahudawa
An zarge shi a wasu hadisai da shigar da Yahudawa a cikin Musulunci. Misali, Abd Allah bn Abbas ya yi saɓani a kan wani ra’ayi da aka jingina wa Ka’ab cewa “ranar kiyama za a fito da rana da wata kamar bijimai guda biyu da ba su sani ba, a jefa su wuta”. Al-Tabari ya ce Ibn Abbas ya ce "Kaab ya fadi karya!" sau uku, ya nakalto Alqur'ani cewa rana da wata suna biyayya ga Allah. Ya zargi Ka'b da ƙoƙarin shigar da tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa cikin Musulunci.
Tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa-Kirista
A cewar na ƙarni na 19, an danganta shi da raya al'adun Sunna. Liran Yagdar na Jami’ar Yale ya ce Ka’b ba shi da wani tasiri sosai a al’adar ‘yan Sunna, kuma ya ce “Kiristoci da Yahudawa sun ɗauki Ka’b a cikin tatsuniyoyinsu na bayyanar Musulunci, suna son su ƙaryata ingancin Alkur’ani ta hanyar yin ishara ga Yahudawa masu tuba. kamar Ka’b wanda ya gurɓata littafin Ƙasa daga ciki.”
Duba kuma
Abdullahi bin Saba'
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39285 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Santacana%20Maiztegui | Jon Santacana Maiztegui | Jon Santacana Maiztegui (an haife shi a ranar 1ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan B2 classified ne na wasan zamiya na naƙasassu na para-alpine dan kasar Sifaniya. Mai jagorancinsa wajen wasan ski na makafi shine Miguel Galindo Garces. Santacana ya fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IPC Alpine Skiing, a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai da na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, da kuma gasar kasar Spain. Ya wakilci Spain a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2002, na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2006 da na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2010, inda ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a wasannin na shekarar 2010.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Santacana a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta, 1980 a San Sebestian, Guipúzcoa, a yankin Basque na Spain. Tun daga shekara ta, 2012, yana zaune a Getxo, Vizcaya, Spain kuma dalibi ne na INEF.
Santacana yana da matsalar hangen nesa, wanda shine sakamakon matsalar kwayoyin halitta da ta bayyana kanta a lokacin yana dan shekara takwas.
Gudun kankara
Santacana skier ne mai rauni na gani na B2. Miguel Galindo Garces ne jagoransa.
Santacana ya sami lambar zinare a Switzerland wanda ya karbi bakuncin gasar shekara ta, 2000 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship. A shekara ta 2005, yayin da yake yin gudun hijira a La Molina, Spain, ya faɗi ya ji wa kansa rauni sosai kuma ya kasa yin gudun hijira har sai da kusan farkon wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2006.
Santacana ya sami lam bar zinare don gaba ɗaya kakar shekara ta, 2006 zuwa 2007 na gasar cin kofin Turai. Ya gama gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007 IPC Alpine Skiing a matsayi na biyu. A zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai a watan Maris na shekarar, 2008, wani taron da aka gudanar a La Molina, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gudun hijira na Spain da suka fafata. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin Turai na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na biyu bayan abubuwan gwaji guda biyar. Galindo shine jagoransa na kakar wasa. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na uku. A karshen gasar cin kofin duniya na farko a kakar shekara ta, 2008 zuwa 2009, ya zauna a matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wannan ne karo na takwas da ya buga wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2009 a Koriya ta Kudu. Zinarensa na farko ya zo a gasar Super Combined. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shida da jagorori huɗu waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar, 2010 Alpine Skiing for Disabled a Abtenau, Austria, Santacana da jagoransa sun sami tagulla a cikin katafaren taron slalom bayan gudu na farko da suka yi a matsayi na biyar da na biyu inda suka zo na biyu. Bai samu damar shiga gasar Super Combined ba saboda an soke shi. Sannan ya fafata a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai a watan Janairu a La Molina. Ya kare na biyar a taron slalom. A taron karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010, wani taron da aka gudanar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010 a Aspen, Colorado, ya sami lambar zinare a wani taron tare da jagoran Galindo. Wannan shi ne babban taron na ƙarshe kafin Wasannin shekarar, 2010. Ya kuma sami lambar tagulla a gasar Giant Slalom, yayin da ya kare na shida a cikin Super Combined. Ya zo gasar cin kofin duniya na Aspen tare da maki 625 na gasar cin kofin duniya.
Santacana ya halarci gasa ta watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2010 Vancouver wanda Federación Española de Deportes de Personas con Discapacidad Física (FEDDF), Federación Española de Deportes para Paralíticos Cerebrales (FEDPC) da Federación Española Deportes para Ciegos (FEDC) suka shirya. Ya fafata a gasar tseren kankara na watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2010 a Landgraaf, Netherlands inda ya sami lambar zinare a gasar kasa da kasa. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, wadda aka gudanar a birnin Arta Terme na kasar Italiya, Santacana da Galindo sun kare a matsayi na biyu a farkon wasanni hudu da aka gudanar. A gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2011 da aka gudanar a Sestriere, Italiya, ya zo na daya a gasar Super-G. Ya halarci wasan a shekara ta, 2012 Campeonatos de España de Esquí da aka gudanar a Valle de Arán, inda aka fafata a gasar Slalom, Giant Slalom da Super G. Ya lashe zinari a cikin dukkan abubuwan guda uku. Kusa da ƙarshen lokacin ski na shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya a Italiya inda ya gama na farko a gasar slalom mai girma a cikin ƙungiyar masu fama da hangen nesa. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 2012, ya yage Achilles tendon. A watan Janairun shekara ta, 2013 gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Switzerland, inda ya yi gudun hijira tare da Galindo, ya samu lambar zinare a babbar gasar slalom. Duk da yake bai samu lambar yabo ba a wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gasar, ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa a saman shugaban hukumar gasar cin kofin duniya na kakar wasa. Ya lashe lambobin zinare uku a gasar IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar, 2017 Santacana ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin tudu, da slalom, lambar tagulla a cikin giant slalom, da kamun kifi na huɗu a cikin babban haɗe.
Paralympics
Santacana ya sami lambar zinare da tagulla biyu a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2002.
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2009, Santacana ya halarci wani taron a Madrid wanda Shirin Babban Ayyuka na Paralympic (Shirin ARPA) ya shirya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen Wasannin Vancouver. Kafin ya tashi zuwa Vancouver, ya halarci bikin tashi wanda Sakataren Jiha na Wasanni Jaime Lissavetzky, babban sakatare na manufofin zamantakewa Francisco Moza, shugaban kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Miguel Carballeda, da kuma manajan daraktan kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Alberto Jofre suka halarta. Dukan tawagar Spain sun isa Whistler gabanin wasannin shekarar, 2010 nan da 7 ga watan Fabrairu.
Jagoransa don wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2010 shine Galindo. Fog a Vancouver ya haifar da canji a cikin jadawalin abubuwan da ya faru na ski. Ma'auratan sun sami lambar zinare a gasar hangen nesa ta maza. Kambun zinare da ya samu shi ne zinare na farko da dan kasar Spain ya ci a gasar. Shiga Vancouver, ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a duniya a cikin ƙasa. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin gudu na farko da na biyu na hangen nesa na maza wanda ya raunana Giant Slalom taron. Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a babban taron da aka yi a Wasanni. Ya kammala wasannin na shekarar, 2010 da lambar zinare daya da lambobin azurfa biyu. Bayan wasannin, tawagar 'yan wasan nakasassu ta Spain sun halarci bikin maraba da dawowa gidauniyar ONCE wadda ita ma Infanta Elena, Duchess na Lugo ya halarta.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980 |
18458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Tanimbar | Tsibirin Tanimbar | Tsibiran Tanimbar, a na kuma kiran su Timur Laut, gungun tsibirai ne kusan 65 a cikin lardin Maluku na kasar Indonesia. Yamdena shi ne tsauni mafi girma wanda kuma yake daidai tsakiyar tsibiran; wasu sun hada da Selaru a kudu maso yamma na Yamdena, Larat da Fordata a arewa maso gabas, Maru da Molu a arewa, da Seira, Wuliaru, Selu, Wotap da Makasar zuwa yamma. Jumlar Indonesiya timur laut na nufin "gabashin teku" ko "arewa maso gabas".
A na gudanar da Tsibirin Tanimbar a matsayin Tsibirin Tsibirin Tanimbar a kasar ( Indonesian ), tsarin mulki na Maluku. Yankin Regency ya mamaye yanki mai fadin 4,465.79 sq.km, kuma tana da yawan mutane 105,341 a kidayar shekara ta 2010; sabon kiyasi na hukuma (daga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014) ya kasance 117,341. Babban gari da cibiyar gudanarwa suna Saumlaki .
Labarin kasa
Yanayi, tsibirin arewa maso gabas har yanzu suna cikin partananan Tsibirin Sunda . Tsibirin Aru da Tsibirin Kai suna kwance a arewa maso gabas, kuma tsibirin Babar da kuma Timor suna yamma da yamma. Tsibiran sun raba Tekun Banda da na Arafura . Jimlar tsibirin tsibirin 5440 ne km² (2100 sq mi).
Mafi girman ƙungiyar ita ce Yamdena . Tsibirin Yamdena yana da tsaunuka da ke dazuzzuka tare da gabar gabashinta, yayin da gabar yamma ta yi ƙasa. Saumlaki shine babban gari, wanda yake a ƙarshen kudu na Yamdena. Sauran tsibiran sun hada da Larat, Selaru, da kuma Wuliaru .
Yawan mutanen ya kasance 105, 341 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010, wanda kusan kashi 94% kirista ne, da saura musulmin ko wanin su. Islanda nanan a cikin tsibirin na Tanimbarkei ba na Tanimbar ba ne, amma na Tsibirin Kai ne kuma mazaunan da ba su wuce 1000 ba na gargajiya sosai.
Tsibirin Tanimbar wani bangare ne na Tsubirin Tekun Banda wanda ke da danshi wanda ba shi da kyau .
Tarihi
a cikin tarihin zamani, an ambaci tsibirin Tanimbar (kamar Tsibirin Aru ) a cikin karni na 16 na tsibirin Lázaro Luís a shekara ta(1563), Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), Sebastião Lopes a shekara ta (1565), a cikin taswirar shekara ta 1594 na Gabas Indies mai suna Insulce Molucoe na ɗan Dutch mai zane-zanen Petrus Plancius, kuma a cikin taswirar Nova Guinea ta shekara ta 1600 (bisa tushe na Portuguese). Tsibirin Tanimbar ya hango kuma mai yiwuwa masu binciken jirgi na Fotigal kamar su Martim Afonso de Melo Jusarte a wajajen shekara ta 1522 zuwa shekara ta 1525, wadanda suka zagaya tsibiran Aru (tare da bayanin "A nan ne Martin Afonso de Melo ya yi sanyi") da Tanimbar, kuma mai yiwuwa Gomes de Sequeira a 1526.
Tsibirin Tanimbar ya kasance wani ɓangare na Dutch East Indies . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu turawan Holan suna aika da wasu sojoji 13 karkashin jagorancin sajan KNIL Julius Tahija zuwa garin Saumlaki a Tsibirin Tanimbar a watan Yulin shekara ta 1942. Jiragen ruwan Japan sun shiga bakin ruwa a Saumlaki a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli kuma an yi amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa don zuwa jirgin. Jafananci sun gabatar da matsayi a cikin jirgin kuma suna son yin tafiya a cikin tsari cikin Saumlaki. Risonungiyar ta buɗe wuta a kusa da kusa da bindigogi masu haske. Jafananci sun koma jirginsu sun bar matattu da yawa a cikin jirgin. Samun saukar abokan gaba daga baya, duk da haka, an yi su a wani wuri yayin da jiragen ruwan Japan suka buɗe wuta a kan matsayin masu tsaron. An kashe shida daga cikin sojojin Holan kuma an kori waɗanda suka tsira cikin daji. A ranar 31 ga watan yuli, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da ayarin sojojin Ostiraliya ya isa jirgi a Saumlaki, ba tare da sanin cewa garin ya fada hannun Jafanawa ba. An harba jirgin daga bakin tekun, kuma an kashe kwamandan kungiyar da ke sauka. 'Yan Australia sun koma Darwin . Bayan haka, mambobin rundunar Holan sun shiga cikin ruwan bindiga daga Jafanawa; wannan ya haifar da wasu asara, kuma maharan da sojojin ƙafa na Jafananci suka biyo baya a kan gaba. Bakwai daga cikin mambobin rundunar suka shiga jirgin ruwa suka tsere zuwa kasar Ostiraliya.
Tattalin arziki
Muhimman kayayyaki sune copra, tortoiseshell, da trepang (kokwamba mai cin abinci). Kwanan nan, kamfanin man fetur da iskar gas na Japan, Inpex ya yi niyya don haɓaka aikin toshe Masela tare da biliyoyin tan na gas ɗin da aka samar. Kasashen waje zasu kasance a tsibirin Tanimbar. .
Fauna
Morelia nauta
Tanimbar corella
Tanimbar daji-warbler
Tanimbar megapode
Tanimbar tauraruwa
Mujiya da aka rufe ta Moluccan
Fawn-breasted tashin hankali
Blue-streaked lory
Bastilla mishanarii
Troides riedeli
Etiella chrysoporella
Duba kuma
Tsibirin Indonesiya
Kei-Tanimbar harsuna
Bayanan kula
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Harsunan Indonesiya (Maluku)
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29971 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya%20hannu%20kan%20yarjejeniyar%20kare%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20yara%20a%20Iran | Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin yara a Iran | Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta sanya hannu kan yar jejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CRC) a shekara ta 1991, kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi tanadi kamar haka: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya saba wa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba."
Ko da yake ƙasar Iran na da alaka da yarjejeniyar a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun sha suka a kai a kai kan gazawarta wajen kiyaye wajibcin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar.
Tarihi
Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda Iran ta kasance memba a cikinta, ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba shekarata 1924. A shekarata 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara ba tare da jefa kuri'a ba.
Iran ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara a ranar 5 ga Satumba shekarar 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarata 1994. Bugu da kari, Iran ta rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Zabi kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara sannan ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta amince da) Yarjejeniyar Zabin Kan Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba. Har yanzu Iran ba ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Yara kan Hanyar Sadarwar Zabi ba.
A cikin shekarata 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na lokaci-lokaci na uku da na hudu game da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden da ake kira CRC.
Aiwatarwa
A ranar 3 ga Janairu, shekarar 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Yara (NBCRC) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Hukumar ta NBCRC ita ce ke da alhakin sa ido, tsarawa, da daidaita duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin kasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma a matakin kananan hukumomi ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin kananan hukumomi da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman guda huɗu don taimaka mata wajen cika ayyukanta: Ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Rukunin Ayyuka na Shari'a da Shari'a, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka na Horo da Bayani, da Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka na Kariya da Daidaitawa.
Yayin da ake ɗaukar kafa ta a matsayin mataki mai kyau, ƙungiyoyin waje sun yi tambaya game da tasirin NBCRC. Musamman rashin samun ‘yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikon da yake da shi na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati a wajen ba da shawara ya taso. A halin yanzu babu wata Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran da ke da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafen daidaikun mutane da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara.
Matsayin yara na shari'a a Iran
Ko da yake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da CRC, doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halaccin kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa kowace doka ta dace da wasu "ma'auni na Musulunci". Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa da ta janye ajiyarta ga yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ajiyayyen da bai dace da abu da manufarsa ba. Ba za a yarda da Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba." A sakamakon haka, yara suna bin hanyar da ba ta dace ba inda ake fassara "ma'auni na Musulunci" daga Hukumomin Jihohi, wato Majalisar (Majalissar), Jagoran Jagora da Majalisar Kulawa.
Mai yiyuwa ne kowane yara su gabatar da kararrakin cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a gaban kotu. Sai dai kuma hakan bai shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba kuma yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar kan bukaci gabatar da kararsu a gaban kotu ta hannun mai kula da su. Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya yi nuni da cewa: “Kare mutumin da ke karkashin kulawa da kuma wakilcinsa na shari’a a cikin dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi dukiyarsa da hakkokinsa na kudi, sun kasance ne ga waliyyi”. Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yi wuya ba yayin da mai yin ta'addanci shi ne waliyyai, yawanci uwa. Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin mahaluƙi mai haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sanin doka ba, don haka ya Zama ba ta mutunta Babban Magana No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin sauraron yaro.
A shekarar 2013, an kai rahoton sace yara fiye da kimanin 2,400 ga kungiyar kare hakkin yara a Iran. Kungiyar kare hakkin yara da ke kula da layin ba da shawarwari ta wayar tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin 100 na yaran an fuskanci hukunci na tunani da tunani sannan kashi 45 cikin 100 na fuskantar horo na jiki. Bisa kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri mamba na kungiyar kare hakkin yara ya yi, ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA cewa, kashi kusan 93% na wadanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a shekarar 2013, iyayen yaran ne kashi uku cikin dari. 'ya'yan da kansu, kuma kashi biyu na kiran waya daga ubanninsu ne.
Yara a cikin tsarin adalci
Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka
Dangane da ma'anar "yaro", dabi'un da ke cikin dokokin kasa da kasa shine na saita iyaka tsakanin yara da balaga da shekaru goma sha takwas. Misali, kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance cikin ɗaurin kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 18 kuma kada su kasance da ƙwazo a cikin rikice-rikice a ƙasa da shekaru 15. Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun girma. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarata 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban.
Hukumcin jiki
Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a wuraren kulawa da rana bisa ga labarin 8 (23) na Dokokin Gyara don Kafa, Gudanarwa da Rusa Duk nau'ikan Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Haka dokar ta shafi cibiyoyin gyaran yara. A gaskiya ma, bisa ga Dokokin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Kula da Gidajen Yari, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro a shekarata (2005), "Halayen zalunci, cin zarafi na wadanda ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa da cin mutunci an haramta ta kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da gidajen yari".
A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar fitar da ikirari ko samun bayanai haramun ne", wanda ya dace da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. Sai dai a baya-bayan nan an samu rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga wasu matasa da suka aikata laifin, wadanda aka tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar tilastawa. Daya daga cikin kararrakin na baya-bayan nan shi ne Alireza Tajiki, wanda aka kama yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya amsa laifin azabtar da shi da laifin fyade da kuma kisan wani abokinsa, laifukan da ya saba janyewa a gaban kotu.
Yin bulala a matsayin hukumcin laifi, al'ada ce da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a cikin tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. A cewar dokar da ta bayyana shekarun da suka kai ga aikata laifuka, ‘yan mata da suka haura tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar, ana yanke musu hukunci tare da hukunta su kamar yadda kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Iran ya tanada, wanda kuma ya shafi hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan da suka shafi jima’i, tuhumar karya, shan barasa, da shan barasa, da kuma shan barasa. ya haifar da rauni. Don haka, ‘yan mata da suka haura shekara tara da kuma maza sama da shekara goma sha biyar ana iya yi musu bulala. Duk da haka, idan an gane cewa masu laifin "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ba ko haramcinsa ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da ci gaban kwakwalwarsu", ba za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifin ko kuma a tuhume shi da shi. tarar. Koyaya, don yin la'akari da Mataki na kusan 91 kuma a yi aiki da shi, ana buƙatar waɗanda suka yi laifin da kansu su yi iƙirarin samun damar sake yin shari'ar da labarin ya ba da izini. Wadanda suka aikata laifin kasa da goma sha takwas 18 da iyalansu galibi ba su san da hakan ba kuma ba za su iya ba lauyan da zai sanar da su hakkokinsu ba, kadan ne daga cikinsu ke neman a sake shari’ar.
Hukuncin jiki a cikin gida
A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta ƙasar Iran, "Yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya ga iyayensa kuma ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsa ba" kuma idan aka yi rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokokin Iran sun ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida matukar dai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance. waliyin yaron. A cewar dokar farar hula ta Iran, "Iyaye na da hakkin hukunta 'ya'yansu amma kada su yi amfani da wannan hakkin ta hanyar hukunta 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakokin gyara". Bayan haka kuma, dokar hukunta laifuka ta Musulunci ta bayyana cewa: Duk “Ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara kanana da mahaukata suke aikatawa domin azabtar da su ko kare su matukar dai an aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al’ada da kuma iyakokin addini don azabtarwa da kariya”.
Kisa kan yara masu laifi
A halin yanzu ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma adadin hukuncin kisa ya karu da kashi 300 daga shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2015. Ita ma Iran tana rike da kambun tarihi na kasa da kasa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara. Yawan kisa na kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya ragu a cikin shekarata 2015. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar shekarata 2016, masu laifi 160 sun kasance a kan "layin kisa" (suna jiran a kashe su) a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas.
A shekarar 2016, kwamitin kare hakkin yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara da kuma mutanen da suka aikata wani laifi a lokacin da suke kasa da shekaru 18. A ranar 18 ga Oktoban shekarar 2017, kwararrun masana kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya iri-iri sun jaddada cewa "Iran na ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana" Kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara a Iran. Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran ta gaggauta soke hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tare da aiwatar da wani tsari na sassauta duk wani hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kan kananan yara, daidai da ka'idojin shari'a na yara." An bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta zartar da hukuncin kisa kan akalla yara kanana hudu daga watan Janairu zuwa Oktoban shekarata 2017, kuma an san akalla wasu 86 da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa a lokacin, ko da yake adadin na iya karuwa.
Dalilan da aka yanke wa masu laifin kisa musamman kisan kai da fyade amma “kiyayya ga Allah” ( moharebeh ), sata da laifuffukan da ke da alaka da miyagun kwayoyi sun kasance cikin dalilan yanke hukuncin kisa ga kananan yara. Wani hali na baya-bayan nan dangane da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne na tsare wadanda suka aikata laifin har sai sun cika shekara goma sha takwas sannan a kashe su kawai a lokacin. Sai dai kuma babu wani wajibci na shari'a da ya kamata a dage aiwatar da hukuncin har sai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kai shekara sha takwas. Sabon fasalin Kundin Laifukan Musulunci na shekarar 2013 ya hada da cewa matasa daga tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas wadanda suka aikata laifukan da aka yankewa hukuncin ta'azir za a kebe su daga kisa. A maimakon haka za a ci gaba da tsare su na wasu lokuta daban-daban, ko kuma tarar ƙima daban-daban, ya danganta da girman laifukan. Amma, idan aka kasafta laifin da aka aikata a karkashin hudud da qisas, wadanda suka aikata kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana daukarsu a matsayin halaltacce. Ko da a cikin hudud da qisa, lokacin da masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba ana tunanin ba su gane girman laifin ba, ana iya amfani da sashe na 91 na kundin hukunta laifuka na Iran kuma mai laifin yana iya zama keɓe daga hukuncin kisa.
Rataye shi ne mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran kuma ana aiwatar da shi a gidajen yari ko kuma a bainar jama'a a kan Wasu filaye.
An iyakance aikin jifa a cikin sigar dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran shekarata (2013). Koyaya, sabon juzu'in Kundin Laifukan ya ci gaba da amfani da jifa a matsayin hukunci mai tsanani. Mataki na ashirin da 225 ya bayyana cewa " hukuncin haddi na zina da mace da namiji da suka cika sharuddan ihsan za a yi su ne da jifa har lahira".
Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a ƙasar Iran tare da jaddada girman aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, an bayar da rahoton aiwatar da wannan aiki a Iran.
A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2019 wasu gungun kwararrun kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da ake yi wa Mohammad Kalhory mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da ya aikata laifin.
Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa
Wariyar jinsi
Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Iran ya tabbatar da kare doka daidai gwargwado ga maza da mata. Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dokokin hukunta laifuka na Iran da na farar hula sun ayyana yaro yana da shekara 9 ga wata ga ’yan mata, da shekara 15 ga maza. Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin kariyar yara ga 'yan mata fiye da maza, kuma ya hana su wasu kariyar Yarjejeniyar.
Mataki na 907 na kundin dokokin farar hula, game da rabon gado, ya kuma nuna wariya dangane da jinsi ta hanyar bai wa maza magada ninki biyu na mata a cikin yara da yawa. Bugu da kari, sashi na 911 na dokar farar hula ya bayyana cewa, idan marigayin ba shi da ‘ya’ya masu rai, jikoki sun gaji gwargwadon nawa ne iyayensu za su samu. 'Ya'yan 'ya'ya maza don haka sun fi 'ya'yan 'ya'ya mata.
Dan kasa da hakkin dan kasa
Dokar kabilanci ta Iran ta ƙunshi ka'idoji na jus sanguinis da jus soli . An ratsa kasa ta hannun uba, ma'ana 'ya'yan uwayen Iran da uban da ba na Iran ba suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun dan kasar Iran.
Sanin hakan, a cikin rahoton lokaci na uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta yi ishara da dokar da aka kafa a shekarar 2006 a kan yanke hukunci kan 'ya'yan da aka haifa a sakamakon auren matan Iran da maza na kasashen waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haifa a Iran ". sakamakon auren matan Iran da mazan kasashen waje, idan sun kai shekaru kusan 18, suna iya neman izinin zama dan kasar Iran. Za a ba da wannan damar idan yaron ba shi da wani bayanan laifi ko tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wata ƙasa da ba ta Iran ba. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kusan yara kimanin 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "lalatawar 'yan kasa".
An dai soki wannan doka da rashin yin nisa don kare hakkin yara. A Yawancin iyaye Ko ubanni da ba na Iran ba ’yan gudun hijira ne ko kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar da ba su da takardun zama ‘yan Afghanistan ko Iraqi. Dokokin Iran sun bukaci mace 'yar kasar Iran ta samu izinin auren wata 'yar kasar waje, kuma da yake masu neman mafaka ba su da rajista a bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba, don haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar haihuwa ba.
Ilimi
Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin baiwa dukkan 'yan kasar ilimi kyauta har zuwa sakandare Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hannun ma'aikatar ilimi ce ke da alhakin bayar da kudade da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, kula da ma'auni, tsara manhajoji da horar da malamai, samar da kayayyakin ilimi, da kiyayewa da inganta ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin larduna da ofisoshin gundumomi a matakin kananan hukumomi.
Kudaden da Iran take kashewa a fannin ilimi ya zarce na duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi kusan 17% na kudaden gwamnati a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%.
Auren wuri yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan barin makaranta, saboda dokokin kasar Iran sun kayyade damar zuwa makaranta ga yaran da suka yi aure, saboda an ba su damar shiga jarrabawar karshe ne kawai, kuma ba su cancanci zuwa darasi ko makarantun dare.
Aikin Yara
Dokar kwadago ta Iran ta haramta aikin yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 aiki. Yara masu shekaru 15-18, da ake magana da su a matsayin "matasan ma'aikata", ana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen likita na yau da kullun don samun cancantar shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "ayyukan kari, aiki na canzawa, ko aiki mai wahala, cutarwa ko haɗari". Koyaya, Dokar Ma'aikata ta ba da izinin keɓance kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata ƙasa da Kashi 10 daga wasu tanade-tanaden doka, gami da matsakaicin buƙatun sa'o'in aiki, biyan kari, da fa'idodin nakasa. Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ILO) kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara .
Duk da wasu tsare-tsare na shari'a na hana cin zarafin kananan yara, Iran na shan suka saboda yawan masu yi wa kananan yara aikin yi, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama. Alkaluma game da adadin yara da matasa ƴan kwadago sun bambanta. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba sa cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. Wasu daga cikin dalilan rashin zuwa makaranta sun hada da aurar da yara da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya sa ake barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayani a hukumance kan adadin masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, tare da alkaluman baya-bayan nan a hukumance daga kidayar al'ummar Iran ta shekarar 2011. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2011, akwai ma'aikata kimanin 68,558 da ke aiki da yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18. A cewar Majalisar Resistance na Iran (NCRI), kusan yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabinsu na cikin ma'aikata.
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a na Iran a shekarata 1996, fiye da kashi 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin wannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kasance mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka adadin yaran da ke aiki yana da shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance kashi 4%, ya kai kimanin dubu 600. A cikin shekarata 1996, akwai kimanin yara kusan guda 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun ayyuka.
Yara da yawa a garuruwa daban-daban kuma suna shiga cikin masu sayar da tituna. Iyayen mafi yawansu sun sha shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi kuma wadannan yaran na fuskantar cin zarafi da lalata da yara.
Fataucin yara
Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a bi don safarar jima'i na yara. Matasa 'yan mata na Iran sun fi fuskantar matsalar fataucin, wanda aka ce wani bangare na talauci da kuma dokokin gwamnati da suka kebanta da mata. Ma'aikata sun mamaye maza sosai, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata ne ke da aiki.
Ana zargin 'yan matan da suka gudu sun fi fuskantar fataucin mutane da karuwanci. A wata hira da BBC a shekarata 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin cututtuka na ma'aikatar lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan matan da suka gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, akasarin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ana watsi da su bayan sun koma ga iyalansu. Matsugunan da aka kafa don gudun hijira kuma sun zama sananne a matsayin tushen samun karuwai da yara masu siyarwa. A cewar babbar hukumar shari'a ta lardin Teheran, masu fataucin kan yi fataucin 'yan mata ne masu shekaru tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, ko da yake an samu wasu rahotannin cewa ana fataucin 'yan matan masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10. Haka kuma an samu rahotannin fataucin jarirai da dama a Iran.
Auren wuri
A halin yanzu karancin shekarun auren ‘ya’ya mata a Iran shine shekara goma sha uku a wata yayin da maza ke cika shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, ga namiji har yanzu yana yiwuwa ya kai ƙarar kotu da nufin ya auri yaron da bai kai ƙaramar shekarun aure ba saboda hukuncin ko yaron ya yi aure ko a'a yana hannun wanda yake kula da shi. A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta Iran, bayan cika shekaru goma sha uku, 'yan matan budurwowi da suka yi aure a karon farko suna bukatar izinin uba ko kakan kaka kawai. A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure shine shekaru a ƙalla 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru kimanin 18 ga maza kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu, 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 da maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Don haka an haramta auren ‘yan kasa da shekara 13 gaba daya.
Dokar Kariya ba tare da Dokar Yara ba, wacce Iran ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, labarin na ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ce “Idan shugaban iyali yana son ya auri yaron da aka goye, ya aika da bayananta zuwa kotu don amincewa. Idan an riga an yi auren, dole ne kungiyar jin dadin jama'a ta kai rahoto ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kula da iyali daya ko kuma soke shi."
Bisa kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2014, kashi 3% na matasan Iran sun yi aure suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kashi 17% kuma suna da shekaru sha takwas Alkaluman shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa 43, 457 na yara a karkashin shekaru 15 an yi rajista bisa hukuma don aure. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na kididdigar sun shafi 'yan mata matasa. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa adadin auren yara bai takaitu ga kididdiga ba, tunda a karkara yara suna yin aure kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru ba tare da yin aure ba. Hakanan bisa cikin shekarata 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake su ko kuma sun mutu. A kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da kuma 'yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake saki a Iran. Talauci da akidar gargajiya ce ke haifar da wadannan auren wuri. A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukan suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi suna fama da talauci don yin aure da ’yarsu ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da auren wuri sun hada da karuwar jahilci da wulakanci a tsakanin mata, auren mace fiye da daya, firar gida, da al’amuran ma’aurata.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
Bayyana Haƙƙin Yaran
Hakkin dan Adam a Iran
Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran
Bayanan kula
1. Shekarar wata, wacce ita ce ma’aunin da kalandar wata ta ginu a kai, bambamcin tsayi daga shekarar rana da kwana goma sha daya zuwa sha biyu. Don haka, shekarun wata tara sun yi daidai da kusan shekara takwas da wata 8 da watanni goma sha biyar kusan shekara goma sha hudu ne da wata bakwai.
2. ^ Ihsan shine matsayin mijin aure wanda zai iya saduwa da matarsa "duk lokacin da ya ga dama". Ihsan kuma tana nufin matsayin macen da zata iya saduwa da mijinta. (Kodin hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran, shafi na 226).
3. ^ Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ma'aikacin yara a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai ya shiga akalla sa'a 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a mako, ko b) yaro mai shekaru 12-14. wanda ke shiga aƙalla sa'o'i 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma aƙalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako. (UNICEF, Yanayin Yara na Duniya 2016). Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin " mummunan nau'i mara kyau na mara kyau. sana’ar yara ” (karuwanci, ’ya’yan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram).
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42425 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisalam%20Ibrahim | Abdisalam Ibrahim | Abdisalam Abdulkadir Ibrahim (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayun 1991), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Ullensaker/Kisa a cikin OBOS-ligaen .
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
An haife shi a Somaliya, Ibrahim ya ƙaura zuwa Norway a shekarar 1998. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa tun yana matashi a Norway tare da Øyer-Tretten kafin daga bisani ya koma Lørenskog, inda ya bugawa Fjellhamar wasa . Ya samu halarta na farko a babbar kungiyar Fjellhamar a shekarar 2006.
Ya koma Manchester City daga 1 Yulin 2007. A cikin bazara na shekarar 2008, yana cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin matasa na FA, yayin da Manchester City ta doke Chelsea da ci 4-2 a jimillar.
Ibrahim ya buga wasan tsakiya . Yayin da yake da shekaru 18, wasu a kulob din sun kwatanta salon wasansa yizuwa abokin wasansa Patrick Vieira .
Ibrahim ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2010, a gasar cin kofin FA da Scunthorpe United . Ya kasance a kan benci a wasan da Manchester United ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin kofin League a Old Trafford, da kuma karawar da suka yi da Portsmouth a Eastlands ranar 31 ga watan Janairu. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 2010, ya fara buga gasar Premier a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manchester City a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Liverpool . Ibrahim ya samu sabon kwantiragi ne a ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2010, wanda ya daure shi da kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ibrahim ya fara buga gasar League Cup kuma ya fara halarta a West Brom a ranar Laraba, 22 ga Satumbar 2010.
A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga Scunthorpe United a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya, wannan lokacin lamuni daga baya an ƙara shi a tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.
A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai koma kungiyar NEC ta Eredivisie ta Holland kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa. Ibrahim ya buga wasanni biyu na kofuna kuma yana da takwas Eredivisie ya zura kwallo daya kafin a soke yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 22 ga Maris bisa amincewar juna saboda Ibrahim ya samu matsala da rawar da ya taka a benci a mafi yawan kakar wasanni.
Ibrahim ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2012 a kan aro tare da Strømsgodset, kafin ya sake kasancewa a kan lamuni na watanni shida zuwa Godset a cikin Janairun 2013. A cikin shekarar 2013 kakar, Ibrahim buga 17 matches for Strømsgodset lokacin da tawagar lashe Tippeligaen, wanda shi ne na farko take a matsayin pro.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2014, Ibrahim's ya samu saki daga kwantiraginsa a Manchester City, bayan ya zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru uku da rabi.
Girka
A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2014, Ibrahim ya sanar da cewa zai koma kungiyar zakarun Girka Olympiacos na tsawon shekaru 3.5 masu zuwa. Ibrahim ya buga wasa daya kacal ga zakarun Girka kuma nan da nan ya koma kungiyar Superleague Ergotelis a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa A farkon kakar 2014-15 ya koma Olympiakos .
Bayan an sake shi ta kyauta daga Olympiacos, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Veria na Girka a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015. Ibrahim ya fafata a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a waje da suka ci Panthrakkos 0–2. An kore shi daga tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Olympiacos a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2015.
Komawa Norway
A kan 13 Janairu 2016, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kulob din Norwegian Tippeligaen Viking . Kwantiraginsa yana da shekaru uku, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2018.
Ibrahim ya kulla yarjejeniya da Vålerenga a watan Maris 2017, kuma ya sake barin kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2018.
Cyprus
Ya shiga ƙungiyar Cypriot Pafos a matsayin wakili na kyauta a ranar ƙarshe, 31 Janairu 2019. A ranar 30 ga Agusta an sauya shi da AEK Larnaca minti 36 kacal da fara wasan Pafos na biyu na rukunin farko na Cypriot na kakar, saboda rauni. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin wata shida zuwa takwas.
Italiya
A ranar 24 ga Maris 2021, ya koma ƙungiyar Bisceglie ta Serie C ta Italiya.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A matakin kasa da kasa, Ibrahim ya wakilci Norway a kowane rukuni daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 zuwa kasa da 21. Har yanzu dai ya cancanci shiga kasarsa ta haihuwa Somalia da kuma kasar da ta karbe shi, amma ya bayyana muradinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Norway idan an kira shi. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2014, ya buga wasansa na farko tare da tawagar kasar a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 2-1 da Moldova .
Da yake bai taba buga wa Norway wasan gasa ba, Ibrahim ya kasance mai yuwuwar cancantar shiga Somaliya .
Rayuwa ta sirri
Abdisalam yana da babban yaya, Abdirashid Ibrahim, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda tsohon FC United na Manchester da Rossendale United . Yana kuma da kane mai suna Abdijabar Ibrahim, wanda ke halartar Kwalejin ESSA. Ibrahim ya kasance mai goyon bayan Arsenal lokacin da yake girma kuma Patrick Vieira shine gwarzonsa kuma kwanan nan Yaya Toure. Laƙabin sa Abdi. A cikin 'yan makonni a ƙarshen bazara na 2013, ƙanwarsa ta rasu kuma Ibrahim ya zama uba a karon farko.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Abdisalam Ibrahim at the Norwegian Football Federation (in Norwegian)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52373 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro%20%28Mortal%20Kombat%29 | Goro (Mortal Kombat) | Goro hali ne na da akafi sani almara a cikin Mortal Kombat faɗa game ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ta Midway Games da NetherRealm Studios . Ya yi muhawara a matsayin babban mai kula da asalin 1992 Mortal Kombat kuma an kuma nuna shi a matsayin babban mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa na Mor tal Kombat 4 (1997), sake yi na 2011, da Mortal Kombat X (2015). Halin Shokan ne, jinsin rabin ɗan adam, rabin dragon wanda aka bambanta da hannunsu huɗu da girman girmansu. Goro ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen a matsayin zakaran gasar Mortal Kombat, taken da ya kwashe shekaru 500 yana rike da shi. Gabaɗaya ana nuna shi a cikin wani mugun aiki, yana yaƙi don Outworld da mayaƙan Earthrealm.
Fitaccen mutumi a cikin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, ana ɗaukar Goro a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da ba a mantawa da su ba kuma masu wahala a tarihin wasan bidiyo. Ya fito a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban a wajen wasannin.
Zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo
A cewar John Tobias, Goro an halicce shi ne lokacin da shi da Ed Boon suka tattauna batun kawo "babban hali" ga MortalaKombat na farko. Asalin ra'ayi na ainihin hali shine hali na mutum biyu Rokuro, memba na "kabila na aljanu da ake kira Rokuro-kubi (aljannu na duhu)" da kuskure "wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɓangarorin dabbanci", wanda zai shiga gasar "zuwa". dawo da girman kai da mutunta jinsinsa”. Sun zana ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira daga tasha motsi kasada fina-finai na Ray Harryhausen, musamman hoton Kali a cikin Zinare Voyage na Sinbad
Ba kamar sauran haruffa a cikin Mortal Kombat na farko ba, Goro bai dogara ne akan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na dijital ba amma a maimakon haka akan wani sassaka na yumbu wanda abokin Richard Divizio Curt Chiarelli ya kirkira. Tobias, wanda ya dauki Goro watakila ya fi so a cikin jerin, ya tuna: “Asali Goro ana kiransa Gongoro, amma mun yanke shawarar rage sunansa. Zane na asali yana da Goro mai yatsu 3 da babban yatsan hannu a kowane hannu. Curt Chiarelli cikin hikima ya canza shi zuwa yatsu 2 da babban yatsa." Chiarelli ya yi karin bayani: "A cikin kwarewata da ra'ayi na, tsarin farko na babban tsarin zane na dabi'a shine kiyaye tunanin aikin jiki da ilimin halittar jiki a cikin tsarin daidaito, mutuncin kyawawan dabi'u; kuma na biyu shine mafi sauki da tsaftace siffofin, more iconic halitta zai zama. Na ba da shawarar yin wasu ƙananan bita, kamar raguwar diamita na biceps na Goro don sauƙaƙe motsin hannu, da kuma sanya adadin lambobi a hannayensa da ƙafafunsa su zama daidai, kamar yadda yake a cikin dukkanin vertebrates ."
Bayan ƙirƙirar shi, ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushe don ƙirar latex don yin fenti kadan. Bayan yin rikodin bidiyo na wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana yin motsi irin na waɗanda Goro zai yi a wasan, kuma Tobias ya yi amfani da motsin motsa jiki tasha don motsa jikin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan don daidaita tsarin motsin ɗan wasan don firam. A cewar Boon, sassaken yumbu da aka yi amfani da shi don raya Goro a farkon Mortal Kombat an karkatar da shi tare da lankwasa sau da yawa wanda kawai ya rushe. A cikin Katin Halitta na yaudara na Goro, lokacin da yake bayanin yadda aka raye Goro, Boon ya ambaci samfuri na biyu na Goro shi ma an yi; wannan samfurin na biyu ba a yi amfani da shi don rayarwa ba kuma har yanzu yana cikin yanayin amfani har yau, kuma a halin yanzu yana hannun Boon na sirri.
Bayyanuwa
Wasannin Mortal Kombat
Goro ya zama Grand Champion na Mortal Kombat gasar bayan ya ci Babban Kung Lao . Shekaru 500, ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba kuma ya taimaka wa Shang Tsung ya kara kusantar cimma burin Shao Kahn na mamaye Duniya. A cikin kare kambunsa na 10, duk da haka, ya fuskanci Liu Kang. Yin amfani da ƙin yarda da Goro bayan shekaru da yawa na kasancewa jarumin da ba a ci nasara ba, Liu Kang ya sami nasarar samun nasara. Goro ya bace ne a lokacin gasar da aka yi, kuma ana kyautata zaton ya mutu. An yi hasashen cewa a wannan lokacin ya koma mulkinsa. Goro ya gaje shi da wani memba na kabilarsa, Kintaro, a matsayin na hannun dama na Kahn a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat II . Matsayin sirrin Layin Goro yana buɗewa a cikin Mortal Kombat II, kodayake Goro baya nan. Goro ya sake bayyana a cikin Mortal Kombat Trilogy azaman hali mai iya wasa da kuma a cikin wasan 2011 .
Goro ya zama Grand Champion na Mortal Kombat gasar bayan ya ci Babban Kung Lao . Shekaru 500, ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba kuma ya taimaka wa Shang Tsung ya kara kusantar cimma burin Shao Kahn na mamaye Duniya. A cikin kare kambunsa na 10, duk da haka, ya fuskanci Liu Kang. Yin amfani da ƙin yarda da Goro bayan shekaru da yawa na kasancewa jarumin da ba a ci nasara ba, Liu Kang ya sami nasarar samun nasara. Goro ya bace ne a lokacin gasar da aka yi, kuma ana kyautata zaton ya mutu. An yi hasashen cewa a wannan lokacin ya koma mulkinsa. Goro ya gaje shi da wani memba na kabilarsa, Kintaro, a matsayin na hannun dama na Kahn a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat II . Matsayin sirrin Layin Goro yana buɗewa a cikin Mortal Kombat II, kodayake Goro baya nan. Goro ya sake bayyana a cikin Mortal Kombat Trilogy azaman hali mai iya wasa da kuma a cikin wasan 2011 . zai sake fitowa bayan faduwar Kahn, a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Mortal Kombat 4 . Duk da cewa yana da niyyar daukar fansa a hannun Liu Kang, Goro ya fara sha'awar al'amuran kabilarsa, ya shiga cikin 'yan uwansa Shokan a yakin da ake yi da Centaurians. Gimbiya Kitana ta shiga tsakani kuma ta yi shawarwarin sulhu da zaman lafiya tsakanin jinsin biyu. Kung Lao ne ya katse taron wanda ya so ya kalubalanci wanda ya kashe kakansa. Sufayen Shaolin ya fashe da wani yajin ramuwar gayya wanda ya bar kirjin Goro ya tabo. Da la'akari da maki ya daidaita, biyun suka yi musafaha. Lokacin da aka ci Shinnok da rundunarsa kuma Edenia ta sami 'yanci sau ɗaya, Goro da Shokan tseren sun yanke shawarar haɗa kansu da mutanen Eden, sun amince su rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Centaurs a matsayin sharaɗin sabon haɗin gwiwa.
Shekaru daga baya, a lokacin Mortal KoƘaƙwalwa na Edenian da na Shokan sun kai farmaki ga raunanan sojojin Shao Kahn. An gaji da yaƙi, Noob Saibot ya buge Goro daga baya. An ji masa rauni, da alama yana mutuwa sakamakon raunin da ya samu, kuma Kitana ya gudanar da jana'izar sarki ga yarima Shokan da ya mutu. Duk da haka, Goro ya sami damar tsira, wanda Shao Kahn da kansa ya cece shi daga mutuwa, tare da alkawarin mayar da Shokans zuwa ga tsohon darajarsu da kuma korar Centaurs don musanya masa biyayya. Da yake yarda da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, Goro ya sanya hatiminsa na sarauta akan wani Shokan da ya lalace a kusa (wanda Kitana da sojojin Shokan suka same shi suka yi masa kuskure, suka yi nasarar yaudarar su yayin da yake ɓoyewa), ya koma wurinsa a gefen Shao Kahn. Goro kuma ya bayyana a matsayin maigidan hali a cikin Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, yana kai hari ga Liu Kang da Kung Lao.
A cikin Yanayin Konquest na Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, Goro ya fuskanci kagara a sansanin Shao Kahn ta Taven wanda ke son kashe Quan Chi amma dole ne ya wuce Goro don yin haka. A karshe Taven ta doke Goro, wanda ya yi hadari. A wasan na 2011, Goro ya mayar da martani ga rawar da ya taka a gasar farko. Ana iya kunna Goro a cikin Mortal Kombat X na 2015 azaman ƙimar pre-oda hali. Rashinsa daga babban yanayin labarin yana amsawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na prequel: Shokan bai yi tarayya da Mileena ko Kotal Kahn ba, don haka duka biyu sun guje su kuma sun tilasta su zama masu watsi. Hakanan yana aiki azaman hali na ƙarshe da ɗan wasan ke fuskanta kafin Shinnok a cikin Yanayin Tsani na Classic. Ta Mortal Kombat 11, Goro ya bayyana cewa an kashe shi. Gawar tasa ma ta bayyana a cikin dakinsa.
Sauran kafofin watsa labarai
Goro yana da rawar gani sosai a cikin daidaitawar <i id="mwZA">littafin</i> barkwanci na Mortal Kombat na Malibu kuma shine mutum na farko da ya sami nasa miniseries guda uku, mai suna Goro: Prince of Pain . Labarin Goro bai bambanta sosai da bayanan bayanansa na cikin wasa ba, kasancewarsa zakaran Mortal Kombat kuma a baya ya lashe Great Kung Lao. Har ila yau, an kwatanta shi a matsayin ƙarfin da ba za a iya tsayawa ba, yana aikawa da mayaƙan Earthrealm cikin sauƙi, kuma yana da wahala kawai a kan Raiden . Ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba a cikin batutuwa uku na farko na jerin Jini & Tsawa, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a karon farko a fitowa ta biyu na Yarima Pain a kan halittar Zaggot, Kombatant. A cikin jerin jerin gwanon Battlewave masu zuwa, ya ci gaba da zama a doron kasa bayan cin nasararsa, kuma don jin daɗin rashin nasararsa, ya fara farautar mayaƙan Earthrealm; ya raunata Jax a yakin amma ya kasa cin nasara akan Liu Kang. A cikin fitowar ta huɗu yana da ƙaramin labari a ƙarshen ("Lokacin da Titans Clash") ya koma Outworld don yin yaƙi don Shao Kahn, ya daidaita kishiya tare da Kintaro a hanya.
Goro ya fito a matsayin zakaran Mortal Kombat a fim din Mortal Kombat na farko, daidai da ainihin labarinsa. A cikin fim ɗin, an nuna Goro a matsayin mugun jarumi, wanda ya shiga cikin al'adun masu mulki na Outworld kuma baya kallon ɗan adam. Bayan ya ci nasara da dogon jerin abokan adawar, ciki har da abokin Johnny Cage Art Lean, shi kuma ya ci nasara kuma ya aika da fadowa daga wani dutse har ya mutu ta hanyar Cage. Don shirya fim ɗin, Goro ya kasance kwat ɗin animatronic (wanda ya kashe sama da dala miliyan 1 kuma yana buƙatar fiye da dozin dozin don yin aiki gaba ɗaya ) wanda Kevin Michael Richardson ya faɗa, tare da tasirin murya kuma Frank Welker ya bayar.
A cikin novel din da aka yi kan fim din, an nuna Goro a matsayin wata halitta mai daraja dan kadan. Har yanzu Goro ya fado daga kan dutse har ya mutu, amma maimakon Johnny Cage ya yi masa wannan abu, Goro ya sauke kansa da gangan, yana mai bayyana cewa ya gwammace ya mutu da ya rayu cikin wulakanci, kuma jaruman Shokan sun mutu a cikin yaki.
A cikin fim ɗin raye- rayen Mortal Kombat: Tafiya ta Fara, Goro ya fuskanci babban ɗan'uwansa Durak don wani kwai mai ado wanda wanda ya ci nasara zai ba da kyautar mahaifinsu Gorbak. Ya ƙare ya yi rashin nasara bayan ya rataye daga wani dutse yayin da Durak ke ƙoƙarin taimaka masa. Goro ya ci amanar dan uwansa ya afka cikin rami.
Goro ya fito a cikin fim din 2021 Mortal Kombat wanda Angus Sampson ya bayyana.
Sauran bayyanar
Ya yi baƙo fitowar fim ɗin 2018 Ready Player One . Goro ya bayyana a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na RoosterTeeth mai rairayi na Mutuwa, yana yaƙi da Macamp daga ikon amfani da sunan Pokémon . A ciki, Goro ya sami fa'ida a cikin gwaninta kuma yana tsammanin saurin naushi amma a ƙarshe ya ɓace a kan ƙwarewar Machamp, motsin ƙarfinsa da babban ƙarfinsa da taurinsa.
liyafar
An ba shi matsayi na 20 a cikin "The 47 Most Diabolical Video-Game Villains of All Time" zabe ta GamePro a 2008, da kuma No. 67 a cikin jerin "Top 100 Videogame Villains" ta IGN . UGO.com ta nuna shi a cikin jerin sunayensu na "Top 11 Mortal Kombat Character", tare da sharhin da suka mayar da hankali kan bayyanarsa saboda "karkatar" bayyanarsa ta farko da ya yi tun da ya bambanta da sauran haruffa. UGO kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin shugaba na 15 mafi wahala a wasannin bidiyo. Jerin GameSpot na "Top Goman Boss Fights" ya nuna Goro saboda yadda yake da wuya a kayar da shi a Mortal Kombat, tare da bayanin cewa duk da gabatarwar shugabannin kama da Goro a cikin jerin, Goro har yanzu ya kasance "babban zakara". An nuna Goro a cikin Uneality's "Shida Memorable Boss Fights in Video Games", wanda ya yi sharhi cewa yana da ban tsoro kuma wanda ya ji rashin taimako a kan waɗannan makamai hudu. GamePlayBook ya jera Goro a matsayin mafi kyawun halayen Mortal Kombat na bakwai, wanda ya yi sharhi cewa har yanzu yana da ban mamaki bayan duk waɗannan shekarun kuma ya yaba da motsin sa na kama-da-laba da cajin naushi. Cheat Code Central ya sanya Goro a matsayin na huɗu mafi kyawun hali na Mortal Kombat, wanda ya yi sharhi cewa "Midway gaba ɗaya ya wuce kansu" tare da aiwatar da shi a wasan farko na MK . A cikin jerin manyan haruffan Mortal Kombat na 2012 na UGO Networks, Goro ya sanya na 22.
Ƙarin sa zuwa tashar tashar Nintendo GameCube na Mortal Kombat: yaudara ya sami amsa mai kyau daga Greg Kasavin na GameSpot; Ya yi iƙirarin Goro da Shao Khan sun dace sosai a cikin yaudara duk da cewa suna da "anamic". Miguel Lopez na GameSpy ya bayyana Goro a matsayin "muguwar almara" amma kuma ya soki bayyanarsa ta zahiri daga yaudara kamar yadda "matsayin halittarsa ya yi kama da kadan". IGN ya lissafta shi azaman hali da suke son gani azaman abun ciki wanda za'a iya saukewa don Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, lura da "Goro shine ainihin ƙalubalen" na farko na Mortal Kombat ko da yake Shang Tsung shi ne shugaban karshe daga irin wannan wasan, ya kara da cewa "MK duk game da jin daɗin visceral ne, kuma ba ya samun ƙarin visceral fiye da bludgeoning maƙiyanku. har ya mutu da manyan hannaye masu tsoka guda hudu”.
A cikin kasidar 1994 ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, an bayyana sigar fim ɗin Goro a matsayin "mafi kyawun halitta na injiniyan H[o] Hollywood da ya taɓa yin. Lokacin da aka sanar da sakin fim na uku na Mortal Kombat live-action, IGN ya lissafa shi a matsayin wani hali da suke so su ga yana fada a cikin fim din, amma an yi shi da fasahar CGI sabanin tasirin amfani da aka yi amfani da shi a fim na farko.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi |
31237 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20taka%20Tsantsan | Tsarin taka Tsantsan | Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan (ko tsarin taka tsantsan) hanya ce mai fa'ida ta hanya ilimin zamani, falsafanci da shari'a ga sabbin abubuwa tare da yuwuwar haifar da kuma cutarwa yayin da aka rasa ilimin kimiyya mai zurfi a kan lamarin. Yana jaddada taka tsantsan, dakata da bita kafin yin tsalle cikin sababbin sabbin abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da bala'i. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi nuni da cewa, rashin fahimta ne, soke kai, rashin kimiyya da fasaha da kuma kawo cikas ga ci gaba.
A cikin mahallin aikin injiniya, ƙa'idar taka tsantsan tana bayyana kanta a matsayin mahimmancin aminci, an tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin monograph na Elishakoff . An ba da shawarar a fili, a cikin injiniyan farar hula, ta Belindor a cikin 1729. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin aminci da abin dogaro injiniyoyi da masana falsafa sun yi nazari sosai.
Masu tsara manufofi galibi suna amfani da ƙa'idar a cikin yanayi inda akwai yuwuwar cutarwa daga yanke shawara (misali ɗaukar wani mataki na musamman) kuma ba a samu tabbataccen shaida ba tukuna. Misali, gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar iyakancewa ko taƙaita yaduwar magani ko sabuwar fasaha har sai an gwada ta sosai. Ƙa'idar ta yarda cewa yayin da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha sau da yawa yakan kawo babban fa'ida ga bil'adama, ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabbin barazana da haɗari. Yana nuna cewa akwai wani alhaki na zamantakewa don kare jama'a daga kamuwa da irin wannan cutar, lokacin da binciken kimiyya ya gano haɗari mai ma'ana. Ya kamata a sassauta waɗannan kariyar kawai idan ƙarin binciken kimiyya ya fito wanda ke ba da tabbataccen shaidar cewa babu wani lahani da zai haifar.
Ƙa'idar ta zama dalili mai mahimmanci ga adadi mai yawa da karuwar yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa a cikin fagagen ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kare muhalli, kiwon lafiya, kasuwanci, da amincin abinci, ko da yake a wasu lokuta yana jawo muhawara kan yadda za a yi daidai. ayyana shi kuma yi amfani da shi zuwa ga hadaddun yanayi tare da haɗari masu yawa. A cikin wasu tsarin shari'a, kamar yadda yake a cikin dokar Tarayyar Turai, yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan an sanya shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na doka a wasu wuraren doka.
Asalin da ƙa'idar
Manufar "ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan" gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar ta taso ne a cikin Ingilishi daga fassarar kalmar Jamusanci Vorsorgeprinzip a cikin 1970s don mayar da martani ga lalata gandun daji da gurɓataccen ruwa, inda 'yan majalisar dokokin Jamus suka amince da dokar iska mai tsafta ta hana amfani da wasu abubuwan da ake zargi da haifar da lalatawar daji. lalacewar muhalli duk da cewa shaidar tasirinsu ba ta cika ba a wancan lokacin. An gabatar da ra'ayin cikin dokokin muhalli tare da wasu sabbin hanyoyin (a wancan lokacin) hanyoyin kamar "masu gurɓata muhalli", ƙa'idar rigakafin gurɓataccen iska da alhakin tsira ga yanayin muhalli na gaba.
A cikin 1988, Konrad von Moltke ya bayyana ra'ayin Jamus ga masu sauraron Biritaniya, wanda ya fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan.
A cikin tattalin arziki, an yi nazari kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan cikin sharuɗɗan "tasirin yanke shawara mai ma'ana", na "mu'amalar da ba za a iya canzawa ba " da " rashin tabbas ". Marubuta irin su Epstein (1980) da Arrow and Fischer (1974) sun nuna cewa “rashin jujjuyawar sakamakon da za a iya samu a nan gaba” ya haifar da “tasirin zaɓin zaɓe” wanda yakamata ya jawo al’umma ta “ tsaka -tsaki” don fifita halin yanzu. yanke shawara da ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci a nan gaba. Gollier et al. ƙarasa da cewa "ƙarin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da rarraba haɗarin nan gaba - wato, babban bambancin imani - ya kamata ya sa al'umma su ɗauki matakan rigakafi masu ƙarfi a yau."
An kuma samo ƙa'idar daga aƙidar addini cewa ya kamata a takaita wasu bangarori na kimiyya da fasaha saboda "na cikin mulkin Allah ne", kamar yadda Yarima Charles da Paparoma Benedict XVI suka gabatar.
Tsarin tsari
Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na ƙa'idar taka tsantsan: Ana iya bayyana taka tsantsan a matsayin "tsanaki a gaba", " taka tsantsan da aka yi a cikin mahallin rashin tabbas ", ko kuma sanar da hankali . Ra'ayoyi guda biyu sun kwanta a jigon ƙa'idar:
nunin buƙatu da masu yanke shawara su yi hasashen cutarwa kafin ta faru. A cikin wannan sigar akwai jujjuyawar hujja a fakaice: ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar taka tsantsan alhakin mai ba da shawara ne don tabbatar da cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da babbar illa ba.
ra'ayi na daidaitattun haɗari da farashi da yuwuwar aikin da aka gabatar.
Ɗaya daga cikin tushe na farko na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan, da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya, sakamakon aikin Rio Conference, ko " Taron Duniya " a 1992. Ƙa'ida ta 15 na bayanin sanarwar Rio :
A cikin 1998 Bayanin Wingspread game da ƙa'idodin taka tsantsan an kira shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Sadarwar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da Kimiyya kuma ta ƙare tare da tsari mai zuwa, wanda Stewart Brand ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi bayyananne kuma mafi akai-akai":
A cikin Fabrairu 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta lura a cikin Sadarwar da Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Kariya cewa, "Ba a bayyana ka'idar rigakafin ba a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya ba da izini [ƙa'idar kariya] sau ɗaya kawai - zuwa kare muhalli. Amma a aikace, iyakarta ta fi girma, kuma musamman inda kima-maƙasudin-kimiyya-kimiyya ya nuna cewa akwai dalilai masu ma'ana don damuwa cewa tasirin haɗari ga muhalli, mutum, dabba ko [da] lafiyar shuka na iya zama sabani da babban matakin kariya [ga abin da] aka zaba don Al'umma."
Yarjejeniyar Cartagena na Janairu 2000 akan Biosafety ta ce, dangane da taƙaddama kan GMOs : "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya ... tasiri, daga yanke shawara, kamar yadda ya dace, dangane da shigo da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara da ake tambaya."
Aikace-aikace
Buƙatu daban-daban da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ke wakilta waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ƙa'idar ya haifar da babban canji na ƙirƙira ta: bincike ɗaya ya gano ƙa'idodi 14 daban-daban na ƙa'idar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da ba yerjejeniya ba. RB Stewart (2002) ya rage ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan zuwa nau'ikan asali guda huɗu:
Rashin tabbas na kimiyya bai kamata ya hana tsara ayyukan da ke haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci ba ( rashin ƙaddamarwa ).
Gudanar da tsari yakamata ya ƙunshi gefen aminci; ayyukan ya kamata a iyakance su ƙasa da matakin da ba a taɓa ganin wani mummunan tasiri ko annabta ba ( gefe na aminci ).
Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yiwuwar rashin tabbas ga mummunar cutarwa ya kamata su kasance ƙarƙashin mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samuwa don rage haɗarin cutarwa sai dai idan mai goyon bayan aikin ya nuna cewa ba su gabatar da wani haɗari mai haɗari ba ( BAT ).
Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yuwuwar rashin tabbas ga babban lahani yakamata a haramta su sai dai idan mai gabatar da aikin ya nuna cewa bai gabatar da haɗarin cutarwa ba ( haramta ).
Carolyn Raffensperger na babban taron Wingspread ya sanya ƙa'ida ta adawa da hanyoyin da suka danganci gudanar da haɗari da ƙididdigar fa'ida . Dave Brower ( Abokan Duniya ) ya kammala da cewa "dukkan fasaha ya kamata a ɗauka da laifi har sai an tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi". Freeman Dyson ya bayyana amfani da ka'idar yin taka tsantsan a matsayin "da gangan mai gefe ɗaya", misali idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman hujja don lalata gonakin binciken injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da kuma yin barazana ga masu bincike duk da shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna rashin lahani.
Kamar yadda Rupert da O'Riordan suka lura, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen aiwatar da ƙa'idar shine "tabbatar da cewa rashin tabbas, ko kuma rashin isasshen bincike mai tushe, ba shi da cikas ga ƙirƙira, muddin babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana. na cutarwa mai tsanani". Rashin wannan ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen yana sanya ka'idar "warkewa da kai" a cewar Stewart Brand, saboda "babu wani abu da ya tabbata" a cikin kimiyya, yana farawa daga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da kanta kuma ya haɗa da "nauyi ko juyin Darwiniyanci". Daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa "ya kamata a dauki matakan kiyayewa" kawai "a lokacin farkon matakan" kuma yayin da "shaidar kimiyya masu dacewa ta kafu", matakan daidaitawa yakamata su amsa wannan shaidar kawai.
Mai ƙarfi vs. rauni
Tsanani mai ƙarfi yana riƙe da cewa ana buƙatar ƙa'ida a duk lokacin da akwai yuwuwar haɗari ga lafiya, aminci, ko muhalli, koda kuwa shaidar goyan bayan tana da hasashe kuma koda farashin tattalin arziƙin ƙa'ida yana da yawa. A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da amincewa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙa'idar mai ƙarfi, tana mai nuna cewa lokacin da "ba a fahimci illar da za ta iya haifar da illa ba, bai kamata ayyukan su ci gaba ba". Sanarwar Wingspread da aka yaɗa, daga taron masana muhalli a 1998, wani misali ne na ƙaƙƙarfan sigar. Hakanan ana iya kiran taka tsantsan mai ƙarfi a matsayin ƙa'idar "ba a yi nadama ba", inda ba a la'akari da farashi a matakin rigakafin.
Raunan taka tsantsan yana ƙunshe da cewa rashin shaidar kimiyya baya hana yin aiki idan in ba haka ba lalacewa zai yi tsanani kuma ba za a iya dawowa ba. Mutane suna yin taka tsantsan a kowace rana, kuma galibi suna jawo farashi, don guje wa haɗarin da ba su da tabbas: ba ma tafiya a wurare masu haɗari da tsaka-tsaki da dare, muna motsa jiki, muna siyan abubuwan gano hayaki, muna ɗaure bel ɗin mu.
Bisa ga littafin da Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta New Zealand ta wallafa,Siga mai rauni [na Ka'idodin Tsare-tsare] shine mafi ƙarancin ƙuntatawa kuma yana ba da damar ɗaukar matakan kariya ta fuskar rashin tabbas, amma baya buƙatar su (misali, Sanarwar Rio 1992; Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1992). Don gamsar da bakin kofa na cutarwa, dole ne a sami wasu shaidun da suka shafi yuwuwar faruwa da tsananin sakamakon. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, suna buƙatar la'akari da farashin matakan kariya. Ƙirƙirar ƙira ba ta hana yin la'akari da fa'ida ba. Abubuwan da ban da rashin tabbas na kimiyya, gami da la'akari da tattalin arziki, na iya samar da halaltattun dalilai na jinkirta aiki. Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari, abin da ake buƙata don tabbatar da buƙatar aiki (nauyin hujja) gabaɗaya ya hau kan waɗanda ke ba da shawarar daukar matakin yin taka tsantsan. Ba a yi magana game da alhakin cutar da muhalli ba. Ƙarfafan juzu'i suna ba da hujja ko buƙatar matakan kiyayewa kuma wasu kuma suna kafa alhaki don cutar da muhalli, wanda ke da inganci mai ƙarfi nau'i na "masu gurɓata muhalli". Misali, Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta ce: “Idan ilimi ya yi iyaka sai a yi amfani da hanyar taka-tsantsan . . . Sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke jayayya cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da lahani mai mahimmanci ba, kuma ya sanya masu alhakin cutar da muhalli. " Juya hujja na buƙatar waɗanda ke ba da shawarar aiki don tabbatar da cewa samfur, tsari ko fasaha suna da isasshe "lafiya" kafin a ba da izini. Bukatar shaidar "babu cutar da muhalli" kafin duk wani aiki da aka samu yana nuna jama'a ba su shirya karɓar duk wani haɗarin muhalli ba, ko da wane irin fa'idar tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa za ta iya tasowa (Peterson, 2006). A matsananci, irin wannan buƙatun na iya haɗawa da hani da hani akan duka nau'ikan ayyuka ko abubuwa masu haɗari (Cooney, 2005). A tsawon lokaci, an sami sauyi a hankali na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan daga abin da ya bayyana a cikin sanarwar Rio zuwa wani tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ake iya cewa [wanda] ke aiki a matsayin hani kan ci gaba idan babu tabbataccen shaidar cewa ba zai cutar da shi ba.
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da sanarwa
"Ka'ida" vs. "kusantarwa"
Babu gabatarwa ga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da za ta kasance cikakke ba tare da taƙaitaccen magana game da bambanci tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da hanyar taka tsantsan ba.
Ƙa'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio 1992 ta ce: "domin kare muhalli, dole ne jihohi su yi amfani da tsarin yin taka tsantsan gwargwadon ƙarfinsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar barna ko kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakkiyar tabbacin kimiyya ba a matsayin dalilin dage matakan da za su dace don hana lalata muhalli." Kamar yadda Garcia (1995) ya yi nuni da cewa, “kalmomin, galibi kama da na ƙa’idar, sun bambanta sosai a cikin wannan: ya gane cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar gida don amfani da tsarin, kuma yana kira ga ingancin farashi wajen amfani da shi. hanyar da za a bi, misali, yin la'akari da tsadar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa." Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar "kusantar" azaman tausasa "ƙa'ida"."Kamar yadda Recuerda ya lura, banbance tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da tsarin yin taka tsantsan yana da yaɗuwa kuma, a wasu mahallin, ana jayayya. A tattaunawar da ake yi na shelanta ƙasa da ƙasa, Amurka ta nuna adawa da amfani da kalmar ka'ida saboda wannan kalma tana da ma'ana ta musamman a cikin harshe na shari'a, saboda ka'idar doka ita ce tushen doka. Wannan yana nufin cewa wajibi ne, don haka kotu na iya soke ko tabbatar da yanke shawara ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan. A wannan ma'anar, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan ba ra'ayi mai sauƙi ba ne ko fatalwa amma tushen doka. Wannan shine matsayin doka na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A daya bangaren kuma, 'kusantar' yawanci ba ta da ma'ana iri daya, ko da yake a wasu lokuta hanya na iya zama daure. Hanyar yin taka tsantsan shine “ruwan tabarau” na musamman da ake amfani da su don gano haɗarin da kowane mai hankali ke da shi (Recuerda, 2008)
Tarayyar Turai
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da Sadarwa kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, inda ta ɗauki hanyar aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi, amma ba tare da ba da cikakken ma'anarsa ba. Sakin layi na 2 na labarin 191 na yarjejeniyar Lisbon ya bayyana cewaManufar ƙungiyar game da muhalli za ta yi niyya a matakin kariya ta la'akari da bambance-bambancen yanayi a yankuna daban-daban na ƙungiyar. Ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da ƙa'idojin da ya kamata a ɗauki matakan kariya, ya kamata a gyara lalacewar muhalli a matsayin fifiko daga tushe kuma mai gurbata muhalli ya biya. Bayan amincewa da sadarwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, ƙa'idar ta zo don sanar da manufofin EU da yawa, gami da yankunan da suka wuce manufofin muhalli . Tun daga 2006 an haɗa shi cikin dokokin EU "a cikin al'amura kamar amincin samfur na gabaɗaya, amfani da abubuwan ƙari don amfani da su a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na dabba, ƙona sharar gida, da ka'idojin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta". Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen sa idan doka ta kasance, ya zama "gaba ɗaya ƙa'idar dokar EU".
A cikin shari'ar T-74/00 Artegodan, Kotun Ƙoli (sannan Kotun ta farko) ta bayyana a shirye don cirewa daga ƙayyadaddun tanadi don ƙa'idar rigakafi a cikin manufofin muhalli a cikin labarin 191 (2) TFEU zuwa ga kowa. ƙa'idar dokokin EU.
Faransa
A Faransa, Yarjejeniya ta Muhalli ta ƙunshi tsari na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan (lashi na 5):
LMuhalli da lafiya
Filayen da aka fi damuwa da ƙa'idar rayuwar taka tsantsan sune;
Dumamar yanayi ko canjin yanayi gabaɗaya
Bacewa na nau'in
Gabatar da sabbin samfura a cikin muhalli, tare da yuwuwar tasiri akan bambancin halittu (misali, kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara )
Barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, saboda sabbin cututtuka da dabaru (misali, HIV da ake ɗauka ta hanyar ƙarin jini)
Tasirin sabbin fasahohi na dogon lokaci (misali matsalolin kiwon lafiya game da radiation daga wayoyin salula da sauran na'urorin sadarwar lantarki)
M ko m gurbatawa (misali, asbestos, endocrine disrupters )
Amintaccen abinci (misali, cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob )
Wasu sabbin al'amurran da suka shafi biosafety (misali, rayuwar wucin gadi, sabbin kwayoyin halitta )
Ana amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan sau da yawa akan filayen ilimin halitta saboda canje-canje ba za a iya ƙunsa cikin sauƙi ba kuma suna da yuwuwar zama na duniya. Ƙa'idar ba ta da mahimmanci ga filayen da ke ƙunshe kamar su aeronautics, inda ƴan mutanen da ke fuskantar haɗari sun ba da izini ga bayanai (misali, matukin jirgi ). A cikin yanayin ƙirƙira fasaha, ɗaukar tasiri yana da wahala idan wannan fasahar za ta iya kwafi kanta. Bill Joy ya nanata hatsarori da ke tattare da yin kwafin fasahar kwayoyin halitta, nanotechnology, da fasahar mutum-mutumi a cikin labarinsa na Wired, " Me ya sa gaba ba ta bukatar mu ", ko da yake bai yi nuni da ka'idar taka tsantsan ba. Ana iya ganin aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar a cikin manufofin jama'a na buƙatar kamfanonin harhada magunguna don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don nuna cewa sababbin magunguna ba su da lafiya.
Masanin falsafa na Oxford Nick Bostrom ya tattauna ra'ayin na gaba mai iko mai zurfi, da kasada idan yayi ƙoƙarin samun ikon sarrafa kwayoyin halitta.
Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar yana canza matsayin ƙima da ƙima na haɗari : ba haɗarin da dole ne a kauce masa ko gyara ba, amma haɗari wanda dole ne a hana shi. Don haka, a cikin yanayin ƙa'idar binciken kimiyya, akwai wani ɓangare na uku fiye da masanin kimiyya da mai gudanarwa: mabukaci.
A cikin wani bincike game da aikace-aikace na ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ga nanotechnology, Chris Phoenix da Mike Treder sun bayyana cewa akwai nau'i biyu na ka'idar, wanda suke kira "tsararren tsari" da "siffa mai aiki". Tsohon "yana buƙatar rashin aiki lokacin da aiki zai iya haifar da haɗari", yayin da na biyun yana nufin "zabar mafi ƙarancin haɗari lokacin da suke samuwa, da kuma [...] ɗaukar alhakin haɗarin haɗari." Thomas Alured Faunce ya bayar da hujjar yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan ta hanyar masu kula da kimiyya da fasaha na kiwon lafiya musamman dangane da Ti0 2 da ZnO nanoparticles a cikin sunscreens, biocidal nanosilver a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da samfuran da kera, sarrafa ko sake amfani da su yana fallasa ɗan adam ga haɗarin shakar da yawa. - bangon carbon nanotubes.
Gudanar da albarkatun
Yawancin albarkatun ƙasa kamar kifin kifi yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar taka tsantsan, ta hanyar ka'idojin sarrafa girbi (HCRs) bisa ka'idar yin taka tsantsan. Adadin ya nuna yadda ake aiwatar da ƙa'idar a cikin tsarin kula da kamun kifi da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai binciken teku ta gabatar.
A cikin rarraba nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan na nufin cewa idan akwai shakku game da ainihin matsayin dabba ko shuka, yakamata a zaɓi wanda zai haifar da matakan kariya mafi ƙarfi. Don haka, nau'in nau'in nau'in tattabara na azurfa wanda zai iya wanzu da adadi mai yawa kuma kawai a yi rikodin su ko kuma kamar yadda mai yiwuwa ya daɗe ba a rarraba shi a matsayin "rashin bayanai" ko "bacewa" (wanda duka biyun ba sa buƙatar kowane mataki na kariya don haka. a ɗauka), amma a matsayin "matsakaicin haɗari" (matsayin kiyayewa wanda ke ba da buƙatun kariya mafi ƙarfi), yayin da mafi ƙarancin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan, amma mai yiwuwa ba tukuna cikin haɗarin emerald starling an rarraba shi a matsayin "ƙananan bayanai", saboda akwai buƙatar gaggawa. bincike don bayyana matsayinsa maimakon aikin kiyayewa don kubutar da shi daga bacewa.
Idan, alal misali, babban jikin ruwa na ƙasa wanda mutane ke amfani da shi don ruwan sha ya gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta (misali Escherichia coli O157: H7, Campylobacter ko Leptospira ) kuma tushen gurbatawa yana da karfi da ake zargi da zama shanun kiwo amma ainihin kimiyya ba ta iya ba da cikakkiyar hujja ba, ya kamata a cire shanu daga yanayin har sai an tabbatar da su, ta hanyar masana'antar kiwo, ba don zama tushen ba ko har sai masana'antar ta tabbatar da cewa irin wannan gurɓataccen abu ba zai sake faruwa ba.
Ci gaba da karatu
Kai Purnhagen
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Greenpeace, "Safeffen ciniki a cikin karni na 21st, Greenpeace cikakkun shawarwari da shawarwari don taron ministoci na 4th na Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya" pp. 8-9
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40767 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Nietzsche | Friedrich Nietzsche | Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniː tʃə,-tʃi/; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen ko [ˈniːtsʃə]; 15 Oktoba 1844-25 Agusta 1900) ɗan falsafa kuma Bajamushe ne, mawaƙin prose, cultural critic, philoologist, kuma mawaki wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri mai zurfi akan falsafar zamani. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin ilimin falsafa kafin ya koma falsafa. Ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba rike Shugabancin Falsafa na gargajiya a Jami'ar Basel a 1869 yana da shekaru 24. Nietzsche ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1879 saboda matsalolin lafiya da suka addabi shi mafi yawan rayuwarsa; ya kammala yawancin rubutunsa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin 1889, yana da shekaru 44, ya sha wahala a rugujewa kuma daga baya ya rasa cikakkiyar ikon tunaninsa, tare da gurgunta kuma mai yiwuwa lalatawar jijiyoyin jinice. Ya rayu sauran shekarunsa a cikin kulawar mahaifiyarsa har zuwa mutuwarta a 1897 sannan tare da 'yar uwarsa Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Nietzsche ya mutu a shekara ta 1900, bayan ya kamu da ciwon huhu da bugun jini da yawa.
Rubutun Nietzsche ya ta'allaka aakakaakan cece-kuce na falsafa, wakoki, cultural critic, da almara yayin da yake nuna sha'awar aphorism da irony. Fitattun abubuwa na falsafarsa sun haɗa da tsattsauran ra'ayinsa na sukar gaskiya don neman hangen nesa; sharhi na asali game da addini da ɗabi'a na Kirista da ka'idar da ta danganci ɗabi'a na master-slave; tabbatar da kyawawan halaye na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga "mutuwar Allah" da kuma babban rikicin nihilism; ra'ayin Apollonian da Dionysian sojojin; da kuma siffanta batun ɗan adam a matsayin furci na son rai, tare da fahimtar juna a matsayin nufin iko. Hakanan ya haɓaka ra'ayoyi masu tasiri kamar da koyarwarsa na dawowar har abada. A cikin aikinsa na baya, ya ƙara shagaltu da ikon kirkire-kirkire na mutum don shawo kan al'adu da ɗabi'a don neman sabbin dabi'u da lafiya mai kyau. Ayyukansa sun shafi batutuwa masu yawa, ciki har da fasaha, ilimin falsafa, tarihi, kiɗa, addini, tragedy, al'adu, da kimiyya, kuma ya zana wahayi daga tragedy na Girkanci da kuma adadi irin su Zoroaster, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Wagner da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Bayan mutuwarsa, 'yar'uwar Nietzsche Elisabeth ta zama mai kula da kuma editan rubutunsa. Ta gyara rubuce-rubucensa da ba a buga ba don dacewa da akidarta ta Jamusanci, sau da yawa suna sabawa ko ɓoye ra'ayoyin Nietzsche, waɗanda ke adawa da kyamar Yahudawa. Ta hanyar bugu nata da aka buga, aikin Nietzsche ya zama alaƙa da fascism da Nazism; Masana na ƙarni na 20 irin su Walter Kaufmann, RJ Hollingdale, da Georges Bataille sun kare Nietzsche daga wannan fassarar, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka ba da gyare-gyaren littattafansa. Tunanin Nietzsche ya ji daɗin sabunta shahararsa a cikin 1960s kuma tun daga lokacin ra'ayoyinsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu tunani na ƙarni na 20 da farkon 21 a cikin falsafar musamman a makarantun falsafar nahiyar kamar su wanzuwar zamani, postmodernism da post-structuralism da kuma fasaha, adabi, wakoki, siyasa, da al'adu masu shahara.
Rayuwa
Matashi (1844-1868)
An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba 1844, Nietzsche ya girma a garin Röcken (yanzu wani yanki ne na Lützen), kusa da Leipzig, a lardin Prussian na Saxony. An ba shi suna bayan Sarki Friedrich Wilhelm IV na Prussia, wanda ya cika shekaru 49 a ranar haihuwar Nietzsche (daga baya Nietzsche ya bar sunansa na tsakiya Wilhelm). Iyayen Nietzsche, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–1849), fasto Lutheran kuma tsohon malami; da Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler) (1826–1897), sun yi aure a shekara ta 1843, shekara kafin haihuwar ɗansu. Suna da wasu 'ya'ya biyu: diya, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, an haife ta a 1846; da ɗa na biyu, Ludwig Joseph, an haife shi a 1848. Mahaifin Nietzsche ya mutu daga ciwon kwakwalwa a shekara ta 1849; Ludwig Joseph ya mutu bayan wata shida yana da shekaru biyu. Iyalin sai suka koma Naumburg, inda suka zauna tare da kakar mahaifiyar Nietzsche da yayyen mahaifinsa biyu da ba su yi aure ba. Bayan mutuwar kakar Nietzsche a 1856, iyalin sun koma gidansu, yanzu Nietzsche-Haus, gidan kayan gargajiya da cibiyar nazarin Nietzsche.
Nietzsche ya halarci makarantar yara maza sannan ya yi makaranta mai zaman kanta, (private school) inda ya yi abokantaka da Gustav Krug da Wilhelm Pinder, dukansu uku sun fito daga iyalai da ake girmamawa sosai. Bayanan ilimi daga ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da Nietzsche ya halarta sun lura cewa ya yi fice a tauhidin Kirista.
A 1854, ya fara zuwa Domgymnasium a Naumburg. Domin mahaifinsa ya yi aiki ga jihar (a matsayin fasto) Nietzsche mara uba ya sami tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Schulpforta da aka sani na duniya (da'awar cewa an yarda da Nietzsche akan ƙarfin iliminsa na ilimi an yi watsi da shi: maki ya kasance. ba kusa da saman ajin ba). Ya yi karatu a can daga 1858 zuwa 1864, sun zama abokai tare da Paul Deussen da Carl von Gersdorff. Ya kuma sami lokacin yin aiki akan wakoki da kade-kade. Nietzsche ya jagoranci "Jamus", ƙungiyar kiɗa da adabi, a lokacin bazara a Naumburg. <ref name="Wicks"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWicks2014">Wicks, Robert (2014). A Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya sami muhimmin tushe a cikin harsuna- Girkanci, Latin, Ibrananci, da Faransanci don samun damar karanta mahimman tushe na farko; ya kuma dandana a karon farko ba tare da rayuwar danginsa ba a cikin ƙaramin gari mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Jarabawar karshen zangonsa a watan Maris 1864 ya nuna 1a cikin Addini da Jamusanci; a 2a a cikin Girkanci da Latin; a 2b a cikin Faransanci, Tarihi, da Physics; da kuma "lackluster" 3a cikin Ibrananci da Lissafi.
Nietzsche ya kasance mawaki amateur. Ya tsara ayyuka da yawa don murya, piano, da violin wanda ya fara a 1858 a Schulpforta a Naumburg lokacin da ya fara aiki akan abubuwan kiɗan. Richard Wagner ya yi watsi da kiɗan Nietzsche, ana zarginsa da yin ba'a ga kyautar ranar haihuwar wani abun piano da Nietzsche ya aika a 1871 ga matarsa Cosima. Jagoran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Hans von Bülow shi ma ya bayyana wani ɓangaren Nietzsche a matsayin "mafi kyawun daftarin kade-kade a takardan kiɗan da na daɗe da fuskanta".
Yayin da yake Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya bi batutuwan da aka yi la'akari da su ba su dace ba. Ya zama sananne da aikin mawallafin marubuci Friedrich Hölderlin wanda ba a san shi ba, yana kiransa "mawaƙin da na fi so" kuma ya rubuta makala inda ya ce mawaƙin ya tada hankali zuwa "mafi kyawun manufa". Malamin da ya gyara rubutun ya ba shi alama mai kyau amma ya yi sharhi cewa Nietzsche ya kamata ya damu da kansa a nan gaba tare da mafi koshin lafiya, mafi kyau, kuma mafi yawan marubuta "Jamus". Bugu da ƙari, ya saba da Ernst Ortlepp, ɗan wasa, mai saɓo, kuma sau da yawa mawaƙin buguwa wanda aka same shi ya mutu a cikin rami makonni bayan ganawa da matashi Nietzsche amma wanda zai iya gabatar da Nietzsche ga kiɗa da rubuce-rubuce na Richard Wagner. Wataƙila a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Ortlepp, shi da wani ɗalibi mai suna Richter sun dawo makaranta a buguwa kuma suka ci karo da wani malami, wanda ya sa Nietzsche ya rage daga farkon ajinsa kuma ya ƙare matsayinsa na prefect.
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22154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20N.%20Onwubiko | Emmanuel N. Onwubiko | Emmanuel Onwubiko (an haifi Emmanuel Nnadozie De Santacruz Onwubiko, a farkon shekara ta 1970) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne na tsawon shekaru goma sha takwas a tsaye, ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin babban ɗan rahoton Kotun / shari'a a babban birnin ƙasar na The Guardian, taken Najeriya. aikin jarida, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kowane mako mai taken "Rightswatch" a cikin Leadership, wata jaridar ƙasa da ke Abuja . Shi masanin falsafa ne ta hanyar horon sana'a; dan rajin kare hakkin Dan-Adam ne na Najeriya, marubuci ne. Ya kuma kasance tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Najeriya, nadin da Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi, kuma a yanzu haka shi ne shugaban kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Najeriya (HURIWA). Onwubiko mawallafi ne, babban edita ne na jaridar Icons of Human Rights a kowane wata kuma babban darekta na kamfanin watsa labarai na ParadiseFound. Shugaban Kamfanin Sadarwa na Epikaya. Memba na amintattu memba na kungiyar bada agaji ta Amurka da ake kira Heartland Alliance Nigeria da kwamitin amintattu memba na Kungiyar Marubutan Afirka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a. Shi ma memba ne na National Think Tank na Nigerian Catholic Secretariat a Abuja tun a shekara ta 2012.ref></ref>
Rashin yarda da Onwubiko a cikin ayyukansa ya sanya Shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan Tattaunawa da Zaman Lafiya a Arewacin Najeriya (PCCDR).
Bayan Fage
An haifi Onwubiko a garin Kafanchan, jihar Kaduna . Ya halarci kwalejin malamai. Karatun sa na sakandare ya kasance a makarantar Katolika ta Claretian ta Falsafa, Maryland, Nekede, Owerri (wacce ke da alaka da Pontificia Università Urbaniana Rome), inda ya karanci falsafa. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Najeriya.
'Yan Islama sun kashe dan uwan Onwubiko da kawunsa a Najeriya. An kuma harbe shi a shekara ta 2006. Yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya da ta'addanci.
Ayyuka
Onwubiko yana magana ne kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da na duniya. Ya wallafa littafi mai suna Siyasa da Shari'a a Zamanin Najeria, juzu'i na daya kuma cikakke, daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005. Kuma ya sake rubuta wani sabon littafi mai suna Wa ke Kula da Hakkokin Dan-Adam?
Kunnawa
Bayan Gwamnan Jihar Borno, Alhaji Kashim Shettima, ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tayar da kayar baya na Islama za su fadada ta’addancin su zuwa yankunan kudu idan ba su kasance a yankin Arewa maso Gabas ba, Onwubiko da kungiyarsa sun yi kira da a binciki Gwamnan. Wannan ya haifar da martani mai zafi daga wata kungiyar farar hula ta Arewa, wacce ta zargi Onwubiko da bai wa ta'addancin kungiyar Boko Haram ma'anar kabilanci. Onwubiko tare da kungiyarsa a cikin musantawar sun dage cewa duk da cewa ba ta da wata hujja da za ta iya danganta gwamnan jihar ta Borno da yunkurin 'yan ta'adda na kutsawa yankin Kudu maso Gabas duk da cewa ta shawarci' yan siyasa da su kasance masu wayo da rikon amana da maganganunsu na jama'a don kada ba da kwarin gwiwa na tunani ko kuma iza tunanin masu son zama 'yan ta'adda. "
Onwubiko da kungiyarsa ta HURIWA sun kuma yi kira ga matafiyan kasar da su hana su kula da kamfanin jiragen sama na British Airways da sauran kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasashen waje duba da abubuwan da aka bankado kwanan nan game da rashin da'a na kamfanonin jiragen, har sai an magance irin wannan damuwar. Kungiyar da yake shugabanta, HURIWA, tana da kafofin watsa labarai sama da dubu shida a kan batutuwa daban-daban na 'yancin dan adam.
A ranar Alhamis, 28 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2016 Onwubiko tare da kungiyar da yake jagoranta, Kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Nijeriya, suka ƙaddamar da aikin ƙaramin ɗakin karatunsu mai suna PROFESSOR CHINUA ACHEBE'S HUMAN RIBT LIBRARY a Abuja.
Onwubiko mai rajin kare dimokiradiyya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO), da Kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Najeriya (HURIWA), a ranar 11 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2016 sun roki Tarayyar Turai (EU), Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) da ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje kan mamayewar ofis dinta daga jami'an hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya (DSS) abin da aka hango a matsayin kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na tursasa shi da kungiyarsa a kan fito na fito da gwamnatin ta yi kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki
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51330 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Cohn | Martha Cohn | Marthe Cohn, Marthe Hoffnung an haife ta a sha uku ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin a Metz, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na Faransa . Dangane da bangaskiyar Yahudawa, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili na leken asiri ga Faransa a Jamus jim kaɗan kafin mika wuya na Mulki na Uku . Ta ba da labarin abin da ta samu a tarihin rayuwarta.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Marthe Hoffnung an sha uku ga Afrilu , shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin , a Metz, bayan dawowar a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha takwas na Alsace da Moselle zuwa Faransa, bayan tilasta Jamusawa da aka aiwatar tun yerjejeniyar Frankfort a ranar Mayu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya da kuma inda Jamusawa suka samu, bayan shan kashi na Faransa a karshen. Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya, cewa Alsace da Moselle sun rabu da Faransa, don haka a gaban ƙasashen daular Jamus, a hukumance aka ƙirƙira kuma aka yi shelar a Versailles a ranar sha takwas ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Orthodox ne. Yara bakwai ne. Ta gano anti-Semitism tana da shekaru shida, a gaban majami'a a Metz . A cikinSatumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in , bisa ga umarnin kwashe fararen hula, ta fake, kamar Mosellens da yawa, a Poitiers a Vienne . Bayan mamayar Faransa a Yuni shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in , da kuma haɗawa da sake haɗawa da Alsace da Moselle zuwa Rikici na Uku a cikin yuli shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in, ta yanke shawarar zama a Vienne.
Bayan 'yan Gestapo sun kama 'yar uwarsa Stéphanie,sha bakwai ga Yuni, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu, Marthe ta shirya tserewar danginta, daga Poitiers zuwa Free Zone . A can, za ta iya rayuwa godiya ga takardun karya, wanda aka yi kafin ta tashi. Abokin aurenta, Jacques Delaunay, dalibi ya hadu a Poitiers, mai rayayye a cikin Resistance na Faransa, an harbe ta a Oktoba shida ga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku,Kagara na Mont-Valérien, a cikin Suresnes . A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku , Marthe Cohn tana kammala karatun da ta fara a cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya a Poitiers, a makarantar jinya ta Red Cross ta Faransa, a Marseilles . Sai ta yi ƙoƙari, a banza, don shiga Resistance.
Bayan Liberation na Paris, a Satumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu, Marthe ta shiga aikin sojan Faransa, inda take son kawo kwarewarta a matsayin ma’aikaciyar jinya. An sanya ta zuwa sabis na likita na 151 rundunan sojoji . Gano cewa tana jin cikakken Jamusanci, harshen da ta yi amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da iyayenta, babban ta, Kanar Fabien, ya ba ta damar shiga ayyukan leken asiri na 1 . Faransa . Marthe Hoffnung, mai shekaru 24, ta kasance tana aiki da ofishin "hankali" na kwamandojin Afirka . Bayan yunkurin kutsawa cikin Alsace goma sha hudu bai yi nasara ba, yankin da aka hade kamar Moselle, ya shiga Jamus ta Switzerland .Afrilu sha daya, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar.
Mai aiki a cikin yankin abokan gaba, sannan yana tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci, wanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban sojojin Faransa. Musamman ma, ta gargadi shugabanninta game da watsi da layin Siegfried, a yankin Freiburg im Breisgau, kuma ta ba da rahoton wani babban kwanton bauna na Wehrmacht, a cikin Black Forest . Don waɗannan ayyukan, an ba Marthe Hoffnung Croix de guerre a cikin 1945 . Don haka, za ta sami lambar yabo ta soja a 1999 , kuma za ta zama Knight of the Legion of Honor a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu , kafin ta sami Medal na amincewa da ƙasa, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, Marthe Hoffnung ya auri kwamandan likita Lloyd Cohn, likitan Sojan Amurka. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Los Angeles, California, Amurka .
Tare da taimakon 'yar jaridar Birtaniya Wendy Holden, Marthe Cohn ta bibiyi labarinta a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu, Bayan Layin Enemy , , .
Nicola Alice-Hens ta yi wani fim na gaskiya daga rayuwar Marthe Hoffnung, Chichinette, rayuwata a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri, wanda aka saki a gidajen sinima a Faransa a Oktoba 30, 2019 .
Labarai
(en) Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden, Behind Enemy Lines : The true story of a French Jewish Spy in Nazi Germany, New York, Harmony Books, 2002, 282 p. (ISBN 0-609-61054-6).
Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies : Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Plon, 2004, 309 p. (ISBN 2-259-19658-6).
Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies : Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Éditions Tallandier, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7098-1769-1 et 2-7098-1769-1).
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18229 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chaplin | Charlie Chaplin | Sir Charles Spencer " Charlie " Chaplin KBE (16 Afrilu 1889 - 25 Disamba 1977) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, mai wasan barkwanci, ɗan fim, marubucin allo, edita, mawaƙi, kuma marubuci . Ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin fina-finai marasa sauti (inda babu magana ko sauti). Ya yi aiki, ya jagoranci, ya rubuta, kuma ya samar da mafi yawansu.
Charlie Chaplin ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kusan shekaru 70. Ya fara aiki tun yana da shekaru 5, kuma ya yi aiki har ya kai shekaru 80. Halin da Charlie Chaplin ya fi takawa ana kiransa "The little Tramp. "Tramp" mutum ne mai kyawawan halaye, wanda yake sanye da sutura, da manyan wando, da takalmi, da gashin baki, da kuma bakar hula.
Chaplin yana girma
An haifi Charles Spencer Chaplin a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1889 a London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Chaplin ya taso a mara kyau na ƙuruciya; mahaifiyarsa, Hannah Hill Chaplin, mawakiya ce, ’yar fim, kuma’ yar kidan kuru, ta kwashe tsawon rayuwarta a ciki da wajen asibitocin tabin hankali. Mahaifinsa, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. ya kasance mawaƙi mai nasara har ya fara sha. Bayan iyayensa sun rabu, Charlie da dan uwansa, Sidney, sun kwashe yawancin yarintarsu a gidajen marayu, inda galibi suke fama da yunwa kuma ana doke su idan ba su da kyau. Ya fara fara wasan kwaikwayo yana da shekara biyar. Ya yi aiki a zauren kiɗa a cikin 1894, yana tsaye ga mahaifiyarsa.
Lokacin da Charlie ke yaro, an kwantar da shi a asibiti na makonni da yawa daga mummunan rashin lafiya. Da daddare, mahaifiyarsa za ta zauna taga taga abin da ke faruwa a waje. Muhimmin aikinsa na farko ya zo ne lokacin da ya shiga Lads na takwas. A cikin 1900, ɗan'uwansa Sydney ya taimaka masa ya sami matsayin kyanwa mai ban dariya a cikin kayan wasan Cinderella . A cikin 1903 yana cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Jim: A Romance of Cockayne". Chaplin ya kasance a cikin Casey's 'Court Circus' iri-iri. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya zama sananne a cikin kamfanin Fred Karno na 'Fun Factory' kamfanin ban dariya.
Yunƙurin kashe shi
An shirya yunƙurin kashe Chaplin shirin da yayi sanadiyyar rasa ran Firayim Ministan Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi .
Ranar 15 ga Mayu 1932, Firayim Minista Inukai Tsuyoshi wasu matasa hafsoshin sojan ruwa goma sha ɗaya suka harbe Firayim Minista (akasarinsu sun cika shekara ashirin kenan) a gidan firaminista. Tsarin kisan kai na asali ya hada da kisan Chaplin wanda ya isa Japan a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1932, a wurin liyafar Chaplin, wanda Firayim Minista Inukai ya shirya. Lokacin da aka kashe Firayim Ministan, dansa Inukai Takeru yana kallon wasan kokawa na sumo da Charlie Chaplin, wanda watakila ya ceci rayukansu duka.
Lambobin yabo
Chaplin ya lashe Oscars biyu na musamman. An zabi Chaplin da farko a matsayin "Best Actor" da "Best Comedy Directing". Amma kuma, a maimakon haka, sai aka ba shi lambar yabo ta musamman "don iya aiki da fasaha a fagen aiki, rubutu, ba da umarni da kuma samarwa" Kyautar ta biyu ta musamman ta Chaplin ta zo ne shekaru 44 bayan haka, a cikin 1972 . Lokacin samun wannan lambar yabo, Chaplin yana da tsayi mafi tsayi (mutane suna tsaye suna tafawa) a cikin tarihin Award Academy. A cikin 1976 an bashi BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, kyautar nasara ta rayuwa. Chaplin ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fito a bangon Lokaci a shekarar 1925.
Tatsuniyoyi suna cewa, Chaplin ya taɓa shiga gasar Charlie Chaplin mai kama da juna. Chaplin ya sha kashi a gasar.
Fina-finai
1914: Making a Living
1916: The Floorwalker
1916: The Fireman
1916: The Vagabond
1916: One A.M.
1916: The Count
1916: The Pawnshop
1916: Behind the Screen
1916: The Rink
1917: Easy Street
1917: The Cure
1917: The Immigrant
1917: The Adventurer
1918: A Dog's Life
1918: The Bond
1918: Shoulder Arms
1919: Sunnyside
1919: A Day's Pleasure
1921: The Kid
1921: The Idle Class
1922: Pay Day
1923: The Pilgrim
1925: The Gold Rush
1928: The Circus
1931: City Lights
1936: Modern Times
1940: The Great Dictator
1947: Monsieur Verdoux
1952: Limelight
1957: A King in New York
Zama Jarumi
A ranar 9 Maris 1975, Sarauniya Elizabeth Ta yiwa Charlie Chaplin kyara a Ingila.
Mutuwa
Chaplin ya mutu a ranar Kirsimeti a ranar 25 Disamba 1977, a Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland . Ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a cikin barcinsa, yana da shekara 88. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1978, wasu tsirarun mutanen Switzerland suka sace gawarsa. Suna ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi daga dangin Chaplin. Wannan shirin bai yi aiki ba. An kama masu laifin, kuma an gano gawar Charlie makonni 11 bayan haka a kusa da Tafkin Geneva . An binne shi a ƙarƙashin kankare don hana faruwar hakan.
Shafuka masu alaƙa
Jerin jerin wasiƙa na Jamusanci
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
by Association Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin at the TCM Movie Database
Charlie Chaplin at AllMovie
Ƴan fim
Masu daukan hoto |
42584 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Marufi | Ibrahim Marufi | Ibrahim Maaroufi ( ; an haife shi 18 ga watan Janairun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) miladiyya, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .
Ya wakilci Morocco U-23 da Belgium U-21 a matakin kasa da kasa. A cikin watan Oktobar shekarar 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium .
Aiki
Maaroufi ya fara aikinsa tare da tawagar Belgium Anderlecht kafin ya koma PSV Eindhoven na Holland .
Na ƙasashen duniya
An kira shi zuwa tawagar farko sau da yawa ta hanyar Roberto Mancini, amma a ƙarshe ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da Serie A ta farko da Livorno, 25 ga watan Oktobar shekarar 2006, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dejan Stanković a cikin minti na 82nd, ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin tarihi. na Inter, ya girmi Goran Slavkovski amma ƙarami fiye da Giuseppe Bergomi .
Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar cin kofin Italiya a matsayin dan wasan FC Internazionale Milano a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwambar 2006, da FC Messina Peloro . Ya kuma buga wasan dawowa. Gabaɗaya Maaroufi ya buga wa Internazionale wasanni 6 tare da 1 ya zo a Seria A da kuma wasanni 5 ya zo a Coppa Italia.
FC Twente aro
A farkon kakar 2008-2009 an ba shi aro zuwa FC Twente don samun ƙarin ƙwarewa lokacin da Fred Rutten ya sanya hannu wanda ya taba horar da Maaroufi a PSV . Rutten ya bar kulob din ya koma FC Schalke kuma Steve McLaren ya maye gurbinsa ba da daɗewa ba.
Vicenza
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2009, ranar ƙarshe ta taga canja wuri, an sayar da shi ga Vicenza a cikin tayin mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasu wasanni. Koyaya, Vicenza ya sake shi bisa yardar juna a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2009.
AC Bellinzona
A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2009, Maaroufi ya amince da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kaya na Super League na Switzerland AC Bellinzona .
Farashin MVV Maastricht
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2010 Maaroufi ya amince ya koma Netherlands, tare da Eerste Divisie kulob din MVV Maastricht a kan canja wuri kyauta, kawai ya bar shi a karshen kakar wasa; Dukkanin gogewa sun ƙare ba tare da buga wasan farko ba kwata-kwata.
Wydad Casablanca
A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2010, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zakarun Morocco Wydad Casablanca . Sai dai an sake shi daga baya a watan Disamba, bayan ya bayyana a wasanni biyu kacal.
Eupen
A cikin watan Janairun 2011, Belgian Pro League club Eupen ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Maaroufi akan canja wuri kyauta. A watan Yulin 2011 Eupen ta sake shi, bayan ya buga wasan farko na farko. Daga nan Maaroufi ya koma kungiyar AS Eupen ta Belgium, yana taka leda a gasar Belgium, duk da haka bayyanarsa tilo ta zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan da suka doke Standard Liège da ci 1-0 a watan Fabrairu. Ya kuma kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba sau hudu kafin Eupen ta sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Racing Mechelen
A watan Agusta 2011, ya shiga Leeds United kan gwaji. Ya buga wa Leeds reserves da Farsley Celtic a ranar 6 ga Agusta.
Parseh Tehran
Maguzawa
A kan 27 Oktoba 2014, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Lega Pro ta Italiya a kan canja wuri kyauta.
Renaissance Schaerbeek
Tsakanin 2015 da 2017, Maaroufi ya buga wa Renaissance Schaerbeek a Lardin Belgian 1.
Toulouse Rodéo da gwaji
A cikin Maris 2017, Maaroufi ya shiga ƙungiyar Faransa Toulouse Rodéo a cikin rukuni na biyar Championnat National 3 .
Bayan barin kulob din a cikin 2018, ya yi gwaji tare da kulob din Dutch Eerste Divisie FC Eindhoven, ba tare da nasara ba.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Maaroufi ya buga wa Belgium da Morocco a matakin matasa. Tare da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco a watan Disamba 2006, amma ya buga wasansa na farko na tawagar U-21 a Belgium da Sint-Truiden a watan Fabrairun 2007. An kuma kira shi don karawa da Serbia a watan Maris na 2007.
Ya buga wasansa na karshe na Belgian U-21 da Austria U-21, a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2007.
Maaroufi ya ce da farko zai amince da kiran da ake yi wa Moroccon ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 ne kawai idan aka nada shi kyaftin. Daga nan sai ya sake karbar kiran da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco ta yi masa, don gasar cin kofin maza ta CAF ta 2008 a watan Oktoban 2007, a Kamaru. A cikin Oktoba 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium .
Rayuwa ta sirri
A watan Maris na 2016, an bayyana cewa Khalid El Bakraoui, daya daga cikin 'yan kunar bakin wake na harin bam a Brussels na 2016, ya yi amfani da sunan Maaroufi don samun damar shiga Belgium da kuma hayar gidan da aka kai hari a Brussels da kuma tare da shi. An shirya harin da aka kai birnin Paris a watan Nuwamban 2015 .
Girmamawa
Kulob
Inter Milan
Serie A : 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercoppa Italiyanci : 2005–06
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a Internazionale
Profile a Swiss Football League
Ibrahim Maaroufi
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29842 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyukan%20radiyo%20na%20muhalli | Ayyukan radiyo na muhalli | Ayyukan rediyo na muhalli ba'a iyakance ga actinides kawai ba; wadanda ba actinides kamar radon da radium suna da bayanin kula. Duk da yake actinides DA rediyoaktif, akwai da yawa actinides ko actinides-da alaka da ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi kamar uranium da thorium. Wadannan ma'adanai suna taimakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar carbon-dating, mafi yawan abubuwan ganowa, X-ray, da sauransu.
Inhalation tare da sha
Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar su uranium dioxide mai ƙarfi da man fetur mai gauraya (MOX), za su wuce ta cikin tsarin narkewa tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri tunda ba za su iya narke ba kuma jiki ya sha. Abubuwan da aka shakar actinide, duk da haka, za su fi yin lahani yayin da suke zama a cikin huhu kuma suna haskaka ƙwayar huhu.
Oxides masu ƙarancin wuta da gishiri masu narkewa kamar nitrate ana iya shiga cikin magudanar jini. Idan an shaka su to yana iya yiwuwa mai tauri ya narke ya bar huhu. Don haka, adadin zuwa huhu zai zama ƙasa don nau'in mai narkewa.
Ana iya samun Actinium ta dabi'a a cikin alamun uranium kamar kimanin 227-Ac, α da β emitter tare da rabin rayuwar shekaru 21.773. Ton ɗaya na ma'adinin uranium ya ƙunshi kusan kashi goma na gram na actinium. An kuma fi yin shi a cikin adadin milligram ta hanyar iskar neutron na 226-Ra a cikin injin nukiliya. Actinium da ke faruwa a zahiri ya ƙunshi isotope na rediyoaktif guda 1; tare da 227-Ac kasancewa mafi yawan yawa (100% na halitta).
Thorium
A Indiya, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na ma'adinan thorium a cikin nau'in monazite a cikin wuraren ajiya na Yashin dune na Yamma da Gabas, musamman a yankunan bakin teku na Tamil Nadu . Mazauna wannan yanki suna fuskantar wani nau'in radiation da ke faruwa a zahiri sau goma fiye da matsakaicin duniya.
Abin da ya faru
Ana samun Thorium a ƙananan matakai a mafi yawan duwatsu da ƙasa, inda ya ninka kusan sau uku fiye da uranium, kuma yana da yawa kamar gubar . Ƙasa yawanci tana ƙunshe da matsakaita kusan sassa a ƙalla shida 6 a kowace miliyan (ppm) na thorium. Thorium yana faruwa a cikin ma'adanai da yawa, mafi yawanci shine ma'adinan ƙasa-thorium-phosphate mai wuya, monazite, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kimanin 12% thorium oxide. Akwai adibas masu yawa a ƙasashe da yawa. 232 Th yana rubewa a hankali ( rabin rayuwarsa ya kai kusan sau uku a duniya). Sauran isotopes na thorium suna faruwa a cikin sarƙoƙin ruɓar thorium da uranium. Yawancin waɗannan ba su da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma don haka sun fi 232th radioactive, kodayake bisa ga tarin yawa ba su da komai.
Tasiri a cikin mutane
An danganta Thorium da ciwon hanta . A baya an yi amfani da thoria ( thorium dioxide ) azaman wakili na bambanci don rediyon X-ray na likita amma an daina amfani da shi. An sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Thorotrast .
Protactinium
Protactinium-231 yana faruwa ne ta dabi'a a cikin ma'adinan uranium kamar pitblende, har zuwa 3 ppm a wasu ma'adanai. Protactinium yana samuwa a cikin ƙasa, dutsen, ruwa mai zurfi, ruwan ƙasa, shuke-shuke da dabbobi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga (a kan tsari na 1 ppt ko 0.1 picocouries (pCi)/g).
Uranium
Uranium karfe ne na halitta wanda ake samu a ko'ina. Ya kasance a kusan dukkanin kasa kuma yana da yawa fiye da antimony, beryllium, cadmium, zinariya, mercury, azurfa, ko tungsten, kuma yana da yawa kamar arsenic ko molybdenum . Mahimman ƙididdiga na uranium yana faruwa a cikin wasu abubuwa kamar ma'adinan dutsen phosphate, da ma'adanai irin su lignite, da yashi na monazite a cikin ma'adinan uranium mai arzikin uranium (an samo shi ta kasuwanci tun daga waɗannan tushe).
Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan sassa 3.3 a kowace biliyan na uranium bisa nauyi kamar yadda uranium (VI) ke samar da rukunin carbonate masu narkewa. An dauki hakar uranium daga ruwan teku a matsayin hanyar samun sinadarin. Saboda ƙarancin takamaiman aikin uranium tasirin sinadarai da ke kan rayayyun halittu na iya zarce tasirin tasirin rediyo. An ƙara ƙarin uranium a cikin muhalli a wasu wurare sakamakon sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya da kuma amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin harsasai.
Neptunium
Kamar plutonium, neptunium yana da alaƙa da ƙasa. Duk da haka, yana da ingantacciyar wayar hannu a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma yaduwar neptunium-237 a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa shine babban al'amari wajen tsara ma'ajiyar yanayin kasa mai zurfi don adana dindindin na man nukiliya da aka kashe. 237 Np yana da rabin rayuwa na shekaru kimanin miliyan 2.144 don haka matsala ce mai tsawo; amma rabin rayuwarta har yanzu ya fi guntu fiye da na uranium-238, uranium-235, ko uranium-236, da 237 Np don haka yana da takamaiman aiki fiye da waɗancan nuclides. Ana amfani da shi kawai don yin Pu-238 lokacin da aka jefar da shi da neutron a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Plutonium
Sources
Plutonium a cikin muhalli yana da tushe da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Batirin atomic
A cikin sarari
A cikin masu sarrafa bugun zuciya
Fashewar bama-bamai
Gwajin lafiyar bam
Laifin nukiliya
Zagayowar makamashin nukiliya
Tashar makamashin nukiliya
Kimiyyar muhalli
Plutonium, kamar sauran actinides, da sauri ya samar da plutonium dioxide ( plutonyl ) core (PuO 2 ). A cikin mahalli, wannan plutonyl core yana buɗewa tare da carbonate da sauran nau'ikan oxygen (OH -, NO 2 -, NO 3 -, da SO 4 2- ) don samar da rukunin gidaje masu caji waɗanda za su iya zama cikin sauƙi ta hannu tare da ƙarancin alaƙa ga ƙasa.
PuO 2 CO 3 2-
PuO 2 (CO 3 ) 2 4-
PuO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 6-
PuO 2 da aka samu daga neutralizing babban acidic nitric acid mafita yana kula da samar da polymeric PuO 2 wanda ke da juriya ga kamanni. Har ila yau za'aga, Plutonium yana canza valences a tsakanin jihohin +3, +4, +5 da +6. Ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu juzu'in plutonium a cikin mafita su wanzu a cikin duk waɗannan jahohin cikin ma'auni.
An san Plutonium yana ɗaure ɓangarorin ƙasa sosai, duba sama don nazarin spectroscopic X-ray na plutonium a cikin ƙasa da kankare . Yayin da cesium yana da nau'ikan sunadarai daban-daban ga actinides, sananne ne cewa duka cesium da yawancin actinides suna ɗaure da ƙarfi ga ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da ƙasa mai lamba 134 Cs don nazarin ƙaura na Pu da Cs ƙasa ce. An nuna cewa hanyoyin sufuri na colloidal ya zama suna sarrafa ƙaura na Cs (kuma za su sarrafa ƙaura na Pu) a cikin ƙasa a Tsibirin Pilot na Waste .
Amurka
Americium sau da yawa yana shiga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa daga abubuwan gano hayaki da aka jefar. Dokokin da ke da alaƙa da zubar da abubuwan gano hayaki suna da annashuwa sosai a yawancin gundumomi. Misali Kamar, a Burtaniya ya halatta a zubar da americium mai dauke da na’urar gano hayaki ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin kwandon shara tare da shara na yau da kullun na gida, amma kowane kwandon shara yana iyakance ga mai gano hayaki guda daya kawai. Ƙirƙirar samfuran da ke ɗauke da americium (kamar masu gano hayaki) da makaman nukiliya da fashe-fashe na iya sakin americium cikin muhalli.
A cikin shekarata 1999, an ba da rahoton cewa wata babbar mota da ke jigilar hayaki 900 a Faransa ta kama wuta; an yi iƙirarin cewa hakan ya haifar da sakin americium a cikin muhalli. A Amurka, "Radioactive Boy Scout" David Hahn ya sami damar siyan dubunnan na'urorin gano hayaki a ragowar farashin kuma ya tattara americium daga gare su. Dama abinda Ke gudana
Akwai lokuta da aka fallasa mutane da americium. Mafi munin lamarin shi ne na Harold McCluskey, wanda aka fallasa ga wani babban adadin americium-241 bayan wani hatsarin da ya shafi akwatin safar hannu . Daga baya an yi masa maganin chelation . Wataƙila kulawar jinya da aka ba shi ya ceci rayuwarsa: duk da irin wannan rarrabawar halittu da guba ga plutonium, abubuwa biyu na rediyoaktif suna da nau'ikan sunadarai na jihar daban-daban. Americium yana da ƙarfi a cikin yanayin oxidation +3, yayin da +4 oxidation yanayin plutonium zai iya samuwa a cikin jikin ɗan adam.
Mafi yawan isotope americium-241 ya lalace (rabin rayuwa na shekaru kusan 432) zuwa neptunium-237 wanda ke da tsawon rabin rayuwa, don haka a cikin dogon lokaci, abubuwan da aka tattauna a sama don neptunium suna amfani.
Americium da aka saki a cikin muhalli yana kula da zama a cikin ƙasa da ruwa a cikin zurfin zurfi kuma dabbobi da tsire-tsire za su iya ɗauka yayin girma; Shellfish irin su shrimp suna ɗaukar americium-241 a cikin bawonsu, kuma sassan tsire-tsire na hatsi na iya zama gurɓata da fallasa. JD Chaplin et al. kwanan nan an ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin Diffusive gradients a cikin dabarun fina-finai na bakin ciki, waɗanda suka samar da hanyar auna ma'aunin Americium mai arha a cikin ƙasa, da kuma cikin ruwan ruwa da ruwan teku.
Kurium
Mahalli curium na yanayi ba su da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kaushi na gama gari kuma galibi suna manne da barbashi na ƙasa. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna kusan sau 4,000 mafi girma na curium a cikin ƙasa mai yashi fiye da ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa. An auna ma'auni mafi girma na kusan kimanin 18,000 a cikin ƙasan loam .
Californium
Californium ba shi da narkewa cikin ruwa, amma yana manne da ƙasa ta ƙasa; kuma adadinsa a cikin ƙasa zai iya zama sau Dari biyar 500 sama da na ruwan da ke kewaye da barbashi ƙasa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Uranium a cikin muhalli
Radium a cikin yanayi
Bayanan bangon waya
Ilimin Radiyo
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hala, Jiri, James D. Navratil. Ayyukan Radiyo, Ionizing Radiation da Makamashin Nukiliya . Konvoj: Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech, 2003. ISBN 80-7302-053-X .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"Me yasa hanyoyin ke da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa sharar rediyoaktif?" - Royal Society for Chemistry
"Spectroscopies for Environmental Studies of Actinide Species" - Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amirka
Muhalli
Yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50015 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20kwacha | Zambia kwacha | Kwacha ( ISO 4217 code: ZMW) kudin Zambia . An raba shi zuwa 100 Ngwee .
Etymology
Sunan kwacha ya samo asali daga kalmar Nyanja, Bemba, da Tonga don "alfijir", yana nuni ga taken 'yan kishin kasa na Zambia na "sabon alfijir na 'yanci". Sunan ngwee yana fassara a matsayin "mai haske" a cikin yaren Nyaja .
Tarihi
Kafin samun 'yancin kai a cikin 1964, fam ɗin Rhodesia da Nyasaland sune ƙa'idar doka ta ɗan gajeren lokaci na kare hakkin Birtaniyya na Arewacin Rhodesia . An kuma ba da takardar banki na shillings 10, 1, 5, da fam 10 da Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Tsakiya ta fitar, tare da tsabar kuɗi. , 1, 3, 6 pence, da 1, 2, , da 5 shillings. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Bankin Zambia ya fitar da kudin Zambiya na farko, fam din Zambia, a shekarar 1964. Kudaden takardar da aka fitar da sulallai iri daya ne kamar yadda ake amfani da su kafin samun ‘yancin kai, sai dai kudin fam 10, wanda bankin Zambia bai taba bayarwa ba. Wani sabon tsari da zai nuna tarihin sabuwar ƙasar da ta sami 'yancin kai an ɗauko shi. Kudade biyu – Fam Rhodesia da Nyasaland da fam na Zambia, an ba su damar yawo a layi daya har zuwa ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1965, lokacin da aka cire takardar kudi da tsabar kudin Kudancin Rhodesian daga rarrabawa, sai dai tsabar kudin pence 3 da aka ba da izinin yawo. tare da madadinta na Zambia na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1966, majalisar ta amince da tsarin tsarin kuɗin kuɗin decimal (Dokar 40 na 1966), ta canza babban kuɗin kuɗin zuwa Kwacha, tare da kwacha daya daidai da 100 ngwee. An saita farashin musaya zuwa kwacha daya daidai da shilling na Zambia goma, ko rabin fam na Zambia. Don haka, ya zuwa ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1968, an cire duk takardun fam na Zambia da tsabar kudi daga zagayawa kuma aka maye gurbinsu da sabbin kwacha, da tsabar kudi na ngwee. Fam Zambiya na shilling 10, 1, da 5, an canza shi zuwa 1, 2 da 10 kwacha bi da bi, an fitar da takardar ngwee 50 don maye gurbin tsohon tsabar kudin shilling 5, tare da sabon takardar kwacha 20. Ngwee tsabar kudi da adadin 1, 2, 5, 10, da 20 ngwee maye gurbin tsabar kudi 1, 3, 6 pence, 1, da 2 shillings bi da bi. Fam na Zambiya, da tsabar kudi sun daina zama ɗan kasuwa a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1974.
Da farko dai, an sanya kwacha a kan fam na fam miliyan 1.7094 kwacha a kan fam 1. Amma duk da haka, bayan faduwar darajar dalar Amurka a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1971, Zambia ta karya duk wata alaƙar kuɗinta da sashin kuɗin Biritaniya, kuma ta sanya kwacha ga sashin kuɗin Amurka. Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun haifar da raguwar ma'aunin gwal na kwacha da kashi 7.8%. Bayan 'yan watanni, shugaban gwamnatin Burtaniya na Exchequer Anthony Barber, ya ba da sanarwar rugujewar yankin Sterling, da kuma faɗuwar fam ɗin fam, wanda ya sa Zambia ta yi watsi da gata na kuɗi da aka taɓa samu a matsayin ƙasa memba.
A tsawon shekaru, kudin kasar Zambia ya fuskanci hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, lamarin da ya tilastawa bankin kasar bullo da wasu manyan kudade a shekarar 2003, wadanda suka hada da kudin kwacha 20,000 da 50,000 don saukaka hada-hadar kasuwanci. A cikin 2013, an ƙaddamar da sabon kwacha wanda aka sake fasalin . Darajar kudin Zambiya ta ragu bayan sake suna; Farashin musaya ya kasance 22 kwacha zuwa dalar Amurka 1 a watan Afrilun 2021. Bayan babban zaben Zambiya na 2021 ya ga an sha kaye ga Edgar Lungu, faduwar darajar kudin ta koma baya; An canja dalar Amurka daya akan kwacha 16.
Daga 22 ga Janairu 2022 zuwa 1 ga Satumba 2022, kwacha na Zambiya ya kasance mafi kyawun aiki a duniya akan dalar Amurka, wanda ya haura sama da 18.5%.
Tsabar kudi
A cikin 1968, an gabatar da bronze 1 da 2 ngwee da cupro-nickel 5, 10 da 20 ngwee. Wadannan tsabar kudi duk sun nuna shugaban kasa Kenneth Kaunda akan flora da fauna a baya. An gabatar da tsabar tsabar ngwee mai gefe goma sha biyu a cikin 1979 don maye gurbin bayanin kula na 50 ngwee da kuma nuna jigogi na tunawa da FAO .
A cikin 1982, ƙarfe-ƙarfe-karfe ya maye gurbin tagulla a cikin 1 da 2 ngwee. An buga waɗannan biyun har zuwa 1983, tare da samar da 5 da 10 ngwee a cikin 1987 da na 20 ngwee a cikin 1988. An ƙaddamar da tsabar tsabar nickel-brass 1 kwacha a cikin 1989 kuma an nuna "Bankin Zambia" a gefuna. Tsawon lokacin zagayawa na wannan tsabar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya karu.
A cikin 1992, an ƙaddamar da wani sabon ƙarami, wanda ya ƙunshi karfe 25 da 50 ngwee da tagulla 1, 5 da 10 kwacha. Tsabar kudi tana nuna alamar ƙasa a kan ɓangarorin dabbobi da na asali a baya. An fitar da tsabar kudin ne kawai shekara guda sannan aka dakatar da matsalar tattalin arziki.
Duk waɗannan tsabar kudi, duka daga tsofaffi da sababbin jerin har yanzu suna kasancewa masu taushin doka. Duk da haka, darajar karfe a cikin tsabar kudi ya fi darajar fuskar su maras dacewa, don haka ba a taba ganin su ko amfani da su a cikin kasuwancin yau da kullum. Wurin da za a iya ganin tsabar kuɗi a yau shine lokacin da ake sayar da su azaman abubuwan tunawa ga masu yawon bude ido.
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2013, an ƙaddamar da sababbin tsabar kudi, wato 5, 10, 50 ngwee da 1 kwacha.
Coins of the new kwacha (2013 series)
Bayanan banki
An fara fitar da kwacha na Zambia a shekarar 1968 don maye gurbin fam na Zambia. Tsarin lissafin kwacha ya canza yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, haka kuma, an shigar da takardun kudi daban-daban ko kuma an cire su daga rarrabawa. An san fitar da hayaki guda bakwai na kwacha na farko, yayin da hayaki daya kacal na kwacha na biyu aka fara yadawa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 2013, kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da kasancewa tun lokacin ba tare da wani canji na zane ko na tsaro ba. Kowace fitowar tana raba fasali na gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙira a cikin duk takardun banki, tare da ƴan canje-canje game da launuka da jigon ayyukan da ke kan baya na takardun banki.
Kwacha ta farko (1968-2012)
Fitowa ta farko (1968)
An fitar da fitowar farko ta kwacha a shekarar 1968. Jerin ya ƙunshi takardun banki guda biyar na 50 ngwee, 1, 2, 10, da 20 kwacha. A gefen takardun kudi guda biyar na dauke da hoton shugaban kasar Kenneth Kaunda sanye da kayan kabilanci a hannun dama, tare da Coat of Arms na Zambia a hagu a kan takardar kudi 50 ngwee, ko kuma a tsakiya a kan takardar kudin kwacha. Juyayin ya nuna jigogi daban-daban na aiki da ke nuna rayuwa a Zambia. Thomas De La Rue & Co. Limited ne ya buga takardun banki, kuma yana dauke da sa hannun Dr Justin B. Zulu, gwamnan bankin Zambia na biyu. Baya ga takardar banki 50 ngwee, kwacha banknotes yana da shugaba Kenneth Kaunda a matsayin alamar ruwa. An ba da takaddun takardun banki na kowane ɗarika, tare da kalmar SPECIMEN overprint a ja sans duka biyu da na baya.
Fitowar Farko, tana nufin shekarar fitowar farko ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar. Fitowar Ƙarshe: tana nufin shekarar fitowar ƙarshe ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.
Fitowa ta biyu (1969-1973)
A cikin 1969, an fitar da hayakin kwacha na Zambia na biyu. Da farko, fitar da hayakin ya ƙunshi takardun banki guda biyar iri ɗaya na fitowar farko, kuma duka ƙungiyoyin biyar suna ɗauke da sa hannun Dr Justin B. Zulu, Mista Valentine S. Musakanya, da na Mista Bitwell R. Waɗannan, na biyu, na uku, da na gaba. Gwamnonin Bankin Zambiya, sai dai wasu kudurorin ngwee guda 50 da ba a taba samun sa hannun Dr Zulu ba, da kuma kuddin kwacha guda 1 da ba a taba nuna sa hannun Mista Kuwani ba. Kudi na biyu na fitar da hayaki ya yi kama da na farkon fitarwa, sai dai ɗan bambanci, inda aka cire ɗigon (•) tsakanin alamar kuɗi da ƙimar fuskar. Thomas De La Rue & Co. Limited ne ya buga takardun banki, kuma an ba da takardun shaida na kowane ɗarika, tare da kalmar SPECIMEN overprint a ja sans a duka biyu da kuma baya.
1 Fitowar Farko, tana nufin shekarar fitowar farko ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.2 Fitowar Ƙarshe: tana nufin shekarar fitowar ƙarshe ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.
A karo na biyu na fitar da hayaki, an fitar da takardar tunawa da kwacha 1 domin murnar ayyana jam’iyya daya a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1972. Rubutun banki ba takarda ce ta doka ba, kuma tana da ƙirar firam daban-daban fiye da takardun kuɗin biyu, batutuwa na farko da na biyu.
Daga baya a cikin 1973, Bankin Zambia ya ba da takardar kudin kwacha 5 a karon farko. An zaɓi ja-violet akan zane mai launi mai launi don sabon bayanin lissafin. Sabon zane ya haifar da rudani da yawa tsakanin lissafin ngwee 50 da ake da shi da sabon kwacha 5. Wannan ya bukaci Bankin Zambia da ya yi amfani da sabon tsari na 50 ngwee banknotes a 1973. An yi amfani da sabon baƙar fata da lilac akan ƙananan launi masu yawa don sauƙin ganewa, duk da haka, wannan shine batu na ƙarshe na 50 ngwee banknotes kamar yadda aka maye gurbinsa daga baya da tsabar kudi. Sabbin takardun banki guda biyu sun ƙunshi sa hannun Mista Bitwell R. Waɗannan, kuma Thomas De La Rue & Co. Limited ne ya buga su. An fitar da takaddun takardun banki don ƙungiyoyin biyu, tare da kalmar SPECIMEN overprint a ja ba tare da la'akari da duka biyun da baya ba.
1 Fitowar Farko, tana nufin shekarar fitowar farko ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.2 Fitowar Ƙarshe: tana nufin shekarar fitowar ƙarshe ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.
Fitowa ta uku (1974-1976)
Kafin fitowa ta uku, an gabatar da zane-zane na gajeren lokaci na abubuwan ban mamaki na 10 da 20 kwacha. Sabbin takardun kudi an buga su ta hanyar engraving na Ingilishi, da kamfanin buga littattafai Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. Sabbin ƙirar sun ƙunshi tsohon hoton shugaban Kenneth Kaunda, ba tare da ƙirar firam ɗin da aka saba ba, kuma mai ɗauke da sa hannun Mista Bitwell R. Wadannan. An ba da takaddun takardun banki na takardun banki guda biyu, tare da kalmar SPECIMEN overprint a ja sans duka biyu da na baya. Godiya ga karancin su, duk takardun kuɗaɗen su ne mafi tsadar kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Zambiya a tsakanin masu fafutuka .
1 Fitowar Farko, tana nufin shekarar fitowar farko ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.2 Fitowar Ƙarshe: tana nufin shekarar fitowar ƙarshe ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.
A cikin 1976, an fitar da takardar kudi guda huɗu fitowa ta uku, wanda aka sake karɓo tsohuwar ƙirar firam ɗin. An sake fitar da takardun banki da dukkan nau’o’i, sai dai kudirin kwacha ashirin, wanda ba a taba fitar da shi ba duk da an sake fasalinsa. Dukkan takardun kudi na dauke da sa hannun Mista Luke J. Mwananshiku, gwamna na biyar na bankin Zambia, sai dai na kwacha biyu, wadanda ke rike da sa hannun Mista Bitwell R. Wadannan. Kudi na uku na fitar da hayaki ya yi kama da na na biyu, sai dai hoton shugaba Kenneth Kaunda, inda wani tsohon hoton ya maye gurbin ƙaramin hoton da ke fitowa a farkon, da na biyu. Thomas De La Rue & Co. Limited ya sake buga takardun banki, kuma an ba da takardun shaida na kowane ɗarika, tare da kalmar SPECIMEN overprint a cikin ja sans a duka biyu da kuma baya.
1 Fitowar Farko, tana nufin shekarar fitowar farko ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.2 Fitowar Ƙarshe: tana nufin shekarar fitowar ƙarshe ta ainihin takardar kuɗi daga wannan fitar.
Har zuwa 1991, duk takardun banki na Zambiya suna nuna hoton Shugaba Kenneth Kaunda a bayyane. Bayan 1992, duk bayanin kula a maimakon haka sun nuna mikiya mai kifin akan sama. Bayan 1989, duk abubuwan da suka faru sun nuna siffar Chainbreaker. A cikin 2003, Zambiya ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta ba da takardar kuɗi ta polymer . Kwacha 500 da 1000 duk an buga su akan polymer. Duk da cewa tsohuwar takardar kwacha 20 tana ci gaba da gudana har zuwa 2012, irin wannan shine ƙarancin wannan bayanin cewa yawancin manyan dillalai sun ƙididdige farashin har zuwa kwacha 50 mafi kusa yayin ƙididdige jimlar. Yawancin abubuwa a cikin manyan kantuna an nuna su ta amfani da kwacha 20 a cikin ƙimar (misali, 1980 kwacha).
Sabon Kwacha (Zubi na 2012)
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2012, Bankin Zambia ya ba da shawarar wasu matakai game da sake fasalin kwacha na Zambia. Irin wadannan shawarwarin da farko gwamnati ta amince da su, kasancewar daya daga cikin matakan da ake bukata don magance tsadar kayayyaki da ke da nasaba da ci gaba da rage darajar kudin kasar, sakamakon faduwar darajar da ake yi a tsawon lokaci, sakamakon hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da aka shafe shekaru da dama ana yi a kai tsaye da ke nuna tattalin arzikin kasa . a karshen shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, da farkon shekarun karni na 21st. An gabatar da shawarwarin ga majalisar a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2012. Daga baya, an kafa Dokar Sake Mallake Kuɗi (Dokar 8 na 2012) a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2012.
An raba tsohuwar sashin kuɗin da 1000, don haka, ya cire sifili uku daga K50,000, K20,000, K10,000, K5,000, da K1,000. Hakanan an raba ƙananan ƙungiyoyin K500, K100, da K50 zuwa 1000 kuma an canza su zuwa 1 Kwacha, 50, 10, da 5 Ngwee tsabar kudi. A daya hannun kuma, an cire takardar kudin K20 da ta kasance a yanzu daga yawo saboda karancin ikon saye.
Bankin Zambia ya sanar da ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2013, a matsayin ranar canji. A wannan rana, sabon kudin da aka sake fasalin ya zama tsarin doka na Zambia. An ba da izini ga tsofaffi da sababbin kuɗaɗe don yaɗa kafaɗa da juna na tsawon watanni shida, har zuwa Yuni 30, 2013. A wannan lokacin, tsohon kudin yana nuna 'K', yayin da sabon ya ke nuna 'KR'. Bayan watanni shida, alamar 'KR' ta ragu, kuma an kira sabon kudin ta alamar 'K'.
Ya zuwa ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2013, Bankin Zambia ya yi nasarar janye kashi 3.7 Tiriliyan Kwacha a cikin tsofaffin takardun banki, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 95.3% na kudaden da ake yawo. Duk da cewa tsohon kudin ya daina zama doka bayan kwanaki hudu, Mataimakin Gwamnan Bankin Zambia, ya sanar da cewa mazaunan da har yanzu suke rike da tsohon kudin, musamman wadanda ke zaune a yankunan karkara, za su iya canza tsohon kudin zuwa ga sabo ta hanyar bankunan kasuwanci, da sauran wakilai da aka keɓe.
Zane
Yayin da yake kasancewa kasa ta farko a Afirka da ta fara gabatar da takardun kudi na polymer a shekara ta 2003, sabbin takardun kudi duk ana buga su ne a kan takarda, tare da ingantaccen tsarin tsaro. Sabbin takardun banki guda shida da aka fitar suna raba fasali gama-gari akan duka biyun na baya da baya, tare da ƴan fasaloli daban-daban, waɗanda suka keɓanta ga kowane takardar kuɗi. Duk takardun banki suna da tsayi iri ɗaya na 70 mm, 2 Kwacha, da 5 Kwacha banknotes ne 170 mm fadi, yayin da sauran takardun kudi ne 145 mm fadi. Duk sabbin takardun kudi an buga su ne daga kamfanin buga littattafai na Jamus G&D, ban da fitowar 2015 na takardar kudi ta Kwacha 100, wanda gidan sarauta na Dutch Joh ya buga. Enschedé .
Batun sabon kudin yana da siffofi guda huɗu na gama-gari, waɗanda aka samo a gefen duk takardun banki guda shida, da kuma siffa ɗaya ta musamman ga kowane ɗayansu. Siffofin gama gari su ne: Mikiya na Afirka wadda ta yi la'akari da, da nisa, ainihin abin da aka fi sani da duk takardun banki na Zambia, tare da rigar makamai, sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin Zambiya da wajibcin biyan jimlar da aka nuna akan takardar kuɗin., da ƙimar fuskar ƙayyadaddun takardar banki. Kowace takardar kuɗi tana ɗauke da bishiyar asali ta musamman daga yawancin dazuzzukan da suka mamaye ƙasar.
Furkar baya
A baya ya ƙunshi mutum-mutumin 'Yanci a Lusaka, mai ba da ikon bayar da shawarwarin doka a Zambia, Bankin Zambiya, a tsakiya a saman, darajar fuskar banki a cikin kalmomi a cikin kusurwar hagu na ƙasa, kuma a adadi a cikin sauran ukun. sasanninta. Har ila yau, akwai wani hoto na musamman na namun daji a Zambiya, tare da wani jigon aiki a kan kowane juyi na takardun banki guda shida.
Siffofin tsaro
An yi amfani da fasalolin tsaro da yawa don guje wa jabun takardun banki . Matakan hana jabu da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da holograms, takardun kuɗi masu launi da yawa, na'urorin da aka haɗa kamar su tube, microprinting, alamomin ruwa da nau'ikan tawada masu canzawa daban-daban, da kuma amfani da fasalulluka na ƙira waɗanda ke hana jabu ta hanyar hoto ko dubawa.
Bayanan banki na tunawa
Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 1964 zuwa rabi na biyu na shekarar 2016, bankin na Zambia ya fitar da takardun kudi guda biyu na tunawa. Takardar tunawa ta farko ita ce takardar kudi ta Daya Kwacha da aka fitar a shekarar 1973, inda aka yi bikin tunawa da haihuwar jamhuriya ta biyu, lamarin da ya faru ne lokacin da gwamnatin Kenneth Kaunda ke jagoranta, ta yanke shawarar kafa kasa mai jam’iyya daya tak a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1972. daga Janairu 1, 1973. Baya ga takardar da aka fitar, an kuma ba da takardar shaidar ajiyar kuɗi don murnar wannan rana.
A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2014, kwana daya kafin bikin ranar samun 'yancin kai, Bankin Zambia ya bayyana takardar ajiyar banki na biyu na tunawa da shi. An fitar da takardar kudi ta Kwacha hamsin domin tunawa da cika shekaru 50 da samun ‘yancin kai. Sabanin takardun ajiyar banki da tsabar kudi da aka yi a baya na Zambia, sabuwar takardar ajiyar banki ita ce ta farko da aka amince da ita a matsayin takardar kudi ta doka a kasar, mai dauke da siffofi iri daya na takardun kudi hamsin na Kwacha.
Darajar musayar kudi
Tun daga 14 ga Maris, 2023 1 US $ yana siyan kwacha 20.3.
Darajar Musanya Tarihi
* Matsakaicin Gudu kamar na 13 Janairu 2023
Duba kuma
Kwacha
Malawi kwacha
Tattalin arzikin Zambia
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Zambia Tsabar kudi Catalog
Katalojin kan layi da cikakkun bayanai kan batutuwan kuɗin takarda na Zambia tun 1963 daga colnect.com
Kataloji na kan layi da cikakkun bayanai kan tsabar kudin Zambia tun 1964 daga colnect.com
Bayanan banki na Zambia
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30068 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley%20Lokko | Lesley Lokko | Lesley Naa Norle Lokko yar asalin kasar Ghana ce, kuma mai fasaha, kuma marubuciya. Daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 ta kasance farfesa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Bernard da Anne Spitzer School of Architecture City College na New York, ban da matsayin koyarwa da kuma ayyuka daban-daban a Johannesburg, London, Accra da Edinburgh.
A shekarar 2015, Lokko ta kafa makarantar sakandare ta Graduate (GSA) a Jami'ar Johannesburg - makarantar farko da ta Afirka ce kawai da aka sadaukar domin karatun digiri na biyu. Ta koma Accra, Ghana a shekarar 2021, sannan ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Afirka, makarantar gaba da digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine da kuma dandalin taron jama'a.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Lesley Lokko an haife ta a Dundee, 'yar wani likitan ƙasar Ghana kuma mahaifiyar Scottish, kuma ta girma a Ghana da Scotland. Lokacin da ta kai shekara 17, ta shiga makarantar kwana ta sirri a Ingila. Ta fara karatun Ibrananci da Larabci a Jami'ar Oxford, amma ta bar shirin don zuwa Amurka. Ta yi karatun digiri a Bartlett School of Architecture, Kwalejin Kwaleji ta London, tare da BSc (Arch) a 1992, da kuma MArch a 1995, kuma ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar London a 2007.
Aiki
Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Lokko sun ƙunshi jigogi game da asalin al'adu da launin fata. Tana yin laccoci a kai a kai a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta koyar a Burtaniya da Amurka. Tana kuma yin rubutu akai-akai don The Architectural Review. Ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga New Daughters of Africa ta 2019 (Margaret Busby ta shirya). A shekara ta 2004, ta buga sabon littafinta, Sundowners, mai gabatar da shirye-shirye 40 na Guardian, tare da wasu litattafai goma sha daya. A cikin 2020, ta tashi daga Orion zuwa PanMacmillan tare da sabon labari Soul Sisters.
Lokko ta koyar da gine-gine a duk faɗin duniya. Kafin ta fice daga Amurka, ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa daga 1997 zuwa 1998 sannan kuma a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago daga 1998 zuwa 2000. A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Martin Luther King Farfesa na Farfesa a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Michigan. Daga nan sai ta koma Burtaniya kusan shekaru goma, tana koyar da gine-gine a Jami'ar Kingston, Jami'ar Arewacin London da kuma, a karshe, Jami'ar Westminster, inda ta kafa tsarin Master of Arts na yanzu a hanyar Architecture, Asalin Al'adu da Duniya baki daya. (MACIG).
An nada Lokko ta farko da ta ziyarci Malami a Afirka a Jami'ar Cape Town bayan ta dawo Afirka ta Kudu. Gaji da "hannun-Turai", Lokko, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Johannesburg, sun kafa Makarantar Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) a cikin 2014/2015 kuma ya zama darektan Makaranta. GSA, wacce aka tsara bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Harvard da Associationungiyar Architectural na London, ita ce kaɗai makarantar da ke cikin nahiyar da ta himmatu ga koyar da karatun digiri na biyu kuma na farko da ke ba da hanyar koyar da Unit System.
A shekarar 2015, Lokko ta zama shugabar sabuwar makarantar sakandare da kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Johannesburg. Ta kafa GSA ne a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta shaida zanga-zangar ɗaliban ɗalibai, tare da tayar da hankali game da asalin ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin mallaka.
A watan Yuni 2019 an nada ta a matsayin shugaban makarantar Bernard da Anne Spitzer School of Architecture a Kwalejin City na New York, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayi har zuwa 2020. A halin yanzu ita ce ta kafa kuma darekta na Cibiyar Futures ta Afirka a Accra, Ghana.
A cikin 2021, an nada ta a matsayin mai kula da 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture, wanda aka saita don buɗewa a cikin 2023.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
2021 Ada Louise Huxtable Prize don Gudunmawa ga Gine-gine
2020 RIBA Annie Spink Award
Zaɓaɓɓen ayyukan da aka buga
2000: White Papers, Black Marks: Race, Culture, Architecture
2004: Sundowners
2005: Saffron Skies
2008: Bitter Chocolate
2009: Rich Girl, Poor Girl
2010: One Secret Summer
2011: A Private Affair
2012: An Absolute Deception
2014: Little White Lies
2016: The Last Debutante
2021: Soul Sisters
A matsayin edita
2000: White Papers, Black Marks: Architecture, Race, Culture
2017: FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture
2020: FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture Vol 2
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya%2C%20Libya | Zawiya, Libya | Zawiya /z ɑː w Na ə /, hukumance Zawia ( , fassarar: Az Zāwiyaẗ, Italian ko Zavia, bambance-bambancen karatu: Az Zawiyah Al Gharbiyah, Ḩārat az Zāwiyah, Al Ḩārah, El-Hára da Haraf Az Zāwīyah ), birni ne, da ke a yankin arewa maso yammacin Libya, yana kan iyakar Libya ta Tekun Bahar Rum game da yamma da Tripoli, a cikin yankin tarihi na Tripolitania . Zawiya babban birni ne na Gundumar Zawiya.
Bayani
A ƙididdigar Libiya na 1973 da 1984, garin ya ƙidaya kusan mazauna 91,603; a wancan lokacin ne - kuma mai yuwuwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a yau - birni na biyar mafi girma-birni a cikin Libya ta yawan jama'a (bayan Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata da Bayda ). A cikin 2011, an kiyasta Zawiya tana da mutane kusan 200,000, mafi yawansu suna cikin birni. Zawiya tana da jami'a mai suna Jami'ar Al Zawiya, wacce aka kafa a 1988. Hakanan akwai filin mai kusa da garin kuma Zawiya tana da ɗayan mahimman matatun mai biyu a Libya. Zawiya ta kasance wurin da aka gwabza kazamin fada a yakin basasar Libya na farko, saboda tana sarrafa muhimmiyar hanya tsakanin babban birnin kasar Tripoli da iyakar Tunisia.
Yanayi
Zawiya tana da yanayi mai tsananin zafi ( Köppen rarraba yanayi BSh ).
Yakin basasar Libya
A lokacin yakin basasar Libya na farko, an gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin ‘ yan adawar Libya da gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a ciki da kewayen birnin. A cikin kiran wayar musamman da aka yi wa mazauna garin, Gaddafi ya ce masu zanga-zangar matasa ne da aka ruda su cikin "lalata da zagon kasa" da kwayoyi da barasa. A ranar 8 ga Maris din 2011 aka ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Gaddafi sun 'farfasa garin', bayan sun yi amfani da karfin iska, da tankoki 50, don rusa garin. A cewar wani mashaidi, "birni ya zama kango ... duk wanda yake kan titi ana harbinsa da gani." A wani rahoton kuma, rikici ya fara kamari a safiyar 6 ga Maris, 2011 kuma ya tsananta a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa - "An harbe yara yayin da suke zaune a gaban gidajensu, an yi wa asibiti assha. Ban san inda masu rauni za su je ba. ”
A ranar 10 ga Maris, sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sun sake kwace birnin.
A ranar 18 ga Maris, an ba da rahoton cewa zanga-zangar ta sake bayyana a cikin birnin. A farkon watan Afrilu na 2011, tashin hankalin da aka dakatar da tashin hankali, garin "ya koma karkashin babban yatsan Gaddafi bayan ya yi yunƙurin tashi a bayan gidansa." Babban masallacin da ya kalli filin da aka yi shahada inda aka yi wa wadanda suka ji rauni da mutuwa a lokacin da tankokin Gaddafi da maharba suka shiga, "an ruguje shi baki daya, ba wata alama da ta rage." Dubban ‘yan Zawiyan sun tafi da su domin yi musu tambayoyi a‘ yan makonnin da suka gabata, a cewar majiyar ‘yan tawayen. Rahotannin da ba a tabbatar da su ba sun bayyana cewa kimanin mayaka 10 masu adawa da Gaddafi an binne su a tsakiyar garin. Bayan yakin, ba a ga wata alama ta kaburburan ko gawawwakin ba.
Tun bayan da sojojin Ghaddafi suka karbe iko da Zawiya 'yan juyin juya halin suke ta amfani da matakan daba a kan sojojin Gaddafi. A lokuta daban-daban 'yan tawaye sun yi wa mutanen Gaddafi kwanton bauna amma dole su yi amfani da murfin dare don hana ganowa.
A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin da ya gabata, kusan 'yan tawaye dari suka kutsa cikin garin suka yi ikirarin cewa sun ci nasara da iko da wasu sassan, lamarin da ke nuna fadace-fadace na farko tsakanin masu biyayya da' yan adawa tun bayan da sojojin Gaddafi suka sake kwato su a watan Maris. Sakamakon artabun da ake yi, sojojin masu biyayya sun rufe wata babbar hanyar da ta ratsa garin, babbar hanya ce ta kokarin yakin Gaddafi. Washegari, sojojin briganda suka fatattaki 'yan tawaye daga garin kuma aka sake bude hanyar zuwa garin. Ya zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, ‘yan tawaye sun fara kai hare-hare zuwa Zawiya, kuma ana zargin masu neman sauyi a cikin garin sun ce za su tashi tsaye wajen goyon bayan‘ yan tawayen lokacin da suka isa garin.
A farkon watan Agusta, sojojin da ke adawa da Gaddafi sun fara kai farmaki a filayen da ke kewaye da Zawiya har zuwa wajen garin amma ba su rike mukamai. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, yayin rahotanni masu karo da juna game da sakamakon yakin na baya-bayan nan, Al Jazeera Larabci ya ba da sanarwar cewa sojojin Gaddafi sun yi watsi da Zawiya, kuma sojojin da ke adawa da Gaddafi sun koma ciki a ranar.
Wasanni
Filin wasa mai amfani da yawa, Filin wasa na Zawiya, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don ƙwallon ƙafa, yana cikin birni.
Duba kuma
Jerin birane a Libya
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataucin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Nijar | Fataucin Ɗan Adam a Nijar | Nijar kasa ce, hanyar wucewa da kuma zuwa ga yara da mata da ake fataucin mutane, musamman aikin tilastawa da karuwanci . Ayyukan bautar ƙabila, waɗanda suka samo asali daga dangantakar ubangida da bawa, suna ci gaba ne da farko a yankin arewacin ƙasar. Ana fataucin yara a Nijar saboda barace-barace da malaman addini da aka fi sani da marabout ; aikin tilastawa a ma'adinan zinari, noma, da ma'adanin duwatsu; haka kuma ga bautar gida ba tare da son rai ba da karuwanci . Hukumar ta ILO ta yi kiyasin aƙalla yara guda 10,000 ne ke aikin hakar zinare a Nijar, wadanda yawancinsu ana iya tilasta musu yin aiki. Haka kuma ana lalata da yaran Nijar musamman mata a kan iyakokin Najeriya musamman a garuruwan Birni N'Konni da Zinder da ke kan babbar hanyar, sannan ana safarar yara maza zuwa Najeriya da Mali domin yin barace- barace da aikin hannu . Akwai rahotanni cewa 'yan matan Nijar sun shiga " auren karya " da 'yan Najeriya, Saudiyya, da Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa: idan suka isa waɗannan ƙasashen, ana tilasta wa 'yan matan yin aikin gida ba tare da son rai ba. Auren yara ya kasance matsala, musamman a yankunan karkara, kuma yana iya haifar da yanayin fataucin mutane. Nijar ƙasa ce da mata da yara kanana daga Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Mali, Najeriya, da Togo ke tafiya zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Turai; wasu za a iya yi musu aikin tilas a Nijar a matsayin masu yi wa gida hidima, masu aikin tilas a ma’adinai da gonaki, da kanikanci da walda. A takaice dai, a wasu lokuta ana safarar mata da yara ‘yan Nijar daga Nijar zuwa Arewacin Afirka (ko da “kalilan ne ke da hannu wajen safarar mutane ta cikin sahara, ) Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Turai don bautar cikin gida ba tare da son rai ba da kasuwanci na tilastawa. cin zarafin jima'i ."
Gwamnatin Nijar ba ta cika cika ƙa'idojin kawar da fataucin mutane ba; duk da haka, tana kokarin yin hakan sosai. Duk da wannan yunƙuri da suka haɗa da hukuncin biyu na laifukan bautar gargajiya, gwamnatin Nijar ta gaza wajen aiwatar da hukunce-hukunce da kuma ba da taimako ga waɗanda aka zalunta, musamman ga waɗanda aka yi wa bautar gargajiya a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.
Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Sa ido da Yaki da fataucin mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin "Lissafin Kulawa na Tier 2" a cikin shekara ta 2017.
Laifi
Gwamnatin Nijar ta nuna ingantattu amma iyakacin kokarin tabbatar da doka don magance fataucin yara da bautar gargajiya. Nijar ta haramta bauta ta hanyar 2003 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ga sashi na 270 na kundin hukunta laifukan ta, sannan ta haramta aikin tilastawa da tilastawa ta hanyar sashe na 4 na dokokin aiki. Mataki na ashirin da 292 da na 293 na Penal Code sun haramta siyan yaro don yin karuwanci, sannan Mataki na 181 ya haramta karfafa wa yara bara ko cin riba daga bara. Sai dai Nijar ba ta hana wasu nau'ikan fataucin ba, kamar karuwanci da manya. Hukuncin da aka ƙayyade na zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 zuwa 30 saboda laifukan bautar ya yi tsauri sosai. Hukuncin da aka tsara na aikin tilastawa, tarar da ke tsakanin $48 zuwa dala 598 da kuma daga kwanaki shida zuwa zaman gidan yari na wata guda, ba haka ba ne. Rashin fayyace dokar hana fataucin mutane ya kawo cikas ga kokarin tabbatar da doka: daftarin dokar da ta haramta fataucin mutane da aka rubuta a shekara ta 2007 ya kasance a jira.
A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, hukumomin tsaro sun kama wasu mutane da ake zargi da safarar yara: an saki wasu mutane biyu da ake zargi ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, wasu kuma ana tuhumar su da laifin sace ƙananan yara. A wani yanayi, ‘yan sanda da masu gabatar da kara sun ceto yara 78 da aka yi safarar su, amma ba su kama su ba, saboda iyalansu ne suka aike yaran domin neman aiki. An saki Marabout da aka kama da laifin cin zarafin yara don dalilai na tattalin arziki bayan an tsare su kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kotu . An saki wasu mutane biyu da ake zargi da laifin safarar mutane da laifin daukar 'yan mata shida da maza biyu aikin karuwanci a Najeriya bayan shafe watanni biyu a gidan yari; Babu tabbas ko wannan ɗaurin kurkuku ne bayan yanke hukunci ko kuma tsare shi ne kafin a yi shari'a. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2009, Kotun N'Guigmi ta yanke wa wani mutum hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ban da tarar $20,000 na diyya ga wanda aka azabtar da kuma $2,000 ga gwamnati da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai yaki da bauta. An samu wanda ake tuhuma da laifin rike wanda aka azabtar a matsayin bawa a kauyensu: a ƙarshen shekarar, wanda ake kara bai daukaka ƙara a kan hukuncin ba kuma bai biya adadin da kotu ta bayar ba.
An sami ƙarin ci gaba a shari'ar bautar Hadidjtou Mani Koraou vs. Souleymane Naroua. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2008, Kotun ECOWAS ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnatin Nijar ta gaza kare wanda aka azabtar, wanda tsohon bawa ne, tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyyar dala 20,000. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, wata kotu a Nijar ta yanke wa wanda ake tuhuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari, kuma ta umarce shi da ya biya diyyar dala 2,000 ga matar da ya bautar da kuma $1,000 ga gwamnatin Nijar. Wanda ake tuhumar ya yi korafin cewa hukuncin ya wuce kima, ya kuma shigar da kara a gaban kotun ɗaukaka kara ta Yamai: a wannan rana, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil’adama ta ɗaukaka ƙara a gaban kotun guda, tana mai da’awar hukuncin da aka yanke wa wanda ya aikata laifin fataucin bai yi tsauri ba. Ba a sanya ranar da za a sauraren karar ba, kuma ba a san matsayin wasu mata bakwai ba - wadanda aka ce sun kasance bayi a hannun wanda ya aikata laifin safarar bayan wanda aka yi zargin ya tsere. Har ila yau, ba a san inda ’ya’yan mamacin biyu suke ba, wadanda su ma wadanda suka aikata laifin fataucin bayi ne. Ba a sami rahoton ci gaba ba a cikin shari'ar bautar shekara ta 2006 Midi Ajinalher vs. Hamad Alamin.
Hukumomin Nijar sun haɗa kai da jami'an Mali, Togo, da Najeriya wajen gudanar da bincike kan safarar mutane, tare da miƙa wani da ake zargi da safarar mutane zuwa hannun Interpol . Wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta horar da jami’an tsaro 30 wajen ganowa da kuma taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa. Babu wata shaida da jami'an Nijar ke da hannu wajen aikata laifukan safarar mutane.
Kariya
Gwamnatin Nijar ta nuna iyakacin ƙoƙarinta na ba da kulawa ga waɗanda ake fataucin yara da wadanda ayyukan bautar da aka saba yi. Hukumomin ƙasar sun gano waɗanda ake fataucin yara tare da hadin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin kasa da ƙasa, amma ba su bayar da rahoton ƙoƙarin gano waɗanda bala'in bautar da aka saba yi ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta ci gaba da gudanar da wani shiri na maraba da samar da matsuguni na wucin gadi - na kusan mako guda - ga 'yan Nijar da aka dawo da su gida, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu na iya yin safarar waɗanda abin ya shafa. A yayin da jami’an ma’aikatar suka yi hira da waɗannan ‘yan ƙasar don taimaka musu wajen dawo da su, ba su yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗanda aka yi fataucin ba a cikinsu. Saboda karancin kayan aiki gwamnati ba ta gudanar da nata matsugunin waɗanda aka kashe ba, sai dai ta mika wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu taimako. Yayin da gwamnati ba ta da wani tsari na tantancewa da kuma mika mutanen da aka yi fataucin, hukumomi sun mika wadanda abin ya shafa fataucin ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don kulawa ba tare da izini ba. A Agadez, hukumomin yankin sun hada gwiwa da UNICEF da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don ceto da kuma taimakawa yara 78 da aka yi amfani da su. Tare da haɗin gwiwar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a Makalondi da Yamai da kuma ƙungiyoyin kasa da kasa, hukumomi sun ceto, sun gyara, tare da mayar wa iyalansu ƙananan yara 141 da aka yi amfani da su. A cikin wadannan yara 219 da wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu biyu suka taimaka a shekara ta 2009, 138 ‘yan Nijar ne, sauran yaran 77 kuma sun fito ne daga kasashe makwabta. A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun bayar da rahoton taimakawa yara 81 da aka yi safarar su.
A cikin wannan shekarar, jami'an gwamnati sun ba da rahoton cewa, ba a yi wani kokari na taimakawa mutanen da aka yi wa bautar gargajiya ba, idan aka kwatanta da bayar da taimako ga irin wadannan mutane guda 40 da aka kashe a lokacin rahoton baya. Gwamnati ta samar da wasu kayan kiwon lafiya ga wadanda aka yi safarar yara tare da taimaka musu wajen mayar da su garuruwansu. Hukumomi sun ƙarfafa waɗanda abin ya shafa da fataucin su shiga bincike da gabatar da kara, kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa wajen shigar da ƙara da neman matakin shari'a . Gwamnati dai ba ta samar da wasu hanyoyin da doka za ta bi wajen fitar da ‘yan ƙasashen waje wadanda aka kashe zuwa ƙasashen da suke fuskantar kunci ko ladabtarwa ba . Ba a tsare mutanen da aka gano ba ta hanyar da ta dace ba ko kuma tarar da aka yi musu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sakamakon fataucinsu kai tsaye.
Rigakafi
Gwamnatin Nijar ta yi iyakacin kokarinta na hana fataucin mutane ta hanyar yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin kananan yara a lokacin rahoton. Gwamnati ta kulla kawance da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, kuma jami'ai sun halarci taron karawa juna sani da horo da wadannan ƙungiyoyi suka shirya. A lokacin rahoton, hukumomi sun tallafa wa gungun ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi wajen shirya taro kan fataucin mutane da cin zarafi. Hukumar yaki da fataucin mutane da dama da hukumar yaki da ayyukan tilastawa da wariya sun kasance a kan takarda, amma ba su yi cikakken aiki ba. A cikin shekara ta 2008, gwamnati ta yi haɗin gwiwa da UNICEF don kafa kwamitocin yanki don hana fataucin yara, koda yake ba a fayyace sakamakon da ayyukan waɗannan kwamitocin ba. Wani daftarin yarjejeniyar yaki da fataucin mutane a shekara ta 2006 tsakanin Nijar da Najeriya ya kasance ba a sanya hannu ba. Gwamnatin Nijar ba ta ɗauki matakan rage buƙatar yin lalata da kasuwanci a cikin wannan shekarar ba. Hukumomin ƙasar ba su bayar da rahoton baiwa sojojin Nijar din da aka tura kasashen waje a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa horon wayar da kan jama'a kan safarar mutane ba kafin a tura su.
Duba kuma
Hakkin dan Adam a Nijar
Bauta a Nijar
Manazarta
Fataucin Mutane
Fataucin Yara
Fataucin Mata
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata |
48393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%27antar%20man%20fetur%20da%20ma%27adinai%20ta%20Nijar | Masana'antar man fetur da ma'adinai ta Nijar | Masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai muhimmin yanki ne na Tattalin Arziƙin Nijar . Fitar da ma'adanai akai-akai yana kuma da kashi 40% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa.
Kayayyakin ma'adinai da ake nomawa a Nijar sun haɗa da siminti, kwal, gwal, gypsum, farar ƙasa, gishiri, azurfa, da tin, da uranium . A shekarar 2006, Nijar ta kasance ƙasa ta huɗu a duniya wajen samar da uranium. A cikin watan Agustan 2006 an yi amfani da sabuwar lambar ma'adinan ma'adinai da kuma tsohon ofishin binciken ma'adinai na ƙasa (ONAREM), wanda alhakinsa ya haɗa da shirya shirye-shiryen binciken haƙar ma'adinai, an maye gurbinsu da sabbin ƙungiyoyi biyu da aka kafa: Cibiyar Binciken ƙasa da Ma'adinai da Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Nijar (SOPaMin). ) . SOPaMin ita ce ta rike hannun jarin jihar a cikin kamfanonin uranium da ake da su kuma ita ce ke kula da harkokin kasuwanci, kamar siyar da uranium. Tun lokacin da aka amince da sabuwar dokar hakar ma'adinai, gwamnati ta ba da adadi mai yawa na sabbin izinin binciken ma'adinai. Nijar ta shiga cikin shirin bayyana gaskiya na masana'antu ( EITI ) a shekarar 2005, kuma, a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin EITI, a karshen shekarar 2006, an nada kwamitin tuntuba na kasa, wanda ya hada da wakilan jama'a. Rahoton bincike na farko wanda ya daidaita kudaden shiga da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suka biya tare da rasit na gwamnati an shirya bayar da shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2007.
Ma'adanai a cikin Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa
Ɓangaren ma'adinai na Nijar ya kai kusan kashi 3% na GDP da kuma kashi 40% na kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. A cewar Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), sabon sha'awar samar da makamashin nukiliya ya haifar da karuwar bukatar uranium, da karfafa fadada zuba jari a ma'adinan uranium da ake da su, da kuma inganta bincike. Saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a fannin ta shahararren kamfanin Faransa AREVA daga shekarar 2008 zuwa ta 2012 an yi hasashen zai kai dala biliyan 1.4, wanda zai ninka karfin samar da uranium na kasar.
Uranium
Tun daga shekarun 1950, Nijar an san cewa tana da manyan ma'adinan Uranium a cikin hamada da ke arewacin yankin Agadez, wanda ke da nisan arewa maso gabashin Niamey.
A cikin shekarar 1971, an buɗe ma'adinan farko a wajen Arlit kuma SOMAIR, wani kamfani na ƙasa da Areva da gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin masu hannun jari. SOMAIR mallakin Areva ne da kashi 63.4% sai kuma gwamnatin Nijar da kashi 36.6% kuma tana da ma’aikata kusan 600.</br> A cikin shekarar 1978, aikin hakar uranium na biyu ya fara aiki a Akokan kusa da Arlit kuma kamfanin COMINAK ne ke gudanar da shi, kamar SOMAIR tare da Areva da gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin masu hannun jari. COMINAK mallakin Areva NC ne da kashi 34%, gwamnatin Nijar na da kashi 31%, Kamfanin Haɓaka albarkatun uranium na Japan mai kashi 25%, da Enusa industrias avanzadas, Sa ta Spain mai kashi 10% kuma tana da ma'aikata kusan 1,100. Ma'adinan karkashin kasa na Akokan shi ne mafi girman ma'adinin uranium a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a duniya. Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziki a ƙasar, yayin da kasafin kuɗin Nijar ya bunkasa a shekarun 1970 saboda farashin Uranium da aka samu. Uranium da aka ciro daga SOMAIR da COMINAK da farko kamfanoni na Faransa ne suka siyar da su gabaɗaya, inda daga baya aka sake sabunta kwangilolin don baiwa Nijar gabaɗayan biyan kuɗin kwangila, hayar da ma’adanin da za ta iya siyarwa a kasuwannin duniya.
Baya ga ma'adinan SOMAIR da COMINAK, ma'adinan Azelik da ke da na Arlit an buɗe shi a cikin 2011 kuma SOMINA yana sarrafa shi. Masu ruwa da tsaki a SOMINA sun hada da: Kamfanin Nukiliya na kasar Sin ya samu kashi 37.2%, gwamnatin Nijar ta hannun kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na kasa (SOPAMIN) da kashi 33%, ZXJOY dan kasar Sin mai kashi 24.8% da kuma KORES na kasar Koriya da kashi 5%.Samar da uranium ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya wuce daga tan 2993 a shekarar 2008 zuwa tan 4821 a shekarar 2012. Ana hako ma'adinin Uranium a yankin Arlit ( Yankin Agadez ) a matsayin Triuranium octoxide. a'adinan SOMAIR yana da ajiyar uranium na tan 14,000 (tare da U3O8 @ 0.3%) kamar na shekarar 2011 kuma yana iya samar da tan 2,700 a kowace shekara. Yarjejeniyar COMINAK ta kai ton 29,000 (U3O8 @ 0.4%) kuma tana da ƙarfin samarwa na ton 1,500 a kowace shekara. Ma'adinan Azelik da SOMINA ke sarrafawa yana samar da adadin ton 700 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2011, kuma ana sa ran zai karu zuwa tan 2500 a kowace shekara nan da 2015.
Ma'adinin Imouraren, wanda ake ginawa a halin yanzu, ana sa ran zai sami mafi girma a ajiyar uranium a Nijar (tan 120,000) duk da cewa yana da ƙarancin ma'aunin uranium (U3O8 @ 0.15%). Mahakar ma'adinan Imouraren, mai tazarar kudu da Arlit, an ba shi a watan Yuli 2006 ga Areva don wani ma'adinai da aka gano a 1969. An yi aiki da mutane ɗari a wurin a cikin 2006 kuma fiye da na aikin hakowa na ci gaba a wurin cikin tsawon shekara guda kuma an tura sama da ton 2 na ma'adinai don gwaji zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Areva Duk da haka an yanke shawarar a cikin 2014 ta Areva da kamfanin. Gwamnatin Nijar biyo bayan wata sabuwar tattaunawa ta kwantiragin da shirin kaddamar da ma'adinan zai jinkirta har sai an samu kyakkyawan yanayin kasuwa.
Kwal
Tarihin binciken kwal da haƙar ma'adinan ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1968 lokacin da aka gano ma'adanar kwal a Anou Araren ta wata tawagar bincike ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar Nukiliya ta Faransa Commissariat à l'énergie atomique. Wannan gano da kuma kamanceceniya da aka gano tare da yin amfani da ma'adinan Uranium a wannan yanki na Nijar ya haifar da samar da SONICHAR a shekarar 1975. Manufar ita ce ta hakar gawayin da za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ga ayyukan haƙar uranium a Arlit. A cikin shekarar 1980, an fara aikin hakar kwal a Anou Araren kuma bayan shekara guda, tashar wutar lantarki ta fara aiki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ayyukan hakar kwal sun tsaya cak. A shekara ta 2008, ana adana kwal. A cikin shekarar 2014, an fara ginin ma'adinan kwal na biyu a Salkadamna a Takanamatt, Yankin Tahoua . Kwal da aka hako daga ma'adinan za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 600 da kuma na'urar briquette na kwal daura da ma'adinan.
Zinariya
An dade da sanin tarin zinare da ake amfani da su a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar da kuma a yankin Agadez da ke arewacin kasar. An riga an gudanar da aikin hakar zinare na fasaha tsakanin kogin Niger da kan iyaka da Burkina Faso
A cikin 2004, Samira Hill Gold Mine, wanda kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Liptako ke sarrafa, ya fara samarwa. Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Liptako mallakin wasu kamfanoni biyu na kasar Canada kashi 40% kowanne da gwamnatin Nijar da kashi 20%. Yawan zinare a shekarar 2011 shine 1,564 kg daga wannan ma'adanin kuma ya ragu a hankali tun 2008. A cikin 2014, an gano ma'adinan zinare guda biyu a yankin Agadez na Djado da Dutsen Ibl, 700 da 360. kilomita daga birnin Agadez, bi da bi. An gano wurin a Djado a cikin watan Afrilun 2014 kuma ya haifar da tseren zinare wanda ya jawo hankalin mazauna Agadez da masu neman mafaka daga kasashe makwabta kamar Chadi, Sudan da Burkina Faso. An dakatar da ayyukan da ake yi a wurin na Djado na wani dan lokaci domin tsara ayyukan bincike da hako sana'o'i, don inganta ababen more rayuwa, musamman samar da ruwa da kuma inganta tsaro. An gano wurin kusa da Dutsen Ibl a watan Satumbar 2014. Ana buƙatar izinin bincike ga duk masu neman izini kafin shiga rukunin yanar gizon.
Siminti
Ana hakar siminti a Nijar tun shekarar 1964 lokacin da aka bude kamfanin siminti na Malbaza. Da yake cikin yankin Tahoua, masana'antar siminti ita ce kawai irin wannan aikin har zuwa 2014. A cikin 2011, an fara aikin faɗaɗa masana'antar siminti na Malbaza tare da tsammanin ƙara ƙarfin aikinta da ninki 13. A cikin 2014, an fara aiki don sabon masana'antar siminti a Keita a yankin Tahoua. Kamfanin siminti na Malbaza a halin yanzu yana samar da tan 40,000 a kowace shekara kuma, idan aka fadada shi, ana sa ran zai kai tan 540,000 a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran simintin Keita da ake ginawa zai samar da tan miliyan 1 a kowace shekara yayin farawa da tan miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara bayan haka.
Matsalolin aiki
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, 47.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 suna aiki yara kuma 4.3% daga cikinsu suna yin ayyuka masu haɗari a cikin sassan masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai don trona, gishiri, gypsum da zinariya. Jerin Kayayyakin da Ma’aikatar ta fitar a shekarar 2014 da ake samarwa da ‘ya’yan kwadago ko aikin tilastawa ta yi rahoton cewa har yanzu masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta Nijar na yin irin wannan aiki wajen samar da wadannan kayayyaki.
Nassoshi
Littafin shekara na nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Amurka, juzu'i iii, rahotannin yanki-na duniya- Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya ,.
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, 2007a, Bita na huɗu a ƙarƙashin tsari na shekaru uku a ƙarƙashin rage talauci da haɓaka haɓaka da buƙatu don yin watsi da ƙa'idodin aiki: Washington, dC, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Yuli, 45 p.
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, 2007b, Wasikar niyya, takardar manufofin tattalin arziki da kudi na gwamnatin Nijar na 2007, da yarjejeniyar fasaha ta 2007: Washington, dC, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, 21 p.
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, 2007c, Wasiƙar niyya, yarjejeniyar manufofin tattalin arziki da kuɗi, da yarjejeniyar fasaha: Washington, dC, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Mayu 16, 23 p.
Jaridar Ma'adinai, 2006, Sin a Nijar: Jaridar Ma'adinai, Yuli 21, p. 1.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin ƙasar Nijar a gidan yanar gizon EITI na duniya
Manazarta
Ma'adanai |
20594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba%20Gumel | Abba Gumel | Abba Gumel Babban Malami ne sannan Farfesa ne a Fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. Babban burin bincikensa shine ilimin lissafi, tsarin tsayayyar tsari da lissafi. Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa kamar su Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi Lissafi da Lissafi, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, Darakta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Masana'antu da Sakataren Kwalejin Aiwatar da Lissafi na Masana'antu.
Tarihin rayuwa
Gumel ya karɓi B.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. digirin sa daga Jami'ar Bayero (Kano, Nijeriya) da Jami'ar Brunel ta Landan (Ingila), bi da bi.
Ya kasance Cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashin Lissafi, Jami'ar Manitoba,ne kafin ya zama Furofesa. Farfesa ne na Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a shekara ta 2014. Yana amfani da ka’idojin lissafi da kuma ka’idoji don samun fahimta game da tsarin cancantar tsarin layin da ba na layi ba wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin ilimin lissafi na abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta da na injiniya, tare da girmamawa kan tasirin watsawa da kula da bullowar mutum da sake dawowa (da wata dabba) cututtukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewar tattalin arziki.
An zabi Gumel a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka a shekarar 2009. Sannan kuma an zabe shi a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010. Ya karɓi lambar girmamawa ta Dokta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta shekarar 2009 don kyakkyawar takarda da aka buga a cikin Kanar na Kanada na Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Magunguna .
Farfesa Gumel ya rubuta a kan 150 tsara-sake nazari da bincike wallafe, da yawa littafin surori da edited uku littattafai.
Littattafai
Abba B. Gumel. Lissafi na Cigaba da Hannun Dynamical Systems. Jerin Lissafi na Zamani, Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka. Umeara 618 (Shafuka 310), 2014.
Abba B. Gumel da Suzanne Lenhart (Eds. ). Abubuwan Nunawa da Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Cututtuka. Jerin DIMACS a cikin Lissafi na Lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Kwarewa. Mujalladi na 75. Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, 2010 (Shafuka 268).
Abba B. Gumel (Babban Edita), Carlos-Castillo-Chavez (ed. ), Ronald E. Mickens (ed.) Da Dominic Clemence (ed.) ). Nazarin ilimin lissafi a kan Cutar Humanan Adam Dynamics: Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Kalubale. Amfani da Lissafi na Matungiyar Lissafin Amurka na Zamani, Volume 410, 2006 (Shafuka 389).
Inganta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Nijeriya
A shekara ta 2014, Gumel ya zama daya daga cikin masana kimiya guda takwas mazauna Amurka wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da wasu jami’o’in Najeriya guda bakwai da nufin taimaka musu wajen bunkasa karfin fada aji a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da koyarwa. An nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami a Sashin Lissafi da Aiwatar da Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sannan aka sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2021.
Kyauta da yabo
Addamar da Fellowwararren ,asa, Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin ASU-Santa Fe don Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Rayuwa Rayuwa da Rayuwa.
An nada Babban Farfesa, Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu (2015-2021).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2011, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Mayu 2012). Ana ba da kyaututtuka takwas kowace shekara, a ƙarƙashin rukunin bincike, a ko'ina cikin harabar.
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2010, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2011).
Zaɓaɓɓen Fellowungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS): 2010.
Zaɓaɓɓen Fellowwararren Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka (FAAS): 2009.
An sami lambar yabo ta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta 2009 don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kanada ta Cutar Cututtuka da Magungunan Microbiology. Yuni 2009, Toronto, Kanada. (Kyautar, ana bayarwa kowace shekara, ga marubucin ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga cututtuka da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta tasirin tasirin bincikensu na asali da aka buga a mujallar).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2008, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2009).
Jami'ar Manitoba ta ba da kyauta don Kwarewa, Disamba 2008 (ana ba da kyauta ɗaya kowace shekara).
Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a 2007, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Yunin 2008).
Rh. Kyauta don gagarumar gudummawa ga karatun ilimi da bincike, 2004. Wannan ita ce babbar kyauta ta bincike da aka ba ƙaramin malami a Jami'ar Manitoba.
Matashin Matashin Lissafin Matasan Afirka (Ilimin Lissafi), wanda Matungiyar Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka ta ba shi (Taron Internationalasa na Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Aikin Gona, Abeokuta, Nijeriya, Nuwamba 2003). Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga masanin lissafi na Afirka, ƙasa da shekaru 40, don gudummawar bincike da ƙwarewa.
Takardar Kwarewar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Manitoba, 2003.
An jera a matsayin ɗayan manyan masana lissafi na 1990s a kan bayanan Masanan Lissafi na Diasporaasashen Afirka.
Gidan yanar gizon mutum
Bayani
Edit
Edit
"Abba Gumel". Arizona State University. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"Gumel, Abba". African Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"Fellows of the Academy". Nigerian Academy of Science. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
"The Dr Lindsay E Nicolle Award". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 20 (3): 92. Autumn 2009. doi:10.1155/2009/716034. PMC 2770300. PMID 20808468.
Fatunde, Tunde (July 17, 2014). "US diaspora scholars pledge help for home universities". University World News. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Kanada
Rayayyun mutane
Lissafi |
33260 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge-Junior%20Martinsson%20Ngouali | Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali | Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali (An haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1992), wanda aka fi sani da Junior, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Sarpsborg 08 ta Norway. Haife shi a Sweden, ya wakilci Gabon na kasa tawagar.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Martinsson Ngouali a Gothenburg, Sweden, ga mahaifin Afirka ta Tsakiya dan asalin Gabon. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Sweden ce kuma Serge-Junior ya girma a cikin birnin Gothenburg. Yana zaune a unguwar Hammarkullen, ya fara buga kwallon kafa a gunnilse IS da Västra Frölunda IF.
Tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa tagwaye Tom Martinsson Ngouali, kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, ya ƙaura zuwa Stockholm a cikin shekarar 2003. Yana kuma da shekaru 11, ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a IF Brommapojkarna.
Sana'a/Aiki
Brommapojkarna
A cikin shekarar 2010, ya fara halarta a karon a Brommapojkarna a Allsvenskan-babban matakin Sweden-yana da shekaru 18. Ya buga wasanni 12 a gasar yayin kakar wasansa na farko, yayin da Brommapojkarna ya koma Superettan.
Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai farawa na yau da kullun a tsakiyar tsakiyar tsakiya a Brommapojkarna a cikin 2012 da 2013, kawai ya ɓace wasu wasannin gasa. Ba da daɗewa ba Martinsson Ngouali ya shahara da kyautar fasaha da wasan wucewa mai ƙarfi.
Kafin farkon kakar 2014, ya jawo hankalin sha'awa daga lokacin mulkin Sweden zakarun Malmö FF. Martinsson Ngouali ya zabi ci gaba da zama a Brommapojkarna kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 28 a kungiyar a wannan shekarar, wanda ke nuna cikakken kakarsa ta farko a Allsvenskan.
Martinsson Ngouali shi ma ya buga wasanni biyu da kungiyar Torino ta Seria A yayin da Brommapojkarna ta yi waje da ita daga gasar 2014-15 UEFA Europa League zagaye na uku. A wasan farko da aka buga a gida, dan wasan baya Giuseppe Vives ya yi masa keta a cikin bugun fanareti wanda alkalin wasa ya ba shi jan kati. Dan wasan gaba Dardan Rexhepi duk da haka bai samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Brommapojkarna daga karshe ya yi rashin nasara da ci 0–7 a jumulla.
Brommapojkarna a ƙarshe ya ƙi kuma ya koma Superettan kafin a fara kakar wasa ta 2015, inda za su ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe. A cikin 2016, Martinsson Ngouali ya zira kwallaye 7-sabon aiki mafi kyau-yayin da Brommapojkarna ya lashe Division 1, matakin Sweden na uku.
Hammarby
2017
A ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2017, ya koma ga 'yan'uwan Stockholm na tushen tawagar Hammarby IF. Martinsson Ngouali ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da kulob din Allsvenskan. Ya koma tsohon kocinsa Stefan Billborn da tsohon abokin wasansa Pablo Piñones Arce a Hammarby, yanzu dukkansu suna aiki a matsayin mataimakan manajoji a kulob din.
Ya buga wasansa na farko ga kulob din a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, a ranar wasan farko na Allsvenskan 2017. Martinsson Ngouali ya samu jan kati ne a karshen rabin na biyu yayin da Hammarby ta doke IFK Norrköping da ci 1-2. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Hammarby a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu a fafatawar da suka yi da Östersund a waje, inda ya ci 2-1. Midway ta farkon kakarsa a Hammarby, Junior ya sami yabo da yawa daga darektan kwallon kafa na kulob din Jesper Jansson, wanda ya yaba shi a matsayin "dan wasa na gaske" tare da wasan karewa mai karfi da kuma babban ikon rufe manyan wurare a filin wasa. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, a wasan da suka doke Örebro SK da ci 3-0 a waje, Martinsson Ngouali ya jawo mummunan rauni a cinyarsa wanda ya hana shi buga wasa kusan watanni biyu. Ya koma filin wasa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–2 a waje da Kalmar FF.
2018
A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 2018, Junior ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na wani rabin shekara, tare da sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba har zuwa Yuni 2020. Ya buga wa Hammarby wasanni 26 na gasar, inda ya ci kwallo daya, yayin da kulob din ya kare a mataki na 4 a kan teburi. Ya sami mummunan rauni a cikin ligament a watan Oktoba, a cikin asarar 2-1 da Malmö FF, tare da tsammanin dawowa a lokacin rani na 2019. A karshen 2018, Martinsson Ngouali ya kasance gwarzon dan wasan shekara na Hammarby da magoya bayan kungiyar suka zaba sannan kuma ya fito a cikin kungiyar Allsvenskan na shekarar.
2019
Martinsson Ngouali ya shafe rabin farkon kakar wasa ta 2019 yana jinyar raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. Ya sake dawowa a ranar 15 ga Satumba a cikin nasarar gida da ci 6–2 da IFK Göteborg. A karshe ya buga wasanni 8, inda ya zura kwallo daya, yayin da Hammarby ya kare a mataki na 3 a teburin gasar.
2020
Ya fuskanci matsalolin shiga kungiyar a matsayin na yau da kullun a cikin 2020, yayin da kulob din ya ci nasara a matsayi na 8 a teburin. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, aka sanar da cewa Martinsson Ngouali zai bar kungiyar a karshen shekara, yayin da kwantiraginsa ya kare.
HNK Gorica
A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2021, Martinsson Ngouali ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da rabi tare da kulob din Prva HNL HNK Gorica, tare da Jiloan Hamad, tsohon abokin wasansa daga Hammarby.
Ayyukan kasa
Martinsson Ngouali ya lashe kofuna 12 a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 ta Sweden tsakanin 2009 da 2011. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2011, ya kuma yi bayyanar guda ɗaya ga ' yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 na Sweden a cikin asarar 1-3 da Italiya.
A lokacin rani na 2016, tawagar kwallon kafa ta Gabon ta tuntube shi lokacin da kocin José Antonio Camacho ya gayyace shi zuwa sansanin horo. Daga karshe dai an kira shi zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2017. Martinsson Ngouali ya fara buga wa Gabon wasa 1-1 da Burkina Faso a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2017 a gasar.
Girmamawa
Mutum
Hammarby IDAN Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 2018
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali at Brommapojkarna
Serge-Junior Martinsson Ngouali at SvFF (in Swedish) (archived)
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Awoniyi | Taiwo Awoniyi | Taiwo Micheal Awoniyi (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Berlin da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
A 2010, Awoniyi an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Coca-Cola a Landan. Seyi Olofinjana ya gan shi a gasar wanda ya gayyace shi ya shiga Kwalejin Soccer ta Imperial.
Liverpool
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2015, Awoniyi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Liverpool na Ingila kan kudi kusan £400,000 amma nan da nan aka ba shi aro ga tawagar Jamus FSV Frankfurt.
Lamuni ga FSV Frankfurt da NEC
Awoniyi ya fara buga wa Frankfurt wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin Jamus da Hertha Berlin. Bayan da aka nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin wasanni shida na gasar, ya fara buga wasansa a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2016, yana wasa da mintuna 89 da FC St. Pauli. Awoniyi ya sha fama da koma baya tare da Frankfurt, kuma ya koma Liverpool a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar NEC ta kasar Holland ta tabbatar da cewa Awoniyi ya koma kungiyar ne a matsayin lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa kuma ana sa ran zai shiga kungiyar a mako mai zuwa bayan kammala ka'idojin izinin aiki. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, ya fara wasansa na Eredivisie a 4 0 NEC ta doke PSV Eindhoven, wanda Michael Heinloth ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 72. Tare da NEC, dan Najeriya ya sha fama da relegation karo na biyu a jere, inda aka fitar da shi daga Eredivisie a 2017.
Lamuni zuwa ga Mouscron da Gent
A watan Yuli 2017, Awoniyi ya bar NEC ya koma kulob din Royal Excel Mouscron na Belgium a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta lokacin da ya fara wasa da KSC Lokeren, inda ya zira kwallo a cikin mintuna 23.
A kan 17 Yuli 2018, Awoniyi ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tare da Liverpool, kuma a ranar 23 ga Yuli ya kulla lamuni na tsawon lokaci zuwa wani kulob na Belgium, Gent. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa an yanke lamunin da ya ba Gent, kuma Awoniyi ya sake ba da rance ga Mouscron. A watan Afrilu ya ce gwagwarmayar da yake yi na samun takardar izinin aiki na Burtaniya na iya kawo karshen rayuwarsa ta Liverpool.
Lamuni zuwa Mainz 05 da Union Berlin
A ranar 6 ga Agusta 2019, Liverpool ta tabbatar da cewa Awoniyi ya koma kungiyar Mainz 05 ta Bundesliga kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. An kwantar da shi a asibiti a cikin watan Yuni 2020, bayan ya sami mummunan rauni yayin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun FC Augsburg a gasar.
A ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020, Awoniyi ya tafi aro na bakwai, a wannan karon ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta Union Berlin tsawon shekara guda.
Union Berlin
A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2021, Awoniyi ya koma Union Berlin, wannan karon na dindindin. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa kulob din na Jamus ya biya fam miliyan 6.5 kan dan wasan. Liverpool ta kuma tattauna kan batun sayar da kashi 10% a wannan yarjejeniya.
Ayyukan kasa
Awoniyi ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya na ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2013, kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a gasar. Ya kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a kasar New Zealand a shekara ta 2015 bayan ya lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a Senegal a 2015.
A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun 2015, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya U-23 a karawar da suka yi da Zambia, yayin da tawagarsa ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2015.
Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016.
Gernot Rohr ne ya zabe shi a karshen shekarar 2021 domin ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022, inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya da suka yi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya 1-0. An zabi Awoniyi ne domin ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar AFCON 2021 inda ya jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a duk tsawon gasar. Ya zura kwallo daya tilo a lokacin gasar a wasan da suka doke Sudan da ci 3-1 a gasar rukuni-rukuni.
Salon wasa
An kwatanta salon wasan Awoniyi da na Rashidi Yekini, wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga a Najeriya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri abokin zamansa Taiwo Jesudun a wani daurin aure da auren gargajiya a Kabba a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018, sannan aka yi daurin aure a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni a Ilorin .
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Girmamawa
Najeriya U17
FIFA U-17 gasar cin kofin duniya : 2013
Najeriya U20
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta U-20 : 2015
Manazarta
1. ^ "List of players under written contract registered
between 01/08/2017 and 31/08/2017" (PDF). The
Football Association. p. 1. Retrieved 11 February
2018.
2. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi (Angreifer) - Saison 2021/22" . 1.
FC Union Berlin (in German). Retrieved 13 September
2021.
3. ^ "I beat Taiwo Awoniyi to discourage him from
football – Dad" . Vanguard . 10 November 2013.
Retrieved 7 September 2015.
4. ^ Press Association (31 August 2015). "Liverpool sign
18-year-old Nigeria forward Taiwo Awoniyi" . The
Guardian . Retrieved 7 September 2015.
5. ^ Okeleji, Oluwashina (2 September 2015). "Taiwo
Awoniyi: Youngster tipped to do well at Liverpool" .
BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 August 2019.
6. ^ "Liverpool's Awoniyi makes League Debut In
Germany" . Soccernet . 19 February 2016. Retrieved
19 February 2016.
7. ^ "NEC hires striker Taiwo Awoniyi" . NEC . 26 August
2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
8. ^ Johnny Edward (10 September 2016). "Nwakaeme
Hits Hat-trick, Enyeama Concedes Four, Awoniyi
Makes NEC Debut" . Nigerian Nation . Retrieved 11
September 2016.
9. ^ "NEC degradeert na forse nederlaag tegen NAC" .
nos.nl . 28 May 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
10. ^ "Liverpool loanee celebrates birthday with debut
goal" . thisisanfield.com . 13 August 2017. Retrieved
10 September 2017.
11. ^ Carroll, James (17 July 2018). "Taiwo Awoniyi signs
new Liverpool deal" . Liverpool F.C. Retrieved 23
July 2018.
12. ^ Carroll, James (23 July 2018). "Taiwo Awoniyi seals
loan switch to KAA Gent" . Liverpool F.C. Retrieved
23 July 2018.
13. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi joins Mouscron on loan" .
Liverpool FC .
14. ^ Okeleji, Oluwashina (1 April 2019). "Taiwo Awoniyi:
Nigerian admits work permit could derail Liverpool
dream" . BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 August 2019.
15. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi joins Mainz on season-long loan
deal" . Liverpool FC .
16. ^ "Mainz's Liverpool loanee Awoniyi hospitalised with
severe concussion" . Yahoo Sports . 14 June 2020.
Retrieved 10 September 2020.
17. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi arrives in Köpenick" . Union Berlin.
19 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
18. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi joins Union Berlin in permanent
move" . Liverpool FC . 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20
July 2021.
19. ^ Jones, Neil (20 July 2021). "Liverpool striker Awoniyi
completes £6.5m Union Berlin transfer | Goal.com" .
www.goal.com . Retrieved 20 July 2021.
20. ^ Pearce, James. "Liverpool agree deals to sell Marko
Grujic and Taiwo Awoniyi" . The Athletic . Retrieved
21 July 2021.
21. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi: The New Bride of European
Clubs" . Thisday . 27 June 2015. Archived from the
original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 7
September 2015.
22. ^ "Nigeria set sights on daring double" . Fédération
Internationale de Football Association . 8 May 2015.
Archived from the original on 9 May 2015.
Retrieved 7 September 2015.
23. ^ Akpayen, George (12 April 2015). "Awoniyi brace
catapults Nigeria U23" . SuperSports. Retrieved 7
September 2015.
24. ^ Okeleji, Oluwashina (24 June 2016). "Kelechi
Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad" .
BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 June 2016.
25. ^ "Taiwo Awoniyi makes Super Eagles debut in
Nigeria's 1-0 loss to CAR" . Pulse Nigeria. 8 October
2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
26. ^ "Afcon 2021: Iheanacho and Awoniyi lead Nigeria
attack against Egypt | Goal.com" . www.goal.com .
Retrieved 25 April 2022.
27. ^ Flood, George (15 January 2022). "Nigeria 3-1
Sudan: Super Eagles cruise into AFCON last-16" .
Evening Standard . Retrieved 25 April 2022.
28. ^ Solace Chukwu (14 March 2015). "TAIWO AWONIYI:
THE YOUNGSTER LOOKING TO FILL RASHIDI
YEKINI'S BIG VOID" . Goal.com . Retrieved 7
September 2015.
29. ^ "Ex-Golden Eaglet Taiwo Awoniyi, 20, Gets
Married" . Complete Sport Nigeria. 17 June 2018.
Retrieved 16 July 2018.
30. ^ Taiwo Awoniyi at Soccerway. Retrieved 6 October
2017.
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Kano%2C%201953 | Rikicin Kano, 1953 | Boren Kano na 1953 bore ne, wanda ya barke a cikin tsohon birnin Kano, tana Arewacin Nigeria. a watan Mayu 1953. Yanayin tarzomar rikici ne tsakanin 'yan Arewa da ke adawa da' Yancin Najeriyar da 'yan Kudu da suka kunshi galibin Yarbawa da Ibo wadanda ke goyon bayan samun' yanci kai tsaye ga Najeriya. Rikicin da ya dauki tsawon kwanaki hudu ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan ‘yan Kudu da yan Arewa da dama kuma wasu da dama sun jikkata.
Babban abinda ya haifar da tarzomar shi ne rashin kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin shugabannin siyasa na Arewa da na Kudancin kan batun cin gashin kai a 1956. Wannan tsattsauran alakar ta fara ne da kudirin neman mulkin kai na Nijeriya a shekarar 1956 wanda dan kungiyar Action Group (AG), Cif Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar a gaban majalisar wakilai. 'Yan Arewa ba su yarda da kudirin ba. Shugaban kungiyar mutanen Arewa (NPC) da Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Ahmadu Bello, a wani yunkuri na nuna adawa, ya maye gurbin "a shekarar 1956" da kalmar "da zaran za a iya aiwatarwa". Wani dan majalisar wakilai daga Arewa ya gabatar da bukatar a dage zaman, kudirin da mambobin Kudancin AG da Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) suka kalli a matsayin dabarar jinkiri. Duk mambobin kungiyar AG da NCNC da ke cikin gidan sun fita ne sakamakon yunkurin dage zaman.
Lokacin da wakilan Arewa suka bar majalisar, sai suka yi kicibis da taron mutane masu kiyayya a Legas wadanda suka yi ta zagi, izgili tare da kiran su da sunaye iri-iri kaman siffanta Yan'arewa da siffan dabbobi don cin mutunci su (Yan'arewa). Mambobin wakilan Arewa sun fusata kuma a cikin shirinsu na '' Takwas Mai Magana '' a cikin majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa, sun nemi ballewa. Bugun karshe da ya karya bayan rakumin shi ne rangadin da tawagar AG da NCNC karkashin jagorancin Cif Samuel Akintola suka yi . Wannan rangadin wanda aka yi niyyar kamfen din neman mulkin kai ya zama sanadin rikicin Kano nan da nan. Ya haifar da rashin bin doka da Oda wacce ta ƙare da hargitsi. Rikicin ya faru ne a Sabon Gari yankin da galibi ‘yan kudancin Najeriya suka mamaye.
Tuni akwai rikice-rikice a Arewa lokacin da rangadin kungiyar Action Group arewa suka zo Kano a karshen mako na 15-17 Mayu, tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙiyayya ga wakilan Arewa a Legas. Wata zanga-zangar cikin tsari da magoya bayan Jam’iyyar Northern Peoples Congress suka yi a kan taron kungiyar Action Group da aka gabatar ya gudana a ranar 15 ga Mayu. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe washegari. Rikicin da ya haifar da tarzomar ya fara ne a Colonial Hotel, a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1953 wanda ya kamata ya kasance wurin taron da kungiyar Action karkashin jagorancin Akintola za ta gudanar da taro. Kafin taron, hukumar ‘yan asalin Kano ta janye izinin ta na ba taron. Wasu gungun mutane sun taru a wajen otal din sun fara jifan mutanen da ke kusa da otal din, a yayin rikicin, mutane biyu da ake jin ‘yan kudu ne suka mutu, daga baya gungun sun yi yunkurin samun shiga Sabon Gari amma‘ yan sanda na Hukumar ’Yan Nasa sun ci karfinsu. Lamarin ya zama mafi muni kuma ya zama rikicin kabilanci a ranar 17 ga Mayu lokacin da wasu gungun 'yan iska daga sashin Arewacin Kano, musamman Fagge suka yi yunkurin kutsawa zuwa Kudancin kuma Ibo suka mamaye yankin Sabon Gari tare da samun nasarori, duk da cewa wakokinsu na asali sun sabawa Yarbawa, wadanda aka kashe a yankin Sabon Gari galibi ‘yan kabilar Ibo ne. An saci shaguna a kasuwar Sabon Gari kuma an kai munanan hare-hare. Amma an yi kira ga 'yan sanda na Hukumar Native da Soja tare da hana kara shigowa da wasu' yan daba zuwa yankin Kano. Rikicin ya kara zubewa zuwa yankuna na asali na Kano kamar Fagge inda kananan kungiyoyi marasa tsari na kabilu daban daban suka gwabza. Mahaifina, Dennis William Lyndon, ya gaya mana kwarewar sa game da jagorancin wasu sojoji. Umurninsa ya yi tsauri game da iyakance manufofin kariyar dukiya da rashin tsokanar wani tashin hankali. Tare da sanya bayon dinsu ya rike mutanensa tsayayye kamar yadda aka kawo mata da yara a gabansa, hannayensu suka yanke da adduna da man fetur da aka zuba a kansu kafin su tashi. Wannan ɗayan mafi munin abubuwan da ya samu ne a matsayinsa na hafsan sojan Birtaniyya.
ItAn yi musayar fursunoni don rage tashin hankali, an saki ‘yan Kudu da aka kama kuma‘ yan Arewa sun sake su; An nemi ‘yan Arewa da ke yankin Sabon Gari su bar wurin sannan aka nemi‘ yan Kudu da ke yankin Fagge su koma Sabon Gari kafin lokacin. Kimanin ‘yan Najeriya 46 galibi‘ yan Arewa da Igbo sun mutu yayin arangamar kuma sama da mutane 200 sun yi jinyar raunuka. Duk da cewa nan da nan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya ta kira shi rikicin kabilanci, amma shugabannin siyasa sun kira shi rikicin siyasa tsakanin mutanen da ke son mulkin kai a 1956 da kuma wadanda ke son mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba.
Alaka tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta tabarbare.
Action group da Majalisar NCNCsun yi ƙawance na ɗan lokaci don adawa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Arewa don haka sun haɓaka alaƙa.
Bada ikon mallakar yankuna zuwa yankuna uku.
Cire ikon shiga tsakani ta cikin dukkan batutuwan da suka saura
Sir Oliver Lyttelton, Sakataren Jiha na Kasashen, ya sanar da cewa ba zai yiwu ba ga yankunan su yi aiki tare, saboda haka za a gayyaci wakilai daga kowane yanki don tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.
hakan ya haifar da amincewa da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya.
Manazarta |
40434 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng%20He | Zheng He | Articles with hCards
Zheng He ( simplified Chinese; 1371-1433 ko 1435) ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa ne na kasar Sin, mai bincike, jami'in diflomasiyya, babban jami'in sojan ruwa, da eunuch na kotu a zamanin daular Ming ta farko ta kasar Sin. An haife shi a matsayin Ma He a cikin dangin musulmi kuma daga baya ya karɓi sunan Zheng da Sarkin Yongle ya ba shi. Sarkin Yongle kuma daga baya Sarkin Xuande ya ba da umarni, Zheng ya ba da umarnin balaguron balaguron balaguro guda bakwai zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Gabashin Afirka daga 1405 zuwa 1433. A cewar almara, manyan jiragen ruwansa sun ɗauki ɗaruruwan ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa a kan benaye huɗu kuma sun kusan ninki biyu idan aka taɓa yin rikodin kowane jirgin katako.
A matsayinsa na wanda sarki Yongle ya fi so, wanda Zheng ya taimaka wajen hambarar da Sarkin Jianwen, ya hau kan kololuwar sarauta kuma ya zama kwamandan babban birnin Nanjing na kudancin kasar.
Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Zheng He Ma He () ga dangin musulmi na Kunyang, Kunming, Yunnan, a lokacin daular Ming ta kasar Sin.[3] Yana da babban yaya da kanne mata hudu. [4]
Zheng He akidar addini ta yi tasiri sosai a lokacin da yake balaga.[5] Rubutun Liujiagang da Changle sun nuna cewa sadaukar da kai ga Tianfei, allahn majiɓinci na matuƙan ruwa da na teku, shi ne babban bangaskiyar da ya yi riko da shi, yana nuna babban matsayin allahntaka ga rundunar jiragen ruwa. John Guy ya ambaci cewa, “Lokacin da Zheng He, shugaban musulmin eunuch na manyan balaguro zuwa ‘Tekun Yamma’ (Tekun Indiya) a farkon karni na goma sha biyar, ya fara tafiye-tafiyensa, daga wajen macen Allah ne ya nemi kariya, kamar yadda haka kuma a kaburburan waliyyai musulmi da ke kan tsaunin Lingshan, sama da birnin Quanzhou."
Zheng He ya kasance babban jikan Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, wanda ya yi mulki a daular Mongol kuma shi ne gwamnan Yunnan a lokacin daular Yuan ta farko . Watakila kakansa Bayan yana zaune ne a sansanin Mongol a Yunnan. Kakan Zheng He ya ɗauki laƙabin hajji, [11] kuma mahaifinsa yana da laƙabi da sunan hajji, wanda ke nuna cewa sun yi aikin hajji . [12]
A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1381, sojojin Ming sun mamaye Yunnan tare da mamaye yankin, wanda a lokacin yarima Basalawarmi na Mongol ne yariman Liang ya mulki. A shekara ta 1381, Ma Hajji, mahaifin Zheng He, ya mutu a yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Ming da sojojin Mongol. Dreyer ya bayyana cewa mahaifin Zheng He ya mutu yana da shekaru 39 a lokacin da ya ki amincewa da mamayar Ming, yayin da Levathes ya ce mahaifin Zheng He ya mutu yana da shekaru 37, amma ba a sani ba ko yana taimakon sojojin Mongol ne ko kuma an kama shi a harin yaki. . Wenming, ɗan fari, ya binne mahaifinsu a wajen Kunming. A matsayinsa na Admiral, Zheng He yana da wani almara da aka zana don girmama mahaifinsa, wanda Ministan Rites Li Zhigang ya tsara a bikin Duanwu na shekara ta uku a zamanin Yongle (1 Yuni 1405).
Ɗauka, simintin gyare-gyare da sabis
Sojojin Ming sun kama Zheng He a Yunnan a shekara ta 1381. Janar Fu Youde ya ga Ma He a kan hanya, ya tunkare shi don neman wurin da dan Mongol din yake. Ma Ya mayar da martani da kakkausar murya da cewa, dan Mongol din ya yi tsalle ya shiga tafki. Daga nan sai Janar din ya kai shi fursuna. An jefa shi a wani lokaci tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 14, kuma an sanya shi cikin hidimar Yariman Yan.
Ma An aika shi aiki a gidan Zhu Di, Yariman Yan, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Yongle . [18] Zhu Di ya girmi Ma shekaru goma sha ɗaya. An bautar da shi a matsayin bawan eunuch, Ma He ya sami amincewar Zhu Di, wanda a matsayinsa na mai taimakonsa, zai sami amincewa da amincin saurayin bābā. Tun daga 1380, yariman ya kasance yana mulkin Beiping (daga baya Beijing ), wanda ke kusa da iyakar arewa, tare da kabilun Mongol masu adawa. [21] Ma zai yi rayuwarsa ta farko a matsayin soja a kan iyakar arewa.[22] Ya sha shiga yakin soja na Zhu Di a kan Mongols. [23] A ranar 2 ga Maris 1390, Ma ya raka Yarima a lokacin da ya ba da umarnin tafiyarsa ta farko, wadda babbar nasara ce, yayin da kwamandan Mongol Naghachu ya mika wuya da zarar ya gane cewa ya fadi don yaudara.
Daga karshe dai ya samu kwarin gwiwa da amincewar yarima. An kuma san Ma da "Sanbao" a lokacin hidimarsa a gidan Yariman Yan. Wannan sunan yana nuni ne ga Buddhist Jewels Uku (三寶; , kuma aka sani da triratna ). Hakanan ana iya rubuta wannan suna三保; , a zahiri "Kariya Uku." Ma ya sami ingantaccen ilimi a Beiping, wanda da ba zai samu ba idan an sanya shi a babban birnin daular, Nanjing, saboda Sarkin Hongwu bai amince da eunuchs ba kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai fi kyau a sa su jahilai. Sarkin Hongwu ya wanke tare da kawar da yawancin shugabannin Ming na asali kuma ya ba ' ya'yansa maza da suka yi wa kisan gilla ikon soja, musamman na arewa, kamar Yariman Yan.
Tunawa da juna
A jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, ranar 11 ga watan Yuli ita ce ranar Maritime () , Zhōngguó Hánghǎi Rì) kuma yana mai da hankali ga tunawa da balaguron farko na Zheng He. Da farko an sanya wa filin jirgin sama na Kunming Changshui suna Zheng He International Airport.
A cikin 2015, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Emotion ya sadaukar da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na multimedia "Zheng He is coming" don shakatawa na Romon U-Park (Ningbo, China). Nunin ya zama ɗan wasan ƙarshe na masana'antar nishaɗi mai daraja Brass Rings Awards ta IAAPA.
Zheng He shi ne magajin jirgin ruwan ROCS na <i id="mwA4A">Cheng Ho</i> a Taiwan.
Jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin Zheng He (AX-81) wani jirgin ruwan horar da Sinawa ne da aka sanya masa suna. Kamar mai sunanta, ta kasance jakadiyar fatan alheri ga kasar Sin, inda ta zama jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan kasar Sin na farko da ya ziyarci Amurka a shekarar 1989, kuma ta kammala zagayen duniya a shekarar 2012.
Jirgin samfurin Tianwen-2 da aka yi niyyar dawo da shi an fara sa masa suna ZhengHe. Manufarta ta gano asteroid asteroid 2016 HO3 an shirya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2024.
Gallery
Manazarta
Mutanen Kunming
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores%20LaChapelle | Dolores LaChapelle | Dolores LaChapelle (née Greenwell ) (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1926 - ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007) wata Ba'amurkiya ce mai hawa dutse, mai tsalle-tsalle, Malamar T'ai chi, malama mai zaman kanta, kuma jagora a cikin harkar motsa jiki mai zurfin ciki.
Rayuwar farko da asalin rayuwa
An haife ta a Denver, Colorado a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1926, ta halarci makarantun ‘yan mata Katolika kuma ta kammala karatun ta a Jami'ar Denver a shekara ta 1947 sannan ta kwashe shekaru uku tana koyar da wasan motsa jiki a Aspen, Colorado .
Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1950, ta yi hawa na farko a kan tsaunin Mount Columbia, na biyu mafi girma a saman Rockies na Kanada, da kuma na Snow Dome, babban koli na ruwa na nahiyar . Bayan kuma sun auri Edward LaChapelle, ta yi shekara tare tare da shi a Davos, Switzerland daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1951, sannan suka koma Alta, Utah . A shekara ta 1952, an haifi ɗansu Randy a Denver, Colorado (Randy ya canza sunansa zuwa David LaChapelle a lokacin da ya girma). A matsayin dangi zasu juya sau uku a shekara zuwa gidajensu da wuraren aiki a Alta, Utah, inda suka yi hunturu kuma Randy / David ya kasance a gida; tsaunin Blue Glacier Washington na Mountains na Olympic, inda suka shafe lokacin bazara; da Kirkland, Washington . Dolores da Ed sun ƙaura zuwa Silverton, Colorado a cikin shekara ta 1973 da farko saboda a nan ne Ed ya gudanar da bincike mai yawa . Daga baya za su rabu duk da cewa sun ci gaba da abokantakarsu da ƙwararriyar adabin adabi. Ed ya kafa rayuwa a Alaska. Dolores, duk da haka, ta ji daɗin Dutsen San Juan a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, sauran rayuwarta. Ta yi amfani da "Hanya ta tsaunin dutse" daga gidanta wallafe-wallafe, rubuce-rubuce, koyarwa, wasan motsa jiki, bikin raba gari da kiɗa.
Dolores ya kasance farkon farko kuma masanin falsafa da bincike. Gwargwadon binciken nata ya kuma gabatar da wasu batutuwa masu rikitarwa, wanda ta binciko su a wani babban laburaren litattafai da labarai. Ta lura kuma ta ambaci kowane rubutu a cikin wannan matsattsen gidan yanar gizo na kayan da ke da alaƙa wanda a ƙarshe zata haɗa shi a cikin tarin ta, sama da dozin mai kauri da hannu, mai ɗaukar madafan zobe uku mai haɗa shi duka. Wannan rukunin binciken da ba safai ake samu ba ya hada da daruruwan fayilolin tarihin rayuwa wadanda ke dauke da tarihin rayuwar tsaunuka, yayin da ta hau dukkan tsaunuka 14K (sama da kafa 14,000) na Rock Rockies da shekara 20, wasikar wasiku da marubuta da mawaka kamar su Gary Snyder da Art Goodtimes da Shekarun da suka gabata sun yi aure ga ƙwararren masanin dusar ƙanƙara da masanin ƙanƙara Ed LaChapelle. An adana wannan rukunin hikima a cikin Silverton yana jiran dama don ingantaccen adanawa da samun dama har zuwa Yuli 2011 lokacin da mai kula da tarin, Ananda Foley, (kwatankwacin surukar Dolores) ta shirya gida mai kyau don wannan tarin na musamman tare da Aspen Center don Nazarin Muhalli . Ananda ya tsara kayan tarihin rayuwa da labaran rayuwar LaChapelle. Ana iya samun bayanan wannan aikin a gidan yanar gizon LaChapelle Legacy . Tana sa ran jin ta bakin masu sha'awar shiga cikin wannan aikin na rayuwar mutum (bayanin da yake zuwa na watan Yulin shekara ta 2012).
A shekara ta 2004 Dolores LaChapelle ta karɓi kyautar "Maƙerin Tarihin Gudanar da Tarihi" daga Jami'ar Utah a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata goma da suka yi fice a tarihin wasan tseren kankara. A cikin dukkan matan da ke filin nata da suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo, ita ce "onlyan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta baya-baya kawai a cikin gungun", a cewar ƙawarta ta kusa Peter.
LaChapelle ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 bayan wani maraice na cin abincin dare a lokacin cin abincin kifin na Kogin Kogin tare da David Grimes wanda ya ce suna jin daɗin raira " Goodnight Irene, Goodnight " kafin ta juya don barci. Kafin ta rufe kofarta, sai ta ce da shi "wace babbar waka kenan, ko ba haka ba?"
Littattafai daga Dolores LaChapelle
Deep Powder Snow: Shekaru Arba'in na Gudun Gudun Ruwa, Raɗaɗɗen ruwa, da Hikimar Duniya, Kivakí Press, Yuni 1993, .
Tai Chi: Komawa zuwa Mountain , Hazard Press, 2002.
DH Lawrence: Gabatarwa ta Farko , Jami'ar Arewacin Texas Press, Afrilu 1996, .
Bukukuwan Duniya: Bukukuwan Yanayi Ga Kowa Yara da Tsoho, Finn Hill Arts, 1976, .
Hikimar Duniya (Sabon Tsarin Falsafa Na Farko) Kungiyoyin Masu Koyawa, 1978, .
Matakai na Farko a Bangaskiya, Herder da Herder, 1969, ASIN: B0006BYRW0.
Landasa Mai Alfarma, Jima'i Mai Tsarki: Fyaucewa daga Zurfin: Game da Ilimin Ilimin Halitta Mai Girma da Bikin Rayuwa, Kivakí Press, 1992, .
Magana
"A al'adun gargajiyar, idan mace ta kasance ta hanyar ɗaukar childrena heranta sai ta zama kai tsaye dattijo wanda duk ƙabilar ke neman sa saboda tana" sani. - Jima'i Mai Tsarkaka, Kasa Mai Alfarma, da Alaka
"Akasin ra'ayin da aka yarda da shi, ba Kiristanci ba ne ko ci gaban aikin gona shi kadai ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin mutane da sauran dabi'a a al'adarmu ta Turai." - Sacasa mai tsarki, Jima'i mai tsarki: Fyaucewa daga Zurfi, p. 24
Labarai daga Dolores LaChapelle
Ritual yana da mahimmanci fasaha da bikin a cikin Al'adu mai Dorewa, Guguwar bazara, 1984, Cibiyar mahallin.
Tsarkakakkiyar Jima'i, redasa Mai Alfarma, da Alaka , Daga Dolores LaChapelle. Ganyen Magana, Lokacin hunturu 2001. Volume 10, Lamba 3.
Kara karantawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
LaChapelle Legacy, gidan yanar gizo
Haifaffun 1926
Mutuwan 2007
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempeh%20I | Prempeh I | Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 ga Disamba 1870 - 12 ga Mayu 1931) shine sarki na goma sha uku na sarautar Asante na Masarautar Ashanti da Daular Asante Oyoko Abohyen. Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I ya yi mulki daga ranar 26 ga Maris, 1888 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1931, kuma ya yi yaƙin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1893.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da iyali
Asalin sarautar Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I shine Yarima Kwaku Dua III Asamu na Masarautar Ashanti. Mahaifiyar Prempeh I, Sarauniya Asantehemaa Yaa Akyaa, ita ce uwar sarauniyar masarautar Ashanti daga 1880 zuwa 1917. Ta hanyar aure na siyasa mai mahimmanci ta gina ikon soja don tabbatar da Stool na Zinare ga ɗanta Prince Prempeh.
Al'arshi kuma a matsayin Sarkin Masarautar Ashanti
A 1888 Yarima Prempeh ya hau gadon sarauta, yana amfani da sunan Kwaku Dua III. Sarautarsa ta fuskanci matsaloli tun daga farkon mulkinsa. Ya fara kare Asante daga Biritaniya kuma lokacin da Biritaniya ta nemi Prempeh I ya karɓi wani yanki na masarautar sa ta Ashanti, ya ƙi shi kuma ya ba da amsa a cikin amsar cewa Burtaniya ta yi lissafi. Ya fara kamfen na ikon Asante. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi tayin ɗaukar Masarautar Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kariyar su, amma ya ƙi kowace buƙata.
Masarautar Ashanti da Burtaniya
A watan Disamba na 1895, turawan Burtaniya sun bar Cape Coast tare da rundunar balaguro. Ya isa Kumasi a cikin Janairu 1896 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Robert Baden-Powell. Asantehene ya umarci Ashanti da kada ya yi adawa da ci gaban Burtaniya, saboda yana tsoron ramuwar gayya daga Burtaniya idan balaguron ya zama tashin hankali. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Gwamna William Maxwell ya isa Kumasi shima.
Biritaniya ta hade yankunan Ashanti da Fanti, duk da cewa Burtaniya da Fante abokan juna ne a wannan lokacin, har yanzu suna yi. An sauke Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh tare da kama shi, sannan aka tura shi da sauran shugabannin Ashanti gudun hijira a cikin Seychelles. An rushe Ƙungiyar Asante. Burtaniya a hukumance ta ayyana jihar masarautar Ashanti da yankuna na gabar teku don zama masarautar Gold Coast. An sanya Ba'amurke mazaunin har abada a cikin garin Kumasi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina sansanin Burtaniya a can.
Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Baden-Powell ya buga "Scouting for Boys". Daga ƙarshe an sake Prempeh, kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Scout na Gold Coast.
Bataliyar Telegraph na Injiniyoyin Sarauta (wanda ya gabaci Royal Corps of Signals) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gangamin Ashanti; Mutanen Bataliyar Telegraph sun yi fashin wata hanya ta layin sama daga Tekun zuwa Prahsu, mai nisan mil 72 ta cikin dajin. Daga nan sai wadannan runduna suka fice daga cikin dajin, suka tunkari Sarki Prempeh suka kuma amince da mika wuya ga sojojinsa. Yanzu an nuna kursiyin Sarki Prempeh a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Royal Signals a Blandford.
A cikin 1900, roƙon cewa mutanen Ashanti su jujjuya "kujerar zinariya" - ainihin alamar Ashanti cikakken mulkin sarauta ga mutanen Ashanti. Masarautar Ashanti ba ta da juriya kuma ta zama membobi masu cin gashin kansu na Masarautar Burtaniya. Ashanti ya yi tawaye daga baya daga Burtaniya don yaƙin Yakin Zinariya (wanda kuma aka sani da Yaa Asantewaa War) a cikin 1900-01. A ƙarshe, turawan Ingila sun yi nasara; sun kori Asantewaa da sauran shugabannin Asante zuwa Seychelles don shiga cikin sarkin Asante Prempeh I. A cikin watan Janairun 1902, a ƙarshe Biritaniya ta sanya Asanteman a matsayin matsara. An dawo da Asanteman 'yancin kai a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1935.
Prempeh Na shafe lokaci a cikin ƙauyensa akan Mahe daga maidowa gida, mafi girma a cikin Seychelles a Tekun Indiya, ƙauyen ya kasance babban katako, wanda aka rufe da bishiyar kwakwa, mangoro, 'ya'yan burodi da itatuwan lemu da kuma gida mai hawa biyu. Prempeh I villa, da sabbin gidaje 16 na katako da yashi yashi kuma an rufesu da mayafi na ƙarfe a Seychelles kuma an keɓe su ga manyan jiga-jigan Asante. Prempeh ya yi ƙoƙarin ilimantar da kan sa cikin Turanci da kuma tabbatar da cewa yaran sun sami ilimi.
Sarki Asantehene Prempeh Na taɓa bayyana cewa, "Masarautata ta Ashanti ba za ta taɓa ba da kanta ga irin wannan manufar kariya ba; Mutanen Ashanti da Masarautar Ashanti dole ne su kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta kamar ta dā, kuma a lokaci guda ku zama abokai da kowa. fararen mutane ".
Mutuwa
Bayan rasuwar Prempeh a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1931 magajinsa Prempeh II na Masarautar Ashanti ya gaje shi. An binne shi a Kumasi.
Manazarta |
50815 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Hughes | Shirley Hughes | Winifred Shirley Hughes CBE (16 Yulin shekarar 1927 - 25 Fabrairun shekarar 2022) marubuciya ce kuma mai zane Baturiya. Ta rubuta littattafai sama da hamsin, waɗanda aka sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 11.5, kuma sun kwatanta fiye da ɗari biyu. Kamar yadda na 2007,ta zauna a London.
Hughes ta lashe lambobin yabo na 1977 da 2003 Kate Greenaway don kwatanta littafin yara na Biritaniya.A cikin 2007, wanda ta ci nasara a 1977,Dogger, an nada ta aikin cin nasara da jama'a suka fi so a cikin shekaru hamsin na farko.Ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta BookTrust a cikin 2015. Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Eleanor Farjeon.Ta kasance majibincin kungiyar masu zane-zane.
Kuruciya
An haifi Hughes a Yammacin Kirby, sannan a cikin lardin Cheshire (yanzu a Merseyside ), a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1927. 'Yar Thomas James Hughes,mai gidan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Liverpool TJ Hughes da matarsa Kathleen (née Dowling),ta girma a Yammacin Kirby akan Wirral. Ta tuna cewa masu fasaha irin su Arthur Rackham da W.Heath Robinson sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su tun daga ƙuruciya, kuma daga baya ta hanyar cinema da Walker Art Gallery. Musamman waɗanda aka fi so nata sune Edward Ardizzone,da EH Shepard waɗanda suka kwatanta Wind a cikin Willows da Winnie-the-Pooh.
Ta ji daɗin yawan ziyartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da mahaifiyarta, wanda ta ba ta ƙauna ga kallon mutane da sha'awar ƙirƙirar.
Ta yi karatu a West Kirby Grammar School,amma Hughes ta ce ita ba ƙwararriyar ɗalibi ba ce ta ilimi,Kuma lokacin da ta kai shekaru 17,ta bar makaranta don yin nazarin zane da zane-zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Liverpool. A Liverpool ta gano cewa an matsa mata lamba don ta sami miji sannan kuma ba ta cimma wani abu mai yawa a rayuwarta ba. Ta yi marmarin tserewa daga waɗannan tsammanin claustrophobic,don haka ta koma Oxford don halartar Makarantar Ruskin na Zana da Fine Art.
Bayan makarantar fasaha ta ƙaura zuwa Notting Hill, London. A cikin 1952,ta auri John Sebastian Papendiek Vulliamy, masanin gine-gine da kuma echer. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:dan jarida Ed Vulliamy, masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta Tom Vulliamy,da Clara Vulliamy, wanda kuma shine mai zane-zane na yara.
Aiki
A cikin Oxford,an ƙarfafa Hughes don yin aiki a cikin tsarin littafin hoto da yin zane - zane. Duk da haka,bayan kammala karatun ta ta yi ƙoƙarin cika burinta na zama mai zanen wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta ɗauki aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birmingham Rep.Da sauri ta yanke shawarar cewa "Hothouse da aka rufe"na duniyar wasan kwaikwayo ba nata ba ne, don haka ta bi shawarar tsohon malaminta ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zane. Ta fara ne da kwatanta littattafan wasu mawallafa, ciki har da My Naughty Little Sister ta Dorothy Edwards da The Bell Family ta Noel Streatfeild. Littafin da aka buga na farko da ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta shi ne Lucy & Tom's Day, wanda aka sanya shi cikin jerin labaran. Ta ci gaba da rubuta ƙarin labarai sama da hamsin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Dogger (1977), jerin Alfie (1977), wanda ke nuna ƙaramin yaro mai suna Alfie da wani lokacin ƙanwarsa Annie-Rose, da jerin Olly da Me (1993). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Walker Art Gallery a garinsu na Liverpool ta shirya baje kolin ayyukanta a 2003,wanda daga nan ta koma gidan kayan tarihi na Ashmolean a Oxford.
Shahararriyar littafinta mai suna Dogger, game da wani karen abin wasa ne wanda wani karamin yaro ya rasa, amma sai ta sake haduwa da mai shi bayan an same shi a wani siyar da kaya.Wannan littafin ta samu wahayi daga danta, Ed,Wanda ta rasa teddy da ta fi so a Holland Park. Hakanan akwai Dogger na gaske, kuma an nuna shi tare da sauran ayyukanta a baje kolin ta a London da Oxford.
Hughes ta kwatanta littattafan yara 200 a duk tsawon aikinta,wanda ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 10. A cikin dakunan karatu na WorldCat, takwas daga cikin ayyukanta guda goma da aka fi gudanarwa sune littattafan Alfie (1981 zuwa 2002). Sauran su ne Dogger (mutumi na biyu) da Out and About (1988). Hughes ta rubuta littafinta na farko a cikin 2015,wani ɗan ƙaramin littafi mai suna Hero akan Keke. Tana da shekara 84 lokacin da ta rubuta wannan.
Hughes ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2022 a gidanta da ke Landan.Ta kasance 94, kuma ta yi fama da gajeriyar rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarta. Babban kungiyar bayar da tallafin karatu ta Burtaniya, BookTrust,ta ba ta yabo, wanda ca ce sun mutu “sun” da cewa “labari masu ban sha’awa da kwatancenta, daga Dogger zuwa Alfie da Lucy da Tom, sun taba al’ummomi da yawa kuma har yanzu ana son su.Na gode,Shirley." Michael Morpurgo, marubucin War Horse,ya yaba mata, tana mai cewa ta "fara karatun rayuwar miliyoyin mutane."
Kyaututuka
Dogger (1977),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta, shine labarin farko na Hughes da aka buga a ƙasashen waje kuma Medal na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Kate Greenaway ta amince da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwatancen littafin yara na shekara ta wani batu na Burtaniya.A cikin bikin cika shekaru 70 na abokin takarar Carnegie Medal a cikin 2007,ta ba da sunan ɗayan manyan ayyuka goma na Greenaway wanda ta ci lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar ƙwararru sannan ta sanya sunan wanda aka fi so,ko "Greenaway of Greenaways" . (Jama'a sun kada kuri'a akan jerin sunayen kwamitin goma,wanda aka zaba daga ayyukan nasara 53 1955 zuwa 2005.Hughes da Dogger sun zabi kashi 26% na kuri'un zuwa kashi 25% na wanda zai gaje ta a matsayin wanda ta lashe lambar yabo,Janet Ahlberg da Kowane Peach Pear Plum.
Hughes ta ci Greenaway na biyu (babu mai zane ta ci nasara uku) don Ella's Big Chance (2003), daidaitawarta na Cinderella, wanda aka saita a cikin 1920s.An buga shi a cikin Amurka azaman Babban Chance na Ella: A Jazz-Age Cinderella (Simon & Schuster, 2004).Har ila yau,ta kasance 'yar tseren Greenaway sau uku da aka yaba: don Flutes da Cymbals: Poetry for the Young (1968), tarin da Leonard Clark ta tattara; don Mataimaka (Bodley Head, 1975),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta; da kuma Lion da Unicorn (Bodley Head, 1998),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta (An yaba sosai). [lower-alpha 1]
A cikin 1984, Hughes ta sami lambar yabo ta Eleanor Farjeon Award don hidima ta musamman ga adabin yara,a cikin 1999 an ba ta OBE,kuma a cikin 2000 ta zama Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Hakanan Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores ta ba ta Fellowship Honorary Fellowship da Digiri na Daraja ta Jami'ar Liverpool a 2004 da Jami'ar Chester a 2012.
Booktrust, babbar ƙungiyar bayar da agaji ta Burtaniya, ta ba Hughes lambar yabo ta nasarar rayuwarsu ta farko a cikin 2015.
Tuni Jami'in Tsarin Mulkin Biritaniya (OBE),an nada Hughes Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 don hidima ga adabi.
Ayyuka
Molly Molly
Zafin Bathwater
hayaniya
Lokacin Da Muka Je Fakin
Duk Siffai da Girma
Launuka
Takalmi Biyu, Sabbin Takalmi
The Snow Lady.
Fita da About
Kare
Lucy da Tom Kirsimeti
Lucy da Tom a bakin teku
Tatsuniyoyi na Titin Trotter
Jarumi akan Keke
Fatalwar Hauwa'u Kirsimeti
Zaki da Unicorn
Mataimaka
Angel Mae
Kirsimeti na Dogger
Labarun Alfie
Ayyuka na wasu marubuta,wanda Hughes ta kwatanta
Tsatsa, Doris, Duk Ranaku iri-iri: Labarai shida don Matasa (Faber da Faber, 1955)
Corrin, Sara da Stephen, Labarun Masu Shekaru Takwas (Faber da Faber, 1974)
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
"Shirley Hughes", a cikin Littattafai Don Tsayawa (1984 Mayu), shafi. 14-15
Kate Moody, "A Is for Artists", in Contact (1984 Spring), shafi. 24-25
Shirley Hughes, "Kalma da Hoto", a cikin M. Fearn, ed., Mafi Kyau kawai Ya isa: Laccocin Woodfield 1978-85 (1985)
Elaine Moss, Sashe na Tsarin (1986), shafi. 107-12
D. Martin. "Shirley Hughes", a cikin Douglas Martin, Layin Bayarwa: Rubuce-rubucen kan Masu zane-zane na Littattafai goma sha biyar (Julia MacRae Littattafai, 1989), shafi. 148-66
Shirley Hughes, Zane Rayuwa (The Bodley Head, 2002)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shirley Hughes at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Julia Eccleshare, Shirley Hughes obituary, The Guardian, 2 March 2022
Ella's big chance: a fairy tale retold in libraries (WorldCat catalog) —immediately, first edition
Ella's big chance: a Jazz-Age Cinderella in libraries (WorldCat catalog) —immediately, first US edition
Shirley Hughes at Library of Congress, with 145 library catalogue records
Mutuwan 2022
Haifaffun 1927
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi (kalman , pronounced [ɪl'mu: səwi ] ) sunan mahaifi ne wanda wataƙila yana nuna cewa mutum ya fito ne daga babban gida mai mutunci da asalin ƙasa wanda ya fito daga Muhammad ta hannun Al Imam Musa al-Kadhim ibn Jafar a matsayin Sadiq (limamin Shi'a guda bakwai 7).
Ana kiran membobin wannan dangi ta sigar anglicised sunan su Hashemites . Suna kullum ba da honorific suna Sayyid kafin su sunan farko. Fassarar ainihin kalman Larabci Sayyid Sir a Turanci . Duk da cewa babu rubutattun bayanai ko nazarin halittu da aka yi akan wannan dangi, tarihin furuci ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan yana nuna cewa wannan mutumin asalin zuriyar annabin Musulunci ne Muhammad: Jikan annabi Musa al-Kadhim na bakwai. Hakanan wasu ūan Muwaisawa suna ɗaukar sunan Kazmi na ƙarshe. Masawa da yawa sun yi hijira daga Makka da Madina Saudiya zuwa wani karamin kauye da kakansu Musa Al-Kadhim ya gina a Bagadaza Iraki . Manyan 'yan uwa suna cikin Iraki, kuma su ma suna cikin wasu ƙasashe kamar Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa, amma yanzu sun bazu zuwa ƙasashen yamma da yawa.
Iyalan Al Musawi dangi ne na Larabawa masu tasiri saboda suna da alaƙa da Annabi Muhammadu. Zuriyar su ne kai tsaye daga Musa Al-Kadhim wanda ɗan Imam Ja'afar al-Sadik ɗan Imam Muhammad Al-Baƙir ɗan Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin ɗan Imam Hussain ɗan Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib da dan Fatimah ‘yar Muhammadu . Ana kiran membobin gidan Al-Mūsawi da taken Sayed a zahiri yana nufin Mista ko Sir . A matsayin take mai daraja, yana nuna mazan da aka karɓa a matsayin zuriyar Muhammadu kai tsaye. Mambobi galibi musulmai ne na Shi’a da aka samu a Iraki, Iran da sauran wurare a duniya
Tushen dangin Al-Mūsawi sun fito ne daga Babban kabilar Banu Hashim, dangin Quraishawa, wanda ya sanya su Adnani Larabawa ko Larabawan Arewa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Ibrahim ta hannun ɗansa Isma'il a Mesopotamiya, yanzu Iraki, a tsohon garin Ur, kusa da Nasariyah, a Kudancin Iraki.
Fitattun membobi
Abul-Hasan Muhammad bn Al-Hussein Al-Musawi "ash-Sharif al-Radhi" shekara ta ( 930 zuwa shekara ta 977 ) malamin musulmi ne kuma mawaki wanda aka haifa a Bagadaza. Littafinsa da ya shahara shi ne Nahj al-Balaghah wanda ya tattara tarin maganganun Imam Ali da jawabansa.
Hazrat Ishaan shekara ta (1563 zuwa shekara ta 1642) an haife shi a Bukhara . Ya kasance magaji kuma zuriyar Shah Bahauddin Naqshband Bukhari kuma fitaccen Faqih kuma wali a Daular Moghul . Har ila yau, ya kasance mafi girman ikon ilimi a Kashmir da Lahore . Shi da zuriyarsa wakilan suna ne na Imam Musa al-Kadhim .
A cikin kasashen GCC
Sayed Ala Sayed Mohammad Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi]]: Kwararren likitan tiyata ne na Kuwait da Maxillofacial kuma tsohon malamin jami'a. Babban dan Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi tsohon mamba na gwamnatin Kuwaiti, yana da titin a cikin Kuwaiti mai suna (Titin Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed Al Mousawi) Don haka ya mai da shi daya daga cikin mutanen da suka mai da Kuwait kasar ta zama a yau. Link: https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20151125/282406988262655
Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi-shekara ta (1812-zuwa shekara ta 1895) sanannen malamin Kuwait ne wanda ya koyar da Mubarak Babban Sarkin Kuwait. Ya bude makaranta a babban masallacin Kuwait .
Mohammed Mehdi al -Qazwini - mashahurin malamin addini, ya ba da shawarar bangon Kuwait na uku a shekara ta 1920.
Muhammad Hassan Al -Musawi -shekara ta (1912 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1995) ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun malamai masu fafutukar neman ilimi a Kuwaiti. Jikan Sayyid Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban makarantar Jafari a Kuwait kuma ya gabatar da Makarantar Turanci da Larabci da Nahawu. Ya yi aiki daga shekara ta 1942 zuwa shekara ta 1973 inda ya sami taken "Malamin Zamani". Ya ci gaba da sake tsara manhajojin darussa daban-daban da suka haɗa da Kimiyya da PE, ya gabatar da tsarin jarabawar Hadin Kai, Lambobin Kuɗi, Rahoton Makaranta (Rubututtuka), waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a duk makarantun gwamnati a Kuwait. Lokacin da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka yi masa tayin tura shi kasashen waje don neman magani, ya ki cewa "Ba na son in mutu a wata kasa mai ban mamaki."
Muhammad Baqir al -Muhri shekara ta (1948 zuwa shekara ta 2015) yana daya daga cikin fitattun malamai a tarihin Kuwait. Ya kasance mataimaki na kusan marja'a guda sha biyar 15, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Dangantakar Musulunci da Kirista, wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Malaman Musulmai a Kuwait, Limamin Masallacin Imam Ali a Kuwait, dan siyasa kuma marubucin jarida, kuma marubucin Falsafa da sirrin littafin Hajji.
Dhiyaa Al -Musawi - marubuci kuma malami a Bahrain.
Hussain Al-Musawi- dan kwallon Kuwait kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Al-Arabi SC.
A Iraki
Nasrallah al-Haeri- masanin addini kuma mawaƙi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattaunawar musulinci a cikin zamanin Ottoman.
Madhiha Hassan al -Mosuwi - ma'aikaciyar agaji ga gwamnatin Iraki wanda wasu mutane suka fara kiran "Uwar Teresa na Bagadaza"
Husain al-Radi- babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraki, an kashe shi bayan azabtarwa a Qasr Al-Nihaya a shekara ta 1963 (Radi dan asalin Musawi ne)
Musa al -Musawi - wanda aka sani da rubuta rubuce -rubucen bita da kulli kan Musulunci
Ibrahim al -Jaafari - dan siyasa wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan Iraki a gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Iraqi daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2006, bayan zaben Janairu shekara ta 2005. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 2014 zuwz shekara ta 2018.
Hassan al -Qazwini - wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Cibiyar Musulunci ta Amurka a Dearborn Heights, Michigan, mai wakiltar reshen Musulunci na Twelver Shi'a.
In Lebanon
Abbas al -Musawi - shekara ta (1952 - 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1992) fitaccen Malamin Musulmi ne.
Husayn Al-Musawi-ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Amal Islamic Amal da aka rushe yanzu a shekara ta 1982.
Ibrahim Mousawi - ɗan jaridar Lebanon ne kuma jami'in hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai.
In Iran
Ruhollah Khomeini - (Satumba shekara ta 1902 -zuwa 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1989) ya kasance jagoran addinin Iran kuma masani, ɗan siyasa, kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Iran na shekara ta 1979. (Khomaini dan asalin Mūsawi ne, ya fito daga daular Safawiyya.
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei- daya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Shi'a na karni na ashirin 20.
Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri malamin Shi'a ne 'yan sha-biyu na Iran, ya kasance tsohon wakilin Wali-Faqih a lardin Khuzestan + Ahwaz Imam na Juma'a.
Abdorrahim Musavi - shine Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Iran.
Mujtaba Musavi Lari - Malamin Addinin Shi'a ne na 'yan -sha -biyu.
Ali Mousavi - dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran
Ƙasashen Indiya
Imam Awliya Hazrat Ishaan - Babban Waliyya a Sunni Islam
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Monuddin Hadi Naqshband - Son da magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Hazrat Sayyid Mir Jan - Zuriyar kuma magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mahmud Agha - Dan uwa kuma magajin Sayyid Mir Jan
Hamid Hussain Musavi - babban malamin zamaninsa a Indiya.
Iyalan Al-Mosawi
Al-Korsan
Mahmodawi
Gardēzī Sadaat
Madrouni
Al Gharawi
Sadr
Safavi
Al-Shammaa
Al-hashemi
Shahristani
Sharif al-Ulama
Al Hussaini
Wasu daga cikin dangin Almazidi
Nasrallah
Sharaf Al Din
Nassoshi
Duba kuma
Daular Safavid |
26859 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobar%20COVID-19%20a%20Benin | Annobar COVID-19 a Benin | Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 a kasar Benin wani bangare ne na annobar cutar Coronavirus da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a duniya a shekarar 2019 ( COVID-19 ) wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bulla a kasar Benin a watan Maris din shekarar 2020.
Fage
A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa sabon coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019.
The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin adadin wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfurin don Benin sun ba da shawarar cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 kuma yana haɓaka tun Nuwamba 2020.
Maris 2020
A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar a Porto-Novo, babban birnin Benin. Bayan kwanaki uku, an ba da rahoton shari'ar ta biyu da aka tabbatar. Garin ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa daban-daban kuma ana kiyaye mutanen da ke shigowa kasar ta jirgin sama a karkashin wajaba na kwanaki 14. Haka kuma, an shawarci mutanen Benin da su sanya abin rufe fuska kuma su fita waje kawai idan an buƙata.
An tabbatar da kararraki guda 9 da murmurewa guda daya a cikin Maris, wanda ya bar lokuta 8 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2020
A watan Afrilu an sami sabbin kararraki 55, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 64. Mutuwar farko daga COVID-19 ta faru ne a ranar 5 ga Afrilu. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 33, yana barin lokuta 30 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Mayu 2020
An sami sabbin kararraki 168 a cikin watan Mayu, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 232. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 3. An samu murmurewa guda 110 a cikin watan, wanda ya kara adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 143, wanda ya bar lokuta 86 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuni 2020
A cikin watan Yuni an samu sabbin kararraki guda 967, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 21. An samu murmurewa guda 190 a cikin watan, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 333, wanda ya bar 845 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuli 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 606 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 1805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da 15 zuwa 36. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu da 703 zuwa 1036, yana barin lokuta 733 masu aiki a karshen wata (raguwa da 13% daga karshen watan Yuni).
Agusta 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 340 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2145. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da hudu zuwa 40. Ya zuwa karshen wata adadin masu aiki sun ragu da rabi dangane da karshen watan Yuli, zuwa 367.
Satumba 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 212 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2357. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 41. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 1973, yana barin lokuta 343 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Oktoba 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 286 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2643. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2418, wanda ya bar lokuta 184 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Nuwamba 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 372 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3015. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 43. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2839, wanda ya bar lokuta 133 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Disamba 2020
An samu sabbin kararraki 236 a watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3251. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 44. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3061, inda ya bar lokuta 146 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Janairu 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 642 a watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3893. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 52. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3421, yana barin lokuta 420 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Fabrairu 2021
An sami sabbin kararraki 1541 a cikin Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 5434. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 70. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4248, inda ya bar lokuta 1116 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Maris 2021
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa ya fara ne a ranar 29 ga Maris, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covichield. An sami sabbin kararraki 1666 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7100. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 90. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 6452, inda ya bar lokuta 558 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2021
An sami sabbin kararraki 721 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7821. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 99. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7580, wanda ya bar lokuta 142 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Mayu 2021
An sami sabbin kararraki 237 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 8058. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 101. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7893, wanda ya bar lokuta 64 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Yuni 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 141 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 104. Adadin marasa lafiyar da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 8000, yana barin lokuta 95 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Yuli 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 195 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8394. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 108. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8136, inda ya bar lokuta 150 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Agusta 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 4972 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 13366. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 128. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8854, wanda ya bar lokuta 4384 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Satumba 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 10524 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 23890. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 159. Adadin wadanda aka dawo da su ya karu zuwa 21993, ya bar lokuta 1738 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Oktoba 2021
An samu sabbin kararraki 859 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 24749. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 161. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 24346, inda ya bar lokuta 242 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Alurar riga kafi
Alurar riga kafi na COVID-19 a Benin wani shiri ne na rigakafi da ke ci gaba da yakar cutar sankarau mai tsanani na numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), don mayar da martani ga annobar da ke ci gaba a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai 36,188, mutane 26,268 masu allurai guda 9,920 kuma an yi wa mutane 9,920 cikakkiyar allurar.
Alurar rigakafi akan oda
Tsarin lokaci
Maris 2021
A ranar 11 ga Maris 2021, Benin ta karɓi SII-AstraZeneca tare da allurai 144,000.
A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta karɓi Sinovac tare da allurai 203,000.
A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar coronavirus.
Afrilu 2021
A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 10,051.
Mayu 2021
A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 12,934.
Yuni 2021
A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 46,108.
Yuli 2021
Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 61,858.
Agusta 2021
A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 120,333.
Satumba 2021
A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 214,396. 3% na yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi.
Duba kuma
Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka
COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dashboard Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Afirka (CDC) akan Covid-19
COVID-19 Afirka Buɗe Data Project Dashboard
Kungiyar Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka COVID-19 Dashboard
WHO COVID-19 Dashboard
Manazarta
Covid-19 |
14479 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Coast%20%28Mulkin%20mallaka%20na%20Birtaniyya%29 | Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya) | Gold Coast yanki ne na mulkin mallakan Birtaniya da ke Gulf na Guinea a Afirka ta Yamma daga shekarar 1821 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a matsayin wani bangare na al'ummar Ghana a shekara ta 1957. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar Gold Coast galibi don bayyana duk ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen guda huɗu waɗanda suke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna na Gold Coast . Waɗannan su ne Yankin Gold Coast da kanta, Ashanti, Protearfafa Yankin Arewacin da kuma yankin amintaccen Burtaniya Togoland.
Farkon masu binciken Turai da suka isa bakin tekun su ne Fotigal a cikin shekarar 1471. Sun gamu da masarautun Afirka iri-iri, wasu daga cikinsu suna sarrafa tarin zinare a cikin ƙasa. A shekarar 1483, Turawan Fotigal sun zo nahiyar don karuwar kasuwanci. Sun gina Castle of Elmina, matsuguni na farko na Turai akan Gold Coast. Daga nan suka sami bayi da zinariya a cikin cinikin kayan Turai, kamar su wukake na ƙarfe, beads, madubai, rum, da bindigogi. Labarin cinikin nasara ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya, Dutch, Danish, da Sweden suma sun zo. 'Yan kasuwar Turai sun gina kagarai da yawa a gefen bakin teku. Kogin Gold ya daɗe yana suna ga yankin da Turawa ke amfani da shi saboda albarkatun zinare da ake samu a yankin. Kasuwancin bayi shine babban musayar kuma babban ɓangare na tattalin arziƙin shekaru. A wannan lokacin, ƙasashen Turai sun fara bincika da mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Ba da daɗewa ba Fotigal da Sifen suka fara fitar da bayin Afirka zuwa ƙasashen Caribbean, da Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. Dutch da Ingilishi suma sun shiga cinikin bayi, da farko suna ba da kasuwanni a cikin Caribbean da kuma gabar tekun Caribbean na Kudancin Amurka.
Kamfanin Royal Trading ya kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1752 don jagorantar kasuwancin ta a Afirka. Kamfanin Afirka na hanan Kasuwa ne ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya jagoranci yunƙurin kasuwancin Biritaniya zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19. A cikin 1821 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta janye yarjejeniyarsu kuma ta ƙwace ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a bakin tekun. A cikin 1821, gwamnati ta kafa mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Kogin Gold, bayan da ta karɓi ragowar bukatun sauran ƙasashen Turai. Sun sayi kuma sun sanya kasar Kogin Zinariya a cikin 1850 da Dutch Kogin Zinariya, gami da Fort Elmina, a cikin shekarar 1872. Burtaniya ta fadada mulkin mallaka a hankali ta hanyar mamayewa da yin biyayya ga masarautun cikin gida har ila yau, musamman ma ƙungiyar Ashanti da Fante.
Mutanen Ashanti sun mallaki yawancin yankuna na Ghana kafin zuwan Turawa kuma galibi suna rikici dasu. A cikin karni na 21 sun ci gaba da kasancewa mafi yawan al'ummomin kabilu a Ghana. Yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu, yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti, an yi su ne tsakanin Ashanti (Asante) da Birtaniyya, waɗanda a wasu lokutan suke ƙawance da Fante.
A lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Farko (1822-24), ƙungiyoyin biyu sun yi faɗa saboda rashin jituwa a kan shugaban Ashanti da bautar. Turawan ingila sun soke cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika amma suka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankunanta har zuwa 1834. Tashin hankali ya karu a 1874 yayin Yakin Ashanti na Biyu (1873-74) lokacin da Birtaniyya ta kori Ashanti babban birnin Kumasi. Yakin Ashanti na Uku (1893–94) ya faru ne saboda sabon mai mulkin Ashanti Asantehene yana son yin amfani da sabon taken nasa. Daga shekarar 1895–96 Turawan Burtaniya da Ashanti suka fafata a Yakin Ashanti na hudu kuma na karshe, inda Ashanti suka yi gwagwarmaya kuma suka rasa ‘yancinsu. A cikin 1900 tashin Ashanti ya faru. Turawan ingila sun murkushe tashin hankali kuma suka kame garin Kumasi. A karshen wannan makon Ashanti War, karkarar da Ashanti mutanen da suka zama a Birtaniya protectorate a 1 ga watan Janairun shekarata 1902.
Zuwa shekarar 1901, Birtaniyya ta kafa mulkin mallaka wanda ya hada dukkan Zinariya, tare da masarautun ta da kabilun da suke dauke da rukuni daya. Turawan sun yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri kamar su zinariya, karafan ƙarfe, lu'ulu'u, hauren giwa, barkono, katako, hatsi da koko. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun gina hanyoyin jirgin kasa da hadaddun hanyoyin sufuri don tallafawa jigilar irin wadannan kayan masarufi. Wannan ya kafa tushe ga kayayyakin sufuri a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Sun kuma gina asibitoci da makarantu irin na Yamma don samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga mutanen masarautar. Alkawarin Ashanti da Fante samari galibi sun kammala karatun su a Biritaniya a wasu manyan jami'o'in ta.
Zuwa 1945, a sakamakon babban rawar mulkin mallaka a yakin duniya na biyu, masu kishin kasa a Kogin Zinariya sun dauki matsayin jagoranci wajen neman karin ikon cin gashin kai. A shekarar 1951-55 sun raba mulki tare da Birtaniyya. Zuwa 1956, Burtaniya Togoland, Ashanti protectorate, da Fante protectorate sun hade da Kogin Zinariya don kirkirar yanki daya, wanda ya zama sananne da Kogin Zinariya. Dokar 'Yancin Gana ta 1957 ta zama masarautar masarautar Kogin Zinariya a matsayin wani bangare na sabuwar mamayar Ghana.
Tarihi
Mulkin Burtaniya
A ƙarshen karni na 19, Turawan Birtaniyya, ta hanyar mamaya ko sayayya, sun mamaye yawancin katangar bakin tekun. Manyan dalilai guda biyu sun aza harsashin mulkin Burtaniya da kuma kafa mulkin mallaka a kan Kogin Zinariya: Abin da Birtaniyya ta yi game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Asante da sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali da rikice-rikice na kasuwanci, da ƙwarewar Birtaniyya tare da danniya da kawar da cinikin bayi.
A lokacin mafi yawan karni na 19, Asante, mafi karfin iko na cikin gidan Akan, ya nemi fadada mulkin sa da inganta da kuma kare kasuwancin sa. Yaƙin Asante na farko na yankunan bakin teku ya faru ne a cikin 1807; ‘yan Asante sun sake komawa kudu a yakin Ga-Fante na shekara ta 1811 da kuma a yakin Ashanti – Akim – Akwapim na 1814-16. Waɗannan hare-haren, duk da cewa ba su yanke hukunci ba, sun katse fatauci a cikin kayayyakin irin su fuka-fukai, hauren giwa, roba da man dabino, kuma sun yi barazanar tsaron ƙauyukan Turai. Hukumomin Birtaniyya, Dutch, da na Danish duk an tilasta musu su sasanta da Asante. A cikin 1817 Kamfanin Afirka na Mercan Kasuwa suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota wacce ta amince da iƙirarin Asante ga ikon mallakar manyan yankuna na gabar teku da jama'arta. Kadarorin Kamfanin 'Yan Kasuwa na Afirka sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren kasuwanci tara ko masana'antu: Fort William, Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, Fort Apollonia, Fort Tantumquery, Fort Metal Cross, Fort Komenda, da Cape Coast Castle, na ƙarshe na wacce ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa.
Mutanen da ke bakin teku, musamman wasu daga cikin Fante da mazauna sabon garin Accra, wadanda suka kasance manyan Ga, sun dogara ne da kariyar Burtaniya daga mamayar Asante. Amma kamfanonin kasuwanci suna da iyakantaccen ƙarfin samar da irin wannan tsaro. Masarautar Burtaniya ta rusa kamfanin a shekarar 1821, tare da ba da iko kan masarautar Burtaniya a kan Gold Coast ga Charles MacCarthy, gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Saliyo. Kungiyoyin Birtaniyya da Saliyo sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin gama gari don rabin farkon karni. Umurnin MacCarthy shine gabatar da zaman lafiya da kuma kawo karshen cinikin bayi. Ya nemi yin hakan ta hanyar ƙarfafa mutanen bakin teku su yi adawa da mulkin Kumasi da kuma rufe manyan hanyoyi zuwa bakin tekun. Abubuwa da yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci sun ci gaba, duk da haka. A cikin 1824 an kashe MacCarthy kuma an shafe yawancin ƙarfinsa a cikin yaƙi tare da sojojin Asante. Turawan sun sami nasarar fatattakar mamayar Asante na bakin tekun a cikin shekarata 1826 tare da haɗin gwiwa na sojojin Burtaniya da na cikin gida, gami da Fante da mutanen Accra.
Lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da izinin kula da matsugunan Gold Coast don komawa ga Kamfanin Kasuwancin Afirka na Burtaniya a ƙarshen 1820s, dangantaka da Asante har yanzu tana da matsala. Daga ra'ayin Asante, Birtaniyyawa sun kasa sarrafa ayyukan ƙawayen yankinsu na bakin teku. Idan aka yi haka, da Asante ba ta ga ya zama dole ba don yunƙurin sanya zaman lafiya a kan mutanen bakin teku. Arfafawar MacCarthy ga adawa da bakin teku ga Asante da harin soja na Biritaniya na 1824 wanda ya biyo baya ya ƙara nuna wa shugabannin Asante cewa Turawa, musamman ma Burtaniya, ba su girmama Asante ba.
A cikin shekarar 1830 wani kwamiti na 'yan kasuwa na London ya zaɓi Kyaftin George Maclean ya zama shugaban ƙaramar hukumar' yan kasuwa. Kodayake ikon ikonsa na yau da kullun yana da iyaka, nasarorin Maclean na da yawa; misali, ya shirya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Asante a 1831. Maclean ya kuma kula da mutanen bakin teku ta hanyar rike kotu na yau da kullun a Cape Coast, inda ya yanke hukunci tare da hukunta wadanda aka samu da laifin tayar da zaman lafiya. Tsakanin 1830 da 1843, yayin da Maclean ke kula da lamura a kan Gold Coast, babu wani rikici da ya faru da Asante. Reportedlyarar kasuwancin ta ba da rahoton sau uku.
Aikin Maclean na iyakance ikon shari'a a bakin ruwa yayi tasiri sosai har wani kwamiti na majalisar dokoki ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da ayyukanta na dindindin tare da tattauna yarjejeniyoyi tare da shuwagabannin gabar teku don ayyana alakar Biritaniya da su. Gwamnatin ta yi haka a cikin shekarata 1843, a wannan shekarar aka sake dawo da gwamnatin ta kambi. An nada kwamanda Henry Worsley Hill gwamnan farko na Gold Coast . A karkashin gwamnatin Maclean, yawancin kabilun bakin teku sun mika wuya don kariyar Burtaniya. Hill ya ci gaba da ayyana yanayi da nauyi na ikon sa a kan yankunan da aka kiyaye. Ya yi yarjejeniya da wata yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da wasu Fante da sauran shugabannin gargajiya waɗanda aka sansu da suna Jond na 1844. Wannan takaddar ta tilasta wa shugabannin yankin gabatar da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai da fashi, zuwa ikon Burtaniya; ta aza harsashin doka don mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na gaba na yankin bakin teku.
Karin jihohin bakin teku da kuma sauran jihohin da ke nesa daga baya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, kuma an karɓi tasirin Burtaniya, an ƙarfafa shi, an faɗaɗa shi. A karkashin sharuddan tsarin 1844, Burtaniya ta bayyana don samar da tsaro ga yankunan bakin teku; don haka, tsarin kare jama'a ya kasance. Kamar yadda nauyin kare kawancen cikin gida da kula da lamuran tsaron gabar teku ya karu, an raba gudanar da Gold Coast da Saliyo a 1850.
A kusan lokaci guda, karɓar karɓar fa'idodin da kasancewar Burtaniya ta haifar da ƙaddamar da wani muhimmin mataki. A watan Afrilu na 1852, manyan sarakuna da dattawa sun hadu a Cape Coast don tuntubar gwamnan kan hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga. Tare da amincewar gwamnan, majalisar sarakuna ta kafa kanta a matsayin majalisar dokoki. A yayin amincewa da kudurorin nata, gwamnan ya nuna cewa taron shugabannin ya kamata ya zama kayan aiki na dindindin na kayan kare kundin tsarin mulki, amma ba a ba wa majalisar takamaiman ikon tsarin mulki ta zartar da dokoki ko karbar haraji ba tare da yardar mutane ba.
A cikin 1872 tasirin Birtaniyya akan Gold Coast ya ƙara haɓaka lokacin da Birtaniyya ta sayi theasar Zinariya ta Dutch. Asante, wanda ya kwashe shekaru yana ɗaukar Yaren mutanen Holland a Elmina a matsayin ƙawayensu, saboda haka ya rasa hanyar kasuwanci ta ƙarshe zuwa cikin teku. Don hana wannan asara kuma don tabbatar da cewa kudaden shiga da aka samu daga wannan mukamin sun ci gaba, Asante sun yi mamayar su ta ƙarshe a bakin tekun a cikin 1873. Bayan nasarorin da suka samu da wuri, daga ƙarshe suka yi yaƙi da sojojin Burtaniya da suka sami horo sosai waɗanda suka tilasta su koma baya hayin Kogin Pra . Daga baya ƙoƙarin sasantawa da Birtaniyya ya ƙi amincewa da komandan sojojinsu, Manjo Janar Sir Garnet Wolseley. Don daidaita matsalar Asante har abada, Birtaniyyawa sun mamaye Asante tare da manyan sojoji. Harin, wanda sojojin Birtaniyya 2500 da dimbin mataimakan Afirka suka kaddamar a watan Janairun 1874, ya haifar da mamaya da kone Kumasi, babban birnin Asante.
Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya ta buƙaci Asante ta yi watsi da duk wata da'awar zuwa yankuna da yawa na kudu. Hakanan Asante dole ne ta buɗe hanyar zuwa Kumasi a buɗe don kasuwanci. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa gaba, ƙarfin Asante ya ci gaba da raguwa. Kungiyar a hankali ta wargaje yayin da yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin suka balle kuma yayin da yankuna da ke da kariya suka koma mulkin Burtaniya. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ya haifar da matsaloli da rikice-rikice. A cikin 1896 Burtaniya ta sake tura wani balaguro wanda ya mamaye Kumasi kuma ya tilasta Asante ta zama kariyar Masarautar Burtaniya. Burtaniya ta soke matsayin asantehene kuma ta kori mai ci daga mulkin mallaka.
Babban jigon tarayyar Asante ya karɓi waɗannan sharuɗɗan da gangan. A cikin 1900 Asante sun yi tawaye a Yakin Zinari na Zinare amma an ci su a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 1902 Burtaniya ta shelanta Asante a matsayin mallaka a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan Gold Coast. An sanya rakiyar tare da rashi tunani da tunani a bangarorin biyu. Tare da fatattakar Asante da haɗe shi, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na yankin ya zama gaskiya.
Mulkin mallaka
Rikicin soja tsakanin Asante da Fante ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar tasirin Birtaniyya a kan Gold Coast. Damuwa ce game da ayyukan Asante a gabar tekun wanda ya tilastawa jihohin Fante sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta 1844. A ka'ida, jingina ta bai wa Birtaniyya iyakantattun ikon shari'a-kokarin kisan kai da kuma karar fashi kawai. Hakanan, Turawan ba za su iya samun ƙarin haƙƙoƙin shari'a ba tare da yardar sarakuna, da sarakuna, da kuma mutanen da ke cikin kariya ba. A zahiri, duk da haka, ƙoƙarin Burtaniya don ƙwace ikon mallakar shari'a da yawa ya ci nasara ƙwarai da gaske cewa a cikin 1850s sun yi tunanin kafa kotunan Turai maimakon na gargajiya na Afirka.
Sakamakon motsa jiki na kara fadada ikon shari'a a bakin teku da kuma tabbatar da cewa mutanen bakin teku sun kasance cikin karfin iko, Turawan Burtaniya, bayan kayen da suka yi da Asante a 1874, ya yi shelar tsohuwar masarautar bakin teku mai mulkin mallaka. Yankin Yankin Gold Coast, wanda aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1874, ya ƙunshi yankunan bakin teku kuma ya faɗaɗa har zuwa kan iyakokin mara iyaka na Asante.
Mutanen da ke bakin teku ba su yi maraba da wannan motsi da farin ciki ba. Ba a shawarce su ba game da wannan haɗakar, wanda ya ba da izinin ware Jond na 1844 ba tare da izini ba kuma ya ɗauki masu sanya hannun sa kamar yankunan da aka ci da yaƙi. Birtaniyyawa, duk da haka, ba ta da'awar kowane haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa, yanayin da wataƙila ke bayyana rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'a. Jim kaɗan bayan ayyana yankin bakin teku a matsayin mallaka, Turawan ingila suka ƙaura da babban birnin mulkin mallaka daga Cape Coast zuwa tsohuwar gidan Danish a Christianborg da ke Accra.
Kasar Biritaniya ta sami tasiri daga ƙarshe har ya haɗa da Asante. Bayan kayen Asante a cikin 1896, Turawan Burtaniya sun yi shelar kariyar mulkin mallaka. Da zarar an kori mutanen asantehene da majalisarsa, sai Birtaniyya ta nada wani kwamishina a garin Asante, wanda aka ba shi ikon yin farar hula da na aikata laifi a kan yankunan. Ana gudanar da kowace jihar Asante daga Kumasi a matsayin wani keɓaɓɓen mahaluƙi kuma yana da matuƙar alhakin gwamnan Kogin Zinariya. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Asante ta zama mulkin mallaka bayan shan kayen ta na karshe a shekarar 1901.
A halin yanzu, Turawan Burtaniya sun sami sha'awar manyan yankuna a arewacin Asante, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Arewa. Wannan buƙata ta samo asali ne ta hanyar buƙatar hana Faransawa da Jamusawa, waɗanda ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri a yankunan kewayen. Jami'an Burtaniya sun fara kutsawa yankin a cikin 1880s, kuma bayan 1896 an ba da kariya ga yankunan arewacin da Asante ke kula da kasuwancinsu da gabar teku. A cikin 1898 da 1899, ikon Turawan mulkin mallaka ya shata kan iyakokin tsakanin Terasashen Arewacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da Faransa da Jamusawa. An ayyana Yankin Arewacin a matsayin mai mulkin mallakar Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1902.
Kamar Asante protectorate, Yankin Arewa an sanya shi ƙarƙashin ikon kwamishina mazaunin wanda ke da alhakin gwamnan Gold Coast. Gwamnan ya mulki Asante da yankunan Arewacin ta hanyar sanarwa har zuwa 1946.
Tare da arewa karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, yankuna uku na Gold Coast - Yankin mallaka (yankuna na gabar teku), Asante, da Yankin Arewacin — sun zama, ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, rukunin siyasa daya, ko mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da "dogaro" ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kogin Zinariya. Iyakokin ƙasar Ghana ta yau sun farga ne a watan Mayu 1956 lokacin da mutanen yankin Volta, waɗanda aka fi sani da British Mandated Togoland, suka jefa ƙuri'a cikin yardar rai don zama ɓangare na Ghana ta zamani.
Mulkin mallaka
Farawa a cikin 1850, yankuna na bakin teku suna ƙara ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan masarautun Birtaniyya, wanda Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar dokoki suka taimaka masa. Majalisar Zartarwa karamar kungiya ce ta shawarwari ta jami'an Turai da ke ba da shawarar dokoki da jefa kuri'a, gwargwadon amincewar gwamna. Majalisar Dokokin ta hada membobin Majalisar Zartarwa da mambobin da ba na hukuma ba wadanda aka zaba da farko daga bukatun kasuwancin Burtaniya. Bayan 1900 an kara shugabannin uku da wasu 'yan Afirka uku a cikin Majalisar Dokokin, an zaba wadannan daga al'ummomin Turai da suka hada da Accra, Cape Coast, da Sekondi. Cire 'yan Afirka daga Asante da Yankin Arewa bai faru ba sai daga baya. Kafin shekara ta 1925, duk mambobin majalisar dokoki da gwamna ya nada. Membobin hukuma koyaushe suna da yawa fiye da membobin hukuma.
Samuwar sannu-sannu game da mulkin mallakar mulkin mallaka ya kawo ikon dunkulewa kan ayyukan gida, kodayake har yanzu ana ba da ainihin ayyukan waɗannan ayyukan ga ƙananan hukumomi. An bayyana takamaiman ayyuka da nauyi a fili, kuma an bayyana rawar da gwamnatocin gargajiya ke takawa a harkokin cikin gida.
Tsarin kananan hukumomi ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulkin gargajiya. Kungiyoyin shugabannin gari da dattawa kusan ke da alhakin biyan bukatun kowane yanki, ciki har da doka da oda da kuma jin daɗin jama'a. Kansiloli, duk da haka, ana mulkinsu da yardar rai maimakon ta hanyar dama. Ajin masu mulkin al'umma ne suka zabi shuwagabanni; wani shugaban gargajiya ya ci gaba da mulki ba wai kawai don shi ne zabin abin da za a iya kira mai martaba ba, amma kuma saboda mutanensa sun yarda da shi. Batun kwance sarauta ko ɓata sunan da dattawan ƙabila suka yi ya zama al'ada gama gari idan sarki ya gaza biyan buƙatu ko tsammanin jama'a.
Sarakunan gargajiya sun yi fice sosai a tsarin mulkin kai tsaye da hukumomin Burtaniya suka amince da shi don gudanar da mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cewar Frederick Lugard, mai tsara manufofin, dokar kai-tsaye ba ta da tsada saboda ta rage yawan jami'an Turai a fagen. Ta hanyar barin sarakunan cikin gida suyi amfani da ikon gudanarwa kai tsaye akan mutanen su, za a rage masu adawa da mulkin Turawa daga yawan jama'ar yankin. Manyan, duk da haka, yakamata su karɓi umarni daga shuwagabanninsu na Turai. Tsarin, a cewar Lugard, yana da ƙarin fa'idar wayewa da 'yan ƙasar, saboda ya fallasa sarakunan gargajiya ga fa'idodin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Turai da ɗabi'u. Wannan tsarin "wayewa" duk da cewa, dokar kai tsaye tana da babbar fa'ida ta tabbatar da kiyaye doka da oda.
Amfani da mulkin kai tsaye a cikin Kogin Zinariya ya zama mai mahimmanci, musamman bayan an kawo Asante da Yankin Arewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya. Kafin ingantaccen mulkin mallaka na waɗannan yankuna, niyyar Burtaniya ta yi amfani da ƙarfi da yarjejeniyoyi don sarrafa sarakunan Asante da arewa. Da zarar an aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye, sarakunan sun zama masu alhakin hukumomin mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka goyi bayan su. Ta fuskoki da yawa, sabili da haka, an haɓaka ƙarfin kowane sarki sosai. Kodayake Lugard ya nuna tasirin wayewar kai na mulkin kai tsaye, masu sukar manufofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an cire asalin shigar jama'a daga tsarin siyasa na gargajiya. Duk da takaddun ka'idoji na nuna bangaranci, mulkin kai tsaye a aikace ya sa shuwagabanni neman izini zuwa Accra (babban birni) maimakon neman shawarar mutanensu ga mutanensu.
Shugabanni da dattawa da yawa sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka. Gabaɗaya kwamishinonin gwamnati ne ke jagorantar majalisunsu, waɗanda galibi suke ba wa sarakuna girmamawa, ado, da kuma kwarjini. Dokar kai tsaye ta kasance tana adana hanyoyin gargajiya da hanyoyin samun iko, amma, kuma ya kasa samar da dama mai ma'ana ga karuwar samari masu ilimi da ke hankoron samun wani ci gaba a cikin kasarsu. Sauran kungiyoyin ba su gamsu ba saboda babu wadataccen hadin kai tsakanin majalisun da gwamnatin tsakiya kuma saboda wasu na ganin cewa shugabannin yankin sun fi karfin kwamishinonin gundumar Burtaniya
A cikin 1925 majalisun larduna na sarakuna an kafa su a duk yankuna uku na mulkin mallaka, wani ɓangare don bawa sarakunan cikakken aikin mallaka. An bi wannan motsawar ne a cikin 1927 ta hanyar gabatar da Dokar Gudanar da Nan ƙasar, wanda ya maye gurbin tsari na 1883 wanda ya sanya sarakuna a cikin Coastasar Gold Coast a ƙarƙashin kulawar Burtaniya. Manufar ita ce a bayyana tare da tsara iko da yankunan ikon sarakuna da kansiloli. An bai wa majalisu takamaiman ayyuka a kan rikice-rikicen zaɓe da kuma rashin kujerun sarakuna; an bayyana yadda ake zaben shugabanni; kuma an ayyana ikon alkalai kuma an ba da su. An damka wa kansiloli matsayin ayyana dokar gargajiya a yankunansu (dole ne gwamnati ta amince da shawarar da suka yanke), kuma an baiwa majalisun larduna ikon zama kotunan yanke hukunci game da al'amuran dokar al'ada lokacin da takaddama ta kaure tsakanin sarakuna a wasu mukamai daban-daban. Har zuwa 1939, lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Baitul Malin 'Yan ƙasar, kodayake, babu tanadi don kasafin kuɗin gida. A cikin 1935 Dokar Hukumomin Nan ƙasar ta haɗu da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tsakiya da ƙananan hukumomi zuwa tsarin mulki ɗaya. Sabbin hukumomi na asali, waɗanda gwamnan ya nada, an ba su iko na ƙananan hukumomi a ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamishinonin lardunan gwamnatin tsakiya, waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa manufofinsu za su kasance na gwamnatin tsakiya.
A shekarar 1948 yan asalin kasar Ghana sun yanke shawarar yin gwagwarmayar neman yanci.
Majalisun larduna da motsawa don ƙarfafa su ba sanannen abu ba ne. Ko da ta ma'aunin Burtaniya, ba a ba wa sarakuna isasshen ƙarfi don zama ingantattun kayan aiki na mulkin kai tsaye ba. Wasu 'yan Ghana sun yi imanin cewa sake fasalin, ta hanyar ƙaruwa da ikon sarakuna ta hanyar yunƙurin gida, ya ba da izinin mulkin mallaka ya guji motsi zuwa kowane nau'i na shahararren mashahuran gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya
Shekarun mulkin Burtaniya na Gold Coast a cikin ƙarni na 20 wani zamani ne na ci gaba mai mahimmancin ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a, tattalin arziki, da ci gaban ilimi. An inganta sadarwa sosai. Misali, layin dogo na Sekondi-Tarkwa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1898, an tsawaita shi har sai ya hade yawancin mahimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci na kudu, kuma zuwa 1937, akwai tituna na kilomita 9,700. An kuma fara ayyukan sadarwa da gidan waya.
Sabbin amfanin gona suma an gabatar dasu kuma sun sami karbuwa sosai. Bishiyoyin Cacao, waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin 1878, sun kawo amfanin gona na farko ga manoman cikin gida; ya zama babban ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1920 lokacin da cuta ta shafe bishiyoyin Brazil. Noman koko ya kasance mafi yawa a hannun 'yan Afirka. An kirkiro Hukumar Tallace-tallace koko a cikin 1947 don taimakawa manoma da kuma daidaita samar da sayar da amfanin gonar su. A karshen wannan shekarun, Gold Coast na ta fitar da fiye da rabin koko na duniya.
Abubuwan da mulkin mallaka suka samu ya karu daga fitowar katako da zinariya. Zinare, wanda da farko ya kawo Turawa zuwa Gold Coast, ya kasance a hannun 'yan Afirka har zuwa 1890s. Dabarun gargajiya na yin fankoki da hakar ma'adinai, amma, ba da wadataccen fitarwa ba. Ci gaban zamani na hakar ma'adanai ya sanya hakar gwal ya zama wani kamfani ne na ƙetare na ƙasashen waje. Misali, Kamfanin Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, wanda aka shirya shi a shekarar 1897, ya sami rangwamen kusan kilomita murabba'i 160 wanda a ciki za a iya samun kasuwancin zinariya. Kodayake wasu hukumomin kabilun sun ci riba sosai daga ba da gudummawar haƙar ma'adinai, amma kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai na Turai da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ne suka tara yawancin arzikin. Kudin shiga daga fitarwa na albarkatun kasa na mulkin mallaka ya inganta kudaden cikin gida a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan zamantakewa. Tushen tsarin ilimin da ya ci gaba fiye da kowane irin sa a Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya samo asali ne daga kudaden fitarwa na ma'adinai.
Yawancin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka a cikin Gold Coast a farkon ɓangaren wannan ƙarni na yanzu an danganta su ne ga Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, gwamna daga 1919 zuwa 1927. Guggisberg an haife shi a Galt (kusa da Toronto), Kanada, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Burtaniya a 1889. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, yayi aiki a matsayin mai safiyo a cikin kasashen masarautar Burtaniya na Kogin Zinariya da Najeriya, sannan daga baya, a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, yayi aiki a Faransa.
A farkon gwamnan sa na Gold Coast, Guggisberg ya gabatar da wani shiri na cigaban shekaru 10 ga majalisar dokoki. Ya ba da shawarar farko game da inganta harkokin sufuri. Bayan haka, saboda fifikon, inganta abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da samar da ruwa, magudanan ruwa, ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, gine-ginen jama'a, inganta gari, makarantu, asibitoci, gidajen yari, layukan sadarwa, da sauran ayyuka. Guggisberg ya kuma kafa burin cika rabin matsayin mulkin mallaka da yan Afirka da zaran sun samu horo. An bayyana shirin nasa a matsayin mafi girman burin da aka gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma har zuwa wannan lokacin. Wani shiri na gwamnan ya haifar da kirkirar tashar jiragen ruwa a Takoradi, wanda daga baya ya zama tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko a Ghana. Kwalejin Achimota, wacce ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan mafi kyaun makarantun sakandare na ƙasar, ita ma ra'ayin Guggisberg ne.
Lokacin auna tasirin tasirin rayuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙuntataccen bayyananniyar hangen nesa shine iyakantaccen adadin bayanai masu dacewa da daidaitaccen ma'aunin lafiyar ɗan adam. Hanyoyin ilimin lissafi suna ba da wata hanya don shawo kan iyakoki, kuma suna bayyana canjin lokaci mai tsawo. Baten ya zana abin da ya dade yana gudana wanda ya hada da kwarewar zamanin mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yanci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ga Ghana, lokacin mulkin mallaka na karni na 20 bai kasance mara kyau ba musamman. Don zama mafi daidaitaccen tsarin rayuwa ya inganta cikin sauri a farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20 lokacin da noman koko ya tashi. Gabaɗaya, aiwatar da tattalin arziƙi da tsarin rayuwa na lokacin mulkin mallaka yana nuna kyakkyawan tarihi fiye da lokacin bayan yancin kai. Ta hanyar ilimantarwa irin ta Biritaniya ne wani sabon mashahurin dan Ghana ya sami dukiya da sha'awar yin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. A lokacin shekarun mulkin mallaka, cibiyoyin ilimin kasar sun bunkasa sosai. Tun daga farko a makarantun mishan, a farkon karni na 20 an sami ci gaba sosai a fannoni da dama, kuma, kodayake ayyukan sun ci gaba da shiga, amma gwamnatin ta ci gaba da kara kauna da tallafi. A cikin 1909 gwamnati ta kafa makarantar fasaha da kwalejin horar da malamai a Accra; Ofishin jakadancin ya kafa wasu makarantun sakandare da yawa. Gwamnati a hankali ta kara tallafawa ta kudi don karuwar adadin makarantun jihohi da na mishan. A shekarar 1948 kasar ta bude cibiyar farko ta manyan makarantu, kwalejin jami'a.
Mulkin mallaka ya taimaki Birtaniyya a duka Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Daga 1914 zuwa 1918, ,ungiyar Kogin Zinariya ta yi aiki da bambanci a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Jamusawa a Kamaru da cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gabashin Afirka. A Yaƙin Duniya na II, dakaru daga yankin Kogin Zinariya sun sami babban daraja bayan manyan ayyuka a wurare kamar Habasha da Burma. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, duk da haka, matsalolin bayan tashin hankali na hauhawar farashi da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya yi matukar kawo cikas ga gyara ga tsoffin sojoji, wadanda ke kan gaba cikin rashin jin dadi da tashin hankali. Yakinsu na yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji sun faɗaɗa tunaninsu, wanda ya sanya ya zama da wuya a gare su su koma ga ƙasƙantar da kai da matsayin da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka ware wa Afirka.
Kishin Kasa
Yayin da kasar ta ci gaba ta fuskar tattalin arziki, a hankali hankalin gwamnati ya karkata daga hannun gwamna da jami'ansa zuwa na 'yan Ghana. Canje-canjen ya samo asali ne daga ci gaba sannu a hankali na karfi mai karfi na kishin kasa kuma ya haifar da 'yanci daga karshe. Ci gaban wayewar kai na ƙasa ya hanzarta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da, ban da tsofaffin masu yi wa ƙasa hidima, wasu gungun maƙwabtan Afirka da 'yan kasuwa da suka fito don ba da tallafi ga burin ƙananan ƙalilan masu ilimi. Da zarar motsi ya fara, al'amuran sun ci gaba cikin sauri-ba koyaushe suna saurin isa don gamsar da shugabannin kasa ba, amma har yanzu a wani saurin da ba mamaki ba kawai ga mulkin mallaka ba amma da yawa daga cikin kasashen Afirka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ma.
Farkon bayyanuwa
Tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, yawancin African Afirka masu ilimi sun ƙara samun tsarin siyasa mara izini wanda ba za a amince da shi ba wanda ya sanya kusan dukkan iko a hannun gwamna ta hanyar nadin mambobin majalisar. A cikin 1890s, wasu membobin mashahuran bakin ruwa sun shirya kansu cikin Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin don nuna rashin amincewarsu da dokar filaye da ke barazanar mallakar filaye na gargajiya. Wannan zanga-zangar ta taimaka wajen kafa harsashin aiwatar da siyasa wanda a karshe zai haifar da 'yanci. A cikin 1920 daya daga cikin membobin Afirka na Majalisar Dokoki, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, ya kira Babban Taro na Birtaniyya ta Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya aika da wakilai zuwa London don roƙon Ofishin Coan Mulkin mallaka da ya yi la’akari da ƙa’idar zaɓen wakilci. Kungiyar, wacce ta yi ikirarin yin magana da duk kasashen da suka mallaki yankin Afirka ta Yamma, sun wakilci farkon nuna hadin kan siyasa tsakanin masana da masu kishin yankin. Kodayake ba a karɓi wakilan ba a Landan (bisa dalilan da ke wakiltar muradun wani ƙaramin rukuni na 'yan Afirka mazauna birane), ayyukanta sun haifar da babban goyon baya tsakanin fitattun Afirka a gida.
Duk da kiran da suka yi na zabar wakilci sabanin tsarin da gwamnan ya nada mambobin majalisa, wadannan masu kishin kasa sun dage cewa su masu biyayya ne ga masarautar Burtaniya kuma kawai suna neman a tsawaita ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewar Burtaniya ne ga 'yan Afirka. Fitattun shugabannin sun haɗa da Africanus Horton, Jr; J. M. Sarbah; da S. R. B. Attah-Ahoma. Irin waɗannan mutanen sun ba wa ƙungiyar kishin ƙasa dandano mai ɗanɗano wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s.
Tsarin mulki na 1925, wanda Gordon Guggisberg ya gabatar, ya kirkiro majalisun larduna na manyan sarakuna ga duka amma lardunan arewa na mulkin mallaka. Wadannan kansilolin kuma sun zabi shuwagabanni shida a matsayin wadanda ba na hukuma ba ne a majalisar dokoki. Kodayake sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana ya amince da tunanin Afirka, amma Guggisberg ya fi damuwa da kare bukatun Burtaniya. Misali, ya samar wa ‘yan Afirka takaitacciyar murya a gwamnatin tsakiya; amma duk da haka, ta hanyar takaita nade-naden ga sarakuna, ya haifar da baraka tsakanin shuwagabannin da kuma wadanda suke da ilimi. Masanan sun yi amannar cewa sarakunan, don neman goyon bayan Birtaniyya, sun ba wa majalisun lardunan fada gaba daya karkashin ikon gwamnati. Zuwa tsakiyar 1930s, koyaya, kusanci tsakanin shugabanni da masu hankali ya fara.
Gaggawa don ƙarin wakilcin da ya dace ya ci gaba. Jaridu mallakin 'yan Afirka kuma ke sarrafa su sun taka rawa wajen tsokanar wannan rashin jin daɗin - an buga shida a cikin 1930s. A sakamakon kiran da aka yi na neman karin wakilci, an kara wasu mambobin Afirka biyu da ba na hukuma ba a Majalisar Zartawa a 1943. Canje-canje a Majalisar Dokoki, duk da haka, dole ne su jira wani yanayi na siyasa daban a London, wanda ya samo asali ne kawai bayan zaɓen bayan gwamnatin Labour ta Burtaniya.
Sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Gold Coast na 1946 (wanda kuma aka sani da kundin tsarin mulki na Burns bayan gwamnan wancan lokacin) ya kasance takarda mai karfin gaske. A karo na farko, an watsar da batun rinjayen hukuma. Majalisar Dokoki yanzu ta kasance daga mambobi shida na zartarwa, mambobi shida da aka zaba, da membobi goma sha takwas da aka zaba. Tsarin mulki na 1946 kuma ya shigar da wakilai daga Asante cikin majalisar a karon farko. Ko da tare da gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Labour da ke kan mulki, amma, Turawan Burtaniya sun ci gaba da kallon yankunan mulkin mallaka a matsayin tushen albarkatun kasa da ake bukata don karfafa gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu. Canjin da zai ba da karfi na gaske a hannun Afirka bai kasance fifiko a tsakanin shugabannin Biritaniya ba har sai bayan tarzoma da sace-sace a Accra da sauran garuruwa da biranen a farkon 1948 kan batun fansho na tsoffin ma’aikata, babban matsayin baƙi a cikin tattalin arziki, ƙarancin gidaje, da sauran korafe-korafen tattalin arziki da siyasa.
Tare da zaɓaɓɓun mambobi cikin mafi rinjaye, Ghana ta kai matakin girma na siyasa wanda babu kamarsa a cikin Afirka ta mulkin mallaka. Tsarin mulki bai ba da, ba, ba da cikakken mulkin kai ba. Ikon zartarwa ya kasance a hannun gwamnan, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ke da alhakin sa. Saboda haka, tsarin mulki, kodayake an gaishe shi da farin ciki a matsayin babban ci gaba, ba da daɗewa ba ya sami matsala. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙare, kuma yawancin tsoffin sojan Gold Coast waɗanda suka yi aiki a balaguron ƙasashen Biritaniya sun koma ƙasar da ke cikin ƙarancin talauci, hauhawar farashi, rashin aikin yi, da ayyukan baƙar fata. A can tsoffin sojoji, tare da abubuwan da ba su da kyau a birane, sun kafa cibiya na rashin gamsuwa cikakke don aiwatar da rikici. Yanzu haka manoma sun hade da su, wadanda suka fusata da tsauraran matakan gwamnati da ake bukata na sare bishiyoyin cacao mai cuta don magance annobar, da kuma wasu da dama wadanda ba su ji dadin cewa karshen yakin ba ya biyo bayan ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Siyasar ƙungiyoyin 'yanci
Kodayake kungiyoyin siyasa sun kasance a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Hadaddiyar United Gold Coast (UGCC) ita ce farkon kungiyar kishin kasa da nufin mulkin kai "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci". Wanda aka kafa a watan Agusta 1947 ta byan Afirka masu ilimi waɗanda suka haɗa da JB Danquah, GA Grant (wanda aka sani da Paa Grant), RA Awoonor-Williams, Eric Ato Nkrumah (dukkan lauyoyi ban da Grant, wanda yake ɗan kasuwa ne mai kuɗi), da sauransu, jagorancin kungiyar ta yi kira da a sauya shugabannin da ke Majalisar Dokoki tare da masu ilimi. Ga waɗannan shugabannin siyasa, mulkin gargajiya, wanda aka aiwatar da shi ta hanyar kai tsaye, an gano shi da sha'awar mulkin mallaka da abubuwan da suka gabata. Sun yi imani cewa alhakinsu ne su jagoranci kasarsu cikin sabon zamani. Sun kuma nemi cewa, saboda ilimin da suka yi, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta girmama su ta kuma ba su mukami na daukar nauyi. Kamar yadda wani marubuci a kan lokacin ya ruwaito, "Alamomin ci gaba, kimiyya, 'yanci, matasa, duk sun zama alamu wanda sabon jagoranci ya fitar kuma ya karfafa shi." Musamman, shugabancin UGCC ya caccaki gwamnati kan gazawarta na magance matsalolin rashin aikin yi, hauhawar farashi, da rikice-rikicen da suka zo nuna halayen al'umma a ƙarshen yaƙin.
Rashin adawar su ga mulkin mallaka duk da haka, membobin UGCC sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta yadda shugabancin su ba ya neman canji ko juyin juya hali. Wannan wataƙila sakamakon horon da suka samu ne a hanyar Burtaniya ta yin abubuwa. Hanyar da aka gudanar da siyasa a wancan lokacin ita ce canzawa bayan Kwame Nkrumah ya kirkiro Jam'iyarsa ta Taron Jama'a (CPP) a watan Yunin 1949.
An haifi Nkrumah ne a Nkroful a yankin Nzema kuma ya yi karatu a makarantun Katolika a Half Assini da kuma Achimota School. Ya sami ƙarin horo a Amurka a Jami'ar Lincoln da kuma a Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Daga baya, a Landan, Nkrumah ya zama mai aiki a cikin Studentsungiyar Studentsalibai na Afirka ta Yamma da Majalisar Pan-Afrika. Ya kasance ɗayan African Afirka kaɗan da suka halarci Babban Taron Afirka na Biyar wanda aka gudanar a Manchester a cikin 1945. A lokacinsa a Biritaniya, Nkrumah ya san irin fitattun masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da masana kamar Yammacin Indiya George Padmore, da Ba’amurke Ba’amurke W. E. B. Du Bois A shekarar 1947 lokacin da aka kirkiro UGCC a yankin Gold Coast dan adawa da mulkin mallaka, an gayyaci Nkrumah daga Landan don ya zama babban sakataren kungiyar.
Zamanin Nkrumah tare da UGCC ya kasance babban hadari ne. A watan Maris 1948, an kama shi kuma an tsare shi tare da wasu shugabannin UGCC don gwagwarmayar siyasa. An san su da Manyan Shidaa Siyasar Ghana. Daga baya, bayan an gayyaci sauran membobin kungiyar UGCC don ba da shawarwari ga kwamitin Coussey, wanda ke ba gwamnan shawara kan hanyar samun ‘yanci, Nkrumah ya fasa UGCC ya kafa CPP. Sabanin kiran da UGCC ke yi na neman mulkin kai "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci", Nkrumah da CPP sun nemi "gwamnatin kai a yanzu". Shugabannin jam'iyyar, wadanda suka hada da Nkrumah, Kojo Botsio, Komla A. Gbedemah, da gungun galibin matasa masana siyasa da aka fi sani da "Verandah Boys", sun fi bayyana kansu da mutanen da ke aiki fiye da na UGCC da masu hankali.
Salon Nkrumah da alkawurran da ya yi sun yi kira kai tsaye ga yawancin ma'aikata, manoma, da matasa waɗanda suka ji shi; ya zama kamar shi ne shugaban ƙasa wanda za su iya mai da hankali ga fatarsa. Ya kuma sami goyon baya daga, tare da wasu, matan kasuwa masu tasiri wadanda, ta hanyar mamayar da suka yi da karamin ciniki, sun kasance tashoshin sadarwa masu tasiri a matakin yanki.
Mafi yawan jama'ar da ake siyasarta, wadanda suka zuga a shekarun bayan yakin ta hanyar jaridu da suka fito fili, sun rabu da shugabannin kabilun da masu fada aji na Anglophile kusan kamar yadda suke daga turawan Ingila ta hanyoyin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da kuma ilimi. Wannan mafi rinjayen ya kunshi tsoffin ma'aikata ne, wadanda suka yi karatu wadanda suke da wasu makarantun firamare, 'yan jarida, da malaman makarantar firamare, wadanda dukkansu suka bunkasa dandano na fahimtar jama'a game da dimokiradiyya. Yawancin ma'aikatan masana'antu marasa ilimi amma masu birni sun zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tallafi. Nkrumah was able to appeal to them on their own terms. A watan Yunin 1949, lokacin da aka kafa CPP tare da kyakkyawar manufar neman shugabancin kai tsaye, Nkrumah yana da dimbin mabiya.
Tsarin mulki na 1951 ya samo asali ne daga rahoton Kwamitin Coussey, wanda aka kirkira saboda tashin hankali a Accra da wasu biranen a 1948. Baya ga baiwa Majalisar Zartarwa mafi yawan ministocin Afirka, ta kirkiro taro, rabin zababbun membobinsu zasu fito daga garuruwa da yankunan karkara rabin kuma daga majalisun gargajiyar, gami da, a karon farko, Arewacin Yankuna. Kodayake babban ci gaba ne, har yanzu sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya yi kasa sosai da kiran da CPP ta yi na cikakken mulkin-kai. Ikon zartarwa ya kasance a hannun Birtaniyya, kuma an tsara majalisar dokoki don ba da izinin iko ta hanyar sha'awar gargajiya.
Tare da samun goyan bayan mashahuri, CPP a farkon 1950 ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na "aiki mai kyau", da nufin haifar da yajin aikin gama gari da adawa mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da wasu rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice suka faru, Nkrumah, tare da manyan hadimansa, an hanzarta kama su tare da daure su saboda tawaye. Amma wannan kawai ya ƙara masa daraja a matsayin shugaba kuma gwarzo na dalilin kuma ya ba shi matsayin shahidai. A watan Fabrairun 1951, an yi zaben farko na Majalisar Dokoki a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Nkrumah, wanda har yanzu yana kurkuku, ya sami nasara, sannan CPP ta samu gagarumar nasara da kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru 104.
Gwamnan, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, ya saki Nkrumah kuma ya gayyace shi ya kafa gwamnati a matsayin "jagoran kasuwancin gwamnati", matsayin da ya yi daidai da na firayim minista. Nkrumah ya karba. Wata muhimmiyar rawa aka wuce akan hanyar samun yanci da mulkin kai. Duk da haka, kodayake CPP ta yarda ta yi aiki a cikin sabon tsarin tsarin mulki, tsarin gwamnati wanda ya kasance a 1951 tabbas ba abin da CPP ta fi so ba. Ma'aikatan tsaro, harkokin waje, kudi, da shari'a har yanzu suna hannun jami'an Burtaniya wadanda ba su da alhakin majalisar dokoki. Har ila yau, ta hanyar samar da wakilci mai yawa na sarakunan gargajiya a Majalisar Dokoki, tsarin mulki ya jaddada rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin shugabannin siyasa na zamani da shugabannin gargajiya na majalisun sarakuna.
Farkon wa'adin Nkrumah na farko a matsayin "jagoran kasuwancin gwamnati" ya kasance da kyakkyawar fahimta da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnan Burtaniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sannu a hankali gwamnatin ta rikide zuwa cikakken tsarin majalisar dokoki. Canje-canjen sun kasance masu adawa da wasu al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, musamman a Asante da Yankin Arewa. Wannan hamayyar, kodayake, ba ta da wani tasiri ta fuskar ci gaba da kuma ƙaruwa da goyan baya ga ɗayan ra'ayi na hawa-hawa-kai a farkon kwanan wata.
A cikin 1952 an kirkiro matsayin firaminista kuma Majalisar Zartarwa ta zama majalisar minista. Firayim Ministan ya kasance mai daukar nauyin majalisar, wacce ta zabi Firayim Minista Nkrumah. Tsarin mulki na 1954 ya kawo karshen zaben mambobin majalissun da majalisun kabilun suka yi. Majalisar Dokokin ta kara girma, kuma an zabi dukkan mambobi ta hanyar zabe kai tsaye daga mazabu iri daya, na mambobi daya. Tsaro da manufofin kasashen waje ne kawai suka rage a hannun gwamna; an ba majalisar da aka zaba iko da kusan dukkanin al'amuran cikin gida na mulkin mallaka.
CPP ta bi manufofin sanya siyasa, wacce ta gamu da adawa mai tsanani. Jim kadan bayan zaben 1954, aka kafa wata sabuwar jam’iyya, wacce aka kafa ta Asante National Liberation Movement (NLM). NLM sun ba da shawarar tsarin gwamnatin tarayya, tare da haɓaka ƙarfi ga yankuna daban-daban. Shugabannin NLM sun soki CPP saboda abubuwan da ake gani da kama-karya. Sabuwar jam'iyyar ta yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwa tare da wata kungiyar masu ra'ayin yanki, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa. Lokacin da wadannan bangarorin biyu suka fice daga tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki, jam'iyyar CPP ta ji tsoron cewa London na iya daukar wannan rashin hadin kai wata alama ce da ke nuni da cewa mulkin mallaka bai riga ya shirya ba zuwa mataki na gaba na mulkin kai ba.
Mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki na Burtaniya, duk da haka, ya goyi bayan matsayin CPP. Gwamnan ya rusa majalisar ne domin ya gwada goyon bayan da jam’iyyar CPP ke nema na samun ‘yanci kai tsaye. Masarautar ta amince ta ba da ‘yancin kai idan har hakan ya samu rinjaye daga kashi biyu cikin uku na sabbin‘ yan majalisar. An sake gudanar da sabon zabe a watan Yulin 1956. A zabukan da aka fafata sosai, jam'iyyar CPP ta sami kashi 57 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka jefa, amma rarrabuwa tsakanin 'yan adawa ya ba wa CPP duk wata kujera a kudu gami da isassun kujeru a Asante, da Arewacin Yankin, da Trans-Volta Region don rikewa kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru 104.
Kafin babban zaben watan Yulin 1956 a cikin Kogin Zinariya, an gudanar da yardar rai a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don yanke shawarar halin da Burtaniya da Togoland na Faransa za su kasance nan gaba. Amintaccen Birtaniyya, ɓangaren yamma na tsohuwar mulkin mallakar Jamusawa, yana da alaƙa da Gold Coast tun 1919 kuma yana da wakilci a majalissarta. Mafi yawan mazaunan Togoland na Burtaniya sun zabi amincewa da haɗin kai da maƙwabtansu na yamma, kuma yankin ya shiga cikin Kogin Zinariya. Duk da haka, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga haɗawar daga wasu daga cikin Ewe a kudancin Burtaniya Togoland.
'Yancin kai
A ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Mulkin mallaka na Kogin Zinariya ya sami 'yanci a matsayin ƙasar Ghana.
Nassoshi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20664 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Budden | Joe Budden | Joseph Anthony Budden II (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin Shekarar 1980A.c) ya kasance Ba'amurke ne mai watsa labarai, mai sukar al'adu, halin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma tsohon mawaƙi. Ya fara samun karbuwa a matsayin mai rera waka kuma an fi saninsa da shahararren kundin wakokinsa na shekarar 2003 mai suna " Pump It Up " kuma a matsayinsa na memba na kungiyar hip hop supergroup Sla Slahouse. A shekarar 2018, ya yi ritaya daga rap, da kuma samu nasarar a matsayin watsa shiri, ciwon yawa publicized gudu kamar wata co-rundunar kan Yau da kullum jihadi a Complex. A halin yanzu yana karbar bakuncin Joe Budden Podcast, ana fitar da shi sau biyu a mako ta hanyar Spotify da YouTube, da Jihar Al'adu akan Tawaye . An bayyana shi a matsayin " Howard Stern na Hip-Hop ".
Farkon Rayuwa
An haife shi ne ga Joseph Budden da Fay Southerland a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1980, a cikin Spanish Harlem a cikin babbanbirnin New York. Ya koma Jersey City, New Jersey yana da shekara goma sha uku tare da mahaifiyarsa da babban ɗan'uwansa, inda ya halarci Lincoln High School. Mahaifin Budden bai kasance tare dashi ba a tsawon yarintarsa, batun da daga baya zai yi magana a cikin waƙarsa.
Budden ya kasance matashi mai matsaloli kuma an aika shi zuwa Cibiyar Laurinburg, makarantar kwana a North Carolina, inda ya fara haɓaka ƙwarewar sa a matsayin mai waƙa. Bayan ya dawo Jersey, ya fara gwaji da kwayoyi, yana haɓaka buri da hodar ibilis. Bayan wani rikici da ya yi da mahaifiyarsa, Budden da son ransa ya koma gidan jiya a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1997, don a ba shi damar halartar babban wajan nasa. Budden bai sami difloma ba, kuma ya haifi ɗa tare da babbar mace da shekara 20 Tare da ɗansa a hanya, Budden ya fara ɗaukar waƙa da muhimmanci. A cikin shekara ta 2001, ya haɗu tare da furodusa Dub-B, wanda aka fi sani da White Boy, kuma ya fara sakin abubuwan hada-hadar sa da gwajinsa na farko, ɗayan ya ƙare a hannun mai watsa shiri na Hot 97 da kuma lakabin Desert Storm Records head DJ Clue.
Daukaka, Farkon Fara Kaurin Suna (2002-03)
Da wuri Budden ya zama mawakin asali, kuma ya kulla babbar yarjejeniya tare da Rikodi na Jam Jam a shekara ta 2002. Ya fara samun kulawa ta hanyar tallan tallan daya ne "Focus", wanda ya kwashe makwanni goma sha bakwai akan taswirar US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Songs, inda yake kan # 43.
Ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fito da " Pump It Up " a matsayin jagorar waƙoƙimsa masu tahowa da yake zuwa. Waƙar, wacce Just Blaze ta kuma samar, ta kasance nasarar kasuwanci, an tsara ta a # 16 a kan US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Songs, da kuma Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Airplay a lamba # 18. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a # 38 a kan <i id="mwZA">taswirar Billboard</i> Hot 100 ta Amurka, # 10 a kan taswirar Hot Rap Songs da # 39 a kan taswirar Waƙoƙin Rediyo. An kuma nuna waƙar a waƙoƙin waƙoƙi don finafinan da aka buga kamar su 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) da You Got Served (2004), da kuma wasannin bidiyo Madden NFL 2004, Def Jam Vendetta, Def Jam Fight for NY, inda Budden ya bayyana kamar hali mai kyau. Waƙar ta karɓi kyautar Grammy Award don Mafi Kyawun Rapwararrun Rapwararrun atwararrun atwararru a 46addamarwar Grammy 46th Annual
A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fitar da faifan fim ɗin sa na farko Joe Budden . An fara aiki dashi a # 8 akan USboard Bill 200, ana siyar da raka'a 95,000 a satinsa na farko, kuma ana ci gaba da siyar da kofi sama da 420,000 a Amurka. Its biyu guda, " wutã (a, a y'all) ", featuring bako maher da American rapper Lucenzo, peaked a # 18 a Amurka Allon tallace-tallace Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Airplay ginshiƙi da kuma # 48 akan taswirar Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Wakoki. Budden yayi remix wanda yake dauke da Paul Kayinu da Fabolous, wanda ya bayyana a wajan hadakar na karshen, mai taken More Street Dreams, Pt. 2: Akwatin Mixtape . A ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fito a cikin R. Kelly ya samar da waƙa, Clubbin na Marques Houston, wanda ya ƙaru a # 39 a kan US Billboard Hot 100 da kuma a # 15 a kan jadawalin BPI na Burtaniya.
Mastalolin lakabi, Jadawalin Muzik Mood (2003-08)
Yayinda yake kan Def Jam, Budden ya fito da faifai guda biyu, Mood Muzik: Mafi munin Joe Budden a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2003, da Mood Muzik 2: Shin Zai Iya Zama Mafi Muni? a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2005. Dukanin wakokinsa sun sami yabo sosai tare da Compleaddamar da rikitarwa mai suna Mood Muzik 2 a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun kayan haɗi na kowane lokaci. A wannan lokacin, kundin sa na biyu da yayi niyya, 'The Growth', ya gamu da jinkiri na ci gaba, saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin Joe da jami'an zartarwa na Jam Jam kan shugabanin kundin. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2005, Joe ya fito da " Gangsta Party " wanda ke nuna Nate Dogg a matsayin waƙoƙin farko na kundin. Daga ƙarshe an dakatar da Girman kuma an saki Budden daga Def Jam.
A watan Disambar shekara ta 2007, Budden ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kundin faya-fayai tare da Amalgam Digital, Fitar da ya fara yi a kan lakabin ita ce Mood Muzik 3: Kundin a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2008, sigar da aka yi ta tallan littafinsa na Mood Muzik 3: Don Inganta ko don Mafi muni, wanda aka fitar a baya a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2007. Kodayake an sayar da shi da talauci, kundin ya sami yabo daga duniya daga masu sukar, waɗanda suka yaba da yardar Budden don tattauna batutuwan mutum.
Faya-fayen Halfway House, Slaughterhouse, Padded Room, Escape Route (2008–12)
A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2008, Budden ya fitar da faifan sa na uku, Halfway House, musamman cikin tsarin dijital . Shi ne na farko a cikin jerin kundin fayafayan da aka haɗa. Sanarwarta ta nuna farkon dawowar Budden zuwa <i id="mwzA">Billboard</i> 200 a cikin shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin zazzagewa 3,000 da aka siyar a makon farko na fitarwa. Kundin ya kunshi "Mayanka", hadin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Budden, Crooked I, Royce da 5'9 " da Joell Ortiz . Kyakkyawar liyafar waƙar ta zaburar da huɗun don kafa ƙungiya, suna mai suna Mafarauta bayan waƙar.
Bayan jinkiri na farko, ya sake album na huɗu, Padded Room a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ana yin saiti a lamba # 42 a kan taswirar Billboard 200 ta Amurka da kuma # 2 a kan jadawalin Top Independent Albums, tare da kofi 13,451 da aka sayar a makon farko na saki. Faifan Budden na biyar, Hanya Tserewa, ya biyo baya a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2009, kuma ya sadu da kyakkyawar tarba daga masu sukar. A wannan rana, gidan mayanka sun fitar da kundi na farko mai taken, mayanka, ta hanyar E1 . A ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2010, Budden ya fitar da Mood Muzik 4: A Juya 4 mafi munin .
Gidan mayanka ya shirya kundi na biyu don fitarwa a cikin shekara ta 2010, wanda aka tsara mai taken Babu Muzzle . Koyaya, Royce da 5'9 "ya tabbatar da tattaunawa tsakanin ƙungiyar da Eminem 's Shady Records, kuma yana jin ya kamata a fitar da kundin waƙoƙin su na biyu a kan babbar alama. Bayan wasu matsaloli tare da E1 da Amalgam, Mayanka a hukumance sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Shady Records a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2011. A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2011, mayanka ya fitar da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taken kansa.
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2012, 'slaughterhouse' sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙin su na biyu Barka da zuwa: Gidan mu, wanda ya fara a kan # 2 akan <i id="mwAQg">Billboard</i> 200 da # 1 akan Billboard Top Rap Albums, suna sayar da kwafi 52,000 a satin farko. An riga an fara amfani da faifan waka, On The House, wanda aka sake shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2012.
Wakokin No Love Lost, All love Lost, Rage & The machine (2013-16)
A Ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2012, Budden ya fito da " Ba ta Sanya shi ba ", wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne da Tank . Waƙar ita ce jagorar waƙoƙi daga kundin faifan studio na shida mai zuwa. Ya fara ne a lamba # 96 akan <i id="mwARU">Billboard</i> Hot 100, yana nuna farkon bayyanar Budden akan jadawalin kusan shekaru goma tun farkon wasan sa na farko " Pump It Up ".
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, Budden ya shiga cikin masu wasa na VH1 's Love & Hip Hop: New York a cikin yanayi na uku. Zai dawo a karo na huɗu a ƙarshen shekarar.
A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2013, Budden ya saki Babu Loaunar Lost, wanda ya fara a # 15 akan <i id="mwAR8">Billboard</i> 200 yana siyar da kwafi 30,000 a cikin makon farko. Ya zuwa watan Maris 20, shekara ta 2013, kundin ya sayar da kwafi 60,000. An riga an fara amfani da faifan mix A Quarter Quarter, wanda aka fitar a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2012. A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2013, Budden ya fitar da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin na biyu, "NBA (Kada a sake sakewa)", wanda ke nuna Wiz Khalifa da Faransa Montana .
Ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2014, Budden ya halarci Kashe Kashe, wani taron yaƙin rap da ke adawa da Hollow Da Don, babban mai fashin yaƙi da tasiri a cikin yaƙin. Alkalai sun baiwa Hollow nasara ta hanyar yanke hukunci baki daya. Asara saboda nuna halin da ake ciki na rikice-rikice game da yankin yaƙin rap, da kuma Shady records, da kuma fita kai tsaye daga yaƙin, wannan ya fara ɓarkewar ƙarshen shekara 2 ga aikin Budden kuma ya nuna farkon zuwa miƙa mulki daga mai rapper zuwa blogger.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Budden ya fara sakin kwastan na mako-mako tare da Rory Farrell da Marisa Mendez, sannan aka sani da suna Zan Sanya Wannan Podcast Daga baya . A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2015, Budden ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙin sa na bakwai, Duk Loveaunar da Aka stata, don yabon duniya daga masu sukar. An riga an gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo, Wasu Loveaunar da Aka Loveata, a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2014, da kuma maraƙin "Broke" da "Sla Slamomouse".
Budden ya sanar da kwanakin rangadin sa na karshe a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2016. A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2016, Budden ya fitar da hanyar waƙa, "Yin Mutum Kashe Na", da farko an yi shi ne don ɗan rajin Kanada Drake, kodayake shi ma yana ɗaukar hoto a Meek Mill a cikin waƙar. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa ra'ayoyin ba na mutum ba ne, an yi shi ne don gasa da wasanni, kuma ba shi da wata ma'amala da kowane mai zane. Bayan tashin hankalin, Jamil "Mal" Clay ya maye gurbin Mendez a cikin kwasfan Budden, bayan haka wasan ya zama sananne da The Joe Budden Podcast .
A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2016, Budden ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙin sa na takwas kuma na ƙarshe, Rage & The Machine, wanda gabaɗaya AraabMUZIK ya samar . An fara faifan faifan a kan # 40 a kan <i id="mwAU0">Billboard</i> 200, ana sayar da kwafi 11,341 a Amurka.
Aikin watsa shirye-shirye (2017 – present)
A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2017, Budden ya fara haɗin gwiwar Gwagwarmaya ta Yau da kullun, wasan kwaikwayon safe na yau da kullun don Hadaddiyar, tare da DJ Akademiks da Nadeska Alexis. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2017, yayin gabatar da bikin nuna kyautuka na BET, Budden da masu masaukin baki sun gudanar da wata hira da kungiyar Migos ta Atlanta rap, inda rikici ya kaure tsakanin Budden da mamban Migos Takeoff bayan da DJ Akademiks ya yi tambaya game da rashin zuwan sa a Migos '2016 da aka buga guda Bad da Boujee. Budden ya tashi daga saiti kuma an ɗan taƙaitawa tsakaninsa da ƙungiyar. Memba na Migos Quavo ya yi ishara da Joe Budden a cikin wakar " Ice Tray ", yana cewa "Idan dan nigga ya kira shi Joe Budden". Budden ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin watan Disamba shekara ta 2017.
A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2018, Budden ya ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da Sean Combs da kamfaninsa na watsa labarai Revolt, ƙirƙirar da kuma samar da shirin nuna Jiha na Al'adu , wanda aka fara a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2018. Budden zai kasance tare da mai ba da waka tare da ɗan fim ɗin Love & Hip Hop Remy Ma . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2018, Joe Budden Podcast ya fara rangadi, tare da wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye ta Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ya sanar a hukumance cewa ya yi ritaya daga yin fyaɗe. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Budden ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kawo kwasfan fayiloli zuwa Spotify da faɗaɗa wasan kwaikwayon zuwa jadawalin mako-mako, tare da sababbin abubuwan da ke faruwa kowace Laraba da Asabar. Tun da kasancewa keɓaɓɓe a kan Spotify, The Joe Budden Podcast ya zama mai tafi-da sauraren hip-hop da masu sha'awar al'adun rap. Ba wai kawai yana ɗauke da jadawalin kwatancen fayilolin Spotify ba, amma yana samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa da tsoro. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2020, Budden ya ba da sanarwar barin Spotify a ƙarshen kwantiraginsa kan rashin jituwa ta kuɗi da sabis na gudana.
A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2018, Budden ya koma Love & Hip Hop: New York a kakar tara. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya dawo don lokacin bikin cika shekara goma.
A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2021, Budden ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana kawo keɓaɓɓun abubuwa daga tallansa zuwa sabis ɗin tarin jama'a Patreon . Ya kuma sanar da cewa zai shiga cikin kwamitin Patreon a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan daidaiton Mahalicci tare da burin magance "duk abin da ba daidai ba game da tsarin ba da kudi ga masu kirkira."
Budden yana da yara biyu. Babban ɗansa, Joseph Budden III (wanda ake kira Trey), an haife shi ne a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2001, lokacin da Budden ke ɗan shekara 20. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayar da sammaci ga Budden daga sonungiyar Hudson, Ofishin Sheriff na New Jersey don tallafin ɗan da ba a biya ba. Sonansa na biyu, Lexington, an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2017 zuwa Budden da samfurin birni da bidiyo vixen Cyn Santana. Ma'auratan sun tsunduma cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, bayan da Budden ya gabatar da shawarwari yayin wani shiri kai tsaye na The Joe Budden Podcast a cikin New York. Ma'auratan tuni suka dakatar da baikon nasu. A watan Maris 30, shekara ta 2012, Budden ya ciyar a dare a gidan yari da kuma rasa wata mayanka concert a garinsu a kan wani $ 75 parking tikitin.
A shekarar 2014, Budden ya mika kansa ga ‘yan sanda sakamakon zarge-zargen da ya yi na cin zarafin budurwar tasa da kuma sace mata wayar salula sannan ya bayyana a Kotun Manyan Manya ta Manyan Laifuffuka kan zargin cin zarafi, babakere da sata. Daga baya wani alkali ya yi watsi da duk tuhumar da ake yi wa Budden.
Budden ya yarda da cewa yana da jaraba ga PCP kuma daga baya MDMA, amma ya kasance ba ya shan kwayoyi kuma ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da amfani da su.
Wakoki
Kundin faifai na Studio
Joe Budden (2003)
Yanayin Muzik 3: Album (2008)
Gidan Halfway (2008)
Paƙƙarfan ɗakin (2009)
Hanyar Tserewa (2009)
Babu Loveaunar da Aka (ata (2013)
Duk Loveaunar da Aka Rasa (2015)
Rage & The Machine (2016)
Kundin aiki tare
Mayanka (tare da mayanka ) (2009)
Maraba da zuwa: Gidanmu (tare da mayanka ) (2012)
Haskawa
Television
Wasannin Bidiyo
Kyaututtuka da Zaba
Kyautar Grammy
2004, Mafi kyawun Malewararrun Rapwararrun Rapwararrun :wararrun :wazo: "Pump It Up" (wanda aka zaɓa)
Sauran kyaututtuka
2003 Vibe Next Award (mai nasara)
United Kingdom, MOBO (Music of Black Origin) Kyauta don "Clubbin" tare da Marques Houston (wanda aka zaɓa)
United Kingdom, MOBO (Music of Black Origin) Award for Best Rap Performance (wanda aka zaba)
Kyautar Kyautar Black Reel ta 2004 don Kyakkyawar Waƙa daga Fim don "Pump It Up" a cikin 2 Fast 2 Fushi (wanda aka zaɓa)
Manazarta
External links
Mawakan Amurka
Mawaka maza na Amurka
Mawaka maza na Amurka na karni 21
Mawaka maza na Amurka a karni na 20
Mawaka maza na Amurka a karni na 21
Mawakan Manhattan
'Yan wasan kwaikwayon telabijin America na kai tsaye
Nishadantarwar wakan mutum daya
Membobin Slaughterhouse
Mawakan New Jersey
Mawaka daga Birnin Jerse
Daliban Lincoln High School
Mutanen Harlem
Mawakan East Co
Record na mawakan TVT
Wakokin Def Jam
Mawakan America Bakake
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980
Mukalu masu hCards
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21205 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssouf%20Saleh%20Abbas | Youssouf Saleh Abbas | Youssouf Saleh Abbas ( ; haifuwa c . 1953 ) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Chadi ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Chadi daga Afrilun shekarar 2008 zuwa Maris 2010. Ya kasance a baya mai ba da shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya kuma wakili na musamman ga Shugaba Idriss Déby .
Harkar siyasa
An haifi Abbas a Abéché a Yankin Ouaddai, a gabashin Chadi. Yayi karatu a Tarayyar Soviet sannan kuma a Faransa, inda kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a huldar kasashen duniya. Bayan ya dawo Chadi, ya yi aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a matsayin shugaban Sashin Haɗin Kai da yawa kuma ya zama Daraktan Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa daga Nuwamba 20, 1979 zuwa 30 ga Janairun 1981. Sannan ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan diflomasiyya ga Goukouni Oueddei, Shugaban Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Hadin Kan Kasa (GUNT), daga 1 ga Yuni, 1981 zuwa 25 ga Disamba, 1981 da Daraktan Majalisar Ministocin Shugaban Kasa daga Disamba 6, 1981 har zuwa saukar Oueddei a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1982. Daga 15 ga Mayu zuwa 31 ga Mayu, 1981, ya shugabanci "Seminaire National des Cadres" babban taron tattaunawar kasa wanda ya ba da gudummawa don kaucewa wargaza ƙasar tsakanin bangarorin siyasa da sojoji da kuma dawo da haɗin kan ƙasa a Chadi.
Daga baya, Abbas ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Darakta-Janar na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 20 ga Nuwamba, 1992 zuwa 15 ga Disamba, 1996. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Katsa na Ƙasa Mai Girma, wanda aka gudanar daga Janairu 1993 zuwa Afrilu 1993. Daga 16 ga Disamba, 1996 zuwa 13 ga Agusta, 1997, ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Ma’aikatar Tsare-Tsare da Hadin Kai. Ya gudanar da aikin tuntuba na UNDP da USAID tsakanin 1994 da 1997. Daga watan Agusta 1997 zuwa Disamba 1999, ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Agence Tchadienne d'Exécution des Travaux d'Intérêt Jama'a tare da goyon baya da haɗin gwiwar Bankin Duniya.
Abbas, wanda ke adawa da Shugaba Déby, ya shiga ƙungiyar Tibesti -based Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), kungiyar 'yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Youssouf Togoïmi, lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Oktoba 1998, tana aiki daga Paris (yana zaune a gudun hijira a Faransa na wasu shekaru ) a matsayin Mai Gudanar da ternalungiyar na ternalasashen waje. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2001, ya yi murabus daga MDJT, tare da wasu membobin MDJT na Coasashen waje, saboda abin da ya bayyana da "wuce gona da iri" na Togoïmi. Bayan wata yarjejeniya da gwamnati, ya koma Chadi. Ya kasance tare da Déby a shekara ta 2006 kuma ya zama mai ba Déby shawara kan alakar kasa da kasa da hadin kai a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2006, da Wakilin Musamman na Déby, tare da mukamin minista na jihohi, ga Rundunar Tarayyar Turai da Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi (MINURCAT) a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2007. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara da wakili na musamman har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi Firayim Minista. Ba ya cikin kowace jam’iyya.
A Afrilu 15, 2008, Deby nada Abbas a matsayin firaministan ƙasar, koran firaministan kasar Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye . Da yake magana a rediyo bayan haka, Abbas ya ce zai nemi yin aiki tare da sauran bangarorin siyasa lokacin kafa gwamnatinsa. Ya lura cewa sanannun tsammanin suna da yawa amma ya ce aikinsa ba zai zama mai sauƙi ba. Naɗin Abbas, dan gabas, ya nuna ficewa daga tsarin al'adun Déby na nada Firayim Minista daga kudu (Déby da kansa dan arewa ne) kuma da alama an yi niyyar taimakawa wajen warware tawayen a gabashin. A lokacin Naɗin nasa, ana daukar Abbas dangi ne wanda ba a san shi ba a cikin jama'a, amma an san shi sosai a fagen siyasa.
Ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawayen ƙasar Chadi daban-daban sun yi martani game da nadin Abbas ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mahamat Nouri na National Alliance ya ce babu wani canji na asali da za a iya samu a karkashin Déby ya kuma bayyana nadin a matsayin rashin ma'ana mara ma'ana. Union of Forces for Change and Democracy ta ce za ta jira ta ga yadda za a samu damar sarrafa Déby da za ta bai wa Abbas, yayin da Rally of the Forces for Change ta ce za ta jira ta ga yadda shirin siyasar Abbas zai kasance.
Babban hadakar jam'iyyun adawa, Coordination of Political jam'iyyun don kare kundin tsarin mulki (CPDC), a baya sun dakatar da tattaunawa da gwamnati bayan yakin N'Djamena na watan Fabrairun 2008, a lokacinda shugabannin adawa uku (ciki har da kakakin CPDC Ibni Oumar Mahamat) Saleh ) an kama shi. Bayan nadin Abbas, CPDC ta amince ta shiga cikin gwamnati a wata ganawa da ta yi da Abbas a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, duk da cewa wasu daga cikin ƙawancen, ciki har da jam’iyyar Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh ta jam’iyyar ‘yanci da ci gaban (PLD), ba su amince da wannan shawarar ba. Suna son Abbas ya bayyana abin da ya faru da Saleh (wanda har yanzu ba a gan shi ba) don shiga cikin gwamnati.
An sanar da gwamnatin Abbas a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, kuma ta hada da mambobi hudu na CPDC a manyan muƙamai: Tsaro (wanda Wadal Abdelkader Kamougué ke rike da shi), Adalci (wanda Jean Alingué ke rike da shi ), Tsare-tsare, Bunkasar birane da Gidaje (na Hamit Mahamat Dahalob ), da Aikin Noma (wanda Naimbaye Nossunian ya gudanar ). PLD ta ƙi shiga saboda ba a saki Saleh ba. Gwamnatin ta haɗa da ministoci 25 da sakatarorin jihohi takwas. Babban aikin gwamnatin karkashin jagorancin Abbas shi ne aiwatar da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci da jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa, wanda aka sanya hannu a watan Agustan 2007 kuma aka yi niyyar kaiwa ga zaɓen majalisar dokoki a 2009 .
Abbas ya ci gaba da zama a ofis kusan shekara biyu. Bayan Disamba 2009, bai sake gudanar da taron gwamnati ba, kuma an yi imanin cewa "akwai banbancin siyasa" tsakanin Abbas da Déby. Abbas ya mika takardar murabus dinsa ga Déby a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2010 kuma nan take Déby ya nada Emmanuel Nadingar ya maye gurbinsa.
Manazarta
Mutanen Chadi
Yan siyasa a Chadi
Cadi
Yan siyasa |
40249 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudalur | Mudalur | Mudalur ƙauye ne a gundumar Thoothukudi ta Indiya. Ita ce ta farko kuma mazauna kauyen zalla Kiristoci ne. ’Yan mishan ne suka kafa ta a Kudancin Indiya tare da Kiristoci 28. A yau tana da yawan jama'a fiye da mutane 4,500.
Tarihi
Samuwar Mudalur
Mudular, ma'ana "kauye na farko (முதல்+ஊர்)", an kafa shi a cikin 1799 ta ƙungiyar Kiristoci masu tuba daga addinin Palayamkottai. Mazauni na farko na ƙauyen, David Sundaranandan, ya nemi ƙirƙirar matsugunin Kirista zalla wanda aka tsara bayan “Birnin Gudun Hijira” na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Tare da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na David Sundaranandan da gudummawar karimci daga Kyaftin Everet, an sayi wani yankin fili da sunan Reverend Jeanaicke a cikin Agusta 1799. Waɗanda ba Kirista ba ne suka ci gaba da kai wa Kiristocin Mudalur hari. Don hana halakar mutanensa, David Sundaranandan ya shiga tare da matasan Mudalur don koyon fasahar yaƙin Indiya ta "Silambam". An sanya wa tawagar silambam suna "Thadikambu Sena". Saboda haka, David Sundarandan ya zama sananne da "Thadikambu David Sundarandan" da "Zakin Mudalur". David Sundaranandan shine shahidi na farko kuma zuriyar farko na Cocin Tirunelveli.
Mudalur yana da madaidaitan tituna guda biyar da kyakkyawan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Tituna biyar daga gabas zuwa yamma da titin arewa zuwa kudu sun yi kama da tsarin kauye a Ingila.
Samuwar Cocin St.Michael
Ikklisiya ta farko a ƙauyen, wanda aka gina da dabino a shekara ta 1799, waɗanda ba Kiristoci ba ne suka kone su. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Reversed Sathyanathan ya gina coci na biyu. Kuma an gina coci na uku a shekara ta 1816 ta hanyar amfani da tubali da turmi. Bayan David Sundaranandan ya mutu, Reverend Harry Bathurst Norman (HB Norman) ya ba da kyakkyawan sabis ga ƙauyen Mudalur. Ya kasance gwanin gine-gine, kuma ya gina babban coci na salon yamma a cikin shekaru biyu. Yana da damar fiye da mutane 2,000. Bishop Sargent ya keɓe cocin a ranar St. Andrew, 30 Nuwamba 1883. Tsawon cocin ƙafa 152 ne, faɗinsa kuma ƙafa 63 ne.tsayi ƙafa huɗu kuma yana da wurin da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa.
Cocin, wanda Reverend HB Norman ya gina, ba ta da ƙanƙantar labarai. Don haka mutanen Mudalur suka gina hasumiya mai kafa 193 mai hawa bakwai. A saman hasumiya, sun sanya wani kambi mai kambi tare da giciye na zinariya. An keɓe sabuwar hasumiya ta coci a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1929 (ranar St. Michael ).
Cocin Mudalur yana da wasu siffofi na gine-gine na musamman. Bisa ga ƙididdige ƙididdiga na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, lamba bakwai tana nufin "cikakkiyar kamala" ko "cika". Hasumiyar Ikklisiya tana da benaye bakwai, cocin na ciki yana da ginshiƙai bakwai daidai, tare da baka bakwai a kowane gefe. Bagadin yana da matakai bakwai daidai, da alkuki bakwai a kowane gefen bagaden. Fitillun lanƙwasa bakwai da gilashin Heptagon (polygon mai fuska bakwai) suna ƙawata bagaden.
Cigaban Al'umma
Tun daga kafuwarta, Mudalur ta sami ingantattun ababen more rayuwa. An samar da ilimi a cikin 1803, an fara sabis na gidan waya a 1891, kuma jigilar jama'a ta zo ƙauyen a 1940. An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. An fara kula da lafiya na farko a cikin 1965, bankin farko (Bankin Kanada) ya buɗe a cikin 1970. Kuma sabis na sadarwa ya fara aiki a 1990.
Gudanarwa
Mazabar majalisa
Mudalur wani yanki ne na mazabar Thiruchendur Lok Sabha har zuwa 2009. Tun lokacin da Thoothukudi ya rabu da mazabar Tirunelveli Lok Sabha, Mudalur ya zama yanki na Thoothukudi Lok Sabha a 2009. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi yana zama dan majalisa a wannan mazabar.
Mazabar Majalisa (Assembly Constituency)
Mudalur ya kasance wani yanki na Majalisar Sathankulam har zuwa 2009. A halin yanzu yana cikin yanki na Majalisar Srivaikuntam. S. Oorvasi Amirtharaj ya zama dan majalisar dokoki a wannan mazabar.
Panchayat
An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. Yana cikin Sathankulam taluk (Ward-8). Kauyuka goma sha takwas suna karkashin Mudalur panchayat. Kuma Pon Murugesan ya zama shugaban Panchayat.
Yanayi
Yanayin Mudalur gabaɗaya yana da zafi da ɗanɗano. Amma tana samun ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin damina daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu. Wannan dai shi ne lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya saboda yanayin zafi a gabar tekun Indiya.
Safara
Mudalur yana da babbar hanyar sadarwar sufuri. Yana da alaƙa da kyau ta hanyar zuwa wasu manyan ƙauyuka da garuruwa.
Al'adu
Mawaƙa
Mudalur St.Michael's Choir yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mawakan yara maza a Kudancin Tamil Nadu. Reverend HB Norman ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya yi kayan katako tare da sassaka na musamman. The Reed Organ da aka yi amfani da shi a coci an saya a Mumbai. A halin yanzu ana amfani da Viscount Vivace 60 Digital Organ (wanda aka yi a Italiya) don ayyukan coci.
Fasaha
Mudalur yana ba da muhimmanci sosai ga fasahar nishaɗi da rayuwar ɗabi'a kamar "Silambaattam", "Kaliyalattam". An koyar da fasahar Silambam ga matasa da yawa tare da Sundaranantham (1799). Kaliyalattam rawa ce ta al'adun Tamil da ke cikin hatsari. Matasan Mudalur suna yin Kaliyal a duk wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru musamman a sabuwar shekara. Akwai wakoki da dama da Annavi (mawaƙin Kalial) ya rubuta waɗanda ke bayyana rayuwa da al'adun Mudalur. Shahararrun wakokin sune “Wakar Coci”, wacce ke bayyana tsarin gine-ginen cocin da kuma “Wakar Ooruni”, wacce ke bayyana kwararar ruwa daga kogin zuwa tafkin (Ooruni) a Mudalur.
Biki
"Koil Prathistai" shine bikin Mudalur mafi girma. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar St Michael (29 Satumba). "அசனம்" da ake kira "Annadhanam" idi, raba ( தானம் ) abinci (அன்னம்) wani babban biki ne. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Idan ranar 29 ko 30 ta fado ranar Lahadi, ana yin idi a gobe. Sauran bukukuwan addini kamar Kirsimeti, Easter, da Deepavali kuma ana yin su sosai a Mudalur.
Wasan kwallon raga, Kabaddi, da cricket suna cikin shahararrun wasanni a Mudalur. Mudalur ya samar da ’yan wasan kwallon raga da dama wadanda suka wakilci kungiyar kwallon raga ta jihar Tamil Nadu, kungiyar kwallon raga ta Indiya da kungiyoyin kwallon raga kamar ‘yan sandan Tamil Nadu, bankin Indiya na kasashen waje, da masana’antar hada-hadar horarwa.
Addini
Ko da yake mafi yawan al'ummar Mudalur Kirista ne, amma tana da sauran al'adun addini kuma. Kuma akwai wuraren bauta ga babban addinin Indiya, Hindu.
Ilimi
Akwai makarantu guda biyar a cikin Madulur da kewaye:
Makarantun Nursery
Makarantun gandun daji guda biyu da gungun mutane masu daraja ke gudanarwa
Makarantun Firamare
TDTA St. Michaels Primary School (Boys), Mudalur
TDTA St. Michaels Primary School ('Yan mata), Mudalur
Makarantun Sakandare
TDTA St. Michaels Higher Secondary School, Mudalur.
Sana'a
Babban sana'o'in mutanen da ke zaune a cikin mutanen Mudalur sune:
Noma da kiwon shanu
Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a sassa da dama na Tamil Nadu
Samuwar dabino da ciniki
Koyarwa
Muscoth Halwa Production
Mudalur muscoth halwa ya shahara a duk duniya. Shagunan halwa da suka sami lambar yabo, AJJ Sweets da SJ Sweets, suna cikin Mudalur.
Harshe
Ana magana da yaren Tamil a yankin.
Adayal
Mudalur yana da babban ƙauye mai suna Adayal (அடையல்) ƙarƙashin panchayat.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18107 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27%20al-Din%20al-Bukhari | 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari | 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari ( ), ya kasance masanin fiqhu na Hanafiyya ( faqih ), masanin tauhidi na Maturidi , mai sharhin Kur'ani ( mufassir ), da kuma sufi ( Sufi ). Sa'id Foudah ya ba da shawarar cewa ya bi hanyar Naqshbandi .
Wataƙila an fi saninsa da bayar da fatawa (hukuncin shari'a) inda duk wanda ya ba Ibn Taimiyya lakabin " Shaikh al-Islam " kafiri ne, kuma ya rubuta littafi a kansa mai suna "Muljimat al-Mujassima" ( ' Magance Anthropomorphists ' ).
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 846/1438) ya warware wannan fatawar ta hanyar rubuta Al-Radd al-Wafir 'ala man Za'am anna man Samma Ibn Taimiyya Shaykh al-Islam Kafir ( ), wanda a ciki ya lissafa duk hukumomin da suka taba rubuta yabo na Ibnu Taimiyya ko suka kira shi da Shaikh al-Islam.
An haifeshi a kasar Farisa a shekara ta 779 AH / 1377 Miladiyya, kuma ya girma a Bukhara sannan daga baya yayi tafiye tafiye zuwa India, Arabiya, Egypt da Syria . Bayan shafe kansa a muhawara a Alkahira tsakanin magoya baya da kuma masu adawa da Ibn 'Arabi, ya koma Damascus inda ya hada da "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al-Muwahhidin" ( ' Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya ' ) kuma har ila yau sun ci gaba da kaiwa Ibn Taimiyya hari, don fushin Hanbalis na garin .
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Wasu malamai na zamaninsa sun yaba masa, kamar su Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, da Badruddin din-Ayni .
Rayuwa
An haifeshi ne a Bilad al-'Ajam (ana kiran kasar Farisa da suna Bilad al-' Ajam [ƙasar 'Ajam]) kuma ya yi karatu a Bukhara, inda ya yi karatu a gaban Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani . Daga gareshi ne Bukhari ya gaji tsananin kyamar falsafar zuhudu, wanda yake ganin yayi daidai da Ibn Arabi da mabiyansa. Al-Bukhari ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Iran da Asiya ta Tsakiya don neman ƙwararrun masu addini. Tun yana karami ya yi fice a fannin ilimin gargajiya da na hankali kamar su Alkur'ani, hadisi, lafazi, hankali, waka da yare . Ya kuma yi karatun littattafan Sufi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin shi a matsayin babban masanin Sufi. Mutum ne mai cikakkiyar fahimta tare da hangen nesa na ilimi, al-Bukhari na ɗan wani lokaci yana zaune a Indiya, inda wa'azinsa da laccocinsa suka ba shi farin jini a tsakanin Musulman Indiya. Kasancewar ya yaba da mai mulkin yankin, sai aka gayyaci Bukhari don ya zama mai ba shi jagoranci na addini da kuma mai ba shi shawara. Koyaya, mutum ne mai manufa, ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗo tare da mai bautarsa na Indiya ya bar yankin zuwa Makka, inda ya zauna tsawon shekaru har sai da Sarkin Mamluk Bars Bay (r. 825 / 1422-841 / 1438) ya gayyace shi zuwa Bamasaren. babban birni Ba da da ewa bayan da ya dawo, ya aka embroiled a wani wadanda suka jama'a muhawara a kan Ibn 'Arabi ta orthodoxy, a cikin shakka daga abin da ya yi arangama da m Maliki Qadi na Misira, Muhammad al-Bisati (d. 842/1438), wanda ya rika taka tsantsan a wannan al'amari. Bayan wani rikici da ya barke tsakaninsa da abokin hamayyarsa, al-Bukhari ya fusata ya bar birnin Alkahira zuwa babban fushin magoya bayansa na Masar.
A Siriya, inda ya zauna bayan tashinsa, Bukhari ya ci gaba da tunanin “wulakancin” da ya yi a hannun al-Bisati kuma ya hada da karyata Ibn Arabi da makarantarsa, mai taken "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al- Muwahhidin "( ' Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya ' ) Ko kuma, a cikin wani fassarar: ( ). Lokaci guda, ya sa kansa cikin wani rikici mai zafi. Abun ban haushi, a wannan karon makasudin sa shine babban makiyin Ibnu Arabi, Ibn Taimiyya, wanda Bukhari ya zarge shi da wasu "bidi'oi" na shari'a. Sukar Al-Bukhari ta haifar da hayaniya a Siriya wacce ta kasance gida ga mabiya Ibn Taimiyya masu yawa. Ba tare da la'akari da yawan adawa da sukarsa a tsakanin abokan aikinsa na Syria ba, al-Bukhari ya yi karfin hali ya bukaci Ibn Taimiya ya yi watsi da takensa na girmamawa na shaykh al-Islam, yana shelanta duk wanda ya ki yin hakan kafiri. Yin Allah wadai da Ibnu Taimiyya ya jawo kakkausar suka kuma daga karshe malamin nan Shafi'i mai suna Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 838/1434) 27 ya yi fatali da girman littafi wanda ya aika da ra'ayinsa ga malaman Masar don neman amincewarsa. Kamar yadda mutum ke tsammani, bayan samun wannan aikin, Muhammad al-Bisati ya yi amfani da damar don yin tir da tsohon mai gabatar da kara a matsayin jahili kuma mai tayar da hankali. Rashin jituwa tsakanin Al-Bukhari da masu goyan bayan Siriya na Ibn Taimiyya bai sa shi ya manta da ƙiyayyarsa ga Ibn 'Arabi ba, wanda ya ci gaba da tuhuma da karkatacciyar koyarwa da rashin iya shari'a.
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Duba kuma
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari
Jerin Hanafiyya
Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai
Jerin Sufaye
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Le Chaykh 'Alâ-ou d-Dîn Al-Boukhâri dit qu'attribuer le corps à Allâh est de la mécréance par unanimité
Musulunci
Musulmai |